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4,100 | 14,114,479 | 1,727 | A surface-treated steel sheet for battery cases is provided which comprises a nickel-cobalt alloy layer formed at the outermost surface of a plane to be an inner surface of a battery case, wherein a Co/Ni value at the surface of the nickel-cobalt alloy layer is within a range of 0.1 to 1.5 as determined by Auger electron spectroscopy analysis | 1. A surface-treated steel sheet for battery cases, comprising a nickel-cobalt alloy layer formed at the outermost surface of a plane to be an inner surface of a battery case, wherein a Co/Ni value at the surface of the nickel-cobalt alloy layer is within a range of 0.1 to 1.5 as determined by Auger electron spectroscopy analysis. 2. The surface-treated steel sheet for battery cases as set forth in claim 1, wherein an immersion potential of the nickel-cobalt alloy layer in potassium hydroxide aqueous solution at 60° C. is within a range of −0.4 to −0.02 V relative to an immersion potential of a nickel simple body in potassium hydroxide aqueous solution at 60° C. 3. The surface-treated steel sheet for battery cases as set forth in claim 1, further comprising a nickel layer as an underlying layer for the nickel-cobalt alloy layer. 4. The surface-treated steel sheet for battery cases as set forth in claim 1, further comprising an iron-nickel diffusion layer and/or an iron-nickel-cobalt diffusion layer between the nickel-cobalt layer and a steel sheet. 5. A battery case obtained by shape-forming the surface-treated steel sheet for battery cases as set forth in claim 1. 6. A battery configured using the battery case as set forth in claim 5. | A surface-treated steel sheet for battery cases is provided which comprises a nickel-cobalt alloy layer formed at the outermost surface of a plane to be an inner surface of a battery case, wherein a Co/Ni value at the surface of the nickel-cobalt alloy layer is within a range of 0.1 to 1.5 as determined by Auger electron spectroscopy analysis1. A surface-treated steel sheet for battery cases, comprising a nickel-cobalt alloy layer formed at the outermost surface of a plane to be an inner surface of a battery case, wherein a Co/Ni value at the surface of the nickel-cobalt alloy layer is within a range of 0.1 to 1.5 as determined by Auger electron spectroscopy analysis. 2. The surface-treated steel sheet for battery cases as set forth in claim 1, wherein an immersion potential of the nickel-cobalt alloy layer in potassium hydroxide aqueous solution at 60° C. is within a range of −0.4 to −0.02 V relative to an immersion potential of a nickel simple body in potassium hydroxide aqueous solution at 60° C. 3. The surface-treated steel sheet for battery cases as set forth in claim 1, further comprising a nickel layer as an underlying layer for the nickel-cobalt alloy layer. 4. The surface-treated steel sheet for battery cases as set forth in claim 1, further comprising an iron-nickel diffusion layer and/or an iron-nickel-cobalt diffusion layer between the nickel-cobalt layer and a steel sheet. 5. A battery case obtained by shape-forming the surface-treated steel sheet for battery cases as set forth in claim 1. 6. A battery configured using the battery case as set forth in claim 5. | 1,700 |
4,101 | 14,851,655 | 1,793 | The present invention relates to an individually packaged cream-cheese laminate including first and second outer cream-cheese layers and a filling layer interposed between the first and the second outer cream-cheese layers. | 1. An individually packaged cream-cheese laminate comprising first and second outer cream-cheese layers and a filling layer interposed therebetween. 2. The cream-cheese laminate according to claim 1, wherein the filling layer comprises a second cream-cheese, processed cheese, pesto, tomato sauce, salad cream, mayonnaise, mustard, marmalade, jam, jelly, chocolate, Marmite®, or a mixture of two or more thereof. 3. The cream-cheese laminate according to claim 1, wherein the cream-cheese comprises one or more stabilisers selected from the group consisting of gelatine, xanthan gum, carrageenan, locust bean gum, citrate and mixtures of two or more thereof. 4. The cream-cheese laminate according to claim 3, wherein the stabilisers are present in an amount of from 1 to 5 wt %, preferably from 2 to 4 wt %, more preferably from 2.5 to 3.5 wt % by weight of the cream-cheese. 5. The cream-cheese laminate according to claim 1, wherein the cream-cheese has a solids content of 35 to 60 wt %, and/or
wherein the cream-cheese has a protein content of from 6 to 20 wt %, based on the weight of the cream-cheese. 6. The cream-cheese laminate according to claim 1, wherein a middle of the laminate has a thickness of 6 mm or less. 7. The cream-cheese laminate according to claim 1, wherein the filling layer is of a constant thickness, and wherein said thickness is 4 mm or less. 8. The cream-cheese laminate according to claim 1, having a mass of 45 g or less. 9. The cream-cheese laminate according to claim 1, wherein the filling layer is fully enclosed by the first and second outer cream-cheese layers. 10. The cream-cheese laminate according to claim 1, wherein the first and second cream-cheese layers are merged to form a single layer around the periphery of the laminate, wherein the thickness of said single layer is less than the thickness of a middle of the laminate. 11. The cream-cheese laminate according to claim 1, wherein the cream-cheese laminate consists of the first and second outer cream-cheese layer and the filling layer. 12. A package comprising a plurality of the individually packaged cream-cheese laminates of claim 1. 13. A method for the manufacture of the cream-cheese laminate of claim 1, the method comprising
providing a cream-cheese, and co-extruding the cream-cheese with a filling to produce a cream-cheese laminate. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the step of coextruding is conducted at a temperature of 70° C. or above. 15. The method according to claim 13, wherein the step of coextruding is conducted directly onto the packaging material to package the cream-cheese laminate. 16. The method according to claim 13, wherein the cream-cheese has been supplemented with milk protein concentrate and one or more stabilisers selected from the group consisting of gelatine, xanthan gum, carrageenan, locust bean gum, citrate and mixtures of two or more thereof. 17. The method according to claim 13, wherein the cream-cheese is supplemented with milk protein concentrate in an amount of from 2 to 10 wt, based on the weight of the cream-cheese. | The present invention relates to an individually packaged cream-cheese laminate including first and second outer cream-cheese layers and a filling layer interposed between the first and the second outer cream-cheese layers.1. An individually packaged cream-cheese laminate comprising first and second outer cream-cheese layers and a filling layer interposed therebetween. 2. The cream-cheese laminate according to claim 1, wherein the filling layer comprises a second cream-cheese, processed cheese, pesto, tomato sauce, salad cream, mayonnaise, mustard, marmalade, jam, jelly, chocolate, Marmite®, or a mixture of two or more thereof. 3. The cream-cheese laminate according to claim 1, wherein the cream-cheese comprises one or more stabilisers selected from the group consisting of gelatine, xanthan gum, carrageenan, locust bean gum, citrate and mixtures of two or more thereof. 4. The cream-cheese laminate according to claim 3, wherein the stabilisers are present in an amount of from 1 to 5 wt %, preferably from 2 to 4 wt %, more preferably from 2.5 to 3.5 wt % by weight of the cream-cheese. 5. The cream-cheese laminate according to claim 1, wherein the cream-cheese has a solids content of 35 to 60 wt %, and/or
wherein the cream-cheese has a protein content of from 6 to 20 wt %, based on the weight of the cream-cheese. 6. The cream-cheese laminate according to claim 1, wherein a middle of the laminate has a thickness of 6 mm or less. 7. The cream-cheese laminate according to claim 1, wherein the filling layer is of a constant thickness, and wherein said thickness is 4 mm or less. 8. The cream-cheese laminate according to claim 1, having a mass of 45 g or less. 9. The cream-cheese laminate according to claim 1, wherein the filling layer is fully enclosed by the first and second outer cream-cheese layers. 10. The cream-cheese laminate according to claim 1, wherein the first and second cream-cheese layers are merged to form a single layer around the periphery of the laminate, wherein the thickness of said single layer is less than the thickness of a middle of the laminate. 11. The cream-cheese laminate according to claim 1, wherein the cream-cheese laminate consists of the first and second outer cream-cheese layer and the filling layer. 12. A package comprising a plurality of the individually packaged cream-cheese laminates of claim 1. 13. A method for the manufacture of the cream-cheese laminate of claim 1, the method comprising
providing a cream-cheese, and co-extruding the cream-cheese with a filling to produce a cream-cheese laminate. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the step of coextruding is conducted at a temperature of 70° C. or above. 15. The method according to claim 13, wherein the step of coextruding is conducted directly onto the packaging material to package the cream-cheese laminate. 16. The method according to claim 13, wherein the cream-cheese has been supplemented with milk protein concentrate and one or more stabilisers selected from the group consisting of gelatine, xanthan gum, carrageenan, locust bean gum, citrate and mixtures of two or more thereof. 17. The method according to claim 13, wherein the cream-cheese is supplemented with milk protein concentrate in an amount of from 2 to 10 wt, based on the weight of the cream-cheese. | 1,700 |
4,102 | 15,656,259 | 1,792 | A process for preparing a liquid oat base or drink of improved soluble oat protein content from an oats material, in particular an oats material that has not been heat treated in a humid state, comprises solubilizing oat protein in an aqueous solvent by means of protein-deamidase. Also disclosed is a corresponding liquid oat base and uses thereof. | 1-23. (canceled) 24. A process for preparing a liquid oat base or drink of improved soluble oat protein content from an oats material comprising starch and oat protein, optionally enriched with at least one member selected from the group consisting of vegetable oil, sodium chloride, dicalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, and vitamin, comprising providing the oats material in an aqueous medium, and degrading starch of the oats material with at least one amylase and solubilizing oat protein by means of protein-deamidase without use of protease. 25. The process of claim 24, wherein the protein-deamidase is glutaminase. 26. The process of claim 25, wherein the amount of protein glutaminase used in the process is from 0.5 U/g of oat protein to 2 U/g of oat protein. 27. The process of claim 26, wherein the process is conducted to obtain a content of soluble protein of 10 percent by weight or more of protein solubilized in absence of protease. 28. The process of claim 27, wherein the amylase comprises j-amylase. 29. The process of claim 28, wherein the oat protein is solubilized by protein-deamidase concurrently with starch degradation. 30. The process of claim 29, wherein protein-deamidase is added in two or more portions during the process. 31. The process of claim 30, wherein a first portion is added during a starch hydrolysis by amylase and a second portion is added during a second starch hydrolysis by amylase. 32. The process of claim 31, wherein oat protein solubilization and starch degradation is carried out at a temperature of from 40° C. to 65° C. 33. The process of claim 32, further comprising UHT treating the resulting product. 34. The process of claim 31, wherein said additions are separated by a period extending from 30 minutes to 90 minutes. 35. The process of claim 27, wherein the process is conducted to obtain a content of soluble protein of not more than 20 percent by weight, and wherein the oat protein solubilization and starch degradation is carried out at a temperature of from 50° C. to 60° C. 36. The process of claim 24, wherein the amount of protein glutaminase used in the process is from 0.5 U/g of oat protein to 2 U/g of oat protein. 37. The process of claim 24, wherein the process is conducted to obtain a content of soluble protein of 10 percent by weight or more of protein solubilized in absence of protease. 38. The process of claim 24, wherein the amylase comprises β-amylase. 39. The process of claim 24, wherein the oats material is at least one member selected from the group consisting of non-steamed wet milled oats, non-steamed dry milled oats, non-steamed oat bran, and non-steamed dehulled or hulless/naked dry milled oat flour. 40. Liquid oat base prepared by the process of claim 24. 41. A process preparing a liquid oat base as a food, a food additive or a starting material for the production of food, for human consumption which comprises using the liquid oat base of claim 40 as said food, food additive, or starting material. 42. A liquid oat base or drink comprising an oats material comprising starch and oat protein, optionally enriched with at least one member selected from the group consisting of vegetable oil, sodium chloride, dicalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, and vitamin, and containing at least 10% of protein deamidase solubilized oat protein without use of protease. 43. The liquid oat base or drink of claim 42, wherein the oats material is at least one member selected from the group consisting of non-steamed wet milled oats, non-steamed dry milled oats, non-steamed oat bran, and non-steamed dehulled or hulless/naked dry milled oat flour, and wherein the amount of protein deamidase solubilized oat protein is up to 20%. | A process for preparing a liquid oat base or drink of improved soluble oat protein content from an oats material, in particular an oats material that has not been heat treated in a humid state, comprises solubilizing oat protein in an aqueous solvent by means of protein-deamidase. Also disclosed is a corresponding liquid oat base and uses thereof.1-23. (canceled) 24. A process for preparing a liquid oat base or drink of improved soluble oat protein content from an oats material comprising starch and oat protein, optionally enriched with at least one member selected from the group consisting of vegetable oil, sodium chloride, dicalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, and vitamin, comprising providing the oats material in an aqueous medium, and degrading starch of the oats material with at least one amylase and solubilizing oat protein by means of protein-deamidase without use of protease. 25. The process of claim 24, wherein the protein-deamidase is glutaminase. 26. The process of claim 25, wherein the amount of protein glutaminase used in the process is from 0.5 U/g of oat protein to 2 U/g of oat protein. 27. The process of claim 26, wherein the process is conducted to obtain a content of soluble protein of 10 percent by weight or more of protein solubilized in absence of protease. 28. The process of claim 27, wherein the amylase comprises j-amylase. 29. The process of claim 28, wherein the oat protein is solubilized by protein-deamidase concurrently with starch degradation. 30. The process of claim 29, wherein protein-deamidase is added in two or more portions during the process. 31. The process of claim 30, wherein a first portion is added during a starch hydrolysis by amylase and a second portion is added during a second starch hydrolysis by amylase. 32. The process of claim 31, wherein oat protein solubilization and starch degradation is carried out at a temperature of from 40° C. to 65° C. 33. The process of claim 32, further comprising UHT treating the resulting product. 34. The process of claim 31, wherein said additions are separated by a period extending from 30 minutes to 90 minutes. 35. The process of claim 27, wherein the process is conducted to obtain a content of soluble protein of not more than 20 percent by weight, and wherein the oat protein solubilization and starch degradation is carried out at a temperature of from 50° C. to 60° C. 36. The process of claim 24, wherein the amount of protein glutaminase used in the process is from 0.5 U/g of oat protein to 2 U/g of oat protein. 37. The process of claim 24, wherein the process is conducted to obtain a content of soluble protein of 10 percent by weight or more of protein solubilized in absence of protease. 38. The process of claim 24, wherein the amylase comprises β-amylase. 39. The process of claim 24, wherein the oats material is at least one member selected from the group consisting of non-steamed wet milled oats, non-steamed dry milled oats, non-steamed oat bran, and non-steamed dehulled or hulless/naked dry milled oat flour. 40. Liquid oat base prepared by the process of claim 24. 41. A process preparing a liquid oat base as a food, a food additive or a starting material for the production of food, for human consumption which comprises using the liquid oat base of claim 40 as said food, food additive, or starting material. 42. A liquid oat base or drink comprising an oats material comprising starch and oat protein, optionally enriched with at least one member selected from the group consisting of vegetable oil, sodium chloride, dicalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, and vitamin, and containing at least 10% of protein deamidase solubilized oat protein without use of protease. 43. The liquid oat base or drink of claim 42, wherein the oats material is at least one member selected from the group consisting of non-steamed wet milled oats, non-steamed dry milled oats, non-steamed oat bran, and non-steamed dehulled or hulless/naked dry milled oat flour, and wherein the amount of protein deamidase solubilized oat protein is up to 20%. | 1,700 |
4,103 | 12,941,440 | 1,762 | The present disclosure relates to a method for polymerizing polypropylene, optionally with one or more additional comonomers in a gas phase reactor in the presence of a mixed electron donor system comprising at least one selectivity control agent and at least one activity limiting agent. The process involves controlling the polymerization process to ensure that the difference between the reactor temperature and the dew point temperature of the incoming monomer stream is 12° C. or greater. | 1. A method for polymerizing propylene, optionally with one or more additional comonomers, comprising:
a. introducing catalyst, into a gas phase reactor wherein the gas phase reactor has a given temperature; b. introducing a recycle fluid comprising propylene and optionally comonomer into the gas phase reactor, said recycle fluid having a given dew point at the inlet to the gas phase reactor; c. introducing a mixed electron donor system to the reactor, wherein the mixed electron donor system comprises at least one selectivity control agent and at least one activity limiting agent into the gas phase reactor;
wherein the method is characterized by having a difference between the reactor temperature and the dew point temperature of the recycle fluid of 12° C., or greater. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the reactor has a total pressure less than 375 psi. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the reactor has a reactor temperature higher than 72° C. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the recycle fluid comprises fresh and recycled propylene. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the recycle fluid inlet temperature is lower than the dew point. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein cocatalyst is introduced together with the catalyst. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the catalyst comprises one or more Ziegler-Natta procatalyst compositions comprising one or more transition metal compounds and one or more esters of aromatic dicarboxylic acid internal electron donors; and
one or more aluminum containing cocatalysts. 8. The process of claim 1 wherein the activity limiting agent is a carboxylic acid ester, a diether, a poly(alkene glycol), a diol ester, or a combination thereof. 9. The process of claim 1 wherein the activity limiting agent is selected from a benzoate, a C4-C30 aliphatic acid ester and combinations thereof. 10. The process of claim 1 wherein the activity limiting agent is selected from a laurate, a myristate, a palmitate, a stearate, an oleate or combinations thereof. 11. The process of claim 1 wherein the selectivity control agent is selected from the group consisting of an alkoxysilane, an amine, an ether, a carboxylate, a ketone, an amide, a carbamate, a phosphine, a phosphate, a phosphite, a sulfonate, a sulfone, a sulfoxide, and combinations thereof. 12. The process of claim 1 wherein the selectivity control agent corresponds to the formula SiRm(OR′)4-m, where R is C3-12 cycloalkyl, C3-12 branched alkyl, or C3-12 cyclic or acyclic amino group, R′ is C1-4 alkyl, and m is 0, 1, or 2. 13. The process of claim 12 wherein the selectivity control agent is selected from dicyclopentyldimethoxysilane, di-tert-butyldimethoxysilane, methylcyclohexyldimethoxysilane, methylcyclohexyldiethoxysilane, ethylcyclohexyldimethoxysilane, diphenyldimethoxysilane, diisopropyldimethoxysilane, di-n-propyldimethoxysilane, diisobutyldimethoxysilane, diisobutyldiethoxysilane, isobutylisopropyldimethoxysilane, di-n-butyldimethoxysilane, cyclopentyltrimethoxysilane, isopropyltrimethoxysilane, n-propyltrimethoxysilane, n-propyltriethoxysilane, ethyltriethoxysilane, tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, diethylaminotriethoxysilane, cyclopentylpyrrolidinodimethoxysilane, bis(pyrrolidino)dimethoxysilane, bis(perhydroisoquinolino)dimethoxysilane, and dimethyldimethoxysilane. 14. The process of claim 1 wherein the mixed external electron donor system is selected from the group consisting of:
dicyclopentyldimethoxysilane and isopropyl myristate;
diisopropyldimethoxysilane and isopropyl myristate;
dicyclopentyldimethoxysilane and poly(ethylene glycol)laurate;
dicyclopentyldimethoxysilane, isopropyl myristate and poly(ethylene glycol)dioleate; methylcyclohexyldimethoxysilane and isopropyl myristate; n-propyltrimethoxysilane and isopropyl myristate;
dimethyldimethoxysilane, methylcyclohexyldimethoxysilane and isopropyl myristate; dicyclopentyldimethoxysilane and n-propyltriethoxysilane and isopropyl myristate;
diisopropyldimethoxysilane, n-propyltriethoxysilane and isopropyl myristate; dicyclopentyldimethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane and isopropyl myristate; dicyclopentyldimethoxysilane, diisopropyldimethoxysilane, n-propyltriethoxysilane and isopropyl myristate; and combinations thereof. 15. The process of claim 1 wherein the mixed external electron donor comprises three or more different electron donors. 16. The process of claim 1 wherein the catalyst system use includes an aluminum containing cocatalyst and wherein the aluminum to mixed electron donor mole ratio is in the range of from 0.5 to 4.0:1. 17. The process of claim 1 wherein the gas phase reactor has a superficial gas velocity in the range of from 0.2 to 1 m/s. 18. The process of claim 1 wherein the gas phase reactor is a fluidized bed reactor. 19. The process of claim 1 wherein the gas phase reactor includes a mechanical agitator or scraper. 20. The process of claim 1 wherein the reactor produces homopolymer polypropylene or a random copolymer polypropylene with one or more co-monomers. | The present disclosure relates to a method for polymerizing polypropylene, optionally with one or more additional comonomers in a gas phase reactor in the presence of a mixed electron donor system comprising at least one selectivity control agent and at least one activity limiting agent. The process involves controlling the polymerization process to ensure that the difference between the reactor temperature and the dew point temperature of the incoming monomer stream is 12° C. or greater.1. A method for polymerizing propylene, optionally with one or more additional comonomers, comprising:
a. introducing catalyst, into a gas phase reactor wherein the gas phase reactor has a given temperature; b. introducing a recycle fluid comprising propylene and optionally comonomer into the gas phase reactor, said recycle fluid having a given dew point at the inlet to the gas phase reactor; c. introducing a mixed electron donor system to the reactor, wherein the mixed electron donor system comprises at least one selectivity control agent and at least one activity limiting agent into the gas phase reactor;
wherein the method is characterized by having a difference between the reactor temperature and the dew point temperature of the recycle fluid of 12° C., or greater. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the reactor has a total pressure less than 375 psi. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the reactor has a reactor temperature higher than 72° C. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the recycle fluid comprises fresh and recycled propylene. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the recycle fluid inlet temperature is lower than the dew point. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein cocatalyst is introduced together with the catalyst. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the catalyst comprises one or more Ziegler-Natta procatalyst compositions comprising one or more transition metal compounds and one or more esters of aromatic dicarboxylic acid internal electron donors; and
one or more aluminum containing cocatalysts. 8. The process of claim 1 wherein the activity limiting agent is a carboxylic acid ester, a diether, a poly(alkene glycol), a diol ester, or a combination thereof. 9. The process of claim 1 wherein the activity limiting agent is selected from a benzoate, a C4-C30 aliphatic acid ester and combinations thereof. 10. The process of claim 1 wherein the activity limiting agent is selected from a laurate, a myristate, a palmitate, a stearate, an oleate or combinations thereof. 11. The process of claim 1 wherein the selectivity control agent is selected from the group consisting of an alkoxysilane, an amine, an ether, a carboxylate, a ketone, an amide, a carbamate, a phosphine, a phosphate, a phosphite, a sulfonate, a sulfone, a sulfoxide, and combinations thereof. 12. The process of claim 1 wherein the selectivity control agent corresponds to the formula SiRm(OR′)4-m, where R is C3-12 cycloalkyl, C3-12 branched alkyl, or C3-12 cyclic or acyclic amino group, R′ is C1-4 alkyl, and m is 0, 1, or 2. 13. The process of claim 12 wherein the selectivity control agent is selected from dicyclopentyldimethoxysilane, di-tert-butyldimethoxysilane, methylcyclohexyldimethoxysilane, methylcyclohexyldiethoxysilane, ethylcyclohexyldimethoxysilane, diphenyldimethoxysilane, diisopropyldimethoxysilane, di-n-propyldimethoxysilane, diisobutyldimethoxysilane, diisobutyldiethoxysilane, isobutylisopropyldimethoxysilane, di-n-butyldimethoxysilane, cyclopentyltrimethoxysilane, isopropyltrimethoxysilane, n-propyltrimethoxysilane, n-propyltriethoxysilane, ethyltriethoxysilane, tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, diethylaminotriethoxysilane, cyclopentylpyrrolidinodimethoxysilane, bis(pyrrolidino)dimethoxysilane, bis(perhydroisoquinolino)dimethoxysilane, and dimethyldimethoxysilane. 14. The process of claim 1 wherein the mixed external electron donor system is selected from the group consisting of:
dicyclopentyldimethoxysilane and isopropyl myristate;
diisopropyldimethoxysilane and isopropyl myristate;
dicyclopentyldimethoxysilane and poly(ethylene glycol)laurate;
dicyclopentyldimethoxysilane, isopropyl myristate and poly(ethylene glycol)dioleate; methylcyclohexyldimethoxysilane and isopropyl myristate; n-propyltrimethoxysilane and isopropyl myristate;
dimethyldimethoxysilane, methylcyclohexyldimethoxysilane and isopropyl myristate; dicyclopentyldimethoxysilane and n-propyltriethoxysilane and isopropyl myristate;
diisopropyldimethoxysilane, n-propyltriethoxysilane and isopropyl myristate; dicyclopentyldimethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane and isopropyl myristate; dicyclopentyldimethoxysilane, diisopropyldimethoxysilane, n-propyltriethoxysilane and isopropyl myristate; and combinations thereof. 15. The process of claim 1 wherein the mixed external electron donor comprises three or more different electron donors. 16. The process of claim 1 wherein the catalyst system use includes an aluminum containing cocatalyst and wherein the aluminum to mixed electron donor mole ratio is in the range of from 0.5 to 4.0:1. 17. The process of claim 1 wherein the gas phase reactor has a superficial gas velocity in the range of from 0.2 to 1 m/s. 18. The process of claim 1 wherein the gas phase reactor is a fluidized bed reactor. 19. The process of claim 1 wherein the gas phase reactor includes a mechanical agitator or scraper. 20. The process of claim 1 wherein the reactor produces homopolymer polypropylene or a random copolymer polypropylene with one or more co-monomers. | 1,700 |
4,104 | 13,995,531 | 1,732 | An inorganic material is described, constituted by at least two elementary spherical particles, each of said spherical particles comprising metallic nanoparticles having at least one band with a wave number in the range 750 to 1050 cm −1 in Raman spectroscopy and containing one or more metals selected from vanadium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum and tungsten, said metallic nanoparticles being trapped in a mesostructured matrix based on an oxide of an element Y selected from silicon, aluminium, titanium, tungsten, zirconium, gallium, germanium, tin, antimony, lead, vanadium, iron, manganese, hafnium, niobium, tantalum, yttrium, cerium, gadolinium, europium and neodymium. Said matrix has pores with a diameter in the range 1.5 to 50 nm and amorphous walls with a thickness in the range 1 to 30 nm. Said elementary spherical particles have a maximum diameter of 200 microns and said metallic nanoparticles have a maximum dimension strictly less than 1 nm. | 1. An inorganic material constituted by at least two elementary spherical particles, each of said spherical particles comprising metallic nanoparticles having at least one band with a wave number in the range 750 to 1050 cm−1 in Raman spectroscopy and containing at least one or more metals selected from vanadium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum and tungsten, said metallic nanoparticles being present within a mesostructured matrix based on an oxide of at least one element Y selected from the group constituted by silicon, aluminium, titanium, tungsten, zirconium, gallium, germanium, tin, antimony, lead, vanadium, iron, manganese, hafnium, niobium, tantalum, yttrium, cerium, gadolinium, europium and neodymium and a mixture of at least two of these elements, said matrix having pores with a diameter in the range 1.5 to 50 nm and having amorphous walls with a thickness in the range 1 to 30 nm, said elementary spherical particles having a maximum diameter of 200 microns and said metallic nanoparticles having a maximum dimension strictly less than 1 nm. 2. A material according to claim 1, in which said mesostructured matrix is constituted by aluminium oxide, silicon oxide, a mixture of silicon oxide and aluminium oxide or a mixture of silicon oxide and zirconium oxide. 3. A material according to claim 1, in which said matrix has pores with a diameter in the range 4 to 20 nm. 4. A material according to claim 1, in which said matrix has amorphous walls with a thickness in the range 1 to 10 nm. 5. A material according to claim 1, in which said metallic nanoparticles contain molybdenum and/or tungsten. 6. A material according to claim 1, in which said metallic nanoparticles have at least one band with a wave number in the range 750 to 950 cm−1 or in the range 950 to 1050 cm−1 in Raman spectroscopy. 7. A material according to claim 1, in which each of the spherical particles comprises zeolitic nanocrystals representing 0.1% to 30% by weight of said material. 8. A material according to claim 7, in which said zeolitic nanocrystals comprise at least one zeolite selected from zeolites with structure type MFI, BEA, FAU and LTA. 9. A material according to claim 1, in which each of the spherical particles comprises one or more additional element(s) selected from organic agents, metals from group VIII of the periodic classification of the elements and doping species belonging to the list of doping elements constituted by phosphorus, fluorine, silicon and boron and their mixtures. 10. A material according to claim 9, in which said metal from group VIII as the additional element is selected from cobalt, nickel and a mixture of these two metals. 11. A material according to claim 1, having a specific surface area in the range 50 to 1100 m2/g. 12. A process for preparing an inorganic material according to claim 1, comprising at least the following steps in succession:
a) mixing in solution: at least one surfactant; at least one precursor of at least one element Y selected from the group constituted by silicon, aluminium, titanium, tungsten, zirconium, gallium, germanium, tin, antimony, lead, vanadium, iron, manganese, hafnium, niobium, tantalum, yttrium, cerium, gadolinium, europium and neodymium and a mixture of at least two of these elements; at least one first metallic precursor containing at least one or more metals selected from vanadium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum and tungsten present in metallic nanoparticles having at least one band with a wave number in the range 750 to 1050 cm−1 in Raman spectroscopy; optionally, at least one colloidal solution in which zeolite crystals with a maximum nanometric dimension equal to 300 nm are dispersed; b) aerosol atomisation of said solution obtained in step a) in order to result in the formation of spherical liquid droplets; c) drying said droplets; d) eliminating at least said surfactant. 13. A preparation process according to claim 12, in which at least said first metallic precursor based on a metal selected from vanadium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum and tungsten, and at least one second monometallic precursor based on a metal from group VIII are dissolved prior to carrying out said step a), said solution then being introduced into the mixture in accordance with said step a). 14. A process for the transformation of a hydrocarbon feed, comprising 1) bringing a mesostructured inorganic material according to claim 1 into contact with a feed comprising at least one sulphur-containing compound, then 2) bringing said material obtained from said step 1) into contact with said hydrocarbon feed. 15. A transformation process according to claim 14, in which said feed comprises molecules containing heteroelements selected from nitrogen, oxygen and/or sulphur. | An inorganic material is described, constituted by at least two elementary spherical particles, each of said spherical particles comprising metallic nanoparticles having at least one band with a wave number in the range 750 to 1050 cm −1 in Raman spectroscopy and containing one or more metals selected from vanadium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum and tungsten, said metallic nanoparticles being trapped in a mesostructured matrix based on an oxide of an element Y selected from silicon, aluminium, titanium, tungsten, zirconium, gallium, germanium, tin, antimony, lead, vanadium, iron, manganese, hafnium, niobium, tantalum, yttrium, cerium, gadolinium, europium and neodymium. Said matrix has pores with a diameter in the range 1.5 to 50 nm and amorphous walls with a thickness in the range 1 to 30 nm. Said elementary spherical particles have a maximum diameter of 200 microns and said metallic nanoparticles have a maximum dimension strictly less than 1 nm.1. An inorganic material constituted by at least two elementary spherical particles, each of said spherical particles comprising metallic nanoparticles having at least one band with a wave number in the range 750 to 1050 cm−1 in Raman spectroscopy and containing at least one or more metals selected from vanadium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum and tungsten, said metallic nanoparticles being present within a mesostructured matrix based on an oxide of at least one element Y selected from the group constituted by silicon, aluminium, titanium, tungsten, zirconium, gallium, germanium, tin, antimony, lead, vanadium, iron, manganese, hafnium, niobium, tantalum, yttrium, cerium, gadolinium, europium and neodymium and a mixture of at least two of these elements, said matrix having pores with a diameter in the range 1.5 to 50 nm and having amorphous walls with a thickness in the range 1 to 30 nm, said elementary spherical particles having a maximum diameter of 200 microns and said metallic nanoparticles having a maximum dimension strictly less than 1 nm. 2. A material according to claim 1, in which said mesostructured matrix is constituted by aluminium oxide, silicon oxide, a mixture of silicon oxide and aluminium oxide or a mixture of silicon oxide and zirconium oxide. 3. A material according to claim 1, in which said matrix has pores with a diameter in the range 4 to 20 nm. 4. A material according to claim 1, in which said matrix has amorphous walls with a thickness in the range 1 to 10 nm. 5. A material according to claim 1, in which said metallic nanoparticles contain molybdenum and/or tungsten. 6. A material according to claim 1, in which said metallic nanoparticles have at least one band with a wave number in the range 750 to 950 cm−1 or in the range 950 to 1050 cm−1 in Raman spectroscopy. 7. A material according to claim 1, in which each of the spherical particles comprises zeolitic nanocrystals representing 0.1% to 30% by weight of said material. 8. A material according to claim 7, in which said zeolitic nanocrystals comprise at least one zeolite selected from zeolites with structure type MFI, BEA, FAU and LTA. 9. A material according to claim 1, in which each of the spherical particles comprises one or more additional element(s) selected from organic agents, metals from group VIII of the periodic classification of the elements and doping species belonging to the list of doping elements constituted by phosphorus, fluorine, silicon and boron and their mixtures. 10. A material according to claim 9, in which said metal from group VIII as the additional element is selected from cobalt, nickel and a mixture of these two metals. 11. A material according to claim 1, having a specific surface area in the range 50 to 1100 m2/g. 12. A process for preparing an inorganic material according to claim 1, comprising at least the following steps in succession:
a) mixing in solution: at least one surfactant; at least one precursor of at least one element Y selected from the group constituted by silicon, aluminium, titanium, tungsten, zirconium, gallium, germanium, tin, antimony, lead, vanadium, iron, manganese, hafnium, niobium, tantalum, yttrium, cerium, gadolinium, europium and neodymium and a mixture of at least two of these elements; at least one first metallic precursor containing at least one or more metals selected from vanadium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum and tungsten present in metallic nanoparticles having at least one band with a wave number in the range 750 to 1050 cm−1 in Raman spectroscopy; optionally, at least one colloidal solution in which zeolite crystals with a maximum nanometric dimension equal to 300 nm are dispersed; b) aerosol atomisation of said solution obtained in step a) in order to result in the formation of spherical liquid droplets; c) drying said droplets; d) eliminating at least said surfactant. 13. A preparation process according to claim 12, in which at least said first metallic precursor based on a metal selected from vanadium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum and tungsten, and at least one second monometallic precursor based on a metal from group VIII are dissolved prior to carrying out said step a), said solution then being introduced into the mixture in accordance with said step a). 14. A process for the transformation of a hydrocarbon feed, comprising 1) bringing a mesostructured inorganic material according to claim 1 into contact with a feed comprising at least one sulphur-containing compound, then 2) bringing said material obtained from said step 1) into contact with said hydrocarbon feed. 15. A transformation process according to claim 14, in which said feed comprises molecules containing heteroelements selected from nitrogen, oxygen and/or sulphur. | 1,700 |
4,105 | 14,214,396 | 1,782 | An inflatable membrane for use with a three-dimensional (3D) scanning system configured to measure signal intensity of a first and a second wavelength of light may include a matrix material, a pigment for opacity, and a fluorescent material that is transparent to the first and the second wavelengths of light. The first and second wavelengths of light may be ranges of wavelengths. The matrix material may include a silicone, and the pigment for opacity may include a carbon black. The 3D scanning system may be configured to scan anatomical cavities, such as the human ear canal. | 1. An inflatable membrane for use with a three-dimensional scanning system, the membrane comprising:
a matrix material; a pigment for opacity; and a fluorescent material. 2. The inflatable membrane of claim 1, wherein the matrix material comprises a silicone. 3. The inflatable membrane of claim 1, wherein the pigment for opacity comprises a carbon black. 4. The inflatable membrane of claim 3, wherein the carbon black comprises furnace carbon black. 5. The inflatable membrane of claim 4, wherein the carbon black comprises high-purity carbon black. 6. The inflatable membrane of claim 4, wherein the carbon black comprises at least one of:
total polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons at a level not exceeding about 0.5 parts per million; and benzo[a]pyrene at a level not exceeding about 5.0 parts per billion (ppb). 7. The inflatable membrane of claim 3, wherein the carbon black comprises primary particles with diameters ranging from about 15 nm to about 20 nm. 8. The inflatable membrane of claim 1, wherein the fluorescent material comprises a material with a high Stokes' shift. 9. The inflatable membrane of claim 1, wherein the fluorescent material can be excited by light with wavelengths ranging from ultra-violet to blue light. 10. The inflatable membrane of claim 1, wherein the fluorescent material has an emission spectra with a peak at a wavelength of about 549 nanometers. 11. The inflatable membrane of claim 1, wherein the fluorescent material comprises a fluorescent dye. 12. The inflatable membrane of claim 1, wherein the fluorescent material comprises a fluorescent pigment. 13. The inflatable membrane of claim 1, wherein the first and second wavelengths of light are ranges of wavelengths of light. 14. A method of creating a fluorescent inflatable membrane, the method comprising:
measuring a predetermined weight of a matrix material, a pigment for opacity, and a fluorescent material; placing the matrix material, the pigment for opacity, and the fluorescent material in a mixing container; mixing the matrix material, the pigment for opacity, and the fluorescent material in the mixing container according to a protocol to produce a masterbatch mixture; mixing the masterbatch mixture with an additional portion of the matrix material to create a spreadable membrane mixture; casting the spreadable membrane mixture; and curing the spreadable membrane mixture. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the casting comprises liquid injection molding, injection molding, compression molding, transfer molding, or any combination thereof. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the pigment for opacity comprises carbon black. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the carbon black comprises a high-purity furnace carbon black. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the carbon black comprises primary particles with diameters ranging from about 15 nm to about 20 nm. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the fluorescent material comprises a fluorescent pigment and/or dye with a high Stokes' shift. | An inflatable membrane for use with a three-dimensional (3D) scanning system configured to measure signal intensity of a first and a second wavelength of light may include a matrix material, a pigment for opacity, and a fluorescent material that is transparent to the first and the second wavelengths of light. The first and second wavelengths of light may be ranges of wavelengths. The matrix material may include a silicone, and the pigment for opacity may include a carbon black. The 3D scanning system may be configured to scan anatomical cavities, such as the human ear canal.1. An inflatable membrane for use with a three-dimensional scanning system, the membrane comprising:
a matrix material; a pigment for opacity; and a fluorescent material. 2. The inflatable membrane of claim 1, wherein the matrix material comprises a silicone. 3. The inflatable membrane of claim 1, wherein the pigment for opacity comprises a carbon black. 4. The inflatable membrane of claim 3, wherein the carbon black comprises furnace carbon black. 5. The inflatable membrane of claim 4, wherein the carbon black comprises high-purity carbon black. 6. The inflatable membrane of claim 4, wherein the carbon black comprises at least one of:
total polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons at a level not exceeding about 0.5 parts per million; and benzo[a]pyrene at a level not exceeding about 5.0 parts per billion (ppb). 7. The inflatable membrane of claim 3, wherein the carbon black comprises primary particles with diameters ranging from about 15 nm to about 20 nm. 8. The inflatable membrane of claim 1, wherein the fluorescent material comprises a material with a high Stokes' shift. 9. The inflatable membrane of claim 1, wherein the fluorescent material can be excited by light with wavelengths ranging from ultra-violet to blue light. 10. The inflatable membrane of claim 1, wherein the fluorescent material has an emission spectra with a peak at a wavelength of about 549 nanometers. 11. The inflatable membrane of claim 1, wherein the fluorescent material comprises a fluorescent dye. 12. The inflatable membrane of claim 1, wherein the fluorescent material comprises a fluorescent pigment. 13. The inflatable membrane of claim 1, wherein the first and second wavelengths of light are ranges of wavelengths of light. 14. A method of creating a fluorescent inflatable membrane, the method comprising:
measuring a predetermined weight of a matrix material, a pigment for opacity, and a fluorescent material; placing the matrix material, the pigment for opacity, and the fluorescent material in a mixing container; mixing the matrix material, the pigment for opacity, and the fluorescent material in the mixing container according to a protocol to produce a masterbatch mixture; mixing the masterbatch mixture with an additional portion of the matrix material to create a spreadable membrane mixture; casting the spreadable membrane mixture; and curing the spreadable membrane mixture. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the casting comprises liquid injection molding, injection molding, compression molding, transfer molding, or any combination thereof. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the pigment for opacity comprises carbon black. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the carbon black comprises a high-purity furnace carbon black. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the carbon black comprises primary particles with diameters ranging from about 15 nm to about 20 nm. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the fluorescent material comprises a fluorescent pigment and/or dye with a high Stokes' shift. | 1,700 |
4,106 | 15,845,172 | 1,742 | A method includes applying a transferrable material to an outer surface of a casting plate to form a pattern on the outer surface of the casting plate. After applying of the transferrable material, a composite material is applied to the outer surface of the casting plate to form an inflatable membrane. The composite material covers at least a portion of the pattern and includes a florescent material and a pigment material. The inflatable membrane is cured to allow removal of the inflatable membrane from the casting plate. The inflatable membrane has an inner surface having the pattern detectable upon receiving of light causing the fluorescing material to emit florescent light. | 1. A method comprising:
applying a transferrable material to an outer surface of a casting plate to form a pattern on the outer surface of the casting plate; applying, after the applying of the transferrable material, a composite material to the outer surface of the casting plate to form an inflatable membrane, the composite material covering at least a portion of the pattern and comprising a florescent material and a pigment material; and curing the inflatable membrane to allow removal of the inflatable membrane from the casting plate, the inflatable membrane comprising an inner surface having the pattern detectable upon receiving of light causing the fluorescing material to emit florescent light. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the transferrable material is applied by a hypodermic needle, painting with a brush, spraying, printing from a laser jet printer, printing from a pad printer, and/or etching and dipping. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the composite material is applied by dipping the casting plate with the transferrable material into the composite material. 4. A method comprising:
applying a first layer of a fiducial material to an outer surface of a casting plate, the fiducial material comprising fiducial markers suspended in the fiducial material; applying a second layer of a composite material to the first layer to form an inflatable membrane, the composite material comprising a florescent material and a pigment material; and curing the inflatable membrane to allow removal of the inflatable membrane from the casting plate, the inflatable membrane comprising an inner surface having the fiducial markers detectable upon receiving of light causing the fluorescing material to emit florescent light. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the fiducial markers have a particle size of 50 microns to 400 microns. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the first layer is a clear layer without pigment material and the florescent material, wherein the second layer includes the fluorescent material but not the pigment material, wherein the third layer includes the pigment material but not the fluorescent material. 7. The method of claim 4, wherein the pigment material is selected to vary the optical and/or mechanical properties of the membrane. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the first layer, the second layer, and the third layer are applied by dipping the casting plate into the fiducial material, the composite material, or the pigment material. 9. The method of claim 4, further comprising:
forming an aperture in a distal end of the inflatable membrane; and applying a transparent material spanning the aperture to form a window in the distal end of the inflatable membrane. 10. The method of claim 9, the forming comprising:
selectively applying the first layer and the second layer to the outer surface of the casting plate, without applying the first layer and the second layer to the distal end of the casting plate, to form the aperture in the distal end. 11. An apparatus comprising:
an inflatable membrane comprising, a pattern layer, a fluorescent layer, and a window, the pattern layer comprising an inner surface and an outer surface, the pattern layer comprising a pattern on the inner surface of the pattern layer and at least a portion of the pattern layer formed by a transferrable material transferred from a casting plate to the inner surface; the fluorescent layer comprising an inner surface and an outer surface, the inner surface of the fluorescent layer abutting the outer surface of the pattern layer and comprising a fluorescent material which, upon receiving of light, causes the florescent material to emit fluorescent light and causing the pattern to be detectable by a detector; and the window comprising a transparent material that spans an aperture formed in a distal end of the inflatable membrane. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, the fluorescent layer further comprising a pigment material. 13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the pattern comprises a grid formed by the transferrable material. 14. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the pattern comprise a plurality of spots formed by the transferrable material. 15. The apparatus of claim 11, further comprising:
a pigmented layer having an inner surface and an outer surface, the inner surface of the pigmented layer abutting the outer surface of the fluorescent layer and comprising a pigment material. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, the fluorescent layer further comprising a matrix material that includes the fluorescent material and the pigment material. 17. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the inflatable membrane is generally conical in shape such that the inflatable membrane is insertable into the ear of a person. 18. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the fluorescent material is a fluorescent dye and the pigment material is a carbon black. 19. The apparatus of claim 11, further comprising:
an aperture formed in a distal end of the inflatable membrane; and a window comprising a transparent material spanning the aperture to allow light to pass through the distal end. 20. An apparatus comprising:
an inflatable membrane comprising a pattern layer, a fluorescent layer, and a window, the pattern layer comprising an inner surface and an outer surface, the pattern layer comprising a random pattern formed by fiducial markers suspended in a fiducial material integrated with the pattern layer and at least a portion of the pattern layer formed by a casting plate configured to create the fiducial markers; and the fluorescent layer comprising an inner surface and an outer surface, the inner surface of the fluorescent layer abutting the outer surface of the pattern layer and comprising a fluorescent material which, upon receiving of light, causes the florescent material to emit fluorescent light and causing the pattern to be detectable by a detector; and the window comprising a transparent material that spans an aperture formed in a distal end of the inflatable membrane. 21. The apparatus of claim 20, further comprising a pigment layer having an inner surface and an outer surface, the inner surface of the pigment layer abutting the outer surface of the fluorescent layer, the pigment layer comprising a pigment material and not having the fluorescent material. | A method includes applying a transferrable material to an outer surface of a casting plate to form a pattern on the outer surface of the casting plate. After applying of the transferrable material, a composite material is applied to the outer surface of the casting plate to form an inflatable membrane. The composite material covers at least a portion of the pattern and includes a florescent material and a pigment material. The inflatable membrane is cured to allow removal of the inflatable membrane from the casting plate. The inflatable membrane has an inner surface having the pattern detectable upon receiving of light causing the fluorescing material to emit florescent light.1. A method comprising:
applying a transferrable material to an outer surface of a casting plate to form a pattern on the outer surface of the casting plate; applying, after the applying of the transferrable material, a composite material to the outer surface of the casting plate to form an inflatable membrane, the composite material covering at least a portion of the pattern and comprising a florescent material and a pigment material; and curing the inflatable membrane to allow removal of the inflatable membrane from the casting plate, the inflatable membrane comprising an inner surface having the pattern detectable upon receiving of light causing the fluorescing material to emit florescent light. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the transferrable material is applied by a hypodermic needle, painting with a brush, spraying, printing from a laser jet printer, printing from a pad printer, and/or etching and dipping. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the composite material is applied by dipping the casting plate with the transferrable material into the composite material. 4. A method comprising:
applying a first layer of a fiducial material to an outer surface of a casting plate, the fiducial material comprising fiducial markers suspended in the fiducial material; applying a second layer of a composite material to the first layer to form an inflatable membrane, the composite material comprising a florescent material and a pigment material; and curing the inflatable membrane to allow removal of the inflatable membrane from the casting plate, the inflatable membrane comprising an inner surface having the fiducial markers detectable upon receiving of light causing the fluorescing material to emit florescent light. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the fiducial markers have a particle size of 50 microns to 400 microns. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the first layer is a clear layer without pigment material and the florescent material, wherein the second layer includes the fluorescent material but not the pigment material, wherein the third layer includes the pigment material but not the fluorescent material. 7. The method of claim 4, wherein the pigment material is selected to vary the optical and/or mechanical properties of the membrane. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the first layer, the second layer, and the third layer are applied by dipping the casting plate into the fiducial material, the composite material, or the pigment material. 9. The method of claim 4, further comprising:
forming an aperture in a distal end of the inflatable membrane; and applying a transparent material spanning the aperture to form a window in the distal end of the inflatable membrane. 10. The method of claim 9, the forming comprising:
selectively applying the first layer and the second layer to the outer surface of the casting plate, without applying the first layer and the second layer to the distal end of the casting plate, to form the aperture in the distal end. 11. An apparatus comprising:
an inflatable membrane comprising, a pattern layer, a fluorescent layer, and a window, the pattern layer comprising an inner surface and an outer surface, the pattern layer comprising a pattern on the inner surface of the pattern layer and at least a portion of the pattern layer formed by a transferrable material transferred from a casting plate to the inner surface; the fluorescent layer comprising an inner surface and an outer surface, the inner surface of the fluorescent layer abutting the outer surface of the pattern layer and comprising a fluorescent material which, upon receiving of light, causes the florescent material to emit fluorescent light and causing the pattern to be detectable by a detector; and the window comprising a transparent material that spans an aperture formed in a distal end of the inflatable membrane. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, the fluorescent layer further comprising a pigment material. 13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the pattern comprises a grid formed by the transferrable material. 14. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the pattern comprise a plurality of spots formed by the transferrable material. 15. The apparatus of claim 11, further comprising:
a pigmented layer having an inner surface and an outer surface, the inner surface of the pigmented layer abutting the outer surface of the fluorescent layer and comprising a pigment material. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, the fluorescent layer further comprising a matrix material that includes the fluorescent material and the pigment material. 17. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the inflatable membrane is generally conical in shape such that the inflatable membrane is insertable into the ear of a person. 18. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the fluorescent material is a fluorescent dye and the pigment material is a carbon black. 19. The apparatus of claim 11, further comprising:
an aperture formed in a distal end of the inflatable membrane; and a window comprising a transparent material spanning the aperture to allow light to pass through the distal end. 20. An apparatus comprising:
an inflatable membrane comprising a pattern layer, a fluorescent layer, and a window, the pattern layer comprising an inner surface and an outer surface, the pattern layer comprising a random pattern formed by fiducial markers suspended in a fiducial material integrated with the pattern layer and at least a portion of the pattern layer formed by a casting plate configured to create the fiducial markers; and the fluorescent layer comprising an inner surface and an outer surface, the inner surface of the fluorescent layer abutting the outer surface of the pattern layer and comprising a fluorescent material which, upon receiving of light, causes the florescent material to emit fluorescent light and causing the pattern to be detectable by a detector; and the window comprising a transparent material that spans an aperture formed in a distal end of the inflatable membrane. 21. The apparatus of claim 20, further comprising a pigment layer having an inner surface and an outer surface, the inner surface of the pigment layer abutting the outer surface of the fluorescent layer, the pigment layer comprising a pigment material and not having the fluorescent material. | 1,700 |
4,107 | 13,911,434 | 1,788 | A closure for a container is disclosed. The closure comprises a core member comprising at least one thermoplastic polymer, and at least one peripheral layer at least partially surrounding and intimately bonded to at least one surface of the core member, said peripheral layer comprising at least one styrene block co-polymer, wherein the core member has a density in the range of from about 100 kg/m 3 to 350 kg/m 3 and the peripheral layer has a density in the range of from greater than 350 kg/m 3 to about 1,500 kg/m 3 and a thickness in the range of from 0.15 mm to less than 0.50 mm. | 1. A closure for a product-retaining container constructed for being inserted and securely retained in a portal forming neck of said container, said closure comprising:
A. a core member comprising at least one thermoplastic polymer; and B. at least one peripheral layer at least partially surrounding and intimately bonded to at least one surface of the core member, said peripheral layer comprising at least one styrene block co-polymer, wherein the core member has a density in the range of from about 100 kg/m3 to 350 kg/m3 and the peripheral layer has a density in the range of from greater than 350 kg/m3 to about 1,500 kg/m3 and a thickness in the range of from 0.15 mm to less than 0.50 mm. 2. The closure of claim 1, wherein the at least one thermoplastic polymer of the core member is different to the at least one styrene block copolymer of the at least one peripheral layer. 3. The closure according to claim 1, wherein the at least one styrene block copolymer is selected from the group consisting of styrene ethylene butadiene styrene block copolymers, styrene ethylene butylene styrene block copolymers, styrene ethylene butylene block copolymers, styrene butadiene styrene block copolymers, styrene butadiene block copolymers, styrene isoprene styrene block copolymers, styrene isobutylene block copolymers, styrene isoprene block copolymers, styrene ethylene propylene styrene block copolymers, styrene ethylene propylene block copolymers and combinations of two or more thereof. 4. The closure of claim 1, wherein the peripheral layer further comprises at least one further polymer or copolymer different to the at least one styrene block copolymer. 5. The closure according to claim 4, wherein the at least one further thermoplastic elastomer is selected from the group consisting of thermoplastic polyolefins, thermoplastic polyurethanes, thermoplastic polyamides, thermoplastic copolyesters and thermoplastic vulcanisates. 6. The closure according to claim 4, wherein the at least one styrene block copolymer is present in an amount in the range of from about 1 wt. % to about 100 wt. %, based on the total weight of the peripheral layer, and the at least one further thermoplastic elastomer is present in an amount in the range of from 0 wt. % to about 99 wt. %, based on the total weight of the peripheral layer. 7. The closure of claim 1, having an extraction force determined according to the herein described test method of not more than 400 N. 8. The closure of claim 1, having an oxygen transfer rate (OTR) in axial direction as determined by Macon measurement using 100% oxygen of from about 0.0001 to about 0.1000 cc/day/closure, in particular from about 0.0005 to about 0.050 cc/day/closure. 9. The closure of claim 1, wherein the closure has a leakage value measured according to the herein described test method of not more than 900 mm2. 10. The closure of claim 1, wherein the core member has a density in the range of from about 100 kg/m3 to less than 235 kg/m3 and the closure has a leakage value measured according to the herein described test method of not more than 900 mm2, or
the core member has a density in the range of from 235 kg/m3 to 260 kg/m3 and the closure has a leakage value measured according to the herein described test method of not more than 300 mm2, or
the core member has a density in the range of from greater than 260 kg/m3 to 350 kg/m3 and the closure has a leakage value measured according to the herein described test method of not more than 200 mm2. 11. The closure of claim 1, wherein the core member comprises a plurality of cells. 12. The closure according to claim 11, wherein at least one of the size and the distribution of the plurality of cells in the core member is substantially uniform throughout at least one of the length and the diameter of the core member. 13. The closure according to claim 11, wherein the plurality of cells is a plurality of substantially closed cells. 14. The closure according to claim 11, wherein the plurality of cells comprises a cell size in a range of from about 0.025 mm to about 0.5 mm, in particular from about 0.05 mm to about 0.35 mm. 15. The closure of claim 1, wherein said core member comprises at least one of closed cells having an average cell size ranging from about 0.02 millimeters to about 0.50 millimeters and a cell density ranging from about 8,000 cells/cm3 to about 25,000,000 cells/cm3, in particular wherein said core member comprises at least one of an average cell size ranging from about 0.05 mm to about 0.1 mm and a cell density ranging from about 1,000,000 cells/cm3 to about 8,000,000 cells/cm3. 16. The closure of claim 1, wherein said closure has a substantially cylindrical shape comprising substantially flat terminating surfaces forming the opposed ends of said closure and the substantially flat terminating surfaces of the core member are substantially devoid of the peripheral layer. 17. The closure of claim 1, wherein the core member comprises at least one thermoplastic polymer selected from the group consisting of polyethylenes, metallocene catalyst polyethylenes, polybutanes, polybutylenes, polyurethanes, silicones, vinyl-based resins, thermoplastic elastomers, polyesters, ethylenic acrylic copolymers, ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymers, ethylene-methyl-acrylate copolymers, thermoplastic polyurethanes, thermoplastic olefins, thermoplastic vulcanizates, flexible polyolefins, fluorelastomers, fluoropolymers, polyethylenes, polytetrafluoroethylenes, and blends thereof, ethylene-butyl-acrylate copolymers, ethylene-propylene-rubber, styrene butadiene rubber, styrene butadiene block copolymers, ethylene-ethyl-acrylic copolymers, ionomers, polypropylenes, and copolymers of polypropylene and copolymerizable ethylenically unsaturated comonomers, olefin copolymers, olefin block copolymers and mixtures thereof. 18. The closure of claim 1 having an overall density of from about 100 kg/m3 to about 800 kg/m3, in particular from about 200 kg/m3 to about 500 kg/m3. 19. The closure of claim 1, wherein said closure is formed by extrusion. 20. The closure according to claim 19, wherein said core member and said peripheral layer are extruded substantially simultaneously or said core member is extruded separately and subsequent thereto said peripheral layer is formed in extrusion equipment peripherally surrounding and enveloping the pre-formed core member. 21. A method for producing a closure, said method comprising:
A. providing a first composition comprising at least one thermoplastic polymer; B. optionally providing at least one blowing agent to the composition comprising at least one second thermoplastic polymer to obtain a composition comprising at least one thermoplastic polymer and at least one blowing agent; C. at least one of before, during and after method step B, heating the composition provided in method step A or the composition obtained in method step B to obtain a heated composition; D. extruding a continuous, elongated, substantially cylindrically shaped length of the heated composition obtained in method step C to obtain, as core member, a continuous elongated length of thermoplastic polymer having a cylindrical surface; E. providing a second composition comprising at least one styrene block co-polymer; F. extruding a separate and independent peripheral layer of the composition provided in method step E separately to, co-axially to and in intimate bonded engagement with the continuous, elongated length of thermoplastic polymer obtained in method step D, said separate and independent peripheral layer peripherally surrounding and substantially enveloping the cylindrical surface of the continuous, elongated length of thermoplastic polymer to obtain a multi-component elongated structure having a cylindrical surface; G. cutting the multi-component elongated structure obtained in method step F in a plane substantially perpendicular to the central axis of said multi-component elongated structure to obtain a closure; H. optionally printing, coating, or post-treating at least one of the continuous elongated length of thermoplastic polymer obtained in method step D, the multi-component structure obtained in method step F and the closure obtained in method step G. 22. A closure for a product-retaining container constructed for being inserted and securely retained in a portal forming neck of said container, said closure comprising at least:
A. a core member comprising at least one thermoplastic polymer, and B. at least one peripheral layer at least partially surrounding and intimately bonded to at least one surface of the core member, wherein the core member has a density in the range of from about 100 kg/m3 to about 350 kg/m3 and the closure has a leakage value measured according to the herein described test method of not more than 900 mm2. 23. A closure for a product-retaining container constructed for being inserted and securely retained in a portal forming neck of said container, said closure comprising at least
A. a core member comprising at least one thermoplastic polymer, and B. at least one peripheral layer at least partially surrounding and intimately bonded to at least one surface of the core member, wherein the core member has a density in the range of from about 100 kg/m3 to about 350 kg/m3 and the closure has a leakage value measured according to the herein described test method of not more than 500 mm2. 24. The closure of claim 23, wherein the at least one peripheral layer has a thickness in the range of from 0.15 mm to less than 0.50 mm. | A closure for a container is disclosed. The closure comprises a core member comprising at least one thermoplastic polymer, and at least one peripheral layer at least partially surrounding and intimately bonded to at least one surface of the core member, said peripheral layer comprising at least one styrene block co-polymer, wherein the core member has a density in the range of from about 100 kg/m 3 to 350 kg/m 3 and the peripheral layer has a density in the range of from greater than 350 kg/m 3 to about 1,500 kg/m 3 and a thickness in the range of from 0.15 mm to less than 0.50 mm.1. A closure for a product-retaining container constructed for being inserted and securely retained in a portal forming neck of said container, said closure comprising:
A. a core member comprising at least one thermoplastic polymer; and B. at least one peripheral layer at least partially surrounding and intimately bonded to at least one surface of the core member, said peripheral layer comprising at least one styrene block co-polymer, wherein the core member has a density in the range of from about 100 kg/m3 to 350 kg/m3 and the peripheral layer has a density in the range of from greater than 350 kg/m3 to about 1,500 kg/m3 and a thickness in the range of from 0.15 mm to less than 0.50 mm. 2. The closure of claim 1, wherein the at least one thermoplastic polymer of the core member is different to the at least one styrene block copolymer of the at least one peripheral layer. 3. The closure according to claim 1, wherein the at least one styrene block copolymer is selected from the group consisting of styrene ethylene butadiene styrene block copolymers, styrene ethylene butylene styrene block copolymers, styrene ethylene butylene block copolymers, styrene butadiene styrene block copolymers, styrene butadiene block copolymers, styrene isoprene styrene block copolymers, styrene isobutylene block copolymers, styrene isoprene block copolymers, styrene ethylene propylene styrene block copolymers, styrene ethylene propylene block copolymers and combinations of two or more thereof. 4. The closure of claim 1, wherein the peripheral layer further comprises at least one further polymer or copolymer different to the at least one styrene block copolymer. 5. The closure according to claim 4, wherein the at least one further thermoplastic elastomer is selected from the group consisting of thermoplastic polyolefins, thermoplastic polyurethanes, thermoplastic polyamides, thermoplastic copolyesters and thermoplastic vulcanisates. 6. The closure according to claim 4, wherein the at least one styrene block copolymer is present in an amount in the range of from about 1 wt. % to about 100 wt. %, based on the total weight of the peripheral layer, and the at least one further thermoplastic elastomer is present in an amount in the range of from 0 wt. % to about 99 wt. %, based on the total weight of the peripheral layer. 7. The closure of claim 1, having an extraction force determined according to the herein described test method of not more than 400 N. 8. The closure of claim 1, having an oxygen transfer rate (OTR) in axial direction as determined by Macon measurement using 100% oxygen of from about 0.0001 to about 0.1000 cc/day/closure, in particular from about 0.0005 to about 0.050 cc/day/closure. 9. The closure of claim 1, wherein the closure has a leakage value measured according to the herein described test method of not more than 900 mm2. 10. The closure of claim 1, wherein the core member has a density in the range of from about 100 kg/m3 to less than 235 kg/m3 and the closure has a leakage value measured according to the herein described test method of not more than 900 mm2, or
the core member has a density in the range of from 235 kg/m3 to 260 kg/m3 and the closure has a leakage value measured according to the herein described test method of not more than 300 mm2, or
the core member has a density in the range of from greater than 260 kg/m3 to 350 kg/m3 and the closure has a leakage value measured according to the herein described test method of not more than 200 mm2. 11. The closure of claim 1, wherein the core member comprises a plurality of cells. 12. The closure according to claim 11, wherein at least one of the size and the distribution of the plurality of cells in the core member is substantially uniform throughout at least one of the length and the diameter of the core member. 13. The closure according to claim 11, wherein the plurality of cells is a plurality of substantially closed cells. 14. The closure according to claim 11, wherein the plurality of cells comprises a cell size in a range of from about 0.025 mm to about 0.5 mm, in particular from about 0.05 mm to about 0.35 mm. 15. The closure of claim 1, wherein said core member comprises at least one of closed cells having an average cell size ranging from about 0.02 millimeters to about 0.50 millimeters and a cell density ranging from about 8,000 cells/cm3 to about 25,000,000 cells/cm3, in particular wherein said core member comprises at least one of an average cell size ranging from about 0.05 mm to about 0.1 mm and a cell density ranging from about 1,000,000 cells/cm3 to about 8,000,000 cells/cm3. 16. The closure of claim 1, wherein said closure has a substantially cylindrical shape comprising substantially flat terminating surfaces forming the opposed ends of said closure and the substantially flat terminating surfaces of the core member are substantially devoid of the peripheral layer. 17. The closure of claim 1, wherein the core member comprises at least one thermoplastic polymer selected from the group consisting of polyethylenes, metallocene catalyst polyethylenes, polybutanes, polybutylenes, polyurethanes, silicones, vinyl-based resins, thermoplastic elastomers, polyesters, ethylenic acrylic copolymers, ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymers, ethylene-methyl-acrylate copolymers, thermoplastic polyurethanes, thermoplastic olefins, thermoplastic vulcanizates, flexible polyolefins, fluorelastomers, fluoropolymers, polyethylenes, polytetrafluoroethylenes, and blends thereof, ethylene-butyl-acrylate copolymers, ethylene-propylene-rubber, styrene butadiene rubber, styrene butadiene block copolymers, ethylene-ethyl-acrylic copolymers, ionomers, polypropylenes, and copolymers of polypropylene and copolymerizable ethylenically unsaturated comonomers, olefin copolymers, olefin block copolymers and mixtures thereof. 18. The closure of claim 1 having an overall density of from about 100 kg/m3 to about 800 kg/m3, in particular from about 200 kg/m3 to about 500 kg/m3. 19. The closure of claim 1, wherein said closure is formed by extrusion. 20. The closure according to claim 19, wherein said core member and said peripheral layer are extruded substantially simultaneously or said core member is extruded separately and subsequent thereto said peripheral layer is formed in extrusion equipment peripherally surrounding and enveloping the pre-formed core member. 21. A method for producing a closure, said method comprising:
A. providing a first composition comprising at least one thermoplastic polymer; B. optionally providing at least one blowing agent to the composition comprising at least one second thermoplastic polymer to obtain a composition comprising at least one thermoplastic polymer and at least one blowing agent; C. at least one of before, during and after method step B, heating the composition provided in method step A or the composition obtained in method step B to obtain a heated composition; D. extruding a continuous, elongated, substantially cylindrically shaped length of the heated composition obtained in method step C to obtain, as core member, a continuous elongated length of thermoplastic polymer having a cylindrical surface; E. providing a second composition comprising at least one styrene block co-polymer; F. extruding a separate and independent peripheral layer of the composition provided in method step E separately to, co-axially to and in intimate bonded engagement with the continuous, elongated length of thermoplastic polymer obtained in method step D, said separate and independent peripheral layer peripherally surrounding and substantially enveloping the cylindrical surface of the continuous, elongated length of thermoplastic polymer to obtain a multi-component elongated structure having a cylindrical surface; G. cutting the multi-component elongated structure obtained in method step F in a plane substantially perpendicular to the central axis of said multi-component elongated structure to obtain a closure; H. optionally printing, coating, or post-treating at least one of the continuous elongated length of thermoplastic polymer obtained in method step D, the multi-component structure obtained in method step F and the closure obtained in method step G. 22. A closure for a product-retaining container constructed for being inserted and securely retained in a portal forming neck of said container, said closure comprising at least:
A. a core member comprising at least one thermoplastic polymer, and B. at least one peripheral layer at least partially surrounding and intimately bonded to at least one surface of the core member, wherein the core member has a density in the range of from about 100 kg/m3 to about 350 kg/m3 and the closure has a leakage value measured according to the herein described test method of not more than 900 mm2. 23. A closure for a product-retaining container constructed for being inserted and securely retained in a portal forming neck of said container, said closure comprising at least
A. a core member comprising at least one thermoplastic polymer, and B. at least one peripheral layer at least partially surrounding and intimately bonded to at least one surface of the core member, wherein the core member has a density in the range of from about 100 kg/m3 to about 350 kg/m3 and the closure has a leakage value measured according to the herein described test method of not more than 500 mm2. 24. The closure of claim 23, wherein the at least one peripheral layer has a thickness in the range of from 0.15 mm to less than 0.50 mm. | 1,700 |
4,108 | 14,719,853 | 1,743 | A process of making a water soluble pouch including the steps of providing a first mold, providing a water soluble first web carried on the first mold, forming the water soluble web into a compartment by applying a first pressure difference across the water soluble first web at a first maximum temperature and subsequently applying a second pressure difference across the water soluble first web, wherein the second pressure difference is greater than or equal to the first pressure difference. | 1-17. (canceled) 18. A process of making a water soluble pouch comprising the steps of:
providing a first mold comprising a first cavity, wherein said first cavity comprises a first porous face; providing a water soluble first web carried on said first mold; forming said water soluble first web to form a compartment by applying a first pressure difference across said water soluble first web with said water soluble first web at a first maximum temperature and subsequently applying a second pressure difference across said water soluble first web, wherein said second pressure difference is greater than or equal to said first pressure difference; placing a substrate treatment agent on said water soluble first web; providing a water soluble second web; and sealing said first web and said second web to one another to form an enclosed pouch having a chamber containing said substrate treatment agent. 19. The process of making a water soluble pouch according to claim 18, wherein said water soluble first web is at a second maximum temperature when said second pressure difference is applied and wherein said second maximum temperature is greater than or equal to said first maximum temperature. 20. The process of making a water soluble pouch according to claim 19, wherein said second maximum temperature is from about 100° C. to about 120° C. 21. The process of making a water soluble pouch according to claim 18, wherein said first pressure difference is applied by applying a first negative gage pressure to said first porous face and wherein said second pressure difference is applied by applying a second negative gage pressure to said first porous face, wherein said second negative gage pressure is less than or equal to said first negative gage pressure. 22. The process of making a water soluble pouch according to claim 21, wherein the step of forming said water soluble first web to form said compartment is performed by thermoforming said water soluble first web to form said compartment. 23. The process of making a water soluble pouch according to claim 22, wherein the step of placing said substrate treatment agent on said water soluble first web is performed by placing said substrate treatment agent in said compartment. 24. The process of making a water soluble pouch according to claim 21, wherein said first maximum temperature is from about 10° C. to about 100° C. when said first negative gage pressure is applied. 25. The process of making a water soluble pouch according to claim 21, wherein said first negative gage pressure is from about 10 mbar to about 90 mbar below atmospheric pressure. 26. The process of making a water soluble pouch according to claim 21, wherein said second negative gage pressure is from about 150 mbar to about 260 mbar below atmospheric pressure. 27. The process of making a water soluble pouch according to claim 21, wherein said first cavity has a surface area of from about 20 cm2 to about 80 cm2. 28. The process of making a water soluble pouch according to claim 21, wherein said first negative gage pressure and said second negative gage pressure are individually applied for from about 1 s to about 10 s. 29. The process of making a water soluble pouch according to claim 21, wherein said first web is provided at a thickness of from about 20 μm to about 150 μm. 30. The process of making a water soluble pouch according to claim 21, wherein said substrate treatment agent is a liquid, powder, or gel and said substrate treatment agent is selected from the group consisting of laundry detergent, laundry additive, dishwashing detergent, hard surface cleaner, and dishwashing additive. 31. The process of making a water soluble pouch according to claim 21, further comprising the steps of:
providing a second mold comprising a second cavity, wherein said second cavity comprises a second porous face; providing a water soluble third web carried on said second mold; forming said water soluble third web to form a second compartment by applying a third pressure difference across said water soluble third web; placing a second substrate treatment agent on said water soluble third web; sealing said second web to said water soluble third web to form an enclosed pouch having a second chamber containing said second substrate treatment agent. 32. The process of making a water soluble pouch according to claim 31, wherein said third pressure difference is applied by applying a third negative gage pressure to said second porous face. 33. The process of making a water soluble pouch according to claim 32, wherein said step of forming said second compartment by applying said third pressure difference across said water soluble third web is performed by thermoforming with said water soluble third web at a temperature of from about 100° C. to about 135° C. 34. The process of making a water soluble pouch according to claim 21, wherein said pouch comprises a plurality of printed characters or an aversive agent having a foul taste. 35. A process of making a water soluble pouch comprising the steps of:
providing a first mold comprising a first cavity, wherein said first cavity comprises a first porous face; providing a water soluble first web carried on said first mold; forming said water soluble first web to form a compartment by applying a first pressure difference across said water soluble first web with said water soluble first web at a first maximum temperature and subsequently applying a second pressure difference across said water soluble first web, wherein said second pressure difference is greater than or equal to said first pressure difference; placing a substrate treatment agent on said water soluble first web; providing a water soluble second web; and sealing said first web and said second web to one another to form an enclosed pouch having a chamber containing said substrate treatment agent; wherein said water soluble first web is at a second maximum temperature when said second pressure difference is applied and wherein said second maximum temperature is greater than or equal to said first maximum temperature; wherein said second maximum temperature is from about 100° C. to about 120° C.; wherein said first pressure difference is applied by applying a first negative gage pressure to said first porous face and wherein said second pressure difference is applied by applying a second negative gage pressure to said first porous face, wherein said second negative gage pressure is less than or equal to said first negative gage pressure; and wherein the step of forming said water soluble first web to form said compartment is performed by thermoforming said water soluble first web to form said compartment. 36. The process of making a water soluble pouch according to claim 35, further comprising the steps of:
providing a second mold comprising a second cavity, wherein said second cavity comprises a second porous face; providing a water soluble third web carried on said second mold; forming said water soluble third web to form a second compartment by applying a third pressure difference across said water soluble third web; placing a second substrate treatment agent on said water soluble third web; sealing said second web to said water soluble third web to form an enclosed pouch having a second chamber containing said second substrate treatment agent. | A process of making a water soluble pouch including the steps of providing a first mold, providing a water soluble first web carried on the first mold, forming the water soluble web into a compartment by applying a first pressure difference across the water soluble first web at a first maximum temperature and subsequently applying a second pressure difference across the water soluble first web, wherein the second pressure difference is greater than or equal to the first pressure difference.1-17. (canceled) 18. A process of making a water soluble pouch comprising the steps of:
providing a first mold comprising a first cavity, wherein said first cavity comprises a first porous face; providing a water soluble first web carried on said first mold; forming said water soluble first web to form a compartment by applying a first pressure difference across said water soluble first web with said water soluble first web at a first maximum temperature and subsequently applying a second pressure difference across said water soluble first web, wherein said second pressure difference is greater than or equal to said first pressure difference; placing a substrate treatment agent on said water soluble first web; providing a water soluble second web; and sealing said first web and said second web to one another to form an enclosed pouch having a chamber containing said substrate treatment agent. 19. The process of making a water soluble pouch according to claim 18, wherein said water soluble first web is at a second maximum temperature when said second pressure difference is applied and wherein said second maximum temperature is greater than or equal to said first maximum temperature. 20. The process of making a water soluble pouch according to claim 19, wherein said second maximum temperature is from about 100° C. to about 120° C. 21. The process of making a water soluble pouch according to claim 18, wherein said first pressure difference is applied by applying a first negative gage pressure to said first porous face and wherein said second pressure difference is applied by applying a second negative gage pressure to said first porous face, wherein said second negative gage pressure is less than or equal to said first negative gage pressure. 22. The process of making a water soluble pouch according to claim 21, wherein the step of forming said water soluble first web to form said compartment is performed by thermoforming said water soluble first web to form said compartment. 23. The process of making a water soluble pouch according to claim 22, wherein the step of placing said substrate treatment agent on said water soluble first web is performed by placing said substrate treatment agent in said compartment. 24. The process of making a water soluble pouch according to claim 21, wherein said first maximum temperature is from about 10° C. to about 100° C. when said first negative gage pressure is applied. 25. The process of making a water soluble pouch according to claim 21, wherein said first negative gage pressure is from about 10 mbar to about 90 mbar below atmospheric pressure. 26. The process of making a water soluble pouch according to claim 21, wherein said second negative gage pressure is from about 150 mbar to about 260 mbar below atmospheric pressure. 27. The process of making a water soluble pouch according to claim 21, wherein said first cavity has a surface area of from about 20 cm2 to about 80 cm2. 28. The process of making a water soluble pouch according to claim 21, wherein said first negative gage pressure and said second negative gage pressure are individually applied for from about 1 s to about 10 s. 29. The process of making a water soluble pouch according to claim 21, wherein said first web is provided at a thickness of from about 20 μm to about 150 μm. 30. The process of making a water soluble pouch according to claim 21, wherein said substrate treatment agent is a liquid, powder, or gel and said substrate treatment agent is selected from the group consisting of laundry detergent, laundry additive, dishwashing detergent, hard surface cleaner, and dishwashing additive. 31. The process of making a water soluble pouch according to claim 21, further comprising the steps of:
providing a second mold comprising a second cavity, wherein said second cavity comprises a second porous face; providing a water soluble third web carried on said second mold; forming said water soluble third web to form a second compartment by applying a third pressure difference across said water soluble third web; placing a second substrate treatment agent on said water soluble third web; sealing said second web to said water soluble third web to form an enclosed pouch having a second chamber containing said second substrate treatment agent. 32. The process of making a water soluble pouch according to claim 31, wherein said third pressure difference is applied by applying a third negative gage pressure to said second porous face. 33. The process of making a water soluble pouch according to claim 32, wherein said step of forming said second compartment by applying said third pressure difference across said water soluble third web is performed by thermoforming with said water soluble third web at a temperature of from about 100° C. to about 135° C. 34. The process of making a water soluble pouch according to claim 21, wherein said pouch comprises a plurality of printed characters or an aversive agent having a foul taste. 35. A process of making a water soluble pouch comprising the steps of:
providing a first mold comprising a first cavity, wherein said first cavity comprises a first porous face; providing a water soluble first web carried on said first mold; forming said water soluble first web to form a compartment by applying a first pressure difference across said water soluble first web with said water soluble first web at a first maximum temperature and subsequently applying a second pressure difference across said water soluble first web, wherein said second pressure difference is greater than or equal to said first pressure difference; placing a substrate treatment agent on said water soluble first web; providing a water soluble second web; and sealing said first web and said second web to one another to form an enclosed pouch having a chamber containing said substrate treatment agent; wherein said water soluble first web is at a second maximum temperature when said second pressure difference is applied and wherein said second maximum temperature is greater than or equal to said first maximum temperature; wherein said second maximum temperature is from about 100° C. to about 120° C.; wherein said first pressure difference is applied by applying a first negative gage pressure to said first porous face and wherein said second pressure difference is applied by applying a second negative gage pressure to said first porous face, wherein said second negative gage pressure is less than or equal to said first negative gage pressure; and wherein the step of forming said water soluble first web to form said compartment is performed by thermoforming said water soluble first web to form said compartment. 36. The process of making a water soluble pouch according to claim 35, further comprising the steps of:
providing a second mold comprising a second cavity, wherein said second cavity comprises a second porous face; providing a water soluble third web carried on said second mold; forming said water soluble third web to form a second compartment by applying a third pressure difference across said water soluble third web; placing a second substrate treatment agent on said water soluble third web; sealing said second web to said water soluble third web to form an enclosed pouch having a second chamber containing said second substrate treatment agent. | 1,700 |
4,109 | 14,518,275 | 1,792 | A paper fiber-based partition or divider for use in dividing or separating products in a container that house different products is provided. A separate product container for housing one of the products may be utilized. | 1. A container for housing at least two different products in a separated environment, the container, when filled with the at least two different products, consisting essentially of:
a container housing; a first closed end and a second closed end; at least a first product and a second product within the container housing, wherein the first product is different from the second product, wherein the first product is located within the container housing adjacent to the first closed end and wherein the second product is located within the housing adjacent to the second closed end; and at least one divider comprising more than 50% papermaking fibers and located within the container housing between the first product and the second product so as to separate the first product from the second product. 2. The container of claim 1, wherein the at least one divider is coated with a moisture resistant coating. 3. The container of claim 2, wherein the moisture resistant coating comprises a wax. 4. The container of claim 1, further comprising a separate product container housing the second product and located adjacent to the second end and wherein the separate product container comprises at least one open end. 5. The container of claim 4, wherein the at least one divider is sized to correspond to the exterior size of the separate product container and is placed onto the at least one open end of the separate product container. 6. The container of claim 5, wherein one side of the at least one divider comprises an adhesive coating on at least a portion thereof. 7. The container of claim 6, wherein the adhesive coating is adhered to the separate product container. 8. The container of claim 5, wherein the at least one divider is press fit onto the separate product container. 9. The container of claim 4, wherein the at least one divider is sized to be larger than the exterior size of the separate product container and is placed onto the at least one open end of the separate product container such that the size of at least one divider overhangs the exterior size of the separate product container. 10. The container of claim 9, wherein the at least one divider is press fit onto the separate product container. 11. The container of claim 9, wherein one side of the at least one divider comprises an adhesive coating on at least a portion thereof. 12. The container of claim 11, wherein the adhesive coating is adhered to the separate product container. 13. The container of claim 1, wherein the at least one divider is located closer to the first closed end than the second closed end. 14. The container of claim 1, wherein the container housing is cylindrically shaped and wherein the at least one divider is circular in shape. 15. The container of claim 14, wherein the at least one divider is of a size to tightly fit within the cylindrically-shaped container housing. 16. The container of claim 4, wherein the container housing and separate product container are cylindrically shaped and the at least one divider is circular. 17. The container of claim 4, wherein the at least one divider is not circular and the separate product container is not cylindrical and the at least one divider and the open end of the separate product container have mating shapes. 18. The container of claim 1, wherein the container housing comprises a third product and a second divider, wherein the second divider separates the third product and is adjacent either the first product or adjacent the second product and separates the third product from either the first product or the second product. 19. The container of claim 18, wherein the second divider is adjacent both the first product and the second product and separates the first product from the third product and the third product from the second product. 20. The container of claim 18 comprising a second separate product container for housing the third product. 21. The container of claim 20, wherein the second divider is attached to the second separate product container. 22. The container of claim 1, wherein the first product and the second product are food products. 23. The container of claim 18, wherein the third product is a food product. | A paper fiber-based partition or divider for use in dividing or separating products in a container that house different products is provided. A separate product container for housing one of the products may be utilized.1. A container for housing at least two different products in a separated environment, the container, when filled with the at least two different products, consisting essentially of:
a container housing; a first closed end and a second closed end; at least a first product and a second product within the container housing, wherein the first product is different from the second product, wherein the first product is located within the container housing adjacent to the first closed end and wherein the second product is located within the housing adjacent to the second closed end; and at least one divider comprising more than 50% papermaking fibers and located within the container housing between the first product and the second product so as to separate the first product from the second product. 2. The container of claim 1, wherein the at least one divider is coated with a moisture resistant coating. 3. The container of claim 2, wherein the moisture resistant coating comprises a wax. 4. The container of claim 1, further comprising a separate product container housing the second product and located adjacent to the second end and wherein the separate product container comprises at least one open end. 5. The container of claim 4, wherein the at least one divider is sized to correspond to the exterior size of the separate product container and is placed onto the at least one open end of the separate product container. 6. The container of claim 5, wherein one side of the at least one divider comprises an adhesive coating on at least a portion thereof. 7. The container of claim 6, wherein the adhesive coating is adhered to the separate product container. 8. The container of claim 5, wherein the at least one divider is press fit onto the separate product container. 9. The container of claim 4, wherein the at least one divider is sized to be larger than the exterior size of the separate product container and is placed onto the at least one open end of the separate product container such that the size of at least one divider overhangs the exterior size of the separate product container. 10. The container of claim 9, wherein the at least one divider is press fit onto the separate product container. 11. The container of claim 9, wherein one side of the at least one divider comprises an adhesive coating on at least a portion thereof. 12. The container of claim 11, wherein the adhesive coating is adhered to the separate product container. 13. The container of claim 1, wherein the at least one divider is located closer to the first closed end than the second closed end. 14. The container of claim 1, wherein the container housing is cylindrically shaped and wherein the at least one divider is circular in shape. 15. The container of claim 14, wherein the at least one divider is of a size to tightly fit within the cylindrically-shaped container housing. 16. The container of claim 4, wherein the container housing and separate product container are cylindrically shaped and the at least one divider is circular. 17. The container of claim 4, wherein the at least one divider is not circular and the separate product container is not cylindrical and the at least one divider and the open end of the separate product container have mating shapes. 18. The container of claim 1, wherein the container housing comprises a third product and a second divider, wherein the second divider separates the third product and is adjacent either the first product or adjacent the second product and separates the third product from either the first product or the second product. 19. The container of claim 18, wherein the second divider is adjacent both the first product and the second product and separates the first product from the third product and the third product from the second product. 20. The container of claim 18 comprising a second separate product container for housing the third product. 21. The container of claim 20, wherein the second divider is attached to the second separate product container. 22. The container of claim 1, wherein the first product and the second product are food products. 23. The container of claim 18, wherein the third product is a food product. | 1,700 |
4,110 | 15,045,650 | 1,742 | A prepared mold tool having a thermoplastic surface layer polymer coating on the mold surface of the mold tool or prepared prepreg having a thermoplastic surface layer polymer coating on the surface of the thermoplastic fiber reinforced prepreg are described that enhance first ply laydown of thermoplastic fiber reinforced composite prepregs onto mold tools for prepreg forming or in situ tape placement. Resulting thermoplastic fiber reinforced composite parts from a thermoplastic fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite material having structural reinforcement fibers with one or more high performance polymers, and a thermoplastic surface layer polymer coating which forms a polymer blend with the high performance polymers of the thermoplastic fiber reinforced composite material thereby imparting improved properties, and methods for making and using same, are provided herein. | 1-19. (canceled) 20. A method of automatically laying down layers of thermoplastic composite material, comprising:
a) providing a non-porous mold tool having a mold surface; b) applying a release film to the mold surface of the mold tool; c) plasma spraying thermoplastic polymer particles on the release film to form a first thermoplastic surface layer of substantially fused thermoplastic particles; d) automatically laying down a first layer of thermoplastic composite material, which comprises reinforcement fibers impregnated with a thermoplastic polymer; e) plasma spraying the thermoplastic particles on an exposed surface of the first layer of thermoplastic fiber reinforced composite material to form a second thermoplastic surface layer of substantially fused thermoplastic particles; and f) automatically laying down a subsequent layer of thermoplastic fiber reinforced composite material on the second thermoplastic surface layer. 21. The method according to claim 20, wherein the mold surface has a texture. 22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the texture of the mold surface is created by sandblasting. 23. The method according to claim 20, wherein the thermoplastic polymer particles are particles of polyaryletherketones (PAEK). 24. The method according to claim 20, wherein the thermoplastic polymer particles are particles of a thermoplastic polymer selected from the group consisting of: polyetherketone (PEK), polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), and blends thereof. 24. The method according to claim 20, wherein the reinforcement fibers are unidirectional fibers. 25. The method according to claim 20, wherein the reinforcement fibers are selected from the group consisting of: carbon fibers, glass fibers, aramid fibers, and mixtures thereof. 26. The method according to claim 20, wherein each of the thermoplastic surface layers is partially discontinuous and not all particles forming the thermoplastic surface layer are melt fused together. | A prepared mold tool having a thermoplastic surface layer polymer coating on the mold surface of the mold tool or prepared prepreg having a thermoplastic surface layer polymer coating on the surface of the thermoplastic fiber reinforced prepreg are described that enhance first ply laydown of thermoplastic fiber reinforced composite prepregs onto mold tools for prepreg forming or in situ tape placement. Resulting thermoplastic fiber reinforced composite parts from a thermoplastic fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite material having structural reinforcement fibers with one or more high performance polymers, and a thermoplastic surface layer polymer coating which forms a polymer blend with the high performance polymers of the thermoplastic fiber reinforced composite material thereby imparting improved properties, and methods for making and using same, are provided herein.1-19. (canceled) 20. A method of automatically laying down layers of thermoplastic composite material, comprising:
a) providing a non-porous mold tool having a mold surface; b) applying a release film to the mold surface of the mold tool; c) plasma spraying thermoplastic polymer particles on the release film to form a first thermoplastic surface layer of substantially fused thermoplastic particles; d) automatically laying down a first layer of thermoplastic composite material, which comprises reinforcement fibers impregnated with a thermoplastic polymer; e) plasma spraying the thermoplastic particles on an exposed surface of the first layer of thermoplastic fiber reinforced composite material to form a second thermoplastic surface layer of substantially fused thermoplastic particles; and f) automatically laying down a subsequent layer of thermoplastic fiber reinforced composite material on the second thermoplastic surface layer. 21. The method according to claim 20, wherein the mold surface has a texture. 22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the texture of the mold surface is created by sandblasting. 23. The method according to claim 20, wherein the thermoplastic polymer particles are particles of polyaryletherketones (PAEK). 24. The method according to claim 20, wherein the thermoplastic polymer particles are particles of a thermoplastic polymer selected from the group consisting of: polyetherketone (PEK), polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), and blends thereof. 24. The method according to claim 20, wherein the reinforcement fibers are unidirectional fibers. 25. The method according to claim 20, wherein the reinforcement fibers are selected from the group consisting of: carbon fibers, glass fibers, aramid fibers, and mixtures thereof. 26. The method according to claim 20, wherein each of the thermoplastic surface layers is partially discontinuous and not all particles forming the thermoplastic surface layer are melt fused together. | 1,700 |
4,111 | 13,879,631 | 1,786 | A glass composition including Si02 in an amount from about 70.6 to about 79.6% by weight, AI 2 O 3 in an amount from about 10.0 to 18.5% by weight, MgO m an amount from about 10.0 to about 19.0% by weight, CaO in an amount from about 0.1 to about 5.0% by weight, Li20 in an amount from 0.0 to about 3.0% by weight, and Na 2 0 in an amount from 0.0 to about 3.0% by weight is provided. In exemplary embodiments, the glass composition is free or substantially free of B 2 O 3 and fluorine. The glass fibers have a specific modulus between about 3.40×10 7 J/kg and 3.6×10 7 J/kg. Glass fibers formed from the inventive composition possess exceptionally an exceptionally high modulus and a low density, which make them particularly suitable in applications that require high strength, high stiffness, and low weight, such as wind blades and aerospace structures. | 1. A composition for preparing high strength glass fibers comprising:
SiO2 in an amount from about 70.6 to about 79.6% by weight of the total composition; Al2O3 in an amount from about 10.0 to about 18.5% by weight of the total composition; MgO in an amount from about 10.0 to about 19.0% by weight of the total composition; CaO in an amount from about 0.1 to about 5.0% by weight of the total composition; Li2O in an amount from 0.0 to about 3.0% by weight of the total composition; and Na2O in an amount from 0.0 to about 3.0% by weight of the total composition. 2. The composition of claim 1 wherein
SiO2 is present in an amount from about 70.6 to about 73.55% by weight of the total composition;
Al2O3 is present in an amount from about 10.68 to about 18.5% by weight of the total composition;
MgO is present in an amount from about 10.0 to about 15.62% by weight of the total composition;
CaO is present in an amount from about 0.1 to about 1.7% by weight of the total composition;
Li2O is present in an amount from 0.08 to about 3.0% by weight of the total composition; and
Na2O is present in an amount from 0.0 to about 3.0% by weight of the total composition. 3. The composition of claim 1 wherein
SiO2 is present in an amount from about 70.6 to about 73.0% by weight of the total composition;
Al2O3 is present in an amount from about 16.0 to about 18.5% by weight of the total composition;
MgO is present in an amount from about 10.0 to about 13.0% by weight of the total composition;
CaO is present in an amount from about 0.1 to about 2.0% by weight of the total composition;
Li2O is present in an amount from 0.0 to about 2.0% by weight of the total composition; and
Na2O is present in an amount from 0.0 to about 2.0% by weight of the total composition. 4. The composition of claim 1 wherein
SiO2 is present in an amount from about 70.85 to about 77.56% by weight of the total composition;
Al2O3 is present in an amount from about 10.0 to about 18.5% by weight of the total composition;
MgO is present in an amount from about 10.0 to about 12.58% by weight of the total composition;
CaO is present in an amount from about 0.1 to about 1.7% by weight of the total composition;
Li2O is present in an amount from 0.0 to about 2.34% by weight of the total composition; and
Na2O is present in an amount from 0.0 to about 0.98% by weight of the total composition. 5. The composition of claim 1 wherein
SiO2 is present in an amount from about 70.6 to about 77.56% by weight of the total composition;
Al2O3 is present in an amount from about 10.0 to about 18.5% by weight of the total composition;
MgO is present in an amount from about 10.0 to about 12.95% by weight of the total composition;
CaO is present in an amount from about 0.1 to about 1.7% by weight of the total composition;
Li2O is present in an amount from 0.08 to about 3.0% by weight of the total composition; and
Na2O is present in an amount from 0.0 to about 0.98% by weight of the total composition. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein said composition is substantially free of B2O3 and fluorine. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein said composition has a ΔT up to about 139 or 210° C. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein said composition has a log 3 temperature of less than about 1525 or 1530° C. or from about 1268° C. to about 1525 or 1530° C. 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein said composition has a liquidus temperature no greater than about 1470° C. 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein components of said composition are melted in a refractory tank melter. 11. A high strength glass fiber produced from the composition of claim 1. 12. The glass fiber of claim 11, wherein said glass fiber has a specific modulus from about 3.40×107 J/kg to about 3.6×107 J/kg and a specific strength from about 1.7×106 J/kg to about 2.0 or 2.14×106 J/kg. 13. The glass fiber of claim 11, wherein said glass fiber has a specific modulus from about 3.40×107 J/kg to about 3.56×107 J/kg and a specific strength from about 1.85×106 J/kg to about 2.14×106 J/kg. 14. The glass fiber of claim 11, wherein said glass fiber has a pristine fiber tensile strength from about 4150 to about 4960 or 5233 MPa, a modulus from about 80 to about 88 GPa, and a density from about 2.37 to about 2.51 g/cc. 15. The glass fiber of claim 11, wherein said glass fiber has a pristine fiber tensile strength from about 4590 to about 5230 MPa, a modulus from about 82.8 to about 87.4 GPa, and a density from about 2.39 to about 2.48 g/cc. 16. A method of forming a high performance glass fiber comprising:
providing a molten glass composition, said composition comprising: SiO2 in an amount from about 70.6 to about 79.6% by weight of the total composition; Al2O3 in an amount from about 10.0 to about 18.5% by weight of the total composition; MgO in an amount from about 10.0 to about 19.0% by weight of the total composition; CaO in an amount from about 0.1 to about 5.0% by weight of the total composition; Li2O in an amount from 0.0 to about 3.0% by weight of the total composition; and Na2O in an amount from 0.0 to about 3.0% by weight of the total composition; and drawing said molten glass composition through orifices in a bushing to form a continuous glass fiber. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the glass fiber is a high strength glass fiber according to claim 11. 18. A reinforced composite product comprising:
a polymer matrix; and a plurality of glass fibers, said glass fibers being produced from a composition comprising:
SiO2 in an amount from about 70.6 to about 79.6% by weight of the total composition;
Al2O3 in an amount from about 10.0 to about 18.5% by weight of the total composition;
MgO in an amount from about 10.0 to about 19.0% by weight of the total composition;
CaO in an amount from about 0.1 to about 5.0% by weight of the total composition;
Li2O in an amount from 0.0 to about 3.0% by weight of the total composition; and
Na2O in an amount from 0.0 to about 3.0% by weight of the total composition. 19. The composite product of claim 18, wherein said polymer matrix is a thermoplastic polymer selected from polyesters, polypropylene, polyamide, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene and combinations thereof. 20. The composite product of claim 18, wherein said polymer matrix is a thermoset polymer selected from epoxy resins, unsaturated polyesters, phenolics, vinylesters and combinations thereof. 21. The composite product of claim 18 in the form of a windblade. | A glass composition including Si02 in an amount from about 70.6 to about 79.6% by weight, AI 2 O 3 in an amount from about 10.0 to 18.5% by weight, MgO m an amount from about 10.0 to about 19.0% by weight, CaO in an amount from about 0.1 to about 5.0% by weight, Li20 in an amount from 0.0 to about 3.0% by weight, and Na 2 0 in an amount from 0.0 to about 3.0% by weight is provided. In exemplary embodiments, the glass composition is free or substantially free of B 2 O 3 and fluorine. The glass fibers have a specific modulus between about 3.40×10 7 J/kg and 3.6×10 7 J/kg. Glass fibers formed from the inventive composition possess exceptionally an exceptionally high modulus and a low density, which make them particularly suitable in applications that require high strength, high stiffness, and low weight, such as wind blades and aerospace structures.1. A composition for preparing high strength glass fibers comprising:
SiO2 in an amount from about 70.6 to about 79.6% by weight of the total composition; Al2O3 in an amount from about 10.0 to about 18.5% by weight of the total composition; MgO in an amount from about 10.0 to about 19.0% by weight of the total composition; CaO in an amount from about 0.1 to about 5.0% by weight of the total composition; Li2O in an amount from 0.0 to about 3.0% by weight of the total composition; and Na2O in an amount from 0.0 to about 3.0% by weight of the total composition. 2. The composition of claim 1 wherein
SiO2 is present in an amount from about 70.6 to about 73.55% by weight of the total composition;
Al2O3 is present in an amount from about 10.68 to about 18.5% by weight of the total composition;
MgO is present in an amount from about 10.0 to about 15.62% by weight of the total composition;
CaO is present in an amount from about 0.1 to about 1.7% by weight of the total composition;
Li2O is present in an amount from 0.08 to about 3.0% by weight of the total composition; and
Na2O is present in an amount from 0.0 to about 3.0% by weight of the total composition. 3. The composition of claim 1 wherein
SiO2 is present in an amount from about 70.6 to about 73.0% by weight of the total composition;
Al2O3 is present in an amount from about 16.0 to about 18.5% by weight of the total composition;
MgO is present in an amount from about 10.0 to about 13.0% by weight of the total composition;
CaO is present in an amount from about 0.1 to about 2.0% by weight of the total composition;
Li2O is present in an amount from 0.0 to about 2.0% by weight of the total composition; and
Na2O is present in an amount from 0.0 to about 2.0% by weight of the total composition. 4. The composition of claim 1 wherein
SiO2 is present in an amount from about 70.85 to about 77.56% by weight of the total composition;
Al2O3 is present in an amount from about 10.0 to about 18.5% by weight of the total composition;
MgO is present in an amount from about 10.0 to about 12.58% by weight of the total composition;
CaO is present in an amount from about 0.1 to about 1.7% by weight of the total composition;
Li2O is present in an amount from 0.0 to about 2.34% by weight of the total composition; and
Na2O is present in an amount from 0.0 to about 0.98% by weight of the total composition. 5. The composition of claim 1 wherein
SiO2 is present in an amount from about 70.6 to about 77.56% by weight of the total composition;
Al2O3 is present in an amount from about 10.0 to about 18.5% by weight of the total composition;
MgO is present in an amount from about 10.0 to about 12.95% by weight of the total composition;
CaO is present in an amount from about 0.1 to about 1.7% by weight of the total composition;
Li2O is present in an amount from 0.08 to about 3.0% by weight of the total composition; and
Na2O is present in an amount from 0.0 to about 0.98% by weight of the total composition. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein said composition is substantially free of B2O3 and fluorine. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein said composition has a ΔT up to about 139 or 210° C. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein said composition has a log 3 temperature of less than about 1525 or 1530° C. or from about 1268° C. to about 1525 or 1530° C. 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein said composition has a liquidus temperature no greater than about 1470° C. 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein components of said composition are melted in a refractory tank melter. 11. A high strength glass fiber produced from the composition of claim 1. 12. The glass fiber of claim 11, wherein said glass fiber has a specific modulus from about 3.40×107 J/kg to about 3.6×107 J/kg and a specific strength from about 1.7×106 J/kg to about 2.0 or 2.14×106 J/kg. 13. The glass fiber of claim 11, wherein said glass fiber has a specific modulus from about 3.40×107 J/kg to about 3.56×107 J/kg and a specific strength from about 1.85×106 J/kg to about 2.14×106 J/kg. 14. The glass fiber of claim 11, wherein said glass fiber has a pristine fiber tensile strength from about 4150 to about 4960 or 5233 MPa, a modulus from about 80 to about 88 GPa, and a density from about 2.37 to about 2.51 g/cc. 15. The glass fiber of claim 11, wherein said glass fiber has a pristine fiber tensile strength from about 4590 to about 5230 MPa, a modulus from about 82.8 to about 87.4 GPa, and a density from about 2.39 to about 2.48 g/cc. 16. A method of forming a high performance glass fiber comprising:
providing a molten glass composition, said composition comprising: SiO2 in an amount from about 70.6 to about 79.6% by weight of the total composition; Al2O3 in an amount from about 10.0 to about 18.5% by weight of the total composition; MgO in an amount from about 10.0 to about 19.0% by weight of the total composition; CaO in an amount from about 0.1 to about 5.0% by weight of the total composition; Li2O in an amount from 0.0 to about 3.0% by weight of the total composition; and Na2O in an amount from 0.0 to about 3.0% by weight of the total composition; and drawing said molten glass composition through orifices in a bushing to form a continuous glass fiber. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the glass fiber is a high strength glass fiber according to claim 11. 18. A reinforced composite product comprising:
a polymer matrix; and a plurality of glass fibers, said glass fibers being produced from a composition comprising:
SiO2 in an amount from about 70.6 to about 79.6% by weight of the total composition;
Al2O3 in an amount from about 10.0 to about 18.5% by weight of the total composition;
MgO in an amount from about 10.0 to about 19.0% by weight of the total composition;
CaO in an amount from about 0.1 to about 5.0% by weight of the total composition;
Li2O in an amount from 0.0 to about 3.0% by weight of the total composition; and
Na2O in an amount from 0.0 to about 3.0% by weight of the total composition. 19. The composite product of claim 18, wherein said polymer matrix is a thermoplastic polymer selected from polyesters, polypropylene, polyamide, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene and combinations thereof. 20. The composite product of claim 18, wherein said polymer matrix is a thermoset polymer selected from epoxy resins, unsaturated polyesters, phenolics, vinylesters and combinations thereof. 21. The composite product of claim 18 in the form of a windblade. | 1,700 |
4,112 | 15,111,967 | 1,791 | The invention relates to a frozen beverage, in particular to a frozen beverage in the form of a slush with reduced perceived organoleptic coldness comprising an ice crystal population and an ingredient having a Trouton ratio of at least 75 as measured in a 0.2 wt. % aqueous solution at 20 degrees centigrade, wherein the number average length of the longest dimension of the ice crystal population is 110 to 300 microns. | 1. A frozen beverage in the form of a slush comprising:
(a) 35 to 90, preferably 50-90% w/w water; (b) 5 to 45, preferably 10 to 30% w/w freezing point depressant; (c) An ice crystal population wherein the number average length of the longest dimension of the ice crystals is 110 to 300, preferably 120 to 250, most preferably 150 to 250 microns; and (d) 0.001 to 10, preferably 0.01 to 5, most preferably 0.01 to 3% w/w an ingredient having a Trouton ratio of at least 75, preferably at least 200, most preferably at least 500, as measured in a 0.2 wt. % aqueous solution at 20 degrees centigrade; wherein the distribution of the number average length of the longest dimension of the ice crystals is monomodal; and wherein (d) is added to (a) to (c) under low shear. 2. (canceled) 3. A frozen beverage according to claim 1 wherein the freezing point depressant is selected from the group consisting of monosaccharides, disaccharides, starch hydrolysates, maltodextrins, soluble fibre, polyols and mixtures thereof. 4. A frozen beverage according to claim 1 wherein the ingredient is selected from the group consisting of okra pectin, Jews mallow pectin, lime flower pectin, yellow mustard gum, flax seed gum, water-soluble extract of prickly pear cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica), water-soluble extract of Mekabu or any combination thereof and more preferably comprises okra pectin or Jews Mallow pectin or water-soluble extract of prickly pear cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) or water-soluble extract of Mekabu or a combination thereof. 5. A frozen beverage according to claim 1 wherein the frozen confection comprises 0 to 0.05, preferably 0 to 0.01, most preferably 0% w/w fat. 6. A frozen beverage according to claim 1 wherein the frozen confection 0 to 0.05, preferably 0 to 0.01, most preferably 0% w/w protein. 7. A frozen beverage according to claim 1 wherein the frozen confection additionally includes a thickener, preferably selected from the group consisting of xanthan, guar gum, locust bean gum, carrageenan, and pectins having a Trouton ratio below 75, as measured in a 0.2 wt. % solution of said pectin in water as measured at 20 degrees centigrade. 8. A frozen beverage according to claim 1 wherein the frozen confection additionally comprises a flavouring. 9. A frozen beverage according to claim 1 wherein the frozen confection has an over run of 10 to 50, preferably 10 to 30%. 10. A frozen beverage according to claim 1 wherein the frozen confection has a pH of 2.5 to 8, preferably 3 to 7.5, most preferably 3 to 5. | The invention relates to a frozen beverage, in particular to a frozen beverage in the form of a slush with reduced perceived organoleptic coldness comprising an ice crystal population and an ingredient having a Trouton ratio of at least 75 as measured in a 0.2 wt. % aqueous solution at 20 degrees centigrade, wherein the number average length of the longest dimension of the ice crystal population is 110 to 300 microns.1. A frozen beverage in the form of a slush comprising:
(a) 35 to 90, preferably 50-90% w/w water; (b) 5 to 45, preferably 10 to 30% w/w freezing point depressant; (c) An ice crystal population wherein the number average length of the longest dimension of the ice crystals is 110 to 300, preferably 120 to 250, most preferably 150 to 250 microns; and (d) 0.001 to 10, preferably 0.01 to 5, most preferably 0.01 to 3% w/w an ingredient having a Trouton ratio of at least 75, preferably at least 200, most preferably at least 500, as measured in a 0.2 wt. % aqueous solution at 20 degrees centigrade; wherein the distribution of the number average length of the longest dimension of the ice crystals is monomodal; and wherein (d) is added to (a) to (c) under low shear. 2. (canceled) 3. A frozen beverage according to claim 1 wherein the freezing point depressant is selected from the group consisting of monosaccharides, disaccharides, starch hydrolysates, maltodextrins, soluble fibre, polyols and mixtures thereof. 4. A frozen beverage according to claim 1 wherein the ingredient is selected from the group consisting of okra pectin, Jews mallow pectin, lime flower pectin, yellow mustard gum, flax seed gum, water-soluble extract of prickly pear cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica), water-soluble extract of Mekabu or any combination thereof and more preferably comprises okra pectin or Jews Mallow pectin or water-soluble extract of prickly pear cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) or water-soluble extract of Mekabu or a combination thereof. 5. A frozen beverage according to claim 1 wherein the frozen confection comprises 0 to 0.05, preferably 0 to 0.01, most preferably 0% w/w fat. 6. A frozen beverage according to claim 1 wherein the frozen confection 0 to 0.05, preferably 0 to 0.01, most preferably 0% w/w protein. 7. A frozen beverage according to claim 1 wherein the frozen confection additionally includes a thickener, preferably selected from the group consisting of xanthan, guar gum, locust bean gum, carrageenan, and pectins having a Trouton ratio below 75, as measured in a 0.2 wt. % solution of said pectin in water as measured at 20 degrees centigrade. 8. A frozen beverage according to claim 1 wherein the frozen confection additionally comprises a flavouring. 9. A frozen beverage according to claim 1 wherein the frozen confection has an over run of 10 to 50, preferably 10 to 30%. 10. A frozen beverage according to claim 1 wherein the frozen confection has a pH of 2.5 to 8, preferably 3 to 7.5, most preferably 3 to 5. | 1,700 |
4,113 | 15,772,165 | 1,727 | The present disclosure provides for a lithium-sulfur battery with a dual blocking layer between the anode and cathode, providing for high storage capacity and improved performance. | 1. A battery, comprising:
an anode; and a cathode, wherein a dual blocking layer is disposed on the cathode, wherein the dual blocking layer is a graphite/Li4Ti5O12 dual layer, wherein the dual layer is between the anode and the cathode. 2. The battery of claim 1, wherein the cathode is a sulfur cathode and the battery is a lithium-sulfur battery. 3. The battery of claim 2, wherein the graphite portion of the dual layer is adjacent the sulfur cathode. 4. The battery of claim 1, wherein the Li4Ti5O12 is spinel Li4Ti5O12. 5. The battery of claim 2, wherein the battery has a capacity over about 1866 mAh/g. 6. The battery of claim 2, wherein the battery has an energy density over about 3860 Wh/kg. 7. The battery of claim 2, wherein the dual blocking layer has a capacity of about 1220 mAh/g at about 1 C for a life cycle of over about 100 cycles. 8. The battery of claim 2, wherein the battery has a sulfur utilization rate more than about 90%. 9. A battery, comprising:
an anode; and a cathode, wherein a dual blocking layer is disposed on the cathode, wherein the dual blocking layer is a conductive material and a lithium storage medium, wherein the dual layer is between the anode and the cathode. 10. The battery of claim 9, wherein the conductive material is selected from the group consisting of: a carbon based material, a conductive polymer, and a combination thereof. 11. The battery of claim 10, wherein the carbon based material is selected from the group consisting of: graphite, conductive carbon black, active carbon, activated carbon, acetylene black, carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphene oxide, and combinations thereof. 12. The battery of claim 10, wherein the conductive polymer is selected from the group consisting of: polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophenes, PEDOT:PSS, chitosan, and a combination thereof. 13. The battery of claim 9, wherein the lithium storage medium is selected from the group consisting of: LI4Ti5O12, TiO2, MoO2, Fe2O3, Co3O4, MoS2, and a combination thereof. 14. A method, comprising:
providing an anode; providing a cathode; and disposing a dual blocking layer on the cathode, wherein the dual blocking layer is a conductive material and a lithium storage medium, wherein the dual layer is arranged between the anode and the cathode. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein disposing the dual blocking layer on the cathode comprises:
depositing a graphite layer on the cathode; and depositing a Li4Ti5O12 layer on the graphite layer. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the cathode is comprised of sulfur. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the anode is comprised of lithium metal. 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
arranging the cathode on aluminum foil, wherein the cathode further comprises carbon. 19. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
forming the cathode by combining sulfur and carbon black to form a composite; mixing the composite with polyvinylidene difluoride to form a slurry; casting the slurry on aluminum foil to form an electrode; and drying the electrode. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein disposing the dual blocking layer on the cathode further comprises:
coating the electrode with graphite; and coating the graphite with Li4Ti5O12. | The present disclosure provides for a lithium-sulfur battery with a dual blocking layer between the anode and cathode, providing for high storage capacity and improved performance.1. A battery, comprising:
an anode; and a cathode, wherein a dual blocking layer is disposed on the cathode, wherein the dual blocking layer is a graphite/Li4Ti5O12 dual layer, wherein the dual layer is between the anode and the cathode. 2. The battery of claim 1, wherein the cathode is a sulfur cathode and the battery is a lithium-sulfur battery. 3. The battery of claim 2, wherein the graphite portion of the dual layer is adjacent the sulfur cathode. 4. The battery of claim 1, wherein the Li4Ti5O12 is spinel Li4Ti5O12. 5. The battery of claim 2, wherein the battery has a capacity over about 1866 mAh/g. 6. The battery of claim 2, wherein the battery has an energy density over about 3860 Wh/kg. 7. The battery of claim 2, wherein the dual blocking layer has a capacity of about 1220 mAh/g at about 1 C for a life cycle of over about 100 cycles. 8. The battery of claim 2, wherein the battery has a sulfur utilization rate more than about 90%. 9. A battery, comprising:
an anode; and a cathode, wherein a dual blocking layer is disposed on the cathode, wherein the dual blocking layer is a conductive material and a lithium storage medium, wherein the dual layer is between the anode and the cathode. 10. The battery of claim 9, wherein the conductive material is selected from the group consisting of: a carbon based material, a conductive polymer, and a combination thereof. 11. The battery of claim 10, wherein the carbon based material is selected from the group consisting of: graphite, conductive carbon black, active carbon, activated carbon, acetylene black, carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphene oxide, and combinations thereof. 12. The battery of claim 10, wherein the conductive polymer is selected from the group consisting of: polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophenes, PEDOT:PSS, chitosan, and a combination thereof. 13. The battery of claim 9, wherein the lithium storage medium is selected from the group consisting of: LI4Ti5O12, TiO2, MoO2, Fe2O3, Co3O4, MoS2, and a combination thereof. 14. A method, comprising:
providing an anode; providing a cathode; and disposing a dual blocking layer on the cathode, wherein the dual blocking layer is a conductive material and a lithium storage medium, wherein the dual layer is arranged between the anode and the cathode. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein disposing the dual blocking layer on the cathode comprises:
depositing a graphite layer on the cathode; and depositing a Li4Ti5O12 layer on the graphite layer. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the cathode is comprised of sulfur. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the anode is comprised of lithium metal. 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
arranging the cathode on aluminum foil, wherein the cathode further comprises carbon. 19. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
forming the cathode by combining sulfur and carbon black to form a composite; mixing the composite with polyvinylidene difluoride to form a slurry; casting the slurry on aluminum foil to form an electrode; and drying the electrode. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein disposing the dual blocking layer on the cathode further comprises:
coating the electrode with graphite; and coating the graphite with Li4Ti5O12. | 1,700 |
4,114 | 13,505,354 | 1,787 | An electrical steel sheet is provided with an insulating coating which has inorganic with some organic materials, the insulating coating including inorganic components and an organic resin, the insulating coating contains, as the inorganic components, a Zr compound, a B compound, and a Si compound, specifically, when expressed as percentages in the dry coating, 20% to 70% by mass of the Zr compound (in terms of ZrO 2 ), 0.1% to 5% by mass of the B compound (in terms of B 2 O 3 ), and 10% to 50% by mass of the Si compound (in terms of SiO 2 ), and the balance containing the organic resin. | 1. An electrical steel sheet provided with an insulating coating which has inorganic with some organic materials, the insulating coating being disposed on a surface of the electrical steel sheet and comprising inorganic components and an organic resin, wherein the insulating coating comprises, as the inorganic components, a Zr compound, a B compound, and a Si compound, when expressed as percentages in the dry coating, 20% to 70% by mass of the Zr compound (in terms of ZrO2), 0.1% to 5% by mass of the B compound (in terms of B2O3), and 10% to 50% by mass of the Si compound (in terms of SiO2), and the balance containing the organic resin. 2. The electrical steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein the coating further comprises, when expressed as a percentage in the dry coating, 30% by mass or less of one or two or more selected from the group consisting of a nitric compound (in terms of NO3), a silane coupling agent (in terms of solid content), and a phosphorus compound (in terms of P2O5). 3. The electrical steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein content of the organic resin in the coating is 5% to 40% by mass, when expressed as a percentage in the dry coating. 4. The electrical steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein content of the organic resin in the coating is 5% to 40% by mass, when expressed as a percentage in the dry coating. | An electrical steel sheet is provided with an insulating coating which has inorganic with some organic materials, the insulating coating including inorganic components and an organic resin, the insulating coating contains, as the inorganic components, a Zr compound, a B compound, and a Si compound, specifically, when expressed as percentages in the dry coating, 20% to 70% by mass of the Zr compound (in terms of ZrO 2 ), 0.1% to 5% by mass of the B compound (in terms of B 2 O 3 ), and 10% to 50% by mass of the Si compound (in terms of SiO 2 ), and the balance containing the organic resin.1. An electrical steel sheet provided with an insulating coating which has inorganic with some organic materials, the insulating coating being disposed on a surface of the electrical steel sheet and comprising inorganic components and an organic resin, wherein the insulating coating comprises, as the inorganic components, a Zr compound, a B compound, and a Si compound, when expressed as percentages in the dry coating, 20% to 70% by mass of the Zr compound (in terms of ZrO2), 0.1% to 5% by mass of the B compound (in terms of B2O3), and 10% to 50% by mass of the Si compound (in terms of SiO2), and the balance containing the organic resin. 2. The electrical steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein the coating further comprises, when expressed as a percentage in the dry coating, 30% by mass or less of one or two or more selected from the group consisting of a nitric compound (in terms of NO3), a silane coupling agent (in terms of solid content), and a phosphorus compound (in terms of P2O5). 3. The electrical steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein content of the organic resin in the coating is 5% to 40% by mass, when expressed as a percentage in the dry coating. 4. The electrical steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein content of the organic resin in the coating is 5% to 40% by mass, when expressed as a percentage in the dry coating. | 1,700 |
4,115 | 14,364,910 | 1,785 | The invention relates to a multifilament yarn containing n filaments, wherein the filaments are obtained by spinning an ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), said yarn having a tenacity (Ten) as expressed in cN/dtex of Ten(cN/dtex)=f×n −0.05 ×dpf −0.15 , wherein Ten is at least 39 cN/dtex, n is at least 25, f is a factor of at least 58 and dpf is the dtex per filament. | 1. A multifilament yarn containing n filaments, wherein the filaments are obtained by spinning an ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), said yarn having a tenacity (Ten) as expressed in cN/dtex according to Formula 1:
Ten(cN/dtex)=f×n −0.05×dpf−0.15 Formula 1
wherein Ten is at least 39 cN/dtex, n is at least 25, f is a factor of at least 58 and dpf is the dtex per filament. 2. The yarn according to claim 1 wherein the factor f is at least 60.0, preferably at least 62.0, more preferably at least 64.0, most preferably at least 67.0. 3. The yarn according to claim 1 wherein the number n of filaments is at least 50, more preferably at least 100. 4. The yarn according to claim 1 wherein the dpf is at least 0.8, preferably at least 1, more preferably at least 1.1, most preferably at least 1.2. 5. Ropes and cordages comprising any one of the yarns according to claim 1. 6. A reinforcing element suitable for reinforcing products, the element comprising any one of the yarns according to claim 1. 7. A medical device comprising any one of the yarns according to claim 1. 8. A composite article comprising any one of the yarns according to claim 1. 9. The composite article of claim 8 containing at least one mono-layer. 10. A multi-layered composite article containing a plurality of unidirectional mono-layers, said mono-layers comprising any one of the yarns according to claim 1, wherein the direction of the yarns in each mono-layer is rotated with an angle with respect to the direction of the yarns in an adjacent mono-layer. 11. A product comprising any one of the yarns according to claim 1 wherein the product is chosen from the group consisting of fishing lines and fishing nets, ground nets, cargo nets and curtains, kite lines, dental floss, tennis racquet strings, canvas, tent canvas, nonwoven cloths, webbings, battery separators, capacitors, pressure vessels, hoses, umbilical cables, electrical, optical fiber, and signal cables, automotive equipment, power transmission belts, building construction materials, cut and stab resistant and incision resistant articles, protective gloves, composite sports equipment, skis, helmets, kayaks, canoes, bicycles and boat hulls and spars, speaker cones, high performance electrical insulation, radomes, sails and geotextiles. 12. A panel comprising a plurality of sheets containing the yarns of claim 1, wherein each sheet preferably comprises at least 2 monolayers, more preferably at least 4 monolayers. 13. The panel of claim 12 said panel being rigid and having an Eabs (J/[kg/m2]) of at least 170 against an AK47 FMJ MSC projectile, more preferably of at least 190, even more preferably at least 210, most preferably at least 230, said Eabs being determined for an areal density of the panel of about 15.5 kg/m2. 14. The panel of claim 12, said panel being flexible and having an Eabs (J/[kg/m2]) of at least 370 against a 0.357 Magnum JSP projectile, more preferably of at least 390, even more preferably at least 410, yet even preferably at least 430, most preferably at least 450; said Eabs being determined for an areal density of the panel of about 3.1 Kg/m2. 15. The panel of claim 14, said panel having an Eabs (J/[kg/m2]) against a 17 grain FSP projectile of at least 35, more preferably at least 38, most preferably at least 41; said Eabs being determined for an areal density of the panel of about 3.1 Kg/m2. | The invention relates to a multifilament yarn containing n filaments, wherein the filaments are obtained by spinning an ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), said yarn having a tenacity (Ten) as expressed in cN/dtex of Ten(cN/dtex)=f×n −0.05 ×dpf −0.15 , wherein Ten is at least 39 cN/dtex, n is at least 25, f is a factor of at least 58 and dpf is the dtex per filament.1. A multifilament yarn containing n filaments, wherein the filaments are obtained by spinning an ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), said yarn having a tenacity (Ten) as expressed in cN/dtex according to Formula 1:
Ten(cN/dtex)=f×n −0.05×dpf−0.15 Formula 1
wherein Ten is at least 39 cN/dtex, n is at least 25, f is a factor of at least 58 and dpf is the dtex per filament. 2. The yarn according to claim 1 wherein the factor f is at least 60.0, preferably at least 62.0, more preferably at least 64.0, most preferably at least 67.0. 3. The yarn according to claim 1 wherein the number n of filaments is at least 50, more preferably at least 100. 4. The yarn according to claim 1 wherein the dpf is at least 0.8, preferably at least 1, more preferably at least 1.1, most preferably at least 1.2. 5. Ropes and cordages comprising any one of the yarns according to claim 1. 6. A reinforcing element suitable for reinforcing products, the element comprising any one of the yarns according to claim 1. 7. A medical device comprising any one of the yarns according to claim 1. 8. A composite article comprising any one of the yarns according to claim 1. 9. The composite article of claim 8 containing at least one mono-layer. 10. A multi-layered composite article containing a plurality of unidirectional mono-layers, said mono-layers comprising any one of the yarns according to claim 1, wherein the direction of the yarns in each mono-layer is rotated with an angle with respect to the direction of the yarns in an adjacent mono-layer. 11. A product comprising any one of the yarns according to claim 1 wherein the product is chosen from the group consisting of fishing lines and fishing nets, ground nets, cargo nets and curtains, kite lines, dental floss, tennis racquet strings, canvas, tent canvas, nonwoven cloths, webbings, battery separators, capacitors, pressure vessels, hoses, umbilical cables, electrical, optical fiber, and signal cables, automotive equipment, power transmission belts, building construction materials, cut and stab resistant and incision resistant articles, protective gloves, composite sports equipment, skis, helmets, kayaks, canoes, bicycles and boat hulls and spars, speaker cones, high performance electrical insulation, radomes, sails and geotextiles. 12. A panel comprising a plurality of sheets containing the yarns of claim 1, wherein each sheet preferably comprises at least 2 monolayers, more preferably at least 4 monolayers. 13. The panel of claim 12 said panel being rigid and having an Eabs (J/[kg/m2]) of at least 170 against an AK47 FMJ MSC projectile, more preferably of at least 190, even more preferably at least 210, most preferably at least 230, said Eabs being determined for an areal density of the panel of about 15.5 kg/m2. 14. The panel of claim 12, said panel being flexible and having an Eabs (J/[kg/m2]) of at least 370 against a 0.357 Magnum JSP projectile, more preferably of at least 390, even more preferably at least 410, yet even preferably at least 430, most preferably at least 450; said Eabs being determined for an areal density of the panel of about 3.1 Kg/m2. 15. The panel of claim 14, said panel having an Eabs (J/[kg/m2]) against a 17 grain FSP projectile of at least 35, more preferably at least 38, most preferably at least 41; said Eabs being determined for an areal density of the panel of about 3.1 Kg/m2. | 1,700 |
4,116 | 13,021,682 | 1,711 | The present general inventive concept relates to a condition alert and/or operator instructing system, control system and control methods for a pot and pan, or other similar washing machine. A method of washing wares in a continuous motion style washing machine is provided. A wash period is provided. A cumulative wash cycle time, of a plurality of individual wash cycles within the wash period, is monitored. The wash period is expanded or increased beyond a base period if the cumulative wash cycle time is less than a maximum cumulative wash cycle condition value. The wash period is contracted or reduced if the cumulative wash cycle time reaches a maximum cumulative wash cycle condition value during the wash period. | 1. A method of washing wares in a continuous motion style washing machine, said method comprising the steps of:
activating a wash pump by a control system to circulate a fluid within a wash tank of the washing machine; starting by said control system a wash period when the wash pump is activated; starting by said control system a wash cycle and a wash cycle timer during said wash period; ending said wash cycle and initiating an unload/load alert via the control system when said wash cycle timer reaches a wash cycle timer condition value; initiating an unload/load period via the control system; beginning a new wash cycle during said wash period and resetting and restarting said wash cycle timer after the unload/load period is completed. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1 further comprising the step of monitoring the wash water quality during said wash period. 3. The method as claimed in claim 2 further comprising the steps of:
deactivating the wash pump and locking out by said control system operation of the wash pump based upon said water quality either exceeding or falling below of a preset condition value; and
requiring draining of said wash tank prior to initiation of a new wash period. 4. The method as claimed in claim 3 wherein said step of requiring draining of said wash tank requires draining said wash tank to a level below a fluid level sensor. 5. The method as claimed in claim 3 further comprising the steps of:
deactivating the wash pump and locking out by said control system operation of the wash pump based upon a cumulative wash cycle timer reaching a cumulative wash cycle timer condition value; and
requiring draining of said wash tank prior to initiation of a new wash period. 6. The method as claimed in claim 5 wherein said step of requiring draining of said wash tank requires draining said wash tank to a level below a fluid level sensor. 7. The method as claimed in claim 3 further comprising the step of deactivating the wash pump and locking out by said control system operation of the wash pump if a cumulative wash cycle timer fails to meet a minimum cumulative wash cycle timer condition value within a predetermined period of time. 8. The method as claimed in claim 1 further comprising the step of adding said wash cycle timer condition value for each wash cycle to a cumulative wash cycle timer. 9. The method as claimed in claim 8 comprising the step of ending a wash period upon said cumulative wash cycle timer meeting a predetermined condition. 10. The method as claimed in claim 1 further comprising the steps of:
deactivating the wash pump and locking out by said control system operation of the wash pump based upon a cumulative wash cycle timer meeting a cumulative wash cycle timer condition value; and
requiring draining of said wash tank prior to initiation of a new wash period. 11. The method as claimed in claim 10 wherein said step of requiring draining of said wash tank requires draining said wash tank to a level below a fluid level sensor. 12. The method as claimed in claim 5 further comprising the step of deactivating the wash pump and locking out by said control system operation of the wash pump if a cumulative wash cycle timer fails to meet a minimum cumulative wash cycle timer condition value within a predetermined period of time. 13. The method as claimed in claim 1 further comprising the step of resetting said wash cycle timer and a cumulative wash cycle timer upon initiation of a new wash period. 14. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said unload/load alert comprises a visual alert. 15. The method as claimed in claim 14 wherein said visual alert includes a light operably connected to said control system, said light being mounted at a position and focused in a direction that illuminates a location below a washing machine operator's direct line of site and wherein a source of illumination is outside of the operator's direct line of sight. 16. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said unload/load alert comprises an audible alert. 17. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said wash pump remains activated during said unload/load period. 18. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said wash pump is deactivated or placed into an idle mode during said unload/load period. 19. The method as claimed in claim 18 further comprising the steps of:
providing by said control system an option to delay a step of locking out operation of said wash pump for at least one finite time period; and
locking out operation of said wash pump by said control system after the at least one finite time period has concluded. 20. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said step of starting a wash period includes starting a wash period timer after said step of activating a wash pump. 21. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said wash pump is deactivated or placed into an idle mode during said wash period. 22. The method as claimed in claim 21 further comprising the steps of:
providing by said control system an option to delay a step of locking out operation of said wash pump for at least one finite time period; and
locking out operation of said wash pump by said control system after the at least one finite time period has concluded. 23. The method as claimed in claim 1 further comprising the steps of:
providing by said control system an option to delay a step of locking out operation of said wash pump for at least one finite time period; and
locking out operation of said wash pump by said control system after the at least one finite time period has concluded. 24. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said step of activating a wash pump by a control system to circulate a fluid within a wash tank of the washing machine occurs after a step of satisfying a fluid level sensor. 25. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said step of initiating an unload/load period via the control system is accomplished by an operator. 26. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said unload/load period is completed by an operator manually ending the unload/load period via an input to the control system. 27. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said unload/load period is completed automatically by said control system based upon a preset condition value. 28. The method as claimed in claim 1 further comprising the step of repeating said ending, initiating and beginning steps until the wash period is completed. 29. A method of washing wares in a continuous motion style washing machine, said method comprising the steps of:
providing a wash period; monitoring a cumulative wash cycle time comprised of a plurality of individual wash cycles within said wash period; expanding said wash period if said cumulative wash cycle time is less than a maximum cumulative wash cycle condition value; and contracting said wash period if said cumulative wash cycle time reaches said maximum cumulative wash cycle condition value during said wash period. 30. The method as claimed in claim 29 wherein said expanding step comprises continuing operation of a wash pump until said cumulative wash cycle time reaches said maximum cumulative wash cycle condition value. 31. The method as claimed in claim 30 wherein said expanding step further comprises the step of deactivating the wash pump if a wash period timer reaches a maximum wash period condition value. 32. The method as claimed in claim 29 wherein said contracting step comprises deactivating a wash pump when said cumulative wash cycle time reaches said maximum cumulative wash cycle condition value. 33. The method as claimed in claim 29 wherein said expanding step is not performed if said cumulative wash cycle time is less than a minimum cumulative wash cycle condition value within a predetermined period of time. | The present general inventive concept relates to a condition alert and/or operator instructing system, control system and control methods for a pot and pan, or other similar washing machine. A method of washing wares in a continuous motion style washing machine is provided. A wash period is provided. A cumulative wash cycle time, of a plurality of individual wash cycles within the wash period, is monitored. The wash period is expanded or increased beyond a base period if the cumulative wash cycle time is less than a maximum cumulative wash cycle condition value. The wash period is contracted or reduced if the cumulative wash cycle time reaches a maximum cumulative wash cycle condition value during the wash period.1. A method of washing wares in a continuous motion style washing machine, said method comprising the steps of:
activating a wash pump by a control system to circulate a fluid within a wash tank of the washing machine; starting by said control system a wash period when the wash pump is activated; starting by said control system a wash cycle and a wash cycle timer during said wash period; ending said wash cycle and initiating an unload/load alert via the control system when said wash cycle timer reaches a wash cycle timer condition value; initiating an unload/load period via the control system; beginning a new wash cycle during said wash period and resetting and restarting said wash cycle timer after the unload/load period is completed. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1 further comprising the step of monitoring the wash water quality during said wash period. 3. The method as claimed in claim 2 further comprising the steps of:
deactivating the wash pump and locking out by said control system operation of the wash pump based upon said water quality either exceeding or falling below of a preset condition value; and
requiring draining of said wash tank prior to initiation of a new wash period. 4. The method as claimed in claim 3 wherein said step of requiring draining of said wash tank requires draining said wash tank to a level below a fluid level sensor. 5. The method as claimed in claim 3 further comprising the steps of:
deactivating the wash pump and locking out by said control system operation of the wash pump based upon a cumulative wash cycle timer reaching a cumulative wash cycle timer condition value; and
requiring draining of said wash tank prior to initiation of a new wash period. 6. The method as claimed in claim 5 wherein said step of requiring draining of said wash tank requires draining said wash tank to a level below a fluid level sensor. 7. The method as claimed in claim 3 further comprising the step of deactivating the wash pump and locking out by said control system operation of the wash pump if a cumulative wash cycle timer fails to meet a minimum cumulative wash cycle timer condition value within a predetermined period of time. 8. The method as claimed in claim 1 further comprising the step of adding said wash cycle timer condition value for each wash cycle to a cumulative wash cycle timer. 9. The method as claimed in claim 8 comprising the step of ending a wash period upon said cumulative wash cycle timer meeting a predetermined condition. 10. The method as claimed in claim 1 further comprising the steps of:
deactivating the wash pump and locking out by said control system operation of the wash pump based upon a cumulative wash cycle timer meeting a cumulative wash cycle timer condition value; and
requiring draining of said wash tank prior to initiation of a new wash period. 11. The method as claimed in claim 10 wherein said step of requiring draining of said wash tank requires draining said wash tank to a level below a fluid level sensor. 12. The method as claimed in claim 5 further comprising the step of deactivating the wash pump and locking out by said control system operation of the wash pump if a cumulative wash cycle timer fails to meet a minimum cumulative wash cycle timer condition value within a predetermined period of time. 13. The method as claimed in claim 1 further comprising the step of resetting said wash cycle timer and a cumulative wash cycle timer upon initiation of a new wash period. 14. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said unload/load alert comprises a visual alert. 15. The method as claimed in claim 14 wherein said visual alert includes a light operably connected to said control system, said light being mounted at a position and focused in a direction that illuminates a location below a washing machine operator's direct line of site and wherein a source of illumination is outside of the operator's direct line of sight. 16. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said unload/load alert comprises an audible alert. 17. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said wash pump remains activated during said unload/load period. 18. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said wash pump is deactivated or placed into an idle mode during said unload/load period. 19. The method as claimed in claim 18 further comprising the steps of:
providing by said control system an option to delay a step of locking out operation of said wash pump for at least one finite time period; and
locking out operation of said wash pump by said control system after the at least one finite time period has concluded. 20. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said step of starting a wash period includes starting a wash period timer after said step of activating a wash pump. 21. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said wash pump is deactivated or placed into an idle mode during said wash period. 22. The method as claimed in claim 21 further comprising the steps of:
providing by said control system an option to delay a step of locking out operation of said wash pump for at least one finite time period; and
locking out operation of said wash pump by said control system after the at least one finite time period has concluded. 23. The method as claimed in claim 1 further comprising the steps of:
providing by said control system an option to delay a step of locking out operation of said wash pump for at least one finite time period; and
locking out operation of said wash pump by said control system after the at least one finite time period has concluded. 24. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said step of activating a wash pump by a control system to circulate a fluid within a wash tank of the washing machine occurs after a step of satisfying a fluid level sensor. 25. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said step of initiating an unload/load period via the control system is accomplished by an operator. 26. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said unload/load period is completed by an operator manually ending the unload/load period via an input to the control system. 27. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said unload/load period is completed automatically by said control system based upon a preset condition value. 28. The method as claimed in claim 1 further comprising the step of repeating said ending, initiating and beginning steps until the wash period is completed. 29. A method of washing wares in a continuous motion style washing machine, said method comprising the steps of:
providing a wash period; monitoring a cumulative wash cycle time comprised of a plurality of individual wash cycles within said wash period; expanding said wash period if said cumulative wash cycle time is less than a maximum cumulative wash cycle condition value; and contracting said wash period if said cumulative wash cycle time reaches said maximum cumulative wash cycle condition value during said wash period. 30. The method as claimed in claim 29 wherein said expanding step comprises continuing operation of a wash pump until said cumulative wash cycle time reaches said maximum cumulative wash cycle condition value. 31. The method as claimed in claim 30 wherein said expanding step further comprises the step of deactivating the wash pump if a wash period timer reaches a maximum wash period condition value. 32. The method as claimed in claim 29 wherein said contracting step comprises deactivating a wash pump when said cumulative wash cycle time reaches said maximum cumulative wash cycle condition value. 33. The method as claimed in claim 29 wherein said expanding step is not performed if said cumulative wash cycle time is less than a minimum cumulative wash cycle condition value within a predetermined period of time. | 1,700 |
4,117 | 14,863,946 | 1,798 | A method for combustion tuning, comprises collecting exhaust parameters indicating combustion status of a boiler by a sensor array; determining whether the exhaust parameters of the boiler match a preset optimization target; and optimizing combustion, if the exhaust parameters do not match the preset optimization target by selecting a model from a model repository based on a current boiler condition, wherein the model corresponds to a relationship between model input variables and the exhaust parameters; determining at least one optimized model input variable of the boiler for realizing the optimization target, based on the selected model; and adjusting actuators of the boiler according to the optimized model input variable. | 1. A method for combustion tuning, comprising:
collecting parameters of exhaust indicating combustion status of a boiler by a sensor array; determining whether the exhaust parameters of the boiler match a preset optimization target; and optimizing combustion, if the exhaust parameters do not match the preset optimization target by:
selecting a model from a model repository based on a current boiler condition, wherein the model corresponds to a relationship between model input variables and the exhaust parameters;
determining at least one optimized model input variable of the boiler for realizing the optimization target, based on the selected model; and
adjusting actuators of the boiler according to the optimized model input variable. 2. The method for combustion tuning, according to claim 1, wherein the sensor array comprises a plurality of sensors, the sensors are provided in different positions, and each of the sensors is for measuring one or more exhaust parameters at a position where the sensor is located. 3. The method for combustion tuning, according to claim 2, wherein the one or more exhaust parameters comprises O2 concentration, CO concentration, NOx concentration, temperature, CO2 concentration, SOx concentration, NH3 concentration, or a combination thereof, wherein x is an integer independently selected to be 1, 2 or 3. 4. The method for combustion tuning, according to claim 1, wherein the optimization target comprises distributions of gases in the exhaust and/or transformations of the exhaust parameters. 5. The method for combustion tuning, according to claim 1, wherein the boiler condition comprises: availability of the model input variables, and operating data of the boiler which comprise: a load of the boiler, a mill combination, coal types, a boiler oxygen level, or a combination thereof. 6. The method for combustion tuning, according to claim 5, further comprising determining the availability of the model input variables before selecting the model, wherein availability of each model input variable is determined based on data status, change rate, operating range, or a combination thereof. 7. The method for combustion tuning, according to claim 1, wherein the model repository comprises a plurality of models applicable to different boiler conditions. 8. The method for combustion tuning, according to claim 1, wherein the model input variables comprise controllable variables and uncontrollable variables, the controllable variables comprise damper openings, yaw angles of air inlets, or a combination thereof, and the uncontrollable variables comprise a boiler load, coal types, a mill combination, a boiler oxygen level, or a combination thereof. 9. The method for combustion tuning, according to claim 8, wherein the air inlets comprise a primary air inlet, a secondary air inlet, and an over fire air inlet. 10. The method for combustion tuning, according to claim 1, further comprising determining whether the optimized model input variable is in a safety range before adjusting the actuator, and if the optimized model input variable is not in a safety range, adjusting the optimized model input variable into the safety range. 11. A system for combustion tuning, comprising:
a sensor array, for collecting parameters of exhaust, i.e., exhaust parameters indicating combustion status of the boiler; and a trigger for determining whether the exhaust parameters of the boiler match a preset optimization target, and if the exhaust parameters of the boiler do not match the preset optimization target, starting combustion optimization by an optimization system comprising:
a model selector for selecting a model from a model repository based on a current boiler condition, wherein the model corresponds to a relationship between model input variables and the exhaust parameters;
an optimizer for determining at least one optimized model input variable of the boiler for realizing the optimization target, based on the selected model; and
an adjuster for adjusting actuators of the boiler according to the optimized model input variable. 12. The system for combustion tuning, according to claim 11, wherein the sensor array comprises a plurality of sensors, the sensors are provided in different positions, and each of the sensors is for measuring one or more exhaust parameters at a position where the sensor is located. 13. The system for combustion tuning, according to claim 12, wherein the one or more exhaust parameters comprise O2 concentration, CO concentration, NOx concentration, temperature, CO2 concentration, SOx concentration, NH3 concentration, or a combination thereof, wherein x is an integer independently selected to be 1, 2 or 3. 14. The system for combustion tuning, according to claim 11, wherein the optimization target comprises distributions of gases in the exhaust and/or transformations of the exhaust parameters. 15. The system for combustion tuning, according to claim 11, wherein the boiler condition comprises: availability of the model input variables, and operating data of the boiler which comprise: a load of the boiler, a mill combination, coal types, a boiler oxygen level, or a combination thereof. 16. The system for combustion tuning, according to claim 15, further comprising an input detector for determining the availability of the model input variables, before the model selector selects the model, wherein availability of each model input variable is determined based on data status, change rate, operating range, or a combination thereof. 17. The system for combustion tuning, according to claim 11, wherein the model repository comprises a plurality of models applicable to different boiler conditions. 18. The system for combustion tuning, according to claim 11, wherein the model input variables comprise controllable variables and uncontrollable variables, the controllable variables comprise damper openings, yaw angles of air inlets, or a combination thereof, and the uncontrollable variables comprise a boiler load, coal types, mill combinations, a boiler oxygen level, or a combination thereof. 19. The system for combustion tuning, according to claim 18, wherein the air inlets comprise a primary air inlet, a secondary air inlet, and an over fire air inlet. 20. The system for combustion tuning, according to claim 11, further comprising a safe checker for determining whether the optimized model input variable is in a safety range before the adjuster adjusts the actuators, and if the optimized model input variable is not in a safety range, adjusting the optimized model input variable into the safety range. | A method for combustion tuning, comprises collecting exhaust parameters indicating combustion status of a boiler by a sensor array; determining whether the exhaust parameters of the boiler match a preset optimization target; and optimizing combustion, if the exhaust parameters do not match the preset optimization target by selecting a model from a model repository based on a current boiler condition, wherein the model corresponds to a relationship between model input variables and the exhaust parameters; determining at least one optimized model input variable of the boiler for realizing the optimization target, based on the selected model; and adjusting actuators of the boiler according to the optimized model input variable.1. A method for combustion tuning, comprising:
collecting parameters of exhaust indicating combustion status of a boiler by a sensor array; determining whether the exhaust parameters of the boiler match a preset optimization target; and optimizing combustion, if the exhaust parameters do not match the preset optimization target by:
selecting a model from a model repository based on a current boiler condition, wherein the model corresponds to a relationship between model input variables and the exhaust parameters;
determining at least one optimized model input variable of the boiler for realizing the optimization target, based on the selected model; and
adjusting actuators of the boiler according to the optimized model input variable. 2. The method for combustion tuning, according to claim 1, wherein the sensor array comprises a plurality of sensors, the sensors are provided in different positions, and each of the sensors is for measuring one or more exhaust parameters at a position where the sensor is located. 3. The method for combustion tuning, according to claim 2, wherein the one or more exhaust parameters comprises O2 concentration, CO concentration, NOx concentration, temperature, CO2 concentration, SOx concentration, NH3 concentration, or a combination thereof, wherein x is an integer independently selected to be 1, 2 or 3. 4. The method for combustion tuning, according to claim 1, wherein the optimization target comprises distributions of gases in the exhaust and/or transformations of the exhaust parameters. 5. The method for combustion tuning, according to claim 1, wherein the boiler condition comprises: availability of the model input variables, and operating data of the boiler which comprise: a load of the boiler, a mill combination, coal types, a boiler oxygen level, or a combination thereof. 6. The method for combustion tuning, according to claim 5, further comprising determining the availability of the model input variables before selecting the model, wherein availability of each model input variable is determined based on data status, change rate, operating range, or a combination thereof. 7. The method for combustion tuning, according to claim 1, wherein the model repository comprises a plurality of models applicable to different boiler conditions. 8. The method for combustion tuning, according to claim 1, wherein the model input variables comprise controllable variables and uncontrollable variables, the controllable variables comprise damper openings, yaw angles of air inlets, or a combination thereof, and the uncontrollable variables comprise a boiler load, coal types, a mill combination, a boiler oxygen level, or a combination thereof. 9. The method for combustion tuning, according to claim 8, wherein the air inlets comprise a primary air inlet, a secondary air inlet, and an over fire air inlet. 10. The method for combustion tuning, according to claim 1, further comprising determining whether the optimized model input variable is in a safety range before adjusting the actuator, and if the optimized model input variable is not in a safety range, adjusting the optimized model input variable into the safety range. 11. A system for combustion tuning, comprising:
a sensor array, for collecting parameters of exhaust, i.e., exhaust parameters indicating combustion status of the boiler; and a trigger for determining whether the exhaust parameters of the boiler match a preset optimization target, and if the exhaust parameters of the boiler do not match the preset optimization target, starting combustion optimization by an optimization system comprising:
a model selector for selecting a model from a model repository based on a current boiler condition, wherein the model corresponds to a relationship between model input variables and the exhaust parameters;
an optimizer for determining at least one optimized model input variable of the boiler for realizing the optimization target, based on the selected model; and
an adjuster for adjusting actuators of the boiler according to the optimized model input variable. 12. The system for combustion tuning, according to claim 11, wherein the sensor array comprises a plurality of sensors, the sensors are provided in different positions, and each of the sensors is for measuring one or more exhaust parameters at a position where the sensor is located. 13. The system for combustion tuning, according to claim 12, wherein the one or more exhaust parameters comprise O2 concentration, CO concentration, NOx concentration, temperature, CO2 concentration, SOx concentration, NH3 concentration, or a combination thereof, wherein x is an integer independently selected to be 1, 2 or 3. 14. The system for combustion tuning, according to claim 11, wherein the optimization target comprises distributions of gases in the exhaust and/or transformations of the exhaust parameters. 15. The system for combustion tuning, according to claim 11, wherein the boiler condition comprises: availability of the model input variables, and operating data of the boiler which comprise: a load of the boiler, a mill combination, coal types, a boiler oxygen level, or a combination thereof. 16. The system for combustion tuning, according to claim 15, further comprising an input detector for determining the availability of the model input variables, before the model selector selects the model, wherein availability of each model input variable is determined based on data status, change rate, operating range, or a combination thereof. 17. The system for combustion tuning, according to claim 11, wherein the model repository comprises a plurality of models applicable to different boiler conditions. 18. The system for combustion tuning, according to claim 11, wherein the model input variables comprise controllable variables and uncontrollable variables, the controllable variables comprise damper openings, yaw angles of air inlets, or a combination thereof, and the uncontrollable variables comprise a boiler load, coal types, mill combinations, a boiler oxygen level, or a combination thereof. 19. The system for combustion tuning, according to claim 18, wherein the air inlets comprise a primary air inlet, a secondary air inlet, and an over fire air inlet. 20. The system for combustion tuning, according to claim 11, further comprising a safe checker for determining whether the optimized model input variable is in a safety range before the adjuster adjusts the actuators, and if the optimized model input variable is not in a safety range, adjusting the optimized model input variable into the safety range. | 1,700 |
4,118 | 13,513,474 | 1,783 | A barrier film including a first layer formed of a semicovalent inorganic material and a second layer formed of an ionic inorganic material is provided. Here, the first layer and the second layer are alternately disposed. The barrier film having an improved moisture barrier property compared to a gas-barrier plastic composite film of the prior art manufactured using only a metal oxide or nitride may be provided. | 1. A barrier film comprising:
a first layer formed of a semicovalent inorganic material; and a second layer formed of an ionic inorganic material wherein the first layer and the second layer are alternately disposed. 2. The barrier film of claim 1, which has a moisture permeability of 0.013 g/m2·day or less. 3. The barrier film of claim 1, wherein the first layer is composed of two or more layers, and the second layer is disposed between the layers of the first layer. 4. The barrier film of claim 1, wherein the semicovalent inorganic material is a metal oxide, a nitride of the corresponding metal and a mixture thereof, all of which have a binding energy of 530.5 eV to 533.5 eV. 5. The barrier film of claim 1, wherein the ionic inorganic material is a metal oxide, a nitride of the corresponding metal and a mixture thereof, all of which have a binding energy of 529.6 eV to 530.4 eV. 6. The barrier film of claim 1, wherein the difference in binding energy between the semicovalent inorganic material and the ionic inorganic material is in the range of 0.1 eV to 3.9 eV. 7. The barrier film of claim 1, wherein the semicovalent inorganic material is an oxide, a nitride or a nitric oxide including at least one metal selected from the group consisting of silicon, aluminum, magnesium and gallium. 8. The barrier film of claim 1, wherein the ionic inorganic material is an oxide, a nitride or a nitric oxide including at least one metal selected from the group consisting of calcium, nickel, zinc, zirconium, indium, tin, titanium and cerium. 9. The barrier film of claim 1 which has a thickness of 10 nm to 1,000 nm. 10. The barrier film of claim 1, wherein the second layer has a thickness of greater than 0 and 100 nm or less. 11. The barrier film of claim 1, wherein the ionic inorganic material has an energy band gap of 3.0 eV or more. 12. The barrier film of claim 1, further comprising a base layer. 13. The barrier film of claim 12, wherein the base layer is formed of a resin selected from a group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate, polyethersulfone, polycarbonate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyimide, polyarylate and epoxy. 14. The barrier film of claim 1, further comprising a planarization layer provided on one or both surfaces of a stacked sheet including the first layer and the second layer, or provided between the layers of the stacked sheet. 15. The barrier film of claim 14, wherein the planarization layer includes at least one selected from the group consisting of an acrylic coating composition, an epoxy-based coating composition, a metal alkoxide composition and a urethane-based coating composition. 16. An electronic device comprising an electronic element packed by the barrier film defined in claim 1. 17. The electronic device of claim 16, wherein the barrier film is formed of a substrate material, a protective cover or a packaging material. 18. The electronic device of claim 16, wherein the electronic device is an organic or inorganic luminous body, a display device, a film-type cell, a sensor or a photovoltaic element. | A barrier film including a first layer formed of a semicovalent inorganic material and a second layer formed of an ionic inorganic material is provided. Here, the first layer and the second layer are alternately disposed. The barrier film having an improved moisture barrier property compared to a gas-barrier plastic composite film of the prior art manufactured using only a metal oxide or nitride may be provided.1. A barrier film comprising:
a first layer formed of a semicovalent inorganic material; and a second layer formed of an ionic inorganic material wherein the first layer and the second layer are alternately disposed. 2. The barrier film of claim 1, which has a moisture permeability of 0.013 g/m2·day or less. 3. The barrier film of claim 1, wherein the first layer is composed of two or more layers, and the second layer is disposed between the layers of the first layer. 4. The barrier film of claim 1, wherein the semicovalent inorganic material is a metal oxide, a nitride of the corresponding metal and a mixture thereof, all of which have a binding energy of 530.5 eV to 533.5 eV. 5. The barrier film of claim 1, wherein the ionic inorganic material is a metal oxide, a nitride of the corresponding metal and a mixture thereof, all of which have a binding energy of 529.6 eV to 530.4 eV. 6. The barrier film of claim 1, wherein the difference in binding energy between the semicovalent inorganic material and the ionic inorganic material is in the range of 0.1 eV to 3.9 eV. 7. The barrier film of claim 1, wherein the semicovalent inorganic material is an oxide, a nitride or a nitric oxide including at least one metal selected from the group consisting of silicon, aluminum, magnesium and gallium. 8. The barrier film of claim 1, wherein the ionic inorganic material is an oxide, a nitride or a nitric oxide including at least one metal selected from the group consisting of calcium, nickel, zinc, zirconium, indium, tin, titanium and cerium. 9. The barrier film of claim 1 which has a thickness of 10 nm to 1,000 nm. 10. The barrier film of claim 1, wherein the second layer has a thickness of greater than 0 and 100 nm or less. 11. The barrier film of claim 1, wherein the ionic inorganic material has an energy band gap of 3.0 eV or more. 12. The barrier film of claim 1, further comprising a base layer. 13. The barrier film of claim 12, wherein the base layer is formed of a resin selected from a group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate, polyethersulfone, polycarbonate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyimide, polyarylate and epoxy. 14. The barrier film of claim 1, further comprising a planarization layer provided on one or both surfaces of a stacked sheet including the first layer and the second layer, or provided between the layers of the stacked sheet. 15. The barrier film of claim 14, wherein the planarization layer includes at least one selected from the group consisting of an acrylic coating composition, an epoxy-based coating composition, a metal alkoxide composition and a urethane-based coating composition. 16. An electronic device comprising an electronic element packed by the barrier film defined in claim 1. 17. The electronic device of claim 16, wherein the barrier film is formed of a substrate material, a protective cover or a packaging material. 18. The electronic device of claim 16, wherein the electronic device is an organic or inorganic luminous body, a display device, a film-type cell, a sensor or a photovoltaic element. | 1,700 |
4,119 | 13,519,798 | 1,777 | An online sample manager of a liquid chromatography system includes a fluidic tee having a first inlet port, a second inlet port, and an outlet port. A diluent pump moves diluent from a diluent source to the first inlet port of the fluidic tee. A valve has a fluidic intake port connected to a process source for acquiring a process sample therefrom. A pumping system moves the acquired process sample from the valve into the second inlet port of the fluidic tee where the process sample merges with the diluent arriving at the first inlet port to produce a diluted process sample that flows out from the outlet port of the fluidic tee. | 1. An online sample manager of a liquid chromatography system, comprising:
a fluidic tee having a first inlet port, a second inlet port, and an outlet port; a diluent pump moving diluent from a diluent source to the first inlet port of the fluidic tee; a valve having a fluidic intake port connected to a process source for acquiring a process sample therefrom; and a pumping system moving the acquired process sample from the valve into the second inlet port of the fluidic tee where the process sample merges with the diluent arriving at the first inlet port to produce a diluted process sample that flows out from the outlet port of the fluidic tee. 2. The sample manager of claim 1, wherein the valve includes a plurality of fluidic intake ports, at least two of the fluidic intake ports being coupled to a different process source for acquiring process samples therefrom. 3. The sample manager of claim 2, wherein the valve can be configured to select any one of the fluidic intake ports that are coupled to a process source, thereby selecting the process source that is coupled to the selected fluidic intake port. 4. The sample manager of claim 2, wherein one or more of the plurality of fluidic intake ports is connected to a source of wash. 5. The sample manager of claim 1, wherein the valve acquires the process sample approximately in real time from the process source while the process source is running 6. The sample manager of claim 1, further comprising a needle adapted to move into and out of the second inlet port, and wherein the pumping system includes a first pump coupled to the valve for drawing the process sample from the process source and moving the process sample into the needle, and a second pump for pushing the process sample moved into the needle by the first pump out of the needle into the fluidic tee through the second inlet port. 7. The sample manager of claim 6, further comprising a valve system for selectively coupling the first pump and second pump to the needle, the valve system fluidically coupling the first pump to a first end of the needle so that the first pump can push the process sample into the needle, the valve system subsequently fluidically coupling the second pump to the first end of the needle, after the first pump pushes the process sample into the needle, so that the second pump can push the process sample out of the needle into the fluidic tee through the second inlet port. 8. The sample manager of claim 6, wherein the needle includes a first end and an opposite end with a tip, and further comprising a valve system for selectively coupling the first pump and second pump to the needle, the valve system fluidically coupling the first pump to the outlet port of the fluidic tee and the second pump to the first end of the needle, the first and second pumps cooperating to move the process sample into the needle through the needle's tip. 9. The sample manager of claim 8, further comprising a back pressure regulator operatively coupled to the pumping system to maintain a constant fluidic pressure between the pumps attributable to a difference in flow rates produced by the pumps. 10. The sample manager of claim 8, wherein, after the process sample moves into the needle, the second pump reverses pumping direction to push the process sample out of the needle into the fluidic tee through the second inlet port. 11. The sample manager of claim 1, wherein a dilution ratio of the dilution is determined by flow rates of the diluent and the process sample into the fluidic tee. 12. The sample manager of claim 1, further comprising a mixer coupled to the outlet port of the fluidic tee to provide mixing of the process sample with the diluent. 13. A liquid chromatography system, comprising:
a solvent delivery system producing a solvent stream; and an online sample manager in fluidic communication with the solvent delivery system to receive the solvent stream therefrom and to introduce a diluted process sample into the solvent stream, the sample manager including:
a fluidic tee having a first inlet port, a second inlet port, and an outlet port;
a diluent pump moving diluent from a diluent source to the first inlet port of the fluidic tee;
a valve having a fluidic intake port connected to a process source for acquiring a process sample therefrom; and
a pumping system moving the acquired process sample acquired from the valve into the second inlet port of the fluidic tee where the process sample merges with the diluent arriving at the first inlet port to produce a diluted process sample, the diluted process sample flowing out from the outlet port of the fluidic tee to an injection site where the diluted process sample can be introduced to the solvent stream. 14. The liquid chromatography system of claim 13, wherein the valve includes a plurality of fluidic intake ports, at least two of the fluidic intake ports being coupled to a different process source for acquiring process samples therefrom. 15. The liquid chromatography system of claim 14, wherein the valve can be configured to select any one of the fluidic intake ports that are coupled to a process source, thereby selecting the process source that is coupled to the selected fluidic intake port. 16. The liquid chromatography system of claim 14, wherein one or more of the plurality of fluidic intake ports is connected to a source of wash. 17. The liquid chromatography system of claim 13, wherein the valve acquires the process sample approximately in real time from the process source while the process source is running 18. The liquid chromatography system of claim 13, wherein the sample manager further comprises a needle adapted to move into and out of the second inlet port, and wherein the pumping system includes a first pump coupled to the valve for drawing the process sample from the process source and moving the process sample into the needle, and a second pump for pushing the process sample moved into the needle by the first pump out of the needle into the fluidic tee through the second inlet port. 19. The liquid chromatography system of claim 18, wherein the sample manager further comprises a valve system for selectively coupling the first pump and second pump to the needle, the valve system fluidically coupling the first pump to a first end of the needle so that the first pump can push the process sample into the needle, the valve system subsequently fluidically coupling the second pump to the first end of the needle, after the first pump pushes the process sample into the needle, so that the second pump can push the process sample out of the needle into the fluidic tee through the second inlet port. 20. The liquid chromatography system of claim 18, wherein the needle includes a first end and an opposite end with a tip, and further comprising a valve system for selectively coupling the first pump and second pump to the needle, the valve system fluidically coupling the first pump to the outlet port of the fluidic tee and the second pump to the first end of the needle, the first and second pumps cooperating to move the process sample into the needle through the needle's tip. 21. The liquid chromatography system of claim 20, further comprising a back pressure regulator operatively coupled to the pumping system to maintain a constant fluidic pressure between the pumps attributable to a difference in flow rates produced by the pumps. 22. The liquid chromatography system of claim 20, wherein, after the process sample moves into the needle, the second pump reverses pumping direction to push the process sample out of the needle into the fluidic tee through the second inlet port. 23. The liquid chromatography system of claim 18, wherein a dilution ratio of the dilution is determined by flow rates of the diluent and the process sample into the fluidic tee. 24. The liquid chromatography system of claim 13, further comprising a mixer connected between the outlet port of the fluidic tee and the injection site to provide mixing of the process sample with the diluent. 25. A method for sampling a process source, comprising:
connecting a fluidic intake port of a valve to a process source to acquire process samples therefrom; moving diluent from a diluent source to a first inlet port of a fluidic tee; moving a process sample, acquired from the process source, from the fluidic intake port of the valve into a second inlet port of the fluidic tee where the process sample merges with the diluent and produces a diluted process sample; and moving the diluted process sample from an outlet port of the fluidic tee to an injection site where the diluted process sample can be introduced to a solvent stream. 26. The method of claim 25, further comprising rotating the valve to select a second fluidic intake port coupled to a different process source for acquiring process samples therefrom. 27. The method of claim 25, wherein the step of acquiring the process sample from the process source occurs approximately in real time while the process source is running 28. The method of claim 25, further comprising:
moving the process sample into a needle adapted to move into and out of the second inlet port, and pushing the process sample out of the needle into the second inlet port of the fluidic tee. 29. The method of claim 25, wherein the needle includes a tip and a first end opposite the tip, the step of moving the process sample into the needle includes moving the process sample into the needle through the first end opposite the tip, and the step of pushing the process sample out of the needle includes pushing the process sample out of the needle through the tip. 30. The method of claim 25, wherein the needle includes a tip, the step of moving the process sample into the needle includes moving the process sample into the needle through the tip, and the step of pushing the process sample out of the needle includes pushing the process sample out of the needle through the tip. 31. The method of claim 30, further comprising maintaining a constant fluidic pressure when moving the process sample into the needle. 32. The method of claim 25, wherein a dilution ratio of the diluted process sample is determined by flow rates of the diluent and the process sample into the fluidic tee. | An online sample manager of a liquid chromatography system includes a fluidic tee having a first inlet port, a second inlet port, and an outlet port. A diluent pump moves diluent from a diluent source to the first inlet port of the fluidic tee. A valve has a fluidic intake port connected to a process source for acquiring a process sample therefrom. A pumping system moves the acquired process sample from the valve into the second inlet port of the fluidic tee where the process sample merges with the diluent arriving at the first inlet port to produce a diluted process sample that flows out from the outlet port of the fluidic tee.1. An online sample manager of a liquid chromatography system, comprising:
a fluidic tee having a first inlet port, a second inlet port, and an outlet port; a diluent pump moving diluent from a diluent source to the first inlet port of the fluidic tee; a valve having a fluidic intake port connected to a process source for acquiring a process sample therefrom; and a pumping system moving the acquired process sample from the valve into the second inlet port of the fluidic tee where the process sample merges with the diluent arriving at the first inlet port to produce a diluted process sample that flows out from the outlet port of the fluidic tee. 2. The sample manager of claim 1, wherein the valve includes a plurality of fluidic intake ports, at least two of the fluidic intake ports being coupled to a different process source for acquiring process samples therefrom. 3. The sample manager of claim 2, wherein the valve can be configured to select any one of the fluidic intake ports that are coupled to a process source, thereby selecting the process source that is coupled to the selected fluidic intake port. 4. The sample manager of claim 2, wherein one or more of the plurality of fluidic intake ports is connected to a source of wash. 5. The sample manager of claim 1, wherein the valve acquires the process sample approximately in real time from the process source while the process source is running 6. The sample manager of claim 1, further comprising a needle adapted to move into and out of the second inlet port, and wherein the pumping system includes a first pump coupled to the valve for drawing the process sample from the process source and moving the process sample into the needle, and a second pump for pushing the process sample moved into the needle by the first pump out of the needle into the fluidic tee through the second inlet port. 7. The sample manager of claim 6, further comprising a valve system for selectively coupling the first pump and second pump to the needle, the valve system fluidically coupling the first pump to a first end of the needle so that the first pump can push the process sample into the needle, the valve system subsequently fluidically coupling the second pump to the first end of the needle, after the first pump pushes the process sample into the needle, so that the second pump can push the process sample out of the needle into the fluidic tee through the second inlet port. 8. The sample manager of claim 6, wherein the needle includes a first end and an opposite end with a tip, and further comprising a valve system for selectively coupling the first pump and second pump to the needle, the valve system fluidically coupling the first pump to the outlet port of the fluidic tee and the second pump to the first end of the needle, the first and second pumps cooperating to move the process sample into the needle through the needle's tip. 9. The sample manager of claim 8, further comprising a back pressure regulator operatively coupled to the pumping system to maintain a constant fluidic pressure between the pumps attributable to a difference in flow rates produced by the pumps. 10. The sample manager of claim 8, wherein, after the process sample moves into the needle, the second pump reverses pumping direction to push the process sample out of the needle into the fluidic tee through the second inlet port. 11. The sample manager of claim 1, wherein a dilution ratio of the dilution is determined by flow rates of the diluent and the process sample into the fluidic tee. 12. The sample manager of claim 1, further comprising a mixer coupled to the outlet port of the fluidic tee to provide mixing of the process sample with the diluent. 13. A liquid chromatography system, comprising:
a solvent delivery system producing a solvent stream; and an online sample manager in fluidic communication with the solvent delivery system to receive the solvent stream therefrom and to introduce a diluted process sample into the solvent stream, the sample manager including:
a fluidic tee having a first inlet port, a second inlet port, and an outlet port;
a diluent pump moving diluent from a diluent source to the first inlet port of the fluidic tee;
a valve having a fluidic intake port connected to a process source for acquiring a process sample therefrom; and
a pumping system moving the acquired process sample acquired from the valve into the second inlet port of the fluidic tee where the process sample merges with the diluent arriving at the first inlet port to produce a diluted process sample, the diluted process sample flowing out from the outlet port of the fluidic tee to an injection site where the diluted process sample can be introduced to the solvent stream. 14. The liquid chromatography system of claim 13, wherein the valve includes a plurality of fluidic intake ports, at least two of the fluidic intake ports being coupled to a different process source for acquiring process samples therefrom. 15. The liquid chromatography system of claim 14, wherein the valve can be configured to select any one of the fluidic intake ports that are coupled to a process source, thereby selecting the process source that is coupled to the selected fluidic intake port. 16. The liquid chromatography system of claim 14, wherein one or more of the plurality of fluidic intake ports is connected to a source of wash. 17. The liquid chromatography system of claim 13, wherein the valve acquires the process sample approximately in real time from the process source while the process source is running 18. The liquid chromatography system of claim 13, wherein the sample manager further comprises a needle adapted to move into and out of the second inlet port, and wherein the pumping system includes a first pump coupled to the valve for drawing the process sample from the process source and moving the process sample into the needle, and a second pump for pushing the process sample moved into the needle by the first pump out of the needle into the fluidic tee through the second inlet port. 19. The liquid chromatography system of claim 18, wherein the sample manager further comprises a valve system for selectively coupling the first pump and second pump to the needle, the valve system fluidically coupling the first pump to a first end of the needle so that the first pump can push the process sample into the needle, the valve system subsequently fluidically coupling the second pump to the first end of the needle, after the first pump pushes the process sample into the needle, so that the second pump can push the process sample out of the needle into the fluidic tee through the second inlet port. 20. The liquid chromatography system of claim 18, wherein the needle includes a first end and an opposite end with a tip, and further comprising a valve system for selectively coupling the first pump and second pump to the needle, the valve system fluidically coupling the first pump to the outlet port of the fluidic tee and the second pump to the first end of the needle, the first and second pumps cooperating to move the process sample into the needle through the needle's tip. 21. The liquid chromatography system of claim 20, further comprising a back pressure regulator operatively coupled to the pumping system to maintain a constant fluidic pressure between the pumps attributable to a difference in flow rates produced by the pumps. 22. The liquid chromatography system of claim 20, wherein, after the process sample moves into the needle, the second pump reverses pumping direction to push the process sample out of the needle into the fluidic tee through the second inlet port. 23. The liquid chromatography system of claim 18, wherein a dilution ratio of the dilution is determined by flow rates of the diluent and the process sample into the fluidic tee. 24. The liquid chromatography system of claim 13, further comprising a mixer connected between the outlet port of the fluidic tee and the injection site to provide mixing of the process sample with the diluent. 25. A method for sampling a process source, comprising:
connecting a fluidic intake port of a valve to a process source to acquire process samples therefrom; moving diluent from a diluent source to a first inlet port of a fluidic tee; moving a process sample, acquired from the process source, from the fluidic intake port of the valve into a second inlet port of the fluidic tee where the process sample merges with the diluent and produces a diluted process sample; and moving the diluted process sample from an outlet port of the fluidic tee to an injection site where the diluted process sample can be introduced to a solvent stream. 26. The method of claim 25, further comprising rotating the valve to select a second fluidic intake port coupled to a different process source for acquiring process samples therefrom. 27. The method of claim 25, wherein the step of acquiring the process sample from the process source occurs approximately in real time while the process source is running 28. The method of claim 25, further comprising:
moving the process sample into a needle adapted to move into and out of the second inlet port, and pushing the process sample out of the needle into the second inlet port of the fluidic tee. 29. The method of claim 25, wherein the needle includes a tip and a first end opposite the tip, the step of moving the process sample into the needle includes moving the process sample into the needle through the first end opposite the tip, and the step of pushing the process sample out of the needle includes pushing the process sample out of the needle through the tip. 30. The method of claim 25, wherein the needle includes a tip, the step of moving the process sample into the needle includes moving the process sample into the needle through the tip, and the step of pushing the process sample out of the needle includes pushing the process sample out of the needle through the tip. 31. The method of claim 30, further comprising maintaining a constant fluidic pressure when moving the process sample into the needle. 32. The method of claim 25, wherein a dilution ratio of the diluted process sample is determined by flow rates of the diluent and the process sample into the fluidic tee. | 1,700 |
4,120 | 14,095,499 | 1,787 | A mold-resistant paper is provided. The paper is coated on at least one surface with an anti-microbial coating which includes polymerized siloxane and a fungicide. An antimicrobial paper coating and related methods are provided as well. A gypsum panel with improved resistance to mold and mildew is provided as well. | 1. A mold-resistant paper coated on at least one surface with an anti-microbial coating comprising polymerized siloxane and a fungicide. 2. The mold-resistant paper of claim 1, wherein the fungicide is selected from the group consisting of 3-iodo-2-propynylbutyl carbamate, zinc pyrithione, zinc oxide, azoxystrobin, thiabendazol, octylisothiazoline, dichloro-octylisothiazoline, zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate, benzimidazole, 3-(3,4-dichloropheny)-1,1-dimethylurea and a combination thereof. 3. The mold-resistant paper of claim 1, wherein the polymerized siloxane is a compound with the chemical formula [R2SiO]n, wherein “n” denotes a number of times the R2SiO unit is repeated in a polymer; and wherein each of the two R groups can be either the same or different and each R group is selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen, halogen, methyl, ethyl and phenyl. 4. The mold-resistant paper of claim 1, wherein said paper is a multi-ply paper with at least one liner-ply and at least one filler ply. 5. The mold-resistant paper of claim 4, wherein the liner is 100% News. 6. The mold-resistant paper of claim 4, wherein the liner is 70% News and 30% Fly Leaf. 7. The mold-resistant paper of claim 1, wherein the coating comprises from 1% to 10% of polymerized siloxane. 8. The mold-resistant paper of claim 1, wherein the coating further comprises a colorant. 9. The mold-resistant paper of claim 1, wherein the coating comprises from 1% to 10% of the fungicide. 10. The mold-resistant paper of claim 1, wherein the fungicide is insoluble in water. 11. The mold-resistant paper of claim 1, wherein the fungicide comprises particles and wherein at least 90% of said particles are larger than 1 micron, but smaller than 15 microns. 12. The mold-resistant paper of claim 1, wherein the coating further comprises a binder. 13. The mold-resistant paper of claim 12, wherein the binder is selected from the group consisting of carboxymethycellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, styrene acrylic latexes, styrene butadiene, casein and starches. 14. A method of making a mold-resistant multi-ply paper, the method comprising:
feeding the paper to a calender stack; feeding to the calender stack an antimicrobial coating composition comprising from 1% to 10% of a non-ionic polymerized siloxane and from 1% to 10% of a water-insoluble fungicide selected from the group consisting of 3-iodo-2-propynylbutyl carbamate, zinc pyrithione, zinc oxide, azoxystrobin, thiabendazol, octylisothiazoline, dichloro-octylisothiazoline, zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate, benzimidazole, 3-(3,4-dichloropheny)-1,1-dimethylurea and a combination thereof; and applying the antimicrobial coating composition to at least one surface of the paper with the calender stack. 15. An antimicrobial coating composition, the composition comprising from 1% to 10% of a non-ionic polymerized siloxane and from 1% to 10% of a water-insoluble fungicide selected from the group consisting of 3-iodo-2-propynylbutyl carbamate, zinc pyrithione, zinc oxide, azoxystrobin, thiabendazol, octylisothiazoline, dichloro-octylisothiazoline, zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate, benzimidazole, 3-(3,4-dichloropheny)-1,1-dimethylurea and a combination thereof. 16. The antimicrobial coating composition of claim 15 further comprising a binder selected from the group consisting of carboxymethycellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, styrene acrylic latexes, styrene butadiene, casein and starches. 17. A gypsum panel comprising a gypsum slurry sandwiched between two paper sheets, a front paper sheet and a back paper sheet, wherein each of the two paper sheets has a face side and a bottom side, wherein the gypsum slurry is in the proximity with the bottom sides and wherein the face sides are coated with the antimicrobial coating composition of claim 15. 18. (canceled) 19. (canceled) | A mold-resistant paper is provided. The paper is coated on at least one surface with an anti-microbial coating which includes polymerized siloxane and a fungicide. An antimicrobial paper coating and related methods are provided as well. A gypsum panel with improved resistance to mold and mildew is provided as well.1. A mold-resistant paper coated on at least one surface with an anti-microbial coating comprising polymerized siloxane and a fungicide. 2. The mold-resistant paper of claim 1, wherein the fungicide is selected from the group consisting of 3-iodo-2-propynylbutyl carbamate, zinc pyrithione, zinc oxide, azoxystrobin, thiabendazol, octylisothiazoline, dichloro-octylisothiazoline, zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate, benzimidazole, 3-(3,4-dichloropheny)-1,1-dimethylurea and a combination thereof. 3. The mold-resistant paper of claim 1, wherein the polymerized siloxane is a compound with the chemical formula [R2SiO]n, wherein “n” denotes a number of times the R2SiO unit is repeated in a polymer; and wherein each of the two R groups can be either the same or different and each R group is selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen, halogen, methyl, ethyl and phenyl. 4. The mold-resistant paper of claim 1, wherein said paper is a multi-ply paper with at least one liner-ply and at least one filler ply. 5. The mold-resistant paper of claim 4, wherein the liner is 100% News. 6. The mold-resistant paper of claim 4, wherein the liner is 70% News and 30% Fly Leaf. 7. The mold-resistant paper of claim 1, wherein the coating comprises from 1% to 10% of polymerized siloxane. 8. The mold-resistant paper of claim 1, wherein the coating further comprises a colorant. 9. The mold-resistant paper of claim 1, wherein the coating comprises from 1% to 10% of the fungicide. 10. The mold-resistant paper of claim 1, wherein the fungicide is insoluble in water. 11. The mold-resistant paper of claim 1, wherein the fungicide comprises particles and wherein at least 90% of said particles are larger than 1 micron, but smaller than 15 microns. 12. The mold-resistant paper of claim 1, wherein the coating further comprises a binder. 13. The mold-resistant paper of claim 12, wherein the binder is selected from the group consisting of carboxymethycellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, styrene acrylic latexes, styrene butadiene, casein and starches. 14. A method of making a mold-resistant multi-ply paper, the method comprising:
feeding the paper to a calender stack; feeding to the calender stack an antimicrobial coating composition comprising from 1% to 10% of a non-ionic polymerized siloxane and from 1% to 10% of a water-insoluble fungicide selected from the group consisting of 3-iodo-2-propynylbutyl carbamate, zinc pyrithione, zinc oxide, azoxystrobin, thiabendazol, octylisothiazoline, dichloro-octylisothiazoline, zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate, benzimidazole, 3-(3,4-dichloropheny)-1,1-dimethylurea and a combination thereof; and applying the antimicrobial coating composition to at least one surface of the paper with the calender stack. 15. An antimicrobial coating composition, the composition comprising from 1% to 10% of a non-ionic polymerized siloxane and from 1% to 10% of a water-insoluble fungicide selected from the group consisting of 3-iodo-2-propynylbutyl carbamate, zinc pyrithione, zinc oxide, azoxystrobin, thiabendazol, octylisothiazoline, dichloro-octylisothiazoline, zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate, benzimidazole, 3-(3,4-dichloropheny)-1,1-dimethylurea and a combination thereof. 16. The antimicrobial coating composition of claim 15 further comprising a binder selected from the group consisting of carboxymethycellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, styrene acrylic latexes, styrene butadiene, casein and starches. 17. A gypsum panel comprising a gypsum slurry sandwiched between two paper sheets, a front paper sheet and a back paper sheet, wherein each of the two paper sheets has a face side and a bottom side, wherein the gypsum slurry is in the proximity with the bottom sides and wherein the face sides are coated with the antimicrobial coating composition of claim 15. 18. (canceled) 19. (canceled) | 1,700 |
4,121 | 15,083,445 | 1,792 | A capsule containing a powdered food substance comprises a body including a lower wall and a lateral wall, and a lid fixed to the body. The lid and a central portion of the lower wall are pierceable to allow the injection of water into and the extraction of a beverage from the capsule. Between the lid and the lower wall, there is a permeable filter, which retains the powdered substance, the filter including a layered sheet of flexible material fixed to the body, and separating the powdered substance from the central portion. The sheet of flexible material is shaped to form, at the central portion, at least one projection towards the lid. At the projection the filter is distanced from the central portion and there is a compartment, located between the filter and the central portion, where a piercing element can be inserted following penetration through the central portion, without damaging the filter. | 1. A capsule containing at least one powdered food substance which can be extracted by passing water through it to make a beverage, comprising:
a substantially cup-shaped body comprising a lower wall and a lateral wall; a lid fixed to the body of the capsule at an edge of the lateral wall located on the opposite side to the lower wall; between said lid and the inner surface of the capsule body there being a chamber for containing the powdered food substance; the lid being in use pierceable to allow the injection of water into the chamber, and the lower wall being in use pierceable at a central portion of it to allow extraction of a beverage from the capsule; a filter positioned inside the chamber close to the lower wall the filter being constituted of a sheet of flexible material directly fixed to the body at an annular portion of the capsule body which surrounds the central portion, the flexible material including one or more superposed layers of flexible material, said filter separating the powdered food substance at least from the central portion of the lower wall, being permeable to the beverage and substantially preventing the passage of the powdered food substance, said sheet of flexible material also being shaped to form, substantially at the central portion of the lower wall, at least one projection towards the lid where the filter is distanced from the central portion of the lower wall, and where said at least one projection delimits with the central portion an empty compartment where, during use, a piercing element can be inserted following penetration through the central portion of the lower wall, without damaging the filter; and said at least one projection supporting itself. 2. The capsule according to claim 1, characterised in that the sheet of flexible material extends substantially on the entire surface of the lower wall and rests on the latter except at the central portion where there is the projection. 3. The capsule according to claim 1, characterised in that positioned between the portion of the sheet of flexible material forming the projection and the lower wall of the capsule there is a supporting element at least partly shaped to match the projection, said supporting element being able to support the filter at the projection, said compartment being located between the supporting element and the lower wall. 4. The capsule according to claim 3, characterised in that the supporting element is fixed to the sheet of flexible material. 5. The capsule according to claim 3, characterised in that the supporting element is constrained to the lower wall. 6. The capsule according to claim 3, characterised in that the supporting element is constrained in movements relative to the lower wall so that it remains at the central portion, said supporting element being constrained by contact with the portion of the sheet of flexible material forming the projection. 7. The capsule according to claim 3, characterised in that the supporting element substantially allows the shape of the projection to be preserved following stresses on the projection towards the lower wall. 8. The capsule according to claim 3, characterised in that the supporting element allows fluid communication between the compartment and the rest of the chamber through the filter. 9. The capsule according to claim 3, characterised in that the supporting element is a hollow single-piece structure comprising at the base a resting portion which rests at the lower wall perimetrically surrounding the central portion. 10. The capsule according to claim 8, characterised in that the supporting element comprises openings and in that the fluid communication occurs through said openings. 11. The capsule according to claim 1, characterised in that the projection has a substantially conical shape or is substantially dome-shaped. 12. The capsule according to claim 1, characterised in that said flexible material is paper, or fabric, or non-woven fabric, or a plastic film. 13. The capsule according to claim 2, characterised in that positioned between the portion of the sheet of flexible material forming the projection and the lower wall of the capsule there is a supporting element at least partly substantially shaped to match the projection, said supporting element being able to support the filter at the projection, said compartment being located between the supporting element and the lower wall. 14. The capsule according to claim 2, characterised in that said flexible material is paper, or fabric, or non-woven fabric, or a plastic film. 15. The capsule according to claim 13, characterised in that said flexible material is paper, or fabric, or non-woven fabric, or a plastic film. | A capsule containing a powdered food substance comprises a body including a lower wall and a lateral wall, and a lid fixed to the body. The lid and a central portion of the lower wall are pierceable to allow the injection of water into and the extraction of a beverage from the capsule. Between the lid and the lower wall, there is a permeable filter, which retains the powdered substance, the filter including a layered sheet of flexible material fixed to the body, and separating the powdered substance from the central portion. The sheet of flexible material is shaped to form, at the central portion, at least one projection towards the lid. At the projection the filter is distanced from the central portion and there is a compartment, located between the filter and the central portion, where a piercing element can be inserted following penetration through the central portion, without damaging the filter.1. A capsule containing at least one powdered food substance which can be extracted by passing water through it to make a beverage, comprising:
a substantially cup-shaped body comprising a lower wall and a lateral wall; a lid fixed to the body of the capsule at an edge of the lateral wall located on the opposite side to the lower wall; between said lid and the inner surface of the capsule body there being a chamber for containing the powdered food substance; the lid being in use pierceable to allow the injection of water into the chamber, and the lower wall being in use pierceable at a central portion of it to allow extraction of a beverage from the capsule; a filter positioned inside the chamber close to the lower wall the filter being constituted of a sheet of flexible material directly fixed to the body at an annular portion of the capsule body which surrounds the central portion, the flexible material including one or more superposed layers of flexible material, said filter separating the powdered food substance at least from the central portion of the lower wall, being permeable to the beverage and substantially preventing the passage of the powdered food substance, said sheet of flexible material also being shaped to form, substantially at the central portion of the lower wall, at least one projection towards the lid where the filter is distanced from the central portion of the lower wall, and where said at least one projection delimits with the central portion an empty compartment where, during use, a piercing element can be inserted following penetration through the central portion of the lower wall, without damaging the filter; and said at least one projection supporting itself. 2. The capsule according to claim 1, characterised in that the sheet of flexible material extends substantially on the entire surface of the lower wall and rests on the latter except at the central portion where there is the projection. 3. The capsule according to claim 1, characterised in that positioned between the portion of the sheet of flexible material forming the projection and the lower wall of the capsule there is a supporting element at least partly shaped to match the projection, said supporting element being able to support the filter at the projection, said compartment being located between the supporting element and the lower wall. 4. The capsule according to claim 3, characterised in that the supporting element is fixed to the sheet of flexible material. 5. The capsule according to claim 3, characterised in that the supporting element is constrained to the lower wall. 6. The capsule according to claim 3, characterised in that the supporting element is constrained in movements relative to the lower wall so that it remains at the central portion, said supporting element being constrained by contact with the portion of the sheet of flexible material forming the projection. 7. The capsule according to claim 3, characterised in that the supporting element substantially allows the shape of the projection to be preserved following stresses on the projection towards the lower wall. 8. The capsule according to claim 3, characterised in that the supporting element allows fluid communication between the compartment and the rest of the chamber through the filter. 9. The capsule according to claim 3, characterised in that the supporting element is a hollow single-piece structure comprising at the base a resting portion which rests at the lower wall perimetrically surrounding the central portion. 10. The capsule according to claim 8, characterised in that the supporting element comprises openings and in that the fluid communication occurs through said openings. 11. The capsule according to claim 1, characterised in that the projection has a substantially conical shape or is substantially dome-shaped. 12. The capsule according to claim 1, characterised in that said flexible material is paper, or fabric, or non-woven fabric, or a plastic film. 13. The capsule according to claim 2, characterised in that positioned between the portion of the sheet of flexible material forming the projection and the lower wall of the capsule there is a supporting element at least partly substantially shaped to match the projection, said supporting element being able to support the filter at the projection, said compartment being located between the supporting element and the lower wall. 14. The capsule according to claim 2, characterised in that said flexible material is paper, or fabric, or non-woven fabric, or a plastic film. 15. The capsule according to claim 13, characterised in that said flexible material is paper, or fabric, or non-woven fabric, or a plastic film. | 1,700 |
4,122 | 15,755,325 | 1,763 | The present invention relates to a method for preparing superabsorbent polymer. According to the preparation method of the present invention, the surface penetration depth of a surface crosslinking agent can be appropriately controlled, and superabsorbent polymer with excellent properties can be prepared though homogeneous surface crosslinking. Thus, superabsorbent polymer with improved absorption property can be provided without deterioration of absorbency under load. | 1. A method for preparing superabsorbent polymer comprising the steps of:
performing thermal polymerization or photopolymerization of a monomer composition comprising water-soluble ethylenically unsaturated monomers and a polymerization initiator to form hydrogel polymer; drying the hydrogel polymer; grinding the dried polymer; and mixing the ground polymer with a surface crosslinking agent comprising hydrophobic alcohol to conduct a surface crosslinking reaction. 2. The method for preparing superabsorbent polymer according to claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic alcohol is selected from the group consisting of polyhydric alcohols having a carbon number of 4 to 10, and comprising a branched alkyl group. 3. The method for preparing superabsorbent polymer according to claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic alcohol is 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol. 4. The method for preparing superabsorbent polymer according to claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic alcohol is included in the content of 0.01 to 10 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the polymer. 5. The method for preparing superabsorbent polymer according to claim 1, wherein porous silica or clay is further included when conducting a surface crosslinking reaction. 6. The method for preparing superabsorbent polymer according to claim 1, wherein the centrifuge retention capacity (CRC) of the superabsorbent polymer is 25 g/g to 50 g/g, and the absorbency under pressure (AUP) is 10 g/g to 30 g/g. 7. The method for preparing superabsorbent polymer according to claim 1, wherein the surface crosslinking reaction is conducted at a temperature of 140 to 220° C. for 15 to 120 minutes. | The present invention relates to a method for preparing superabsorbent polymer. According to the preparation method of the present invention, the surface penetration depth of a surface crosslinking agent can be appropriately controlled, and superabsorbent polymer with excellent properties can be prepared though homogeneous surface crosslinking. Thus, superabsorbent polymer with improved absorption property can be provided without deterioration of absorbency under load.1. A method for preparing superabsorbent polymer comprising the steps of:
performing thermal polymerization or photopolymerization of a monomer composition comprising water-soluble ethylenically unsaturated monomers and a polymerization initiator to form hydrogel polymer; drying the hydrogel polymer; grinding the dried polymer; and mixing the ground polymer with a surface crosslinking agent comprising hydrophobic alcohol to conduct a surface crosslinking reaction. 2. The method for preparing superabsorbent polymer according to claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic alcohol is selected from the group consisting of polyhydric alcohols having a carbon number of 4 to 10, and comprising a branched alkyl group. 3. The method for preparing superabsorbent polymer according to claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic alcohol is 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol. 4. The method for preparing superabsorbent polymer according to claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic alcohol is included in the content of 0.01 to 10 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the polymer. 5. The method for preparing superabsorbent polymer according to claim 1, wherein porous silica or clay is further included when conducting a surface crosslinking reaction. 6. The method for preparing superabsorbent polymer according to claim 1, wherein the centrifuge retention capacity (CRC) of the superabsorbent polymer is 25 g/g to 50 g/g, and the absorbency under pressure (AUP) is 10 g/g to 30 g/g. 7. The method for preparing superabsorbent polymer according to claim 1, wherein the surface crosslinking reaction is conducted at a temperature of 140 to 220° C. for 15 to 120 minutes. | 1,700 |
4,123 | 14,073,320 | 1,797 | Disclosed is a method of gauging stains on or in clothing which are caused at least in part by a cosmetic or dermatological preparation that comprises antiperspirant substances. The method comprises successively applying to a location of the clothing the preparation and sebum, washing and drying the clothing, and thereafter subjecting the clothing to a photometrical measurement by means of colorimetric measures in a CIE L*a*b color space and comparing the obtained value to a value obtained with an untreated area of the clothing. | 1. A method of gauging stains on or in clothing which are caused at least in part by a cosmetic or dermatological preparation that comprises antiperspirant substances, wherein the method comprises
(i) successively applying to an identical location of the clothing (a) from 10 mg/cm2 to 50 mg/cm2 of the preparation, (b) optionally, from 5 mg/cm2 to 40 mg/cm2 of human sweat, and (c) from 2 mg/cm2 to 15 mg/cm2 of sebum, (ii) optionally, storing the clothing at 38° C. and 80% relative humidity, (iii) washing the clothing, (iv) optionally, rinsing the clothing with cold tap water, (v) drying the clothing at room temperature, and (vi) subjecting the dried clothing to a photometrical measurement by means of colorimetric measures in a CIE L*a*b color space and comparing an obtained value to a value obtained with an untreated area of the clothing. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein in (i) from 13 mg/cm2 to 40 mg/cm2 of preparation is used. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein in (i) from 7 mg/cm2 to 30 mg/cm2 of human sweat is used. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein in (i) from 5 mg/cm2 to 10 mg/cm2 of sebum is used. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein in (i) a ratio preparation:sebum is from 1:1 to 7:1. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein in (i) a ratio preparation:sebum is from 2:1 to 5:1. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein in (i) a ratio preparation:human sweat is from 1:3 to 7:1. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein in (i) a ratio preparation:human sweat is from 1:1 to 1:4. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein (ii) is carried out for at least 12 hours. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the clothing is made of cotton or contains cotton. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein (iii) is conducted at 60° C. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein in (iii) a detergent is used. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the antiperspirant substances comprise one or more aluminum compounds. 14. A method of gauging stains on or in clothing which are caused at least in part by a cosmetic or dermatological preparation that comprises antiperspirant substances, wherein the method comprises
(i) successively applying to an identical location of the clothing (a) from 13 mg/cm2 to 40 mg/cm2 of the preparation, (b) optionally, from 7 mg/cm2 to 30 mg/cm2 of human sweat, and (c) from 5 mg/cm2 to 10 mg/cm2 of sebum, (ii) optionally, storing the clothing at 38° C. and 80% relative humidity for at least 12 hours, (iii) washing the clothing at 60° C., (iv) optionally, rinsing the clothing with cold tap water, (v) drying the clothing at room temperature, and (vi) subjecting the dried clothing to a photometrical measurement by means of colorimetric measures in a CIE L*a*b color space and comparing an obtained value to a value obtained with an untreated area of the clothing. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein in (i) a ratio preparation:sebum is from 2:1 to 5:1. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein in (i) a ratio preparation:human sweat is from 1:1 to 1:4. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein in (i) a ratio preparation:human sweat is from 1:1 to 1:4. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the clothing is made of cotton or contains cotton. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein in (iii) a detergent is used. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the antiperspirant substances comprise one or more aluminum compounds. | Disclosed is a method of gauging stains on or in clothing which are caused at least in part by a cosmetic or dermatological preparation that comprises antiperspirant substances. The method comprises successively applying to a location of the clothing the preparation and sebum, washing and drying the clothing, and thereafter subjecting the clothing to a photometrical measurement by means of colorimetric measures in a CIE L*a*b color space and comparing the obtained value to a value obtained with an untreated area of the clothing.1. A method of gauging stains on or in clothing which are caused at least in part by a cosmetic or dermatological preparation that comprises antiperspirant substances, wherein the method comprises
(i) successively applying to an identical location of the clothing (a) from 10 mg/cm2 to 50 mg/cm2 of the preparation, (b) optionally, from 5 mg/cm2 to 40 mg/cm2 of human sweat, and (c) from 2 mg/cm2 to 15 mg/cm2 of sebum, (ii) optionally, storing the clothing at 38° C. and 80% relative humidity, (iii) washing the clothing, (iv) optionally, rinsing the clothing with cold tap water, (v) drying the clothing at room temperature, and (vi) subjecting the dried clothing to a photometrical measurement by means of colorimetric measures in a CIE L*a*b color space and comparing an obtained value to a value obtained with an untreated area of the clothing. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein in (i) from 13 mg/cm2 to 40 mg/cm2 of preparation is used. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein in (i) from 7 mg/cm2 to 30 mg/cm2 of human sweat is used. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein in (i) from 5 mg/cm2 to 10 mg/cm2 of sebum is used. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein in (i) a ratio preparation:sebum is from 1:1 to 7:1. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein in (i) a ratio preparation:sebum is from 2:1 to 5:1. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein in (i) a ratio preparation:human sweat is from 1:3 to 7:1. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein in (i) a ratio preparation:human sweat is from 1:1 to 1:4. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein (ii) is carried out for at least 12 hours. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the clothing is made of cotton or contains cotton. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein (iii) is conducted at 60° C. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein in (iii) a detergent is used. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the antiperspirant substances comprise one or more aluminum compounds. 14. A method of gauging stains on or in clothing which are caused at least in part by a cosmetic or dermatological preparation that comprises antiperspirant substances, wherein the method comprises
(i) successively applying to an identical location of the clothing (a) from 13 mg/cm2 to 40 mg/cm2 of the preparation, (b) optionally, from 7 mg/cm2 to 30 mg/cm2 of human sweat, and (c) from 5 mg/cm2 to 10 mg/cm2 of sebum, (ii) optionally, storing the clothing at 38° C. and 80% relative humidity for at least 12 hours, (iii) washing the clothing at 60° C., (iv) optionally, rinsing the clothing with cold tap water, (v) drying the clothing at room temperature, and (vi) subjecting the dried clothing to a photometrical measurement by means of colorimetric measures in a CIE L*a*b color space and comparing an obtained value to a value obtained with an untreated area of the clothing. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein in (i) a ratio preparation:sebum is from 2:1 to 5:1. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein in (i) a ratio preparation:human sweat is from 1:1 to 1:4. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein in (i) a ratio preparation:human sweat is from 1:1 to 1:4. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the clothing is made of cotton or contains cotton. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein in (iii) a detergent is used. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the antiperspirant substances comprise one or more aluminum compounds. | 1,700 |
4,124 | 15,606,171 | 1,726 | A vent cap adaptor for coupling a vent cap to a battery cover includes a first portion and a second portion. The first portion is configured to engage the battery cover and the second portion is configured to receive and engage a bayonet-style vent cap. The first portion is annular and the second portion is annular. | 1. A vent cap adaptor for coupling a vent cap to a battery cover, comprising:
a first portion configured to engage the battery cover; and a second portion configured to receive and engage a bayonet-style vent cap. 2. The vent cap adaptor of claim 1, wherein the vent cap adaptor is formed from a plastic. 3. The vent cap adaptor of claim 1, wherein the vent cap adaptor is formed from a metal. 4. The vent cap adaptor of claim 1, wherein the first portion is annular and the second portion is annular, wherein the first portion has a diameter smaller than a diameter of the second portion. 5. The vent cap adaptor of claim 1, wherein the second portion has an inner surface and a pair of radially inwardly extending bayonet tabs formed on the inner surface. 6. The vent cap adaptor of claim 1, wherein the second portion has threads formed on an outer surface thereof configured to engage threads formed on an inner surface of a vent port of the battery cover. 7. The vent cap adaptor of claim 1, wherein the second portion has a smooth outer surface. 8. A battery cover assembly, comprising:
a battery cover including a vent port; a vent cap having a pair of tabs extending radially outwardly therefrom, the pair of tabs incompatible for coupling with the vent port of the battery cover; and a vent cap adaptor configured to couple the vent cap to the vent port, the pair of tabs of the vent cap compatible for coupling with the vent cap adaptor. 9. The battery cover assembly of claim 8, wherein the pair of tabs of the vent cap are diametrically disposed from each other. 10. The battery cover assembly of claim 8, wherein the vent cap adaptor includes a pair of diametrically opposed tabs extending radially inwardly from an inner surface thereof. 11. The battery cover assembly of claim 10, wherein the vent cap adaptor includes a first annular portion engaging the vent port and a second annular portion engaging the vent cap. 12. The battery cover assembly of claim 11, wherein the pair of tabs of the vent cap adaptor is formed on an inner surface of the second annular surface and engages the pair of tabs of the vent cap. 13. The battery cover assembly of claim 11, wherein the first annular portion has a diameter smaller than the second annular portion. 14. The battery cover assembly of claim 8, wherein the vent cap adaptor threadingly engages the vent port. 15. The battery cover assembly of claim 8, wherein the vent cap adaptor engages the vent port by a friction fit. 16. The battery cover assembly of claim 8, wherein the vent cap engages the vent cap adaptor with a rotation of about 90 degrees or less and disengages from the vent cap adaptor with a rotation of about 90 degrees. 17. A battery cover assembly, comprising:
a battery cover including a vent port having a coupling feature formed on an inner surface thereof; a vent cap incompatible for coupling with the vent port of the battery cover; and a vent cap adaptor coupling the vent cap to the vent port, a first portion of the vent cap adaptor engaging the vent port and a second portion of the vent cap adaptor receiving the vent cap, the first portion having a coupling feature formed on an outer surface thereof engaging the coupling feature of the vent port. 18. The battery cover assembly of claim 17, wherein the coupling feature of the vent port is at least one thread and the coupling feature of the vent cap adaptor is at least one thread corresponding to the thread of the vent port. 19. The battery cover assembly of claim 17, wherein the vent cap adaptor engages the vent port with a friction fit. 20. The battery cover assembly of claim 17, wherein the vent cap includes a pair of diametrically opposed, radially outwardly extending tabs formed on an outer surface thereof engaging a pair of diametrically opposed radially inwardly extending tabs formed on an inner surface of the second portion of the vent cap adaptor. | A vent cap adaptor for coupling a vent cap to a battery cover includes a first portion and a second portion. The first portion is configured to engage the battery cover and the second portion is configured to receive and engage a bayonet-style vent cap. The first portion is annular and the second portion is annular.1. A vent cap adaptor for coupling a vent cap to a battery cover, comprising:
a first portion configured to engage the battery cover; and a second portion configured to receive and engage a bayonet-style vent cap. 2. The vent cap adaptor of claim 1, wherein the vent cap adaptor is formed from a plastic. 3. The vent cap adaptor of claim 1, wherein the vent cap adaptor is formed from a metal. 4. The vent cap adaptor of claim 1, wherein the first portion is annular and the second portion is annular, wherein the first portion has a diameter smaller than a diameter of the second portion. 5. The vent cap adaptor of claim 1, wherein the second portion has an inner surface and a pair of radially inwardly extending bayonet tabs formed on the inner surface. 6. The vent cap adaptor of claim 1, wherein the second portion has threads formed on an outer surface thereof configured to engage threads formed on an inner surface of a vent port of the battery cover. 7. The vent cap adaptor of claim 1, wherein the second portion has a smooth outer surface. 8. A battery cover assembly, comprising:
a battery cover including a vent port; a vent cap having a pair of tabs extending radially outwardly therefrom, the pair of tabs incompatible for coupling with the vent port of the battery cover; and a vent cap adaptor configured to couple the vent cap to the vent port, the pair of tabs of the vent cap compatible for coupling with the vent cap adaptor. 9. The battery cover assembly of claim 8, wherein the pair of tabs of the vent cap are diametrically disposed from each other. 10. The battery cover assembly of claim 8, wherein the vent cap adaptor includes a pair of diametrically opposed tabs extending radially inwardly from an inner surface thereof. 11. The battery cover assembly of claim 10, wherein the vent cap adaptor includes a first annular portion engaging the vent port and a second annular portion engaging the vent cap. 12. The battery cover assembly of claim 11, wherein the pair of tabs of the vent cap adaptor is formed on an inner surface of the second annular surface and engages the pair of tabs of the vent cap. 13. The battery cover assembly of claim 11, wherein the first annular portion has a diameter smaller than the second annular portion. 14. The battery cover assembly of claim 8, wherein the vent cap adaptor threadingly engages the vent port. 15. The battery cover assembly of claim 8, wherein the vent cap adaptor engages the vent port by a friction fit. 16. The battery cover assembly of claim 8, wherein the vent cap engages the vent cap adaptor with a rotation of about 90 degrees or less and disengages from the vent cap adaptor with a rotation of about 90 degrees. 17. A battery cover assembly, comprising:
a battery cover including a vent port having a coupling feature formed on an inner surface thereof; a vent cap incompatible for coupling with the vent port of the battery cover; and a vent cap adaptor coupling the vent cap to the vent port, a first portion of the vent cap adaptor engaging the vent port and a second portion of the vent cap adaptor receiving the vent cap, the first portion having a coupling feature formed on an outer surface thereof engaging the coupling feature of the vent port. 18. The battery cover assembly of claim 17, wherein the coupling feature of the vent port is at least one thread and the coupling feature of the vent cap adaptor is at least one thread corresponding to the thread of the vent port. 19. The battery cover assembly of claim 17, wherein the vent cap adaptor engages the vent port with a friction fit. 20. The battery cover assembly of claim 17, wherein the vent cap includes a pair of diametrically opposed, radially outwardly extending tabs formed on an outer surface thereof engaging a pair of diametrically opposed radially inwardly extending tabs formed on an inner surface of the second portion of the vent cap adaptor. | 1,700 |
4,125 | 15,461,104 | 1,722 | A battery assembly according to a non-limiting aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, an array of battery cells, with each cell including a terminal, and a busbar assembly having a first busbar component and a second busbar component. Further, each of the terminals are electrically coupled to both the first busbar component and the second busbar component. A method of forming a busbar assembly is also disclosed. | 1. A battery assembly, comprising:
an array of battery cells, each cell including a terminal; and a busbar assembly having a first busbar component and a second busbar component, wherein each of the terminals are electrically coupled to both the first busbar component and the second busbar component. 2. The battery assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein each terminal is electrically coupled to a tab, and wherein each tab is connected to both the first busbar component and the second busbar component. 3. The battery assembly as recited in claim 2, wherein each of the first busbar component and the second busbar component includes a carrier and a plurality of feeders projecting from the carrier. 4. The battery assembly as recited in claim 3, wherein each feeder of the first busbar component is connected to a corresponding feeder of the second busbar component by a respective one of the tabs. 5. The battery assembly as recited in claim 4, wherein the tabs are welded to the feeders of the first busbar component and the second busbar component. 6. The battery assembly as recited in claim 3, wherein the feeders of the first busbar component are spaced-apart from the feeders of the second busbar component. 7. The battery assembly as recited in claim 3, wherein the carriers of the first and second busbar components are parallel to one another. 8. The battery assembly as recited in claim 7, wherein the feeders of the first and second busbar components project substantially perpendicular from a respective carrier. 9. The battery assembly as recited in claim 8, wherein the feeders of the first and second busbar components are substantially aligned with one another relative to a length of the battery assembly. 10. The battery assembly as recited in claim 3, wherein each of the tabs project outwardly from a side of the array of battery cells. 11. The battery assembly as recited in claim 10, wherein each of the tabs are moveable between a straight position and a folded position, and wherein each tab connects the first busbar component to the second busbar component when in the folded position. 12. The battery assembly as recited in claim 11, wherein, when in the straight position, the tabs project through windows between adjacent feeders. 13. The battery assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein the busbar assembly includes an electrical input and an electrical output, one of the electrical input and electrical output being on the first busbar component and the other of the electrical input and electrical output being on the second busbar component. 14. The battery assembly as recited in claim 1, further comprising a frame configured to hold the first busbar component and the second busbar component relative to the battery array, the frame having a base and cantilevered arms projecting from the base. 15. A method of making a busbar assembly, comprising:
forming a first busbar component and a second busbar component from a blank of material. 16. The method as recited in claim 15, wherein the first busbar component and the second busbar component are formed using a single cutting process. 17. The method as recited in claim 15, wherein the forming step includes cutting the blank of material beginning at a first perimeter edge of the blank and ending at a second perimeter edge of the blank opposite the first perimeter edge. 18. The method as recited in claim 17, wherein the forming step includes cutting a serpentine pattern in the blank between the first perimeter edge and the second perimeter edge. 19. The method as recited in claim 18, wherein the serpentine pattern includes a plurality of perpendicular turns. 20. The method as recited in claim 15, wherein the first busbar component is substantially the same size and shape as the second busbar component. | A battery assembly according to a non-limiting aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, an array of battery cells, with each cell including a terminal, and a busbar assembly having a first busbar component and a second busbar component. Further, each of the terminals are electrically coupled to both the first busbar component and the second busbar component. A method of forming a busbar assembly is also disclosed.1. A battery assembly, comprising:
an array of battery cells, each cell including a terminal; and a busbar assembly having a first busbar component and a second busbar component, wherein each of the terminals are electrically coupled to both the first busbar component and the second busbar component. 2. The battery assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein each terminal is electrically coupled to a tab, and wherein each tab is connected to both the first busbar component and the second busbar component. 3. The battery assembly as recited in claim 2, wherein each of the first busbar component and the second busbar component includes a carrier and a plurality of feeders projecting from the carrier. 4. The battery assembly as recited in claim 3, wherein each feeder of the first busbar component is connected to a corresponding feeder of the second busbar component by a respective one of the tabs. 5. The battery assembly as recited in claim 4, wherein the tabs are welded to the feeders of the first busbar component and the second busbar component. 6. The battery assembly as recited in claim 3, wherein the feeders of the first busbar component are spaced-apart from the feeders of the second busbar component. 7. The battery assembly as recited in claim 3, wherein the carriers of the first and second busbar components are parallel to one another. 8. The battery assembly as recited in claim 7, wherein the feeders of the first and second busbar components project substantially perpendicular from a respective carrier. 9. The battery assembly as recited in claim 8, wherein the feeders of the first and second busbar components are substantially aligned with one another relative to a length of the battery assembly. 10. The battery assembly as recited in claim 3, wherein each of the tabs project outwardly from a side of the array of battery cells. 11. The battery assembly as recited in claim 10, wherein each of the tabs are moveable between a straight position and a folded position, and wherein each tab connects the first busbar component to the second busbar component when in the folded position. 12. The battery assembly as recited in claim 11, wherein, when in the straight position, the tabs project through windows between adjacent feeders. 13. The battery assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein the busbar assembly includes an electrical input and an electrical output, one of the electrical input and electrical output being on the first busbar component and the other of the electrical input and electrical output being on the second busbar component. 14. The battery assembly as recited in claim 1, further comprising a frame configured to hold the first busbar component and the second busbar component relative to the battery array, the frame having a base and cantilevered arms projecting from the base. 15. A method of making a busbar assembly, comprising:
forming a first busbar component and a second busbar component from a blank of material. 16. The method as recited in claim 15, wherein the first busbar component and the second busbar component are formed using a single cutting process. 17. The method as recited in claim 15, wherein the forming step includes cutting the blank of material beginning at a first perimeter edge of the blank and ending at a second perimeter edge of the blank opposite the first perimeter edge. 18. The method as recited in claim 17, wherein the forming step includes cutting a serpentine pattern in the blank between the first perimeter edge and the second perimeter edge. 19. The method as recited in claim 18, wherein the serpentine pattern includes a plurality of perpendicular turns. 20. The method as recited in claim 15, wherein the first busbar component is substantially the same size and shape as the second busbar component. | 1,700 |
4,126 | 15,004,455 | 1,787 | Thermal chemical vapor deposition coated articles and thermal chemical vapor deposition processes are disclosed. The article includes a substrate and a thermal chemical vapor deposition coating on the substrate. The thermal chemical vapor deposition coating includes properties from being produced by diffusion-rate-limited thermal chemical vapor deposition. The thermal chemical vapor deposition process includes introducing a gaseous species to a vessel and producing a thermal chemical vapor deposition coating on an article within the vessel by a diffusion-rate-limited reaction of the gaseous species. | 1. An article, comprising:
a substrate; and a thermal chemical vapor deposition coating on the substrate; wherein the thermal chemical vapor deposition coating includes properties from being produced by diffusion-rate-limited thermal chemical vapor deposition. 2. The article of claim 1, wherein the properties include a film density. 3. The article of claim 1, wherein the properties include a thickness range of 1,000 Angstroms or less. 4. The article of claim 1, wherein the thermal chemical vapor deposition coating has a thickness of greater than 8,000 Angstroms and does not flake. 5. The article of claim 1, wherein the thermal chemical vapor deposition coating has a thickness of greater than 12,000 Angstroms and does not flake. 6. The article of claim 1, wherein the thermal chemical vapor deposition coating has a thickness of greater than 16,000 Angstroms and does not flake. The article of claim 1, wherein the thermal chemical vapor deposition coating has a thickness of greater than 19,000 Angstroms and does not flake. 8. The article of claim 1, wherein the properties include a wavelength range of 100 nm or less. 9. The article of claim 1, wherein the properties include impedance measurable by electronic impedance spectroscopy. 10. The article of claim 1, wherein the properties include a predominantly amorphous structure. 11. The article of claim 1, wherein the properties include a substantially completely amorphous structure. 12. The article of claim 1, wherein the properties include growth that is not monolayer growth. 13. The article of claim 1, wherein the properties include being devoid of bead spots. 14. The article of claim 1, wherein the substrate includes metal. 15. The article of claim 1, wherein the substrate includes a metallic alloy. 16. The article of claim 1, wherein the substrate has been treated by a temperature of at least 380° C. 17. The article of claim 1, wherein the substrate has been treated by a temperature of at least 430° C. 18. The article of claim 1, wherein the substrate has been treated by a temperature of at least 440° C. 19. A thermal chemical vapor deposition process, comprising:
introducing a gaseous species to a vessel; and producing a thermal chemical vapor deposition coating on an article within the vessel by a diffusion-rate-limited reaction of the gaseous species. 20. The process of claim 19, wherein the gaseous species is a silane-containing species including silane at a concentration, by volume, of between 10% and 20% and an inert gas. | Thermal chemical vapor deposition coated articles and thermal chemical vapor deposition processes are disclosed. The article includes a substrate and a thermal chemical vapor deposition coating on the substrate. The thermal chemical vapor deposition coating includes properties from being produced by diffusion-rate-limited thermal chemical vapor deposition. The thermal chemical vapor deposition process includes introducing a gaseous species to a vessel and producing a thermal chemical vapor deposition coating on an article within the vessel by a diffusion-rate-limited reaction of the gaseous species.1. An article, comprising:
a substrate; and a thermal chemical vapor deposition coating on the substrate; wherein the thermal chemical vapor deposition coating includes properties from being produced by diffusion-rate-limited thermal chemical vapor deposition. 2. The article of claim 1, wherein the properties include a film density. 3. The article of claim 1, wherein the properties include a thickness range of 1,000 Angstroms or less. 4. The article of claim 1, wherein the thermal chemical vapor deposition coating has a thickness of greater than 8,000 Angstroms and does not flake. 5. The article of claim 1, wherein the thermal chemical vapor deposition coating has a thickness of greater than 12,000 Angstroms and does not flake. 6. The article of claim 1, wherein the thermal chemical vapor deposition coating has a thickness of greater than 16,000 Angstroms and does not flake. The article of claim 1, wherein the thermal chemical vapor deposition coating has a thickness of greater than 19,000 Angstroms and does not flake. 8. The article of claim 1, wherein the properties include a wavelength range of 100 nm or less. 9. The article of claim 1, wherein the properties include impedance measurable by electronic impedance spectroscopy. 10. The article of claim 1, wherein the properties include a predominantly amorphous structure. 11. The article of claim 1, wherein the properties include a substantially completely amorphous structure. 12. The article of claim 1, wherein the properties include growth that is not monolayer growth. 13. The article of claim 1, wherein the properties include being devoid of bead spots. 14. The article of claim 1, wherein the substrate includes metal. 15. The article of claim 1, wherein the substrate includes a metallic alloy. 16. The article of claim 1, wherein the substrate has been treated by a temperature of at least 380° C. 17. The article of claim 1, wherein the substrate has been treated by a temperature of at least 430° C. 18. The article of claim 1, wherein the substrate has been treated by a temperature of at least 440° C. 19. A thermal chemical vapor deposition process, comprising:
introducing a gaseous species to a vessel; and producing a thermal chemical vapor deposition coating on an article within the vessel by a diffusion-rate-limited reaction of the gaseous species. 20. The process of claim 19, wherein the gaseous species is a silane-containing species including silane at a concentration, by volume, of between 10% and 20% and an inert gas. | 1,700 |
4,127 | 14,482,532 | 1,742 | To produce sealing plates ( 1 ) consisting of a plurality of sealing rings ( 3 ) connected by radial webs ( 2 ) by injection molding, wall-type guide elements ( 5 ) are arranged obliquely to the direction of flow in the mold channel ( 6 ) which is therefore initially largely constricted in the region of weld lines ( 15 ) formed by the convergence of the fronts of the divided plastic melt streams, said guide elements being moved out of the mold channel ( 6 ) during the further filling of same so that the strength is significantly improved in the region of the weld lines ( 15 ). | 1. A method for producing sealing plates (1) of fiber-reinforced plastic by injection molding consisting of a plurality of sealing rings (3) connected by radial webs (2), wherein wall-type guide elements (5) are arranged obliquely to the direction of flow in the mold channel (6), which is therefore at first largely constricted, in the region of weld lines (15) formed by the convergence of the fronts of divided plastic melt streams, said guide elements deflecting each of the fronts of the melt streams to the side toward the opposing border of the mold channel (6) before they converge and being moved out of the mold channel (6) during the further filling of same. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the plastic melt is introduced into the mold from the center of the sealing plate (1), preferably separately for each radial web (2), and the guide elements (5) are arranged only in the region of the sealing rings (3). 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the movement of the guide elements (5) out of the mold channel (6) takes place against an externally applied resistance force through the plastic melt filling the mold channel (6). 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the curve of the size of the resistance force as a function of time can be varied during the filling of the mold. 5. A mold for production of sealing plates (1) which consist of a plurality of sealing rings (3) connected by radial webs (2), made of fiber-reinforced plastic by injection molding, wherein wall-type guide elements (5) are arranged obliquely to the direction of flow of the melt streams in the mold channel (6), which is thereby largely constricted in the region of weld lines (15) formed by the convergence of the fronts of the divided plastic melt streams, these guide elements being movable between an initial position, in which 1-10%, preferably 4-6%, especially 5% of the mold channel (6) is cleared on both sides and on the bottom 0-20%, preferably 5-15%, especially 10% of the mold channel is cleared at the bottom, and a retraction position in which the end face of the guide element facing the bottom of the mold channel forms a seal with the surrounding mold channel wall or is elevated slightly above it, preferably amounting to 1-10% of the thickness of the sealing plate (1). 6. The mold according to claim 5, wherein the injection ports are arranged in the region of the center of the mold, preferably separately for the mold channel of each radial web (2), and the wall-type guide elements (5) are arranged exclusively in the mold channels of the sealing rings (3). 7. The mold according to claim 6, wherein the wall-type guide elements (5) are designed in one piece. 8. The mold according to claim 6, wherein the wall-type guide elements (5) consist of a plurality of individual elements (13) that are arranged side by side with a slight distance between them, preferably being jointly movable. 9. The mold according to claim 7, wherein the wall-type guide elements (5) are curved in the circumferential direction of the sealing rings (3). 10. The mold according to claim 9, wherein the wall-type guide elements (5) are rounded on the outer side edges and are rounded on the end face (10) facing the bottom of the mold channel or they are designed with a point like a rooftop. 11. The mold according to claim 10, wherein the end face (10) of the wall-type guide elements (5), said faces turned toward the bottom of the mold channel, has individual flow-through regions (11) that are set back with respect to the end face (10) sitting on the bottom of the mold channel in the initial position. 12. The mold according to claim 11, characterized in wherein the wall-type guide elements (5) are arranged at an angle of 10-35°, preferably 15°, in deviation from the respective circumferential tangent (9) to the mold channel (6), so as to form a preferably continuous constriction in the direction of flow of the plastic melt. 13. The mold according to claim 12, wherein the wall-type guide elements (5) are put under a load by means of springs (7) and/or with hydraulic, pneumatic or electric actuators (8, A), or a combination thereof, preferably with a load force that can be varied in the curve of the variable over time. 14. The mold according to claim 13, wherein the wall-type guide elements (5) form a V-shaped angle. 15. A sealing plate (1) produced by the method according to claim 1, wherein the weld lines (15) run obliquely, preferably at an angle of 5-30°, preferably 15° to the circumferential direction of the sealing rings (3) and are permeated by reinforcing fibers of the plastic bodies each of which is connected to the weld lines (15). | To produce sealing plates ( 1 ) consisting of a plurality of sealing rings ( 3 ) connected by radial webs ( 2 ) by injection molding, wall-type guide elements ( 5 ) are arranged obliquely to the direction of flow in the mold channel ( 6 ) which is therefore initially largely constricted in the region of weld lines ( 15 ) formed by the convergence of the fronts of the divided plastic melt streams, said guide elements being moved out of the mold channel ( 6 ) during the further filling of same so that the strength is significantly improved in the region of the weld lines ( 15 ).1. A method for producing sealing plates (1) of fiber-reinforced plastic by injection molding consisting of a plurality of sealing rings (3) connected by radial webs (2), wherein wall-type guide elements (5) are arranged obliquely to the direction of flow in the mold channel (6), which is therefore at first largely constricted, in the region of weld lines (15) formed by the convergence of the fronts of divided plastic melt streams, said guide elements deflecting each of the fronts of the melt streams to the side toward the opposing border of the mold channel (6) before they converge and being moved out of the mold channel (6) during the further filling of same. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the plastic melt is introduced into the mold from the center of the sealing plate (1), preferably separately for each radial web (2), and the guide elements (5) are arranged only in the region of the sealing rings (3). 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the movement of the guide elements (5) out of the mold channel (6) takes place against an externally applied resistance force through the plastic melt filling the mold channel (6). 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the curve of the size of the resistance force as a function of time can be varied during the filling of the mold. 5. A mold for production of sealing plates (1) which consist of a plurality of sealing rings (3) connected by radial webs (2), made of fiber-reinforced plastic by injection molding, wherein wall-type guide elements (5) are arranged obliquely to the direction of flow of the melt streams in the mold channel (6), which is thereby largely constricted in the region of weld lines (15) formed by the convergence of the fronts of the divided plastic melt streams, these guide elements being movable between an initial position, in which 1-10%, preferably 4-6%, especially 5% of the mold channel (6) is cleared on both sides and on the bottom 0-20%, preferably 5-15%, especially 10% of the mold channel is cleared at the bottom, and a retraction position in which the end face of the guide element facing the bottom of the mold channel forms a seal with the surrounding mold channel wall or is elevated slightly above it, preferably amounting to 1-10% of the thickness of the sealing plate (1). 6. The mold according to claim 5, wherein the injection ports are arranged in the region of the center of the mold, preferably separately for the mold channel of each radial web (2), and the wall-type guide elements (5) are arranged exclusively in the mold channels of the sealing rings (3). 7. The mold according to claim 6, wherein the wall-type guide elements (5) are designed in one piece. 8. The mold according to claim 6, wherein the wall-type guide elements (5) consist of a plurality of individual elements (13) that are arranged side by side with a slight distance between them, preferably being jointly movable. 9. The mold according to claim 7, wherein the wall-type guide elements (5) are curved in the circumferential direction of the sealing rings (3). 10. The mold according to claim 9, wherein the wall-type guide elements (5) are rounded on the outer side edges and are rounded on the end face (10) facing the bottom of the mold channel or they are designed with a point like a rooftop. 11. The mold according to claim 10, wherein the end face (10) of the wall-type guide elements (5), said faces turned toward the bottom of the mold channel, has individual flow-through regions (11) that are set back with respect to the end face (10) sitting on the bottom of the mold channel in the initial position. 12. The mold according to claim 11, characterized in wherein the wall-type guide elements (5) are arranged at an angle of 10-35°, preferably 15°, in deviation from the respective circumferential tangent (9) to the mold channel (6), so as to form a preferably continuous constriction in the direction of flow of the plastic melt. 13. The mold according to claim 12, wherein the wall-type guide elements (5) are put under a load by means of springs (7) and/or with hydraulic, pneumatic or electric actuators (8, A), or a combination thereof, preferably with a load force that can be varied in the curve of the variable over time. 14. The mold according to claim 13, wherein the wall-type guide elements (5) form a V-shaped angle. 15. A sealing plate (1) produced by the method according to claim 1, wherein the weld lines (15) run obliquely, preferably at an angle of 5-30°, preferably 15° to the circumferential direction of the sealing rings (3) and are permeated by reinforcing fibers of the plastic bodies each of which is connected to the weld lines (15). | 1,700 |
4,128 | 14,632,049 | 1,777 | Described are a fraction collector and a method of fraction collection for a liquid chromatography system. The method includes diverting a liquid chromatography system flow from a waste channel to a collection tube at a start of a fraction collection window and collecting the system flow dispensed from the collection tube during the fraction collection window. At the end of the window, the system flow is diverted to the waste channel and a flow of a wash solvent is provided to the collection tube to dispense liquid remaining in the collection tube at the end of the window from the collection tube. The method can increase the amount of the collected fraction and can reduce or eliminate cross-contamination of a subsequently collected fraction. The method is useful for analytical scale applications where the collected fractions may have volumes defined by a limited number of drops dispensed from the collection tube. | 1. A fraction collector for a liquid chromatography system, the fraction collector comprising:
a valve having a first port to receive a liquid chromatography system flow, a second port in fluidic communication with a waste channel, a third port and a fourth port, the valve having a first state in which the first port is in fluidic communication with the third port and the second port is in fluidic communication with the fourth port, the valve having a second state in which the first port is in fluidic communication with the second port and the third port is in fluidic communication with the fourth port, the valve having a control port to receive a valve control signal to control the valve to be in one of the first or second states; a wash solvent source in fluidic communication with the fourth port and configured to provide a flow of a wash solvent, the wash solvent source having a control port to receive a wash control signal to control the flow of the wash solvent; and a collection tube in fluidic communication with the third port to receive the liquid chromatography system flow when the valve is in the first state and to receive the flow of wash solvent from the wash solvent source when the valve is in the second state. 2. The fraction collector of claim 1 wherein the wash solvent source provides a predetermined volume of the wash solvent through the valve to the collection tube when the valve is in the second state. 3. The fraction collector of claim 2 wherein the predetermined volume is greater than a volume capacity of the collection tube. 4. The fraction collector of claim 1 wherein the collection tube includes a needle tip at an end that is opposite to the valve. 5. The fraction collector of claim 1 wherein the wash solvent source provides the wash solvent at a flow rate that is greater than a flow rate of the liquid chromatography system flow. 6. The fraction collector of claim 1 further comprising a collection vessel to receive a liquid dispensed from the collection tube when the valve is in the first state. 7. The fraction collector of claim 6 wherein the collection vessel receives a liquid dispensed from the collection tube when the valve is in the second state. 8. The fraction collector of claim 6 wherein the collection vessel is in communication with a waste channel when the valve is in the second state so that a liquid dispensed from the collection tube during the second state flows through the waste channel. 9. The fraction collector of claim 1 wherein the collection tube is configured for movement to a location for dispensing liquid to a collection vessel. 10. The fraction collector of claim 1 wherein the wash solvent source is a wash syringe. 11. The fraction collector of claim 1 further comprising a processor in communication with the control port of the valve and the control port of the wash solvent source to provide thereto the valve control signal and the wash control signal, respectively. 12. A method of fraction collection for a liquid chromatography system, the method comprising:
diverting a liquid chromatography system flow from a waste channel to a collection tube at a start of a fraction collection window; collecting the liquid chromatography system flow dispensed from the collection tube during the fraction collection window in a collection vessel; diverting the liquid chromatography system flow to the waste channel at an end of the fraction collection window; and providing a flow of a wash solvent to the collection tube to dispense at least a portion of a liquid remaining in the collection tube at the end of the fraction window from the collection tube. 13. The method of claim 12 further comprising collecting the liquid dispensed from the collection tube in a collection vessel during the flow of the wash solvent. 14. The method of claim 12 wherein the volume of the flow provided to the collection tube is substantially equal to a volume of the liquid remaining in the collection tube at the end of the fraction window. 15. The method of claim 12 further comprising conducting the liquid dispensed from the collection tube during the flow of the wash solvent through a waste channel. 16. The method of claim 12 wherein the volume of the flow provided to the collection tube is greater than the volume of the liquid remaining in the collection tube at the end of the fraction window. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the volume of the flow provided to the collection tube is at least twice the volume of the liquid remaining in the collection tube at the end of the fraction window. 18. The method of claim 12 wherein a flow rate of the wash solvent provided to the collection tube is greater than a flow rate of the liquid chromatography system flow. | Described are a fraction collector and a method of fraction collection for a liquid chromatography system. The method includes diverting a liquid chromatography system flow from a waste channel to a collection tube at a start of a fraction collection window and collecting the system flow dispensed from the collection tube during the fraction collection window. At the end of the window, the system flow is diverted to the waste channel and a flow of a wash solvent is provided to the collection tube to dispense liquid remaining in the collection tube at the end of the window from the collection tube. The method can increase the amount of the collected fraction and can reduce or eliminate cross-contamination of a subsequently collected fraction. The method is useful for analytical scale applications where the collected fractions may have volumes defined by a limited number of drops dispensed from the collection tube.1. A fraction collector for a liquid chromatography system, the fraction collector comprising:
a valve having a first port to receive a liquid chromatography system flow, a second port in fluidic communication with a waste channel, a third port and a fourth port, the valve having a first state in which the first port is in fluidic communication with the third port and the second port is in fluidic communication with the fourth port, the valve having a second state in which the first port is in fluidic communication with the second port and the third port is in fluidic communication with the fourth port, the valve having a control port to receive a valve control signal to control the valve to be in one of the first or second states; a wash solvent source in fluidic communication with the fourth port and configured to provide a flow of a wash solvent, the wash solvent source having a control port to receive a wash control signal to control the flow of the wash solvent; and a collection tube in fluidic communication with the third port to receive the liquid chromatography system flow when the valve is in the first state and to receive the flow of wash solvent from the wash solvent source when the valve is in the second state. 2. The fraction collector of claim 1 wherein the wash solvent source provides a predetermined volume of the wash solvent through the valve to the collection tube when the valve is in the second state. 3. The fraction collector of claim 2 wherein the predetermined volume is greater than a volume capacity of the collection tube. 4. The fraction collector of claim 1 wherein the collection tube includes a needle tip at an end that is opposite to the valve. 5. The fraction collector of claim 1 wherein the wash solvent source provides the wash solvent at a flow rate that is greater than a flow rate of the liquid chromatography system flow. 6. The fraction collector of claim 1 further comprising a collection vessel to receive a liquid dispensed from the collection tube when the valve is in the first state. 7. The fraction collector of claim 6 wherein the collection vessel receives a liquid dispensed from the collection tube when the valve is in the second state. 8. The fraction collector of claim 6 wherein the collection vessel is in communication with a waste channel when the valve is in the second state so that a liquid dispensed from the collection tube during the second state flows through the waste channel. 9. The fraction collector of claim 1 wherein the collection tube is configured for movement to a location for dispensing liquid to a collection vessel. 10. The fraction collector of claim 1 wherein the wash solvent source is a wash syringe. 11. The fraction collector of claim 1 further comprising a processor in communication with the control port of the valve and the control port of the wash solvent source to provide thereto the valve control signal and the wash control signal, respectively. 12. A method of fraction collection for a liquid chromatography system, the method comprising:
diverting a liquid chromatography system flow from a waste channel to a collection tube at a start of a fraction collection window; collecting the liquid chromatography system flow dispensed from the collection tube during the fraction collection window in a collection vessel; diverting the liquid chromatography system flow to the waste channel at an end of the fraction collection window; and providing a flow of a wash solvent to the collection tube to dispense at least a portion of a liquid remaining in the collection tube at the end of the fraction window from the collection tube. 13. The method of claim 12 further comprising collecting the liquid dispensed from the collection tube in a collection vessel during the flow of the wash solvent. 14. The method of claim 12 wherein the volume of the flow provided to the collection tube is substantially equal to a volume of the liquid remaining in the collection tube at the end of the fraction window. 15. The method of claim 12 further comprising conducting the liquid dispensed from the collection tube during the flow of the wash solvent through a waste channel. 16. The method of claim 12 wherein the volume of the flow provided to the collection tube is greater than the volume of the liquid remaining in the collection tube at the end of the fraction window. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the volume of the flow provided to the collection tube is at least twice the volume of the liquid remaining in the collection tube at the end of the fraction window. 18. The method of claim 12 wherein a flow rate of the wash solvent provided to the collection tube is greater than a flow rate of the liquid chromatography system flow. | 1,700 |
4,129 | 14,917,107 | 1,712 | A method for forming an article from a thermoset resin containing particle filler of glass microspheres is provided and includes exposing the particle filler to plasma to increase activation sites on the particle filler; and crosslinking said particle filler to the thermoset set resin via the activation sites. The method provides an exemplary method for treating thermoset fillers to promote bonding to a thermoset matrix. The present invention further provides an apparatus for treating thermoset fillers to promote bonding to a thermoset matrix which includes a fluidized bed reactor; at. least one gas source; at least, one valve for isolating said one gas source: and at least one gas inlet in fluid communication with said at least one gas source for gas delivery to said a fluidized bed reactor. | 1. A process of forming an article from a thermoset resin containing fiber or particle filler comprising:
exposing the fiber or particle filler to plasma in a fluidized bed reactor to increase activation sites on the fiber or particle filler; and crosslinking the fiber or particle filler to the thermoset set resin via the activation sites. 2. The process of claim 1 wherein the fiber or particle filler are glass microspheres. 3. The process of claim 1 further comprising measuring the increase in activation sites by iodometry. 4. The process of claim 1 wherein the fiber or particle filler are hollow glass microspheres. 5. The process of claim 1 wherein the plasma is cold plasma, hot plasma or combinations thereof. 6. The process of claim 1 further comprising agitating the fiber or particle filler during the exposure to the plasma. 7. An apparatus for treating thermoset fillers to promote bonding to a thermoset matrix, the apparatus comprising:
a fluidized bed reactor; at least one gas source; at least one valve for isolating said one gas source; at least one gas inlet in fluid communication with said at least one gas source for gas delivery to said a fluidized bed reactor. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said fluidized bed reactor comprises a reactor vessel, a porous base, and filler particulate. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein said reactor vessel is constructed of glass or ceramic or combinations thereof. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein said reactor is constructed of quartz or borosilicate glass. 11. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the said at least one gas source is oxygen, nitrogen, air, argon, CVD precursor, combinations thereof, or gas mixtures containing the foregoing. 12. The apparatus of claim 7 further comprising a second gas source that is a different gas source from the said at least one gas source. 13. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein the said second gas source is a CVD precursor that reacts in the plasma to deposit a coating onto the filler particulate within the reactor. 14. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the reactor is oriented in a vertical orientation or horizontal orientation, or any orientation therebetween. 15. The apparatus of claim 7 further comprising a plasma generator. 16. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein the plasma generator comprises a magnetron powered by a direct current or alternating current power supply, or the plasma generator comprises radiofrequency inductive coupling inside a coil. 17. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein the radiofrequencies range from 5 kHz to 50 MHz. 18. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein the reactor further comprises an adjutator in the form of a stirrer or auger to promote uniform exposure of the particulate to the plasma. 19. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein said adjutator transits the reactor internally through the plasma generation zone or said adjutator is located outside the plasma generation zone and powered by a motor. 20. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein said reactor further comprises a pressure control pump, a pressure control valve, a pressure control trap, and a pressure gauge. | A method for forming an article from a thermoset resin containing particle filler of glass microspheres is provided and includes exposing the particle filler to plasma to increase activation sites on the particle filler; and crosslinking said particle filler to the thermoset set resin via the activation sites. The method provides an exemplary method for treating thermoset fillers to promote bonding to a thermoset matrix. The present invention further provides an apparatus for treating thermoset fillers to promote bonding to a thermoset matrix which includes a fluidized bed reactor; at. least one gas source; at least, one valve for isolating said one gas source: and at least one gas inlet in fluid communication with said at least one gas source for gas delivery to said a fluidized bed reactor.1. A process of forming an article from a thermoset resin containing fiber or particle filler comprising:
exposing the fiber or particle filler to plasma in a fluidized bed reactor to increase activation sites on the fiber or particle filler; and crosslinking the fiber or particle filler to the thermoset set resin via the activation sites. 2. The process of claim 1 wherein the fiber or particle filler are glass microspheres. 3. The process of claim 1 further comprising measuring the increase in activation sites by iodometry. 4. The process of claim 1 wherein the fiber or particle filler are hollow glass microspheres. 5. The process of claim 1 wherein the plasma is cold plasma, hot plasma or combinations thereof. 6. The process of claim 1 further comprising agitating the fiber or particle filler during the exposure to the plasma. 7. An apparatus for treating thermoset fillers to promote bonding to a thermoset matrix, the apparatus comprising:
a fluidized bed reactor; at least one gas source; at least one valve for isolating said one gas source; at least one gas inlet in fluid communication with said at least one gas source for gas delivery to said a fluidized bed reactor. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said fluidized bed reactor comprises a reactor vessel, a porous base, and filler particulate. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein said reactor vessel is constructed of glass or ceramic or combinations thereof. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein said reactor is constructed of quartz or borosilicate glass. 11. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the said at least one gas source is oxygen, nitrogen, air, argon, CVD precursor, combinations thereof, or gas mixtures containing the foregoing. 12. The apparatus of claim 7 further comprising a second gas source that is a different gas source from the said at least one gas source. 13. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein the said second gas source is a CVD precursor that reacts in the plasma to deposit a coating onto the filler particulate within the reactor. 14. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the reactor is oriented in a vertical orientation or horizontal orientation, or any orientation therebetween. 15. The apparatus of claim 7 further comprising a plasma generator. 16. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein the plasma generator comprises a magnetron powered by a direct current or alternating current power supply, or the plasma generator comprises radiofrequency inductive coupling inside a coil. 17. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein the radiofrequencies range from 5 kHz to 50 MHz. 18. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein the reactor further comprises an adjutator in the form of a stirrer or auger to promote uniform exposure of the particulate to the plasma. 19. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein said adjutator transits the reactor internally through the plasma generation zone or said adjutator is located outside the plasma generation zone and powered by a motor. 20. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein said reactor further comprises a pressure control pump, a pressure control valve, a pressure control trap, and a pressure gauge. | 1,700 |
4,130 | 15,565,485 | 1,784 | According to one example, forming a deposition layer on a magnesium alloy substrate and forming a cured coating on the deposition layer, where the cured coating is cured by ultra-violet radiation, heat at a cure temperature in a range from 60° C. to 140° C., or combinations thereof. | 1. A method for preparing a substrate for an electronic device comprising:
forming a deposition layer on a magnesium alloy substrate; and forming a cured coating on the deposition layer, wherein the cured coating is cured by ultra-violet radiation, heat at a cure temperature in a range from 60° C. to 140° C., or combinations thereof. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the deposition layer on the magnesium alloy substrate comprises electroplating. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the deposition layer comprises aluminum, magnesium, lithium, zinc, chromium, nickel, titanium, niobium, stainless steel, copper, or alloys thereof. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the deposition layer on the magnesium alloy substrate includes forming the deposition layer to a thickness from about 3 μm to about 150 μm. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the cured coating comprises forming an ultra-violet radiation cured thermoset or an ultra-violet radiation cured thermoplastic. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the cured coating comprises forming a ceramic-polymer composite. 7. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a set of instructions for preparing a substrate for an electronic device executable by a processing resource to:
electroplate a deposition layer onto a magnesium alloy substrate; form a curable coating on the deposition layer; and cure the curable coating by ultra-violet radiation, heat at a cure temperature in a range from 60° C. to 140° C., or a combinations thereof. 8. The medium of claim 7, wherein the curable coating is cured to form a ceramic-polymer composite. 9. The medium of claim 8, further comprising instructions executable by a processing resource to form an ultra-violet radiation cured thermoset or an ultra-violet radiation cured thermoplastic on the ceramic-polymer composite. 10. The medium of claim 7, wherein the curable coating is cured to form an ultra-violet radiation cured thermoset or an ultra-violet radiation cured thermoplastic, and further comprising instructions executable by a processing resource to form a functional coating on the ultra-violet radiation cured thermoset or the ultra-violet radiation cured thermoplastic. 11. The medium of claim 10, wherein the functional coating is selected from the group consisting of an anti-finger print coating, an anti-bacterial coating, an anti-smudge coating, a protection coating, an insulation coating, and a soft touch coating. 12. A substrate for an electronic device comprising:
a cast magnesium alloy substrate including zinc and an element selected from the group consisting of aluminum and lithium,
wherein
a deposition layer is formed on the cast magnesium alloy substrate by electroplating; and
a cured coating is formed on the deposition layer, wherein the cured coating is cured by ultra-violet radiation, heat at a cure temperature in a range from 60° C. to 140° C., or combinations thereof. 13. The substrate of claim 12, wherein the cured coating is an ultra-violet radiation cured thermoset having constitutional units selected from the group consisting of polyols, polycarboxylic acids, polyamines, polyamides, acetates, and combinations thereof. 14. The substrate of claim 12, wherein the cured coating is an ultra-violet radiation cured thermoplastic selected from the group consisting of cyclic olefin copolymers, polymethylmethacrylate, polycarbonate, polyethylene, polypropylene, urethane acrylates, polystyrene, polyetheretherketone, polyesters, polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, nylon, polysulfone, parylene, fluoropolymers and combinations thereof. 15. The substrate of claim 12, wherein the cured coating is a ceramic-polymer composite. | According to one example, forming a deposition layer on a magnesium alloy substrate and forming a cured coating on the deposition layer, where the cured coating is cured by ultra-violet radiation, heat at a cure temperature in a range from 60° C. to 140° C., or combinations thereof.1. A method for preparing a substrate for an electronic device comprising:
forming a deposition layer on a magnesium alloy substrate; and forming a cured coating on the deposition layer, wherein the cured coating is cured by ultra-violet radiation, heat at a cure temperature in a range from 60° C. to 140° C., or combinations thereof. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the deposition layer on the magnesium alloy substrate comprises electroplating. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the deposition layer comprises aluminum, magnesium, lithium, zinc, chromium, nickel, titanium, niobium, stainless steel, copper, or alloys thereof. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the deposition layer on the magnesium alloy substrate includes forming the deposition layer to a thickness from about 3 μm to about 150 μm. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the cured coating comprises forming an ultra-violet radiation cured thermoset or an ultra-violet radiation cured thermoplastic. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the cured coating comprises forming a ceramic-polymer composite. 7. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a set of instructions for preparing a substrate for an electronic device executable by a processing resource to:
electroplate a deposition layer onto a magnesium alloy substrate; form a curable coating on the deposition layer; and cure the curable coating by ultra-violet radiation, heat at a cure temperature in a range from 60° C. to 140° C., or a combinations thereof. 8. The medium of claim 7, wherein the curable coating is cured to form a ceramic-polymer composite. 9. The medium of claim 8, further comprising instructions executable by a processing resource to form an ultra-violet radiation cured thermoset or an ultra-violet radiation cured thermoplastic on the ceramic-polymer composite. 10. The medium of claim 7, wherein the curable coating is cured to form an ultra-violet radiation cured thermoset or an ultra-violet radiation cured thermoplastic, and further comprising instructions executable by a processing resource to form a functional coating on the ultra-violet radiation cured thermoset or the ultra-violet radiation cured thermoplastic. 11. The medium of claim 10, wherein the functional coating is selected from the group consisting of an anti-finger print coating, an anti-bacterial coating, an anti-smudge coating, a protection coating, an insulation coating, and a soft touch coating. 12. A substrate for an electronic device comprising:
a cast magnesium alloy substrate including zinc and an element selected from the group consisting of aluminum and lithium,
wherein
a deposition layer is formed on the cast magnesium alloy substrate by electroplating; and
a cured coating is formed on the deposition layer, wherein the cured coating is cured by ultra-violet radiation, heat at a cure temperature in a range from 60° C. to 140° C., or combinations thereof. 13. The substrate of claim 12, wherein the cured coating is an ultra-violet radiation cured thermoset having constitutional units selected from the group consisting of polyols, polycarboxylic acids, polyamines, polyamides, acetates, and combinations thereof. 14. The substrate of claim 12, wherein the cured coating is an ultra-violet radiation cured thermoplastic selected from the group consisting of cyclic olefin copolymers, polymethylmethacrylate, polycarbonate, polyethylene, polypropylene, urethane acrylates, polystyrene, polyetheretherketone, polyesters, polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, nylon, polysulfone, parylene, fluoropolymers and combinations thereof. 15. The substrate of claim 12, wherein the cured coating is a ceramic-polymer composite. | 1,700 |
4,131 | 15,775,447 | 1,784 | Brazing sheet having a core layer made of a first aluminium alloy, attached to one side of said core layer a sacrificial cladding made of a second aluminium alloy, and attached to the other side of said core layer a braze cladding made of a third aluminium alloy. The first aluminium alloy consists of: Si 0.2-1.0 wt %; Fe 0.15-0.9 wt %; Cu 0.2-0.9 wt %; Mn 1.0-1.6 wt %; Mg ≤0.3 wt %; Cr 0.05-0.15 wt %; Zr 0.05-0.25 wt %; Ti 0.05-0.25 wt %; other elements ≤0.05 wt % each and ≤0.2 wt % total; Al balance up to 100 wt %; the second aluminium alloy consists of: Si 0.45-1.0 wt %; Fe ≤0.4 wt %; Cu ≤0.05 wt %; Mn 1.2-1.8 wt %; Ti ≤0.10 wt %, Zn 1.3-5.5 wt %; Zr 0.05-0.20 wt %; other elements ≤0.05 wt % each and ≤0.2 wt % total; Al balance up to 100 wt %. Third aluminium alloy has a melting point lower than said first and second aluminium alloys. | 1. A brazing sheet comprising a core layer made of a first aluminium alloy, attached to one side of said core layer a sacrificial cladding made of a second aluminium alloy, attached to the other side of said core layer a braze cladding made of a third aluminium alloy,
wherein said first aluminium alloy consists of:
Si
0.2-1.0
wt %
Fe
0.15-1.0
wt %
Cu
0.2-0.9
wt %
Mn
1.0-1.6
wt %
Mg
≤0.3
wt %
Cr
0.05-0.15
wt %
Zr
0.05-0.25
wt %
Ti
0.05-0.25
wt %
Other elements
≤0.05 wt % each and ≤0.2 wt % in total
Al
balance up to 100 wt %;
said second aluminium alloy consists of:
Si
0.45-1.0
wt %
Fe
≤0.4
wt %
Cu
≤0.05
wt %
Mn
1.2-1.8
wt %
Ti
≤0.10
wt %
Zn
1.3-5.5
wt %
Zr
0.05-0.20
wt %
Other elements
≤0.05 wt % each and ≤0.2 wt % in total
Al
balance up to 100 wt %;
and,
said third aluminium alloy has a melting point lower than said first and second aluminium alloys. 2. Brazing sheet as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second alloy comprises 2.0-3.0 wt % of Zn. 3. Brazing sheet as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first alloy comprises >0.20 wt % of Si. 4. Brazing sheet as claimed in claim 3, wherein the first alloy comprises 0.30-1.0 wt % of Si. 5. Brazing sheet as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first alloy comprises >0.2-0.7 wt % of Fe. 6. Brazing sheet as claimed in claim 1, wherein, after brazing, the core, the residual braze cladding, or both, contains intermetallic particles comprising Al, Fe, Mn, Cu and Cr. 7. Brazing sheet as claimed in claim 1, wherein the third alloy is an aluminium alloy comprising 4-15 wt % of Si. 8. Brazing sheet as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thickness of the brazing sheet is from 0.15 to 0.25 mm. 9. Brazing sheet as claimed in claim 8, wherein the thickness of the brazing sheet is from 0.18 to 0.22 mm. 10. Brazing sheet as claimed in claim 1, wherein the contents of Si and Mn in the first alloy are set so no sacrificial brown band is formed at brazing. 11. Brazing sheet as claimed in claim 1, wherein the brazing sheet is a three layer material with no further layers in addition to the core, the sacrificial cladding and the braze cladding. 12. Brazing sheet as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thickness of the sacrificial cladding constitutes from 3 to 20% of the total thickness of the brazing sheet. 13. A process for the production of a brazing sheet according to claim 1, comprising the steps of:
providing a core ingot of a first alloy as defined in claim 1; cladding the core ingot on one side with a second alloy as defined in claim 1; cladding the core ingot on the other side with a third alloy as defined in claim 1; preheating the cladded ingot at a temperature from 400 to 575° C. during 1 to 25 hours; hot rolling the preheated cladded ingot to obtain a sheet; and, cold rolling the sheet obtained at the hot rolling to the final thickness. 14. Use of a brazing sheet according to claim 1 in the production of a brazed heat exchanger. 15. A brazed heat exchanger made by forming tubes from a brazing sheet according to claim 1, assembling said tubes with fins and other parts of the heat exchanger followed by brazing. | Brazing sheet having a core layer made of a first aluminium alloy, attached to one side of said core layer a sacrificial cladding made of a second aluminium alloy, and attached to the other side of said core layer a braze cladding made of a third aluminium alloy. The first aluminium alloy consists of: Si 0.2-1.0 wt %; Fe 0.15-0.9 wt %; Cu 0.2-0.9 wt %; Mn 1.0-1.6 wt %; Mg ≤0.3 wt %; Cr 0.05-0.15 wt %; Zr 0.05-0.25 wt %; Ti 0.05-0.25 wt %; other elements ≤0.05 wt % each and ≤0.2 wt % total; Al balance up to 100 wt %; the second aluminium alloy consists of: Si 0.45-1.0 wt %; Fe ≤0.4 wt %; Cu ≤0.05 wt %; Mn 1.2-1.8 wt %; Ti ≤0.10 wt %, Zn 1.3-5.5 wt %; Zr 0.05-0.20 wt %; other elements ≤0.05 wt % each and ≤0.2 wt % total; Al balance up to 100 wt %. Third aluminium alloy has a melting point lower than said first and second aluminium alloys.1. A brazing sheet comprising a core layer made of a first aluminium alloy, attached to one side of said core layer a sacrificial cladding made of a second aluminium alloy, attached to the other side of said core layer a braze cladding made of a third aluminium alloy,
wherein said first aluminium alloy consists of:
Si
0.2-1.0
wt %
Fe
0.15-1.0
wt %
Cu
0.2-0.9
wt %
Mn
1.0-1.6
wt %
Mg
≤0.3
wt %
Cr
0.05-0.15
wt %
Zr
0.05-0.25
wt %
Ti
0.05-0.25
wt %
Other elements
≤0.05 wt % each and ≤0.2 wt % in total
Al
balance up to 100 wt %;
said second aluminium alloy consists of:
Si
0.45-1.0
wt %
Fe
≤0.4
wt %
Cu
≤0.05
wt %
Mn
1.2-1.8
wt %
Ti
≤0.10
wt %
Zn
1.3-5.5
wt %
Zr
0.05-0.20
wt %
Other elements
≤0.05 wt % each and ≤0.2 wt % in total
Al
balance up to 100 wt %;
and,
said third aluminium alloy has a melting point lower than said first and second aluminium alloys. 2. Brazing sheet as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second alloy comprises 2.0-3.0 wt % of Zn. 3. Brazing sheet as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first alloy comprises >0.20 wt % of Si. 4. Brazing sheet as claimed in claim 3, wherein the first alloy comprises 0.30-1.0 wt % of Si. 5. Brazing sheet as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first alloy comprises >0.2-0.7 wt % of Fe. 6. Brazing sheet as claimed in claim 1, wherein, after brazing, the core, the residual braze cladding, or both, contains intermetallic particles comprising Al, Fe, Mn, Cu and Cr. 7. Brazing sheet as claimed in claim 1, wherein the third alloy is an aluminium alloy comprising 4-15 wt % of Si. 8. Brazing sheet as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thickness of the brazing sheet is from 0.15 to 0.25 mm. 9. Brazing sheet as claimed in claim 8, wherein the thickness of the brazing sheet is from 0.18 to 0.22 mm. 10. Brazing sheet as claimed in claim 1, wherein the contents of Si and Mn in the first alloy are set so no sacrificial brown band is formed at brazing. 11. Brazing sheet as claimed in claim 1, wherein the brazing sheet is a three layer material with no further layers in addition to the core, the sacrificial cladding and the braze cladding. 12. Brazing sheet as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thickness of the sacrificial cladding constitutes from 3 to 20% of the total thickness of the brazing sheet. 13. A process for the production of a brazing sheet according to claim 1, comprising the steps of:
providing a core ingot of a first alloy as defined in claim 1; cladding the core ingot on one side with a second alloy as defined in claim 1; cladding the core ingot on the other side with a third alloy as defined in claim 1; preheating the cladded ingot at a temperature from 400 to 575° C. during 1 to 25 hours; hot rolling the preheated cladded ingot to obtain a sheet; and, cold rolling the sheet obtained at the hot rolling to the final thickness. 14. Use of a brazing sheet according to claim 1 in the production of a brazed heat exchanger. 15. A brazed heat exchanger made by forming tubes from a brazing sheet according to claim 1, assembling said tubes with fins and other parts of the heat exchanger followed by brazing. | 1,700 |
4,132 | 15,429,583 | 1,779 | This disclosure relates to medical fluid sensors and related systems and methods. In certain aspects, a method includes reading an indicia of a medical fluid cartridge to determine a volume of a fluid passageway of the medical fluid cartridge indicated by the indicia, receiving radio frequency energy generated by excited atoms in medical fluid in the fluid passageway of the medical fluid cartridge, and determining a concentration of a substance in the medical fluid based on the determined volume of the fluid passageway of the medical fluid cartridge indicated by the indicia and the received radio frequency energy generated by the excited atoms in the medical fluid in the fluid passageway of the medical fluid cartridge. | 1. A method comprising:
measuring a quantity of a first substance in a reference fluid in a reference fluid cartridge; measuring a quantity of a second substance in the reference fluid in the reference fluid cartridge; measuring a quantity of the first substance in a medical fluid in a medical fluid cartridge; measuring a quantity of the second substance in the medical fluid in the medical fluid cartridge; and determining a concentration of the second substance in the medical fluid based on the measured quantities of the first and second substances in the reference fluid and the medical fluid. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein concentrations of the first and second substances in the reference fluid are known. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein a concentration of the first substance in the medical fluid is known. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein measuring the quantities of the first and second substances in the reference fluid comprises receiving radio frequency energy generated by excited atoms in the reference fluid in the reference fluid cartridge, and measuring the quantities of the first and second substances in the medical fluid comprises receiving radio frequency energy generated by excited atoms in the medical fluid in the medical fluid cartridge. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising exciting the atoms in the reference fluid by applying radio frequency energy to the reference fluid in the reference fluid cartridge, and exciting the atoms in the medical fluid by applying radio frequency energy to the medical fluid in the medical fluid cartridge. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the radio frequency energy generated by the excited atoms in the reference fluid in the reference fluid cartridge is received by a radio frequency device surrounding a portion of the reference fluid cartridge, and the radio frequency energy generated by the excited atoms in the medical fluid in the medical fluid cartridge is received by a radio frequency device surrounding a portion of the medical fluid cartridge. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein a single radio frequency device receives the radio frequency energy generated by the excited atoms in the reference fluid in the reference fluid cartridge and the radio frequency energy generated by the excited atoms in the medical fluid in the medical fluid cartridge. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the single radio frequency device is a radio frequency coil. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the radio frequency coil is operated at a first frequency to measure the quantities of the first substance in the reference fluid and the medical fluid and is operated at a second frequency to measure the quantities of the second substance in the reference fluid and the medical fluid. 10. The method of claim 6, further comprising exciting the atoms in the reference fluid by applying radio frequency energy to the reference fluid in the reference fluid cartridge by activating the radio frequency device that receives the radio frequency energy generated by the excited atoms in the reference fluid in the reference fluid cartridge, and exciting the atoms in the medical fluid by applying radio frequency energy to the medical fluid in the medical fluid cartridge by activating the radio frequency device that receives the radio frequency energy generated by the excited atoms in the medical fluid in the medical fluid cartridge. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein a single radio frequency device receives the radio frequency energy generated by the excited atoms in the reference fluid in the reference fluid cartridge and the medical fluid in the medical fluid cartridge and applies the radio frequency energy to the reference fluid in the reference fluid cartridge and the medical fluid in the medical fluid cartridge. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the single radio frequency device is a radio frequency coil. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the radio frequency coil is operated at a first frequency to measure the quantities of the first substance in the reference fluid and the medical fluid and is operated at a second frequency to measure the quantities of the second substance in the reference fluid and the medical fluid. 14. The method of claim 4, wherein the radio frequency energy generated by the excited atoms in the reference fluid in the reference fluid cartridge and the radio frequency energy generated by the excited atoms in the medical fluid in the medical fluid cartridge is received by a sensor assembly. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein prior to determining the concentration of the second substance in the medical fluid, the sensor assembly is used to determine a concentration of one of the first and second substances in the reference fluid in the reference fluid cartridge and the sensor assembly is calibrated based on the determined concentration of the one of the first and second substances in the reference fluid in the reference fluid cartridge. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein calibrating the sensor assembly comprises comparing the concentration of the one of the first and second substances in the reference fluid in the reference fluid cartridge as determined by the sensor assembly to a known concentration of the one of the first and second substances in the reference fluid in the reference fluid cartridge. 17. The method of claim 1, further comprising adjusting the concentration of the second substance in the medical fluid if the determined concentration of the second substance in the medical fluid falls outside of a desired range. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the first substance is hydrogen and the second substance is sodium. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the medical fluid is dialysis fluid. | This disclosure relates to medical fluid sensors and related systems and methods. In certain aspects, a method includes reading an indicia of a medical fluid cartridge to determine a volume of a fluid passageway of the medical fluid cartridge indicated by the indicia, receiving radio frequency energy generated by excited atoms in medical fluid in the fluid passageway of the medical fluid cartridge, and determining a concentration of a substance in the medical fluid based on the determined volume of the fluid passageway of the medical fluid cartridge indicated by the indicia and the received radio frequency energy generated by the excited atoms in the medical fluid in the fluid passageway of the medical fluid cartridge.1. A method comprising:
measuring a quantity of a first substance in a reference fluid in a reference fluid cartridge; measuring a quantity of a second substance in the reference fluid in the reference fluid cartridge; measuring a quantity of the first substance in a medical fluid in a medical fluid cartridge; measuring a quantity of the second substance in the medical fluid in the medical fluid cartridge; and determining a concentration of the second substance in the medical fluid based on the measured quantities of the first and second substances in the reference fluid and the medical fluid. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein concentrations of the first and second substances in the reference fluid are known. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein a concentration of the first substance in the medical fluid is known. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein measuring the quantities of the first and second substances in the reference fluid comprises receiving radio frequency energy generated by excited atoms in the reference fluid in the reference fluid cartridge, and measuring the quantities of the first and second substances in the medical fluid comprises receiving radio frequency energy generated by excited atoms in the medical fluid in the medical fluid cartridge. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising exciting the atoms in the reference fluid by applying radio frequency energy to the reference fluid in the reference fluid cartridge, and exciting the atoms in the medical fluid by applying radio frequency energy to the medical fluid in the medical fluid cartridge. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the radio frequency energy generated by the excited atoms in the reference fluid in the reference fluid cartridge is received by a radio frequency device surrounding a portion of the reference fluid cartridge, and the radio frequency energy generated by the excited atoms in the medical fluid in the medical fluid cartridge is received by a radio frequency device surrounding a portion of the medical fluid cartridge. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein a single radio frequency device receives the radio frequency energy generated by the excited atoms in the reference fluid in the reference fluid cartridge and the radio frequency energy generated by the excited atoms in the medical fluid in the medical fluid cartridge. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the single radio frequency device is a radio frequency coil. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the radio frequency coil is operated at a first frequency to measure the quantities of the first substance in the reference fluid and the medical fluid and is operated at a second frequency to measure the quantities of the second substance in the reference fluid and the medical fluid. 10. The method of claim 6, further comprising exciting the atoms in the reference fluid by applying radio frequency energy to the reference fluid in the reference fluid cartridge by activating the radio frequency device that receives the radio frequency energy generated by the excited atoms in the reference fluid in the reference fluid cartridge, and exciting the atoms in the medical fluid by applying radio frequency energy to the medical fluid in the medical fluid cartridge by activating the radio frequency device that receives the radio frequency energy generated by the excited atoms in the medical fluid in the medical fluid cartridge. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein a single radio frequency device receives the radio frequency energy generated by the excited atoms in the reference fluid in the reference fluid cartridge and the medical fluid in the medical fluid cartridge and applies the radio frequency energy to the reference fluid in the reference fluid cartridge and the medical fluid in the medical fluid cartridge. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the single radio frequency device is a radio frequency coil. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the radio frequency coil is operated at a first frequency to measure the quantities of the first substance in the reference fluid and the medical fluid and is operated at a second frequency to measure the quantities of the second substance in the reference fluid and the medical fluid. 14. The method of claim 4, wherein the radio frequency energy generated by the excited atoms in the reference fluid in the reference fluid cartridge and the radio frequency energy generated by the excited atoms in the medical fluid in the medical fluid cartridge is received by a sensor assembly. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein prior to determining the concentration of the second substance in the medical fluid, the sensor assembly is used to determine a concentration of one of the first and second substances in the reference fluid in the reference fluid cartridge and the sensor assembly is calibrated based on the determined concentration of the one of the first and second substances in the reference fluid in the reference fluid cartridge. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein calibrating the sensor assembly comprises comparing the concentration of the one of the first and second substances in the reference fluid in the reference fluid cartridge as determined by the sensor assembly to a known concentration of the one of the first and second substances in the reference fluid in the reference fluid cartridge. 17. The method of claim 1, further comprising adjusting the concentration of the second substance in the medical fluid if the determined concentration of the second substance in the medical fluid falls outside of a desired range. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the first substance is hydrogen and the second substance is sodium. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the medical fluid is dialysis fluid. | 1,700 |
4,133 | 14,837,453 | 1,712 | An automated paint application system for automatically, safely and efficiently reproducing a high resolution image on an area of a surface located in an uncontrolled environment and a related method for reproducing a high resolution image on a surface in an uncontrolled environment are disclosed. The automated paint application system features a robotic painting machine which uses a vectorized format of the image to generate a plurality of paint paths which an applicator nozzle of the robotic painting machine follows about the surface in order to form the image. The robotic painting machine includes a plurality of paint conduits each connected by a valve to at least one applicator nozzle and usable for respectively transferring a different coloured paint in a manner such that the valves are controllable to dispense one of the different coloured paints or to form a combination colour thereof. | 1. A method for reproducing a high resolution image on an area of a surface in an uncontrolled environment through application of paint on said surface comprising:
providing the image in a format which is storable on a computing device having memory, the image having one or more constituent hues each including at least one shade and at least one level of saturation; providing an automated paint application system for applying the paint to the surface, the automated paint application system including:
a robotic painting machine comprising a base and a paint applicator supported thereon in a manner so as to be movable relative to the base;
the paint applicator carrying at least one applicator nozzle for spraying the paint onto the surface in a spraying mode of said at least one applicator nozzle;
a control system actively directing one of said at least one applicator nozzle that is in the spraying mode about the surface in the uncontrolled environment;
preparing the image for reproduction on the surface including:
processing the image into a vectorized format usable by the automated paint application system;
generating one or more paint paths which collectively form the image with the vectorized format thereof, each paint path having one of said constituent hues of the image and a respective spatial path about the surface and being usable by the control system of the automated paint application system in a manner so as to be traceable on the surface in continuous motion of the paint applicator;
applying the paint onto the surface using the automated paint application system by following said one or more paint paths so as to form the image. 2. (canceled) 3. The method according to claim 1 wherein the step of preparing the image comprises a step of dividing the image into a plurality of image sections on the area of the surface on which the image is to be applied. 4. (canceled) 5. The method according to claim 3 wherein the image sections are sized such that movement of the robotic painting machine from a first position thereof at one of the image sections to a second position of the robotic painting machine located at another one of the image sections adjacent thereto is minimized. 6. The method according to claim 3 wherein the step of applying the paint comprises reproducing each image section one by one. 7. The method according to claim 6 wherein the step of preparing the image comprises a step of processing the image into a plurality of image layers each of which is defined by one of the constituent hues of the image such that at least one paint path forms one of the image layers and the step of applying the paint comprises applying the image layers at one of the image sections prior to reproducing another one of the image sections. 8. The method according to claim 1 wherein the step of preparing the image comprises a step of processing the image into a plurality of image layers each of which is defined by one of the constituent hues of the image such that at least one paint path forms one of the image layers and the step of applying the paint comprises applying each image layer one by one. 9. The method according to claim 1 wherein the step of preparing the image further comprises a step of processing the image into a plurality of image layers each of which is defined by one of the constituent hues of the image such that at least one paint path forms one of the image layers and the step of processing the image into the plurality of image layers includes mapping said at least one shade within each image layer. 10. The method according to claim 1 wherein the step of applying the paint comprises a step of balancing an actual magnitude of velocity of the continuous motion of the paint applicator about the surface and an actual pressure of the one of said at least one applicator nozzle in the spraying mode for maintaining a consistent density of the paint which is applied based on a ratio of a pre-specified magnitude of the velocity of the motion of the paint applicator about the surface and a reference pressure of said applicator nozzle in the spraying mode for said pre-specified magnitude of the velocity. 11. The method according to claim 10 wherein the step of balancing the actual magnitude of the velocity of the motion of the paint applicator and the actual pressure of said applicator nozzle in the spraying mode comprises determining the actual magnitude of the velocity of the motion about the surface and adjusting the pressure of said applicator nozzle in the spraying mode to maintain the ratio of the pre-specified magnitude of the velocity of the motion and the reference pressure of said applicator nozzle. 12. The method according to claim 1 wherein the step of applying the paint comprises a step of adjusting a pressure of the one of said at least one applicator nozzle in the spraying mode to produce the respective shade of the respective constituent hue while said applicator nozzle in the spraying mode is maintained at a pre-specified distance from the surface. 13. The method according to claim 12 wherein the step of adjusting the pressure of said applicator nozzle in the spraying mode to produce the respective shade comprises changing said pressure of said applicator nozzle in the spraying mode from a reference pressure thereof which is based on a pre-specified magnitude of velocity of the continuous motion of the paint applicator about the surface for maintaining a prescribed density of the paint which is applied. 14. (canceled) 15. (canceled) 16. (canceled) 17. The method according to claim 1 comprising a step of scanning the surface in first and second dimensions collectively defining a plane which is substantially parallel to the surface and in a third dimension normal to the surface using distance sensors disposed on the robotic painting machine to detect surface features as the robotic painting machine is displaced about the surface in said plane so as to provide a map of the surface features in the first, second, and third dimensions. 18. (canceled) 19. (canceled) 20. The method according to claim 1 wherein the step of applying the paint comprises a step of managing the motion of the paint applicator relative to the surface so as to avoid collision therewith by using distance sensors which are disposed on the robotic painting machine during movement of the robotic painting machine about the surface to detect surface features which protrude towards the one of said at least one applicator nozzle in the spraying mode in a manner so as to be within a pre-specified distance at which the applicator nozzle is to be maintained from the surface and to initiate preventative action to avoid the collision. 21. The method according to claim 20 wherein the preventative action includes retracting said applicator nozzle in the spraying mode away from the surface and maneuvering the paint applicator about the protruding surface feature so as to paint over said surface feature thereby modifying at least one of the paint paths. 22. The method according to claim 20 wherein the preventative action includes retracting said applicator nozzle in the spraying mode away from the surface and moving the paint applicator past the protruding surface feature so as to omit said surface feature from painting thereover. 23. (canceled) 24. (canceled) 25. The method according to claim 1 wherein said at least one applicator nozzle forms a nozzle assembly which includes an applicator pump and a paint reservoir for containing paint in proximity to said at least one applicator nozzle that are located at an inlet side thereof and there is provided a step of purging the nozzle assembly so as to remove paint residue therefrom prior to using said applicator nozzle for application of paint forming a respective one of the constituent hues different than a previous one of the constituent hues which was applied by said applicator nozzle. 26. The method according to claim 1 wherein said at least one applicator nozzle comprises two applicator nozzles one of which is in the spraying mode in order to actively perform the step of applying the paint onto the surface and another one of which is in an idle mode and there is provided a step of queuing said another one of the two applicator nozzles in the idle mode for application of paint forming another one of the constituent hues of the image different from a current one of the constituent hues being applied that is performed in parallel with the step of applying the paint onto the surface. 27. (canceled) 28. The method according to claim 26 wherein the step of queuing said applicator nozzle in the idle mode comprises a step of transferring said another one of the constituent hues of the image which is different from the current one of the constituent hues being applied into the nozzle assembly having said applicator nozzle which is in the idle mode such that said applicator nozzle in the idle mode is readied for operating in the spraying mode. 29. The method according to claim 1 wherein the step of applying the paint comprises a step of regulating an actual pressure of the one of said at least one applicator nozzle in the spraying mode within a predetermined pressure range which is with respect to a reference pressure of said applicator nozzle in the spraying mode for maintaining a consistent density of the paint which is applied. 30. The method according to claim 29 wherein the robotic painting machine includes an applicator pump which generates pressure at the one of said at least one applicator nozzles in the spraying mode and the step of regulating the actual pressure of said applicator nozzle in the spraying mode comprises adjusting an output pressure of the applicator pump based on the actual pressure determined at said applicator nozzle. 31. A robotic painting machine for reproducing a high resolution image on an area of a surface in an uncontrolled environment through application of paint on said surface comprising:
a base which is elongate in a longitudinal axis along the surface; an upstanding support boom carried on the base so as to be movable along the longitudinal axis of the base; a paint applicator supported on the upstanding support boom in a manner so as to be movable across a height axis of the support boom which is transverse to the longitudinal axis of the base; the paint applicator including at least one applicator nozzle for spraying the paint onto the surface in a spraying mode of said at least one applicator nozzle that is carried on a painting arm; the painting arm being movably supported on the support boom so as to be movable in a depth axis which is transverse to the height axis of the support boom and to the longitudinal axis of the base; a paint delivery system operatively connected to said at least one applicator nozzle for transferring the paint thereto; a drive system operatively coupled to each one of the upstanding support boom, the paint applicator, and the painting arm for driving movement thereof; and a control system directing motion of one of said at least one applicator nozzle in the spraying mode about the surface in the uncontrolled environment. 32. The robotic painting machine according to claim 31 wherein said at least one applicator nozzle is pivotally supported on the painting arm so as to be movable about an upstanding axis which is transverse to the depth axis and parallel to the height axis of the support boom for aiming said at least one applicator nozzle substantially normal to the surface. 33. (canceled) 34. (canceled) 35. The robotic painting machine according to claim 31 comprising a plurality of distance sensors disposed at strategic locations at or adjacent a distal end of the painting arm so as to be near said at least one applicator nozzle for detecting obstacles in a path of motion of the one of said at least one applicator nozzle in the spraying mode, said strategic locations including first and second locations facing in each direction along the longitudinal axis of the base, third and fourth locations facing in each direction along the height axis of the support boom, and a fifth location facing in a first direction of the depth axis that is arranged to face the surface. 36. The robotic painting machine according to claim 31 wherein said at least one applicator nozzle forms a nozzle assembly which includes an applicator pump and a paint reservoir for containing paint in proximity to the respective applicator nozzle that are located at an inlet side of the respective applicator nozzle and there is provided a purging assembly operatively coupled to the nozzle assembly and arranged for transferring a purging fluid through the nozzle assembly so as to remove paint residue therefrom. 37. The robotic painting machine according to claim 36 wherein the purging assembly comprises a purging pump and a purging reservoir for containing unused purging fluid that are connected to a nozzle outlet side of the applicator pump in order to cooperate with the nozzle assembly so as to transfer the purging fluid therethrough in a reverse direction with respect to a conventional direction of paint flow through the nozzle assembly. 38. The robotic painting machine according to claim 31 wherein said at least one applicator nozzle comprises two applicator nozzles each forming a nozzle assembly which includes an applicator pump and a paint reservoir for containing paint in proximity to the respective applicator nozzle that are located at an inlet side of the respective applicator nozzle such that the nozzle assemblies are usable independently of one another in a manner such that the respective nozzle assembly having one of the applicator nozzles in an idle mode is operable while said one of the applicator nozzles in the spraying mode is actively spraying the paint. 39. (canceled) 40. An automated paint application system for application of paint to an upright structure in a manner so as to form an image on the upright structure that has different colours comprising:
at least one track; a fastening arrangement for removably securing said at least one track in fixed position extending along said upright structure; an applicator mount movably secured to said at least one track so as to be movable relative to said upright structure; a paint applicator for applying the paint to the upright structure that is secured to said applicator mount so as to be movable relative thereto for movement relative to the upright structure, the paint applicator including:
an applicator nozzle;
a plurality of paint conduits each connected by a valve to the applicator nozzle that are usable for respectively transferring a different coloured paint;
and a controller operable to selectively control the valves of the respective paint conduits for dispensing the paint that is transferred by the respective paint conduit;
said controller being operable in a first mode such that one of the different coloured paints is selectable and in a second mode such that a combination colour is formed including in combination two or more of the paints from the paint conduits. 41. The automated paint application system of claim 40 wherein the plurality of paint conduits converge to a single conduit which terminates at the applicator nozzle. | An automated paint application system for automatically, safely and efficiently reproducing a high resolution image on an area of a surface located in an uncontrolled environment and a related method for reproducing a high resolution image on a surface in an uncontrolled environment are disclosed. The automated paint application system features a robotic painting machine which uses a vectorized format of the image to generate a plurality of paint paths which an applicator nozzle of the robotic painting machine follows about the surface in order to form the image. The robotic painting machine includes a plurality of paint conduits each connected by a valve to at least one applicator nozzle and usable for respectively transferring a different coloured paint in a manner such that the valves are controllable to dispense one of the different coloured paints or to form a combination colour thereof.1. A method for reproducing a high resolution image on an area of a surface in an uncontrolled environment through application of paint on said surface comprising:
providing the image in a format which is storable on a computing device having memory, the image having one or more constituent hues each including at least one shade and at least one level of saturation; providing an automated paint application system for applying the paint to the surface, the automated paint application system including:
a robotic painting machine comprising a base and a paint applicator supported thereon in a manner so as to be movable relative to the base;
the paint applicator carrying at least one applicator nozzle for spraying the paint onto the surface in a spraying mode of said at least one applicator nozzle;
a control system actively directing one of said at least one applicator nozzle that is in the spraying mode about the surface in the uncontrolled environment;
preparing the image for reproduction on the surface including:
processing the image into a vectorized format usable by the automated paint application system;
generating one or more paint paths which collectively form the image with the vectorized format thereof, each paint path having one of said constituent hues of the image and a respective spatial path about the surface and being usable by the control system of the automated paint application system in a manner so as to be traceable on the surface in continuous motion of the paint applicator;
applying the paint onto the surface using the automated paint application system by following said one or more paint paths so as to form the image. 2. (canceled) 3. The method according to claim 1 wherein the step of preparing the image comprises a step of dividing the image into a plurality of image sections on the area of the surface on which the image is to be applied. 4. (canceled) 5. The method according to claim 3 wherein the image sections are sized such that movement of the robotic painting machine from a first position thereof at one of the image sections to a second position of the robotic painting machine located at another one of the image sections adjacent thereto is minimized. 6. The method according to claim 3 wherein the step of applying the paint comprises reproducing each image section one by one. 7. The method according to claim 6 wherein the step of preparing the image comprises a step of processing the image into a plurality of image layers each of which is defined by one of the constituent hues of the image such that at least one paint path forms one of the image layers and the step of applying the paint comprises applying the image layers at one of the image sections prior to reproducing another one of the image sections. 8. The method according to claim 1 wherein the step of preparing the image comprises a step of processing the image into a plurality of image layers each of which is defined by one of the constituent hues of the image such that at least one paint path forms one of the image layers and the step of applying the paint comprises applying each image layer one by one. 9. The method according to claim 1 wherein the step of preparing the image further comprises a step of processing the image into a plurality of image layers each of which is defined by one of the constituent hues of the image such that at least one paint path forms one of the image layers and the step of processing the image into the plurality of image layers includes mapping said at least one shade within each image layer. 10. The method according to claim 1 wherein the step of applying the paint comprises a step of balancing an actual magnitude of velocity of the continuous motion of the paint applicator about the surface and an actual pressure of the one of said at least one applicator nozzle in the spraying mode for maintaining a consistent density of the paint which is applied based on a ratio of a pre-specified magnitude of the velocity of the motion of the paint applicator about the surface and a reference pressure of said applicator nozzle in the spraying mode for said pre-specified magnitude of the velocity. 11. The method according to claim 10 wherein the step of balancing the actual magnitude of the velocity of the motion of the paint applicator and the actual pressure of said applicator nozzle in the spraying mode comprises determining the actual magnitude of the velocity of the motion about the surface and adjusting the pressure of said applicator nozzle in the spraying mode to maintain the ratio of the pre-specified magnitude of the velocity of the motion and the reference pressure of said applicator nozzle. 12. The method according to claim 1 wherein the step of applying the paint comprises a step of adjusting a pressure of the one of said at least one applicator nozzle in the spraying mode to produce the respective shade of the respective constituent hue while said applicator nozzle in the spraying mode is maintained at a pre-specified distance from the surface. 13. The method according to claim 12 wherein the step of adjusting the pressure of said applicator nozzle in the spraying mode to produce the respective shade comprises changing said pressure of said applicator nozzle in the spraying mode from a reference pressure thereof which is based on a pre-specified magnitude of velocity of the continuous motion of the paint applicator about the surface for maintaining a prescribed density of the paint which is applied. 14. (canceled) 15. (canceled) 16. (canceled) 17. The method according to claim 1 comprising a step of scanning the surface in first and second dimensions collectively defining a plane which is substantially parallel to the surface and in a third dimension normal to the surface using distance sensors disposed on the robotic painting machine to detect surface features as the robotic painting machine is displaced about the surface in said plane so as to provide a map of the surface features in the first, second, and third dimensions. 18. (canceled) 19. (canceled) 20. The method according to claim 1 wherein the step of applying the paint comprises a step of managing the motion of the paint applicator relative to the surface so as to avoid collision therewith by using distance sensors which are disposed on the robotic painting machine during movement of the robotic painting machine about the surface to detect surface features which protrude towards the one of said at least one applicator nozzle in the spraying mode in a manner so as to be within a pre-specified distance at which the applicator nozzle is to be maintained from the surface and to initiate preventative action to avoid the collision. 21. The method according to claim 20 wherein the preventative action includes retracting said applicator nozzle in the spraying mode away from the surface and maneuvering the paint applicator about the protruding surface feature so as to paint over said surface feature thereby modifying at least one of the paint paths. 22. The method according to claim 20 wherein the preventative action includes retracting said applicator nozzle in the spraying mode away from the surface and moving the paint applicator past the protruding surface feature so as to omit said surface feature from painting thereover. 23. (canceled) 24. (canceled) 25. The method according to claim 1 wherein said at least one applicator nozzle forms a nozzle assembly which includes an applicator pump and a paint reservoir for containing paint in proximity to said at least one applicator nozzle that are located at an inlet side thereof and there is provided a step of purging the nozzle assembly so as to remove paint residue therefrom prior to using said applicator nozzle for application of paint forming a respective one of the constituent hues different than a previous one of the constituent hues which was applied by said applicator nozzle. 26. The method according to claim 1 wherein said at least one applicator nozzle comprises two applicator nozzles one of which is in the spraying mode in order to actively perform the step of applying the paint onto the surface and another one of which is in an idle mode and there is provided a step of queuing said another one of the two applicator nozzles in the idle mode for application of paint forming another one of the constituent hues of the image different from a current one of the constituent hues being applied that is performed in parallel with the step of applying the paint onto the surface. 27. (canceled) 28. The method according to claim 26 wherein the step of queuing said applicator nozzle in the idle mode comprises a step of transferring said another one of the constituent hues of the image which is different from the current one of the constituent hues being applied into the nozzle assembly having said applicator nozzle which is in the idle mode such that said applicator nozzle in the idle mode is readied for operating in the spraying mode. 29. The method according to claim 1 wherein the step of applying the paint comprises a step of regulating an actual pressure of the one of said at least one applicator nozzle in the spraying mode within a predetermined pressure range which is with respect to a reference pressure of said applicator nozzle in the spraying mode for maintaining a consistent density of the paint which is applied. 30. The method according to claim 29 wherein the robotic painting machine includes an applicator pump which generates pressure at the one of said at least one applicator nozzles in the spraying mode and the step of regulating the actual pressure of said applicator nozzle in the spraying mode comprises adjusting an output pressure of the applicator pump based on the actual pressure determined at said applicator nozzle. 31. A robotic painting machine for reproducing a high resolution image on an area of a surface in an uncontrolled environment through application of paint on said surface comprising:
a base which is elongate in a longitudinal axis along the surface; an upstanding support boom carried on the base so as to be movable along the longitudinal axis of the base; a paint applicator supported on the upstanding support boom in a manner so as to be movable across a height axis of the support boom which is transverse to the longitudinal axis of the base; the paint applicator including at least one applicator nozzle for spraying the paint onto the surface in a spraying mode of said at least one applicator nozzle that is carried on a painting arm; the painting arm being movably supported on the support boom so as to be movable in a depth axis which is transverse to the height axis of the support boom and to the longitudinal axis of the base; a paint delivery system operatively connected to said at least one applicator nozzle for transferring the paint thereto; a drive system operatively coupled to each one of the upstanding support boom, the paint applicator, and the painting arm for driving movement thereof; and a control system directing motion of one of said at least one applicator nozzle in the spraying mode about the surface in the uncontrolled environment. 32. The robotic painting machine according to claim 31 wherein said at least one applicator nozzle is pivotally supported on the painting arm so as to be movable about an upstanding axis which is transverse to the depth axis and parallel to the height axis of the support boom for aiming said at least one applicator nozzle substantially normal to the surface. 33. (canceled) 34. (canceled) 35. The robotic painting machine according to claim 31 comprising a plurality of distance sensors disposed at strategic locations at or adjacent a distal end of the painting arm so as to be near said at least one applicator nozzle for detecting obstacles in a path of motion of the one of said at least one applicator nozzle in the spraying mode, said strategic locations including first and second locations facing in each direction along the longitudinal axis of the base, third and fourth locations facing in each direction along the height axis of the support boom, and a fifth location facing in a first direction of the depth axis that is arranged to face the surface. 36. The robotic painting machine according to claim 31 wherein said at least one applicator nozzle forms a nozzle assembly which includes an applicator pump and a paint reservoir for containing paint in proximity to the respective applicator nozzle that are located at an inlet side of the respective applicator nozzle and there is provided a purging assembly operatively coupled to the nozzle assembly and arranged for transferring a purging fluid through the nozzle assembly so as to remove paint residue therefrom. 37. The robotic painting machine according to claim 36 wherein the purging assembly comprises a purging pump and a purging reservoir for containing unused purging fluid that are connected to a nozzle outlet side of the applicator pump in order to cooperate with the nozzle assembly so as to transfer the purging fluid therethrough in a reverse direction with respect to a conventional direction of paint flow through the nozzle assembly. 38. The robotic painting machine according to claim 31 wherein said at least one applicator nozzle comprises two applicator nozzles each forming a nozzle assembly which includes an applicator pump and a paint reservoir for containing paint in proximity to the respective applicator nozzle that are located at an inlet side of the respective applicator nozzle such that the nozzle assemblies are usable independently of one another in a manner such that the respective nozzle assembly having one of the applicator nozzles in an idle mode is operable while said one of the applicator nozzles in the spraying mode is actively spraying the paint. 39. (canceled) 40. An automated paint application system for application of paint to an upright structure in a manner so as to form an image on the upright structure that has different colours comprising:
at least one track; a fastening arrangement for removably securing said at least one track in fixed position extending along said upright structure; an applicator mount movably secured to said at least one track so as to be movable relative to said upright structure; a paint applicator for applying the paint to the upright structure that is secured to said applicator mount so as to be movable relative thereto for movement relative to the upright structure, the paint applicator including:
an applicator nozzle;
a plurality of paint conduits each connected by a valve to the applicator nozzle that are usable for respectively transferring a different coloured paint;
and a controller operable to selectively control the valves of the respective paint conduits for dispensing the paint that is transferred by the respective paint conduit;
said controller being operable in a first mode such that one of the different coloured paints is selectable and in a second mode such that a combination colour is formed including in combination two or more of the paints from the paint conduits. 41. The automated paint application system of claim 40 wherein the plurality of paint conduits converge to a single conduit which terminates at the applicator nozzle. | 1,700 |
4,134 | 15,526,781 | 1,748 | The present invention provides aqueous compositions for treating fluff pulp comprising (i) one or more acrylic acid polymers containing phosphinate groups and having a weight average molecular weight of from 1,000 to 6,000 and (ii) from 5 to 50 wt. %, based on the total solids weight of the aqueous compositions, of one or more polyethylene glycols, having a formula weight of from 150 to 7,000, or, preferably, from 200 to 600. The present invention also provides individualized, intrafiber crosslinked cellulosic fibers comprising the cellulosic fiber and, in cured form, the aqueous compositions, as well as methods of making the individualized, intrafiber crosslinked cellulosic fibers. | 1. An aqueous composition for treating fluff pulp comprising (i) one or more acrylic acid polymers containing phosphinate groups and having a weight average molecular weight of from 1,000 to 6,000 and (ii) from 5 to 50 wt. %, based on the total solids weight of the aqueous compositions, of one or more polyethylene glycols, having a formula weight of from 150 to 7,000. 2. The aqueous composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the amount of the (ii) one or more polyethylene glycols ranges from 13 to 40 wt. %, based on the total solids weight of the aqueous compositions. 3. The aqueous composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the (ii) one or more polyethylene glycols has a formula weight of from 200 to 600. 4. The aqueous composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the aqueous compositions have a solids content of from 50 to 70 wt. %, based on the total weight of the compositions. 5. The aqueous composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the (i) one or more acrylic acid polymers have from 2 to 20 wt. % of phosphinate groups taken as the amount of phosphorus acid catalysts used to make the acrylic acid polymers based on the total weight of reactants used to make the acrylic acid polymers. 6. The aqueous composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the (i) one or more acrylic acid polymers is polyacrylic acid. 7. An individualized, intrafiber crosslinked cellulosic fiber comprising the cellulosic fiber and, in cured form, the aqueous compositions chosen from claim 1 or an aqueous composition of (i) one or more acrylic acid polymers containing phosphinate groups and having a weight average molecular weight of from 1,000 to 6,000 and (ii) from 5 to 50 wt. %, based on the total solids weight of the aqueous compositions, of one or more C1 to C2 alkoxy polyethylene glycols, having a formula weight of from 150 to 7,000. 8. The individualized, intrafiber crosslinked cellulosic fiber as claimed in claim 7, wherein the amount of the aqueous compositions in cured form ranges from 0.5 to 15 wt. %, based on the total dry weight of the untreated cellulosic fibers. 9. A method of using the aqueous compositions as claimed in claim 1 to form individualized, intrafiber crosslinked crosslinked cellulosic fibers comprising contacting with the aqueous compositions a collection of fluff pulp or a sheet thereof to form treated fluff pulp, and, a) in any order, drying, curing and defiberizing the treated fluff pulp to produce individualized, intrafiber crosslinked fibers, preferably, drying, defiberizing and curing or defiberizing, drying and curing. 10. The method as claimed in claim 9, wherein the drying and curing takes place sequentially, in separate steps. | The present invention provides aqueous compositions for treating fluff pulp comprising (i) one or more acrylic acid polymers containing phosphinate groups and having a weight average molecular weight of from 1,000 to 6,000 and (ii) from 5 to 50 wt. %, based on the total solids weight of the aqueous compositions, of one or more polyethylene glycols, having a formula weight of from 150 to 7,000, or, preferably, from 200 to 600. The present invention also provides individualized, intrafiber crosslinked cellulosic fibers comprising the cellulosic fiber and, in cured form, the aqueous compositions, as well as methods of making the individualized, intrafiber crosslinked cellulosic fibers.1. An aqueous composition for treating fluff pulp comprising (i) one or more acrylic acid polymers containing phosphinate groups and having a weight average molecular weight of from 1,000 to 6,000 and (ii) from 5 to 50 wt. %, based on the total solids weight of the aqueous compositions, of one or more polyethylene glycols, having a formula weight of from 150 to 7,000. 2. The aqueous composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the amount of the (ii) one or more polyethylene glycols ranges from 13 to 40 wt. %, based on the total solids weight of the aqueous compositions. 3. The aqueous composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the (ii) one or more polyethylene glycols has a formula weight of from 200 to 600. 4. The aqueous composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the aqueous compositions have a solids content of from 50 to 70 wt. %, based on the total weight of the compositions. 5. The aqueous composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the (i) one or more acrylic acid polymers have from 2 to 20 wt. % of phosphinate groups taken as the amount of phosphorus acid catalysts used to make the acrylic acid polymers based on the total weight of reactants used to make the acrylic acid polymers. 6. The aqueous composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the (i) one or more acrylic acid polymers is polyacrylic acid. 7. An individualized, intrafiber crosslinked cellulosic fiber comprising the cellulosic fiber and, in cured form, the aqueous compositions chosen from claim 1 or an aqueous composition of (i) one or more acrylic acid polymers containing phosphinate groups and having a weight average molecular weight of from 1,000 to 6,000 and (ii) from 5 to 50 wt. %, based on the total solids weight of the aqueous compositions, of one or more C1 to C2 alkoxy polyethylene glycols, having a formula weight of from 150 to 7,000. 8. The individualized, intrafiber crosslinked cellulosic fiber as claimed in claim 7, wherein the amount of the aqueous compositions in cured form ranges from 0.5 to 15 wt. %, based on the total dry weight of the untreated cellulosic fibers. 9. A method of using the aqueous compositions as claimed in claim 1 to form individualized, intrafiber crosslinked crosslinked cellulosic fibers comprising contacting with the aqueous compositions a collection of fluff pulp or a sheet thereof to form treated fluff pulp, and, a) in any order, drying, curing and defiberizing the treated fluff pulp to produce individualized, intrafiber crosslinked fibers, preferably, drying, defiberizing and curing or defiberizing, drying and curing. 10. The method as claimed in claim 9, wherein the drying and curing takes place sequentially, in separate steps. | 1,700 |
4,135 | 15,038,348 | 1,742 | A pneumatic tire according to the present technology is a pneumatic tire provided with a tread section, sidewall sections, and bead sections, a belt-shaped sound-absorbing member being bonded via an adhesive layer to an inner surface of the tire in a region corresponding to the tread section along the circumferential direction of the tire, wherein a bonding surface of the sound-absorbing member is provided with a bonded region that is bonded to the inner surface of the tire and an unbonded region that is not bonded to the inner surface of the tire, and the bonded region is divided by the unbonded region into a plurality of divisions along the circumferential direction of the tire. | 1. A pneumatic tire provided with a ring-shaped tread section that extends in a circumferential direction of the tire, a pair of side wall sections disposed on both sides of the tread section, and a pair of bead sections disposed to the inside of the side wall sections with respect to a radial direction of the tire, a belt-shaped sound-absorbing member being bonded via an adhesive layer to an inner surface of the tire in a region corresponding to the tread section along the circumferential direction of the tire, the tire being characterized in that
a bonding surface of the sound-absorbing member is provided with a bonded region in which the sound-absorbing member is bonded to the inner surface of the tire and an unbonded region in which the sound-absorbing member is not bonded to the inner surface of the tire, and the bonded region is divided by the unbonded region into a plurality of divisions along the circumferential direction of the tire. 2. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein
the unbonded region has a shape that overlaps an imaginary straight line orthogonal to the circumferential direction of the tire along the entire width of the sound-absorbing member. 3. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein
the bonded region is divided by the unbonded region into a plurality of divisions along a widthwise direction of the tire. 4. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein
the sound-absorbing member is constituted by a single sound-absorbing member extending in the circumferential direction of the tire, the sound-absorbing member being of uniform thickness at least within a range corresponding to the bonding surface of the sound-absorbing member as seen in a cross-section orthogonal to a lengthwise direction thereof, and having a constant cross-sectional shape along the lengthwise direction. 5. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein a volume of sound-absorbing member is more than 20% of a volume of a cavity formed within the tire when the tire is mounted on a rim. 6. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the sound-absorbing member has a hardness of 60 to 170 N, and a tensile strength of 60 to 180 kPa. 7. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the sound-absorbing member comprises a cut-out section in at least one location along the circumferential direction of the tire. 8. The pneumatic tire according to claim 7, wherein
alternating cut-out sections and unbonded regions are disposed at intervals around the circumferential direction of the tire, and, defining n as the total number of cut-out sections and unbonded regions, a reference angle α as 360°/n, and a tolerance angle β as 90°/n, an angle θ at which the cut-out sections and the unbonded regions are actually disposed satisfies a relationship α−β≦θ≦α+β. 9. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer is constituted by double-sided adhesive tape, and has a peeling adhesive strength in a range of 8 to 40 N/20 mm. 10. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the sound-absorbing member is constituted by a porous material containing open cells. 11. The pneumatic tire according to claim 10, wherein the porous material is polyurethane foam. 12. The pneumatic tire according to claim 2, wherein
the bonded region is divided by the unbonded region into a plurality of divisions along a widthwise direction of the tire. 13. The pneumatic tire according to claim 12, wherein
the sound-absorbing member is constituted by a single sound-absorbing member extending in the circumferential direction of the tire, the sound-absorbing member being of uniform thickness at least within a range corresponding to the bonding surface of the sound-absorbing member as seen in a cross-section orthogonal to a lengthwise direction thereof, and having a constant cross-sectional shape along the lengthwise direction. 14. The pneumatic tire according to claim 13, wherein a volume of sound-absorbing member is more than 20% of a volume of a cavity formed within the tire when the tire is mounted on a rim. 15. The pneumatic tire according to claim 14, wherein the sound-absorbing member has a hardness of 60 to 170 N, and a tensile strength of 60 to 180 kPa. 16. The pneumatic tire according to claim 15, wherein the sound-absorbing member comprises a cut-out section in at least one location along the circumferential direction of the tire. 17. The pneumatic tire according to claim 16, wherein
alternating cut-out sections and unbonded regions are disposed at intervals around the circumferential direction of the tire, and, defining n as the total number of cut-out sections and unbonded regions, a reference angle α as 360°/n, and a tolerance angle β as 90°/n, an angle θ at which the cut-out sections and the unbonded regions are actually disposed satisfies a relationship α−β≦θ≦α+β. 18. The pneumatic tire according to claim 17, wherein the adhesive layer is constituted by double-sided adhesive tape, and has a peeling adhesive strength in a range of 8 to 40 N/20 mm. 19. The pneumatic tire according to claim 18, wherein the sound-absorbing member is constituted by a porous material containing open cells. 20. The pneumatic tire according to claim 19, wherein the porous material is polyurethane foam. | A pneumatic tire according to the present technology is a pneumatic tire provided with a tread section, sidewall sections, and bead sections, a belt-shaped sound-absorbing member being bonded via an adhesive layer to an inner surface of the tire in a region corresponding to the tread section along the circumferential direction of the tire, wherein a bonding surface of the sound-absorbing member is provided with a bonded region that is bonded to the inner surface of the tire and an unbonded region that is not bonded to the inner surface of the tire, and the bonded region is divided by the unbonded region into a plurality of divisions along the circumferential direction of the tire.1. A pneumatic tire provided with a ring-shaped tread section that extends in a circumferential direction of the tire, a pair of side wall sections disposed on both sides of the tread section, and a pair of bead sections disposed to the inside of the side wall sections with respect to a radial direction of the tire, a belt-shaped sound-absorbing member being bonded via an adhesive layer to an inner surface of the tire in a region corresponding to the tread section along the circumferential direction of the tire, the tire being characterized in that
a bonding surface of the sound-absorbing member is provided with a bonded region in which the sound-absorbing member is bonded to the inner surface of the tire and an unbonded region in which the sound-absorbing member is not bonded to the inner surface of the tire, and the bonded region is divided by the unbonded region into a plurality of divisions along the circumferential direction of the tire. 2. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein
the unbonded region has a shape that overlaps an imaginary straight line orthogonal to the circumferential direction of the tire along the entire width of the sound-absorbing member. 3. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein
the bonded region is divided by the unbonded region into a plurality of divisions along a widthwise direction of the tire. 4. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein
the sound-absorbing member is constituted by a single sound-absorbing member extending in the circumferential direction of the tire, the sound-absorbing member being of uniform thickness at least within a range corresponding to the bonding surface of the sound-absorbing member as seen in a cross-section orthogonal to a lengthwise direction thereof, and having a constant cross-sectional shape along the lengthwise direction. 5. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein a volume of sound-absorbing member is more than 20% of a volume of a cavity formed within the tire when the tire is mounted on a rim. 6. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the sound-absorbing member has a hardness of 60 to 170 N, and a tensile strength of 60 to 180 kPa. 7. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the sound-absorbing member comprises a cut-out section in at least one location along the circumferential direction of the tire. 8. The pneumatic tire according to claim 7, wherein
alternating cut-out sections and unbonded regions are disposed at intervals around the circumferential direction of the tire, and, defining n as the total number of cut-out sections and unbonded regions, a reference angle α as 360°/n, and a tolerance angle β as 90°/n, an angle θ at which the cut-out sections and the unbonded regions are actually disposed satisfies a relationship α−β≦θ≦α+β. 9. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer is constituted by double-sided adhesive tape, and has a peeling adhesive strength in a range of 8 to 40 N/20 mm. 10. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the sound-absorbing member is constituted by a porous material containing open cells. 11. The pneumatic tire according to claim 10, wherein the porous material is polyurethane foam. 12. The pneumatic tire according to claim 2, wherein
the bonded region is divided by the unbonded region into a plurality of divisions along a widthwise direction of the tire. 13. The pneumatic tire according to claim 12, wherein
the sound-absorbing member is constituted by a single sound-absorbing member extending in the circumferential direction of the tire, the sound-absorbing member being of uniform thickness at least within a range corresponding to the bonding surface of the sound-absorbing member as seen in a cross-section orthogonal to a lengthwise direction thereof, and having a constant cross-sectional shape along the lengthwise direction. 14. The pneumatic tire according to claim 13, wherein a volume of sound-absorbing member is more than 20% of a volume of a cavity formed within the tire when the tire is mounted on a rim. 15. The pneumatic tire according to claim 14, wherein the sound-absorbing member has a hardness of 60 to 170 N, and a tensile strength of 60 to 180 kPa. 16. The pneumatic tire according to claim 15, wherein the sound-absorbing member comprises a cut-out section in at least one location along the circumferential direction of the tire. 17. The pneumatic tire according to claim 16, wherein
alternating cut-out sections and unbonded regions are disposed at intervals around the circumferential direction of the tire, and, defining n as the total number of cut-out sections and unbonded regions, a reference angle α as 360°/n, and a tolerance angle β as 90°/n, an angle θ at which the cut-out sections and the unbonded regions are actually disposed satisfies a relationship α−β≦θ≦α+β. 18. The pneumatic tire according to claim 17, wherein the adhesive layer is constituted by double-sided adhesive tape, and has a peeling adhesive strength in a range of 8 to 40 N/20 mm. 19. The pneumatic tire according to claim 18, wherein the sound-absorbing member is constituted by a porous material containing open cells. 20. The pneumatic tire according to claim 19, wherein the porous material is polyurethane foam. | 1,700 |
4,136 | 15,891,887 | 1,786 | Flame retardant covers for mattress and flame retardant mattresses are provided. At least a portion of the fibers, yarns or the fabric of the covers is treated with a blend comprising a flame retardant compound such as ammonium phosphate. The covers do not further require any flame barrier element such as fiberglass or silica-loaded rayon. The mattresses provided herein fully comply with the federal mattress flammability standards of 16 C.F.R. 1632 and 1633. | 1. A flame retardant cover, comprising:
a fabric comprising a network of yarns comprising a plurality of interlocked fibers; wherein at least a portion of the fibers, yarns or fabric is treated with a blend comprising a flame retardant compound; the fabric is substantially free of a flame barrier element; and the flame retardant cover is adapted for at least partially enclosing a core mass of stuffing material. 2. The flame retardant cover according to claim 1, wherein the flame retardant compound is one or more selected from the group consisting of aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, phosphoric acid, dicyandiamide, cyanoguanidine, phosphonic acid huntite, hydromagnesite, ammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, ammonium polyphosphate, red phosphorus, antimony trioxide, zinc borate, zinc hydroxystannate, zinc stannate, a metal hydrate, a metal oxide, ammonium bromate, diguanidine hydrogen phosphate, aluminum trihydrate, calcium carbonate, gypsum, an organohalogen compound and an organophosphorus compound. 3. The flame retardant cover according to claim 1, wherein the flame retardant compound is one or more selected from the group consisting of ammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate and ammonium polyphosphate. 4. The flame retardant cover according to claim 1, wherein the blend comprises:
about 10 wt % to about 60 wt % of one or more flame retardant compounds, wherein the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the blend. 5. The flame retardant cover according to claim 1, wherein the blend comprises:
about 25 wt % to about 45 wt % of one or more flame retardant compounds, wherein the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the blend. 6. The flame retardant cover according to claim 1, wherein the flame barrier element is selected from the group consisting of aramid, fiberglass, melamine, novolid, polybenzimidazole, oxidized polyarylonitrile, silica-loaded rayon and silica glass. 7. The flame retardant cover according to claim 1, wherein the flame barrier element is fiberglass. 8. The flame retardant cover according to claim 1, wherein the flame barrier element is silica-loaded rayon. 9. The flame retardant cover according to claim 1, wherein the core mass of stuffing material is contained in a manufactured article selected from the group consisting of a mattress, a mattress pad, a mattress topper, a mattress foundation, a cushion, a pillow and an upholstered furniture article. 10. The flame retardant cover according to claim 1, wherein the core mass of stuffing material is contained in a mattress. 11. A flame retardant mattress, comprising:
a core mass of stuffing material; and a flame retardant cover adapted for at least partially enclosing the core mass of stuffing material, wherein the flame retardant cover comprises a fabric comprising a network of yarns comprising a plurality of interlocked fibers;
at least a portion of the fibers, yarns or fabric is treated with a blend comprising a flame retardant compound; and
the fabric is substantially free of a flame barrier element. 12. The flame retardant mattress according to claim 11, wherein the flame retardant compound is one or more selected from the group consisting of aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, phosphoric acid, dicyandiamide, cyanoguanidine, phosphonic acid huntite, hydromagnesite, ammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, ammonium polyphosphate, red phosphorus, antimony trioxide, zinc borate, zinc hydroxystannate, zinc stannate, a metal hydrate, a metal oxide, ammonium bromate, diguanidine hydrogen phosphate, aluminum trihydrate, calcium carbonate, gypsum, an organohalogen compound and an organophosphorus compound. 13. The flame retardant mattress according to claim 11, wherein the flame retardant compound is one or more selected ammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate and ammonium polyphosphate. 14. The flame retardant mattress according to claim 11, wherein the blend comprises:
about 10 wt % to about 60 wt % of one or more flame retardant compounds, wherein the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the blend. 15. The flame retardant mattress according to claim 11, wherein the blend comprises:
about 25 wt % to about 45 wt % of one or more flame retardant compounds, wherein the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the blend. 16. The flame retardant mattress according to claim 11, wherein the flame barrier element is selected from the group consisting of aramid, fiberglass, melamine, novolid, polybenzimidazole, oxidized polyarylonitrile, silica-loaded rayon and silica glass. 17. The flame retardant mattress according to claim 11, wherein the flame barrier element is fiberglass. 18. The flame retardant mattress according to claim 11, wherein the flame barrier element is silica-loaded rayon. 19. The flame retardant cover according to claim 11, wherein the core mass of stuffing material is contained in a manufactured article selected from the group consisting of a mattress, a mattress pad, a mattress topper, a mattress foundation, a cushion, a pillow and an upholstered furniture article. 20. The flame retardant cover according to claim 11, wherein the core mass of stuffing material is contained in a mattress. | Flame retardant covers for mattress and flame retardant mattresses are provided. At least a portion of the fibers, yarns or the fabric of the covers is treated with a blend comprising a flame retardant compound such as ammonium phosphate. The covers do not further require any flame barrier element such as fiberglass or silica-loaded rayon. The mattresses provided herein fully comply with the federal mattress flammability standards of 16 C.F.R. 1632 and 1633.1. A flame retardant cover, comprising:
a fabric comprising a network of yarns comprising a plurality of interlocked fibers; wherein at least a portion of the fibers, yarns or fabric is treated with a blend comprising a flame retardant compound; the fabric is substantially free of a flame barrier element; and the flame retardant cover is adapted for at least partially enclosing a core mass of stuffing material. 2. The flame retardant cover according to claim 1, wherein the flame retardant compound is one or more selected from the group consisting of aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, phosphoric acid, dicyandiamide, cyanoguanidine, phosphonic acid huntite, hydromagnesite, ammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, ammonium polyphosphate, red phosphorus, antimony trioxide, zinc borate, zinc hydroxystannate, zinc stannate, a metal hydrate, a metal oxide, ammonium bromate, diguanidine hydrogen phosphate, aluminum trihydrate, calcium carbonate, gypsum, an organohalogen compound and an organophosphorus compound. 3. The flame retardant cover according to claim 1, wherein the flame retardant compound is one or more selected from the group consisting of ammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate and ammonium polyphosphate. 4. The flame retardant cover according to claim 1, wherein the blend comprises:
about 10 wt % to about 60 wt % of one or more flame retardant compounds, wherein the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the blend. 5. The flame retardant cover according to claim 1, wherein the blend comprises:
about 25 wt % to about 45 wt % of one or more flame retardant compounds, wherein the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the blend. 6. The flame retardant cover according to claim 1, wherein the flame barrier element is selected from the group consisting of aramid, fiberglass, melamine, novolid, polybenzimidazole, oxidized polyarylonitrile, silica-loaded rayon and silica glass. 7. The flame retardant cover according to claim 1, wherein the flame barrier element is fiberglass. 8. The flame retardant cover according to claim 1, wherein the flame barrier element is silica-loaded rayon. 9. The flame retardant cover according to claim 1, wherein the core mass of stuffing material is contained in a manufactured article selected from the group consisting of a mattress, a mattress pad, a mattress topper, a mattress foundation, a cushion, a pillow and an upholstered furniture article. 10. The flame retardant cover according to claim 1, wherein the core mass of stuffing material is contained in a mattress. 11. A flame retardant mattress, comprising:
a core mass of stuffing material; and a flame retardant cover adapted for at least partially enclosing the core mass of stuffing material, wherein the flame retardant cover comprises a fabric comprising a network of yarns comprising a plurality of interlocked fibers;
at least a portion of the fibers, yarns or fabric is treated with a blend comprising a flame retardant compound; and
the fabric is substantially free of a flame barrier element. 12. The flame retardant mattress according to claim 11, wherein the flame retardant compound is one or more selected from the group consisting of aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, phosphoric acid, dicyandiamide, cyanoguanidine, phosphonic acid huntite, hydromagnesite, ammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, ammonium polyphosphate, red phosphorus, antimony trioxide, zinc borate, zinc hydroxystannate, zinc stannate, a metal hydrate, a metal oxide, ammonium bromate, diguanidine hydrogen phosphate, aluminum trihydrate, calcium carbonate, gypsum, an organohalogen compound and an organophosphorus compound. 13. The flame retardant mattress according to claim 11, wherein the flame retardant compound is one or more selected ammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate and ammonium polyphosphate. 14. The flame retardant mattress according to claim 11, wherein the blend comprises:
about 10 wt % to about 60 wt % of one or more flame retardant compounds, wherein the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the blend. 15. The flame retardant mattress according to claim 11, wherein the blend comprises:
about 25 wt % to about 45 wt % of one or more flame retardant compounds, wherein the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the blend. 16. The flame retardant mattress according to claim 11, wherein the flame barrier element is selected from the group consisting of aramid, fiberglass, melamine, novolid, polybenzimidazole, oxidized polyarylonitrile, silica-loaded rayon and silica glass. 17. The flame retardant mattress according to claim 11, wherein the flame barrier element is fiberglass. 18. The flame retardant mattress according to claim 11, wherein the flame barrier element is silica-loaded rayon. 19. The flame retardant cover according to claim 11, wherein the core mass of stuffing material is contained in a manufactured article selected from the group consisting of a mattress, a mattress pad, a mattress topper, a mattress foundation, a cushion, a pillow and an upholstered furniture article. 20. The flame retardant cover according to claim 11, wherein the core mass of stuffing material is contained in a mattress. | 1,700 |
4,137 | 14,246,914 | 1,723 | Lithium rich and manganese rich lithium metal oxides are described that provide for excellent performance in lithium-based batteries. The specific compositions can be engineered within a specified range of compositions to provide desired performance characteristics. Selected compositions can provide high values of specific capacity with a reasonably high average voltage. Compositions of particular interest can be represented by the formula, x Li 2 MnO 3 .(1−x) Li Ni u+Δ Mn u−Δ Co w A y O 2 ). The compositions undergo significant first cycle irreversible changes, but the compositions cycle stably after the first cycle. | 1. A positive electrode active material for a lithium ion battery having a room temperature specific discharge capacity from 4.6V to 2V of at least about 210 mAh/g at a discharge rate of C/10 and an irreversible capacity loss of no more than about 60 mAh/g, and comprising a layered lithium metal oxide composition approximately represented by the formula x Li2MnO3.(1−x) Li Niu+ΔMnu−ΔCowAyO2, x is at least about 0.2 and no more than about 0.325, the absolute value of Δ is no more than about 0.3, 2u+w+y is approximately equal to 1, w is in the range from 0 to 1, u is in the range from 0.2 to 0.5 and y is no more than about 0.1, with the proviso that both (u+Δ) and w are not zero, wherein an optional fluorine dopant can replace no more than about 10 mole percent of the oxygen. 2. The positive electrode active material of claim 1 having an average voltage of at least about 3.625 when discharged from 4.6 volts to 2.0 volts at a rate of C/3. 3. The positive electrode active material of claim 1 further comprising a stabilization coating. 4. The positive electrode active material of claim 3 wherein the stabilization coating comprises fluorine. 5. The positive electrode active material of claim 3 wherein the stabilization coating comprises a metal oxide. 6. The positive electrode active material of claim 1 wherein the absolute value of Δ is no more than about 0.175, w is at least about 0.1 and no more than about 0.6 and u is at least about 0.225 and no more than about 0.45. 7. The positive electrode active material of claim 1 having an irreversible capacity loss of no more than about 50 mAh/g and a room temperature specific discharge capacity of at least about 215 mAh/g when discharged from 4.6V to 2V at a rate of C/10. 8. The positive electrode active material of claim 1 having an irreversible capacity loss of no more than about 45 mAh/g and a room temperature specific discharge capacity of at least about 220 mAh/g when discharged from 4.6V to 2V at a rate of C/10. 9. A positive electrode active material for a lithium ion cell comprising a layered lithium metal oxide composition approximately represented by the formula Li1+bNiαMnβCoγAδO2−zFz, where b ranges from about 0.091 to about 0.14, α ranges from 0.1 to about 0.4, β range from about 0.2 to about 0.65, γ ranges from 0 to about 0.46, δ ranges from about 0 to about 0.15 and z ranges from 0 to 0.2, and where A is Mg, Sr, Ba, Cd, Zn, Al, Ga, B, Zr, Ti, Ca, Ce, Y, Nb, Cr, Fe, V, Li or combinations thereof, and having a stabilization coating, wherein when discharged at room temperature at a discharge rate of C/10 the positive electrode active material has a specific discharge capacity of at least about 215 mAh/g from 4.6V to 2V. 10. The positive electrode active material of claim 9 wherein b+α+β+γ+δ is approximately equal to 1. 11. The positive electrode active material of claim 9 wherein the stabilization coating comprises fluorine. 12. The positive electrode active material of claim 9 wherein the stabilization coating comprises a metal oxide. 13. The positive electrode active material of claim 9 wherein α ranges from 0.1125 to about 0.35 and γ ranges from 0 to about 0.35. 14. The positive electrode active material of claim 9 having an irreversible capacity loss of no more than about 50 mAh/g. 15. A method for synthesizing a positive electrode active composition, the method comprising:
co-precipitating a precursor composition comprising manganese as well as nickel and/or cobalt in selected amounts corresponding to a product composition approximately represented by the formula x Li2MnO3.(1−x) Li Niu+ΔMnu−ΔCowAyO2, x is at least about 0.2 and no more than about 0.325, the absolute value of Δ is no more than about 0.3, 2u+w+y is approximately equal to 1, w is in the range from 0 to 1, u is in the range from 0.2 to 0.5 and y is no more than about 0.1 with the proviso that both (u+Δ) and w are not zero, wherein an optional fluorine dopant can replace no more than about 10 mole percent of the oxygen; adding a lithium source at a selected point in the process; heating the precursor composition to a first temperature to decompose the precursor composition to form a metal oxide; and heating the metal oxide to a second temperature greater than the first temperature to improve the crystallinity of the metal oxide wherein the product active composition has a specific discharge capacity of at least about 210 mAh/g cycled from 4.6 volts to 2.0 volts at a rate of C/3. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the precursors compositions are in a solution having a pH between about 6.0 and about 12.0. 17. The method of claim 15 wherein the first temperature between about 400° C. and about 800° C. 18. The method of claim 15 wherein the second temperature is at least about 650° C. 19. The method of claim 15 wherein the precursor composition comprises a carbonate. 20. The method of claim 15 wherein the lithium source is blended with the precursor composition prior to the decomposition of the precursor composition to form the metal oxide. | Lithium rich and manganese rich lithium metal oxides are described that provide for excellent performance in lithium-based batteries. The specific compositions can be engineered within a specified range of compositions to provide desired performance characteristics. Selected compositions can provide high values of specific capacity with a reasonably high average voltage. Compositions of particular interest can be represented by the formula, x Li 2 MnO 3 .(1−x) Li Ni u+Δ Mn u−Δ Co w A y O 2 ). The compositions undergo significant first cycle irreversible changes, but the compositions cycle stably after the first cycle.1. A positive electrode active material for a lithium ion battery having a room temperature specific discharge capacity from 4.6V to 2V of at least about 210 mAh/g at a discharge rate of C/10 and an irreversible capacity loss of no more than about 60 mAh/g, and comprising a layered lithium metal oxide composition approximately represented by the formula x Li2MnO3.(1−x) Li Niu+ΔMnu−ΔCowAyO2, x is at least about 0.2 and no more than about 0.325, the absolute value of Δ is no more than about 0.3, 2u+w+y is approximately equal to 1, w is in the range from 0 to 1, u is in the range from 0.2 to 0.5 and y is no more than about 0.1, with the proviso that both (u+Δ) and w are not zero, wherein an optional fluorine dopant can replace no more than about 10 mole percent of the oxygen. 2. The positive electrode active material of claim 1 having an average voltage of at least about 3.625 when discharged from 4.6 volts to 2.0 volts at a rate of C/3. 3. The positive electrode active material of claim 1 further comprising a stabilization coating. 4. The positive electrode active material of claim 3 wherein the stabilization coating comprises fluorine. 5. The positive electrode active material of claim 3 wherein the stabilization coating comprises a metal oxide. 6. The positive electrode active material of claim 1 wherein the absolute value of Δ is no more than about 0.175, w is at least about 0.1 and no more than about 0.6 and u is at least about 0.225 and no more than about 0.45. 7. The positive electrode active material of claim 1 having an irreversible capacity loss of no more than about 50 mAh/g and a room temperature specific discharge capacity of at least about 215 mAh/g when discharged from 4.6V to 2V at a rate of C/10. 8. The positive electrode active material of claim 1 having an irreversible capacity loss of no more than about 45 mAh/g and a room temperature specific discharge capacity of at least about 220 mAh/g when discharged from 4.6V to 2V at a rate of C/10. 9. A positive electrode active material for a lithium ion cell comprising a layered lithium metal oxide composition approximately represented by the formula Li1+bNiαMnβCoγAδO2−zFz, where b ranges from about 0.091 to about 0.14, α ranges from 0.1 to about 0.4, β range from about 0.2 to about 0.65, γ ranges from 0 to about 0.46, δ ranges from about 0 to about 0.15 and z ranges from 0 to 0.2, and where A is Mg, Sr, Ba, Cd, Zn, Al, Ga, B, Zr, Ti, Ca, Ce, Y, Nb, Cr, Fe, V, Li or combinations thereof, and having a stabilization coating, wherein when discharged at room temperature at a discharge rate of C/10 the positive electrode active material has a specific discharge capacity of at least about 215 mAh/g from 4.6V to 2V. 10. The positive electrode active material of claim 9 wherein b+α+β+γ+δ is approximately equal to 1. 11. The positive electrode active material of claim 9 wherein the stabilization coating comprises fluorine. 12. The positive electrode active material of claim 9 wherein the stabilization coating comprises a metal oxide. 13. The positive electrode active material of claim 9 wherein α ranges from 0.1125 to about 0.35 and γ ranges from 0 to about 0.35. 14. The positive electrode active material of claim 9 having an irreversible capacity loss of no more than about 50 mAh/g. 15. A method for synthesizing a positive electrode active composition, the method comprising:
co-precipitating a precursor composition comprising manganese as well as nickel and/or cobalt in selected amounts corresponding to a product composition approximately represented by the formula x Li2MnO3.(1−x) Li Niu+ΔMnu−ΔCowAyO2, x is at least about 0.2 and no more than about 0.325, the absolute value of Δ is no more than about 0.3, 2u+w+y is approximately equal to 1, w is in the range from 0 to 1, u is in the range from 0.2 to 0.5 and y is no more than about 0.1 with the proviso that both (u+Δ) and w are not zero, wherein an optional fluorine dopant can replace no more than about 10 mole percent of the oxygen; adding a lithium source at a selected point in the process; heating the precursor composition to a first temperature to decompose the precursor composition to form a metal oxide; and heating the metal oxide to a second temperature greater than the first temperature to improve the crystallinity of the metal oxide wherein the product active composition has a specific discharge capacity of at least about 210 mAh/g cycled from 4.6 volts to 2.0 volts at a rate of C/3. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the precursors compositions are in a solution having a pH between about 6.0 and about 12.0. 17. The method of claim 15 wherein the first temperature between about 400° C. and about 800° C. 18. The method of claim 15 wherein the second temperature is at least about 650° C. 19. The method of claim 15 wherein the precursor composition comprises a carbonate. 20. The method of claim 15 wherein the lithium source is blended with the precursor composition prior to the decomposition of the precursor composition to form the metal oxide. | 1,700 |
4,138 | 14,172,066 | 1,796 | A coating composition for sound and vibration damping is disclosed, the coating composition comprising an aqueous dispersion of polymeric microparticles prepared from components comprising a non-migrating surfactant comprising a phosphonate ester, and (b) a filler material comprising 20% to 90% by weight based on the total weight of the coating composition. The coating composition is useful for water resistance and sound damping applications. | 1. A coating composition for sound and vibration damping comprising:
(a) an aqueous dispersion of polymeric microparticles prepared from components comprising a non-migrating surfactant comprising a phosphonate ester; and (b) a filler material comprising 20% to 90% by weight based on the total weight of the coating composition. 2. The coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the polymeric microparticles have a glass transition temperature of from −20° C. to +60° C. 3. The coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the non-migrating surfactant comprises 0.5% to 4.5% by weight based on the monomeric weight of the components used to prepare the polymeric microparticles. 4. The coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the non-migrating surfactant further comprises an acrylate-reactive functional group. 5. The coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the components used to prepare the polymeric microparticles further comprise a migrating surfactant. 6. The coating composition according to claim 5, wherein the migrating surfactant comprises 0.1% to 1% by weight based on the monomeric weight of the components used to prepare the polymeric microparticles. 7. The coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the components from which the polymeric microparticles are prepared further comprise an ethylenically unsaturated monomer, an ester of the ethylenically unsaturated monomer, or combinations thereof. 8. The coating composition according to claim 7, wherein the ethylenically unsaturated monomer comprises 1% to 85% by weight based on the monomeric weight of the components used to prepare the polymeric microparticles. 9. The coating composition according to claim 7, wherein the ethylenically unsaturated monomer comprises a (meth)acrylic monomer, a hydroxyl functional monomer, or a combination thereof. 10. The coating composition according to claim 7, wherein the ethylenically unsaturated monomer comprises less than 30% by weight styrene based on the monomeric weight of the components used to prepare the polymeric microparticles. 11. The coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the filler material comprises graphene, calcium magnesium carbonate, calcium silicate, or combinations thereof. 12. The coating composition according to claim 1, further comprising (c) a polymeric film-forming material that is different from the components used to form the polymeric microparticles. 13. The coating composition according to claim 1, further comprising (d) wax, wherein the wax comprises up to 10% by weight based on the total weight of the coating composition. 14. A coating comprising:
(a) an aqueous dispersion of polymeric microparticles prepared from components comprising a non-migrating surfactant comprising a phosphonate ester; and (b) a filler material comprising 20% to 90% by weight based on the total weight of the composition. 15. The coating according to claim 14, further comprising wax. 16. The coating according to claim 14, wherein after application to a substrate and after curing, the coating demonstrates at least a 10% decrease in water absorption after 48 hours of water immersion at room temperature compared to a cured composition that does not contain the non-migrating surfactant. 17. The coating according to claim 14, wherein after application to a substrate and after curing, the coating demonstrates at least a 30% increase in water desorption after 1 hour at room temperature following 48 hours of water immersion at room temperature compared to a cured composition that does not contain the non-migrating surfactant. 18. A method for damping sound and vibration through a substrate comprising:
(a) applying to the substrate the coating composition of claim 1; and (b) at least partially drying the coating composition. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the coating composition further comprises wax. 20. The method according to claim 18, wherein the polymeric microparticles have a glass transition temperature of from −20° C. to +60° C. | A coating composition for sound and vibration damping is disclosed, the coating composition comprising an aqueous dispersion of polymeric microparticles prepared from components comprising a non-migrating surfactant comprising a phosphonate ester, and (b) a filler material comprising 20% to 90% by weight based on the total weight of the coating composition. The coating composition is useful for water resistance and sound damping applications.1. A coating composition for sound and vibration damping comprising:
(a) an aqueous dispersion of polymeric microparticles prepared from components comprising a non-migrating surfactant comprising a phosphonate ester; and (b) a filler material comprising 20% to 90% by weight based on the total weight of the coating composition. 2. The coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the polymeric microparticles have a glass transition temperature of from −20° C. to +60° C. 3. The coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the non-migrating surfactant comprises 0.5% to 4.5% by weight based on the monomeric weight of the components used to prepare the polymeric microparticles. 4. The coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the non-migrating surfactant further comprises an acrylate-reactive functional group. 5. The coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the components used to prepare the polymeric microparticles further comprise a migrating surfactant. 6. The coating composition according to claim 5, wherein the migrating surfactant comprises 0.1% to 1% by weight based on the monomeric weight of the components used to prepare the polymeric microparticles. 7. The coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the components from which the polymeric microparticles are prepared further comprise an ethylenically unsaturated monomer, an ester of the ethylenically unsaturated monomer, or combinations thereof. 8. The coating composition according to claim 7, wherein the ethylenically unsaturated monomer comprises 1% to 85% by weight based on the monomeric weight of the components used to prepare the polymeric microparticles. 9. The coating composition according to claim 7, wherein the ethylenically unsaturated monomer comprises a (meth)acrylic monomer, a hydroxyl functional monomer, or a combination thereof. 10. The coating composition according to claim 7, wherein the ethylenically unsaturated monomer comprises less than 30% by weight styrene based on the monomeric weight of the components used to prepare the polymeric microparticles. 11. The coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the filler material comprises graphene, calcium magnesium carbonate, calcium silicate, or combinations thereof. 12. The coating composition according to claim 1, further comprising (c) a polymeric film-forming material that is different from the components used to form the polymeric microparticles. 13. The coating composition according to claim 1, further comprising (d) wax, wherein the wax comprises up to 10% by weight based on the total weight of the coating composition. 14. A coating comprising:
(a) an aqueous dispersion of polymeric microparticles prepared from components comprising a non-migrating surfactant comprising a phosphonate ester; and (b) a filler material comprising 20% to 90% by weight based on the total weight of the composition. 15. The coating according to claim 14, further comprising wax. 16. The coating according to claim 14, wherein after application to a substrate and after curing, the coating demonstrates at least a 10% decrease in water absorption after 48 hours of water immersion at room temperature compared to a cured composition that does not contain the non-migrating surfactant. 17. The coating according to claim 14, wherein after application to a substrate and after curing, the coating demonstrates at least a 30% increase in water desorption after 1 hour at room temperature following 48 hours of water immersion at room temperature compared to a cured composition that does not contain the non-migrating surfactant. 18. A method for damping sound and vibration through a substrate comprising:
(a) applying to the substrate the coating composition of claim 1; and (b) at least partially drying the coating composition. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the coating composition further comprises wax. 20. The method according to claim 18, wherein the polymeric microparticles have a glass transition temperature of from −20° C. to +60° C. | 1,700 |
4,139 | 14,889,196 | 1,773 | A substrate for a liquid filter, which includes a polyolefin microporous membrane, the polyolefin microporous membrane having a water permeation efficiency of 1.21 to 2.90 ml/min·cm 2 , the polyolefin microporous membrane having a bubble point of 0.40 MPa to 0.65 MPa, the polyolefin microporous membrane having a compressibility of less than 15%. | 1. A substrate for a liquid filter, comprising a polyolefin microporous membrane,
the polyolefin microporous membrane having a water permeation efficiency of 1.21 to 2.90 ml/min·cm2, the polyolefin microporous membrane having a bubble point of 0.40 MPa to 0.65 MPa, the polyolefin microporous membrane having a compressibility of less than 15%. 2. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 1, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a heat shrinkage of 20% or more in the width direction after a heat treatment at 130° C. for 1 hour. 3. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 1, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a thickness of 7 to 16 μm. 4. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 1, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a pore-blocking temperature of more than 140° C. 5. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 1, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a porosity of 50 to 60%. 6. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 2, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a thickness of 7 to 16 μm. 7. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 2, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a pore-blocking temperature of more than 140° C. 8. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 3, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a pore-blocking temperature of more than 140° C. 9. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 6, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a pore-blocking temperature of more than 140° C. 10. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 2, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a porosity of 50 to 60%. 11. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 3, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a porosity of 50 to 60%. 12. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 4, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a porosity of 50 to 60%. 13. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 6, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a porosity of 50 to 60%. 14. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 7, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a porosity of 50 to 60%. 15. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 8, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a porosity of 50 to 60%. 16. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 9, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a porosity of 50 to 60%. | A substrate for a liquid filter, which includes a polyolefin microporous membrane, the polyolefin microporous membrane having a water permeation efficiency of 1.21 to 2.90 ml/min·cm 2 , the polyolefin microporous membrane having a bubble point of 0.40 MPa to 0.65 MPa, the polyolefin microporous membrane having a compressibility of less than 15%.1. A substrate for a liquid filter, comprising a polyolefin microporous membrane,
the polyolefin microporous membrane having a water permeation efficiency of 1.21 to 2.90 ml/min·cm2, the polyolefin microporous membrane having a bubble point of 0.40 MPa to 0.65 MPa, the polyolefin microporous membrane having a compressibility of less than 15%. 2. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 1, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a heat shrinkage of 20% or more in the width direction after a heat treatment at 130° C. for 1 hour. 3. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 1, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a thickness of 7 to 16 μm. 4. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 1, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a pore-blocking temperature of more than 140° C. 5. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 1, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a porosity of 50 to 60%. 6. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 2, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a thickness of 7 to 16 μm. 7. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 2, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a pore-blocking temperature of more than 140° C. 8. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 3, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a pore-blocking temperature of more than 140° C. 9. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 6, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a pore-blocking temperature of more than 140° C. 10. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 2, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a porosity of 50 to 60%. 11. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 3, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a porosity of 50 to 60%. 12. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 4, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a porosity of 50 to 60%. 13. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 6, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a porosity of 50 to 60%. 14. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 7, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a porosity of 50 to 60%. 15. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 8, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a porosity of 50 to 60%. 16. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 9, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a porosity of 50 to 60%. | 1,700 |
4,140 | 14,889,192 | 1,773 | A substrate for a liquid filter, which includes a polyolefin microporous membrane, the polyolefin microporous membrane having a water permeation efficiency of 0.51 to 1.20 ml/min·cm 2 , the polyolefin microporous membrane having a bubble point of 0.45 MPa or more and 0.70 MPa or less, the polyolefin microporous membrane having a compressibility of less than 15%. | 1. A substrate for a liquid filter, comprising a polyolefin microporous membrane,
the polyolefin microporous membrane having a water permeation efficiency of 0.51 to 1.20 ml/min·cm2, the polyolefin microporous membrane having a bubble point of 0.45 MPa or more and 0.70 MPa or less, the polyolefin microporous membrane having a compressibility of less than 15%. 2. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 1, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a heat shrinkage of 15% or more in the width direction after a heat treatment at 120° C. for 1 hour. 3. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 1, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a thickness of 7 to 16 μm. 4. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 1, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a pore-blocking temperature of more than 140° C. 5. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 1, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a porosity of 50 to 58%. 6. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 2, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a thickness of 7 to 16 μm. 7. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 2, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a pore-blocking temperature of more than 140° C. 8. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 3, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a pore-blocking temperature of more than 140° C. 9. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 6, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a pore-blocking temperature of more than 140° C. 10. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 2, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a porosity of 50 to 58%. 11. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 3, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a porosity of 50 to 58%. 12. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 4, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a porosity of 50 to 58%. 13. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 6, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a porosity of 50 to 58%. 14. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 7, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a porosity of 50 to 58%. 15. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 8, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a porosity of 50 to 58%. 16. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 9, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a porosity of 50 to 58%. | A substrate for a liquid filter, which includes a polyolefin microporous membrane, the polyolefin microporous membrane having a water permeation efficiency of 0.51 to 1.20 ml/min·cm 2 , the polyolefin microporous membrane having a bubble point of 0.45 MPa or more and 0.70 MPa or less, the polyolefin microporous membrane having a compressibility of less than 15%.1. A substrate for a liquid filter, comprising a polyolefin microporous membrane,
the polyolefin microporous membrane having a water permeation efficiency of 0.51 to 1.20 ml/min·cm2, the polyolefin microporous membrane having a bubble point of 0.45 MPa or more and 0.70 MPa or less, the polyolefin microporous membrane having a compressibility of less than 15%. 2. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 1, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a heat shrinkage of 15% or more in the width direction after a heat treatment at 120° C. for 1 hour. 3. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 1, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a thickness of 7 to 16 μm. 4. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 1, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a pore-blocking temperature of more than 140° C. 5. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 1, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a porosity of 50 to 58%. 6. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 2, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a thickness of 7 to 16 μm. 7. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 2, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a pore-blocking temperature of more than 140° C. 8. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 3, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a pore-blocking temperature of more than 140° C. 9. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 6, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a pore-blocking temperature of more than 140° C. 10. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 2, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a porosity of 50 to 58%. 11. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 3, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a porosity of 50 to 58%. 12. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 4, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a porosity of 50 to 58%. 13. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 6, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a porosity of 50 to 58%. 14. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 7, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a porosity of 50 to 58%. 15. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 8, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a porosity of 50 to 58%. 16. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 9, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a porosity of 50 to 58%. | 1,700 |
4,141 | 15,110,819 | 1,784 | An article includes a silicon oxycarbide-based layer that has Si, O, and C in a covalently bonded network. The silicon oxycarbide-based layer has first and second opposed surfaces. A calcium-magnesium alumino-silicate-based layer is interfaced with the first surface of the silicon oxycarbide-based layer. | 1. An article comprising:
a silicon oxycarbide-based layer having Si, O, and C in a covalently bonded network, the silicon oxycarbide-based layer having first and second opposed surfaces; and a calcium-magnesium alumino-silicate-based layer interfaced with the first surface of the silicon oxycarbide-based layer. 2. The article as recited in claim 1, wherein the silicon oxycarbide-based layer further includes SiO2. 3. The article as recited in claim 2, wherein the silicon oxycarbide-based layer includes, by volume, 5-65% of the SiO2 with a remainder of silicon oxycarbide. 4. The article as recited in claim 2, wherein the SiO2 is a continuous matrix phase with regions of the silicon oxycarbide dispersed there through. 5. The article as recited in claim 1, wherein the silicon oxycarbide-based layer further includes a dispersed phase of barium-magnesium alumino-silicate. 6. The article as recited in claim 5, wherein the silicon oxycarbide-based layer includes, by volume, 1-30% of the dispersed phase of barium-magnesium alumino-silicate. 7. The article as recited in claim 1, wherein the silicon oxycarbide-based layer further includes a continuous matrix phase of SiO2 and a dispersed phase of barium-magnesium alumino-silicate. 8. The article as recited in claim 1, wherein the silicon oxycarbide-based layer further includes a continuous matrix phase of barium-magnesium alumino-silicate and a dispersed phase of SiO2. 9. The article as recited in claim 1, wherein the silicon oxycarbide-based layer further includes a continuous matrix phase of SiO2 or barium-magnesium alumino-silicate, the silicon oxycarbide-based layer including, by volume, 5-65% of the continuous matrix phase, and 1-30% of a dispersed phase of the other of the SiO2 or barium-magnesium alumino-silicate, with a remainder of silicon oxycarbide. 10. The article as recited in claim 1, wherein the calcium-magnesium alumino-silicate-based layer partially penetrates into the silicon oxycarbide-based layer such that at least a central core of the silicon oxycarbide-based layer is free of calcium-magnesium alumino-silicate-based material. 11. The article as recited in claim 1, wherein the silicon oxycarbide-based layer has a composition SiOxMzCy, where M is at least one metal, x<2, y>0 and z<1 and x and z are non-zero. 12. The article as recited in claim 1, wherein the silicon oxycarbide-based layer is thicker than the calcium-magnesium alumino-silicate-based layer. 13. The article as recited in claim 1, wherein the calcium-magnesium alumino-silicate-based layer has an average thickness of 1 micrometer to 3 millimeters. 14. The article as recited in claim 1, wherein the silicon oxycarbide-based layer includes discrete regions of silicon oxycarbide-based material, the discrete regions having an average maximum dimension of 1-75 micrometers. 15. The article as recited in claim 1, the calcium-magnesium alumino-silicate-based layer sealing the silicon oxycarbide-based layer from oxygen diffusion and steam recession into the silicon oxycarbide-based layer. 16. A composite comprising:
a silicon oxycarbide-based material having Si, O, and C in a covalently bonded network, the silicon oxycarbide-based material having a surface; and a calcium-magnesium alumino-silicate-based material interfaced with the surface of the silicon oxycarbide-based material. 17. The composite as recited in claim 16, wherein the silicon oxycarbide-based material further includes a dispersed phase of barium-magnesium alumino-silicate. 18. The composite as recited in claim 17, wherein the silicon oxycarbide-based material includes, by volume, 1-30% of the dispersed phase of barium-magnesium alumino-silicate. 19. The composite as recited in claim 16, wherein the silicon oxycarbide-based material further includes a continuous matrix phase of SiO2 or barium-magnesium alumino-silicate, and a dispersed phase of the other of barium-magnesium alumino-silicate or SiO2. 20. The composite as recited in claim 16, wherein the silicon oxycarbide-based material has a composition SiOxMzCy, where M is at least one metal, x<2, y>0 and z<1 and x and z are non-zero. | An article includes a silicon oxycarbide-based layer that has Si, O, and C in a covalently bonded network. The silicon oxycarbide-based layer has first and second opposed surfaces. A calcium-magnesium alumino-silicate-based layer is interfaced with the first surface of the silicon oxycarbide-based layer.1. An article comprising:
a silicon oxycarbide-based layer having Si, O, and C in a covalently bonded network, the silicon oxycarbide-based layer having first and second opposed surfaces; and a calcium-magnesium alumino-silicate-based layer interfaced with the first surface of the silicon oxycarbide-based layer. 2. The article as recited in claim 1, wherein the silicon oxycarbide-based layer further includes SiO2. 3. The article as recited in claim 2, wherein the silicon oxycarbide-based layer includes, by volume, 5-65% of the SiO2 with a remainder of silicon oxycarbide. 4. The article as recited in claim 2, wherein the SiO2 is a continuous matrix phase with regions of the silicon oxycarbide dispersed there through. 5. The article as recited in claim 1, wherein the silicon oxycarbide-based layer further includes a dispersed phase of barium-magnesium alumino-silicate. 6. The article as recited in claim 5, wherein the silicon oxycarbide-based layer includes, by volume, 1-30% of the dispersed phase of barium-magnesium alumino-silicate. 7. The article as recited in claim 1, wherein the silicon oxycarbide-based layer further includes a continuous matrix phase of SiO2 and a dispersed phase of barium-magnesium alumino-silicate. 8. The article as recited in claim 1, wherein the silicon oxycarbide-based layer further includes a continuous matrix phase of barium-magnesium alumino-silicate and a dispersed phase of SiO2. 9. The article as recited in claim 1, wherein the silicon oxycarbide-based layer further includes a continuous matrix phase of SiO2 or barium-magnesium alumino-silicate, the silicon oxycarbide-based layer including, by volume, 5-65% of the continuous matrix phase, and 1-30% of a dispersed phase of the other of the SiO2 or barium-magnesium alumino-silicate, with a remainder of silicon oxycarbide. 10. The article as recited in claim 1, wherein the calcium-magnesium alumino-silicate-based layer partially penetrates into the silicon oxycarbide-based layer such that at least a central core of the silicon oxycarbide-based layer is free of calcium-magnesium alumino-silicate-based material. 11. The article as recited in claim 1, wherein the silicon oxycarbide-based layer has a composition SiOxMzCy, where M is at least one metal, x<2, y>0 and z<1 and x and z are non-zero. 12. The article as recited in claim 1, wherein the silicon oxycarbide-based layer is thicker than the calcium-magnesium alumino-silicate-based layer. 13. The article as recited in claim 1, wherein the calcium-magnesium alumino-silicate-based layer has an average thickness of 1 micrometer to 3 millimeters. 14. The article as recited in claim 1, wherein the silicon oxycarbide-based layer includes discrete regions of silicon oxycarbide-based material, the discrete regions having an average maximum dimension of 1-75 micrometers. 15. The article as recited in claim 1, the calcium-magnesium alumino-silicate-based layer sealing the silicon oxycarbide-based layer from oxygen diffusion and steam recession into the silicon oxycarbide-based layer. 16. A composite comprising:
a silicon oxycarbide-based material having Si, O, and C in a covalently bonded network, the silicon oxycarbide-based material having a surface; and a calcium-magnesium alumino-silicate-based material interfaced with the surface of the silicon oxycarbide-based material. 17. The composite as recited in claim 16, wherein the silicon oxycarbide-based material further includes a dispersed phase of barium-magnesium alumino-silicate. 18. The composite as recited in claim 17, wherein the silicon oxycarbide-based material includes, by volume, 1-30% of the dispersed phase of barium-magnesium alumino-silicate. 19. The composite as recited in claim 16, wherein the silicon oxycarbide-based material further includes a continuous matrix phase of SiO2 or barium-magnesium alumino-silicate, and a dispersed phase of the other of barium-magnesium alumino-silicate or SiO2. 20. The composite as recited in claim 16, wherein the silicon oxycarbide-based material has a composition SiOxMzCy, where M is at least one metal, x<2, y>0 and z<1 and x and z are non-zero. | 1,700 |
4,142 | 15,592,343 | 1,799 | An isolated heart or heart-lung preparation in which essentially normal pumping activity of all four chambers of the heart is preserved, allowing for the use of the preparation in conjunction with investigations of electrode leads, catheters, ablation methods, cardiac implants and other medical devices intended to be used in or on a beating heart. The system can be designed to be used within a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) unit or a X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanner. The preparation may also be employed to investigate heart and lung functions, in the presence or absence of such medical devices. In order to allow comparative imaging visualizations of either or simultaneously the heart and/or lung structures and devices located within the chambers of the heart or vessels or bronchi within the lungs, a clear perfusate such as a modified Krebs buffer solution with oxygenation is circulated through all four chambers of the heart and thus the coronary and/or pulmonary vasculatures. A ventilator with intubation tube can be used to inflate/deflate the lungs and/or provide oxygen to the isolated organs. The preparation and recordings of the preparation may be used in conjunction with the design, development and evaluation of devices for use in or on the heart and/or lungs, as well as for use as an investigational and teaching aid to assist physicians and students in understanding the operation of the cardiopulmonary system. | 1. A method of use of an isolated heart-lung preparation comprising:
obtaining an excised heart with one or two lung(s) including corresponding coronary arteries and veins; delivering a transparent perfusate through several and/or all four chambers of the heart via a cannulated attached aorta, inferior vena cava, pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein; wherein the perfusate flows through the coronary arteries and veins of the heart and oxygenates the heart with trachea being intubated and employing a ventilator to inflate/deflate the lung with carbogen or other gaseous mixtures. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising inserting an optical viewing instrument into one or more chambers of the heart or locations in a lung. 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising applying a medical device to the heart or lung. 4. The method of claim 1 further comprising coupling a physiologic parameter monitor coupled to the heart or lung. 5. The preparation of claim 3 wherein the medical device is implanted within the heart to monitor and control heart rhythm corresponding to the flow of perfusate. 6. The method of claim 1 further comprising coupling a physiologic parameter monitor coupled to the heart or lung. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising using hydraulic or servo controlled valves to control flows of perfusate to the heart chambers. 8. The method of claim 1 further comprising monitoring the perfusate composition. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein delivering the perfusate further includes delivering the perfusate through the one or two lung(s). 10. The method of claim 1 wherein obtaining an excised heart with one or two lung(s) further included pulmonary arteries and veins. | An isolated heart or heart-lung preparation in which essentially normal pumping activity of all four chambers of the heart is preserved, allowing for the use of the preparation in conjunction with investigations of electrode leads, catheters, ablation methods, cardiac implants and other medical devices intended to be used in or on a beating heart. The system can be designed to be used within a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) unit or a X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanner. The preparation may also be employed to investigate heart and lung functions, in the presence or absence of such medical devices. In order to allow comparative imaging visualizations of either or simultaneously the heart and/or lung structures and devices located within the chambers of the heart or vessels or bronchi within the lungs, a clear perfusate such as a modified Krebs buffer solution with oxygenation is circulated through all four chambers of the heart and thus the coronary and/or pulmonary vasculatures. A ventilator with intubation tube can be used to inflate/deflate the lungs and/or provide oxygen to the isolated organs. The preparation and recordings of the preparation may be used in conjunction with the design, development and evaluation of devices for use in or on the heart and/or lungs, as well as for use as an investigational and teaching aid to assist physicians and students in understanding the operation of the cardiopulmonary system.1. A method of use of an isolated heart-lung preparation comprising:
obtaining an excised heart with one or two lung(s) including corresponding coronary arteries and veins; delivering a transparent perfusate through several and/or all four chambers of the heart via a cannulated attached aorta, inferior vena cava, pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein; wherein the perfusate flows through the coronary arteries and veins of the heart and oxygenates the heart with trachea being intubated and employing a ventilator to inflate/deflate the lung with carbogen or other gaseous mixtures. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising inserting an optical viewing instrument into one or more chambers of the heart or locations in a lung. 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising applying a medical device to the heart or lung. 4. The method of claim 1 further comprising coupling a physiologic parameter monitor coupled to the heart or lung. 5. The preparation of claim 3 wherein the medical device is implanted within the heart to monitor and control heart rhythm corresponding to the flow of perfusate. 6. The method of claim 1 further comprising coupling a physiologic parameter monitor coupled to the heart or lung. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising using hydraulic or servo controlled valves to control flows of perfusate to the heart chambers. 8. The method of claim 1 further comprising monitoring the perfusate composition. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein delivering the perfusate further includes delivering the perfusate through the one or two lung(s). 10. The method of claim 1 wherein obtaining an excised heart with one or two lung(s) further included pulmonary arteries and veins. | 1,700 |
4,143 | 14,889,180 | 1,773 | A substrate for a liquid filter, which includes a polyolefin microporous membrane, the polyolefin microporous membrane having a water permeation efficiency of 0.10 to 0.50 ml/min·cm 2 , the polyolefin microporous membrane having a bubble point of 0.50 MPa or more and 0.80 MPa or less. | 1. A substrate for a liquid filter, comprising a polyolefin microporous membrane,
the polyolefin microporous membrane having a water permeation efficiency of 0.10 to 0.50 ml/min·cm2, the polyolefin microporous membrane having a bubble point of 0.50 MPa or more and 0.80 MPa or less. 2. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 1, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a heat shrinkage of 15% or more in the width direction after a heat treatment at 120° C. for 1 hour. 3. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 1, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a thickness of 7 to 15 μm. 4. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 1, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a tensile elongation of more than 55% and 200% or less in the length direction. 5. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 1, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a cushion factor of more than 30%. 6. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 1, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a pore-blocking temperature of more than 140° C. 7. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 1, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a compressibility of less than 15%. 8. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 1, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a porosity of 46 to 54%. 9. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of the tensile elongation in the length direction (MD tensile elongation) to the tensile elongation in the width direction (TD tensile elongation) of the polyolefin microporous membrane (MD tensile elongation/TD tensile elongation) is 0.8 to 4.0. 10. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 2, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a thickness of 7 to 15 μm. | A substrate for a liquid filter, which includes a polyolefin microporous membrane, the polyolefin microporous membrane having a water permeation efficiency of 0.10 to 0.50 ml/min·cm 2 , the polyolefin microporous membrane having a bubble point of 0.50 MPa or more and 0.80 MPa or less.1. A substrate for a liquid filter, comprising a polyolefin microporous membrane,
the polyolefin microporous membrane having a water permeation efficiency of 0.10 to 0.50 ml/min·cm2, the polyolefin microporous membrane having a bubble point of 0.50 MPa or more and 0.80 MPa or less. 2. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 1, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a heat shrinkage of 15% or more in the width direction after a heat treatment at 120° C. for 1 hour. 3. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 1, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a thickness of 7 to 15 μm. 4. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 1, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a tensile elongation of more than 55% and 200% or less in the length direction. 5. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 1, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a cushion factor of more than 30%. 6. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 1, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a pore-blocking temperature of more than 140° C. 7. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 1, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a compressibility of less than 15%. 8. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 1, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a porosity of 46 to 54%. 9. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of the tensile elongation in the length direction (MD tensile elongation) to the tensile elongation in the width direction (TD tensile elongation) of the polyolefin microporous membrane (MD tensile elongation/TD tensile elongation) is 0.8 to 4.0. 10. The substrate for a liquid filter according to claim 2, wherein the polyolefin microporous membrane has a thickness of 7 to 15 μm. | 1,700 |
4,144 | 14,965,080 | 1,747 | The present disclosure provides protein-enriched, tobacco-containing products, suitable for use as oral formulations. Products of the present disclosure typically include at least one tobacco material (e.g., a particulate tobacco material or a tobacco-derived extract), at least one protein-enriched material (e.g., a tobacco-derived protein-enriched material), and at least one sugar alcohol. | 1. A protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product comprising:
a tobacco material; a protein-enriched, tobacco-derived material in an amount of at least about 2 percent by dry weight; and one or more sugar alcohols in an amount of at least about 10 percent by dry weight, wherein the protein-enriched, tobacco-derived material comprises at least about 60 percent tobacco-derived protein by dry weight. 2. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the protein-enriched, tobacco-derived material comprises at least about 80 percent tobacco-derived protein by dry weight. 3. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 2, wherein at least about 50 percent of the tobacco-derived protein by dry weight is RuBisCO. 4. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 2, wherein at least about 80 percent of the tobacco-derived protein by dry weight is RuBisCO. 5. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 2, wherein at least about 50 percent of the tobacco-derived protein by dry weight is F2 proteins. 6. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the tobacco material comprises particulate tobacco. 7. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 6, wherein the particulate tobacco comprises a mixture of flue-cured and sun-cured tobacco. 8. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 6, wherein the particulate tobacco is present in an amount of at least about 10 percent by dry weight. 9. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 6, wherein the particulate tobacco is present in an amount of at between about 10 percent and about 50 percent by dry weight. 10. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the tobacco material comprises a tobacco extract. 11. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 10, wherein the tobacco extract is present in an amount of at least about 2 percent by dry weight. 12. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 10, wherein the tobacco extract is present in an amount of from about 2 percent to about 5 percent by dry weight. 13. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the tobacco material comprises a heat-treated tobacco material that has been treated prior to incorporation within the smokeless tobacco product in an aqueous solution comprising L-lysine. 14. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the one or more sugar alcohols are selected from the group consisting of erythritol, arabitol, ribitol, isomalt, maltitol, dulcitol, iditol, mannitol, xylitol, lactitol, sorbitol, and combinations thereof. 15. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the one or more sugar alcohols are present in an amount of from about 10 percent to about 50 percent by dry weight. 16. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the one or more sugar alcohols are present in an amount of from about 10 percent by weight to about 30 percent by weight. 17. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, further comprising a natural gum binder in an amount of between about 2 percent and about 10 percent by dry weight. 18. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco composition of claim 17, wherein the natural gum binder component is selected from the group consisting of gum arabic, xanthan gum, guar gum, ghatti gum, gum tragacanth, karaya gum, locust bean gum, gellan gum, and combinations thereof. 19. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, further comprising a binder in an amount of between about 5 percent and about 20 percent by dry weight. 20. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 19, wherein the binder comprises pregelatinized rice starch. 21. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, further comprising one or more fillers in an amount of between about 5 percent and about 20 percent by dry weight. 22. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 21, wherein the one or more fillers comprise a polysaccharide filler, a starch filler, or a combination thereof. 23. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 21, wherein the one or more fillers are selected from the group consisting of rice flour, maltodextrin, calcium carbonate, and combinations thereof. 24. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, further comprising an additive selected from the group consisting of flavorants, sweeteners, binders, emulsifiers, disintegration aids, humectants, buffering agents, salts, and mixtures thereof. 25. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises glycerin. 26. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises one or more sweeteners. 27. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, comprising:
at least about 20 dry weight percent of the tobacco material, wherein the tobacco material comprises particulate tobacco; and at least about 2 dry weight percent of the protein-enriched, tobacco-derived material, wherein the protein comprises at least about 80 percent by weight RuBisCO. 28. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, comprising:
at least about 20 dry weight percent of the tobacco material, wherein the tobacco material comprises particulate tobacco; at least about 2 dry weight percent of the protein-enriched, tobacco-derived material, wherein the protein comprises at least about 80% by weight RuBisCO; and between about 5 percent and about 20 dry weight percent of a filler, wherein the filler comprises a combination of a polysaccharide filler and a starch filler. 29. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, comprising:
at least about 20 dry weight percent of the tobacco material, wherein the tobacco material comprises particulate tobacco; at least about 2 dry weight percent of the protein-enriched, tobacco-derived material, wherein the protein comprises at least about 80 dry weight percent RuBisCO; at least about 2 dry weight percent of a natural gum binder; and at least about 10 dry weight percent of a binder other than a natural gum binder. 30. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, comprising:
at least about 20 dry weight percent of the tobacco material, wherein the tobacco material comprises particulate tobacco; and at least about 2 dry weight percent of the protein-enriched, tobacco-derived material, wherein the protein comprises at least about 80% by weight RuBisCO; between about 5 percent and about 20 percent by dry weight of a filler, wherein the filler comprises a combination of a polysaccharide filler and a starch filler. at least about 2 dry weight percent of a natural gum binder; and at least about 10 dry weight percent of a binder other than a natural gum binder. 31. A method of preparing a protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product, comprising:
combining a dry mixture comprising a tobacco material, a protein-enriched, tobacco-derived material; and one or more sugar alcohols, wherein the protein-enriched, tobacco-derived material comprises at least about 60 percent tobacco-derived protein by dry weight, with a wet mixture comprising salt and flavorants; and extruding the combined mixture to give a protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product comprising the protein-enriched, tobacco-derived material in an amount of at least about 2 percent by dry weight and the one or more sugar alcohols in an amount of at least about 10 percent by dry weight. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the protein-enriched, tobacco-derived material comprises at least about 80 percent tobacco-derived protein by dry weight. 33. The method of claim 31, wherein the protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product is in the form of extruded rods. 34. The method of claim 31, wherein the tobacco material is a heat-treated tobacco material. 35. The method of claim 31, wherein the tobacco material comprises a mixture of flue-cured and sun-cured tobacco. | The present disclosure provides protein-enriched, tobacco-containing products, suitable for use as oral formulations. Products of the present disclosure typically include at least one tobacco material (e.g., a particulate tobacco material or a tobacco-derived extract), at least one protein-enriched material (e.g., a tobacco-derived protein-enriched material), and at least one sugar alcohol.1. A protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product comprising:
a tobacco material; a protein-enriched, tobacco-derived material in an amount of at least about 2 percent by dry weight; and one or more sugar alcohols in an amount of at least about 10 percent by dry weight, wherein the protein-enriched, tobacco-derived material comprises at least about 60 percent tobacco-derived protein by dry weight. 2. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the protein-enriched, tobacco-derived material comprises at least about 80 percent tobacco-derived protein by dry weight. 3. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 2, wherein at least about 50 percent of the tobacco-derived protein by dry weight is RuBisCO. 4. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 2, wherein at least about 80 percent of the tobacco-derived protein by dry weight is RuBisCO. 5. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 2, wherein at least about 50 percent of the tobacco-derived protein by dry weight is F2 proteins. 6. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the tobacco material comprises particulate tobacco. 7. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 6, wherein the particulate tobacco comprises a mixture of flue-cured and sun-cured tobacco. 8. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 6, wherein the particulate tobacco is present in an amount of at least about 10 percent by dry weight. 9. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 6, wherein the particulate tobacco is present in an amount of at between about 10 percent and about 50 percent by dry weight. 10. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the tobacco material comprises a tobacco extract. 11. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 10, wherein the tobacco extract is present in an amount of at least about 2 percent by dry weight. 12. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 10, wherein the tobacco extract is present in an amount of from about 2 percent to about 5 percent by dry weight. 13. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the tobacco material comprises a heat-treated tobacco material that has been treated prior to incorporation within the smokeless tobacco product in an aqueous solution comprising L-lysine. 14. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the one or more sugar alcohols are selected from the group consisting of erythritol, arabitol, ribitol, isomalt, maltitol, dulcitol, iditol, mannitol, xylitol, lactitol, sorbitol, and combinations thereof. 15. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the one or more sugar alcohols are present in an amount of from about 10 percent to about 50 percent by dry weight. 16. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the one or more sugar alcohols are present in an amount of from about 10 percent by weight to about 30 percent by weight. 17. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, further comprising a natural gum binder in an amount of between about 2 percent and about 10 percent by dry weight. 18. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco composition of claim 17, wherein the natural gum binder component is selected from the group consisting of gum arabic, xanthan gum, guar gum, ghatti gum, gum tragacanth, karaya gum, locust bean gum, gellan gum, and combinations thereof. 19. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, further comprising a binder in an amount of between about 5 percent and about 20 percent by dry weight. 20. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 19, wherein the binder comprises pregelatinized rice starch. 21. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, further comprising one or more fillers in an amount of between about 5 percent and about 20 percent by dry weight. 22. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 21, wherein the one or more fillers comprise a polysaccharide filler, a starch filler, or a combination thereof. 23. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 21, wherein the one or more fillers are selected from the group consisting of rice flour, maltodextrin, calcium carbonate, and combinations thereof. 24. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, further comprising an additive selected from the group consisting of flavorants, sweeteners, binders, emulsifiers, disintegration aids, humectants, buffering agents, salts, and mixtures thereof. 25. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises glycerin. 26. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises one or more sweeteners. 27. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, comprising:
at least about 20 dry weight percent of the tobacco material, wherein the tobacco material comprises particulate tobacco; and at least about 2 dry weight percent of the protein-enriched, tobacco-derived material, wherein the protein comprises at least about 80 percent by weight RuBisCO. 28. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, comprising:
at least about 20 dry weight percent of the tobacco material, wherein the tobacco material comprises particulate tobacco; at least about 2 dry weight percent of the protein-enriched, tobacco-derived material, wherein the protein comprises at least about 80% by weight RuBisCO; and between about 5 percent and about 20 dry weight percent of a filler, wherein the filler comprises a combination of a polysaccharide filler and a starch filler. 29. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, comprising:
at least about 20 dry weight percent of the tobacco material, wherein the tobacco material comprises particulate tobacco; at least about 2 dry weight percent of the protein-enriched, tobacco-derived material, wherein the protein comprises at least about 80 dry weight percent RuBisCO; at least about 2 dry weight percent of a natural gum binder; and at least about 10 dry weight percent of a binder other than a natural gum binder. 30. The protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, comprising:
at least about 20 dry weight percent of the tobacco material, wherein the tobacco material comprises particulate tobacco; and at least about 2 dry weight percent of the protein-enriched, tobacco-derived material, wherein the protein comprises at least about 80% by weight RuBisCO; between about 5 percent and about 20 percent by dry weight of a filler, wherein the filler comprises a combination of a polysaccharide filler and a starch filler. at least about 2 dry weight percent of a natural gum binder; and at least about 10 dry weight percent of a binder other than a natural gum binder. 31. A method of preparing a protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product, comprising:
combining a dry mixture comprising a tobacco material, a protein-enriched, tobacco-derived material; and one or more sugar alcohols, wherein the protein-enriched, tobacco-derived material comprises at least about 60 percent tobacco-derived protein by dry weight, with a wet mixture comprising salt and flavorants; and extruding the combined mixture to give a protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product comprising the protein-enriched, tobacco-derived material in an amount of at least about 2 percent by dry weight and the one or more sugar alcohols in an amount of at least about 10 percent by dry weight. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the protein-enriched, tobacco-derived material comprises at least about 80 percent tobacco-derived protein by dry weight. 33. The method of claim 31, wherein the protein-enriched smokeless tobacco product is in the form of extruded rods. 34. The method of claim 31, wherein the tobacco material is a heat-treated tobacco material. 35. The method of claim 31, wherein the tobacco material comprises a mixture of flue-cured and sun-cured tobacco. | 1,700 |
4,145 | 13,660,704 | 1,782 | The present invention is based, at least in part, on the identification of a pharmaceutical container formed, at least in part, of a glass composition which exhibits a reduced propensity to delaminate, i.e., a reduced propensity to shed glass particulates. As a result, the presently claimed containers are particularly suited for storage of pharmaceutical compositions and, specifically, a pharmaceutical solution comprising a pharmaceutically active ingredient, for example, RITUXAN (rituximab), AVASTIN (Bevacizumab), LUCENTIS (Ranibizumab) or HERCEPTIN (trastuzumab). | 1-49. (canceled) 50. The pharmaceutical container of claim 66, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises a citrate or phosphate buffer. 51. The pharmaceutical container of claim 50, wherein the buffer is selected from the group consisting of sodium citrate, SSC, monosodium phosphate and disodium phosphate. 52. The pharmaceutical container of claim 66, wherein the pharmaceutical composition has a pH between about 7 and about 11, between about 7 and about 10, between about 7 and about 9, or between about 7 and about 8. 53. The pharmaceutical container of claim 66, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is an antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof, that binds CD20. 54. The pharmaceutical container of claim 53, wherein the antibody is Rituximab. 55. The pharmaceutical container of claim 66, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises RITUXAN. 56. The pharmaceutical container of claim 66, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is an antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof, that binds vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). 57. The pharmaceutical container of claim 56, wherein the antibody is bevacizumab. 58. The pharmaceutical container of claim 66, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises AVASTIN. 59. The pharmaceutical container of claim 66, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is an antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof, that binds vascular endothelial growth factor-A. 60. The pharmaceutical container of claim 59, wherein the antigen binding fragment is ranibizumab. 61. The pharmaceutical container of claim 66, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises LUCENTIS. 62. The pharmaceutical container of claim 66, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is an antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof, that binds HER2. 63. The pharmaceutical container of claim 62, wherein the antibody is trastuzumab. 64. The pharmaceutical container of claim 66, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises HERCEPTIN. 65. (canceled) 66. A delamination resistant pharmaceutical container comprising a pharmaceutical composition comprising an active pharmaceutical ingredient, wherein the pharmaceutical container comprises a glass composition comprising:
SiO2 in a concentration greater than about 70 mol. %; alkaline earth oxide comprising MgO and CaO, wherein CaO is present in an amount greater than or equal to about 0.1 mol. % and less than or equal to about 1.0 mol. %, and a ratio (CaO (mol. %)/(CaO (mol. %)+MgO (mol. %))) is less than or equal to 0.5; and Y mol. % alkali oxide, wherein the alkali oxide comprises Na2O in an amount greater than about 8 mol. %, wherein the glass composition is free of boron and compounds of boron. 67. The pharmaceutical container of claim 66, wherein the concentration of SiO2 is greater than or equal to about 72 mol. %. 68. The pharmaceutical container of claim 66, wherein the glass composition is free from phosphorous and compounds of phosphorous. 69. The pharmaceutical container of claim 66, further comprising X mol. % Al2O3, wherein a ratio of Y:X is greater than 1. 70. The pharmaceutical container of claim 69, wherein the ratio of Y:X is less than or equal to 2. 71. The pharmaceutical container of claim 69, wherein X is greater than or equal to about 2 mol. % and less than or equal to about 10 mol. %. 72. The pharmaceutical container of claim 69, wherein the alkaline earth oxide is present in an amount from about 3 mol. % to about 13 mol. %. 73. The pharmaceutical container of claim 69, wherein the ratio of Y:X is greater than or equal 1.3 and less than or equal to 2. 74. The pharmaceutical container of claim 66, wherein X is greater than or equal to about 5 mol. % and less than or equal to about 7 mol. %. 75. The pharmaceutical container of claim 66, wherein the ratio (CaO (mol. %)/(CaO (mol. %)+MgO (mol. %))) is less than or equal to 0.3. 76. The pharmaceutical container of claim 66, further comprising SnO2. 77. A delamination resistant pharmaceutical container comprising a pharmaceutical composition comprising an active pharmaceutical ingredient, wherein the pharmaceutical container comprises a glass composition comprising:
from about 72 mol. % to about 78 mol. % SiO2; from about 4 mol. % to about 8 mol. % alkaline earth oxide, wherein the alkaline earth oxide comprises MgO and CaO and a ratio (CaO (mol. %)/(CaO (mol. %)+MgO (mol. %))) is less than or equal to 0.5; X mol. % Al2O3, wherein X is greater than or equal to about 4 mol. % and less than or equal to about 8 mol. %; and Y mol. % alkali oxide, wherein the alkali oxide comprises Na2O in an amount greater than or equal to about 9 mol. % and less than or equal to about 15 mol. %, a ratio of Y:X is greater than 1, and the glass composition is free of boron and compounds of boron. 78. The pharmaceutical container of claim 77, wherein the ratio of Y:X is less than or equal to about 2. 79. The pharmaceutical container of claim 77, wherein the ratio of Y:X is greater than or equal to about 1.3 and less than or equal to about 2.0. 80. The pharmaceutical container of claim 77, wherein the ratio (CaO (mol. %)/(CaO (mol. %)+MgO (mol. %))) is less than or equal to 0.1. 81. The pharmaceutical container of claim 77, wherein the alkaline earth oxide comprises from about 3 mol. % to about 7 mol. % MgO. 82. The pharmaceutical container of claim 77, wherein the alkaline earth oxide comprises CaO in an amount greater than or equal to about 0.1 mol. % and less than or equal to about 1.0 mol. %. 83. The pharmaceutical container of claim 77, wherein the alkali oxide comprises K2O in an amount greater than or equal to about 0.01 mol. % and less than or equal to about 1.0 mol. %. 84. The pharmaceutical container of claim 77, wherein X is greater than or equal to about 5 mol. % and less than or equal to about 7 mol. %. 85. The pharmaceutical container of claim 77, wherein the glass composition comprises from about 74 mol. % to about 78 mol. % SiO2. 86. A delamination resistant pharmaceutical container comprising a pharmaceutical composition comprising an active pharmaceutical ingredient, wherein the pharmaceutical container comprises a glass composition comprising:
from about 70 mol. % to about 80 mol. % SiO2; from about 3 mol. % to about 13 mol. % alkaline earth oxide, wherein the alkaline earth oxide comprises CaO in an amount greater than or equal to about 0.1 mol. % and less than or equal to about 1.0 mol. %, MgO, and a ratio (CaO (mol. %)/(CaO (mol. %)+MgO (mol. %))) is less than or equal to 0.5; X mol. % Al2O3, wherein X is greater than or equal to about 2 mol. % and less than or equal to about 10 mol. %; and Y mol. % alkali oxide, wherein the alkali oxide comprises from about 0.01 mol. % to about 1.0 mol. % K2O and a ratio of Y:X is greater than 1, and the glass composition is free of boron and compounds of boron. 87. The pharmaceutical container of claim 86, wherein the ratio of Y:X is less than or equal to 2. 88. The pharmaceutical container of claim 86, wherein the ratio of Y:X is greater than or equal to 1.3 and less than or equal to 2.0. 89. The pharmaceutical container of claim 86, wherein the ratio (CaO (mol. %)/(CaO (mol. %)+MgO (mol. %))) is less than or equal to 0.1. 90. The pharmaceutical container of claim 86, wherein the glass composition is free of phosphorous and compounds of phosphorous. 91. The pharmaceutical container of claim 86, wherein the alkali oxide further comprises Na2O in an amount greater than about 8 mol. %. 92. The pharmaceutical container of claim 86, wherein the alkali oxide comprises Na2O in an amount greater than or equal to about 2 mol. % and less than or equal to about 15 mol. %. 93. The pharmaceutical container of claim 86, wherein the alkali oxide comprises from about 9 mol. % to about 13 mol. % Na2O. 94. The pharmaceutical container of claim 86, wherein X is greater than or equal to about 5 mol. % and less than or equal to about 7 mol. %. 95. The pharmaceutical container of claim 86, wherein the glass composition comprises from about 74 mol. % to about 78 mol. % SiO2. | The present invention is based, at least in part, on the identification of a pharmaceutical container formed, at least in part, of a glass composition which exhibits a reduced propensity to delaminate, i.e., a reduced propensity to shed glass particulates. As a result, the presently claimed containers are particularly suited for storage of pharmaceutical compositions and, specifically, a pharmaceutical solution comprising a pharmaceutically active ingredient, for example, RITUXAN (rituximab), AVASTIN (Bevacizumab), LUCENTIS (Ranibizumab) or HERCEPTIN (trastuzumab).1-49. (canceled) 50. The pharmaceutical container of claim 66, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises a citrate or phosphate buffer. 51. The pharmaceutical container of claim 50, wherein the buffer is selected from the group consisting of sodium citrate, SSC, monosodium phosphate and disodium phosphate. 52. The pharmaceutical container of claim 66, wherein the pharmaceutical composition has a pH between about 7 and about 11, between about 7 and about 10, between about 7 and about 9, or between about 7 and about 8. 53. The pharmaceutical container of claim 66, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is an antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof, that binds CD20. 54. The pharmaceutical container of claim 53, wherein the antibody is Rituximab. 55. The pharmaceutical container of claim 66, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises RITUXAN. 56. The pharmaceutical container of claim 66, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is an antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof, that binds vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). 57. The pharmaceutical container of claim 56, wherein the antibody is bevacizumab. 58. The pharmaceutical container of claim 66, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises AVASTIN. 59. The pharmaceutical container of claim 66, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is an antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof, that binds vascular endothelial growth factor-A. 60. The pharmaceutical container of claim 59, wherein the antigen binding fragment is ranibizumab. 61. The pharmaceutical container of claim 66, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises LUCENTIS. 62. The pharmaceutical container of claim 66, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is an antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof, that binds HER2. 63. The pharmaceutical container of claim 62, wherein the antibody is trastuzumab. 64. The pharmaceutical container of claim 66, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises HERCEPTIN. 65. (canceled) 66. A delamination resistant pharmaceutical container comprising a pharmaceutical composition comprising an active pharmaceutical ingredient, wherein the pharmaceutical container comprises a glass composition comprising:
SiO2 in a concentration greater than about 70 mol. %; alkaline earth oxide comprising MgO and CaO, wherein CaO is present in an amount greater than or equal to about 0.1 mol. % and less than or equal to about 1.0 mol. %, and a ratio (CaO (mol. %)/(CaO (mol. %)+MgO (mol. %))) is less than or equal to 0.5; and Y mol. % alkali oxide, wherein the alkali oxide comprises Na2O in an amount greater than about 8 mol. %, wherein the glass composition is free of boron and compounds of boron. 67. The pharmaceutical container of claim 66, wherein the concentration of SiO2 is greater than or equal to about 72 mol. %. 68. The pharmaceutical container of claim 66, wherein the glass composition is free from phosphorous and compounds of phosphorous. 69. The pharmaceutical container of claim 66, further comprising X mol. % Al2O3, wherein a ratio of Y:X is greater than 1. 70. The pharmaceutical container of claim 69, wherein the ratio of Y:X is less than or equal to 2. 71. The pharmaceutical container of claim 69, wherein X is greater than or equal to about 2 mol. % and less than or equal to about 10 mol. %. 72. The pharmaceutical container of claim 69, wherein the alkaline earth oxide is present in an amount from about 3 mol. % to about 13 mol. %. 73. The pharmaceutical container of claim 69, wherein the ratio of Y:X is greater than or equal 1.3 and less than or equal to 2. 74. The pharmaceutical container of claim 66, wherein X is greater than or equal to about 5 mol. % and less than or equal to about 7 mol. %. 75. The pharmaceutical container of claim 66, wherein the ratio (CaO (mol. %)/(CaO (mol. %)+MgO (mol. %))) is less than or equal to 0.3. 76. The pharmaceutical container of claim 66, further comprising SnO2. 77. A delamination resistant pharmaceutical container comprising a pharmaceutical composition comprising an active pharmaceutical ingredient, wherein the pharmaceutical container comprises a glass composition comprising:
from about 72 mol. % to about 78 mol. % SiO2; from about 4 mol. % to about 8 mol. % alkaline earth oxide, wherein the alkaline earth oxide comprises MgO and CaO and a ratio (CaO (mol. %)/(CaO (mol. %)+MgO (mol. %))) is less than or equal to 0.5; X mol. % Al2O3, wherein X is greater than or equal to about 4 mol. % and less than or equal to about 8 mol. %; and Y mol. % alkali oxide, wherein the alkali oxide comprises Na2O in an amount greater than or equal to about 9 mol. % and less than or equal to about 15 mol. %, a ratio of Y:X is greater than 1, and the glass composition is free of boron and compounds of boron. 78. The pharmaceutical container of claim 77, wherein the ratio of Y:X is less than or equal to about 2. 79. The pharmaceutical container of claim 77, wherein the ratio of Y:X is greater than or equal to about 1.3 and less than or equal to about 2.0. 80. The pharmaceutical container of claim 77, wherein the ratio (CaO (mol. %)/(CaO (mol. %)+MgO (mol. %))) is less than or equal to 0.1. 81. The pharmaceutical container of claim 77, wherein the alkaline earth oxide comprises from about 3 mol. % to about 7 mol. % MgO. 82. The pharmaceutical container of claim 77, wherein the alkaline earth oxide comprises CaO in an amount greater than or equal to about 0.1 mol. % and less than or equal to about 1.0 mol. %. 83. The pharmaceutical container of claim 77, wherein the alkali oxide comprises K2O in an amount greater than or equal to about 0.01 mol. % and less than or equal to about 1.0 mol. %. 84. The pharmaceutical container of claim 77, wherein X is greater than or equal to about 5 mol. % and less than or equal to about 7 mol. %. 85. The pharmaceutical container of claim 77, wherein the glass composition comprises from about 74 mol. % to about 78 mol. % SiO2. 86. A delamination resistant pharmaceutical container comprising a pharmaceutical composition comprising an active pharmaceutical ingredient, wherein the pharmaceutical container comprises a glass composition comprising:
from about 70 mol. % to about 80 mol. % SiO2; from about 3 mol. % to about 13 mol. % alkaline earth oxide, wherein the alkaline earth oxide comprises CaO in an amount greater than or equal to about 0.1 mol. % and less than or equal to about 1.0 mol. %, MgO, and a ratio (CaO (mol. %)/(CaO (mol. %)+MgO (mol. %))) is less than or equal to 0.5; X mol. % Al2O3, wherein X is greater than or equal to about 2 mol. % and less than or equal to about 10 mol. %; and Y mol. % alkali oxide, wherein the alkali oxide comprises from about 0.01 mol. % to about 1.0 mol. % K2O and a ratio of Y:X is greater than 1, and the glass composition is free of boron and compounds of boron. 87. The pharmaceutical container of claim 86, wherein the ratio of Y:X is less than or equal to 2. 88. The pharmaceutical container of claim 86, wherein the ratio of Y:X is greater than or equal to 1.3 and less than or equal to 2.0. 89. The pharmaceutical container of claim 86, wherein the ratio (CaO (mol. %)/(CaO (mol. %)+MgO (mol. %))) is less than or equal to 0.1. 90. The pharmaceutical container of claim 86, wherein the glass composition is free of phosphorous and compounds of phosphorous. 91. The pharmaceutical container of claim 86, wherein the alkali oxide further comprises Na2O in an amount greater than about 8 mol. %. 92. The pharmaceutical container of claim 86, wherein the alkali oxide comprises Na2O in an amount greater than or equal to about 2 mol. % and less than or equal to about 15 mol. %. 93. The pharmaceutical container of claim 86, wherein the alkali oxide comprises from about 9 mol. % to about 13 mol. % Na2O. 94. The pharmaceutical container of claim 86, wherein X is greater than or equal to about 5 mol. % and less than or equal to about 7 mol. %. 95. The pharmaceutical container of claim 86, wherein the glass composition comprises from about 74 mol. % to about 78 mol. % SiO2. | 1,700 |
4,146 | 13,660,708 | 1,782 | The present invention is based, at least in part, on the identification of a pharmaceutical container formed, at least in part, of a glass composition which exhibits a reduced propensity to delaminate, i.e., a reduced propensity to shed glass particulates. As a result, the presently claimed containers are particularly suited for storage of pharmaceutical compositions and, specifically, a pharmaceutical solution comprising a pharmaceutically active ingredient, for example, HUMALOG (insulin lispro), HUMALOG MIX 75-25 (insulin lispro), HUMALOG MIX 50-50 (insulin lispro), HUMILIN 70-30 (insulin), HUMILIN N (insulin), HUMULIN R (insulin) or GEMZAR (gemcitabine). | 1-49. (canceled) 50. The pharmaceutical container of claim 61, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises a citrate or phosphate buffer. 51. The pharmaceutical container of claim 50, wherein the buffer is selected from the group consisting of sodium citrate, SSC, monosodium phosphate and disodium phosphate. 52. The pharmaceutical container of claim 61, wherein the pharmaceutical composition has a pH between about 7 and about 11, between about 7 and about 10, between about 7 and about 9, or between about 7 and about 8. 53. The pharmaceutical container of claim 61, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is insulin or an analog thereof. 54. The pharmaceutical container of claim 53, wherein the insulin analog is insulin lispro. 55. The pharmaceutical container of claim 61, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is selected from the group consisting of HUMALOG MIX 75-25 (insulin lispro), HUMALOG MIX 50-50 (insulin lispro), HUMILIN 70-30 (insulin), HUMILIN N (insulin), and HUMULIN R (insulin). 56. The pharmaceutical container of claim 61, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is a nucleoside analog. 57. The pharmaceutical container of claim 56, wherein the nucleoside analog is an analog of deoxycytidine. 58. The pharmaceutical container of claim 61, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is gemcitabine. 59. The pharmaceutical container of claim 61, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises GEMZAR. 60. (canceled) 61. A delamination resistant pharmaceutical container comprising a pharmaceutical composition comprising an active pharmaceutical ingredient, wherein the pharmaceutical container comprises a glass composition comprising:
SiO2 in a concentration greater than about 70 mol. %; alkaline earth oxide comprising MgO and CaO, wherein CaO is present in an amount greater than or equal to about 0.1 mol. % and less than or equal to about 1.0 mol. %, and a ratio (CaO (mol. %)/(CaO (mol. %)+MgO (mol. %))) is less than or equal to 0.5; and Y mol. % alkali oxide, wherein the alkali oxide comprises Na2O in an amount greater than about 8 mol. %, wherein the glass composition is free of boron and compounds of boron. 62. The pharmaceutical container of claim 61, wherein the concentration of SiO2 is greater than or equal to about 72 mol. %. 63. The pharmaceutical container of claim 61, wherein the glass composition is free from phosphorous and compounds of phosphorous. 64. The pharmaceutical container of claim 61, further comprising X mol. % Al2O3, wherein a ratio of Y:X is greater than 1. 65. The pharmaceutical container of claim 64, wherein the ratio of Y:X is less than or equal to 2. 66. The pharmaceutical container of claim 64, wherein X is greater than or equal to about 2 mol. % and less than or equal to about 10 mol. %. 67. The pharmaceutical container of claim 61, wherein the alkaline earth oxide is present in an amount from about 3 mol. % to about 13 mol. %. 68. The pharmaceutical container of claim 64, wherein the ratio of Y:X is greater than or equal 1.3 and less than or equal to 2. 69. The pharmaceutical container of claim 61, wherein X is greater than or equal to about 5 mol. % and less than or equal to about 7 mol. %. 70. The pharmaceutical container of claim 61, wherein the ratio (CaO (mol. %)/(CaO (mol. %)+MgO (mol. %))) is less than or equal to 0.3. 71. The pharmaceutical container of claim 61, further comprising SnO2. 72. A delamination resistant pharmaceutical container comprising a pharmaceutical composition comprising an active pharmaceutical ingredient, wherein the pharmaceutical container comprises a glass composition comprising:
from about 72 mol. % to about 78 mol. % SiO2; from about 4 mol. % to about 8 mol. % alkaline earth oxide, wherein the alkaline earth oxide comprises MgO and CaO and a ratio (CaO (mol. %)/(CaO (mol. %)+MgO (mol. %))) is less than or equal to 0.5; X mol. % Al2O3, wherein X is greater than or equal to about 4 mol. % and less than or equal to about 8 mol. %.; and Y mol. % alkali oxide, wherein the alkali oxide comprises Na2O in an amount greater than or equal to about 9 mol. % and less than or equal to about 15 mol. %, a ratio of Y:X is greater than 1, and the glass composition is free of boron and compounds of boron. 73. The pharmaceutical container of claim 72, wherein the ratio of Y:X is less than or equal to about 2. 74. The pharmaceutical container of claim 72, wherein the ratio of Y:X is greater than or equal to about 1.3 and less than or equal to about 2.0. 75. The pharmaceutical container of claim 72, wherein the ratio (CaO (mol. %)/(CaO (mol. %)+MgO (mol. %))) is less than or equal to 0.1. 76. The pharmaceutical container of claim 72, wherein the alkaline earth oxide comprises from about 3 mol. % to about 7 mol. % MgO. 77. The pharmaceutical container of claim 72, wherein the alkaline earth oxide comprises CaO in an amount greater than or equal to about 0.1 mol. % and less than or equal to about 1.0 mol. %. 78. The pharmaceutical container of claim 72, wherein the alkali oxide comprises K2O in an amount greater than or equal to about 0.01 mol. % and less than or equal to about 1.0 mol. %. 79. The pharmaceutical container of claim 72, wherein X is greater than or equal to about 5 mol. % and less than or equal to about 7 mol. %. 80. The pharmaceutical container of claim 72, wherein the glass composition comprises from about 74 mol. % to about 78 mol. % SiO2. 81. A delamination resistant pharmaceutical container comprising a pharmaceutical composition comprising an active pharmaceutical ingredient, wherein the pharmaceutical container comprises a glass composition comprising:
from about 70 mol. % to about 80 mol. % SiO2; from about 3 mol. % to about 13 mol. % alkaline earth oxide, wherein the alkaline earth oxide comprises CaO in an amount greater than or equal to about 0.1 mol. % and less than or equal to about 1.0 mol. %, MgO, and a ratio (CaO (mol. %)/(CaO (mol. %)+MgO (mol. %))) is less than or equal to 0.5; X mol. % Al2O3, wherein X is greater than or equal to about 2 mol. % and less than or equal to about 10 mol. %; and Y mol. % alkali oxide, wherein the alkali oxide comprises from about 0.01 mol. % to about 1.0 mol. % K2O and a ratio of Y:X is greater than 1, and the glass composition is free of boron and compounds of boron. 82. The pharmaceutical container of claim 81, wherein the ratio of Y:X is less than or equal to 2. 83. The pharmaceutical container of claim 81, wherein the ratio of Y:X is greater than or equal to 1.3 and less than or equal to 2.0. 84. The pharmaceutical container of claim 81, wherein the ratio (CaO (mol. %)/(CaO (mol. %)+MgO (mol. %))) is less than or equal to 0.1. 85. The pharmaceutical container of claim 81, wherein the glass composition is free of phosphorous and compounds of phosphorous. 86. The pharmaceutical container of claim 81, wherein the alkali oxide further comprises Na2O in an amount greater than about 8 mol. %. 87. The pharmaceutical container of claim 81, wherein the alkali oxide comprises Na2O in an amount greater than or equal to about 2 mol. % and less than or equal to about 15 mol. %. 88. The pharmaceutical container of claim 81, wherein the alkali oxide comprises from about 9 mol. % to about 13 mol. % Na2O. 89. The pharmaceutical container of claim 81, wherein X is greater than or equal to about 5 mol. % and less than or equal to about 7 mol. %. 90. The pharmaceutical container of claim 81, wherein the glass composition comprises from about 74 mol. % to about 78 mol. % SiO2. | The present invention is based, at least in part, on the identification of a pharmaceutical container formed, at least in part, of a glass composition which exhibits a reduced propensity to delaminate, i.e., a reduced propensity to shed glass particulates. As a result, the presently claimed containers are particularly suited for storage of pharmaceutical compositions and, specifically, a pharmaceutical solution comprising a pharmaceutically active ingredient, for example, HUMALOG (insulin lispro), HUMALOG MIX 75-25 (insulin lispro), HUMALOG MIX 50-50 (insulin lispro), HUMILIN 70-30 (insulin), HUMILIN N (insulin), HUMULIN R (insulin) or GEMZAR (gemcitabine).1-49. (canceled) 50. The pharmaceutical container of claim 61, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises a citrate or phosphate buffer. 51. The pharmaceutical container of claim 50, wherein the buffer is selected from the group consisting of sodium citrate, SSC, monosodium phosphate and disodium phosphate. 52. The pharmaceutical container of claim 61, wherein the pharmaceutical composition has a pH between about 7 and about 11, between about 7 and about 10, between about 7 and about 9, or between about 7 and about 8. 53. The pharmaceutical container of claim 61, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is insulin or an analog thereof. 54. The pharmaceutical container of claim 53, wherein the insulin analog is insulin lispro. 55. The pharmaceutical container of claim 61, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is selected from the group consisting of HUMALOG MIX 75-25 (insulin lispro), HUMALOG MIX 50-50 (insulin lispro), HUMILIN 70-30 (insulin), HUMILIN N (insulin), and HUMULIN R (insulin). 56. The pharmaceutical container of claim 61, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is a nucleoside analog. 57. The pharmaceutical container of claim 56, wherein the nucleoside analog is an analog of deoxycytidine. 58. The pharmaceutical container of claim 61, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is gemcitabine. 59. The pharmaceutical container of claim 61, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises GEMZAR. 60. (canceled) 61. A delamination resistant pharmaceutical container comprising a pharmaceutical composition comprising an active pharmaceutical ingredient, wherein the pharmaceutical container comprises a glass composition comprising:
SiO2 in a concentration greater than about 70 mol. %; alkaline earth oxide comprising MgO and CaO, wherein CaO is present in an amount greater than or equal to about 0.1 mol. % and less than or equal to about 1.0 mol. %, and a ratio (CaO (mol. %)/(CaO (mol. %)+MgO (mol. %))) is less than or equal to 0.5; and Y mol. % alkali oxide, wherein the alkali oxide comprises Na2O in an amount greater than about 8 mol. %, wherein the glass composition is free of boron and compounds of boron. 62. The pharmaceutical container of claim 61, wherein the concentration of SiO2 is greater than or equal to about 72 mol. %. 63. The pharmaceutical container of claim 61, wherein the glass composition is free from phosphorous and compounds of phosphorous. 64. The pharmaceutical container of claim 61, further comprising X mol. % Al2O3, wherein a ratio of Y:X is greater than 1. 65. The pharmaceutical container of claim 64, wherein the ratio of Y:X is less than or equal to 2. 66. The pharmaceutical container of claim 64, wherein X is greater than or equal to about 2 mol. % and less than or equal to about 10 mol. %. 67. The pharmaceutical container of claim 61, wherein the alkaline earth oxide is present in an amount from about 3 mol. % to about 13 mol. %. 68. The pharmaceutical container of claim 64, wherein the ratio of Y:X is greater than or equal 1.3 and less than or equal to 2. 69. The pharmaceutical container of claim 61, wherein X is greater than or equal to about 5 mol. % and less than or equal to about 7 mol. %. 70. The pharmaceutical container of claim 61, wherein the ratio (CaO (mol. %)/(CaO (mol. %)+MgO (mol. %))) is less than or equal to 0.3. 71. The pharmaceutical container of claim 61, further comprising SnO2. 72. A delamination resistant pharmaceutical container comprising a pharmaceutical composition comprising an active pharmaceutical ingredient, wherein the pharmaceutical container comprises a glass composition comprising:
from about 72 mol. % to about 78 mol. % SiO2; from about 4 mol. % to about 8 mol. % alkaline earth oxide, wherein the alkaline earth oxide comprises MgO and CaO and a ratio (CaO (mol. %)/(CaO (mol. %)+MgO (mol. %))) is less than or equal to 0.5; X mol. % Al2O3, wherein X is greater than or equal to about 4 mol. % and less than or equal to about 8 mol. %.; and Y mol. % alkali oxide, wherein the alkali oxide comprises Na2O in an amount greater than or equal to about 9 mol. % and less than or equal to about 15 mol. %, a ratio of Y:X is greater than 1, and the glass composition is free of boron and compounds of boron. 73. The pharmaceutical container of claim 72, wherein the ratio of Y:X is less than or equal to about 2. 74. The pharmaceutical container of claim 72, wherein the ratio of Y:X is greater than or equal to about 1.3 and less than or equal to about 2.0. 75. The pharmaceutical container of claim 72, wherein the ratio (CaO (mol. %)/(CaO (mol. %)+MgO (mol. %))) is less than or equal to 0.1. 76. The pharmaceutical container of claim 72, wherein the alkaline earth oxide comprises from about 3 mol. % to about 7 mol. % MgO. 77. The pharmaceutical container of claim 72, wherein the alkaline earth oxide comprises CaO in an amount greater than or equal to about 0.1 mol. % and less than or equal to about 1.0 mol. %. 78. The pharmaceutical container of claim 72, wherein the alkali oxide comprises K2O in an amount greater than or equal to about 0.01 mol. % and less than or equal to about 1.0 mol. %. 79. The pharmaceutical container of claim 72, wherein X is greater than or equal to about 5 mol. % and less than or equal to about 7 mol. %. 80. The pharmaceutical container of claim 72, wherein the glass composition comprises from about 74 mol. % to about 78 mol. % SiO2. 81. A delamination resistant pharmaceutical container comprising a pharmaceutical composition comprising an active pharmaceutical ingredient, wherein the pharmaceutical container comprises a glass composition comprising:
from about 70 mol. % to about 80 mol. % SiO2; from about 3 mol. % to about 13 mol. % alkaline earth oxide, wherein the alkaline earth oxide comprises CaO in an amount greater than or equal to about 0.1 mol. % and less than or equal to about 1.0 mol. %, MgO, and a ratio (CaO (mol. %)/(CaO (mol. %)+MgO (mol. %))) is less than or equal to 0.5; X mol. % Al2O3, wherein X is greater than or equal to about 2 mol. % and less than or equal to about 10 mol. %; and Y mol. % alkali oxide, wherein the alkali oxide comprises from about 0.01 mol. % to about 1.0 mol. % K2O and a ratio of Y:X is greater than 1, and the glass composition is free of boron and compounds of boron. 82. The pharmaceutical container of claim 81, wherein the ratio of Y:X is less than or equal to 2. 83. The pharmaceutical container of claim 81, wherein the ratio of Y:X is greater than or equal to 1.3 and less than or equal to 2.0. 84. The pharmaceutical container of claim 81, wherein the ratio (CaO (mol. %)/(CaO (mol. %)+MgO (mol. %))) is less than or equal to 0.1. 85. The pharmaceutical container of claim 81, wherein the glass composition is free of phosphorous and compounds of phosphorous. 86. The pharmaceutical container of claim 81, wherein the alkali oxide further comprises Na2O in an amount greater than about 8 mol. %. 87. The pharmaceutical container of claim 81, wherein the alkali oxide comprises Na2O in an amount greater than or equal to about 2 mol. % and less than or equal to about 15 mol. %. 88. The pharmaceutical container of claim 81, wherein the alkali oxide comprises from about 9 mol. % to about 13 mol. % Na2O. 89. The pharmaceutical container of claim 81, wherein X is greater than or equal to about 5 mol. % and less than or equal to about 7 mol. %. 90. The pharmaceutical container of claim 81, wherein the glass composition comprises from about 74 mol. % to about 78 mol. % SiO2. | 1,700 |
4,147 | 15,179,267 | 1,791 | A system and method to prepare and dispense a N 2 or N 2 /CO 2 gas infused chilled beverage is provided. The beverage may be any non-carbonated liquid and in one embodiment the beverage is coffee. The dispensed N 2 or N 2 /CO 2 gas infused chilled coffee has a unique appearance and enhanced flavor and aroma. The system may be provided as a self-contained unit. | 1. A system for dispensing a cooled beverage, comprising:
a containment means for storage and supply of a chilled beverage; a means for providing controlled pressurized gas comprising at least 50% by weight nitrogen; a means for contacting a chilled beverage with a gas such that the gas is dissolved and/or dispersed in the chilled beverage; a beverage dispensing means attached downstream to the liquid/gas contacting means; and a means to transfer the chilled beverage from the containment means to the gas contacting means and further to the beverage dispensing means; wherein the nitrogen feed supply line to the means for liquid/gas contacting comprises a means to prevent liquid flow from the liquid/gas contacting means into the pressurized gas supply line, and the beverage dispensing means comprises a controlled discharge means to generate a head of foam on the discharged beverage. 2. The system for dispensing a chilled beverage according to claim 1, further comprising a means for chilling at least the containment means and the liquid/gas contacting means. 3. The system for dispensing a chilled beverage according to claim 1, further comprising a means for restricted dispense from the controlled discharge means such that gas dissolved or dispersed in the chilled beverage is released at the chilled beverage surface to form a head of foam. 4. The system for dispensing a chilled beverage according to claim 1, wherein the regulated pressure nitrogen gas is fed via supply lines to the contacting means and the means to transfer the chilled beverage such that the pressure at the contacting means and the pressure at the transfer means is substantially the same. | A system and method to prepare and dispense a N 2 or N 2 /CO 2 gas infused chilled beverage is provided. The beverage may be any non-carbonated liquid and in one embodiment the beverage is coffee. The dispensed N 2 or N 2 /CO 2 gas infused chilled coffee has a unique appearance and enhanced flavor and aroma. The system may be provided as a self-contained unit.1. A system for dispensing a cooled beverage, comprising:
a containment means for storage and supply of a chilled beverage; a means for providing controlled pressurized gas comprising at least 50% by weight nitrogen; a means for contacting a chilled beverage with a gas such that the gas is dissolved and/or dispersed in the chilled beverage; a beverage dispensing means attached downstream to the liquid/gas contacting means; and a means to transfer the chilled beverage from the containment means to the gas contacting means and further to the beverage dispensing means; wherein the nitrogen feed supply line to the means for liquid/gas contacting comprises a means to prevent liquid flow from the liquid/gas contacting means into the pressurized gas supply line, and the beverage dispensing means comprises a controlled discharge means to generate a head of foam on the discharged beverage. 2. The system for dispensing a chilled beverage according to claim 1, further comprising a means for chilling at least the containment means and the liquid/gas contacting means. 3. The system for dispensing a chilled beverage according to claim 1, further comprising a means for restricted dispense from the controlled discharge means such that gas dissolved or dispersed in the chilled beverage is released at the chilled beverage surface to form a head of foam. 4. The system for dispensing a chilled beverage according to claim 1, wherein the regulated pressure nitrogen gas is fed via supply lines to the contacting means and the means to transfer the chilled beverage such that the pressure at the contacting means and the pressure at the transfer means is substantially the same. | 1,700 |
4,148 | 15,305,624 | 1,788 | A thermally coated component is disclosed. The thermally coated component has a frictionally optimized surface of a track for a friction partner, where the surface has pores. The pores have an entry rounding, the slope of which, as a ratio of the depth of the entry rounding to a longitudinal section of the surface or parallel to the surface, has a value of more than 2.5 μm/mm. | 1-7. (canceled) 8. A thermally coated component, comprising:
a surface of a track for a friction partner, wherein the surface has a pore, wherein the pore has an entry rounding, and wherein a slope of the entry rounding, as a ratio of a depth of the entry rounding to a longitudinal section of the surface or parallel to the surface, has a value of more than 2.5 μm/mm. 9. The thermally coated component according to claim 8, wherein an average slope for a plurality of pores of the surface is more than 3 μm/mm. 10. The thermally coated component according to claim 8, wherein the surface has been mechanically treated. 11. The thermally coated component according to claim 10, wherein the surface has been mechanically treated by cutting. 12. The thermally coated component according to claim 8, wherein the surface has been treated by honing. 13. The thermally coated component according to claim 8, wherein the surface has been treated with a tool having diamond honing stones and with a tool having ceramic honing stones. 14. The thermally coated component according to claim 8, wherein a thermal coating of the thermally coated component is a thermal spray coating. 15. The thermally coated component according to claim 14, wherein the thermal spray coating is an are wire spraying layer or a plasma transferred wire arc (PTWA) layer. 16. The thermally coated component according to claim 8, wherein the thermally coated component is a cylinder crankcase or a piston or a hush or a cylinder liner. | A thermally coated component is disclosed. The thermally coated component has a frictionally optimized surface of a track for a friction partner, where the surface has pores. The pores have an entry rounding, the slope of which, as a ratio of the depth of the entry rounding to a longitudinal section of the surface or parallel to the surface, has a value of more than 2.5 μm/mm.1-7. (canceled) 8. A thermally coated component, comprising:
a surface of a track for a friction partner, wherein the surface has a pore, wherein the pore has an entry rounding, and wherein a slope of the entry rounding, as a ratio of a depth of the entry rounding to a longitudinal section of the surface or parallel to the surface, has a value of more than 2.5 μm/mm. 9. The thermally coated component according to claim 8, wherein an average slope for a plurality of pores of the surface is more than 3 μm/mm. 10. The thermally coated component according to claim 8, wherein the surface has been mechanically treated. 11. The thermally coated component according to claim 10, wherein the surface has been mechanically treated by cutting. 12. The thermally coated component according to claim 8, wherein the surface has been treated by honing. 13. The thermally coated component according to claim 8, wherein the surface has been treated with a tool having diamond honing stones and with a tool having ceramic honing stones. 14. The thermally coated component according to claim 8, wherein a thermal coating of the thermally coated component is a thermal spray coating. 15. The thermally coated component according to claim 14, wherein the thermal spray coating is an are wire spraying layer or a plasma transferred wire arc (PTWA) layer. 16. The thermally coated component according to claim 8, wherein the thermally coated component is a cylinder crankcase or a piston or a hush or a cylinder liner. | 1,700 |
4,149 | 13,660,508 | 1,782 | The present invention is based, at least in part, on the identification of a pharmaceutical container formed, at least in part, of a glass composition which exhibits a reduced propensity to delaminate, i.e., a reduced propensity to shed glass particulates. As a result, the presently claimed containers are particularly suited for storage of pharmaceutical compositions and, specifically, a pharmaceutical solution comprising a pharmaceutically active ingredient, for example, HUMIRA (Adalimumab). | 1. A delamination resistant pharmaceutical container comprising a glass composition comprising:
from about 70 mol. % to about 80 mol. % SiO2; from about 3 mol. % to about 13 mol. % alkaline earth oxide; X mol. % Al2O3; and Y mol. % alkali oxide, wherein the alkali oxide comprises Na2O in an amount greater than about 8 mol. %, a ratio of Y:X is greater than 1, and the glass composition is free of boron and compounds of boron. 2. The pharmaceutical container of claim 1, wherein the SiO2 is present in an amount less than or equal to 78 mol. %. 3. The pharmaceutical container of claim 1, wherein an amount of the alkaline earth oxide is greater than or equal to about 4 mol. % and less than or equal to about 8 mol. %. 4. The pharmaceutical container of claim 1, wherein the alkaline earth oxide comprises MgO and CaO and a ratio (CaO (mol. %)/(CaO (mol. %)+MgO (mol. %))) is less than or equal to 0.5. 5. The pharmaceutical container of claim 1, wherein the alkaline earth oxide comprises from about 0.1 mol. % to less than or equal to about 1.0 mol. % CaO. 6. The pharmaceutical container of claim 1, wherein the alkaline earth oxide comprises from about 3 mol. % to about 7 mol. % MgO. 7. The pharmaceutical container of claim 1, wherein X is greater than or equal to about 2 mol. % and less than or equal to about 10 mol. %. 8. The pharmaceutical container of claim 1, wherein the alkali oxide comprises greater than or equal to about 9 mol. % Na2O and less than or equal to about 15 mol. % Na2O. 9. The pharmaceutical container of claim 1, wherein the ratio of Y:X is less than or equal to 2. 10. The pharmaceutical container of claim 1, wherein the ratio of Y:X is greater than or equal to 1.3 and less than or equal to 2.0. 11. The pharmaceutical container of claim 1, wherein the alkali oxide further comprises K2O in an amount less than or equal to about 3 mol. %. 12. The pharmaceutical container of claim 1, wherein the glass composition is free of phosphorous and compounds of phosphorous. 13. The pharmaceutical container of claim 1, wherein the alkali oxide comprises K2O in an amount greater than or equal to about 0.01 mol. % and less than or equal to about 1.0 mol. %. 14. The pharmaceutical container of claim 1, wherein the glass composition has a type HGB1 hydrolytic resistance according to ISO 719. 15. The pharmaceutical container of claim 14, wherein the glass composition has a type HGA1 hydrolytic resistance according to ISO 720 after ion exchange strengthening. 16. The pharmaceutical container of claim 14, wherein the glass composition has a type HGA1 hydrolytic resistance according to ISO 720 before and after ion exchange strengthening. 17. The pharmaceutical container of claim 14, wherein the glass composition has at least a class S3 acid resistance according to DIN 12116. 18. The pharmaceutical container of claim 14, wherein the glass composition has at least a class A2 base resistance according to ISO 695. 19. The pharmaceutical container of claim 1, wherein the glass composition is ion exchange strengthened. 20. The pharmaceutical container of claim 1, further comprising a compressive stress layer with a depth of layer greater than or equal to 10 μm and a surface compressive stress greater than or equal to 250 MPa. 21. A delamination resistant pharmaceutical container comprising a glass composition comprising:
from about 72 mol. % to about 78 mol. % SiO2; from about 4 mol. % to about 8 mol. % alkaline earth oxide; X mol. % Al2O3, wherein X is greater than or equal to about, 4 mol. % and less than or equal to about 8 mol. %; and Y mol. % alkali oxide, wherein the alkali oxide comprises Na2O in an amount greater than or equal to about 9 mol. % and less than or equal to about 15 mol. %, a ratio of Y:X is greater than 1, and the glass composition is free of boron and compounds of boron. 22. The pharmaceutical container of claim 21, wherein the ratio of Y:X is less than or equal to about 2. 23. The pharmaceutical container of claim 21, wherein the ratio of Y:X is greater than or equal to about 1.3 and less than or equal to about 2.0. 24. The pharmaceutical container of claim 21, wherein the alkaline earth oxide comprises MgO and CaO and a ratio (CaO (mol. %)/(CaO (mol. %)+MgO (mol. %))) is less than or equal to 0.5. 25. The pharmaceutical container of claim 21, wherein the alkali oxide comprises K2O in an amount greater than or equal to about 0.01 mol. % and less than or equal to about 1.0 mol. %. 26. A delamination resistant pharmaceutical container comprising a glass composition comprising:
from about 68 mol. % to about 80 mol. % SiO2; from about 3 mol. % to about 13 mol. % alkaline earth oxide; X mol. % Al2O3; Y mol. % alkali oxide, wherein the alkali oxide comprises Na2O in an amount greater than about 8 mol. %; and B2O3, wherein a ratio (B2O3 (mol. %)/(Y mol. %-X mol. %) is greater than 0 and less than 0.3, and a ratio of Y:X is greater than 1. 27. The pharmaceutical container of claim 26, wherein an amount of SiO2 is greater than or equal to about 70 mol. %. 28. The pharmaceutical container of claim 26, wherein an amount of alkaline earth oxide is greater than or equal to about 4 mol. % and less than or equal to about 8 mol. %. 29. The pharmaceutical container of claim 26, wherein the alkaline earth oxide comprises MgO and CaO and a ratio (CaO (mol. %)/(CaO (mol. %)+MgO (mol. %))) is less than or equal to 0.5. 30. The pharmaceutical container of claim 26, wherein the alkaline earth oxide comprises CaO in an amount greater than or equal to about 0.1 mol. % and less than or equal to about 1.0 mol. %. 31. The pharmaceutical container of claim 26, wherein the alkaline earth oxide comprises from about 3 mol. % to about 7 mol. % MgO. 32. The pharmaceutical container of claim 26, wherein X is greater than or equal to about 2 mol. % and less than or equal to about 10 mol. %. 33. The pharmaceutical container of claim 26, wherein the alkali oxide comprises greater than or equal to about 9 mol. % Na2O and less than or equal to about 15 mol. % Na2O. 34. The pharmaceutical container of claim 26, wherein the ratio (B2O3 (mol. %)/(Y mol. %-X mol. %) is less than 0.2. 35. The pharmaceutical container of claim 26, wherein an amount of B2O3 is less than or equal to about 4.0 mol. %. 36. The pharmaceutical container of claim 35, wherein the amount of B2O3 is greater than or equal to about 0.01 mol. %. 37. The pharmaceutical container of claim 26, wherein the ratio of Y:X is less than or equal to 2. 38. The pharmaceutical container of claim 37, wherein a ratio of Y:X is greater than 1.3. 39. The pharmaceutical container of claim 26, wherein the alkali oxide further comprises K2O in a concentration less than or equal to about 3 mol. %. 40. The pharmaceutical container of claim 26, wherein the alkali oxide further comprises K2O in a concentration greater than or equal to about 0.01 mol. % and less than or equal to about 1.0 mol. %. 41. The pharmaceutical container of claim 26, wherein the glass composition is free of phosphorous and compounds of phosphorous. 42. The pharmaceutical container of claim 26, wherein the glass composition has a type HGB1 hydrolytic resistance according to ISO 719. 43. The pharmaceutical container of claim 42, wherein the glass composition has a type HGA1 hydrolytic resistance according to ISO 720 after ion exchange strengthening. 44. The pharmaceutical container of claim 42, wherein the glass composition has a type HGA1 hydrolytic resistance according to ISO 720 before and after ion exchange strengthening. 45. The pharmaceutical container of claim 42, wherein the glass composition has at least a class S3 acid resistance according to DIN 12116. 46. The pharmaceutical container of claim 42, wherein the glass composition has at least a class A2 base resistance according to ISO 695. 47. The pharmaceutical container of claim 42, wherein the glass composition is ion exchange strengthened. 48. The pharmaceutical container of claim 42, further comprising a compressive stress layer with a depth of layer greater than or equal to 10 μm and a surface compressive stress greater than or equal to 250 MPa. 49. The pharmaceutical container of any one of claims 1, 21 and 26, further comprising a pharmaceutical composition comprising an active pharmaceutical ingredient. 50. The pharmaceutical container of claim 49, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises a citrate or phosphate buffer. 51. The pharmaceutical container of claim 50, wherein the buffer is selected from the group consisting of sodium citrate, SSC, monosodium phosphate and disodium phosphate. 52. The pharmaceutical container of claim 49, wherein the pharmaceutical composition has a pH between about 7 and about 11, between about 7 and about 10, between about 7 and about 9, or between about 7 and about 8. 53. The pharmaceutical container of claim 49, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is HUMIRA (Adalimumab). 54. The pharmaceutical container of claim 49, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises HUMIRA (Adalimumab). | The present invention is based, at least in part, on the identification of a pharmaceutical container formed, at least in part, of a glass composition which exhibits a reduced propensity to delaminate, i.e., a reduced propensity to shed glass particulates. As a result, the presently claimed containers are particularly suited for storage of pharmaceutical compositions and, specifically, a pharmaceutical solution comprising a pharmaceutically active ingredient, for example, HUMIRA (Adalimumab).1. A delamination resistant pharmaceutical container comprising a glass composition comprising:
from about 70 mol. % to about 80 mol. % SiO2; from about 3 mol. % to about 13 mol. % alkaline earth oxide; X mol. % Al2O3; and Y mol. % alkali oxide, wherein the alkali oxide comprises Na2O in an amount greater than about 8 mol. %, a ratio of Y:X is greater than 1, and the glass composition is free of boron and compounds of boron. 2. The pharmaceutical container of claim 1, wherein the SiO2 is present in an amount less than or equal to 78 mol. %. 3. The pharmaceutical container of claim 1, wherein an amount of the alkaline earth oxide is greater than or equal to about 4 mol. % and less than or equal to about 8 mol. %. 4. The pharmaceutical container of claim 1, wherein the alkaline earth oxide comprises MgO and CaO and a ratio (CaO (mol. %)/(CaO (mol. %)+MgO (mol. %))) is less than or equal to 0.5. 5. The pharmaceutical container of claim 1, wherein the alkaline earth oxide comprises from about 0.1 mol. % to less than or equal to about 1.0 mol. % CaO. 6. The pharmaceutical container of claim 1, wherein the alkaline earth oxide comprises from about 3 mol. % to about 7 mol. % MgO. 7. The pharmaceutical container of claim 1, wherein X is greater than or equal to about 2 mol. % and less than or equal to about 10 mol. %. 8. The pharmaceutical container of claim 1, wherein the alkali oxide comprises greater than or equal to about 9 mol. % Na2O and less than or equal to about 15 mol. % Na2O. 9. The pharmaceutical container of claim 1, wherein the ratio of Y:X is less than or equal to 2. 10. The pharmaceutical container of claim 1, wherein the ratio of Y:X is greater than or equal to 1.3 and less than or equal to 2.0. 11. The pharmaceutical container of claim 1, wherein the alkali oxide further comprises K2O in an amount less than or equal to about 3 mol. %. 12. The pharmaceutical container of claim 1, wherein the glass composition is free of phosphorous and compounds of phosphorous. 13. The pharmaceutical container of claim 1, wherein the alkali oxide comprises K2O in an amount greater than or equal to about 0.01 mol. % and less than or equal to about 1.0 mol. %. 14. The pharmaceutical container of claim 1, wherein the glass composition has a type HGB1 hydrolytic resistance according to ISO 719. 15. The pharmaceutical container of claim 14, wherein the glass composition has a type HGA1 hydrolytic resistance according to ISO 720 after ion exchange strengthening. 16. The pharmaceutical container of claim 14, wherein the glass composition has a type HGA1 hydrolytic resistance according to ISO 720 before and after ion exchange strengthening. 17. The pharmaceutical container of claim 14, wherein the glass composition has at least a class S3 acid resistance according to DIN 12116. 18. The pharmaceutical container of claim 14, wherein the glass composition has at least a class A2 base resistance according to ISO 695. 19. The pharmaceutical container of claim 1, wherein the glass composition is ion exchange strengthened. 20. The pharmaceutical container of claim 1, further comprising a compressive stress layer with a depth of layer greater than or equal to 10 μm and a surface compressive stress greater than or equal to 250 MPa. 21. A delamination resistant pharmaceutical container comprising a glass composition comprising:
from about 72 mol. % to about 78 mol. % SiO2; from about 4 mol. % to about 8 mol. % alkaline earth oxide; X mol. % Al2O3, wherein X is greater than or equal to about, 4 mol. % and less than or equal to about 8 mol. %; and Y mol. % alkali oxide, wherein the alkali oxide comprises Na2O in an amount greater than or equal to about 9 mol. % and less than or equal to about 15 mol. %, a ratio of Y:X is greater than 1, and the glass composition is free of boron and compounds of boron. 22. The pharmaceutical container of claim 21, wherein the ratio of Y:X is less than or equal to about 2. 23. The pharmaceutical container of claim 21, wherein the ratio of Y:X is greater than or equal to about 1.3 and less than or equal to about 2.0. 24. The pharmaceutical container of claim 21, wherein the alkaline earth oxide comprises MgO and CaO and a ratio (CaO (mol. %)/(CaO (mol. %)+MgO (mol. %))) is less than or equal to 0.5. 25. The pharmaceutical container of claim 21, wherein the alkali oxide comprises K2O in an amount greater than or equal to about 0.01 mol. % and less than or equal to about 1.0 mol. %. 26. A delamination resistant pharmaceutical container comprising a glass composition comprising:
from about 68 mol. % to about 80 mol. % SiO2; from about 3 mol. % to about 13 mol. % alkaline earth oxide; X mol. % Al2O3; Y mol. % alkali oxide, wherein the alkali oxide comprises Na2O in an amount greater than about 8 mol. %; and B2O3, wherein a ratio (B2O3 (mol. %)/(Y mol. %-X mol. %) is greater than 0 and less than 0.3, and a ratio of Y:X is greater than 1. 27. The pharmaceutical container of claim 26, wherein an amount of SiO2 is greater than or equal to about 70 mol. %. 28. The pharmaceutical container of claim 26, wherein an amount of alkaline earth oxide is greater than or equal to about 4 mol. % and less than or equal to about 8 mol. %. 29. The pharmaceutical container of claim 26, wherein the alkaline earth oxide comprises MgO and CaO and a ratio (CaO (mol. %)/(CaO (mol. %)+MgO (mol. %))) is less than or equal to 0.5. 30. The pharmaceutical container of claim 26, wherein the alkaline earth oxide comprises CaO in an amount greater than or equal to about 0.1 mol. % and less than or equal to about 1.0 mol. %. 31. The pharmaceutical container of claim 26, wherein the alkaline earth oxide comprises from about 3 mol. % to about 7 mol. % MgO. 32. The pharmaceutical container of claim 26, wherein X is greater than or equal to about 2 mol. % and less than or equal to about 10 mol. %. 33. The pharmaceutical container of claim 26, wherein the alkali oxide comprises greater than or equal to about 9 mol. % Na2O and less than or equal to about 15 mol. % Na2O. 34. The pharmaceutical container of claim 26, wherein the ratio (B2O3 (mol. %)/(Y mol. %-X mol. %) is less than 0.2. 35. The pharmaceutical container of claim 26, wherein an amount of B2O3 is less than or equal to about 4.0 mol. %. 36. The pharmaceutical container of claim 35, wherein the amount of B2O3 is greater than or equal to about 0.01 mol. %. 37. The pharmaceutical container of claim 26, wherein the ratio of Y:X is less than or equal to 2. 38. The pharmaceutical container of claim 37, wherein a ratio of Y:X is greater than 1.3. 39. The pharmaceutical container of claim 26, wherein the alkali oxide further comprises K2O in a concentration less than or equal to about 3 mol. %. 40. The pharmaceutical container of claim 26, wherein the alkali oxide further comprises K2O in a concentration greater than or equal to about 0.01 mol. % and less than or equal to about 1.0 mol. %. 41. The pharmaceutical container of claim 26, wherein the glass composition is free of phosphorous and compounds of phosphorous. 42. The pharmaceutical container of claim 26, wherein the glass composition has a type HGB1 hydrolytic resistance according to ISO 719. 43. The pharmaceutical container of claim 42, wherein the glass composition has a type HGA1 hydrolytic resistance according to ISO 720 after ion exchange strengthening. 44. The pharmaceutical container of claim 42, wherein the glass composition has a type HGA1 hydrolytic resistance according to ISO 720 before and after ion exchange strengthening. 45. The pharmaceutical container of claim 42, wherein the glass composition has at least a class S3 acid resistance according to DIN 12116. 46. The pharmaceutical container of claim 42, wherein the glass composition has at least a class A2 base resistance according to ISO 695. 47. The pharmaceutical container of claim 42, wherein the glass composition is ion exchange strengthened. 48. The pharmaceutical container of claim 42, further comprising a compressive stress layer with a depth of layer greater than or equal to 10 μm and a surface compressive stress greater than or equal to 250 MPa. 49. The pharmaceutical container of any one of claims 1, 21 and 26, further comprising a pharmaceutical composition comprising an active pharmaceutical ingredient. 50. The pharmaceutical container of claim 49, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises a citrate or phosphate buffer. 51. The pharmaceutical container of claim 50, wherein the buffer is selected from the group consisting of sodium citrate, SSC, monosodium phosphate and disodium phosphate. 52. The pharmaceutical container of claim 49, wherein the pharmaceutical composition has a pH between about 7 and about 11, between about 7 and about 10, between about 7 and about 9, or between about 7 and about 8. 53. The pharmaceutical container of claim 49, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is HUMIRA (Adalimumab). 54. The pharmaceutical container of claim 49, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises HUMIRA (Adalimumab). | 1,700 |
4,150 | 14,554,928 | 1,799 | A sterilization package includes a first package layer and a second package layer coupled to the first package layer with a perimeter seal extending around a portion of the sterilization package to define a pouch having a proximal end and a distal end. A first sterilization indicium is disposed on the second package layer exterior of the pouch and a second sterilization indicium is disposed on the second package layer interior of the pouch. The first and second sterilization indicia are multi-parameter sterilization indicia configured to be responsive to a sterilization process such that the first and second sterilization indicia undergo a visual change to a desired ending color when the package is subjected to complete multi-parameter sterilization conditions. | 1. A sterilization package comprising:
a first package layer; a second package layer coupled to the first package layer with a perimeter seal extending around a portion of the sterilization package to define a pouch having a proximal end and a distal end, the pouch including a sealable opening at the proximal end; a first sterilization indicium disposed on the second package layer exterior of the pouch and proximate the distal end of the pouch, the first sterilization indicium on a side of the second package layer facing the first package layer; and a second sterilization indicium disposed on the second package layer interior of the pouch and proximate the distal end of the pouch, the second sterilization indicium on a side of the second package layer facing the first package layer, wherein the first and second sterilization indicia are multi-parameter sterilization indicia configured to be responsive to a sterilization process such that the first and second sterilization indicia undergo a visual change to a desired ending color when the package is subjected to complete multi-parameter sterilization conditions. 2. The sterilization package of claim 1, wherein the first and second indicators are configured to be responsive to a steam sterilization process. 3. The sterilization package of claim 1, wherein the first and second indicators are configured to be responsive to a gas sterilization process. 4. The sterilization package of claim 3, wherein the first and second gas sterilization indicia are configured to be responsive to ethylene oxide. 5. The sterilization package of claim 1, and further comprising:
a third sterilization indicium disposed on the second package layer exterior of the pouch and proximate the distal end of the pouch, the third sterilization indicium on a side of the second package layer facing the first package layer; and a fourth sterilization indicium disposed on the second package layer interior of the pouch and proximate the distal end of the pouch, the fourth sterilization indicium on a side of the second package layer facing the first package layer. 6. The sterilization package of claim 1, and further comprising:
a barrier seal that joins a portion of the first package layer to a portion of the second package layer proximate the second sterilization indicium, the barrier seal configured to block contents of the package from the second sterilization indicium, wherein the barrier seal is not connected to the perimeter seal. 7. The sterilization package of claim 1, wherein the first package layer comprises a polymeric material, and the second package layer comprises paper. 8. A method for making a sterilization package, the method comprising:
printing a plurality of sterilization indicia on a first major side of a paper layer, the plurality of sterilization indicia including first and second multi-parameter sterilization indicia configured to be responsive to a sterilization process such that the first and second sterilization indicia undergo a visual change to a desired ending color when the package is subjected to complete multi-parameter sterilization conditions; bonding a polymer layer to the first major side of the paper layer with a perimeter seal, the perimeter seal extending around a portion of the sterilization package to define a pouch having a proximal end with a sealable opening and a distal end, wherein the perimeter seal is disposed between the first and second multi-parameter sterilization indicia at the distal end of the pouch such that the first multi-parameter sterilization indicium is exterior of the pouch and the second multi-parameter sterilization indicium is interior of the pouch. 9. The method of claim 7, and further comprising:
joining a portion of the first major side of the paper layer to a portion of the polymer layer with a barrier seal proximate the second sterilization indicium, wherein the barrier seal is not connected to the perimeter seal. 10. The method of claim 7, wherein the first and second indicators are configured to be responsive to a steam sterilization process. 11. The method of claim 7, wherein the first and second indicators are configured to be responsive to a gas sterilization process. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the first and second gas sterilization indicia are configured to be responsive to ethylene oxide. 13. The method of claim 7, wherein the plurality of sterilization indicia further comprises third and fourth sterilization indicia, and wherein the perimeter seal is disposed between the third and fourth sterilization indicia at the distal end of the pouch such that the third sterilization indicium is exterior of the pouch and the fourth sterilization indicium is interior of the pouch. 14. A sterilization package comprising:
a first package layer; a second package layer coupled to the first package layer with a perimeter seal extending around a portion of the sterilization package to define a pouch having a proximal end and a distal end, the pouch including a sealable opening at the proximal end; a first steam sterilization indicium printed on the second package layer exterior of the pouch and proximate the distal end of the pouch, the first sterilization indicium on a side of the second package layer facing the first package layer; and a second steam sterilization indicium printed on the second package layer interior of the pouch and proximate the distal end of the pouch, the second sterilization indicium on a side of the second package layer facing the first package layer, wherein at least one of the first and second steam sterilization indicia is a multi-parameter steam sterilization indicium that is configured to change from a first color to a second color when the sterilization package is subjected to complete sterilization conditions with respect to at least two sterilization process variables selected from the group consisting of time, temperature, and presence of steam. 15. The sterilization package of claim 14, and further comprising:
a barrier seal that joins a portion of the first package layer to a portion of the second package layer proximate the second steam indicium, the barrier seal configured to block contents of the sterilization package from the second steam indicium. 16. The sterilization package of claim 15, wherein the barrier seal is not connected to the perimeter seal and allows passage of the sterilizing medium steam in the pouch to the second steam indicium. 17. The sterilization package of claim 14, and further comprising:
a first gas sterilization indicium exterior of the pouch and proximate the distal end of the pouch; and a second gas sterilization indicium interior of the pouch proximate the distal end of the pouch. 18. The sterilization package of claim 17, wherein the first and second gas sterilization indicia are configured to be responsive to ethylene oxide sterilization. 19. The sterilization package of claim 17, wherein at least one of the first and second gas sterilization indicia comprises a multi-parameter gas sterilization indicium that changes color when the sterilization package is subjected to complete gas sterilization conditions with respect to at least two gas sterilization process variables selected from the group consisting of time, temperature, and presence of sterilizing gas. 20. The sterilization package of claim 14, wherein the first steam indicium is between the first and second package layers. | A sterilization package includes a first package layer and a second package layer coupled to the first package layer with a perimeter seal extending around a portion of the sterilization package to define a pouch having a proximal end and a distal end. A first sterilization indicium is disposed on the second package layer exterior of the pouch and a second sterilization indicium is disposed on the second package layer interior of the pouch. The first and second sterilization indicia are multi-parameter sterilization indicia configured to be responsive to a sterilization process such that the first and second sterilization indicia undergo a visual change to a desired ending color when the package is subjected to complete multi-parameter sterilization conditions.1. A sterilization package comprising:
a first package layer; a second package layer coupled to the first package layer with a perimeter seal extending around a portion of the sterilization package to define a pouch having a proximal end and a distal end, the pouch including a sealable opening at the proximal end; a first sterilization indicium disposed on the second package layer exterior of the pouch and proximate the distal end of the pouch, the first sterilization indicium on a side of the second package layer facing the first package layer; and a second sterilization indicium disposed on the second package layer interior of the pouch and proximate the distal end of the pouch, the second sterilization indicium on a side of the second package layer facing the first package layer, wherein the first and second sterilization indicia are multi-parameter sterilization indicia configured to be responsive to a sterilization process such that the first and second sterilization indicia undergo a visual change to a desired ending color when the package is subjected to complete multi-parameter sterilization conditions. 2. The sterilization package of claim 1, wherein the first and second indicators are configured to be responsive to a steam sterilization process. 3. The sterilization package of claim 1, wherein the first and second indicators are configured to be responsive to a gas sterilization process. 4. The sterilization package of claim 3, wherein the first and second gas sterilization indicia are configured to be responsive to ethylene oxide. 5. The sterilization package of claim 1, and further comprising:
a third sterilization indicium disposed on the second package layer exterior of the pouch and proximate the distal end of the pouch, the third sterilization indicium on a side of the second package layer facing the first package layer; and a fourth sterilization indicium disposed on the second package layer interior of the pouch and proximate the distal end of the pouch, the fourth sterilization indicium on a side of the second package layer facing the first package layer. 6. The sterilization package of claim 1, and further comprising:
a barrier seal that joins a portion of the first package layer to a portion of the second package layer proximate the second sterilization indicium, the barrier seal configured to block contents of the package from the second sterilization indicium, wherein the barrier seal is not connected to the perimeter seal. 7. The sterilization package of claim 1, wherein the first package layer comprises a polymeric material, and the second package layer comprises paper. 8. A method for making a sterilization package, the method comprising:
printing a plurality of sterilization indicia on a first major side of a paper layer, the plurality of sterilization indicia including first and second multi-parameter sterilization indicia configured to be responsive to a sterilization process such that the first and second sterilization indicia undergo a visual change to a desired ending color when the package is subjected to complete multi-parameter sterilization conditions; bonding a polymer layer to the first major side of the paper layer with a perimeter seal, the perimeter seal extending around a portion of the sterilization package to define a pouch having a proximal end with a sealable opening and a distal end, wherein the perimeter seal is disposed between the first and second multi-parameter sterilization indicia at the distal end of the pouch such that the first multi-parameter sterilization indicium is exterior of the pouch and the second multi-parameter sterilization indicium is interior of the pouch. 9. The method of claim 7, and further comprising:
joining a portion of the first major side of the paper layer to a portion of the polymer layer with a barrier seal proximate the second sterilization indicium, wherein the barrier seal is not connected to the perimeter seal. 10. The method of claim 7, wherein the first and second indicators are configured to be responsive to a steam sterilization process. 11. The method of claim 7, wherein the first and second indicators are configured to be responsive to a gas sterilization process. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the first and second gas sterilization indicia are configured to be responsive to ethylene oxide. 13. The method of claim 7, wherein the plurality of sterilization indicia further comprises third and fourth sterilization indicia, and wherein the perimeter seal is disposed between the third and fourth sterilization indicia at the distal end of the pouch such that the third sterilization indicium is exterior of the pouch and the fourth sterilization indicium is interior of the pouch. 14. A sterilization package comprising:
a first package layer; a second package layer coupled to the first package layer with a perimeter seal extending around a portion of the sterilization package to define a pouch having a proximal end and a distal end, the pouch including a sealable opening at the proximal end; a first steam sterilization indicium printed on the second package layer exterior of the pouch and proximate the distal end of the pouch, the first sterilization indicium on a side of the second package layer facing the first package layer; and a second steam sterilization indicium printed on the second package layer interior of the pouch and proximate the distal end of the pouch, the second sterilization indicium on a side of the second package layer facing the first package layer, wherein at least one of the first and second steam sterilization indicia is a multi-parameter steam sterilization indicium that is configured to change from a first color to a second color when the sterilization package is subjected to complete sterilization conditions with respect to at least two sterilization process variables selected from the group consisting of time, temperature, and presence of steam. 15. The sterilization package of claim 14, and further comprising:
a barrier seal that joins a portion of the first package layer to a portion of the second package layer proximate the second steam indicium, the barrier seal configured to block contents of the sterilization package from the second steam indicium. 16. The sterilization package of claim 15, wherein the barrier seal is not connected to the perimeter seal and allows passage of the sterilizing medium steam in the pouch to the second steam indicium. 17. The sterilization package of claim 14, and further comprising:
a first gas sterilization indicium exterior of the pouch and proximate the distal end of the pouch; and a second gas sterilization indicium interior of the pouch proximate the distal end of the pouch. 18. The sterilization package of claim 17, wherein the first and second gas sterilization indicia are configured to be responsive to ethylene oxide sterilization. 19. The sterilization package of claim 17, wherein at least one of the first and second gas sterilization indicia comprises a multi-parameter gas sterilization indicium that changes color when the sterilization package is subjected to complete gas sterilization conditions with respect to at least two gas sterilization process variables selected from the group consisting of time, temperature, and presence of sterilizing gas. 20. The sterilization package of claim 14, wherein the first steam indicium is between the first and second package layers. | 1,700 |
4,151 | 13,587,286 | 1,777 | Membranes including at least two sets of fibers having different average diameters, as well as methods of using and methods of making the membranes are disclosed. | 1. A porous polymeric membrane comprising:
(a) a first microporous surface; (b) a second microporousporous surface; and, (c) a bulk between the first surface and the second surface, wherein the bulk comprises at least a first set of a plurality of fibers and a second set of a plurality of fibers, wherein at least some fibers from the first set are continuous with some fibers from the second set, wherein the first set of fibers has a first average fiber diameter, and the second set of fibers has a second average fiber diameter, wherein the first average fiber diameter is at least 10% larger than the second average fiber diameter. 2. A porous polymeric membrane comprising:
(a) a first microporous surface; (b) a second microporous surface; and, (c) a bulk between the first surface and the second surface, wherein the bulk comprises a reticulate network of at least first and second sets of a plurality of continuous fibers, wherein, in a cross-sectional view vertical to the porous surfaces, the first set of fibers has a first average fiber diameter, and the second set of fibers has a second average fiber diameter, wherein the first average fiber diameter is at least 10% larger than the second average fiber diameter. 3. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the first microporous skin surface and the second microporous skin surface are continuous with some of the first and second sets of fibers. 4. The membrane of claim 3, wherein the first microporous skin surface has a surface porosity of at least about 17%. 5. The membrane of claim 3, wherein the second microporous skin surface has a surface porosity of at least about 35%. 6. The membrane of claim 3, wherein the first microporous skin surface and the second microporous skin surface each have a thickness of at least about 4 micrometers. 7. The membrane of claim 3, wherein the first microporous skin surface and the second microporous skin surface each have a thickness of about 14 micrometers or less. 8. The membrane of claim 1, wherein at least the set of fibers having the larger average fiber diameter are porous. 9. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the first set of fibers has an average fiber diameter in the range of from about 8 μm to about 20 μm. 10. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the first set of fibers has an average fiber diameter in the range of from about 10 μm to about 15 μm. 11. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the second set of fibers has an average fiber diameter in the range of from about 0.1 μm to about 3 μm. 12. The membrane of claim 1, having a mean flow pore size in the range of from about 3 to about 20 μm. 13. A method for processing a fluid comprising: passing the fluid through the membrane of claim 1. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the fluid is an ink-containing fluid. 15. A method for making porous polymeric membranes including fibers comprising:
(a) casting a polymer solution on a support; (b) inducing thermal phase inversion of the solution; and, (c) quenching the solution, including quenching an upper portion of the solution before the solution reaches thermal equilibrium. 16. The membrane of claim 2, wherein the first microporous skin surface and the second microporous skin surface are continuous with some of the first and second sets of fibers. 17. The membrane of claim 4, wherein the second microporous skin surface has a surface porosity of at least about 35%. 18. The membrane of claim 4, wherein the first microporous skin surface and the second microporous skin surface each have a thickness of at least about 4 micrometers. 19. The membrane of claim 3, wherein the second set of fibers has an average fiber diameter in the range of from about 0.1 μm to about 3 μm. 20. The membrane of claim 3, wherein the first set of fibers has an average fiber diameter in the range of from about 8 μm to about 20 μm. | Membranes including at least two sets of fibers having different average diameters, as well as methods of using and methods of making the membranes are disclosed.1. A porous polymeric membrane comprising:
(a) a first microporous surface; (b) a second microporousporous surface; and, (c) a bulk between the first surface and the second surface, wherein the bulk comprises at least a first set of a plurality of fibers and a second set of a plurality of fibers, wherein at least some fibers from the first set are continuous with some fibers from the second set, wherein the first set of fibers has a first average fiber diameter, and the second set of fibers has a second average fiber diameter, wherein the first average fiber diameter is at least 10% larger than the second average fiber diameter. 2. A porous polymeric membrane comprising:
(a) a first microporous surface; (b) a second microporous surface; and, (c) a bulk between the first surface and the second surface, wherein the bulk comprises a reticulate network of at least first and second sets of a plurality of continuous fibers, wherein, in a cross-sectional view vertical to the porous surfaces, the first set of fibers has a first average fiber diameter, and the second set of fibers has a second average fiber diameter, wherein the first average fiber diameter is at least 10% larger than the second average fiber diameter. 3. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the first microporous skin surface and the second microporous skin surface are continuous with some of the first and second sets of fibers. 4. The membrane of claim 3, wherein the first microporous skin surface has a surface porosity of at least about 17%. 5. The membrane of claim 3, wherein the second microporous skin surface has a surface porosity of at least about 35%. 6. The membrane of claim 3, wherein the first microporous skin surface and the second microporous skin surface each have a thickness of at least about 4 micrometers. 7. The membrane of claim 3, wherein the first microporous skin surface and the second microporous skin surface each have a thickness of about 14 micrometers or less. 8. The membrane of claim 1, wherein at least the set of fibers having the larger average fiber diameter are porous. 9. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the first set of fibers has an average fiber diameter in the range of from about 8 μm to about 20 μm. 10. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the first set of fibers has an average fiber diameter in the range of from about 10 μm to about 15 μm. 11. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the second set of fibers has an average fiber diameter in the range of from about 0.1 μm to about 3 μm. 12. The membrane of claim 1, having a mean flow pore size in the range of from about 3 to about 20 μm. 13. A method for processing a fluid comprising: passing the fluid through the membrane of claim 1. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the fluid is an ink-containing fluid. 15. A method for making porous polymeric membranes including fibers comprising:
(a) casting a polymer solution on a support; (b) inducing thermal phase inversion of the solution; and, (c) quenching the solution, including quenching an upper portion of the solution before the solution reaches thermal equilibrium. 16. The membrane of claim 2, wherein the first microporous skin surface and the second microporous skin surface are continuous with some of the first and second sets of fibers. 17. The membrane of claim 4, wherein the second microporous skin surface has a surface porosity of at least about 35%. 18. The membrane of claim 4, wherein the first microporous skin surface and the second microporous skin surface each have a thickness of at least about 4 micrometers. 19. The membrane of claim 3, wherein the second set of fibers has an average fiber diameter in the range of from about 0.1 μm to about 3 μm. 20. The membrane of claim 3, wherein the first set of fibers has an average fiber diameter in the range of from about 8 μm to about 20 μm. | 1,700 |
4,152 | 14,615,394 | 1,733 | A steel sheet comprising, in wt %, 0.04≦C≦0.30, 0.5≦Mn≦4, 0≦Cr≦4, 2.7≦Mn+Cr≦5, 0.003≦Nb≦0.1 0.015≦Al≦0.1 and 0.05≦Si≦1.0, has a chemistry that makes hot formed sheet after austenization insensitive to cooling rate and ensures a uniform distribution of tensile strength, in the range of 800-1400 MPa, across parts independent of the time delay between operations and final cooling/quenching. As a result, a formed part can be cooled while inside a die or in air. The addition of Nb reduces the amount of C needed to achieve a given tensile strength and improves weldability. | 1. A steel sheet comprising, in weight %,
0.04≦C≦0.30, 0.5≦Mn≦4, 0≦Cr≦4, 2.7≦Mn+Cr≦5, 0.003≦Nb≦0.1, 0.015≦Al≦0.1, and 0.05≦Si≦1.0,
wherein the steel sheet has a tensile strength in the range of 800-1400 MPa. 2. The steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein 0.06≦C≦0.18. 3. The steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein 0.08≦C≦0.16. 4. The steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein 0.2≦Mn≦3.5. 5. The steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein 0.5≦Mn≦3.0. 6. The steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein 0.2≦Cr≦3.5. 7. The steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein 0.5≦Cr≦3.0. 8. The steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein 3.0≦Mn+Cr≦4.7. 9. The steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein 3.3≦Mn+Cr≦4.4. 10. The steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein 0.005≦Nb≦0.060. 11. The steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein 0.010≦Nb≦0.055. 12. The steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein at least one surface of the steel sheet is coated with layer comprising Zn, Al or an Al alloy. 13. The steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein the steel sheet has a microstructure comprising 95 to 100 area % martensite. 14. The steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein the steel sheet has a microstructure comprising 95 to 100 area % bainite. 15. The steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein the steel sheet is a hot formed steel sheet. 16. A method of making a steel sheet, the method comprising hot rolling a steel composition comprising, in weight %,
0.04≦C≦0.20, 0≦Mn≦4, 0≦Cr≦4, 2.7≦Mn+Cr≦5, 0.003≦Nb≦0.055, 0.015≦Al≦0.1, and 0.05≦Si≦0.35; and
producing the steel sheet of claim 1. 17. A method of using a steel sheet, the method comprising hot forming the steel sheet of claim 1. | A steel sheet comprising, in wt %, 0.04≦C≦0.30, 0.5≦Mn≦4, 0≦Cr≦4, 2.7≦Mn+Cr≦5, 0.003≦Nb≦0.1 0.015≦Al≦0.1 and 0.05≦Si≦1.0, has a chemistry that makes hot formed sheet after austenization insensitive to cooling rate and ensures a uniform distribution of tensile strength, in the range of 800-1400 MPa, across parts independent of the time delay between operations and final cooling/quenching. As a result, a formed part can be cooled while inside a die or in air. The addition of Nb reduces the amount of C needed to achieve a given tensile strength and improves weldability.1. A steel sheet comprising, in weight %,
0.04≦C≦0.30, 0.5≦Mn≦4, 0≦Cr≦4, 2.7≦Mn+Cr≦5, 0.003≦Nb≦0.1, 0.015≦Al≦0.1, and 0.05≦Si≦1.0,
wherein the steel sheet has a tensile strength in the range of 800-1400 MPa. 2. The steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein 0.06≦C≦0.18. 3. The steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein 0.08≦C≦0.16. 4. The steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein 0.2≦Mn≦3.5. 5. The steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein 0.5≦Mn≦3.0. 6. The steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein 0.2≦Cr≦3.5. 7. The steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein 0.5≦Cr≦3.0. 8. The steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein 3.0≦Mn+Cr≦4.7. 9. The steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein 3.3≦Mn+Cr≦4.4. 10. The steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein 0.005≦Nb≦0.060. 11. The steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein 0.010≦Nb≦0.055. 12. The steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein at least one surface of the steel sheet is coated with layer comprising Zn, Al or an Al alloy. 13. The steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein the steel sheet has a microstructure comprising 95 to 100 area % martensite. 14. The steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein the steel sheet has a microstructure comprising 95 to 100 area % bainite. 15. The steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein the steel sheet is a hot formed steel sheet. 16. A method of making a steel sheet, the method comprising hot rolling a steel composition comprising, in weight %,
0.04≦C≦0.20, 0≦Mn≦4, 0≦Cr≦4, 2.7≦Mn+Cr≦5, 0.003≦Nb≦0.055, 0.015≦Al≦0.1, and 0.05≦Si≦0.35; and
producing the steel sheet of claim 1. 17. A method of using a steel sheet, the method comprising hot forming the steel sheet of claim 1. | 1,700 |
4,153 | 14,130,787 | 1,781 | The invention relates to a laminated glass panel for an automobile, having a curved shape resulting from the assembly of a first glass sheet, which is curved before said assembly, with an intermediate thermoplastic sheet and a second glass sheet, the thickness of which does not exceed one third of that of the first sheet, the second glass sheet not being curved, or having a curvature that is substantially smaller than that of the first sheet before the assembly thereof with the latter and the intermediate thermoplastic sheet. | 1. A laminated curved automotive glazing resulting from assembly of a first glass sheet initially curved in this assembly, a thermoplastic interlayer sheet and a second glass sheet with a thickness that is not greater than a third of that of the first sheet, wherein the second glass sheet does not have a curvature, or has a curvature that is less than that of the first sheet before its assembly with the latter and the thermoplastic interlayer sheet. 2. The glazing according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the assembly of the two glass sheets is not more than 3.7 mm. 3. The glazing according to claim 1, wherein the first glass sheet has a thickness that is not more than 2.1 mm. 4. The glazing according to claim 1, wherein the second glass sheet has a thickness that is not more than 0.8 mm. 5. The glazing according to claim 1, wherein in which the second sheet has a thickness that is not less than 0.2 mm. 6. The glazing according to claim 1, wherein the first glass sheet has a thickness that is not more than 3.2 mm. 7. The glazing according to claim 1, wherein the curvature of the first glass sheet is cylindrical and the radius of curvature is not less than 1 m m. 8. The glazing according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of the radii of curvature of the sheet glass sheet in relation to that of the first sheet before assembly is such that that R2/R1>2. 9. The glazing according to claim 1, wherein the second glass sheet is not curved before assembly. 10. The glazing according to claim 1, wherein the interlayer sheet has a thickness that is not more than 0.8 mm. 11. The glazing according to claim 1, wherein in the performed assembly the second glass sheet has a surface stress that is not more than 50 MPa. 12. The glazing according to claim 1, wherein at least the second glass sheet is chemically toughened. 13. The glazing according to claim 1, wherein the second glass sheet bears a layer system for filtering infrared rays on the face in contact with the thermoplastic interlayer. 14. The glazing according to claim 1 forming a side window of a motor vehicle. | The invention relates to a laminated glass panel for an automobile, having a curved shape resulting from the assembly of a first glass sheet, which is curved before said assembly, with an intermediate thermoplastic sheet and a second glass sheet, the thickness of which does not exceed one third of that of the first sheet, the second glass sheet not being curved, or having a curvature that is substantially smaller than that of the first sheet before the assembly thereof with the latter and the intermediate thermoplastic sheet.1. A laminated curved automotive glazing resulting from assembly of a first glass sheet initially curved in this assembly, a thermoplastic interlayer sheet and a second glass sheet with a thickness that is not greater than a third of that of the first sheet, wherein the second glass sheet does not have a curvature, or has a curvature that is less than that of the first sheet before its assembly with the latter and the thermoplastic interlayer sheet. 2. The glazing according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the assembly of the two glass sheets is not more than 3.7 mm. 3. The glazing according to claim 1, wherein the first glass sheet has a thickness that is not more than 2.1 mm. 4. The glazing according to claim 1, wherein the second glass sheet has a thickness that is not more than 0.8 mm. 5. The glazing according to claim 1, wherein in which the second sheet has a thickness that is not less than 0.2 mm. 6. The glazing according to claim 1, wherein the first glass sheet has a thickness that is not more than 3.2 mm. 7. The glazing according to claim 1, wherein the curvature of the first glass sheet is cylindrical and the radius of curvature is not less than 1 m m. 8. The glazing according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of the radii of curvature of the sheet glass sheet in relation to that of the first sheet before assembly is such that that R2/R1>2. 9. The glazing according to claim 1, wherein the second glass sheet is not curved before assembly. 10. The glazing according to claim 1, wherein the interlayer sheet has a thickness that is not more than 0.8 mm. 11. The glazing according to claim 1, wherein in the performed assembly the second glass sheet has a surface stress that is not more than 50 MPa. 12. The glazing according to claim 1, wherein at least the second glass sheet is chemically toughened. 13. The glazing according to claim 1, wherein the second glass sheet bears a layer system for filtering infrared rays on the face in contact with the thermoplastic interlayer. 14. The glazing according to claim 1 forming a side window of a motor vehicle. | 1,700 |
4,154 | 15,184,792 | 1,799 | In one embodiment, a system for preserving perishable substances includes a first compartment, a second compartment, a preservation gas source, and a control system. Each of the first and second compartments has an interior portion having a volumetric capacity of less than or equal to about 35 cubic feet. The control system is configured to deliver preservation gas from the preservation gas source separately to the interior portions of each of the first and second compartments such that the interior portions of each of the first and second compartments has a gaseous environment with an oxygen level less than about 20% when the first and second compartments are in a closed position. The oxygen level in the first compartment is different from the oxygen level in the second compartment. Other system and method embodiments are described and claimed. | 1. A system for preserving perishable substances, the system comprising:
a first compartment and a second compartment, wherein each of the first and second compartments has an interior portion having a volumetric capacity of less than or equal to about 35 cubic feet; a preservation gas delivery system; and a control system configured to deliver preservation gas from the preservation gas source separately to the interior portions of each of the first and second compartments such that the interior portions of each of the first and second compartments has a gaseous environment with an oxygen level less than about 20% when the first and second compartments are in a closed position, wherein the oxygen level in the first compartment is different from the oxygen level in the second compartment. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising a housing configured to contain the first and second compartments, the preservation gas delivery system, and the control system. 3. The system of claim 1, further comprising a temperature control system configured to selectively change the temperature within at least one of the first and second compartments. 4. The system of claim 1, further comprising an input device configured to receive an input indicative of a substance to be contained in one of the first and second compartments or by an input indicative of a storage method to be executed. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the control system is further configured to deliver the preservation gas to the one of the first and second compartments based on the substance to be contained in the one of the first and second compartments or the storage method to be executed. 6. The system of claim 4, wherein the input device is configured to receive the input by at least one of receiving a user-entered input or reading an inventory tracking system label. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and second compartments includes a transparent portion configured to make at least a portion of the interior portion viewable from an external viewer when the one of the first and second compartments is in the closed position. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the preservation gas delivery system includes a preservation gas generation system configured to provide a preservation gas to at least one of the first and second compartments. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the preservation gas generation system includes at least one of a preservation gas separation membrane configured to separate a preservation gas from ambient air, a preservation gas generator configured to generate the preservation gas from chemical or physical reactions, and a preservation gas supply tank. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein the preservation gas generation system includes a preservation gas separation membrane, and wherein the preservation gas generation system further includes an air control system configured to control one or more of temperature, pressure, filtering, and flow rate of the ambient air to the preservation gas separation membrane. 11. The system of claim 8, wherein the preservation gas generation system comprises one or more of a nitrogen membrane configured to separate nitrogen from the ambient air, an argon membrane configured to separate argon from the ambient air, or a carbon dioxide generator configured to generate carbon dioxide from a chemical or physical reaction. 12. The system of claim 1, further comprising at least one sensor configured to generate a signal indicative of at least one characteristic within the interior portion of the compartment. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the preservation gas delivery system is configurable to deliver preservation gas to an external source. 14. A system for preserving perishable substances, the system comprising:
a compartment having an interior portion; a preservation gas generation system configured to provide a preservation gas, the preservation gas generation system comprising at least one of a preservation gas separation membrane configured to separate a preservation gas from ambient air or a preservation gas generator configured to generate the preservation gas from chemical or physical reactions; a control system configured to selectively deliver the preservation gas from the preservation gas generation system to the interior portion of the compartment such that the interior portion of the compartment has a gaseous environment with an oxygen level less than about 20% when the compartment is in a closed position; and a housing configured to contain the compartment, the preservation gas separation membrane, and the control system. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the preservation gas generation system comprises one or more of a nitrogen membrane configured to separate nitrogen from the ambient air, an argon membrane configured to separate argon from the ambient air, or a carbon dioxide generator configured to generate carbon dioxide from a chemical or physical reaction. 16. The system of claim 14, further comprising a preservation gas tank configured to store the preservation gas separated from the ambient air by the preservation gas separation membrane, wherein the control system is configured to selectively deliver the separated preservation gas from the preservation gas tank to the interior portion of the compartment. 17. The system of claim 14, further comprising an air control system configured to control one or more of temperature, pressure, filtering, and flow rate of the ambient air to the preservation gas separation membrane. 18. The system of claim 14, further comprising at least one sensor configured to generate a signal indicative of at least one characteristic within the interior portion of the compartment. 19. The system of claim 14, wherein the control system is configured to deliver the separated preservation gas to the interior portion of the compartment based on the at least one characteristic within the interior portion of the compartment. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein at least one sensor comprises one or more of a temperature sensor configured to generate a signal indicative of temperature within the interior portion of the compartment, a humidity sensor configured to generate a signal indicative of humidity within the interior portion of the compartment, or a chemical sensor configured to generate a signal indicative of a chemical composition within the interior portion of the compartment. 21. The system of claim 14, wherein the housing has a volumetric capacity of less than or equal to about 50 cubic feet. 22. The system of claim 14, wherein the preservation gas delivery system is configurable to deliver preservation gas to an external source. 23. A method of maintaining an environment for preserving perishable substances within a compartment, wherein the compartment has as interior portion, and wherein the compartment is capable of being moved between an open position and a closed position, the method comprising:
detecting that the compartment is in a closed position; and delivering a preservation gas to the interior portion of the compartment in response to detecting that the compartment has been moved to the closed position, wherein delivering the preservation gas causes an oxygen content of a gaseous environment in the interior portion of the compartment to be less than about 20%. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the compartment has been moved from an open position to a closed position. 25. The method of claim 23, wherein delivering the preservation gas comprises delivering the preservation gas to the interior portion of the compartment for a period of time after detecting that the compartment has been moved to the closed position. 26. The method of claim 23, wherein delivering the preservation gas comprises delivering the preservation gas to the interior portion of the compartment in response to feedback from at least one sensing device within the compartment. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein at least one sensing device comprises one or more of a temperature sensor configured to generate a signal indicative of temperature within the interior portion of the compartment, a humidity sensor configured to generate a signal indicative of humidity within the interior portion of the compartment, or a chemical sensor configured to generate a signal indicative of a chemical composition within the interior portion of the compartment. 28. The method of claim 23, further comprising separating the preservation gas from ambient air using a preservation gas separation membrane. 29. The method of claim 26, further comprising controlling one or more of a temperature, a pressure, filtering, or a flow rate of the ambient air to the preservation gas separation membrane. 30. The method of claim 23, wherein the interior portion of the compartment has a volumetric capacity of less than or equal to about 5 cubic feet. | In one embodiment, a system for preserving perishable substances includes a first compartment, a second compartment, a preservation gas source, and a control system. Each of the first and second compartments has an interior portion having a volumetric capacity of less than or equal to about 35 cubic feet. The control system is configured to deliver preservation gas from the preservation gas source separately to the interior portions of each of the first and second compartments such that the interior portions of each of the first and second compartments has a gaseous environment with an oxygen level less than about 20% when the first and second compartments are in a closed position. The oxygen level in the first compartment is different from the oxygen level in the second compartment. Other system and method embodiments are described and claimed.1. A system for preserving perishable substances, the system comprising:
a first compartment and a second compartment, wherein each of the first and second compartments has an interior portion having a volumetric capacity of less than or equal to about 35 cubic feet; a preservation gas delivery system; and a control system configured to deliver preservation gas from the preservation gas source separately to the interior portions of each of the first and second compartments such that the interior portions of each of the first and second compartments has a gaseous environment with an oxygen level less than about 20% when the first and second compartments are in a closed position, wherein the oxygen level in the first compartment is different from the oxygen level in the second compartment. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising a housing configured to contain the first and second compartments, the preservation gas delivery system, and the control system. 3. The system of claim 1, further comprising a temperature control system configured to selectively change the temperature within at least one of the first and second compartments. 4. The system of claim 1, further comprising an input device configured to receive an input indicative of a substance to be contained in one of the first and second compartments or by an input indicative of a storage method to be executed. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the control system is further configured to deliver the preservation gas to the one of the first and second compartments based on the substance to be contained in the one of the first and second compartments or the storage method to be executed. 6. The system of claim 4, wherein the input device is configured to receive the input by at least one of receiving a user-entered input or reading an inventory tracking system label. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and second compartments includes a transparent portion configured to make at least a portion of the interior portion viewable from an external viewer when the one of the first and second compartments is in the closed position. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the preservation gas delivery system includes a preservation gas generation system configured to provide a preservation gas to at least one of the first and second compartments. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the preservation gas generation system includes at least one of a preservation gas separation membrane configured to separate a preservation gas from ambient air, a preservation gas generator configured to generate the preservation gas from chemical or physical reactions, and a preservation gas supply tank. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein the preservation gas generation system includes a preservation gas separation membrane, and wherein the preservation gas generation system further includes an air control system configured to control one or more of temperature, pressure, filtering, and flow rate of the ambient air to the preservation gas separation membrane. 11. The system of claim 8, wherein the preservation gas generation system comprises one or more of a nitrogen membrane configured to separate nitrogen from the ambient air, an argon membrane configured to separate argon from the ambient air, or a carbon dioxide generator configured to generate carbon dioxide from a chemical or physical reaction. 12. The system of claim 1, further comprising at least one sensor configured to generate a signal indicative of at least one characteristic within the interior portion of the compartment. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the preservation gas delivery system is configurable to deliver preservation gas to an external source. 14. A system for preserving perishable substances, the system comprising:
a compartment having an interior portion; a preservation gas generation system configured to provide a preservation gas, the preservation gas generation system comprising at least one of a preservation gas separation membrane configured to separate a preservation gas from ambient air or a preservation gas generator configured to generate the preservation gas from chemical or physical reactions; a control system configured to selectively deliver the preservation gas from the preservation gas generation system to the interior portion of the compartment such that the interior portion of the compartment has a gaseous environment with an oxygen level less than about 20% when the compartment is in a closed position; and a housing configured to contain the compartment, the preservation gas separation membrane, and the control system. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the preservation gas generation system comprises one or more of a nitrogen membrane configured to separate nitrogen from the ambient air, an argon membrane configured to separate argon from the ambient air, or a carbon dioxide generator configured to generate carbon dioxide from a chemical or physical reaction. 16. The system of claim 14, further comprising a preservation gas tank configured to store the preservation gas separated from the ambient air by the preservation gas separation membrane, wherein the control system is configured to selectively deliver the separated preservation gas from the preservation gas tank to the interior portion of the compartment. 17. The system of claim 14, further comprising an air control system configured to control one or more of temperature, pressure, filtering, and flow rate of the ambient air to the preservation gas separation membrane. 18. The system of claim 14, further comprising at least one sensor configured to generate a signal indicative of at least one characteristic within the interior portion of the compartment. 19. The system of claim 14, wherein the control system is configured to deliver the separated preservation gas to the interior portion of the compartment based on the at least one characteristic within the interior portion of the compartment. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein at least one sensor comprises one or more of a temperature sensor configured to generate a signal indicative of temperature within the interior portion of the compartment, a humidity sensor configured to generate a signal indicative of humidity within the interior portion of the compartment, or a chemical sensor configured to generate a signal indicative of a chemical composition within the interior portion of the compartment. 21. The system of claim 14, wherein the housing has a volumetric capacity of less than or equal to about 50 cubic feet. 22. The system of claim 14, wherein the preservation gas delivery system is configurable to deliver preservation gas to an external source. 23. A method of maintaining an environment for preserving perishable substances within a compartment, wherein the compartment has as interior portion, and wherein the compartment is capable of being moved between an open position and a closed position, the method comprising:
detecting that the compartment is in a closed position; and delivering a preservation gas to the interior portion of the compartment in response to detecting that the compartment has been moved to the closed position, wherein delivering the preservation gas causes an oxygen content of a gaseous environment in the interior portion of the compartment to be less than about 20%. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the compartment has been moved from an open position to a closed position. 25. The method of claim 23, wherein delivering the preservation gas comprises delivering the preservation gas to the interior portion of the compartment for a period of time after detecting that the compartment has been moved to the closed position. 26. The method of claim 23, wherein delivering the preservation gas comprises delivering the preservation gas to the interior portion of the compartment in response to feedback from at least one sensing device within the compartment. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein at least one sensing device comprises one or more of a temperature sensor configured to generate a signal indicative of temperature within the interior portion of the compartment, a humidity sensor configured to generate a signal indicative of humidity within the interior portion of the compartment, or a chemical sensor configured to generate a signal indicative of a chemical composition within the interior portion of the compartment. 28. The method of claim 23, further comprising separating the preservation gas from ambient air using a preservation gas separation membrane. 29. The method of claim 26, further comprising controlling one or more of a temperature, a pressure, filtering, or a flow rate of the ambient air to the preservation gas separation membrane. 30. The method of claim 23, wherein the interior portion of the compartment has a volumetric capacity of less than or equal to about 5 cubic feet. | 1,700 |
4,155 | 13,697,607 | 1,793 | The invention relates to an edible fat continuous spread being a water in oil emulsion comprising a water phase and a fat phase, wherein the fat phase comprises liquid oil and a structuring fat, said spread comprising a first emulsifier and a second emulsifier, to 85 wt % fat and 0.1 to 20 wt % plant sterol particles wherein the first emulsifier is a water soluble biopolymer based emulsifier with a molecular weight of at least 500, the second emulsifier is an oil soluble emulsifier and at least 70 vol % of the plant sterol particles is smaller than 10 micrometer. The invention further relates to a process for the preparation of such a spread, said process comprising the preparation of an aqueous dispersion comprising plant sterol particles and at least part of the water soluble emulsifier; and the addition of said dispersion to a fat phase or a water in oil emulsion. | 1. An edible fat continuous spread being a water in oil emulsion comprising a water phase and a fat phase, wherein the fat phase comprises liquid oil and a structuring fat, said spread comprising a first emulsifier and a second emulsifier, 5 to 85 wt % fat and 0.1 to 20 wt % plant sterol particles wherein the first emulsifier is a water soluble biopolymer based emulsifier with a molecular weight of at least 500, the second emulsifier is an oil soluble emulsifier and at least 70 vol % of the plant sterol particles is smaller than 10 micrometer. 2. Spread according to claim 1 wherein the water soluble emulsifier is selected from the group consisting of proteins, glycoproteins, surface active polysaccharides and combinations thereof. 3. Spread according to claim 1 wherein the water soluble emulsifier is selected from the group consisting of full milk powder, skim milk powder, butter milk powder, sweet whey powder, whey protein, casein protein and combinations thereof. 4. Spread according to claim 1 wherein the oil soluble emulsifier is selected from the group consisting of monoglycerides, diglycerides, lecithin, sorbitan esters, sucrose esters of fatty acids, poly glycerol esters, poly glycerol poly ricinoleate (PGPR) and combinations thereof. 5. Spread according to claim 1 wherein at least 75 vol %, preferably at least 80 vol %, more preferably at least 85 vol %, even more preferably at least 90 vol % and still more preferably at least 95 vol % of the plant sterol particles are smaller than 10 micrometer. 6. Spread according to claim 1 wherein the amount of fat is from 10 to 80 wt %, preferably from 15 to 60 wt % and more preferably from 20 to 50 wt %. 7. Spread according to claim 1 wherein the amount of structuring fat is from 1 to 20 wt %, preferably from 2 to 15 wt %, more preferably from 4 to 12 wt %, even more preferably from 6 to 8 wt % and still more preferably from 3 to 5 wt %. 8. Spread according to claim 1 wherein the amount of plant sterol particles is from 2 to 15 wt %, preferably from 4 to 10 wt % and more preferably from 6 to 8 wt %. 9. Spread according to claim 1 wherein the amount of water soluble emulsifier is from 0.01 to 5 wt %, preferably from 0.1 to 2 wt % and more preferably from 0.1 to 0.5 wt %. 10. Spread according to claim 1 wherein the amount of oil soluble emulsifier is from 0.01 to 5 wt %, preferably from 0.1 to 2 wt % and more preferably from 0.1 to 0.5 wt %. 11. Spread according to claim 1 wherein the weight ratio of water soluble emulsifier to plant sterol particles is from 10:1 to 1:80, preferably 8:1 to 1:40, more preferably 6:1 to 1:20, even more preferably 4:1 to 1:15 and still more preferably 2:1 to 1:10. 12. Process for the preparation of an edible fat continuous spread according to claim 1, said process comprising the preparation of an aqueous dispersion comprising plant sterol particles and at least part of the water soluble emulsifier; and the addition of said dispersion to a fat phase or a water in oil emulsion. 13. Process according to claim 12 comprising the step of using fat powder comprising a structuring fat. 14. Process according to claim 13 wherein the fat powder is a fat powder obtainable by supercritical melt micronisation, 15. Spread according to claim 1 obtainable by the process according to claim 12. | The invention relates to an edible fat continuous spread being a water in oil emulsion comprising a water phase and a fat phase, wherein the fat phase comprises liquid oil and a structuring fat, said spread comprising a first emulsifier and a second emulsifier, to 85 wt % fat and 0.1 to 20 wt % plant sterol particles wherein the first emulsifier is a water soluble biopolymer based emulsifier with a molecular weight of at least 500, the second emulsifier is an oil soluble emulsifier and at least 70 vol % of the plant sterol particles is smaller than 10 micrometer. The invention further relates to a process for the preparation of such a spread, said process comprising the preparation of an aqueous dispersion comprising plant sterol particles and at least part of the water soluble emulsifier; and the addition of said dispersion to a fat phase or a water in oil emulsion.1. An edible fat continuous spread being a water in oil emulsion comprising a water phase and a fat phase, wherein the fat phase comprises liquid oil and a structuring fat, said spread comprising a first emulsifier and a second emulsifier, 5 to 85 wt % fat and 0.1 to 20 wt % plant sterol particles wherein the first emulsifier is a water soluble biopolymer based emulsifier with a molecular weight of at least 500, the second emulsifier is an oil soluble emulsifier and at least 70 vol % of the plant sterol particles is smaller than 10 micrometer. 2. Spread according to claim 1 wherein the water soluble emulsifier is selected from the group consisting of proteins, glycoproteins, surface active polysaccharides and combinations thereof. 3. Spread according to claim 1 wherein the water soluble emulsifier is selected from the group consisting of full milk powder, skim milk powder, butter milk powder, sweet whey powder, whey protein, casein protein and combinations thereof. 4. Spread according to claim 1 wherein the oil soluble emulsifier is selected from the group consisting of monoglycerides, diglycerides, lecithin, sorbitan esters, sucrose esters of fatty acids, poly glycerol esters, poly glycerol poly ricinoleate (PGPR) and combinations thereof. 5. Spread according to claim 1 wherein at least 75 vol %, preferably at least 80 vol %, more preferably at least 85 vol %, even more preferably at least 90 vol % and still more preferably at least 95 vol % of the plant sterol particles are smaller than 10 micrometer. 6. Spread according to claim 1 wherein the amount of fat is from 10 to 80 wt %, preferably from 15 to 60 wt % and more preferably from 20 to 50 wt %. 7. Spread according to claim 1 wherein the amount of structuring fat is from 1 to 20 wt %, preferably from 2 to 15 wt %, more preferably from 4 to 12 wt %, even more preferably from 6 to 8 wt % and still more preferably from 3 to 5 wt %. 8. Spread according to claim 1 wherein the amount of plant sterol particles is from 2 to 15 wt %, preferably from 4 to 10 wt % and more preferably from 6 to 8 wt %. 9. Spread according to claim 1 wherein the amount of water soluble emulsifier is from 0.01 to 5 wt %, preferably from 0.1 to 2 wt % and more preferably from 0.1 to 0.5 wt %. 10. Spread according to claim 1 wherein the amount of oil soluble emulsifier is from 0.01 to 5 wt %, preferably from 0.1 to 2 wt % and more preferably from 0.1 to 0.5 wt %. 11. Spread according to claim 1 wherein the weight ratio of water soluble emulsifier to plant sterol particles is from 10:1 to 1:80, preferably 8:1 to 1:40, more preferably 6:1 to 1:20, even more preferably 4:1 to 1:15 and still more preferably 2:1 to 1:10. 12. Process for the preparation of an edible fat continuous spread according to claim 1, said process comprising the preparation of an aqueous dispersion comprising plant sterol particles and at least part of the water soluble emulsifier; and the addition of said dispersion to a fat phase or a water in oil emulsion. 13. Process according to claim 12 comprising the step of using fat powder comprising a structuring fat. 14. Process according to claim 13 wherein the fat powder is a fat powder obtainable by supercritical melt micronisation, 15. Spread according to claim 1 obtainable by the process according to claim 12. | 1,700 |
4,156 | 14,768,966 | 1,783 | Textured glass laminates are described along with methods of making textured glass laminates. The textured glass laminates may be formed via addition of nanoparticles or manipulation of the glass surface. Laminate compositions are designed to take advantage of glass clad and core properties at Tg, annealing point, strain point, and or softening point, along with glass clad and core viscosities. The resulting compositions are useful for anti-reflection surfaces, anti-fingerprint surfaces, anti-fogging surfaces, adhesion-promoting surfaces, friction-reducing surfaces, and the like. | 1. A glass laminate comprising:
a glass core having a first Tg, annealing point strain point and a softening point; a glass clad having a second Tg, annealing point, strain point and a softening point;
and optionally, a nanoparticulate layer;
wherein the glass clad comprises a nano-textured surface; and
wherein:
i. the Tg of the glass clad is lower than the Tg of the glass core;
ii. the annealing point of the glass clad is lower than the annealing point of the glass core; or
iii. the softening point of the glass clad is lower than the softening point of the glass core; and
wherein the CTE of the glass clad is lower than or equal to the CTE of the glass core. 2. The glass laminate of claim 1, wherein the temperature difference between the Tg of the glass clad and the glass core, between the annealing point of the glass clad and the glass core, or the softening point of the glass clad and the glass core is greater than 20° C. 3. The glass laminate of claim 2, wherein the temperature difference between the Tg of the glass clad and the glass core, between the annealing point of the glass clad and the glass core, or the softening point of the glass clad and the glass core is greater than 50° C. 4. The glass laminate of claim 3, wherein the temperature difference between the Tg of the glass clad and the glass core, between the annealing point of the glass clad and the glass core, or the softening point of the glass clad and the glass core is greater than 100° C. 5. The glass laminate of claim 4, wherein the temperature difference between the Tg of the glass clad and the glass core, between the annealing point of the glass clad and the glass core, or the softening point of the glass clad and the glass core is greater than 150° C. 6. The glass laminate of any of claim 1, wherein the strain point of the glass core is higher than or equal to the annealing point of the glass clad. 7. The glass laminate of any of claim 1, wherein the viscosity of the glass core is 2× or greater the viscosity of the glass clad at the Tg of the glass clad or the viscosity of the glass core is 2× or greater the viscosity of the glass clad at the annealing point of the glass clad. 8. The glass laminate of any of claim 1, wherein the viscosity of the glass core is 5× or greater the viscosity of the glass clad at the Tg of the glass clad or the viscosity of the glass core is 5× or greater the viscosity of the glass clad at the annealing point of the glass clad. 9. The glass laminate of any of claim 1, wherein the viscosity of the glass core is 10× or greater the viscosity of the glass clad at the Tg of the glass clad or the viscosity of the glass core is 10× or greater the viscosity of the glass clad at the annealing point of the glass clad. 10. The glass laminate of any of claim 1, wherein the viscosity of the glass core is 20× or greater the viscosity of the glass clad at the Tg of the glass clad or the viscosity of the glass core is 20× or greater the viscosity of the glass clad at the annealing point of the glass clad. 11. The glass laminate of any of claim 1, wherein
a ratio of the viscosity of the glass clad at the Tg of the glass clad to the viscosity of the glass core at the Tg of the glass clad gives a first ratio, RTg; a ratio of the viscosity of the glass clad at the forming temperature of the glass clad to the viscosity of the glass core at the forming temperature of the glass clad gives a second ratio, RF; and wherein the value of RTg/RF from 1.1 to 3.0. 12. The glass laminate of any of claim 1, wherein
a ratio of the viscosity of the glass clad at the annealing point of the glass clad to the viscosity of the glass core at the annealing point of the glass clad gives a first ratio, RA; a ratio of the viscosity of the glass clad at the forming temperature of the glass clad to the viscosity of the glass core at the forming temperature of the glass clad gives a second ratio, RF; and wherein the value of RA/RF from 1.1 to 3.0. 13. The glass laminate of any of claim 1, wherein the glass core comprises:
55-75% SiO2 2-15% Al2O3 0-12% B2O3 0-18% Na2O 0-5% K2O 0-8% MgO and 0-10% CaO, and
wherein the total mol % (combined) of Na2O, K2O, MgO, and CaO is at least 10 mol %. 14. The glass laminate of any of claim 1, wherein the glass clad comprises:
0-5% Al2O3 8-30% B2O3 0-8% Na2O 0-5% K2O, and 0-5% Li2O, and
wherein the total R2O (alkali) is less than 10 mol %. 15. A method of forming the glass laminate of any of claim 1, comprising:
forming a glass laminate; forming a nano-textured layer. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the forming of the nano-textured layer is done at a temperature within 200° C. of the annealing point of the glass clad. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the forming a nano-textured layer comprises sintering nanoparticles onto the glass clad. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the nanoparticles have dimensions from about 50 nm to about 500 nm. 19. The method of any of claim 15, wherein the nano-textured layer comprises at least one nanoparticle selected from the group consisting of nanoclusters, nanopowders, nanocrystals, solid nanoparticles, nanotubes, quantum dots, nanofibers, nanowires, nanorods, nanoshells, fullerenes, large-scale molecular components, such as polymers and dendrimers, and combinations thereof. 20. The method of any of claim 15, wherein the nano-textured layer comprises nanoparticles comprising at least one material selected from the group consisting of glass, ceramic, glass ceramic, polymer, metal, metal oxide, metal sulfide, metal selenide, metal telluride, metal phosphate, inorganic composite, organic composite, inorganic/organic composite, and combinations thereof. 21. (canceled) | Textured glass laminates are described along with methods of making textured glass laminates. The textured glass laminates may be formed via addition of nanoparticles or manipulation of the glass surface. Laminate compositions are designed to take advantage of glass clad and core properties at Tg, annealing point, strain point, and or softening point, along with glass clad and core viscosities. The resulting compositions are useful for anti-reflection surfaces, anti-fingerprint surfaces, anti-fogging surfaces, adhesion-promoting surfaces, friction-reducing surfaces, and the like.1. A glass laminate comprising:
a glass core having a first Tg, annealing point strain point and a softening point; a glass clad having a second Tg, annealing point, strain point and a softening point;
and optionally, a nanoparticulate layer;
wherein the glass clad comprises a nano-textured surface; and
wherein:
i. the Tg of the glass clad is lower than the Tg of the glass core;
ii. the annealing point of the glass clad is lower than the annealing point of the glass core; or
iii. the softening point of the glass clad is lower than the softening point of the glass core; and
wherein the CTE of the glass clad is lower than or equal to the CTE of the glass core. 2. The glass laminate of claim 1, wherein the temperature difference between the Tg of the glass clad and the glass core, between the annealing point of the glass clad and the glass core, or the softening point of the glass clad and the glass core is greater than 20° C. 3. The glass laminate of claim 2, wherein the temperature difference between the Tg of the glass clad and the glass core, between the annealing point of the glass clad and the glass core, or the softening point of the glass clad and the glass core is greater than 50° C. 4. The glass laminate of claim 3, wherein the temperature difference between the Tg of the glass clad and the glass core, between the annealing point of the glass clad and the glass core, or the softening point of the glass clad and the glass core is greater than 100° C. 5. The glass laminate of claim 4, wherein the temperature difference between the Tg of the glass clad and the glass core, between the annealing point of the glass clad and the glass core, or the softening point of the glass clad and the glass core is greater than 150° C. 6. The glass laminate of any of claim 1, wherein the strain point of the glass core is higher than or equal to the annealing point of the glass clad. 7. The glass laminate of any of claim 1, wherein the viscosity of the glass core is 2× or greater the viscosity of the glass clad at the Tg of the glass clad or the viscosity of the glass core is 2× or greater the viscosity of the glass clad at the annealing point of the glass clad. 8. The glass laminate of any of claim 1, wherein the viscosity of the glass core is 5× or greater the viscosity of the glass clad at the Tg of the glass clad or the viscosity of the glass core is 5× or greater the viscosity of the glass clad at the annealing point of the glass clad. 9. The glass laminate of any of claim 1, wherein the viscosity of the glass core is 10× or greater the viscosity of the glass clad at the Tg of the glass clad or the viscosity of the glass core is 10× or greater the viscosity of the glass clad at the annealing point of the glass clad. 10. The glass laminate of any of claim 1, wherein the viscosity of the glass core is 20× or greater the viscosity of the glass clad at the Tg of the glass clad or the viscosity of the glass core is 20× or greater the viscosity of the glass clad at the annealing point of the glass clad. 11. The glass laminate of any of claim 1, wherein
a ratio of the viscosity of the glass clad at the Tg of the glass clad to the viscosity of the glass core at the Tg of the glass clad gives a first ratio, RTg; a ratio of the viscosity of the glass clad at the forming temperature of the glass clad to the viscosity of the glass core at the forming temperature of the glass clad gives a second ratio, RF; and wherein the value of RTg/RF from 1.1 to 3.0. 12. The glass laminate of any of claim 1, wherein
a ratio of the viscosity of the glass clad at the annealing point of the glass clad to the viscosity of the glass core at the annealing point of the glass clad gives a first ratio, RA; a ratio of the viscosity of the glass clad at the forming temperature of the glass clad to the viscosity of the glass core at the forming temperature of the glass clad gives a second ratio, RF; and wherein the value of RA/RF from 1.1 to 3.0. 13. The glass laminate of any of claim 1, wherein the glass core comprises:
55-75% SiO2 2-15% Al2O3 0-12% B2O3 0-18% Na2O 0-5% K2O 0-8% MgO and 0-10% CaO, and
wherein the total mol % (combined) of Na2O, K2O, MgO, and CaO is at least 10 mol %. 14. The glass laminate of any of claim 1, wherein the glass clad comprises:
0-5% Al2O3 8-30% B2O3 0-8% Na2O 0-5% K2O, and 0-5% Li2O, and
wherein the total R2O (alkali) is less than 10 mol %. 15. A method of forming the glass laminate of any of claim 1, comprising:
forming a glass laminate; forming a nano-textured layer. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the forming of the nano-textured layer is done at a temperature within 200° C. of the annealing point of the glass clad. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the forming a nano-textured layer comprises sintering nanoparticles onto the glass clad. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the nanoparticles have dimensions from about 50 nm to about 500 nm. 19. The method of any of claim 15, wherein the nano-textured layer comprises at least one nanoparticle selected from the group consisting of nanoclusters, nanopowders, nanocrystals, solid nanoparticles, nanotubes, quantum dots, nanofibers, nanowires, nanorods, nanoshells, fullerenes, large-scale molecular components, such as polymers and dendrimers, and combinations thereof. 20. The method of any of claim 15, wherein the nano-textured layer comprises nanoparticles comprising at least one material selected from the group consisting of glass, ceramic, glass ceramic, polymer, metal, metal oxide, metal sulfide, metal selenide, metal telluride, metal phosphate, inorganic composite, organic composite, inorganic/organic composite, and combinations thereof. 21. (canceled) | 1,700 |
4,157 | 13,767,244 | 1,783 | An article having a nanostructured surface and a method of making the same are described. The article can include a substrate and a nanostructured layer bonded to the substrate. The nanostructured layer can include a plurality of spaced apart nanostructured features comprising a contiguous, protrusive material and the nanostructured features can be sufficiently small that the nanostructured layer is optically transparent. A continuous layer can be adhered to a plurality of surfaces of the nanostructured features to render the plurality of surfaces of the nanostructured features both hydrophobic and oleophobic with respect to fingerprint oil comprising eccrine secretions and sebaceous secretions, thereby providing an anti-fingerprinting characteristic to the article. | 1. A method of forming an article with a nanostructured surface layer, comprising:
providing a substrate; depositing a film on said substrate; decomposing said film to form a decomposed film; and etching said decomposed film to form a nanostructured layer comprising a plurality of spaced apart nanostructured features comprising a contiguous, protrusive material, wherein said nanostructured features are sufficiently small that said nanostructured layer is optically transparent, applying a continuous layer to a plurality of surfaces of the nanostructured features, wherein the continuous layer has a thickness of from 1 to 60 nm, and wherein the continuous layer renders the plurality of surfaces of the nanostructured features both hydrophobic and oleophobic with respect to fingerprint oil comprising eccrine secretions and sebaceous secretions. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of applying comprising depositing a solution comprising at least one polyphobic compound and a solvent to the nanostructured layer, wherein the at least one polyphobic compound is both hydrophobic and oleophobic. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the at least one polyphobic compound is selected from the group consisting of poly[2,2-bistrifluoromethyl-4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxole-co-tetrafluoroethylene], poly[2,2,4-trifluoro-5-trifluoromethoxy-1,3,-dioxole-co-tetrafluoroethylene], and combinations thereof. 4. The method according to claim 2, wherein the solvent comprises a mixture of perfluoro(methyl-di-n-butyl)-amine and perfluoro(tri-n-butylamine). 5. The method according to claim 2, wherein the solution is deposited by spin coating. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein said nanostructured features form a plurality of nanopores and at least some of said nanopores provide a flow through porosity from a top to a bottom of said nanostructured layer. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein a width, length and height of each of said plurality of spaced apart nanostructured features ranges from 1 to 500 nm. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein said decomposition step is performed under a non-oxidizing atmosphere. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein said decomposed film comprises a first material and a second material different from said first material, wherein said first material is contiguous and said second material is contiguous, said first and second material forming an interpenetrating structure. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein said nanostructured layer further comprises an etching residue disposed on said contiguous, protrusive material, said etching residue from a recessive contiguous material interpenetrating with said protruding material. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein said nanostructured layer comprises nanopores formed by said plurality of spaced apart nanostructured features, and said method further comprises: pinning an oil within said nanopores. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein said decomposing step comprises heating said film to a sufficient temperature for a sufficient time to produce a nanoscale spinodal decomposition. 13. An article having a nanostructured surface layer, comprising:
a substrate; and a nanostructured layer bonded to said substrate, wherein said nanostructured layer comprises a plurality of spaced apart nanostructured features comprising a contiguous, protrusive material, wherein said nanostructured features are sufficiently small that said nanostructured layer is optically transparent; a continuous layer adhered to a plurality of surfaces of the nanostructured features, wherein the continuous layer has a thickness of from 1 to 60 nm, and wherein the continuous layer renders the plurality of surfaces of the nanostructured features both hydrophobic and oleophobic with respect to fingerprint oil comprising eccrine secretions and sebaceous secretions. 14. The article according to claim 13, wherein the continuous layer comprises a polyphobic compound, wherein the at least one polyphobic compound is both hydrophobic and oleophobic. 15. The article according to claim 14, wherein the at least one polyphobic compound is selected from the group consisting of poly[2,2-bistrifluoromethyl-4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxole-co-tetrafluoroethylene], poly[2,2,4-trifluoro-5-trifluoromethoxy-1,3,-dioxole 16. The article according to claim 13, further comprising an oil pinned in a plurality of nanopores formed by a said plurality of nanostructured features. 17. The article according to claim 13, wherein a width, length and height of each of said plurality of spaced apart nanostructured features ranges from 1 to 500 nm. 18. The article according to claim 13, wherein said nanostructured layer is atomically bonded to said substrate. 19. The article according to claim 13, wherein said nanostructured layer is chemically bonded directly to said substrate. 20. The article according to claim 13, wherein said plurality of spaced apart nanostructured features provide an anti-reflective surface. | An article having a nanostructured surface and a method of making the same are described. The article can include a substrate and a nanostructured layer bonded to the substrate. The nanostructured layer can include a plurality of spaced apart nanostructured features comprising a contiguous, protrusive material and the nanostructured features can be sufficiently small that the nanostructured layer is optically transparent. A continuous layer can be adhered to a plurality of surfaces of the nanostructured features to render the plurality of surfaces of the nanostructured features both hydrophobic and oleophobic with respect to fingerprint oil comprising eccrine secretions and sebaceous secretions, thereby providing an anti-fingerprinting characteristic to the article.1. A method of forming an article with a nanostructured surface layer, comprising:
providing a substrate; depositing a film on said substrate; decomposing said film to form a decomposed film; and etching said decomposed film to form a nanostructured layer comprising a plurality of spaced apart nanostructured features comprising a contiguous, protrusive material, wherein said nanostructured features are sufficiently small that said nanostructured layer is optically transparent, applying a continuous layer to a plurality of surfaces of the nanostructured features, wherein the continuous layer has a thickness of from 1 to 60 nm, and wherein the continuous layer renders the plurality of surfaces of the nanostructured features both hydrophobic and oleophobic with respect to fingerprint oil comprising eccrine secretions and sebaceous secretions. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of applying comprising depositing a solution comprising at least one polyphobic compound and a solvent to the nanostructured layer, wherein the at least one polyphobic compound is both hydrophobic and oleophobic. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the at least one polyphobic compound is selected from the group consisting of poly[2,2-bistrifluoromethyl-4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxole-co-tetrafluoroethylene], poly[2,2,4-trifluoro-5-trifluoromethoxy-1,3,-dioxole-co-tetrafluoroethylene], and combinations thereof. 4. The method according to claim 2, wherein the solvent comprises a mixture of perfluoro(methyl-di-n-butyl)-amine and perfluoro(tri-n-butylamine). 5. The method according to claim 2, wherein the solution is deposited by spin coating. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein said nanostructured features form a plurality of nanopores and at least some of said nanopores provide a flow through porosity from a top to a bottom of said nanostructured layer. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein a width, length and height of each of said plurality of spaced apart nanostructured features ranges from 1 to 500 nm. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein said decomposition step is performed under a non-oxidizing atmosphere. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein said decomposed film comprises a first material and a second material different from said first material, wherein said first material is contiguous and said second material is contiguous, said first and second material forming an interpenetrating structure. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein said nanostructured layer further comprises an etching residue disposed on said contiguous, protrusive material, said etching residue from a recessive contiguous material interpenetrating with said protruding material. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein said nanostructured layer comprises nanopores formed by said plurality of spaced apart nanostructured features, and said method further comprises: pinning an oil within said nanopores. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein said decomposing step comprises heating said film to a sufficient temperature for a sufficient time to produce a nanoscale spinodal decomposition. 13. An article having a nanostructured surface layer, comprising:
a substrate; and a nanostructured layer bonded to said substrate, wherein said nanostructured layer comprises a plurality of spaced apart nanostructured features comprising a contiguous, protrusive material, wherein said nanostructured features are sufficiently small that said nanostructured layer is optically transparent; a continuous layer adhered to a plurality of surfaces of the nanostructured features, wherein the continuous layer has a thickness of from 1 to 60 nm, and wherein the continuous layer renders the plurality of surfaces of the nanostructured features both hydrophobic and oleophobic with respect to fingerprint oil comprising eccrine secretions and sebaceous secretions. 14. The article according to claim 13, wherein the continuous layer comprises a polyphobic compound, wherein the at least one polyphobic compound is both hydrophobic and oleophobic. 15. The article according to claim 14, wherein the at least one polyphobic compound is selected from the group consisting of poly[2,2-bistrifluoromethyl-4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxole-co-tetrafluoroethylene], poly[2,2,4-trifluoro-5-trifluoromethoxy-1,3,-dioxole 16. The article according to claim 13, further comprising an oil pinned in a plurality of nanopores formed by a said plurality of nanostructured features. 17. The article according to claim 13, wherein a width, length and height of each of said plurality of spaced apart nanostructured features ranges from 1 to 500 nm. 18. The article according to claim 13, wherein said nanostructured layer is atomically bonded to said substrate. 19. The article according to claim 13, wherein said nanostructured layer is chemically bonded directly to said substrate. 20. The article according to claim 13, wherein said plurality of spaced apart nanostructured features provide an anti-reflective surface. | 1,700 |
4,158 | 15,313,272 | 1,764 | A two-part adhesive kit having a part A and part B is disclosed. Part A, an adhesive precursor composition, includes at least one free-radically polymerizable compound, at least one beta-dicarbonyl compound, and at least one nitro compound. Part B includes at least one free-radically polymerizable compound, at least one salt or oxide of a polyvalent metal, and at least one non-metallic halide salt. Methods of making an adhesive composition by combining part A with part B is also disclosed. | 1-14. (canceled) 15. An adhesive precursor composition comprising:
at least one free-radically polymerizable compound; a beta-dicarbonyl compound represented by the formula
or a salt thereof, wherein:
R1 and R2 independently represent a hydrocarbyl group or a substituted-hydrocarbyl group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms;
R3 represents hydrogen, or a hydrocarbyl group or a substituted-hydrocarbyl group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms; and
each X independently represents O, S,
wherein each R4 independently represents H or a hydrocarbyl group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, or taken together any two of R2, R3, or R4 form a ring; and
at least one nitro compound represented by the formula
wherein
R5 represents an n-valent substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms and free of nitroxyl groups, and
n represents a positive integer. 16. The adhesive precursor composition of claim 15 further comprising at least one organic peroxide. 17. The adhesive precursor composition of claim 15, wherein the nitro compound is present in an amount of less than 10 percent by weight based on the total weight of the composition. 18. The adhesive precursor composition of claim 15, wherein said at least one nitro compound comprises 2-nitrobenzoic acid. 19. The adhesive precursor composition of claim 15, wherein at least one of said at least one beta-dicarbonyl compound is represented by the formula
wherein R6 and R7 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, an aryl group having from 6 to 14 carbon atoms, an alkaryl group having from 7 to 15 carbon atoms, and an aralkyl groups having from 7 to 15 carbon atoms. 20. The adhesive precursor composition of claim 15, wherein the at least one free-radically polymerizable compound comprises a methacrylate monomer or acrylate monomer. 21. A two-part adhesive kit comprising:
a part A composition comprising:
i) at least one free-radically polymerizable compound;
ii) at least one beta-dicarbonyl compound represented by the formula
or a salt thereof, wherein:
R1 and R2 independently represent a hydrocarbyl group or substituted-hydrocarbyl group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms;
R3 represents hydrogen, a hydrocarbyl group, or a substituted-hydrocarbyl group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms; and
each X independently represents O, S,
wherein each R4 independently represents H or a hydrocarbyl group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, or taken together any two of R2, R3, or R4 form a ring; and
iii) at least one nitro compound represented by the formula
wherein
R5 represents an n-valent substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms and free of nitroxyl groups, and
n represents a positive integer; and
ii) a part B composition comprising:
at least one free-radically polymerizable compound,
at least one salt or oxide of a polyvalent metal, and
at least one non-metallic halide salt. 22. The two-part adhesive kit of claim 21, wherein the part A composition further comprises at least one organic peroxide. 23. The two-part adhesive kit of claim 21, wherein at least one of the part A composition or the part B composition further comprises a toughening agent. 24. The two-part adhesive kit of claim 21, wherein said at least one nitro compound is present in an amount of less than 10 percent by weight based on the total weight of the part A composition. 25. The two-part adhesive kit of claim 21, wherein said at least one nitro compound comprises 2-nitrobenzoic acid. 26. The two-part adhesive kit of claim 21, wherein at least one of said at least one beta-dicarbonyl compound is represented by the formula
wherein R6 and R7 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, an aryl group having from 6 to 14 carbon atoms, an alkaryl group having from 7 to 15 carbon atoms, and an aralkyl group having from 7 to 15 carbon atoms. 27. The two-part adhesive kit of claim 21, wherein said at least one free-radically polymerizable compound comprises a methacrylate monomer or acrylate monomer. 28. A method of making an adhesive composition, the method comprising combining the part A and part B compositions of the two-part adhesive kit of claim 21. | A two-part adhesive kit having a part A and part B is disclosed. Part A, an adhesive precursor composition, includes at least one free-radically polymerizable compound, at least one beta-dicarbonyl compound, and at least one nitro compound. Part B includes at least one free-radically polymerizable compound, at least one salt or oxide of a polyvalent metal, and at least one non-metallic halide salt. Methods of making an adhesive composition by combining part A with part B is also disclosed.1-14. (canceled) 15. An adhesive precursor composition comprising:
at least one free-radically polymerizable compound; a beta-dicarbonyl compound represented by the formula
or a salt thereof, wherein:
R1 and R2 independently represent a hydrocarbyl group or a substituted-hydrocarbyl group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms;
R3 represents hydrogen, or a hydrocarbyl group or a substituted-hydrocarbyl group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms; and
each X independently represents O, S,
wherein each R4 independently represents H or a hydrocarbyl group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, or taken together any two of R2, R3, or R4 form a ring; and
at least one nitro compound represented by the formula
wherein
R5 represents an n-valent substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms and free of nitroxyl groups, and
n represents a positive integer. 16. The adhesive precursor composition of claim 15 further comprising at least one organic peroxide. 17. The adhesive precursor composition of claim 15, wherein the nitro compound is present in an amount of less than 10 percent by weight based on the total weight of the composition. 18. The adhesive precursor composition of claim 15, wherein said at least one nitro compound comprises 2-nitrobenzoic acid. 19. The adhesive precursor composition of claim 15, wherein at least one of said at least one beta-dicarbonyl compound is represented by the formula
wherein R6 and R7 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, an aryl group having from 6 to 14 carbon atoms, an alkaryl group having from 7 to 15 carbon atoms, and an aralkyl groups having from 7 to 15 carbon atoms. 20. The adhesive precursor composition of claim 15, wherein the at least one free-radically polymerizable compound comprises a methacrylate monomer or acrylate monomer. 21. A two-part adhesive kit comprising:
a part A composition comprising:
i) at least one free-radically polymerizable compound;
ii) at least one beta-dicarbonyl compound represented by the formula
or a salt thereof, wherein:
R1 and R2 independently represent a hydrocarbyl group or substituted-hydrocarbyl group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms;
R3 represents hydrogen, a hydrocarbyl group, or a substituted-hydrocarbyl group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms; and
each X independently represents O, S,
wherein each R4 independently represents H or a hydrocarbyl group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, or taken together any two of R2, R3, or R4 form a ring; and
iii) at least one nitro compound represented by the formula
wherein
R5 represents an n-valent substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms and free of nitroxyl groups, and
n represents a positive integer; and
ii) a part B composition comprising:
at least one free-radically polymerizable compound,
at least one salt or oxide of a polyvalent metal, and
at least one non-metallic halide salt. 22. The two-part adhesive kit of claim 21, wherein the part A composition further comprises at least one organic peroxide. 23. The two-part adhesive kit of claim 21, wherein at least one of the part A composition or the part B composition further comprises a toughening agent. 24. The two-part adhesive kit of claim 21, wherein said at least one nitro compound is present in an amount of less than 10 percent by weight based on the total weight of the part A composition. 25. The two-part adhesive kit of claim 21, wherein said at least one nitro compound comprises 2-nitrobenzoic acid. 26. The two-part adhesive kit of claim 21, wherein at least one of said at least one beta-dicarbonyl compound is represented by the formula
wherein R6 and R7 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, an aryl group having from 6 to 14 carbon atoms, an alkaryl group having from 7 to 15 carbon atoms, and an aralkyl group having from 7 to 15 carbon atoms. 27. The two-part adhesive kit of claim 21, wherein said at least one free-radically polymerizable compound comprises a methacrylate monomer or acrylate monomer. 28. A method of making an adhesive composition, the method comprising combining the part A and part B compositions of the two-part adhesive kit of claim 21. | 1,700 |
4,159 | 15,044,298 | 1,729 | A fastener assembly includes a stud and a nut. The stud has a proximal end and a distal end with a body therebetween. The stud also has a central axis extending from the proximal end to the distal end. The proximal end has a flange for coupling to a surface. The body has a cavity opening to an orifice at the distal end. The nut is retained within the cavity. Rotation of the nut about the central axis is inhibited. | 1. A fastener assembly comprising:
a stud having a proximal end and a distal end with a body therebetween, the stud having a central axis extending from the proximal end to the distal end, the proximal end having a flange for coupling to a surface, the body having a cavity opening to an orifice at the distal end; and a nut retained within the cavity, the nut being rotationally fixed about the central axis. 2. The fastener assembly of claim 1, wherein the body includes a slot in communication with the cavity and the nut includes a tang, the tang being engaged with the slot to inhibit rotation of the nut relative to the central axis. 3. The fastener assembly of claim 1, wherein an internal volume of the cavity is greater than a volume of the nut, such that the nut is pivotable relative to the central axis. 4. The fastener assembly of claim 1, further comprising a cap disposed about the distal end of the stud to retain the nut in the cavity. 5. The fastener assembly of claim 4, wherein the distal end comprises an external threaded portion and the cap comprises an internal threaded portion, the external threaded portion being engaged with the internal threaded portion. 6. The fastener assembly of claim 4, wherein the cap is coupled to the distal end by brazing or adhesive. 7. A method of assembling an automotive vehicle comprising:
providing a first component for assembly, a second component for assembly, a locating pin, and a fastener, the second component having an opening sized to accommodate the pin, the pin having a first end and a second end with a central axis extending from the first end to the second end, the pin further including a pocket proximate the second end and a nut retained within the pocket, the nut being rotationally fixed relative to the central axis; coupling the first end to the first component such that the second end projects from the first component; inserting the second end into the opening to locate the second component in a desired position relative to the first component; and assembling the fastener to the nut to retain the second component in the desired position relative to the first component. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the pin includes a welding flange at the first end, and wherein coupling the first end to the first component includes welding the welding flange to the first component. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the pocket has an interior volume greater than an exterior volume of the nut, such that the nut is pivotable relative to the central axis. 10. The method of claim 7, wherein providing a pin comprises disposing the nut in the pocket and assembling a cap over the second end. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein assembling a cap comprises threading the cap onto the second end. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein assembling a cap comprises coupling the cap to the second end by brazing or adhesive. 13. The method of claim 7, wherein the pin includes a slot in communication with the pocket and the nut includes a tang, the tang being engaged with the slot to inhibit rotation of the nut relative to the central axis. 14. The method of claim 7, wherein the first component includes a battery pack housing and the second component includes a battery pack. 15. A battery pack assembly comprising:
a battery pack having a mounting bore; a battery pack housing; a mounting stud having a first end coupled to the housing and a second end projected from the housing and inserted into the mounting bore, the stud having a central axis extending from the first end to the second end, the stud having a pocket opening to an orifice at the second end, the stud having a nut retained within the pocket, the nut being rotationally fixed about the central axis; and a fastener coupled to the nut to retain the battery pack in the housing. 16. The battery pack assembly of claim 15, wherein the stud includes a slot in communication with the pocket and the nut includes a tang, the tang being engaged with the slot to inhibit rotation of the nut relative to the central axis. 17. The battery pack assembly of claim 15, wherein an internal height of the pocket is greater than an external height of the nut, such that the nut is pivotable relative to the central axis. 18. The battery pack assembly of claim 15, further comprising a cap disposed about the second end of the stud to retain the nut in the pocket. 19. The battery pack assembly of claim 18, wherein the second end comprises an external threaded portion and the cap comprises an internal threaded portion, the external threaded portion being engaged with the internal threaded portion. 20. The battery pack assembly of claim 18, wherein the cap is coupled to the second end by brazing or adhesive. | A fastener assembly includes a stud and a nut. The stud has a proximal end and a distal end with a body therebetween. The stud also has a central axis extending from the proximal end to the distal end. The proximal end has a flange for coupling to a surface. The body has a cavity opening to an orifice at the distal end. The nut is retained within the cavity. Rotation of the nut about the central axis is inhibited.1. A fastener assembly comprising:
a stud having a proximal end and a distal end with a body therebetween, the stud having a central axis extending from the proximal end to the distal end, the proximal end having a flange for coupling to a surface, the body having a cavity opening to an orifice at the distal end; and a nut retained within the cavity, the nut being rotationally fixed about the central axis. 2. The fastener assembly of claim 1, wherein the body includes a slot in communication with the cavity and the nut includes a tang, the tang being engaged with the slot to inhibit rotation of the nut relative to the central axis. 3. The fastener assembly of claim 1, wherein an internal volume of the cavity is greater than a volume of the nut, such that the nut is pivotable relative to the central axis. 4. The fastener assembly of claim 1, further comprising a cap disposed about the distal end of the stud to retain the nut in the cavity. 5. The fastener assembly of claim 4, wherein the distal end comprises an external threaded portion and the cap comprises an internal threaded portion, the external threaded portion being engaged with the internal threaded portion. 6. The fastener assembly of claim 4, wherein the cap is coupled to the distal end by brazing or adhesive. 7. A method of assembling an automotive vehicle comprising:
providing a first component for assembly, a second component for assembly, a locating pin, and a fastener, the second component having an opening sized to accommodate the pin, the pin having a first end and a second end with a central axis extending from the first end to the second end, the pin further including a pocket proximate the second end and a nut retained within the pocket, the nut being rotationally fixed relative to the central axis; coupling the first end to the first component such that the second end projects from the first component; inserting the second end into the opening to locate the second component in a desired position relative to the first component; and assembling the fastener to the nut to retain the second component in the desired position relative to the first component. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the pin includes a welding flange at the first end, and wherein coupling the first end to the first component includes welding the welding flange to the first component. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the pocket has an interior volume greater than an exterior volume of the nut, such that the nut is pivotable relative to the central axis. 10. The method of claim 7, wherein providing a pin comprises disposing the nut in the pocket and assembling a cap over the second end. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein assembling a cap comprises threading the cap onto the second end. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein assembling a cap comprises coupling the cap to the second end by brazing or adhesive. 13. The method of claim 7, wherein the pin includes a slot in communication with the pocket and the nut includes a tang, the tang being engaged with the slot to inhibit rotation of the nut relative to the central axis. 14. The method of claim 7, wherein the first component includes a battery pack housing and the second component includes a battery pack. 15. A battery pack assembly comprising:
a battery pack having a mounting bore; a battery pack housing; a mounting stud having a first end coupled to the housing and a second end projected from the housing and inserted into the mounting bore, the stud having a central axis extending from the first end to the second end, the stud having a pocket opening to an orifice at the second end, the stud having a nut retained within the pocket, the nut being rotationally fixed about the central axis; and a fastener coupled to the nut to retain the battery pack in the housing. 16. The battery pack assembly of claim 15, wherein the stud includes a slot in communication with the pocket and the nut includes a tang, the tang being engaged with the slot to inhibit rotation of the nut relative to the central axis. 17. The battery pack assembly of claim 15, wherein an internal height of the pocket is greater than an external height of the nut, such that the nut is pivotable relative to the central axis. 18. The battery pack assembly of claim 15, further comprising a cap disposed about the second end of the stud to retain the nut in the pocket. 19. The battery pack assembly of claim 18, wherein the second end comprises an external threaded portion and the cap comprises an internal threaded portion, the external threaded portion being engaged with the internal threaded portion. 20. The battery pack assembly of claim 18, wherein the cap is coupled to the second end by brazing or adhesive. | 1,700 |
4,160 | 14,622,402 | 1,734 | The invention relates to a duplex stainless steel composition, the composition of which consists of, in % by weight:
C≦0.05% 21%≦Cr≦25% 1%≦Ni≦2.95% 0.16%≦N≦0.28% Mn≦2.0% Mo+W/2≦0.50% Mo≦0.45% W≦0.15% Si≦1.4% Al≦0.05% 0.11%≦Cu≦0.50% S≦0.010% P≦0.040% Co≦0.5% REM≦0.1% V≦0.5% Ti≦0.1% Nb≦0.3% Mg≦0.1%
the balance being iron and impurities resulting from the smelting, and the microstructure consisting of austenite and 35 to 65% ferrite by volume, the composition furthermore satisfying the following relationships:
40≦I F ≦70
where
I F =6×(% Cr+1.32×% Mo+1.27×% Si)−10×(% Ni+24×% C+16.15×% N+0.5×% Cu+0.4×% Mn)−6.17
and
I LCR ≧30.5
where
I LCR =% Cr+3.3×% Mo+16×% N+2.6×% Ni−0.7×% Mn,
and also to a process for manufacturing plate, strip, coil, bar, rod, wire, sections, forgings and castings made of this steel. | 1. A duplex stainless steel, the composition of which consists of, in % by weight:
C≦0.05% 21%≦Cr≦25% 1%≦Ni≦2.95% 0.16%≦N≦0.28% Mn≦2.0% Mo+W/2≦0.50% Mo≦0.45% W≦0.15% Si≦1.4% Al≦0.05% 0.11%≦Cu≦0.50% S≦0.010% P≦0.040% Co≦0.5% REM≦0.1% V≦0.5% Ti≦0.1% Nb≦0.3% Mg≦0.1%
the balance being iron and impurities resulting from the smelting, and the microstructure consisting of austenite and 35 to 65% ferrite by volume, said composition furthermore satisfying the following relationships:
40≦IF≦70
where
I F=6×(% Cr+1.32×% Mo+1.27×% Si)−10×(% Ni+24×%C+16.15×% N+0.5×% Cu+0.4×% Mn)−6.17
and
ILCR≧30.5
where
I LCR=% Cr+3.3×% Mo+16×% N+2.6×% Ni−0.7×% Mn. 2. Steel according to claim 1, furthermore characterized in that:
ILCR≧32. 3. Steel according to claim 1, furthermore characterized in that the proportion of ferrite is between 35 and 55% by volume. 4. Steel according to claim 1, furthermore characterized in that:
40≦IF≦60. 5. Steel according to claim 1, furthermore characterized in that the chromium content is between 22 and 24% by weight. 6. Steel according to claim 1, furthermore characterized in that the manganese content is less than 1.5% by weight. 7. Steel according to claim 1, furthermore characterized in that the calcium content is less than 0.03% by weight. 8. Steel according to claim 1, furthermore characterized in that the molybdenum content is greater than 0.1% by weight. 9. Process for manufacturing hot-rolled plate, strip or coil made of steel according to claim 1, in which:
an ingot or slab of a steel of composition according to any one of claim 1 is provided; and said ingot or slab is hot-rolled at a temperature between 1150 and 1280° C. in order to obtain plate, strip or coil. 10. Process for manufacturing hot-rolled plate made of steel according to claim 9, in which:
said ingot or slab is hot-rolled at a temperature between 1150 and 1280° C. in order to obtain what is called quarto plate; a heat treatment is carried out at a temperature between 900 and 1100° C.; and said plate is cooled by an air quench. 11. Hot-rolled steel quarto plate, which can be obtained by the process as claimed in claim 10 and having a thickness between 5 and 100 mm. 12. Use of hot-rolled coil obtained by the process according to claim 9, for the manufacture of structural components for material production or energy production installations. 13. Use according to claim 12, in which said material and energy production installations operate between −100 and 300° C., preferably between −50 and 300° C. 14. Cold-rolled steel strip that can be obtained by cold-rolling a hot-rolled coil obtained by the process according to claim 9. 15. Process for manufacturing hot-rolled bar or rod made of steel according to claims 1 to 8, in which:
a continuously cast ingot or bloom of steel of composition according to claim 1 is provided;
said ingot or bloom is hot-rolled from a temperature between 1150 and 1280° C. in order to obtain bar, which is air-cooled, or a coil of wire stock which is water-cooled;
and then, optionally:
a heat treatment is carried out at a temperature between 900 and 1100° C.; and
said bar or coil of wire stock is quench-cooled. 16. Hot-rolled bar that can be obtained by the process according to claim 15 and having a diameter of 18 mm to 250 mm and hot-rolled rod that can be obtained by the process according to claim 15 and having a diameter of 4 to 30 mm. 17. Manufacturing process according to claim 15, in which a cold-drawing operation is carried out on said bar or a die-drawing operation is carried out on said rod, after being cooled. 18. Cold-drawn bar that can be obtained by the process according to claim 17, having a diameter of 4 mm to 60 mm, and die-drawn rod or wire that can be obtained by the process according to claim 17, having a diameter of 0.010 mm to 20 mm. 19. Use of a bar according to claim 16 for the manufacture of mechanical parts such as pumps, valve shafts, motor and engine shafts and couplings operating in corrosive media. 20. Use of a rod or wire according to claim 16 for the manufacture of cold-formed assemblies, for the agri-foodstuff industry, for oil and ore extraction, or for the manufacture of woven or knitted metal fabrics for the filtration of chemicals, ores or foodstuffs. 21. Process for manufacturing a steel section, in which a cold-forming operation is carried out on a hot-rolled bar obtained by the process according to claim 15. 22. Steel section that can be obtained by the process according to claim 21. 23. Process for manufacturing a steel forging, in which a hot-rolled bar obtained by the process according to claim 15 is cut up into slugs and then a forging operation is carried out on said slugs between 1100° C. and 1280° C. 24. Steel forging that can be obtained by the process according to claim 23. 25. Use of a forging according to claim 24 for the manufacture of brackets or couplings. 26. Casting that can be obtained by casting a steel according to claim 1. | The invention relates to a duplex stainless steel composition, the composition of which consists of, in % by weight:
C≦0.05% 21%≦Cr≦25% 1%≦Ni≦2.95% 0.16%≦N≦0.28% Mn≦2.0% Mo+W/2≦0.50% Mo≦0.45% W≦0.15% Si≦1.4% Al≦0.05% 0.11%≦Cu≦0.50% S≦0.010% P≦0.040% Co≦0.5% REM≦0.1% V≦0.5% Ti≦0.1% Nb≦0.3% Mg≦0.1%
the balance being iron and impurities resulting from the smelting, and the microstructure consisting of austenite and 35 to 65% ferrite by volume, the composition furthermore satisfying the following relationships:
40≦I F ≦70
where
I F =6×(% Cr+1.32×% Mo+1.27×% Si)−10×(% Ni+24×% C+16.15×% N+0.5×% Cu+0.4×% Mn)−6.17
and
I LCR ≧30.5
where
I LCR =% Cr+3.3×% Mo+16×% N+2.6×% Ni−0.7×% Mn,
and also to a process for manufacturing plate, strip, coil, bar, rod, wire, sections, forgings and castings made of this steel.1. A duplex stainless steel, the composition of which consists of, in % by weight:
C≦0.05% 21%≦Cr≦25% 1%≦Ni≦2.95% 0.16%≦N≦0.28% Mn≦2.0% Mo+W/2≦0.50% Mo≦0.45% W≦0.15% Si≦1.4% Al≦0.05% 0.11%≦Cu≦0.50% S≦0.010% P≦0.040% Co≦0.5% REM≦0.1% V≦0.5% Ti≦0.1% Nb≦0.3% Mg≦0.1%
the balance being iron and impurities resulting from the smelting, and the microstructure consisting of austenite and 35 to 65% ferrite by volume, said composition furthermore satisfying the following relationships:
40≦IF≦70
where
I F=6×(% Cr+1.32×% Mo+1.27×% Si)−10×(% Ni+24×%C+16.15×% N+0.5×% Cu+0.4×% Mn)−6.17
and
ILCR≧30.5
where
I LCR=% Cr+3.3×% Mo+16×% N+2.6×% Ni−0.7×% Mn. 2. Steel according to claim 1, furthermore characterized in that:
ILCR≧32. 3. Steel according to claim 1, furthermore characterized in that the proportion of ferrite is between 35 and 55% by volume. 4. Steel according to claim 1, furthermore characterized in that:
40≦IF≦60. 5. Steel according to claim 1, furthermore characterized in that the chromium content is between 22 and 24% by weight. 6. Steel according to claim 1, furthermore characterized in that the manganese content is less than 1.5% by weight. 7. Steel according to claim 1, furthermore characterized in that the calcium content is less than 0.03% by weight. 8. Steel according to claim 1, furthermore characterized in that the molybdenum content is greater than 0.1% by weight. 9. Process for manufacturing hot-rolled plate, strip or coil made of steel according to claim 1, in which:
an ingot or slab of a steel of composition according to any one of claim 1 is provided; and said ingot or slab is hot-rolled at a temperature between 1150 and 1280° C. in order to obtain plate, strip or coil. 10. Process for manufacturing hot-rolled plate made of steel according to claim 9, in which:
said ingot or slab is hot-rolled at a temperature between 1150 and 1280° C. in order to obtain what is called quarto plate; a heat treatment is carried out at a temperature between 900 and 1100° C.; and said plate is cooled by an air quench. 11. Hot-rolled steel quarto plate, which can be obtained by the process as claimed in claim 10 and having a thickness between 5 and 100 mm. 12. Use of hot-rolled coil obtained by the process according to claim 9, for the manufacture of structural components for material production or energy production installations. 13. Use according to claim 12, in which said material and energy production installations operate between −100 and 300° C., preferably between −50 and 300° C. 14. Cold-rolled steel strip that can be obtained by cold-rolling a hot-rolled coil obtained by the process according to claim 9. 15. Process for manufacturing hot-rolled bar or rod made of steel according to claims 1 to 8, in which:
a continuously cast ingot or bloom of steel of composition according to claim 1 is provided;
said ingot or bloom is hot-rolled from a temperature between 1150 and 1280° C. in order to obtain bar, which is air-cooled, or a coil of wire stock which is water-cooled;
and then, optionally:
a heat treatment is carried out at a temperature between 900 and 1100° C.; and
said bar or coil of wire stock is quench-cooled. 16. Hot-rolled bar that can be obtained by the process according to claim 15 and having a diameter of 18 mm to 250 mm and hot-rolled rod that can be obtained by the process according to claim 15 and having a diameter of 4 to 30 mm. 17. Manufacturing process according to claim 15, in which a cold-drawing operation is carried out on said bar or a die-drawing operation is carried out on said rod, after being cooled. 18. Cold-drawn bar that can be obtained by the process according to claim 17, having a diameter of 4 mm to 60 mm, and die-drawn rod or wire that can be obtained by the process according to claim 17, having a diameter of 0.010 mm to 20 mm. 19. Use of a bar according to claim 16 for the manufacture of mechanical parts such as pumps, valve shafts, motor and engine shafts and couplings operating in corrosive media. 20. Use of a rod or wire according to claim 16 for the manufacture of cold-formed assemblies, for the agri-foodstuff industry, for oil and ore extraction, or for the manufacture of woven or knitted metal fabrics for the filtration of chemicals, ores or foodstuffs. 21. Process for manufacturing a steel section, in which a cold-forming operation is carried out on a hot-rolled bar obtained by the process according to claim 15. 22. Steel section that can be obtained by the process according to claim 21. 23. Process for manufacturing a steel forging, in which a hot-rolled bar obtained by the process according to claim 15 is cut up into slugs and then a forging operation is carried out on said slugs between 1100° C. and 1280° C. 24. Steel forging that can be obtained by the process according to claim 23. 25. Use of a forging according to claim 24 for the manufacture of brackets or couplings. 26. Casting that can be obtained by casting a steel according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
4,161 | 13,832,476 | 1,715 | Improved termination features for multilayer electronic components are disclosed. Monolithic components are provided with plated terminations whereby the need for typical thick-film termination stripes is eliminated or greatly simplified. Such termination technology eliminates many typical termination problems and enables a higher number of terminations with finer pitch, which may be especially beneficial on smaller electronic components. The subject plated terminations are guided and anchored by exposed internal electrode tabs and additional anchor tab portions which may optionally extend to the cover layers of a multilayer component. Such anchor tabs may be positioned internally or externally relative to a chip structure to nucleate additional metallized plating material. External anchor tabs positioned on top and bottom sides of a monolithic structure can facilitate the formation of wrap-around plated terminations. | 1-50. (canceled) 51. A method of forming plated terminations on a multi-layer electronic component using a self-determining process, comprising the steps of:
providing electrode layers, and providing dielectric layers which are respectively interleaved with said electrode layers and which otherwise form an insulative substrate; exposing selected portions of said electrode layers; and electrolessly plating termination material on the exposed portions of said electrode layers using said exposed portions of said electrode layers as nucleation points and guides for the termination material. 52. The method of claim 51, wherein the step of electrolessly plating is followed by an electrochemical process. 53. The method of claim 51, wherein the step of electrolessly plating includes plating termination material on the exposed portions of said electrode layers until the exposed portions of selected of said electrode layers are connected, while otherwise spaced on said insulative substrate. 54. The method of claim 53, wherein the electrolessly plating step comprises submersing the multi-layer electronic component in an electroless copper plating solution to form a copper termination layer. 55. The method of claim 54, further comprising the step of covering the copper termination layer with a resistive layer. 56. The method of claim 55, further comprising the step of plating the resistive layer with a conductive layer. 57. The method of claim 51, further comprising the steps of:
providing anchor tabs respectively interleaved at selected locations between the dielectric layers; and exposing portions of said anchor tabs at selected edges of the dielectric layers; whereby the exposed portions of said anchor tabs function as additional nucleation points and guides for the termination material. 58. A method of forming plated terminations on a multi-layer electronic component using a self-determining process, comprising the steps of:
providing electrode layers, and providing dielectric layers which are respectively interleaved with said electrode layers and which otherwise form an insulative substrate; exposing selected portions of said electrode layers; and plating termination material on the exposed portions of said electrode layers using said exposed portions of said electrode layers as nucleation points and guides for the termination material; wherein said plating termination material step comprises one of either electrochemical deposition or electrolessly plating. 59. A method as in claim 58, wherein said plating termination material step comprises electrolessly plating. 60. A method as in claim 59, wherein said electrolessly plating comprises depositing a first layer by electrolessly plating. 61. A method as in claim 60, wherein said electrolessly plating further comprises depositing a second layer by electrolessly plating. 62. A method as in claim 61, wherein said first layer and said second layer comprise different materials. 63. A method as in claim 61, wherein said first layer and said second layer comprise metals. 64. A method as in claim 63, wherein said first layer and said second layer comprise different metals. 65. A method as in claim 59, wherein said electrolessly plating further includes covering the first layer with resistor-polymeric material before depositing the second layer. 66. A method as in claim 59, further comprising the steps of:
providing anchor tabs respectively interleaved at selected locations between the dielectric layers; and exposing portions of said anchor tabs at selected edges of the dielectric layers; whereby the exposed portions of said anchor tabs function as additional nucleation points and guides for the termination material. 67. A method as in claim 58, wherein said plating termination material step comprises electrolessly plating a first metal layer and then repeated electrolessly plating a second metal layer of other metal. 68. A method as in claim 59, wherein the step of electrolessly plating includes plating termination material on the exposed portions of said electrode layers until the exposed portions of selected of said electrode layers are connected, while otherwise spaced on said insulative substrate. 69. A method as in claim 60, wherein the step of depositing a first layer comprises submersing the multi-layer electronic component in an electroless copper plating solution to form a copper termination layer. 70. A method as in claim 69, further comprising the step of covering the copper termination layer with a resistive layer. 71. A method as in claim 70, further comprising the step of plating the resistive layer with a conductive layer. 72. A method of forming plated terminations on a multi-layer electronic component using a self-determining process, comprising the steps of:
providing electrode layers, and providing dielectric layers which are respectively interleaved with said electrode layers and which otherwise form an insulative substrate; exposing selected portions of said electrode layers; and electrolessly plating termination material on the exposed portions of said electrode layers using said exposed portions of said electrode layers as nucleation points and guides for the termination material; wherein said electrolessly plating termination material step comprises electrolessly plating a first metal layer and then repeated electrolessly plating a second metal layer of other metal. 73. A method as in claim 72, wherein said electrolessly plating further includes covering the first layer with resistor-polymeric material before plating the second layer. 74. A method as in claim 72, wherein the step of electrolessly plating includes plating termination material on the exposed portions of said electrode layers until the exposed portions of selected of said electrode layers are connected, while otherwise spaced on said insulative substrate. 75. A method as in claim 72, further comprising the steps of:
providing anchor tabs respectively interleaved at selected locations between the dielectric layers; and exposing portions of said anchor tabs at selected edges of the dielectric layers; whereby the exposed portions of said anchor tabs function as additional nucleation points and guides for the termination material. | Improved termination features for multilayer electronic components are disclosed. Monolithic components are provided with plated terminations whereby the need for typical thick-film termination stripes is eliminated or greatly simplified. Such termination technology eliminates many typical termination problems and enables a higher number of terminations with finer pitch, which may be especially beneficial on smaller electronic components. The subject plated terminations are guided and anchored by exposed internal electrode tabs and additional anchor tab portions which may optionally extend to the cover layers of a multilayer component. Such anchor tabs may be positioned internally or externally relative to a chip structure to nucleate additional metallized plating material. External anchor tabs positioned on top and bottom sides of a monolithic structure can facilitate the formation of wrap-around plated terminations.1-50. (canceled) 51. A method of forming plated terminations on a multi-layer electronic component using a self-determining process, comprising the steps of:
providing electrode layers, and providing dielectric layers which are respectively interleaved with said electrode layers and which otherwise form an insulative substrate; exposing selected portions of said electrode layers; and electrolessly plating termination material on the exposed portions of said electrode layers using said exposed portions of said electrode layers as nucleation points and guides for the termination material. 52. The method of claim 51, wherein the step of electrolessly plating is followed by an electrochemical process. 53. The method of claim 51, wherein the step of electrolessly plating includes plating termination material on the exposed portions of said electrode layers until the exposed portions of selected of said electrode layers are connected, while otherwise spaced on said insulative substrate. 54. The method of claim 53, wherein the electrolessly plating step comprises submersing the multi-layer electronic component in an electroless copper plating solution to form a copper termination layer. 55. The method of claim 54, further comprising the step of covering the copper termination layer with a resistive layer. 56. The method of claim 55, further comprising the step of plating the resistive layer with a conductive layer. 57. The method of claim 51, further comprising the steps of:
providing anchor tabs respectively interleaved at selected locations between the dielectric layers; and exposing portions of said anchor tabs at selected edges of the dielectric layers; whereby the exposed portions of said anchor tabs function as additional nucleation points and guides for the termination material. 58. A method of forming plated terminations on a multi-layer electronic component using a self-determining process, comprising the steps of:
providing electrode layers, and providing dielectric layers which are respectively interleaved with said electrode layers and which otherwise form an insulative substrate; exposing selected portions of said electrode layers; and plating termination material on the exposed portions of said electrode layers using said exposed portions of said electrode layers as nucleation points and guides for the termination material; wherein said plating termination material step comprises one of either electrochemical deposition or electrolessly plating. 59. A method as in claim 58, wherein said plating termination material step comprises electrolessly plating. 60. A method as in claim 59, wherein said electrolessly plating comprises depositing a first layer by electrolessly plating. 61. A method as in claim 60, wherein said electrolessly plating further comprises depositing a second layer by electrolessly plating. 62. A method as in claim 61, wherein said first layer and said second layer comprise different materials. 63. A method as in claim 61, wherein said first layer and said second layer comprise metals. 64. A method as in claim 63, wherein said first layer and said second layer comprise different metals. 65. A method as in claim 59, wherein said electrolessly plating further includes covering the first layer with resistor-polymeric material before depositing the second layer. 66. A method as in claim 59, further comprising the steps of:
providing anchor tabs respectively interleaved at selected locations between the dielectric layers; and exposing portions of said anchor tabs at selected edges of the dielectric layers; whereby the exposed portions of said anchor tabs function as additional nucleation points and guides for the termination material. 67. A method as in claim 58, wherein said plating termination material step comprises electrolessly plating a first metal layer and then repeated electrolessly plating a second metal layer of other metal. 68. A method as in claim 59, wherein the step of electrolessly plating includes plating termination material on the exposed portions of said electrode layers until the exposed portions of selected of said electrode layers are connected, while otherwise spaced on said insulative substrate. 69. A method as in claim 60, wherein the step of depositing a first layer comprises submersing the multi-layer electronic component in an electroless copper plating solution to form a copper termination layer. 70. A method as in claim 69, further comprising the step of covering the copper termination layer with a resistive layer. 71. A method as in claim 70, further comprising the step of plating the resistive layer with a conductive layer. 72. A method of forming plated terminations on a multi-layer electronic component using a self-determining process, comprising the steps of:
providing electrode layers, and providing dielectric layers which are respectively interleaved with said electrode layers and which otherwise form an insulative substrate; exposing selected portions of said electrode layers; and electrolessly plating termination material on the exposed portions of said electrode layers using said exposed portions of said electrode layers as nucleation points and guides for the termination material; wherein said electrolessly plating termination material step comprises electrolessly plating a first metal layer and then repeated electrolessly plating a second metal layer of other metal. 73. A method as in claim 72, wherein said electrolessly plating further includes covering the first layer with resistor-polymeric material before plating the second layer. 74. A method as in claim 72, wherein the step of electrolessly plating includes plating termination material on the exposed portions of said electrode layers until the exposed portions of selected of said electrode layers are connected, while otherwise spaced on said insulative substrate. 75. A method as in claim 72, further comprising the steps of:
providing anchor tabs respectively interleaved at selected locations between the dielectric layers; and exposing portions of said anchor tabs at selected edges of the dielectric layers; whereby the exposed portions of said anchor tabs function as additional nucleation points and guides for the termination material. | 1,700 |
4,162 | 15,026,769 | 1,714 | The invention concerns a method of treating the pipes of the drinking water network of an aircraft for cleaning purposes, said network comprising at least one storage tank and a plurality of pipes providing a plurality of water inlet and outlet points, notable in that it involves the following operations: —injecting water at a high temperature of between fifty and one hundred degrees Celsius into the network, for treatment purposes, —draining, —injecting cold water at a temperature no higher than thirty degrees Celsius combined with chemical treatment products comprising a chlorinated product or hydrogen peroxide, —draining, —injecting water at a high temperature of between fifty and one hundred degrees Celsius for rinsing purposes, eliminating the chemical treatment products comprising a chlorinated product or hydrogen peroxide, —draining. Applications: cleaning the drinking water network of an aircraft. | 1. Method for treating, for cleaning purposes, pipes of the drinking water system of an aircraft, which system includes at least one storage tank and a plurality of pipes offering a plurality of water inlet and outlet points, wherein the method includes the following operations:
a first operation, injection of high-temperature water at between fifty and one hundred degrees Celsius into the system for cleaning purposes, draining the water of the first injection, a second operation, injection of cold water not exceeding thirty degrees Celsius, associated with chemical treatment products comprising a chlorinated product or hydrogen peroxide, draining the water of the second injection, a third operation, injection of high-temperature water at between fifty and one hundred degrees Celsius for rinsing by removing the chemical treatment products comprising a chlorinated product or hydrogen peroxide, draining the water of the third injection. 2. Treatment method according to claim 1, the system comprising filtration means comprising removable filter cartridges provided in predetermined pipes, said cartridges being arranged in bowls, forming, with the latter, the filtration means provided at water outlet points such as those used to supply the washing sink taps or those used for consumption in aircraft, filtration means through which the water must pass before reaching the tap, characterized by the fact that the filtration cartridges are not removed during the whole of the operations. 3. Treatment method according to claim 1, the system comprising filtration means comprising removable filter cartridges provided in predetermined pipes, said cartridges being arranged in bowls, forming, with the latter, the filtration means provided at water outlet points such as those used to supply the washing sink taps or those used for consumption in aircraft, filtration means through which the water must pass before reaching the tap, characterized by the fact that the filtration cartridges are removed during the whole of the operations. 4. Method according to claim 1,
further comprising the step of creating a shock wave in the pipes to be cleaned before the infection of high-temperature water for treatment purposes, the pipes to be cleaned each having a respective first end and a respective second end, the step of creating a shock wave comprising partially filling a volume with a liquid, filling the volume not occupied by the liquid with pressurized gas, releasing the liquid through a constricted area communicating with the first end of said pipe(s) to be cleaned, the second end of said pipe(s) to be cleaned is open while the pressure is maintained, so as to: create an accelerated movement of the liquid in a first phase and of the gas and liquid mixture created in a second phase, then generating a shock wave, once the volume has been drained, which shock wave is propagated through the mixture. 5. Method according to claim 1,
further comprising the step of creating a shock wave in the pipes to be cleaned during the first operation of infection of high-temperature water for treatment purposes, the pipes having a respective first end and a respective second end, partially filling the tank of the aircraft with high-temperature water, and filling the volume not occupied with water with pressurized gas, releasing the water through a constricted area communicating with the first end of said pipe(s) to be cleaned, the second end of which is open while the pressure is maintained, so as to: create an accelerated movement of the water in a first phase and of the gas and liquid mixture created in a second phase, then generating a shock wave, once the volume has been drained, which shock wave is propagated through the mixture. 6. Method according to claim 1, wherein the second and third operations are started once the tank and the pipes have been drained. 7. Method according to claim 1, the second operation and third operation are started once the single tank has been drained. | The invention concerns a method of treating the pipes of the drinking water network of an aircraft for cleaning purposes, said network comprising at least one storage tank and a plurality of pipes providing a plurality of water inlet and outlet points, notable in that it involves the following operations: —injecting water at a high temperature of between fifty and one hundred degrees Celsius into the network, for treatment purposes, —draining, —injecting cold water at a temperature no higher than thirty degrees Celsius combined with chemical treatment products comprising a chlorinated product or hydrogen peroxide, —draining, —injecting water at a high temperature of between fifty and one hundred degrees Celsius for rinsing purposes, eliminating the chemical treatment products comprising a chlorinated product or hydrogen peroxide, —draining. Applications: cleaning the drinking water network of an aircraft.1. Method for treating, for cleaning purposes, pipes of the drinking water system of an aircraft, which system includes at least one storage tank and a plurality of pipes offering a plurality of water inlet and outlet points, wherein the method includes the following operations:
a first operation, injection of high-temperature water at between fifty and one hundred degrees Celsius into the system for cleaning purposes, draining the water of the first injection, a second operation, injection of cold water not exceeding thirty degrees Celsius, associated with chemical treatment products comprising a chlorinated product or hydrogen peroxide, draining the water of the second injection, a third operation, injection of high-temperature water at between fifty and one hundred degrees Celsius for rinsing by removing the chemical treatment products comprising a chlorinated product or hydrogen peroxide, draining the water of the third injection. 2. Treatment method according to claim 1, the system comprising filtration means comprising removable filter cartridges provided in predetermined pipes, said cartridges being arranged in bowls, forming, with the latter, the filtration means provided at water outlet points such as those used to supply the washing sink taps or those used for consumption in aircraft, filtration means through which the water must pass before reaching the tap, characterized by the fact that the filtration cartridges are not removed during the whole of the operations. 3. Treatment method according to claim 1, the system comprising filtration means comprising removable filter cartridges provided in predetermined pipes, said cartridges being arranged in bowls, forming, with the latter, the filtration means provided at water outlet points such as those used to supply the washing sink taps or those used for consumption in aircraft, filtration means through which the water must pass before reaching the tap, characterized by the fact that the filtration cartridges are removed during the whole of the operations. 4. Method according to claim 1,
further comprising the step of creating a shock wave in the pipes to be cleaned before the infection of high-temperature water for treatment purposes, the pipes to be cleaned each having a respective first end and a respective second end, the step of creating a shock wave comprising partially filling a volume with a liquid, filling the volume not occupied by the liquid with pressurized gas, releasing the liquid through a constricted area communicating with the first end of said pipe(s) to be cleaned, the second end of said pipe(s) to be cleaned is open while the pressure is maintained, so as to: create an accelerated movement of the liquid in a first phase and of the gas and liquid mixture created in a second phase, then generating a shock wave, once the volume has been drained, which shock wave is propagated through the mixture. 5. Method according to claim 1,
further comprising the step of creating a shock wave in the pipes to be cleaned during the first operation of infection of high-temperature water for treatment purposes, the pipes having a respective first end and a respective second end, partially filling the tank of the aircraft with high-temperature water, and filling the volume not occupied with water with pressurized gas, releasing the water through a constricted area communicating with the first end of said pipe(s) to be cleaned, the second end of which is open while the pressure is maintained, so as to: create an accelerated movement of the water in a first phase and of the gas and liquid mixture created in a second phase, then generating a shock wave, once the volume has been drained, which shock wave is propagated through the mixture. 6. Method according to claim 1, wherein the second and third operations are started once the tank and the pipes have been drained. 7. Method according to claim 1, the second operation and third operation are started once the single tank has been drained. | 1,700 |
4,163 | 15,025,701 | 1,791 | A process for manufacturing an edible water-in-oil spread, which process has the advantages of the cool blending process for manufacturing spreads, with improved rework capabilities. This is achieved by combining a stirred tank with recirculation means. | 1. Process for preparing an edible fat-continuous spread comprising 15-65% fat and 35-85% water, said process comprising the steps of:
a) providing a fat powder; b) providing an aqueous phase; c) providing an oil phase; d) mixing said oil phase and said fat powder into a fat slurry in a stirred tank or recirculation means to which such stirred tank is connected, wherein the stirred tank is combined with recirculation means; e) combining the aqueous phase with the fat slurry and/or pre-emulsion outside said stirred tank in the recirculation means, to form a pre-emulsion. 2. Process according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous phase and the fat slurry and/or pre-emulsion outside said stirred tank in the recirculation means are mixed by an in-line dynamic mixer. 3. Process according to claim 1, wherein recirculation is continued after all of the aqueous phase is added until at least no free water is detectable in the pre-emulsion. 4. Process according to claim, 1 wherein from said stirred tank the emulsion, when at its desired composition and no free water is detectable, is fed to a packaging process. 5. Process according to claim 1, wherein prior to all of the aqueous phase having been added, at least part of the fat slurry or pre-emulsion is recirculated through the recirculation means. 6. Process according to claims 1, wherein all process steps are carried out at a temperature of 0 to 40° C. 7. Process according to claim 1, wherein the fat powder is a micronised fat powder. 8. Process according to claim 1, wherein the amount fat powder on the total fat slurry is from 5 to 20% by weight, based on the total fat slurry. 9. Process according to claim 1, wherein the amount of fat on the total composition in the stirred tank and final product are from 20 to 45%, based on the total composition. 10. Process according to claim 1, wherein the mixing in step d) in the batch tank is carried out by an anchor stirrer and/or impeller. 11. Process according to claim 1, wherein the overall composition in the stirred tank after all of the aqueous phase is added is the same as in the fat-continuous spread produced. | A process for manufacturing an edible water-in-oil spread, which process has the advantages of the cool blending process for manufacturing spreads, with improved rework capabilities. This is achieved by combining a stirred tank with recirculation means.1. Process for preparing an edible fat-continuous spread comprising 15-65% fat and 35-85% water, said process comprising the steps of:
a) providing a fat powder; b) providing an aqueous phase; c) providing an oil phase; d) mixing said oil phase and said fat powder into a fat slurry in a stirred tank or recirculation means to which such stirred tank is connected, wherein the stirred tank is combined with recirculation means; e) combining the aqueous phase with the fat slurry and/or pre-emulsion outside said stirred tank in the recirculation means, to form a pre-emulsion. 2. Process according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous phase and the fat slurry and/or pre-emulsion outside said stirred tank in the recirculation means are mixed by an in-line dynamic mixer. 3. Process according to claim 1, wherein recirculation is continued after all of the aqueous phase is added until at least no free water is detectable in the pre-emulsion. 4. Process according to claim, 1 wherein from said stirred tank the emulsion, when at its desired composition and no free water is detectable, is fed to a packaging process. 5. Process according to claim 1, wherein prior to all of the aqueous phase having been added, at least part of the fat slurry or pre-emulsion is recirculated through the recirculation means. 6. Process according to claims 1, wherein all process steps are carried out at a temperature of 0 to 40° C. 7. Process according to claim 1, wherein the fat powder is a micronised fat powder. 8. Process according to claim 1, wherein the amount fat powder on the total fat slurry is from 5 to 20% by weight, based on the total fat slurry. 9. Process according to claim 1, wherein the amount of fat on the total composition in the stirred tank and final product are from 20 to 45%, based on the total composition. 10. Process according to claim 1, wherein the mixing in step d) in the batch tank is carried out by an anchor stirrer and/or impeller. 11. Process according to claim 1, wherein the overall composition in the stirred tank after all of the aqueous phase is added is the same as in the fat-continuous spread produced. | 1,700 |
4,164 | 14,470,298 | 1,783 | Transfer films, articles made therewith, and layer-by-layer methods of making and using transfer films to form an inorganic optical stack are disclosed. | 1. A transfer film comprising:
a first protolayer having a uniform thickness of less than 1 micrometer and comprising a plurality of sub-protolayer pairs, each sub-protolayer pair independently comprising a material with a first bonding group and a material with a complementary second bonding group and at least one of the materials is a first thermally stable material. 2. The transfer film according to claim 1, further comprising a polymeric support layer having a releasable surface, the releasable surface contacting the protolayer. 3. The transfer film according to claim 1, wherein the protolayer has a visible light transmittance of at least 5%. 4. The transfer film according to claim 1, wherein at least selected sub-protolayer pairs comprise inorganic nanomaterial having an average size of less than 100 nm. 5. The transfer film according to claim 1, wherein the material with a first bonding group is a polycationic material and the material with a complementary second bonding group is a polyanionic material. 6. The transfer film according to claim 1, wherein the material with a first bonding group is a hydrogen bond donor and the material with a complementary second bonding group is a hydrogen bond acceptor. 7. The transfer film according to claim 1, further comprising a second protolayer having a uniform thickness of less than 1 micrometer and comprising a plurality of sub-protolayer pairs, each sub-protolayer pair independently comprising a material with a first bonding group and a material with a complementary second bonding group and at least one of the materials is a second thermally stable material, wherein the first and second thermally stable materials are different materials. 8. The transfer film according to claim 7, wherein the first thermally stable material comprises a first inorganic nanomaterial, and the second thermally stable material comprises a second inorganic nanomaterial, wherein the first inorganic nanomaterial and second inorganic nanomaterial have a refractive index difference of at least 0.2. 9. (canceled) 10. The transfer film according to claim 1, wherein the thermally stable material is present in the first protolayer in an amount of at least 50 wt %. 11. A method, comprising:
laminating a transfer film according to claim 1 to a receptor substrate; baking out the sacrificial material in the protolayer to form an optical stack having one or more layers. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the receptor substrate comprises glass, quartz or sapphire. 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein the each layer of the optical stack has a uniform thickness of less than 500 nanometers. 14. The method according to claim 11, wherein the optical stack has a visible light transmittance of at least 10%. 15. The method according to claim 11, wherein the optical stack comprises at least 4 layers. 16. A method of forming a transfer film, comprising:
depositing one or more co-extensive sub-protolayer pairs sequentially onto each other to form a protolayer, each sub-protolayer pair comprising a material comprising a first bonding group and a material comprising a complementary second bonding group and at least one of the materials is a thermally stable material; wherein each sub-protolayer pair is formed by layer-by-layer self-assembly. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein each protolayer is formed of one or more sub-protolayer pairs, and each sub-protolayer pair is formed by depositing a first layer comprising a material comprising a first bonding group and then depositing a material comprising a complementary second bonding group on the first layer. 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the protolayer is formed of 2 or more sub-protolayer pairs. 19. The transfer film of claim 1, wherein the protolayer further comprises a sacrificial material. | Transfer films, articles made therewith, and layer-by-layer methods of making and using transfer films to form an inorganic optical stack are disclosed.1. A transfer film comprising:
a first protolayer having a uniform thickness of less than 1 micrometer and comprising a plurality of sub-protolayer pairs, each sub-protolayer pair independently comprising a material with a first bonding group and a material with a complementary second bonding group and at least one of the materials is a first thermally stable material. 2. The transfer film according to claim 1, further comprising a polymeric support layer having a releasable surface, the releasable surface contacting the protolayer. 3. The transfer film according to claim 1, wherein the protolayer has a visible light transmittance of at least 5%. 4. The transfer film according to claim 1, wherein at least selected sub-protolayer pairs comprise inorganic nanomaterial having an average size of less than 100 nm. 5. The transfer film according to claim 1, wherein the material with a first bonding group is a polycationic material and the material with a complementary second bonding group is a polyanionic material. 6. The transfer film according to claim 1, wherein the material with a first bonding group is a hydrogen bond donor and the material with a complementary second bonding group is a hydrogen bond acceptor. 7. The transfer film according to claim 1, further comprising a second protolayer having a uniform thickness of less than 1 micrometer and comprising a plurality of sub-protolayer pairs, each sub-protolayer pair independently comprising a material with a first bonding group and a material with a complementary second bonding group and at least one of the materials is a second thermally stable material, wherein the first and second thermally stable materials are different materials. 8. The transfer film according to claim 7, wherein the first thermally stable material comprises a first inorganic nanomaterial, and the second thermally stable material comprises a second inorganic nanomaterial, wherein the first inorganic nanomaterial and second inorganic nanomaterial have a refractive index difference of at least 0.2. 9. (canceled) 10. The transfer film according to claim 1, wherein the thermally stable material is present in the first protolayer in an amount of at least 50 wt %. 11. A method, comprising:
laminating a transfer film according to claim 1 to a receptor substrate; baking out the sacrificial material in the protolayer to form an optical stack having one or more layers. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the receptor substrate comprises glass, quartz or sapphire. 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein the each layer of the optical stack has a uniform thickness of less than 500 nanometers. 14. The method according to claim 11, wherein the optical stack has a visible light transmittance of at least 10%. 15. The method according to claim 11, wherein the optical stack comprises at least 4 layers. 16. A method of forming a transfer film, comprising:
depositing one or more co-extensive sub-protolayer pairs sequentially onto each other to form a protolayer, each sub-protolayer pair comprising a material comprising a first bonding group and a material comprising a complementary second bonding group and at least one of the materials is a thermally stable material; wherein each sub-protolayer pair is formed by layer-by-layer self-assembly. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein each protolayer is formed of one or more sub-protolayer pairs, and each sub-protolayer pair is formed by depositing a first layer comprising a material comprising a first bonding group and then depositing a material comprising a complementary second bonding group on the first layer. 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the protolayer is formed of 2 or more sub-protolayer pairs. 19. The transfer film of claim 1, wherein the protolayer further comprises a sacrificial material. | 1,700 |
4,165 | 14,857,869 | 1,727 | A storage cell unit for a motor vehicle having an electric drive has a housing, in which storage cells are arranged. The housing has an energy absorption region, which is deformable in event of a collision for the purpose of energy absorption. | 1. A storage cell unit for a motor vehicle equipped with an electric drive, the storage cell unit comprising:
a housing in which storage cells are arranged, wherein the housing comprises an energy absorption region configured to be deformable in an event of a collision in order to absorb energy. 2. The storage cell unit according to claim 1, wherein
the energy absorption region is provided in a region of the housing in which no storage cells are arranged, and the energy absorption region is located in outer edge regions within the housing. 3. The storage cell unit according to claim 1, wherein the housing further comprises a storage cell protection region in which the storage cells are arranged, the storage cell protection region being configured so as not to be deformable in the event of the collision. 4. The storage cell unit according to claim 2, wherein the housing further comprises a storage cell protection region in which the storage cells are arranged, the storage cell protection region being configured so as not to be deformable in the event of the collision. 5. The storage cell unit according to claim 1, wherein the housing is designed to be protected in relation to external environmental influences. 6. The storage cell unit according to claim 1, wherein the housing is configured to be at least one of solids-tight, liquid-tight or gas-tight. 7. The storage cell unit according to claim 4, wherein the housing is configured to be at least one of solids-tight, liquid-tight or gas-tight. 8. The storage cell unit according to claim 1, further comprising:
an electronic control device that controls the storage cell unit, wherein the electronic control device is accommodated in the housing but is not arranged in the energy absorption region. 9. The storage cell unit according to claim 1, wherein the housing is composed of steel, aluminum, and/or a fiber-reinforced plastic. 10. The storage cell unit according to claim 7, wherein the housing is composed of steel, aluminum, and/or a fiber-reinforced plastic. 11. A motor vehicle with an electric drive, comprising:
a storage cell unit comprising a housing in which storage cells are arranged, the housing having an energy absorption region configured to be deformable in an event of a collision in order to absorb energy; a left outer longitudinal member of a vehicle body of the motor vehicle; a right outer longitudinal member of a vehicle body of the motor vehicle, wherein the housing is connected to the left outer longitudinal member and to the right outer longitudinal member, in which case a left energy absorption region within the housing is formed adjacent to the left outer longitudinal member and a right energy absorption region is formed adjacent to the right outer longitudinal member. 12. The motor vehicle according to claim 11, further comprising:
a front longitudinal member pair of the motor vehicle; a rear longitudinal member pair of the motor vehicle, wherein the housing is connected to the front longitudinal member pair and/or to the rear longitudinal member pair, in which case a front energy absorption region in the housing is formed adjacent to the front longitudinal member pair and/or a rear energy absorption region in the housing is formed adjacent to the rear longitudinal member pair. 13. The motor vehicle according to claim 12, wherein the housing is configured to increase a torsional rigidity and/or flexural rigidity of the vehicle body of the motor vehicle. 14. The motor vehicle according to claim 12, wherein the housing is designed as a structural body crossmember for the motor vehicle, the structural body crossmember extending between the left outer longitudinal member and the right outer longitudinal member of the vehicle body of the motor vehicle. 15. The motor vehicle according to claim 14, wherein a connecting region of the housing to the left outer longitudinal member and a connecting region to the right outer longitudinal member are configured so as to increase an effective cross-section of the left outer longitudinal member and the right outer longitudinal member, respectively. 16. The motor vehicle according to claim 7, wherein the housing is configured such that, in an event of a side, frontal, and/or rear collision, the energy absorption region of the housing is deformable and a storage cell protection region of the housing that protects the storage cells is not deformable. | A storage cell unit for a motor vehicle having an electric drive has a housing, in which storage cells are arranged. The housing has an energy absorption region, which is deformable in event of a collision for the purpose of energy absorption.1. A storage cell unit for a motor vehicle equipped with an electric drive, the storage cell unit comprising:
a housing in which storage cells are arranged, wherein the housing comprises an energy absorption region configured to be deformable in an event of a collision in order to absorb energy. 2. The storage cell unit according to claim 1, wherein
the energy absorption region is provided in a region of the housing in which no storage cells are arranged, and the energy absorption region is located in outer edge regions within the housing. 3. The storage cell unit according to claim 1, wherein the housing further comprises a storage cell protection region in which the storage cells are arranged, the storage cell protection region being configured so as not to be deformable in the event of the collision. 4. The storage cell unit according to claim 2, wherein the housing further comprises a storage cell protection region in which the storage cells are arranged, the storage cell protection region being configured so as not to be deformable in the event of the collision. 5. The storage cell unit according to claim 1, wherein the housing is designed to be protected in relation to external environmental influences. 6. The storage cell unit according to claim 1, wherein the housing is configured to be at least one of solids-tight, liquid-tight or gas-tight. 7. The storage cell unit according to claim 4, wherein the housing is configured to be at least one of solids-tight, liquid-tight or gas-tight. 8. The storage cell unit according to claim 1, further comprising:
an electronic control device that controls the storage cell unit, wherein the electronic control device is accommodated in the housing but is not arranged in the energy absorption region. 9. The storage cell unit according to claim 1, wherein the housing is composed of steel, aluminum, and/or a fiber-reinforced plastic. 10. The storage cell unit according to claim 7, wherein the housing is composed of steel, aluminum, and/or a fiber-reinforced plastic. 11. A motor vehicle with an electric drive, comprising:
a storage cell unit comprising a housing in which storage cells are arranged, the housing having an energy absorption region configured to be deformable in an event of a collision in order to absorb energy; a left outer longitudinal member of a vehicle body of the motor vehicle; a right outer longitudinal member of a vehicle body of the motor vehicle, wherein the housing is connected to the left outer longitudinal member and to the right outer longitudinal member, in which case a left energy absorption region within the housing is formed adjacent to the left outer longitudinal member and a right energy absorption region is formed adjacent to the right outer longitudinal member. 12. The motor vehicle according to claim 11, further comprising:
a front longitudinal member pair of the motor vehicle; a rear longitudinal member pair of the motor vehicle, wherein the housing is connected to the front longitudinal member pair and/or to the rear longitudinal member pair, in which case a front energy absorption region in the housing is formed adjacent to the front longitudinal member pair and/or a rear energy absorption region in the housing is formed adjacent to the rear longitudinal member pair. 13. The motor vehicle according to claim 12, wherein the housing is configured to increase a torsional rigidity and/or flexural rigidity of the vehicle body of the motor vehicle. 14. The motor vehicle according to claim 12, wherein the housing is designed as a structural body crossmember for the motor vehicle, the structural body crossmember extending between the left outer longitudinal member and the right outer longitudinal member of the vehicle body of the motor vehicle. 15. The motor vehicle according to claim 14, wherein a connecting region of the housing to the left outer longitudinal member and a connecting region to the right outer longitudinal member are configured so as to increase an effective cross-section of the left outer longitudinal member and the right outer longitudinal member, respectively. 16. The motor vehicle according to claim 7, wherein the housing is configured such that, in an event of a side, frontal, and/or rear collision, the energy absorption region of the housing is deformable and a storage cell protection region of the housing that protects the storage cells is not deformable. | 1,700 |
4,166 | 15,302,687 | 1,799 | The present invention addresses the problem of providing a means, whereby mesenchymal stem cells or adherent cells can be mass-cultured, while monitoring the cell state and strictly maintaining and controlling the same during the course of culture, to obtain cells in an amount as required for treatment of a disease, and can be homogeneously, economically, and efficiently harvested. The present invention also addresses the problem of providing a mass culture container capable of complying with a variety of demands for setting culture conditions; for example, coating of culture surface(s), combination(s) of various types of cells to be adhered to the culture surface(s), and so forth. To resolve these problems, provided is an octagonal-prism-shaped cell culture container having a closed bottom end portion and having an opening for liquid at a top end portion which is mutually opposed thereto, and in which the respective surfaces that form said octagonal prism thereof are planar, being a cell culture container in which mutually opposed pairs of surfaces among the respective surfaces that form said octagonal prism are parallel, and having a structure such that the closed bottom end portion thereof is conical in shape or is in the shape of an octagonal pyramid. The octagonal-prism-shaped cell culture container is usable as a means for homogeneous, economic and efficient mass culture. | 1. A cell culture container comprising an octagonal-prism-shaped cell culture container having a closed bottom end portion and having an opening for liquid at a top end portion mutually opposed thereto, wherein respective surfaces forming said octagonal prism are planar, and wherein two mutually opposed surfaces among the respective surfaces forming said octagonal prism are parallel. 2. A cell culture container according to claim 1 wherein a neck portion further extends from the opening for liquid which is open at the top end portion, said neck portion having external threads for receiving a lid having internal threads. 3. A cell culture container according to claim 1, wherein at an outside circumferential region of a base portion toward the opening for liquid at the neck portion there is a protruding portion for securing a cavity-possessing member or a gripping member for holding the cell culture container. 4. A cell culture container according to claim 1, wherein the closed bottom end portion is conical in shape or is in a shape of an octagonal pyramid. 5. A cell culture container according to claim 1, wherein gradations are present on an outside surface of the cell culture container. 6. A cell culture container according to claim 1, wherein a marking is present on an outside of any desired surface among the respective surfaces that form the octagonal prism of the cell culture container. 7. A cell culture container according to claim 1 wherein the respective surfaces that form the octagonal prism of the cell culture container comprise quartz, glass, and/or a resin material having transparency. 8. A cell culture container according to claim 1 wherein gelatin, extracellular matrix, and/or a polycationic substance is used to modify culture surfaces, increasing adhesion of cells thereto, at interiors of respective surfaces forming said octagonal prism of the cell culture container. | The present invention addresses the problem of providing a means, whereby mesenchymal stem cells or adherent cells can be mass-cultured, while monitoring the cell state and strictly maintaining and controlling the same during the course of culture, to obtain cells in an amount as required for treatment of a disease, and can be homogeneously, economically, and efficiently harvested. The present invention also addresses the problem of providing a mass culture container capable of complying with a variety of demands for setting culture conditions; for example, coating of culture surface(s), combination(s) of various types of cells to be adhered to the culture surface(s), and so forth. To resolve these problems, provided is an octagonal-prism-shaped cell culture container having a closed bottom end portion and having an opening for liquid at a top end portion which is mutually opposed thereto, and in which the respective surfaces that form said octagonal prism thereof are planar, being a cell culture container in which mutually opposed pairs of surfaces among the respective surfaces that form said octagonal prism are parallel, and having a structure such that the closed bottom end portion thereof is conical in shape or is in the shape of an octagonal pyramid. The octagonal-prism-shaped cell culture container is usable as a means for homogeneous, economic and efficient mass culture.1. A cell culture container comprising an octagonal-prism-shaped cell culture container having a closed bottom end portion and having an opening for liquid at a top end portion mutually opposed thereto, wherein respective surfaces forming said octagonal prism are planar, and wherein two mutually opposed surfaces among the respective surfaces forming said octagonal prism are parallel. 2. A cell culture container according to claim 1 wherein a neck portion further extends from the opening for liquid which is open at the top end portion, said neck portion having external threads for receiving a lid having internal threads. 3. A cell culture container according to claim 1, wherein at an outside circumferential region of a base portion toward the opening for liquid at the neck portion there is a protruding portion for securing a cavity-possessing member or a gripping member for holding the cell culture container. 4. A cell culture container according to claim 1, wherein the closed bottom end portion is conical in shape or is in a shape of an octagonal pyramid. 5. A cell culture container according to claim 1, wherein gradations are present on an outside surface of the cell culture container. 6. A cell culture container according to claim 1, wherein a marking is present on an outside of any desired surface among the respective surfaces that form the octagonal prism of the cell culture container. 7. A cell culture container according to claim 1 wherein the respective surfaces that form the octagonal prism of the cell culture container comprise quartz, glass, and/or a resin material having transparency. 8. A cell culture container according to claim 1 wherein gelatin, extracellular matrix, and/or a polycationic substance is used to modify culture surfaces, increasing adhesion of cells thereto, at interiors of respective surfaces forming said octagonal prism of the cell culture container. | 1,700 |
4,167 | 14,317,939 | 1,721 | A variety of methods for fabricating organic photovoltaic-based electricity-generating military aircraft fuselage surfaces are described. In particular, a method for fabricating curved electricity-generating military aircraft fuselage surfaces utilizing lamination of highly flexible organic photovoltaic films is described. High-throughput and low-cost fabrication options also allow for economical production. | 1. An electricity-generating coating for military aircraft fuselage surfaces comprising:
a conformal organic photovoltaic device, including one or more cells connected in series and/or parallel, adhered to aircraft fuselage panel surfaces, along with the wires and power electronics to allow such coatings to provide electricity for mission-critical systems on-board the aircraft. 2. The electricity-generating coating of claim 1, wherein the organic photovoltaic device is adhered to the military aircraft fuselage surfaces using a pressure-sensitive adhesive. 3. The electricity-generating coating of claim 2, wherein the organic photovoltaic device is covered by a very thin, highly flexible transparent substrate, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET). 4. The electricity-generating coating of claim 3, wherein the organic photovoltaic device is protected by a hard, clear top-coat material, such as an epoxy. 5. The electricity-generating coating of claim 4, wherein the military aircraft fuselage surface is completely planar (flat). 6. The electricity-generating coating of claim 4, wherein the military aircraft fuselage surface is curved. 7. The electricity-generating coating of claim 1, wherein:
the military aircraft fuselage panels are coated in an insulating material, and the organic photovoltaic device is coated on the insulating material. 8. The electricity-generating coating of claim 7, wherein the organic photovoltaic device is protected by a hard, clear top-coat material, such as an epoxy. 9. The electricity-generating coating of claim 8, wherein the military aircraft fuselage surface is completely planar (flat). 10. The electricity-generating coating of claim 4, wherein the military aircraft fuselage surface is curved. 11. A transfer film comprising:
a support substrate, a transfer release layer laminated between the rigid support substrate and a very thin, highly flexible transparent substrate, such as PET, an organic photovoltaic device, comprising one or more cells connected in series and/or parallel, and a pressure-sensitive adhesive 12. The transfer film of claim 11, wherein the support substrate is a rigid material such as glass or thick metal. 13. The transfer film of claim 11, wherein the support substrate is a flexible material, such as a polymer or metal foil compatible with roll-to-roll manufacturing techniques. 14. A method for the manufacture of the flexible transfer film of claim 13, wherein:
the flexible foil is coated with the transfer release material, laminated with the very thin, highly flexible transparent substrate, such as PET, coated with the multilayer organic photovoltaic device, and coated with a pressure-sensitive adhesive, all in a roll-to-roll manner, and utilizing solution-processing, to allow low-cost, high-throughput manufacturing. 15. A method for the fabrication of the electricity-generating coating of claim 3, wherein:
the transfer film of claim 11 is applied to the military aircraft fuselage surface in such a way as to adhere the pressure-sensitive adhesive to the fuselage surface, lamination, stretching, press-forming, and/or vacuum removal of air entrainment are utilized to ensure conformal adhesion, the backing substrate and transfer release layer are removed. 16. A method for the fabrication of the electricity-generating coating of claim 6, wherein:
the transfer film of claim 13 is applied to a curved military aircraft fuselage surface in such a way as to adhere the pressure-sensitive adhesive to the fuselage surface, lamination, stretching, press-forming, and/or vacuum removal of air entrainment are utilized to ensure conformal adhesion, the backing substrate and transfer release layer are removed. | A variety of methods for fabricating organic photovoltaic-based electricity-generating military aircraft fuselage surfaces are described. In particular, a method for fabricating curved electricity-generating military aircraft fuselage surfaces utilizing lamination of highly flexible organic photovoltaic films is described. High-throughput and low-cost fabrication options also allow for economical production.1. An electricity-generating coating for military aircraft fuselage surfaces comprising:
a conformal organic photovoltaic device, including one or more cells connected in series and/or parallel, adhered to aircraft fuselage panel surfaces, along with the wires and power electronics to allow such coatings to provide electricity for mission-critical systems on-board the aircraft. 2. The electricity-generating coating of claim 1, wherein the organic photovoltaic device is adhered to the military aircraft fuselage surfaces using a pressure-sensitive adhesive. 3. The electricity-generating coating of claim 2, wherein the organic photovoltaic device is covered by a very thin, highly flexible transparent substrate, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET). 4. The electricity-generating coating of claim 3, wherein the organic photovoltaic device is protected by a hard, clear top-coat material, such as an epoxy. 5. The electricity-generating coating of claim 4, wherein the military aircraft fuselage surface is completely planar (flat). 6. The electricity-generating coating of claim 4, wherein the military aircraft fuselage surface is curved. 7. The electricity-generating coating of claim 1, wherein:
the military aircraft fuselage panels are coated in an insulating material, and the organic photovoltaic device is coated on the insulating material. 8. The electricity-generating coating of claim 7, wherein the organic photovoltaic device is protected by a hard, clear top-coat material, such as an epoxy. 9. The electricity-generating coating of claim 8, wherein the military aircraft fuselage surface is completely planar (flat). 10. The electricity-generating coating of claim 4, wherein the military aircraft fuselage surface is curved. 11. A transfer film comprising:
a support substrate, a transfer release layer laminated between the rigid support substrate and a very thin, highly flexible transparent substrate, such as PET, an organic photovoltaic device, comprising one or more cells connected in series and/or parallel, and a pressure-sensitive adhesive 12. The transfer film of claim 11, wherein the support substrate is a rigid material such as glass or thick metal. 13. The transfer film of claim 11, wherein the support substrate is a flexible material, such as a polymer or metal foil compatible with roll-to-roll manufacturing techniques. 14. A method for the manufacture of the flexible transfer film of claim 13, wherein:
the flexible foil is coated with the transfer release material, laminated with the very thin, highly flexible transparent substrate, such as PET, coated with the multilayer organic photovoltaic device, and coated with a pressure-sensitive adhesive, all in a roll-to-roll manner, and utilizing solution-processing, to allow low-cost, high-throughput manufacturing. 15. A method for the fabrication of the electricity-generating coating of claim 3, wherein:
the transfer film of claim 11 is applied to the military aircraft fuselage surface in such a way as to adhere the pressure-sensitive adhesive to the fuselage surface, lamination, stretching, press-forming, and/or vacuum removal of air entrainment are utilized to ensure conformal adhesion, the backing substrate and transfer release layer are removed. 16. A method for the fabrication of the electricity-generating coating of claim 6, wherein:
the transfer film of claim 13 is applied to a curved military aircraft fuselage surface in such a way as to adhere the pressure-sensitive adhesive to the fuselage surface, lamination, stretching, press-forming, and/or vacuum removal of air entrainment are utilized to ensure conformal adhesion, the backing substrate and transfer release layer are removed. | 1,700 |
4,168 | 14,317,930 | 1,721 | A variety of methods for fabricating organic photovoltaic-based electricity-generating military aircraft windows are described. In particular, a method for fabricating curved electricity-generating military aircraft windows utilizing lamination of highly flexible organic photovoltaic films is described. High-throughput and low-cost fabrication options also allow for economical production. | 1. An electricity-generating coating for military window surfaces comprising:
a conformal organic photovoltaic device, including one or more cells connected in series and/or parallel, adhered to aircraft window surfaces, along with the wires and power electronics to allow such coatings to provide electricity for mission-critical systems on-board the aircraft. 2. The electricity-generating coating of claim 1, wherein the organic photovoltaic device is adhered to the military aircraft window surfaces using a pressure-sensitive adhesive. 3. The electricity-generating coating of claim 2, wherein the organic photovoltaic device is covered by a very thin, highly flexible transparent substrate, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET). 4. The electricity-generating coating of claim 3, wherein the organic photovoltaic device is protected by a transparent encapsulant material. 5. The electricity-generating coating of claim 4, wherein the military aircraft window surface is completely planar (flat). 6. The electricity-generating coating of claim 4, wherein the military aircraft window surface is curved. 7. The electricity-generating coating of claim 1, wherein the military aircraft windows are coated directly with organic photovoltaic device. 8. The electricity-generating coating of claim 7, wherein the organic photovoltaic device is protected by a transparent encapsulant material. 9. The electricity-generating coating of claim 8, wherein the military aircraft window is completely planar (flat). 10. The electricity-generating coating of claim 4, wherein the military aircraft window is curved. 11. A transfer film comprising:
a support substrate, a transfer release layer laminated between the rigid support substrate and a very thin, highly flexible transparent substrate, such as PET, an organic photovoltaic device, comprising one or more cells connected in series and/or parallel, and a pressure-sensitive adhesive 12. The transfer film of claim 11, wherein the support substrate is a rigid material such as glass or thick metal. 13. The transfer film of claim 11, wherein the support substrate is a flexible material, such as a polymer or metal foil compatible with roll-to-roll manufacturing techniques. 14. A method for the manufacture of the flexible transfer film of claim 13, wherein:
the flexible foil is coated with the transfer release material, laminated with the very thin, highly flexible transparent substrate, such as PET, coated with the multilayer organic photovoltaic device, and coated with a pressure-sensitive adhesive, all in a roll-to-roll manner, and utilizing solution-processing, to allow low-cost, high-throughput manufacturing. 15. A method for the fabrication of the electricity-generating coating of claim 3, wherein:
the transfer film of claim 11 is applied to the military aircraft window in such a way as to adhere the pressure-sensitive adhesive to the window surface, lamination, stretching, press-forming, and/or vacuum removal of air entrainment are utilized to ensure conformal adhesion, the backing substrate and transfer release layer are removed. 16. A method for the fabrication of the electricity-generating coating of claim 6, wherein:
the transfer film of claim 13 is applied to a curved military window in such a way as to adhere the pressure-sensitive adhesive to the window surface, lamination, stretching, press-forming, and/or vacuum removal of air entrainment are utilized to ensure conformal adhesion, the backing substrate and transfer release layer are removed. | A variety of methods for fabricating organic photovoltaic-based electricity-generating military aircraft windows are described. In particular, a method for fabricating curved electricity-generating military aircraft windows utilizing lamination of highly flexible organic photovoltaic films is described. High-throughput and low-cost fabrication options also allow for economical production.1. An electricity-generating coating for military window surfaces comprising:
a conformal organic photovoltaic device, including one or more cells connected in series and/or parallel, adhered to aircraft window surfaces, along with the wires and power electronics to allow such coatings to provide electricity for mission-critical systems on-board the aircraft. 2. The electricity-generating coating of claim 1, wherein the organic photovoltaic device is adhered to the military aircraft window surfaces using a pressure-sensitive adhesive. 3. The electricity-generating coating of claim 2, wherein the organic photovoltaic device is covered by a very thin, highly flexible transparent substrate, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET). 4. The electricity-generating coating of claim 3, wherein the organic photovoltaic device is protected by a transparent encapsulant material. 5. The electricity-generating coating of claim 4, wherein the military aircraft window surface is completely planar (flat). 6. The electricity-generating coating of claim 4, wherein the military aircraft window surface is curved. 7. The electricity-generating coating of claim 1, wherein the military aircraft windows are coated directly with organic photovoltaic device. 8. The electricity-generating coating of claim 7, wherein the organic photovoltaic device is protected by a transparent encapsulant material. 9. The electricity-generating coating of claim 8, wherein the military aircraft window is completely planar (flat). 10. The electricity-generating coating of claim 4, wherein the military aircraft window is curved. 11. A transfer film comprising:
a support substrate, a transfer release layer laminated between the rigid support substrate and a very thin, highly flexible transparent substrate, such as PET, an organic photovoltaic device, comprising one or more cells connected in series and/or parallel, and a pressure-sensitive adhesive 12. The transfer film of claim 11, wherein the support substrate is a rigid material such as glass or thick metal. 13. The transfer film of claim 11, wherein the support substrate is a flexible material, such as a polymer or metal foil compatible with roll-to-roll manufacturing techniques. 14. A method for the manufacture of the flexible transfer film of claim 13, wherein:
the flexible foil is coated with the transfer release material, laminated with the very thin, highly flexible transparent substrate, such as PET, coated with the multilayer organic photovoltaic device, and coated with a pressure-sensitive adhesive, all in a roll-to-roll manner, and utilizing solution-processing, to allow low-cost, high-throughput manufacturing. 15. A method for the fabrication of the electricity-generating coating of claim 3, wherein:
the transfer film of claim 11 is applied to the military aircraft window in such a way as to adhere the pressure-sensitive adhesive to the window surface, lamination, stretching, press-forming, and/or vacuum removal of air entrainment are utilized to ensure conformal adhesion, the backing substrate and transfer release layer are removed. 16. A method for the fabrication of the electricity-generating coating of claim 6, wherein:
the transfer film of claim 13 is applied to a curved military window in such a way as to adhere the pressure-sensitive adhesive to the window surface, lamination, stretching, press-forming, and/or vacuum removal of air entrainment are utilized to ensure conformal adhesion, the backing substrate and transfer release layer are removed. | 1,700 |
4,169 | 13,756,363 | 1,792 | An object of the invention is a feed by means of which milk production of cows and milk fat content can be increased. Preferably at the same time milk protein content is increased. Preferably also the trans fatty acid content of milk fat is lowered. The feed according to the invention contains, in addition to conventional feed ingredients and conventional additives and other auxiliary agents, inside and on the surface of feed raw material particles a fatty acid mixture in which the content of saturated fatty acids is more than 90%. The invention is also directed to a process for preparing said feed as well as to a method for changing milk fatty acid composition, for increasing milk production and for increasing milk fat content and increasing milk protein content. | 1. A feed containing conventional feed ingredients and conventional additives and other auxiliary agents, characterized in that the feed contains inside and on the surface of feed raw material particles a fatty acid mixture in which the content of saturated fatty acids is more than 90%. 2. The feed according to claim 1, characterized in that the melting point of the fatty acid mixture is more than 60° C. 3. The feed according to claim 1 characterized in that the fatty acid mixture does not essentially contain trans fatty acids, and preferably contains no trans fatty acids. 4. The feed according to claim 1, characterized in that the iodine value of the fatty acid mixture is at most 5, preferably at most 3, and most preferably at most 1. 5. The feed according to claim 1, characterized in that the fatty acid mixture contains at least 60% palmitic acid (C16:0) and at most 30% stearic acid (C18:0), preferably at least 80% palmitic acid and at most 20% stearic acid, and most preferably the fatty acid mixture contains at least 95% palmitic acid and at most 5% stearic acid. 6. The feed according to claim 1, characterized in that the fatty acid mixture contains the following fatty acids, in %:
C16:0
60-100, preferably 80-100
C18:0
0-30, preferably 0-20
C18:1
0-10, preferably 0-3
others
0-10, preferably 0-3
trans fatty acids
0-2, preferably 0-1 7. The feed according to claim 1, characterized in that the fatty acids of the fatty acid mixture are free fatty acids. 8. The feed according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains the fatty acid mixture in an amount of 1-10% by weight. 9. The feed according to claim 8, characterized in that it is a complete feed which contains the fatty acid mixture in an amount of 1-6% by weight, preferably 2-5% by weight. 10. The feed according to claim 8, characterized in that it is a concentrate feed which contains the fatty acid mixture in an amount of 2-10% by weight, preferably 3-8% by weight. 11. The feed according to claim 1, characterized in that the feed further comprises an emulsifier, preferably a non-ionic emulsifier, more preferably an emulsifier having a HLB value of at least 5, and most preferably a castor oil based emulsifier. 12. A process for preparing a feed, characterized in that among conventional feed ingredients and conventional feed additives and auxiliary agents is added, with mixing, a fatty acid mixture in which the content of saturated fatty acids is more than 90%, the feed mixture is heated so that the fatty acid mixture melts and spreads inside and on the surface of feed raw material particles, after which the feed mixture optionally is pelletized, and cooled. 13. The process according to claim 12, characterized in that the fatty acid mixture is melted in the presence of an emulsifier. 14. The process according to claim 12, characterized in that the fatty acid mixture is melted into the feed mixture in a conditioner, preferably in a longterm conditioner, and further more preferably in the presence of an emulsifier. 15. The process according to claim 12, characterized in that heat treatment of the feed mixture, which contains the fatty acid mixture, is carried out in an expander, preferably in the presence of an emulsifier. 16. The process according to claim 12, characterized in that 0.01-1.0%, preferably 0.02-0.2%, most preferably 0.02-0.05% emulsifier of the total weight of feed mixture, is added to the feed mixture before heating. 17. A feed obtainable by the process of claim 12. 18. A method for increasing milk fat content and for increasing milk production, characterized in that to a lactating animal, a milk fat increasing amount of a feed according to claim 1 is given. 19. A method for increasing milk fat content and milk protein content, and further for increasing milk production, characterized in that to a lactating animal, a milk fat and milk protein and milk production increasing amount of a feed according to claim 1 is given. 20. A method for increasing milk protein content, characterized in that to a lactating animal, a milk protein increasing amount of a feed according to claim 1 is given. 21. A method for increasing milk fat content and for changing fatty acid composition, characterized in that to a lactating animal, a milk fat increasing amount of a feed according to claim 1 is given. 22. A milk preparation process, characterized in that the milk has been produced by a process wherein to a lactating animal is given a feed according to claim 1, and the milk is recovered. 23. A ruminant compound feed comprising
total lipids in an amount of 1-17%, preferably 2-15%, more preferably 2-13%, still more preferably 3-10%, even more preferably 3-8%, most preferably 3-7% by weight, free palmitic acid in an amount of 1-10%, preferably 1-6%, more preferably 2-5% by weight proteins in an amount of 15-50%, preferably 16-40%, more preferably 17-35% by weight, starch in an amount of 4-50%, preferably 6-45%, more preferably 8-40% and most preferably 12-35% by weight, and an emulsifier, and wherein the amount of free palmitic acid is at least 40%, preferably at least 45%, more preferably at least 50%, still more preferably at least 55%, even more preferably at least 60%, further more preferably at least 65%, still further more preferably at least 70%, even further more preferably at least 75%, still even further more preferably at least 80%, even still further more preferably at least 85%, and most preferably at least 90% by weight of the total lipids. 24. The ruminant feed according to claim 23, wherein the emulsifier is a non-ionic emulsifier, more preferably it has a HLB value of at least 5, preferably at least 7, more preferably at most 14, still more preferably it is a castor oil based emulsifier and most preferably the amount of emulsifier in the feed is 0.01-1.0%, preferably 0.02-0.2%, most preferably 0.02-0.05% by weight. 25. The feed according to claim 23, wherein the feed is a complete feed or concentrate feed, preferably it is non-extruded and/or in the form of pellets or granulas. 26. The feed according to claim 23, wherein the feed further comprises at least one component selected from the group consisting of a glucogenic precursor, preferably in an amount of 1-20%, more preferably 5-15% by weight; a mitochondrial function enhancing component, preferably in an amount of 0.5-5%, more preferably 1-3% by weight; and amino acids, preferably in an amount of 0.1-6%, more preferably 1.5-3% by weight. 27. The feed according to claim 23 obtainable by adding a fatty acid mixture comprising at least 90% palmitic acid to conventional feed ingredients and conventional additives and other auxiliary agents. | An object of the invention is a feed by means of which milk production of cows and milk fat content can be increased. Preferably at the same time milk protein content is increased. Preferably also the trans fatty acid content of milk fat is lowered. The feed according to the invention contains, in addition to conventional feed ingredients and conventional additives and other auxiliary agents, inside and on the surface of feed raw material particles a fatty acid mixture in which the content of saturated fatty acids is more than 90%. The invention is also directed to a process for preparing said feed as well as to a method for changing milk fatty acid composition, for increasing milk production and for increasing milk fat content and increasing milk protein content.1. A feed containing conventional feed ingredients and conventional additives and other auxiliary agents, characterized in that the feed contains inside and on the surface of feed raw material particles a fatty acid mixture in which the content of saturated fatty acids is more than 90%. 2. The feed according to claim 1, characterized in that the melting point of the fatty acid mixture is more than 60° C. 3. The feed according to claim 1 characterized in that the fatty acid mixture does not essentially contain trans fatty acids, and preferably contains no trans fatty acids. 4. The feed according to claim 1, characterized in that the iodine value of the fatty acid mixture is at most 5, preferably at most 3, and most preferably at most 1. 5. The feed according to claim 1, characterized in that the fatty acid mixture contains at least 60% palmitic acid (C16:0) and at most 30% stearic acid (C18:0), preferably at least 80% palmitic acid and at most 20% stearic acid, and most preferably the fatty acid mixture contains at least 95% palmitic acid and at most 5% stearic acid. 6. The feed according to claim 1, characterized in that the fatty acid mixture contains the following fatty acids, in %:
C16:0
60-100, preferably 80-100
C18:0
0-30, preferably 0-20
C18:1
0-10, preferably 0-3
others
0-10, preferably 0-3
trans fatty acids
0-2, preferably 0-1 7. The feed according to claim 1, characterized in that the fatty acids of the fatty acid mixture are free fatty acids. 8. The feed according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains the fatty acid mixture in an amount of 1-10% by weight. 9. The feed according to claim 8, characterized in that it is a complete feed which contains the fatty acid mixture in an amount of 1-6% by weight, preferably 2-5% by weight. 10. The feed according to claim 8, characterized in that it is a concentrate feed which contains the fatty acid mixture in an amount of 2-10% by weight, preferably 3-8% by weight. 11. The feed according to claim 1, characterized in that the feed further comprises an emulsifier, preferably a non-ionic emulsifier, more preferably an emulsifier having a HLB value of at least 5, and most preferably a castor oil based emulsifier. 12. A process for preparing a feed, characterized in that among conventional feed ingredients and conventional feed additives and auxiliary agents is added, with mixing, a fatty acid mixture in which the content of saturated fatty acids is more than 90%, the feed mixture is heated so that the fatty acid mixture melts and spreads inside and on the surface of feed raw material particles, after which the feed mixture optionally is pelletized, and cooled. 13. The process according to claim 12, characterized in that the fatty acid mixture is melted in the presence of an emulsifier. 14. The process according to claim 12, characterized in that the fatty acid mixture is melted into the feed mixture in a conditioner, preferably in a longterm conditioner, and further more preferably in the presence of an emulsifier. 15. The process according to claim 12, characterized in that heat treatment of the feed mixture, which contains the fatty acid mixture, is carried out in an expander, preferably in the presence of an emulsifier. 16. The process according to claim 12, characterized in that 0.01-1.0%, preferably 0.02-0.2%, most preferably 0.02-0.05% emulsifier of the total weight of feed mixture, is added to the feed mixture before heating. 17. A feed obtainable by the process of claim 12. 18. A method for increasing milk fat content and for increasing milk production, characterized in that to a lactating animal, a milk fat increasing amount of a feed according to claim 1 is given. 19. A method for increasing milk fat content and milk protein content, and further for increasing milk production, characterized in that to a lactating animal, a milk fat and milk protein and milk production increasing amount of a feed according to claim 1 is given. 20. A method for increasing milk protein content, characterized in that to a lactating animal, a milk protein increasing amount of a feed according to claim 1 is given. 21. A method for increasing milk fat content and for changing fatty acid composition, characterized in that to a lactating animal, a milk fat increasing amount of a feed according to claim 1 is given. 22. A milk preparation process, characterized in that the milk has been produced by a process wherein to a lactating animal is given a feed according to claim 1, and the milk is recovered. 23. A ruminant compound feed comprising
total lipids in an amount of 1-17%, preferably 2-15%, more preferably 2-13%, still more preferably 3-10%, even more preferably 3-8%, most preferably 3-7% by weight, free palmitic acid in an amount of 1-10%, preferably 1-6%, more preferably 2-5% by weight proteins in an amount of 15-50%, preferably 16-40%, more preferably 17-35% by weight, starch in an amount of 4-50%, preferably 6-45%, more preferably 8-40% and most preferably 12-35% by weight, and an emulsifier, and wherein the amount of free palmitic acid is at least 40%, preferably at least 45%, more preferably at least 50%, still more preferably at least 55%, even more preferably at least 60%, further more preferably at least 65%, still further more preferably at least 70%, even further more preferably at least 75%, still even further more preferably at least 80%, even still further more preferably at least 85%, and most preferably at least 90% by weight of the total lipids. 24. The ruminant feed according to claim 23, wherein the emulsifier is a non-ionic emulsifier, more preferably it has a HLB value of at least 5, preferably at least 7, more preferably at most 14, still more preferably it is a castor oil based emulsifier and most preferably the amount of emulsifier in the feed is 0.01-1.0%, preferably 0.02-0.2%, most preferably 0.02-0.05% by weight. 25. The feed according to claim 23, wherein the feed is a complete feed or concentrate feed, preferably it is non-extruded and/or in the form of pellets or granulas. 26. The feed according to claim 23, wherein the feed further comprises at least one component selected from the group consisting of a glucogenic precursor, preferably in an amount of 1-20%, more preferably 5-15% by weight; a mitochondrial function enhancing component, preferably in an amount of 0.5-5%, more preferably 1-3% by weight; and amino acids, preferably in an amount of 0.1-6%, more preferably 1.5-3% by weight. 27. The feed according to claim 23 obtainable by adding a fatty acid mixture comprising at least 90% palmitic acid to conventional feed ingredients and conventional additives and other auxiliary agents. | 1,700 |
4,170 | 14,897,095 | 1,714 | An assembly system may be provided for attaching together display layers for an electronic device display. The system may include substrate cleaning equipment that includes one or more pressure-sensing cleaning rollers ( 124 ) for removing debris from the display layers during assembly operations. A pressure-sensing cleaning roller ( 124 ) may include a cylindrical roller member having a tacky surface and one or more pressure sensors ( 136 ) configured to sense pressures that are applied to the display layers during cleaning operations. The position and orientation of the cleaning rollers ( 124 ) may be adjusted before or during cleaning operations based on pressure data gathered using the pressure sensors. The pressure sensors ( 136 ) may be attached to the tacky surface of the cylindrical roller member, attached to an edge of the roller member, embedded within the roller member, or attached to other equipment that moves with the roller member. | 1. An assembly system for electronic device displays comprising:
a cleaning roller for removing debris from a surface of a substrate; a pressure sensor coupled to the cleaning roller; computing equipment that receives pressure signals from the pressure sensor; and computer controlled positioning equipment coupled to the cleaning roller, wherein the computing equipment is configured to instruct the computer controlled positioning equipment to move the cleaning roller based on the received pressure data. 2. The assembly system defined in claim 1 wherein the pressure sensor is attached to the cleaning roller. 3. The assembly system defined in claim 1, further comprising an additional cleaning roller for removing additional debris from an opposing surface of the substrate. 4. The assembly system defined in claim 3, further comprising an additional pressure sensor coupled to the additional cleaning roller. 5. The assembly system defined in claim 4, further comprising a transfer roller mounted in contact with the cleaning roller. 6. The assembly system defined in claim 5, further comprising an additional transfer roller mounted in contact with the additional cleaning roller. 7. The assembly system defined in claim 6, further comprising a horizontal support member and first and second vertical support members attached to the horizontal support member, wherein the cleaning roller and the transfer roller are each mounted to the first and second vertical support members. 8. The assembly system defined in claim 7 wherein the transfer roller includes protruding edge members that extend through openings in the first and second vertical support members and wherein the assembly system further comprises at least one elastic member coupled between the protruding edge members and the horizontal support member. 9. The assembly system defined in claim 8 wherein the pressure sensor is interposed between the transfer roller and the horizontal support member. 10. A pressure-sensing cleaning roller for removing debris from a surface of a substrate, comprising:
a cylindrical roller member having a tacky surface that collects the debris from the surface of the substrate when the tacky surface is rolled against the surface of the substrate; and at least one pressure sensor coupled to the cylindrical roller member, wherein the at least one pressure sensor is configured to generate pressure signals in response to contact between the tacky surface and the surface of the substrate. 11. The pressure-sensing cleaning roller defined in claim 10 wherein the substrate comprises at least one layer of an electronic device display. 12. The pressure-sensing cleaning roller defined in claim 11 wherein the electronic device display comprises a liquid crystal display. 13. The pressure-sensing cleaning roller defined in claim 11 wherein the at least one layer of the electronic device display comprises a touch-sensitive layer. 14. The pressure-sensing cleaning roller defined in claim 10 wherein the at least one pressure sensor is attached to an edge of the cylindrical roller member. 15. The pressure-sensing cleaning roller defined in claim 10 wherein the at least one pressure sensor is attached to the tacky surface of the cylindrical roller member. 16. The pressure-sensing cleaning roller defined in claim 10 wherein the at least one pressure sensor is embedded within the cylindrical roller member. 17. A method of cleaning a substrate using substrate cleaning equipment that includes first and second pressure-sensing cleaning rollers, at least one pressure sensor, and computer-controlled positioning equipment for the first and second pressure-sensing cleaning rollers, the method comprising:
placing the substrate between the first and second pressure-sensing cleaning rollers; gathering pressure data using the at least one pressure sensor; adjusting a position of the first pressure-sensing cleaning roller based on the gathered pressure data; and rolling the first and second pressure-sensing cleaning rollers along respective first and second surfaces of the substrate. 18. The method defined in claim 17, further comprising adjusting a position of the second pressure-sensing cleaning roller based on the gathered pressure data. 19. The method defined in claim 17 wherein adjusting the position of the first pressure-sensing cleaning roller based on the gathered pressure data comprises adjusting the position of the first pressure-sensing cleaning roller while rolling the first and second pressure-sensing cleaning rollers along the respective first and second surfaces of the substrate. 20. The method defined in claim 17 wherein adjusting the position of the first pressure-sensing cleaning roller based on the gathered pressure data comprises adjusting the position of the first pressure-sensing cleaning roller before rolling the first and second pressure-sensing cleaning rollers along the respective first and second surfaces of the substrate. 21. The method defined in claim 17 wherein the substrate cleaning equipment further comprises a transfer roller mounted in contact with the first pressure-sensing cleaning roller, the method further comprising rolling the transfer roller against a surface of the first pressure-sensing cleaning roller to remove debris from the first pressure-sensing cleaning roller. 22. The method defined in claim 17, further comprising:
determining a pressure with which the first pressure-sensing cleaning roller presses against the first surface of the substrate based on the gathered pressure data; and determining whether the determined pressure exceeds a maximum pressure. | An assembly system may be provided for attaching together display layers for an electronic device display. The system may include substrate cleaning equipment that includes one or more pressure-sensing cleaning rollers ( 124 ) for removing debris from the display layers during assembly operations. A pressure-sensing cleaning roller ( 124 ) may include a cylindrical roller member having a tacky surface and one or more pressure sensors ( 136 ) configured to sense pressures that are applied to the display layers during cleaning operations. The position and orientation of the cleaning rollers ( 124 ) may be adjusted before or during cleaning operations based on pressure data gathered using the pressure sensors. The pressure sensors ( 136 ) may be attached to the tacky surface of the cylindrical roller member, attached to an edge of the roller member, embedded within the roller member, or attached to other equipment that moves with the roller member.1. An assembly system for electronic device displays comprising:
a cleaning roller for removing debris from a surface of a substrate; a pressure sensor coupled to the cleaning roller; computing equipment that receives pressure signals from the pressure sensor; and computer controlled positioning equipment coupled to the cleaning roller, wherein the computing equipment is configured to instruct the computer controlled positioning equipment to move the cleaning roller based on the received pressure data. 2. The assembly system defined in claim 1 wherein the pressure sensor is attached to the cleaning roller. 3. The assembly system defined in claim 1, further comprising an additional cleaning roller for removing additional debris from an opposing surface of the substrate. 4. The assembly system defined in claim 3, further comprising an additional pressure sensor coupled to the additional cleaning roller. 5. The assembly system defined in claim 4, further comprising a transfer roller mounted in contact with the cleaning roller. 6. The assembly system defined in claim 5, further comprising an additional transfer roller mounted in contact with the additional cleaning roller. 7. The assembly system defined in claim 6, further comprising a horizontal support member and first and second vertical support members attached to the horizontal support member, wherein the cleaning roller and the transfer roller are each mounted to the first and second vertical support members. 8. The assembly system defined in claim 7 wherein the transfer roller includes protruding edge members that extend through openings in the first and second vertical support members and wherein the assembly system further comprises at least one elastic member coupled between the protruding edge members and the horizontal support member. 9. The assembly system defined in claim 8 wherein the pressure sensor is interposed between the transfer roller and the horizontal support member. 10. A pressure-sensing cleaning roller for removing debris from a surface of a substrate, comprising:
a cylindrical roller member having a tacky surface that collects the debris from the surface of the substrate when the tacky surface is rolled against the surface of the substrate; and at least one pressure sensor coupled to the cylindrical roller member, wherein the at least one pressure sensor is configured to generate pressure signals in response to contact between the tacky surface and the surface of the substrate. 11. The pressure-sensing cleaning roller defined in claim 10 wherein the substrate comprises at least one layer of an electronic device display. 12. The pressure-sensing cleaning roller defined in claim 11 wherein the electronic device display comprises a liquid crystal display. 13. The pressure-sensing cleaning roller defined in claim 11 wherein the at least one layer of the electronic device display comprises a touch-sensitive layer. 14. The pressure-sensing cleaning roller defined in claim 10 wherein the at least one pressure sensor is attached to an edge of the cylindrical roller member. 15. The pressure-sensing cleaning roller defined in claim 10 wherein the at least one pressure sensor is attached to the tacky surface of the cylindrical roller member. 16. The pressure-sensing cleaning roller defined in claim 10 wherein the at least one pressure sensor is embedded within the cylindrical roller member. 17. A method of cleaning a substrate using substrate cleaning equipment that includes first and second pressure-sensing cleaning rollers, at least one pressure sensor, and computer-controlled positioning equipment for the first and second pressure-sensing cleaning rollers, the method comprising:
placing the substrate between the first and second pressure-sensing cleaning rollers; gathering pressure data using the at least one pressure sensor; adjusting a position of the first pressure-sensing cleaning roller based on the gathered pressure data; and rolling the first and second pressure-sensing cleaning rollers along respective first and second surfaces of the substrate. 18. The method defined in claim 17, further comprising adjusting a position of the second pressure-sensing cleaning roller based on the gathered pressure data. 19. The method defined in claim 17 wherein adjusting the position of the first pressure-sensing cleaning roller based on the gathered pressure data comprises adjusting the position of the first pressure-sensing cleaning roller while rolling the first and second pressure-sensing cleaning rollers along the respective first and second surfaces of the substrate. 20. The method defined in claim 17 wherein adjusting the position of the first pressure-sensing cleaning roller based on the gathered pressure data comprises adjusting the position of the first pressure-sensing cleaning roller before rolling the first and second pressure-sensing cleaning rollers along the respective first and second surfaces of the substrate. 21. The method defined in claim 17 wherein the substrate cleaning equipment further comprises a transfer roller mounted in contact with the first pressure-sensing cleaning roller, the method further comprising rolling the transfer roller against a surface of the first pressure-sensing cleaning roller to remove debris from the first pressure-sensing cleaning roller. 22. The method defined in claim 17, further comprising:
determining a pressure with which the first pressure-sensing cleaning roller presses against the first surface of the substrate based on the gathered pressure data; and determining whether the determined pressure exceeds a maximum pressure. | 1,700 |
4,171 | 15,164,294 | 1,746 | The invention is in the field of devices for producing particles, in particular large agglomerate particles. | 1. A device for the spray-drying agglomeration of particles, comprising a chamber containing
(i) in an upper region a spray drying segment (A) in which a feed liquid atomizer (Z1) is placed; and (ii) in a lower region an integrated fluidized bed (B) which is mounted, in front of an outlet port (H) towards a zigzag classifier (P), said fluidized bed further containing (iii) a nozzle or atomizer construction for spraying a binder liquid, and (iv) a dam construction (G) for regulating the product amount and returning fine dust that arises in the agglomeration, 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the nozzle or atomizer construction (Z2) in the internal fluidized bed (B) consists of a ring line, the nozzles or atomizers being evenly spaced along the ring line. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein the nozzle or atomizer construction (Z2) comprises at least 3 nozzles or atomizers. 4. The device of claim 3, wherein the nozzle or atomizer construction (Z2) comprises at least 4 nozzles or atomizers. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein the binder liquid from the nozzle or atomizer construction (Z2) in the internal fluidized bed is sprayed from the bottom to the top. 6. The device of claim 1, wherein the nozzles or atomizers in the nozzle or atomizer construction (Z2) are a pressure-spray nozzles. 7. The device of claim 1, wherein the nozzles or atomizers in the nozzle or atomizer construction (Z2) are a twin-fluid spray nozzle. 8-9. (canceled) 10. The device of claim 1, wherein the input temperature at the feed atomizer is between 100° C. to 220° C. and the output temperature at the zigzag classifier (P) is from 20° C. to 100° C., with the slurry throughput being within the range of 300 to 1200 kg/hour, and being atomized at 30 to 200 bar. 11. The device of claim 1, wherein the temperature in the fluidized bed during agglomeration is between 5-90° C. 12-14. (canceled) | The invention is in the field of devices for producing particles, in particular large agglomerate particles.1. A device for the spray-drying agglomeration of particles, comprising a chamber containing
(i) in an upper region a spray drying segment (A) in which a feed liquid atomizer (Z1) is placed; and (ii) in a lower region an integrated fluidized bed (B) which is mounted, in front of an outlet port (H) towards a zigzag classifier (P), said fluidized bed further containing (iii) a nozzle or atomizer construction for spraying a binder liquid, and (iv) a dam construction (G) for regulating the product amount and returning fine dust that arises in the agglomeration, 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the nozzle or atomizer construction (Z2) in the internal fluidized bed (B) consists of a ring line, the nozzles or atomizers being evenly spaced along the ring line. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein the nozzle or atomizer construction (Z2) comprises at least 3 nozzles or atomizers. 4. The device of claim 3, wherein the nozzle or atomizer construction (Z2) comprises at least 4 nozzles or atomizers. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein the binder liquid from the nozzle or atomizer construction (Z2) in the internal fluidized bed is sprayed from the bottom to the top. 6. The device of claim 1, wherein the nozzles or atomizers in the nozzle or atomizer construction (Z2) are a pressure-spray nozzles. 7. The device of claim 1, wherein the nozzles or atomizers in the nozzle or atomizer construction (Z2) are a twin-fluid spray nozzle. 8-9. (canceled) 10. The device of claim 1, wherein the input temperature at the feed atomizer is between 100° C. to 220° C. and the output temperature at the zigzag classifier (P) is from 20° C. to 100° C., with the slurry throughput being within the range of 300 to 1200 kg/hour, and being atomized at 30 to 200 bar. 11. The device of claim 1, wherein the temperature in the fluidized bed during agglomeration is between 5-90° C. 12-14. (canceled) | 1,700 |
4,172 | 13,302,398 | 1,777 | A method of manufacturing a component ( 400 ) having a flow path ( 402 ), wherein the method comprises forming a high pressure resistant casing ( 102 ) with a cavity ( 202 ) therein, inserting a bioinert material ( 302 ) into the cavity ( 202 ) to thereby form a composite block ( 300 ), and further processing the composite block ( 300 ) for at least partially forming the flow path ( 402 ) defined by the component ( 400 ). | 1. A method of manufacturing a component having a flow path, the method comprising
forming a high pressure resistant casing with a cavity therein; inserting a bioinert material into the cavity to thereby form a composite block; further processing the composite block for at least partially forming the flow path defined by the component. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein inserting the bioinert material into the cavity comprises assembling a body of the bioinert material to the casing. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the assembling comprises adhering the body to the casing using an adhesive. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the assembling comprises:
effecting a temperature difference between the body and the casing so that a temperature of the body is below a temperature of the casing, inserting the body into the casing while the temperature difference is maintained, and subsequently thermally equilibrating the body and the casing. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein inserting the bioinert material into the cavity comprises injecting the bioinert material in a liquid state into the cavity, and subsequently solidifying the bioinert material in the cavity. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the composite block is further processed so that the flow path is delimited exclusively by bioinert material without direct contact between material of the casing and a fluid to be conducted along the flow path. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the further processing comprises at least one of the group consisting of turning, milling, pressing, and eroding. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the cavity is formed in the casing with an undercut. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises forming at least one thread exclusively in material of the casing. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the composite block is further processed for at least partially forming at least one connectivity, particularly at least one of a thread and a guide structure, for connection to the flow path. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the casing is made of a material being pressure-resistant at least up to 600 bar, particularly at least up to 1200 bar. 12. (canceled) 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the casing comprising one selected from the group consisting of a metal, stainless steel, construction steel, and titanium. 14. (canceled) 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the bioinert material comprising one selected from the group consisting of a plastic, a polymer, polyetheretherketone, polytetrafluoroethylene, a ceramic, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, and yttrium-stabilized zirconium oxide. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the composite block is further processed for manufacturing a component for a life science apparatus, particularly for a liquid chromatography apparatus, more particularly for one of the group consisting of a fitting for an injection needle and a fluidic valve. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the bioinert material is at least partially embedded in and surrounded by material of the casing. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the flow path is formed with a diameter in a range between 25 μm and 1000 μm, particularly in a range between 50 μm and 500 μm. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises forming at least one bore in the casing prior to the inserting. 20. (canceled) 21. A component having a flow path for conducting a fluid, particularly a biological fluid, the component being manufactured according to claim 1. 22. A fluid separation system, particularly a liquid chromatography system, for separating compounds of a fluid, the fluid separation system comprising
a fluid delivering unit for delivering the fluid to a flow path; a separation unit adapted for separating compounds of the fluid and being arranged along the flow path; at least one component of claim 21 made of a composite and having at least a part of the flow path for conducting the fluid. 23. An analysis system for analyzing a fluid, particularly a biological fluid, the analysis system comprising a component according to claim 21. 24. (canceled) | A method of manufacturing a component ( 400 ) having a flow path ( 402 ), wherein the method comprises forming a high pressure resistant casing ( 102 ) with a cavity ( 202 ) therein, inserting a bioinert material ( 302 ) into the cavity ( 202 ) to thereby form a composite block ( 300 ), and further processing the composite block ( 300 ) for at least partially forming the flow path ( 402 ) defined by the component ( 400 ).1. A method of manufacturing a component having a flow path, the method comprising
forming a high pressure resistant casing with a cavity therein; inserting a bioinert material into the cavity to thereby form a composite block; further processing the composite block for at least partially forming the flow path defined by the component. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein inserting the bioinert material into the cavity comprises assembling a body of the bioinert material to the casing. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the assembling comprises adhering the body to the casing using an adhesive. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the assembling comprises:
effecting a temperature difference between the body and the casing so that a temperature of the body is below a temperature of the casing, inserting the body into the casing while the temperature difference is maintained, and subsequently thermally equilibrating the body and the casing. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein inserting the bioinert material into the cavity comprises injecting the bioinert material in a liquid state into the cavity, and subsequently solidifying the bioinert material in the cavity. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the composite block is further processed so that the flow path is delimited exclusively by bioinert material without direct contact between material of the casing and a fluid to be conducted along the flow path. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the further processing comprises at least one of the group consisting of turning, milling, pressing, and eroding. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the cavity is formed in the casing with an undercut. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises forming at least one thread exclusively in material of the casing. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the composite block is further processed for at least partially forming at least one connectivity, particularly at least one of a thread and a guide structure, for connection to the flow path. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the casing is made of a material being pressure-resistant at least up to 600 bar, particularly at least up to 1200 bar. 12. (canceled) 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the casing comprising one selected from the group consisting of a metal, stainless steel, construction steel, and titanium. 14. (canceled) 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the bioinert material comprising one selected from the group consisting of a plastic, a polymer, polyetheretherketone, polytetrafluoroethylene, a ceramic, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, and yttrium-stabilized zirconium oxide. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the composite block is further processed for manufacturing a component for a life science apparatus, particularly for a liquid chromatography apparatus, more particularly for one of the group consisting of a fitting for an injection needle and a fluidic valve. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the bioinert material is at least partially embedded in and surrounded by material of the casing. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the flow path is formed with a diameter in a range between 25 μm and 1000 μm, particularly in a range between 50 μm and 500 μm. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises forming at least one bore in the casing prior to the inserting. 20. (canceled) 21. A component having a flow path for conducting a fluid, particularly a biological fluid, the component being manufactured according to claim 1. 22. A fluid separation system, particularly a liquid chromatography system, for separating compounds of a fluid, the fluid separation system comprising
a fluid delivering unit for delivering the fluid to a flow path; a separation unit adapted for separating compounds of the fluid and being arranged along the flow path; at least one component of claim 21 made of a composite and having at least a part of the flow path for conducting the fluid. 23. An analysis system for analyzing a fluid, particularly a biological fluid, the analysis system comprising a component according to claim 21. 24. (canceled) | 1,700 |
4,173 | 15,214,110 | 1,796 | A garment configured to aid in frictional support for a user during an exercise to reduce slipping and sliding between the garment and an object. The garment includes gripping areas located on a front or back of the garment. Gripping areas of various different shapes and sizes may be located in a multiplicity of suitable areas of the garment. Gripping areas may be applied to an outer and/or inner surface of the fabric of the garment. Gripping areas may be made of a grip material that exerts a greater frictional force on the object in contact with the gripping areas. Gripping areas may include multiple gripping members of various different shapes and patterns. These various gripping patterns and shapes enable the gripping areas to provide an aesthetically pleasing and functional garment, at the same time, maintain the breathability of the fabric from which the garment is made. | 1. An apparel comprising:
a garment, said garment comprising, at least one of, a shirt or a pant; a grip area disposed on said garment, wherein said grip area is configured to provide a frictional force on an object or surface during an exercise; a gripping material of said grip area that is configured to provide said frictional force on an object or surface, in contact with said grip area; a gripping member of said grip area that is configured to aid in a frictional underpinning with said object or surface; a grip surface of said grip area comprising, at least one of, a large perforated patch of said gripping member and a multiplicity of said gripping member, wherein said grip surface is configured to aid in said frictional underpinning; a grip surface pattern of said grip area configured to provide breathability of said garment; and a grip surface shape of said grip area, wherein a combination of said grip surface pattern and grip surface shape is configured to provide an aesthetically pleasing look and functional garment in addition to said breathability of said garment. 2. The garment of claim 1, in which said grip surface shape comprising at least hexagonal shape gripping member. 3. The garment of claim 2, in which said grip surface pattern comprising at least multiple hexagonal shape gripping members configured to form a honeycomb grip pattern. 4. The garment of claim 3, in which each of said hexagonal gripping members is configured to include at least one perforation disposed on a proximate center of said hexagonal shape gripping member to provide said breathability to said garment. 5. The garment of claim 4, in which said honeycomb grip pattern comprising a gap between each of said hexagonal gripping members configured to provide additional breathability to said garment. 6. The garment of claim 5, wherein said shirt is a short sleeve shirt, and wherein said grip area being disposed on a back portion of said short sleeve shirt. 7. The garment of claim 2, in which said shirt comprising a short sleeve shirt, and wherein said hexagonal shape gripping member being disposed on a chest portion of said shirt configured to provide frictional force on an object or surface, in contact with said chest portion of said shirt. 8. The garment of claim 8, in which said grip surface pattern comprising a plurality of said gripping member arranged in a maze pattern disposed on a proximate inner portion of said hexagonal shape gripping member. 9. The garment of claim 8, in which said grip surface pattern further comprises a plurality of stripes of said gripping member being disposed on an upper portion of said shirt sleeve configured to provide frictional force on an object or surface, in contact with said upper portion of said sleeve. 10. The garment of claim 9, in which said sleeve is an attachable and detachable sleeve. 11. The garment of claim 1, in which said pant comprising at least a compression pant, and in which said grip surface pattern comprises a plurality of stripes of said gripping member disposed on thighs of said pant. 12. The garment of claim 1, in which said pant comprising at least a compression short pant, and in which said grip surface pattern comprises a plurality of stripes of said gripping member disposed on a seat of said pant. 13. The garment of claim 1, further comprising a grip surface thickness, wherein said grip surface thickness comprises at least a minimum of 1 micrometer and at least a maximum of 5 centimeters. 14. The garment of claim 1, in which said shirt comprising, at least one of, a short and a long sleeve shirt, and in which said pant comprising, at least one of, a short and a long pant. 15. The garment of claim 14, wherein said grip area being disposed on a base of said shirt, in which said grip surface pattern comprising at least two or more stripes of said gripping member. 16. The garment of claim 15, wherein said grip area being disposed on an interior area of said pant, in which said grip surface pattern comprising at least two or more stripes of said gripping member configured to make contact with said at least two or more stripes of said gripping member disposed on an exterior portion of said shirt. 17. The garment of claim 15, wherein said grip area being disposed on an exterior area of said pant, in which said grip surface pattern comprising at least two or more stripes of said gripping member configured to make contact with said at least two or more stripes of said gripping member disposed on an interior portion of said shirt. 18. An apparel comprising:
a garment, said garment comprising, at least one of, a shirt and a pant; a grip area disposed on said garment, wherein said grip area is configured to provide a frictional force on an object or surface during an exercise; a gripping material of said grip area comprising at least a silicone, a plastic, a rubber, a blend of silicone and plastic, a blend of silicone and rubber, a rubberized material, an elastomeric material, or a polymeric material, wherein said gripping material is configured to provide said frictional force on an object or surface, in contact with said grip area; a gripping member of said grip area that is configured to aid in a frictional underpinning with said object or surface; a grip surface of said grip area comprising, at least one of, a large perforated patch of said gripping member and a multiplicity of said gripping member, wherein said grip surface is configured to aid in said frictional underpinning; a grip surface pattern of said grip area comprising, at least one of, a gap and a perforation embedded into said grip surface, configured to provide breathability of said garment; and a grip surface shape of said grip area comprising at least a hexagonal shape gripping member, wherein a combination of said grip surface pattern and grip surface shape is configured to provide an aesthetically pleasing look and functional garment in addition to said breathability of said garment. 19. The garment of claim 18, in which said grip surface pattern further comprises at least multiple hexagonal shape gripping members configured to form a honeycomb grip pattern, wherein each of said hexagonal gripping members is configured to include at least one perforation disposed on a proximate center of said hexagonal shape gripping member to provide said breathability to said garment, and in which said honeycomb grip pattern comprising a gap between each of said hexagonal gripping members configured to provide additional breathability to said garment. 20. An apparel comprising:
a garment, said garment comprising, at least one of, a shirt and a pant; means for providing a frictional force on an object or surface during an exercise; means for aiding in a frictional underpinning with said object or surface; means for providing breathability of said garment; and means for providing an aesthetically pleasing look and functional garment in addition to said breathability of said garment. | A garment configured to aid in frictional support for a user during an exercise to reduce slipping and sliding between the garment and an object. The garment includes gripping areas located on a front or back of the garment. Gripping areas of various different shapes and sizes may be located in a multiplicity of suitable areas of the garment. Gripping areas may be applied to an outer and/or inner surface of the fabric of the garment. Gripping areas may be made of a grip material that exerts a greater frictional force on the object in contact with the gripping areas. Gripping areas may include multiple gripping members of various different shapes and patterns. These various gripping patterns and shapes enable the gripping areas to provide an aesthetically pleasing and functional garment, at the same time, maintain the breathability of the fabric from which the garment is made.1. An apparel comprising:
a garment, said garment comprising, at least one of, a shirt or a pant; a grip area disposed on said garment, wherein said grip area is configured to provide a frictional force on an object or surface during an exercise; a gripping material of said grip area that is configured to provide said frictional force on an object or surface, in contact with said grip area; a gripping member of said grip area that is configured to aid in a frictional underpinning with said object or surface; a grip surface of said grip area comprising, at least one of, a large perforated patch of said gripping member and a multiplicity of said gripping member, wherein said grip surface is configured to aid in said frictional underpinning; a grip surface pattern of said grip area configured to provide breathability of said garment; and a grip surface shape of said grip area, wherein a combination of said grip surface pattern and grip surface shape is configured to provide an aesthetically pleasing look and functional garment in addition to said breathability of said garment. 2. The garment of claim 1, in which said grip surface shape comprising at least hexagonal shape gripping member. 3. The garment of claim 2, in which said grip surface pattern comprising at least multiple hexagonal shape gripping members configured to form a honeycomb grip pattern. 4. The garment of claim 3, in which each of said hexagonal gripping members is configured to include at least one perforation disposed on a proximate center of said hexagonal shape gripping member to provide said breathability to said garment. 5. The garment of claim 4, in which said honeycomb grip pattern comprising a gap between each of said hexagonal gripping members configured to provide additional breathability to said garment. 6. The garment of claim 5, wherein said shirt is a short sleeve shirt, and wherein said grip area being disposed on a back portion of said short sleeve shirt. 7. The garment of claim 2, in which said shirt comprising a short sleeve shirt, and wherein said hexagonal shape gripping member being disposed on a chest portion of said shirt configured to provide frictional force on an object or surface, in contact with said chest portion of said shirt. 8. The garment of claim 8, in which said grip surface pattern comprising a plurality of said gripping member arranged in a maze pattern disposed on a proximate inner portion of said hexagonal shape gripping member. 9. The garment of claim 8, in which said grip surface pattern further comprises a plurality of stripes of said gripping member being disposed on an upper portion of said shirt sleeve configured to provide frictional force on an object or surface, in contact with said upper portion of said sleeve. 10. The garment of claim 9, in which said sleeve is an attachable and detachable sleeve. 11. The garment of claim 1, in which said pant comprising at least a compression pant, and in which said grip surface pattern comprises a plurality of stripes of said gripping member disposed on thighs of said pant. 12. The garment of claim 1, in which said pant comprising at least a compression short pant, and in which said grip surface pattern comprises a plurality of stripes of said gripping member disposed on a seat of said pant. 13. The garment of claim 1, further comprising a grip surface thickness, wherein said grip surface thickness comprises at least a minimum of 1 micrometer and at least a maximum of 5 centimeters. 14. The garment of claim 1, in which said shirt comprising, at least one of, a short and a long sleeve shirt, and in which said pant comprising, at least one of, a short and a long pant. 15. The garment of claim 14, wherein said grip area being disposed on a base of said shirt, in which said grip surface pattern comprising at least two or more stripes of said gripping member. 16. The garment of claim 15, wherein said grip area being disposed on an interior area of said pant, in which said grip surface pattern comprising at least two or more stripes of said gripping member configured to make contact with said at least two or more stripes of said gripping member disposed on an exterior portion of said shirt. 17. The garment of claim 15, wherein said grip area being disposed on an exterior area of said pant, in which said grip surface pattern comprising at least two or more stripes of said gripping member configured to make contact with said at least two or more stripes of said gripping member disposed on an interior portion of said shirt. 18. An apparel comprising:
a garment, said garment comprising, at least one of, a shirt and a pant; a grip area disposed on said garment, wherein said grip area is configured to provide a frictional force on an object or surface during an exercise; a gripping material of said grip area comprising at least a silicone, a plastic, a rubber, a blend of silicone and plastic, a blend of silicone and rubber, a rubberized material, an elastomeric material, or a polymeric material, wherein said gripping material is configured to provide said frictional force on an object or surface, in contact with said grip area; a gripping member of said grip area that is configured to aid in a frictional underpinning with said object or surface; a grip surface of said grip area comprising, at least one of, a large perforated patch of said gripping member and a multiplicity of said gripping member, wherein said grip surface is configured to aid in said frictional underpinning; a grip surface pattern of said grip area comprising, at least one of, a gap and a perforation embedded into said grip surface, configured to provide breathability of said garment; and a grip surface shape of said grip area comprising at least a hexagonal shape gripping member, wherein a combination of said grip surface pattern and grip surface shape is configured to provide an aesthetically pleasing look and functional garment in addition to said breathability of said garment. 19. The garment of claim 18, in which said grip surface pattern further comprises at least multiple hexagonal shape gripping members configured to form a honeycomb grip pattern, wherein each of said hexagonal gripping members is configured to include at least one perforation disposed on a proximate center of said hexagonal shape gripping member to provide said breathability to said garment, and in which said honeycomb grip pattern comprising a gap between each of said hexagonal gripping members configured to provide additional breathability to said garment. 20. An apparel comprising:
a garment, said garment comprising, at least one of, a shirt and a pant; means for providing a frictional force on an object or surface during an exercise; means for aiding in a frictional underpinning with said object or surface; means for providing breathability of said garment; and means for providing an aesthetically pleasing look and functional garment in addition to said breathability of said garment. | 1,700 |
4,174 | 15,213,299 | 1,792 | A method and apparatus for cooking rice includes a presoak tank a hydrating and cooking tank, and a cooling tank. A first transfer mechanism connected to transfer rice from the pre-soak tank to the hydrating an cooking tank. A second transfer mechanism connected to transfer rice from the hydrating an cooking tank to the cooling tank. | 1. A rice cooker comprising:
a presoak tank; a hydrating and cooking tank, wherein the hydrating and cooking tanks is steam filled; a first transfer mechanism connected to transfer rice from the pre-soak tank to the hydrating an cooking tank; a cooling tank; and a second transfer mechanism connected to transfer rice from the hydrating an cooking tank to the cooling tank. 2. The rice cooker of claim 1, wherein the hydrating and cooking tank includes stirrers. 3. The rice cooker of claim 2, wherein the hydrating and cooking tank includes an inlet for applying water. 4. The rice cooker of claim 3, wherein the hydrating and cooking tank does not include water. 5. The rice cooker of claim 1, wherein the hydrating and cooking tank is a rotary drum blancher. 6. The rice cooker of claim 5, wherein the presoak tank includes a rotary drum. 7. A method of continuously cooking rice, comprising:
presoaking the rice in a first tank; transferring the rice to a second tank; hydrating and cooking the rice in the second tank using steam; transferring the rice to a cooling tank; and cooling the rice in the cooling tank. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising stirring the rice in the second tank. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising intermittently applying water to the rice in the second tank. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the rice is moved in the first tank by turning a drum having an auger therein. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the rice is moved in the second tank by turning a drum having an auger therein. | A method and apparatus for cooking rice includes a presoak tank a hydrating and cooking tank, and a cooling tank. A first transfer mechanism connected to transfer rice from the pre-soak tank to the hydrating an cooking tank. A second transfer mechanism connected to transfer rice from the hydrating an cooking tank to the cooling tank.1. A rice cooker comprising:
a presoak tank; a hydrating and cooking tank, wherein the hydrating and cooking tanks is steam filled; a first transfer mechanism connected to transfer rice from the pre-soak tank to the hydrating an cooking tank; a cooling tank; and a second transfer mechanism connected to transfer rice from the hydrating an cooking tank to the cooling tank. 2. The rice cooker of claim 1, wherein the hydrating and cooking tank includes stirrers. 3. The rice cooker of claim 2, wherein the hydrating and cooking tank includes an inlet for applying water. 4. The rice cooker of claim 3, wherein the hydrating and cooking tank does not include water. 5. The rice cooker of claim 1, wherein the hydrating and cooking tank is a rotary drum blancher. 6. The rice cooker of claim 5, wherein the presoak tank includes a rotary drum. 7. A method of continuously cooking rice, comprising:
presoaking the rice in a first tank; transferring the rice to a second tank; hydrating and cooking the rice in the second tank using steam; transferring the rice to a cooling tank; and cooling the rice in the cooling tank. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising stirring the rice in the second tank. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising intermittently applying water to the rice in the second tank. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the rice is moved in the first tank by turning a drum having an auger therein. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the rice is moved in the second tank by turning a drum having an auger therein. | 1,700 |
4,175 | 15,980,151 | 1,771 | There is provided a method of providing an improved biofuel, by the presence of an additive which is the reaction product of (i) a compound containing the segment —NR1R2 where R1 represents a group containing from 4 to 44 carbon atoms and R2 represents a hydrogen atom or a group R1 (for example di-hydrogenated tallow amine) and (ii) a carboxylic acid having from 1 to 4 carboxylic acid groups or an acid anhydride or acid chloride thereof (for example phthalic acid or phthalic anhydride). The additives described combat problems arising from precipitation at temperatures above the cloud point. | 1-16. (canceled) 17. A method of improving the filterability of a Bx fuel above the cloud point of the Bx fuel the method comprising adding to the fuel an additive which is the reaction product of (i) a compound containing the segment —NR1R2 where R1 represents a group containing from 4 to 44 carbon atoms and R2 represents a hydrogen atom or a group R1, and (ii) a carboxylic acid having from 1 to 4 carboxylic acid groups or an acid anhydride or acid halide thereof; wherein the group R1 is a predominantly straight chain, substantially saturated hydrocarbyl group comprising from 10 to 24 carbon atoms; and the carboxylic acid is an optionally substituted benzene dicarboxylic acid. 18. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the group R2 is a group which conforms to the same definitions as are given for R1. 19. A method as claimed in claim 2, in which the compound (i) is a secondary amine of formula HNR1R2 where R1 and R2 are as defined in claim 2; or is an ammonium salt having the cation +NR1R2R3R4 where R1 and R2 are as defined in claim 2 and R3 and R4 independently represent a C(1-4) alkyl group. 20. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the benzene dicarboxylic acids are selected from isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid and, especially, phthalic acid (and their acid anhydrides or acid halides). 21. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the molar ratio of compound (i) to acid anhydride or acid halide (ii) is such that at least 50% of the acid groups (preferably at least 75%, preferably at least 90%, and most preferably 100%) are reacted in the reaction between the compounds (i) and (ii). 22. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which compound (i) is a secondary amine and/or quaternary ammonium salt and compound (ii) is a dicarboxylic acid, or an acid anhydride or acid halide thereof, wherein the molar ratio of compound(s) (i) to acid, acid anhydride or acid halide (ii) is at least 1:1, preferably at least 1.5:1, preferably 2:1. 23. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the said additive is present in the Bx fuel in an amount of from 5 mg/kg fuel to 500 mg/kg fuel, preferably from 10 mg/kg fuel to 80 mg/kg fuel, preferably from 20 mg/kg fuel to 60 mg/kg fuel, preferably from 30 mg/kg fuel to 45 mg/kg fuel. 24. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the Bx fuel is a blended fuel comprising a fuel component derived from an animal or, preferably, a vegetable oil source and a fuel component derived from a mineral source. 25. A method as claimed in claim 8, wherein the Bx fuel comprises one or more compounds which improve the flow properties of the fuel derived from the mineral source at a temperature below the cloud point of the Bx fuel. | There is provided a method of providing an improved biofuel, by the presence of an additive which is the reaction product of (i) a compound containing the segment —NR1R2 where R1 represents a group containing from 4 to 44 carbon atoms and R2 represents a hydrogen atom or a group R1 (for example di-hydrogenated tallow amine) and (ii) a carboxylic acid having from 1 to 4 carboxylic acid groups or an acid anhydride or acid chloride thereof (for example phthalic acid or phthalic anhydride). The additives described combat problems arising from precipitation at temperatures above the cloud point.1-16. (canceled) 17. A method of improving the filterability of a Bx fuel above the cloud point of the Bx fuel the method comprising adding to the fuel an additive which is the reaction product of (i) a compound containing the segment —NR1R2 where R1 represents a group containing from 4 to 44 carbon atoms and R2 represents a hydrogen atom or a group R1, and (ii) a carboxylic acid having from 1 to 4 carboxylic acid groups or an acid anhydride or acid halide thereof; wherein the group R1 is a predominantly straight chain, substantially saturated hydrocarbyl group comprising from 10 to 24 carbon atoms; and the carboxylic acid is an optionally substituted benzene dicarboxylic acid. 18. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the group R2 is a group which conforms to the same definitions as are given for R1. 19. A method as claimed in claim 2, in which the compound (i) is a secondary amine of formula HNR1R2 where R1 and R2 are as defined in claim 2; or is an ammonium salt having the cation +NR1R2R3R4 where R1 and R2 are as defined in claim 2 and R3 and R4 independently represent a C(1-4) alkyl group. 20. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the benzene dicarboxylic acids are selected from isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid and, especially, phthalic acid (and their acid anhydrides or acid halides). 21. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the molar ratio of compound (i) to acid anhydride or acid halide (ii) is such that at least 50% of the acid groups (preferably at least 75%, preferably at least 90%, and most preferably 100%) are reacted in the reaction between the compounds (i) and (ii). 22. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which compound (i) is a secondary amine and/or quaternary ammonium salt and compound (ii) is a dicarboxylic acid, or an acid anhydride or acid halide thereof, wherein the molar ratio of compound(s) (i) to acid, acid anhydride or acid halide (ii) is at least 1:1, preferably at least 1.5:1, preferably 2:1. 23. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the said additive is present in the Bx fuel in an amount of from 5 mg/kg fuel to 500 mg/kg fuel, preferably from 10 mg/kg fuel to 80 mg/kg fuel, preferably from 20 mg/kg fuel to 60 mg/kg fuel, preferably from 30 mg/kg fuel to 45 mg/kg fuel. 24. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the Bx fuel is a blended fuel comprising a fuel component derived from an animal or, preferably, a vegetable oil source and a fuel component derived from a mineral source. 25. A method as claimed in claim 8, wherein the Bx fuel comprises one or more compounds which improve the flow properties of the fuel derived from the mineral source at a temperature below the cloud point of the Bx fuel. | 1,700 |
4,176 | 15,111,406 | 1,712 | A system is provided for additively manufacturing a part. This additive manufacturing system includes a base, a solidification device and a detection device. The base is adapted to support material; e.g., powder material. The solidification device is adapted to solidify at least a portion of the supported material to form at least a portion of the part. The detection device is adapted to detect emissions produced by the solidification of at least a portion of the material. | 1. A system for additively manufacturing a part, the system comprising:
a base adapted to support material; a solidification device adapted to solidify at least a portion of the supported material to form at least a portion of the part; and a detection device adapted to detect emissions produced by the solidification of at least a portion of the material. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein
the solidification device is adapted to solidify the respective material with an energy beam that moves over the respective material; and the detection device is adapted to detect emissions following the energy beam. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein
the solidification device is adapted to solidify the respective material with an energy beam; and the detection device is adapted to detection emissions at a location where the energy beam fuses the respective material. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the detection device comprises a spectrometer. 5. The system of claim 1, further comprising a processing system adapted to
receive data from the detection device indicative of the detected emissions; and process the data to determine a species of at least one chemical component in the emissions. 6. The system of claim 1, further comprising a processing system adapted to
receive data from the detection device indicative of the detected emissions; and process the data to determine a concentration of at least one chemical component in the emissions. 7. The system of claim 1, further comprising a processing system adapted to
receive data from the detection device indicative of the detected emissions; and process the data to predict whether the solidification of the respective material will produce a defect within the part. 8. The system of claim 1, further comprising a processing system adapted to
receive data from the detection device indicative of the detected emissions; and control operation of the solidification device based on the data. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the processing system is adapted to control one or more of the following parameters of an energy beam generated by the solidification device based on the data: power, pulse width, spot size, speed the energy beam moves, and hatch spacing. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the solidification device is adapted to generate an energy beam to solidify the respective material, and the energy beam comprises one of a laser beam and an electron beam. 11. A system for manufacturing a part, the system comprising:
a solidification device adapted to solidify material with an energy beam to form at least a portion of the part; and a detection device adapted to detect one or more byproducts from the solidification of at least a portion of the material. 12. The system of claim 11, further comprising a processing system adapted to
receive data from the detection device indicative of the detected one or more byproducts; and process the data to predict whether the solidification of the material will produce a defect within the part. 13. The system of claim 11, further comprising a processing system adapted to
receive data from the detection device indicative of the detected one or more byproducts; and control operation of the solidification device based on the data. 14. A process for additively manufacturing a part, the process comprising:
solidifying material with an energy beam to form at least a portion of the part; and detecting emissions produced by the solidification of at least a portion of the material using a detection device. 15. The process of claim 14, further comprising moving the energy beam over the material, wherein the emissions is detected following the energy beam. 16. The process of claim 14, wherein the emissions are detected at a location where the energy beam fuses the respective material. 17. The process of claim 14, further comprising determining a species of at least one chemical component in the detected emissions. 18. The process of claim 14, further comprising determining a concentration of at least one chemical component in the detected emissions. 19. The process of claim 14, further comprising predicting whether the solidification of the respective material will produce a defect within the part based on the detected emissions. 20. The process of claim 14, further comprising controlling operation of a device generating the energy beam based on the detected emissions. | A system is provided for additively manufacturing a part. This additive manufacturing system includes a base, a solidification device and a detection device. The base is adapted to support material; e.g., powder material. The solidification device is adapted to solidify at least a portion of the supported material to form at least a portion of the part. The detection device is adapted to detect emissions produced by the solidification of at least a portion of the material.1. A system for additively manufacturing a part, the system comprising:
a base adapted to support material; a solidification device adapted to solidify at least a portion of the supported material to form at least a portion of the part; and a detection device adapted to detect emissions produced by the solidification of at least a portion of the material. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein
the solidification device is adapted to solidify the respective material with an energy beam that moves over the respective material; and the detection device is adapted to detect emissions following the energy beam. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein
the solidification device is adapted to solidify the respective material with an energy beam; and the detection device is adapted to detection emissions at a location where the energy beam fuses the respective material. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the detection device comprises a spectrometer. 5. The system of claim 1, further comprising a processing system adapted to
receive data from the detection device indicative of the detected emissions; and process the data to determine a species of at least one chemical component in the emissions. 6. The system of claim 1, further comprising a processing system adapted to
receive data from the detection device indicative of the detected emissions; and process the data to determine a concentration of at least one chemical component in the emissions. 7. The system of claim 1, further comprising a processing system adapted to
receive data from the detection device indicative of the detected emissions; and process the data to predict whether the solidification of the respective material will produce a defect within the part. 8. The system of claim 1, further comprising a processing system adapted to
receive data from the detection device indicative of the detected emissions; and control operation of the solidification device based on the data. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the processing system is adapted to control one or more of the following parameters of an energy beam generated by the solidification device based on the data: power, pulse width, spot size, speed the energy beam moves, and hatch spacing. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the solidification device is adapted to generate an energy beam to solidify the respective material, and the energy beam comprises one of a laser beam and an electron beam. 11. A system for manufacturing a part, the system comprising:
a solidification device adapted to solidify material with an energy beam to form at least a portion of the part; and a detection device adapted to detect one or more byproducts from the solidification of at least a portion of the material. 12. The system of claim 11, further comprising a processing system adapted to
receive data from the detection device indicative of the detected one or more byproducts; and process the data to predict whether the solidification of the material will produce a defect within the part. 13. The system of claim 11, further comprising a processing system adapted to
receive data from the detection device indicative of the detected one or more byproducts; and control operation of the solidification device based on the data. 14. A process for additively manufacturing a part, the process comprising:
solidifying material with an energy beam to form at least a portion of the part; and detecting emissions produced by the solidification of at least a portion of the material using a detection device. 15. The process of claim 14, further comprising moving the energy beam over the material, wherein the emissions is detected following the energy beam. 16. The process of claim 14, wherein the emissions are detected at a location where the energy beam fuses the respective material. 17. The process of claim 14, further comprising determining a species of at least one chemical component in the detected emissions. 18. The process of claim 14, further comprising determining a concentration of at least one chemical component in the detected emissions. 19. The process of claim 14, further comprising predicting whether the solidification of the respective material will produce a defect within the part based on the detected emissions. 20. The process of claim 14, further comprising controlling operation of a device generating the energy beam based on the detected emissions. | 1,700 |
4,177 | 15,214,871 | 1,714 | A mobile floor cleaning robot includes a body defining a forward drive direction, a drive system, a cleaning system, and a controller. The cleaning system includes a pad holder, a reservoir, a sprayer, and a cleaning system. The pad holder has a bottom surface for receiving a cleaning pad. The reservoir holds a volume of fluid, and the sprayer sprays the fluid forward the pad holder. The controller is in communication with the drive and cleaning systems. The controller executes a cleaning routine that includes driving in the forward direction a first distance to a first location, then driving in a reverse drive direction a second distance to a second location. From the second location, the robot sprays fluid in the forward drive direction but rearward the first location. The robot then drives in alternating forward and reverse drive directions while smearing the cleaning pad along the floor surface. | 1. A mobile floor cleaning robot comprising:
a robot body defining a forward drive direction; a drive system supporting the robot body to maneuver the robot across a surface the drive system comprising right and left drive wheels disposed on corresponding right and left portions of the robot body; and a cleaning assembly disposed on the robot body, the cleaning assembly comprising:
a pad holder disposed forward of the drive wheels and having a top portion and a bottom portion, the bottom portion having a bottom surface arranged within between about ½ cm and about 1½ cm of the surface and configured to receive a cleaning pad, the bottom surface of the pad holder comprising at least 40% of a surface area of a footprint of the robot; and
an orbital oscillator having less than 1 cm of orbital range disposed on the top portion of the pad holder;
wherein the pad holder is configured to permit more than 80 percent of the orbital range of the orbital oscillator to be transmitted from the top of the received cleaning pad to the bottom surface of the received cleaning pad. 2. The robot of claim 1, wherein orbital range of the orbital oscillator is less than ½ cm during at least part of a cleaning run. 3. The robot of claim 2, wherein the drive system drives forward and backward while oscillating the cleaning pad. 4. The robot of claim 2, wherein the drive system drives in a birdsfoot motion to move the cleaning pad forward and backward along a center trajectory, forward and backward along a trajectory to a left side of and heading away from a starting point along the center trajectory, and forward and backward along a trajectory to a right side of and heading away from a starting point along the center trajectory. 5. The robot of claim 1, wherein the cleaning pad has a top surface attached to the bottom surface of the pad holder and the top of the pad is substantially immobile relative to the oscillating pad holder. 6. The robot of claim 1, wherein the cleaning assembly further comprises at least one post disposed on the top portion of the pad holder, the at least one post sized for receipt by a corresponding aperture defined by the robot body. 7. The robot of claim 6, wherein the at least one post has a cross sectional diameter varying in size along its length. 8. The robot of claim 6, wherein the at least one post comprises a vibration dampening material. 9. The robot of claim 1, wherein the cleaning assembly further comprises:
a reservoir to hold a volume of fluid; and a fluid applicator in fluid communication with the reservoir, the fluid applicator configured to apply the fluid along the forward drive direction forward of the pad holder. 10. The robot of claim 9, wherein the cleaning pad is configured to absorb about 90% of the fluid volume held in the reservoir. 11. A method of operating a mobile floor cleaning robot, the method comprising:
driving in a forward drive direction defined by the robot a first distance to a first location while moving a cleaning pad carried by the robot along a floor surface supporting the robot, the cleaning pad having a center and lateral edges; driving in a reverse drive direction, opposite the forward drive direction, a second distance to a second location while moving the cleaning pad along the floor surface; from the second location, applying fluid to an area substantially equal to a footprint area of the robot on the floor surface in the forward drive direction forward of the cleaning pad but rearward of the first location; and returning the robot to the area in a movement pattern that moves the center and lateral edges of the cleaning pad separately through the area to moisten the cleaning pad with the applied fluid. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising driving in a left drive direction or a right drive direction while driving through the applied fluid in the alternating forward and reverse directions after spraying fluid on the floor surface. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein applying fluid on the floor surface comprises spraying fluid in multiple directions with respect to the forward drive direction. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the second distance is at least equal to a length of one footprint area of the robot. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the mobile floor cleaning robot comprises:
a robot body defining the forward drive direction and having a bottom portion; a drive system supporting the robot body and configured to maneuver the robot over the floor surface; a pad holder disposed on the bottom portion of the robot body and configured to hold the cleaning pad; and a fluid applicator housed by the robot body and in fluid communication with a fluid reservoir. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the cleaning pad disposed on a bottom portion of the pad holder absorbs about 90% of the fluid contained in the reservoir. | A mobile floor cleaning robot includes a body defining a forward drive direction, a drive system, a cleaning system, and a controller. The cleaning system includes a pad holder, a reservoir, a sprayer, and a cleaning system. The pad holder has a bottom surface for receiving a cleaning pad. The reservoir holds a volume of fluid, and the sprayer sprays the fluid forward the pad holder. The controller is in communication with the drive and cleaning systems. The controller executes a cleaning routine that includes driving in the forward direction a first distance to a first location, then driving in a reverse drive direction a second distance to a second location. From the second location, the robot sprays fluid in the forward drive direction but rearward the first location. The robot then drives in alternating forward and reverse drive directions while smearing the cleaning pad along the floor surface.1. A mobile floor cleaning robot comprising:
a robot body defining a forward drive direction; a drive system supporting the robot body to maneuver the robot across a surface the drive system comprising right and left drive wheels disposed on corresponding right and left portions of the robot body; and a cleaning assembly disposed on the robot body, the cleaning assembly comprising:
a pad holder disposed forward of the drive wheels and having a top portion and a bottom portion, the bottom portion having a bottom surface arranged within between about ½ cm and about 1½ cm of the surface and configured to receive a cleaning pad, the bottom surface of the pad holder comprising at least 40% of a surface area of a footprint of the robot; and
an orbital oscillator having less than 1 cm of orbital range disposed on the top portion of the pad holder;
wherein the pad holder is configured to permit more than 80 percent of the orbital range of the orbital oscillator to be transmitted from the top of the received cleaning pad to the bottom surface of the received cleaning pad. 2. The robot of claim 1, wherein orbital range of the orbital oscillator is less than ½ cm during at least part of a cleaning run. 3. The robot of claim 2, wherein the drive system drives forward and backward while oscillating the cleaning pad. 4. The robot of claim 2, wherein the drive system drives in a birdsfoot motion to move the cleaning pad forward and backward along a center trajectory, forward and backward along a trajectory to a left side of and heading away from a starting point along the center trajectory, and forward and backward along a trajectory to a right side of and heading away from a starting point along the center trajectory. 5. The robot of claim 1, wherein the cleaning pad has a top surface attached to the bottom surface of the pad holder and the top of the pad is substantially immobile relative to the oscillating pad holder. 6. The robot of claim 1, wherein the cleaning assembly further comprises at least one post disposed on the top portion of the pad holder, the at least one post sized for receipt by a corresponding aperture defined by the robot body. 7. The robot of claim 6, wherein the at least one post has a cross sectional diameter varying in size along its length. 8. The robot of claim 6, wherein the at least one post comprises a vibration dampening material. 9. The robot of claim 1, wherein the cleaning assembly further comprises:
a reservoir to hold a volume of fluid; and a fluid applicator in fluid communication with the reservoir, the fluid applicator configured to apply the fluid along the forward drive direction forward of the pad holder. 10. The robot of claim 9, wherein the cleaning pad is configured to absorb about 90% of the fluid volume held in the reservoir. 11. A method of operating a mobile floor cleaning robot, the method comprising:
driving in a forward drive direction defined by the robot a first distance to a first location while moving a cleaning pad carried by the robot along a floor surface supporting the robot, the cleaning pad having a center and lateral edges; driving in a reverse drive direction, opposite the forward drive direction, a second distance to a second location while moving the cleaning pad along the floor surface; from the second location, applying fluid to an area substantially equal to a footprint area of the robot on the floor surface in the forward drive direction forward of the cleaning pad but rearward of the first location; and returning the robot to the area in a movement pattern that moves the center and lateral edges of the cleaning pad separately through the area to moisten the cleaning pad with the applied fluid. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising driving in a left drive direction or a right drive direction while driving through the applied fluid in the alternating forward and reverse directions after spraying fluid on the floor surface. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein applying fluid on the floor surface comprises spraying fluid in multiple directions with respect to the forward drive direction. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the second distance is at least equal to a length of one footprint area of the robot. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the mobile floor cleaning robot comprises:
a robot body defining the forward drive direction and having a bottom portion; a drive system supporting the robot body and configured to maneuver the robot over the floor surface; a pad holder disposed on the bottom portion of the robot body and configured to hold the cleaning pad; and a fluid applicator housed by the robot body and in fluid communication with a fluid reservoir. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the cleaning pad disposed on a bottom portion of the pad holder absorbs about 90% of the fluid contained in the reservoir. | 1,700 |
4,178 | 13,957,838 | 1,792 | A temperature sensing system for a cooking appliance includes a control unit having a receiver. The control unit and the receiver are housed within the cooking appliance. The temperature sensing system further includes a wireless temperature sensing probe having a temperature sensor and a wireless transmitter module. The wireless temperature sensing probe is configured to wirelessly communicate with the control unit housed within the cooking appliance. | 1. A temperature sensing system for a double contact cooking appliance, said temperature sensing system comprising:
an upper housing having a first heating surface configured to contact a first side of a food item; a lower housing pivotally connected to said upper housing and having a second heating surface configured to contact a second, opposed side of said food item; a control unit having a receiver, said control unit and said receiver being housed within said cooking appliance; and a wireless temperature sensing probe having a temperature sensor and a wireless transmitter module, said wireless temperature sensing probe being configured to wirelessly communicate with said control unit. 2. The temperature sensing system of claim 1, wherein:
said wireless transmitter module is configured to wirelessly send signals indicative of a temperature detected by said temperature sensor to said receiver. 3. The temperature sensing system of claim 1, wherein:
said wireless temperature sensing probe includes a housing containing said wireless transmitter module and a shaft extending from said housing, said shaft terminating in a pointed distal tip containing said temperature sensor. 4. The temperature sensing system of claim 1, wherein:
said wireless transmitter module is a radio-frequency transmitter module. 5. The temperature sensing system of claim 1, wherein:
said wireless transmitter module is an infrared transmitter module. 6. The temperature sensing system of claim 3, further comprising:
a rechargeable battery contained within said housing for powering said wireless temperature sensing probe. 7. The temperature sensing system of claim 6, wherein:
said wireless temperature sensing probe is configured to mate with said cooking appliance for recharging of said rechargeable battery. 8. The temperature sensing system of claim 1, further comprising:
a control panel on said cooking appliance, said control panel having one or more input buttons for allowing a user to select at least one input parameter, said at least one input parameter including a desired internal temperature of a food item; and wherein said control panel is in electrical communication with said control unit. 9. (canceled) 10. The temperature sensing system of claim 8, wherein:
said control unit is configured to generate an audible alert when said desired internal temperature is detected by said wireless temperature sensing probe. 11. The temperature sensing system of claim 1, wherein:
said control unit is configured to deactivate said first and second heating surfaces when said desired internal temperature is detected by said wireless temperature sensing probe. 12. The temperature sensing system of claim 1, wherein:
said control unit is configured to control operation of at least one of said first and said second heating surfaces in dependence upon said at least one input parameter and an internal temperature of said food item detected by said wireless temperature sensing probe. 13. A wireless temperature sensing probe for detecting the internal temperature of a food item, comprising:
a housing containing a wireless transmitter module, said wireless transmitter module being configured to wirelessly communicate with a receiver of a cooking appliance; a shaft extending from said housing, said shaft having a distal tip and a temperature sensor positioned in the distal tip; and a rechargeable battery contained within said housing for powering said probe; wherein said temperature sensor is in electrical communication with said wireless transmitter module; and wherein said wireless temperature sensing probe is configured to mate with a cooking appliance for recharging of said rechargeable battery. 14. (canceled) 15. (canceled) 16. The wireless temperature sensing probe of claim 13, wherein:
said wireless transmitter module is a radio-frequency transmitter module. 17. The wireless temperature sensing probe of claim 13, wherein:
said wireless transmitter module is an infrared transmitter module. 18. (canceled) 19. A method of operating a double contact cooking appliance, said method comprising the steps of:
providing an upper housing having a first heating surface configured to contact a first side of a food item; providing a lower housing pivotally connected to said upper housing and having a second heating surface configured to contact a second, opposed side of said food item; equipping said cooking appliance with a control unit, said control unit operatively controlling said first heating surface and said second heating surface of said cooking appliance; providing a temperature sensing probe, said temperature sensing probe selectively communicating with said control unit; and wherein said control unit controls operation of said first heating surface and said second heating surface in dependence upon a temperature detected by said temperature sensing probe. 20. The method according to claim 19, wherein:
said communication between said control unit and said temperature sensing probe is accomplished wirelessly. | A temperature sensing system for a cooking appliance includes a control unit having a receiver. The control unit and the receiver are housed within the cooking appliance. The temperature sensing system further includes a wireless temperature sensing probe having a temperature sensor and a wireless transmitter module. The wireless temperature sensing probe is configured to wirelessly communicate with the control unit housed within the cooking appliance.1. A temperature sensing system for a double contact cooking appliance, said temperature sensing system comprising:
an upper housing having a first heating surface configured to contact a first side of a food item; a lower housing pivotally connected to said upper housing and having a second heating surface configured to contact a second, opposed side of said food item; a control unit having a receiver, said control unit and said receiver being housed within said cooking appliance; and a wireless temperature sensing probe having a temperature sensor and a wireless transmitter module, said wireless temperature sensing probe being configured to wirelessly communicate with said control unit. 2. The temperature sensing system of claim 1, wherein:
said wireless transmitter module is configured to wirelessly send signals indicative of a temperature detected by said temperature sensor to said receiver. 3. The temperature sensing system of claim 1, wherein:
said wireless temperature sensing probe includes a housing containing said wireless transmitter module and a shaft extending from said housing, said shaft terminating in a pointed distal tip containing said temperature sensor. 4. The temperature sensing system of claim 1, wherein:
said wireless transmitter module is a radio-frequency transmitter module. 5. The temperature sensing system of claim 1, wherein:
said wireless transmitter module is an infrared transmitter module. 6. The temperature sensing system of claim 3, further comprising:
a rechargeable battery contained within said housing for powering said wireless temperature sensing probe. 7. The temperature sensing system of claim 6, wherein:
said wireless temperature sensing probe is configured to mate with said cooking appliance for recharging of said rechargeable battery. 8. The temperature sensing system of claim 1, further comprising:
a control panel on said cooking appliance, said control panel having one or more input buttons for allowing a user to select at least one input parameter, said at least one input parameter including a desired internal temperature of a food item; and wherein said control panel is in electrical communication with said control unit. 9. (canceled) 10. The temperature sensing system of claim 8, wherein:
said control unit is configured to generate an audible alert when said desired internal temperature is detected by said wireless temperature sensing probe. 11. The temperature sensing system of claim 1, wherein:
said control unit is configured to deactivate said first and second heating surfaces when said desired internal temperature is detected by said wireless temperature sensing probe. 12. The temperature sensing system of claim 1, wherein:
said control unit is configured to control operation of at least one of said first and said second heating surfaces in dependence upon said at least one input parameter and an internal temperature of said food item detected by said wireless temperature sensing probe. 13. A wireless temperature sensing probe for detecting the internal temperature of a food item, comprising:
a housing containing a wireless transmitter module, said wireless transmitter module being configured to wirelessly communicate with a receiver of a cooking appliance; a shaft extending from said housing, said shaft having a distal tip and a temperature sensor positioned in the distal tip; and a rechargeable battery contained within said housing for powering said probe; wherein said temperature sensor is in electrical communication with said wireless transmitter module; and wherein said wireless temperature sensing probe is configured to mate with a cooking appliance for recharging of said rechargeable battery. 14. (canceled) 15. (canceled) 16. The wireless temperature sensing probe of claim 13, wherein:
said wireless transmitter module is a radio-frequency transmitter module. 17. The wireless temperature sensing probe of claim 13, wherein:
said wireless transmitter module is an infrared transmitter module. 18. (canceled) 19. A method of operating a double contact cooking appliance, said method comprising the steps of:
providing an upper housing having a first heating surface configured to contact a first side of a food item; providing a lower housing pivotally connected to said upper housing and having a second heating surface configured to contact a second, opposed side of said food item; equipping said cooking appliance with a control unit, said control unit operatively controlling said first heating surface and said second heating surface of said cooking appliance; providing a temperature sensing probe, said temperature sensing probe selectively communicating with said control unit; and wherein said control unit controls operation of said first heating surface and said second heating surface in dependence upon a temperature detected by said temperature sensing probe. 20. The method according to claim 19, wherein:
said communication between said control unit and said temperature sensing probe is accomplished wirelessly. | 1,700 |
4,179 | 15,129,431 | 1,734 | A method for conversion of magnesium chloride into magnesium oxide and HCl, comprising the steps of
providing a magnesium chloride compound to a thermohydrolysis reactor, the reactor being at a temperature of at least 300° C., withdrawing MgO from the thermohydrolysis reactor in solid form, and withdrawing a HCl containing gas stream from the thermohydrolysis reactor, wherein the magnesium chloride compound provided to the thermohydrolysis reactor is a solid magnesium chloride compound which comprises at least 50 wt. % of MgCl2.4H2O. The process accordingly is fast and can be operated in a manner which is efficient both as regards apparatus and energy. It can also be integrated in a process for converting a magnesium chloride solution. | 1. Method for conversion of magnesium chloride into magnesium oxide and HCl, comprising the steps of
providing a magnesium chloride compound to a thermohydrolysis reactor, the reactor being at a temperature of at least 300° C., withdrawing MgO from the thermohydrolysis reactor in solid form, and withdrawing a HCl containing gas stream from the thermohydrolysis reactor, wherein the magnesium chloride compound provided to the thermohydrolysis reactor is a solid magnesium chloride compound which comprises at least 50 wt. % of MgCl2.4H2O. 2. Method according to claim 1, wherein the magnesium chloride compound consists for at least 60 wt. % of MgCl2.4H2O. 3. Method according to claim 1, wherein the magnesium chloride compound comprises less than 30 wt. % of magnesium chloride hexahydrate and/or less than 40 wt. % of the total of magnesium chloride anhydrate, magnesium chloride monohydrate, and magnesium chloride dihydrate. 4. Method according to claim 1, wherein the thermohydrolysis reactor is at a temperature of at least 350° C. and/or at a temperature below 1000° C. 5. Method according to claim 1, wherein the themohydrolysis is carried out in the presence of a gas stream. 6. Method according to claim 1, wherein the thermohydrolysis reactor is a tube reactor wherein the magnesium chloride compound enters the reactor at or near one end of the reactor, further indicated as the feed end, and product magnesium oxide is withdrawn at or near the other end of the reactor, further indicated as the product end, while a gas stream enters the reactor at or near the product end, and a gas stream comprising HCl is withdrawn at or near the feed end. 7. Method according to claim 1, comprising the steps of
subjecting a magnesium chloride solution to a drying step at a temperature of 100-160° C. to form a magnesium chloride compound comprising at least 50 wt. % of MgCl2.4H2O, providing said magnesium chloride compound to a thermohydrolysis reactor, the reactor being at a temperature of at least 300° C., and withdrawing MgO from the thermohydrolysis reactor in solid form, and withdrawing a HCl containing gas stream from the thermohydrolysis reactor. 8. Method according to claim 7, wherein the drying step is carried out at a temperature of 110-160° C. 9. Method according to claim 7, wherein the drying step is carried out in the presence of HCl. 10. Method according to claim 9, wherein the HCl present in the drying step is provided by providing the HCl-containing gas stream derived from the thermohydrolysis reactor to the drying step. 11. Method according to claim 1 comprising the steps of
subjecting a carbon source to a fermentation step to form a carboxylic acid, which fermentation step comprises the steps of fermenting a carbon source by means of a micro-organism in a fermentation broth to form carboxylic acid and neutralizing at least part of the carboxylic acid by adding a magnesium base selected from magnesium oxide and magnesium hydroxide, thereby obtaining a magnesium carboxylate,
subjecting the magnesium carboxylate to an acidification step wherein the magnesium carboxylate is contacted with HCl in an aqueous environment to form an aqueous mixture comprising carboxylic acid and magnesium chloride,
subjecting the aqueous mixture comprising carboxylic acid and magnesium chloride to a separation step, to form an effluent comprising carboxylic acid and a magnesium chloride solution,
subjecting the magnesium chloride solution to a drying step at a temperature of 100-160° C. to form a magnesium chloride compound comprising at least 50 wt. % of MgCl2.4H2O,
providing said magnesium chloride compound to a thermohydrolysis reactor, the reactor being at a temperature of at least 300° C.,
withdrawing MgO from the thermohydrolysis reactor in solid form,
withdrawing a HCl containing gas stream from the thermohydrolysis reactor. 12. Method according to claim 11, comprising the step of recycling the magnesium oxide withdrawn from the thermohydrolysis reactor at least in part to the fermentation step. 13. Method according to claim 11, wherein the HCl-containing gas stream derived from the thermohydrolysis reactor is provided to the drying step. 14. Method according to claim 13, comprising the step of recycling the HCl-containing gas stream derived from the drying step at least in part to the acidification step. | A method for conversion of magnesium chloride into magnesium oxide and HCl, comprising the steps of
providing a magnesium chloride compound to a thermohydrolysis reactor, the reactor being at a temperature of at least 300° C., withdrawing MgO from the thermohydrolysis reactor in solid form, and withdrawing a HCl containing gas stream from the thermohydrolysis reactor, wherein the magnesium chloride compound provided to the thermohydrolysis reactor is a solid magnesium chloride compound which comprises at least 50 wt. % of MgCl2.4H2O. The process accordingly is fast and can be operated in a manner which is efficient both as regards apparatus and energy. It can also be integrated in a process for converting a magnesium chloride solution.1. Method for conversion of magnesium chloride into magnesium oxide and HCl, comprising the steps of
providing a magnesium chloride compound to a thermohydrolysis reactor, the reactor being at a temperature of at least 300° C., withdrawing MgO from the thermohydrolysis reactor in solid form, and withdrawing a HCl containing gas stream from the thermohydrolysis reactor, wherein the magnesium chloride compound provided to the thermohydrolysis reactor is a solid magnesium chloride compound which comprises at least 50 wt. % of MgCl2.4H2O. 2. Method according to claim 1, wherein the magnesium chloride compound consists for at least 60 wt. % of MgCl2.4H2O. 3. Method according to claim 1, wherein the magnesium chloride compound comprises less than 30 wt. % of magnesium chloride hexahydrate and/or less than 40 wt. % of the total of magnesium chloride anhydrate, magnesium chloride monohydrate, and magnesium chloride dihydrate. 4. Method according to claim 1, wherein the thermohydrolysis reactor is at a temperature of at least 350° C. and/or at a temperature below 1000° C. 5. Method according to claim 1, wherein the themohydrolysis is carried out in the presence of a gas stream. 6. Method according to claim 1, wherein the thermohydrolysis reactor is a tube reactor wherein the magnesium chloride compound enters the reactor at or near one end of the reactor, further indicated as the feed end, and product magnesium oxide is withdrawn at or near the other end of the reactor, further indicated as the product end, while a gas stream enters the reactor at or near the product end, and a gas stream comprising HCl is withdrawn at or near the feed end. 7. Method according to claim 1, comprising the steps of
subjecting a magnesium chloride solution to a drying step at a temperature of 100-160° C. to form a magnesium chloride compound comprising at least 50 wt. % of MgCl2.4H2O, providing said magnesium chloride compound to a thermohydrolysis reactor, the reactor being at a temperature of at least 300° C., and withdrawing MgO from the thermohydrolysis reactor in solid form, and withdrawing a HCl containing gas stream from the thermohydrolysis reactor. 8. Method according to claim 7, wherein the drying step is carried out at a temperature of 110-160° C. 9. Method according to claim 7, wherein the drying step is carried out in the presence of HCl. 10. Method according to claim 9, wherein the HCl present in the drying step is provided by providing the HCl-containing gas stream derived from the thermohydrolysis reactor to the drying step. 11. Method according to claim 1 comprising the steps of
subjecting a carbon source to a fermentation step to form a carboxylic acid, which fermentation step comprises the steps of fermenting a carbon source by means of a micro-organism in a fermentation broth to form carboxylic acid and neutralizing at least part of the carboxylic acid by adding a magnesium base selected from magnesium oxide and magnesium hydroxide, thereby obtaining a magnesium carboxylate,
subjecting the magnesium carboxylate to an acidification step wherein the magnesium carboxylate is contacted with HCl in an aqueous environment to form an aqueous mixture comprising carboxylic acid and magnesium chloride,
subjecting the aqueous mixture comprising carboxylic acid and magnesium chloride to a separation step, to form an effluent comprising carboxylic acid and a magnesium chloride solution,
subjecting the magnesium chloride solution to a drying step at a temperature of 100-160° C. to form a magnesium chloride compound comprising at least 50 wt. % of MgCl2.4H2O,
providing said magnesium chloride compound to a thermohydrolysis reactor, the reactor being at a temperature of at least 300° C.,
withdrawing MgO from the thermohydrolysis reactor in solid form,
withdrawing a HCl containing gas stream from the thermohydrolysis reactor. 12. Method according to claim 11, comprising the step of recycling the magnesium oxide withdrawn from the thermohydrolysis reactor at least in part to the fermentation step. 13. Method according to claim 11, wherein the HCl-containing gas stream derived from the thermohydrolysis reactor is provided to the drying step. 14. Method according to claim 13, comprising the step of recycling the HCl-containing gas stream derived from the drying step at least in part to the acidification step. | 1,700 |
4,180 | 15,662,894 | 1,796 | Coated articles demonstrating antireflective properties are provided. Exemplary coated articles comprise a substrate and two or three coating layers applied to at least one surface of the substrate; the coatings are deposited from sol-gel compositions comprising a silane. Each adjacent coating layer demonstrates a different refractive index. The coated article further comprises an outermost anti-fouling coating layer applied to at least one surface of a coating layer. Processes for forming the coated articles are also provided. | 1. A coated article comprising:
(A) a substrate; (B) a first coating layer applied directly to at least one surface of the substrate; wherein the first coating layer has a dry film thickness of 90 to 150 nm and is formed from a sol-gel composition comprising at least an alkoxysilane and wherein the first coating layer demonstrates a refractive index of 1.62 to 1.85; (C) a second coating layer applied to at least one surface of the first coating layer; wherein the second coating layer has a dry film thickness of 87 to 97 nm and is formed from an acidic sol-gel composition comprising a silane and wherein the second coating layer demonstrates a refractive index of 1.40 to 1.48; and (D) an anti-fouling coating layer applied to at least one surface of the second coating layer. 2. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the substrate (A) comprises glass, polymethylmethacrylate, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyurea-urethane, polyamide, cellulose triacetate (TAC), cyclo olefin polymer (COP) or poly (allyl diglycol carbonate). 3. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the substrate (A) comprises glass or polymethylmethacrylate; and the first coating layer (B) is formed from a sol-gel composition comprising:
(1) a resin component comprising:
(a) tetraalkoxysilane;
(b) an epoxy functional trialkoxysilane;
(c) a metal-containing catalyst; and
(d) a solvent component; and
(2) a particulate component comprising a metal oxide that demonstrates a refractive index of at least 2.0; wherein when the substrate comprises polymethylmethacrylate the solvent component (d) in the sol-gel composition comprises 1-propanol. 4. The coated article of claim 3, wherein the particulate component (2) comprises titanium oxide or zirconium oxide, present in the sol-gel composition in an amount from 18 to 50 percent by weight, based on the total weight of solids in the sol-gel composition used to form the first coating layer (B). 5. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the second coating layer (C) is formed from an acidic sol-gel composition comprising:
(a) tetraalkoxysilane; (b) alkyl trialkoxysilane; (c) a silane-functional acrylic polymer; (d) inorganic oxide particles; (e) a mineral acid; (f) water; and (g) a solvent. 6. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises glass and the coated article demonstrates a transmittance increase of greater than 2.5% in a wavelength range from 360 nm to 750 nm. 7. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the substrate has two opposing surfaces. 8. The coated article of claim 7, wherein each of the coatings (B), (C) and anti-fouling coating (D) are coated on both opposing surfaces of the substrate. 9. The coated article of claim 1, wherein said coated article is an optical article comprising a display element, window, mirror, and/or active and passive liquid crystal cell element or device. 10. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the second coating layer is essentially free of fluorine. 11. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the coated article demonstrates a transmittance increase ΔT of at least 2.0% in a wavelength range from 360 nm to 750 nm. 12. A coated article comprising:
(A) a substrate; (B) a first coating layer applied to at least one surface of the substrate; wherein the first coating layer has a dry film thickness of 44 to 64 nm, and is formed from a sol-gel composition comprising a silane and wherein the first coating layer demonstrates a refractive index of 1.62 to 1.85; (C) a second coating layer applied to at least one surface of the first coating layer; wherein the second coating layer has a dry film thickness of 70 to 90 nm, and is formed from a sol-gel composition comprising a silane and wherein the second coating layer demonstrates a refractive index of 1.90 to 2.10; (D) a third coating layer applied to at least one surface of the second coating layer; wherein the third coating layer has a dry film thickness of 74 to 94 nm, and is formed from an acidic sol-gel composition comprising a silane and wherein the third coating layer demonstrates a refractive index of 1.40 to 1.48; and (E) an anti-fouling coating layer applied to at least one surface of the third coating layer. 13. The coated article of claim 12, wherein the substrate (A) comprises glass, polym ethyl methacrylate, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyurea-urethane, polyamide, cellulose triacetate (TAC), cyclo olefin polymer (COP), or poly (allyl diglycol carbonate). 14. The coated article of claim 12, wherein the first coating layer (B) is formed from a sol-gel composition comprising:
(1) a resin component comprising:
(a) tetraalkoxysilane;
(b) an epoxy functional trialkoxysilane;
(c) a metal-containing catalyst; and
(d) a solvent component; and
(2) a particulate component comprising titanium oxide or zirconium oxide, present in the sol-gel composition in an amount from 20 to 70 percent by weight, based on the total weight of solids in the sol-gel composition used to form the first coating layer (B). 15. The coated article of claim 12, wherein the second coating layer (C) is formed from a sol-gel composition comprising:
(1) a resin component comprising:
(a) tetraalkoxysilane;
(b) an epoxy functional trialkoxysilane;
(c) a metal-containing catalyst; and
(d) a solvent component; and
(2) a particulate component comprising titanium oxide or zirconium oxide, present in the sol-gel composition in an amount from 40 to 95 percent by weight, based on the total weight of solids in the sol-gel composition used to form the second coating layer (C). 16. The coated article of claim 12, wherein the third coating layer (D) is formed from an acidic sol-gel composition comprising:
(a) tetraalkoxysilane; (b) alkyl trialkoxysilane; (c) a silane-functional acrylic polymer; (d) inorganic oxide particles; (e) a mineral acid; (f) water; and (g) a solvent. 17. The coated article of claim 12, wherein the substrate comprises glass and the coated article demonstrates a transmittance increase greater than 3.0% in a wavelength range from 360 nm to 750 nm. 18. The coated article of claim 12, wherein the substrate has two opposing surfaces. 19. The coated article of claim 12, wherein said coated article is an optical article comprising a display element, window, mirror, and/or active and passive liquid crystal cell element or device. 20. The coated article of claim 12, wherein the coated article demonstrates a transmittance increase ΔT of at least 2.5% in a wavelength range from 360 nm to 750 nm. 21. A process of forming a coated article that demonstrates antireflective properties comprising:
(A) applying a sol-gel composition to at least one surface of a substrate to form a first coating layer having a dry film thickness of 90 to 150 nm, wherein the sol-gel composition comprises at least a silane and wherein the first coating layer demonstrates a refractive index of 1.62 to 1.85; (B) applying an acidic sol-gel composition to at least one surface of the first coating layer to form a second coating layer having a dry film thickness of 87 to 97 nm, wherein the acidic sol-gel composition comprises a silane and wherein the second coating layer demonstrates a refractive index of 1.40 to 1.48; and (C) applying an anti-fouling coating layer to the second coating layer. 22. The process of claim 21, wherein the coatings are each independently applied by a slot-die coating process, a spray-coating process, a spin-coating process, or a dip-coating process. 23. A process of forming a coated article that demonstrates antireflective properties comprising:
(A) applying a first sol-gel composition to at least one surface of a substrate to form a first coating layer, wherein the first sol-gel composition comprises at least a silane and wherein the first coating layer has a dry film thickness of 44 to 64 nm, and demonstrates a refractive index of 1.62 to 1.85; (B) applying a second sol-gel composition to at least one surface of the first coating layer to form second coating layer; wherein the second sol-gel composition comprises a silane and wherein the second coating layer has a dry film thickness of 70 to 90 nm, and demonstrates a refractive index of 1.90 to 2.10; (C) applying an acidic sol-gel composition to at least one surface of the second coating layer to form a third coating layer; wherein the acidic sol-gel composition comprises a silane and wherein the third coating layer has a dry film thickness of 74 to 94 nm, and demonstrates a refractive index of 1.40 to 1.48; and (D) applying an anti-fouling coating layer to the third coating layer. 24. The process of claim 23, wherein each coating is independently applied by a slot-die coating process, a spray-coating process, a spin-coating process, or a dip-coating process. | Coated articles demonstrating antireflective properties are provided. Exemplary coated articles comprise a substrate and two or three coating layers applied to at least one surface of the substrate; the coatings are deposited from sol-gel compositions comprising a silane. Each adjacent coating layer demonstrates a different refractive index. The coated article further comprises an outermost anti-fouling coating layer applied to at least one surface of a coating layer. Processes for forming the coated articles are also provided.1. A coated article comprising:
(A) a substrate; (B) a first coating layer applied directly to at least one surface of the substrate; wherein the first coating layer has a dry film thickness of 90 to 150 nm and is formed from a sol-gel composition comprising at least an alkoxysilane and wherein the first coating layer demonstrates a refractive index of 1.62 to 1.85; (C) a second coating layer applied to at least one surface of the first coating layer; wherein the second coating layer has a dry film thickness of 87 to 97 nm and is formed from an acidic sol-gel composition comprising a silane and wherein the second coating layer demonstrates a refractive index of 1.40 to 1.48; and (D) an anti-fouling coating layer applied to at least one surface of the second coating layer. 2. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the substrate (A) comprises glass, polymethylmethacrylate, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyurea-urethane, polyamide, cellulose triacetate (TAC), cyclo olefin polymer (COP) or poly (allyl diglycol carbonate). 3. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the substrate (A) comprises glass or polymethylmethacrylate; and the first coating layer (B) is formed from a sol-gel composition comprising:
(1) a resin component comprising:
(a) tetraalkoxysilane;
(b) an epoxy functional trialkoxysilane;
(c) a metal-containing catalyst; and
(d) a solvent component; and
(2) a particulate component comprising a metal oxide that demonstrates a refractive index of at least 2.0; wherein when the substrate comprises polymethylmethacrylate the solvent component (d) in the sol-gel composition comprises 1-propanol. 4. The coated article of claim 3, wherein the particulate component (2) comprises titanium oxide or zirconium oxide, present in the sol-gel composition in an amount from 18 to 50 percent by weight, based on the total weight of solids in the sol-gel composition used to form the first coating layer (B). 5. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the second coating layer (C) is formed from an acidic sol-gel composition comprising:
(a) tetraalkoxysilane; (b) alkyl trialkoxysilane; (c) a silane-functional acrylic polymer; (d) inorganic oxide particles; (e) a mineral acid; (f) water; and (g) a solvent. 6. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises glass and the coated article demonstrates a transmittance increase of greater than 2.5% in a wavelength range from 360 nm to 750 nm. 7. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the substrate has two opposing surfaces. 8. The coated article of claim 7, wherein each of the coatings (B), (C) and anti-fouling coating (D) are coated on both opposing surfaces of the substrate. 9. The coated article of claim 1, wherein said coated article is an optical article comprising a display element, window, mirror, and/or active and passive liquid crystal cell element or device. 10. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the second coating layer is essentially free of fluorine. 11. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the coated article demonstrates a transmittance increase ΔT of at least 2.0% in a wavelength range from 360 nm to 750 nm. 12. A coated article comprising:
(A) a substrate; (B) a first coating layer applied to at least one surface of the substrate; wherein the first coating layer has a dry film thickness of 44 to 64 nm, and is formed from a sol-gel composition comprising a silane and wherein the first coating layer demonstrates a refractive index of 1.62 to 1.85; (C) a second coating layer applied to at least one surface of the first coating layer; wherein the second coating layer has a dry film thickness of 70 to 90 nm, and is formed from a sol-gel composition comprising a silane and wherein the second coating layer demonstrates a refractive index of 1.90 to 2.10; (D) a third coating layer applied to at least one surface of the second coating layer; wherein the third coating layer has a dry film thickness of 74 to 94 nm, and is formed from an acidic sol-gel composition comprising a silane and wherein the third coating layer demonstrates a refractive index of 1.40 to 1.48; and (E) an anti-fouling coating layer applied to at least one surface of the third coating layer. 13. The coated article of claim 12, wherein the substrate (A) comprises glass, polym ethyl methacrylate, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyurea-urethane, polyamide, cellulose triacetate (TAC), cyclo olefin polymer (COP), or poly (allyl diglycol carbonate). 14. The coated article of claim 12, wherein the first coating layer (B) is formed from a sol-gel composition comprising:
(1) a resin component comprising:
(a) tetraalkoxysilane;
(b) an epoxy functional trialkoxysilane;
(c) a metal-containing catalyst; and
(d) a solvent component; and
(2) a particulate component comprising titanium oxide or zirconium oxide, present in the sol-gel composition in an amount from 20 to 70 percent by weight, based on the total weight of solids in the sol-gel composition used to form the first coating layer (B). 15. The coated article of claim 12, wherein the second coating layer (C) is formed from a sol-gel composition comprising:
(1) a resin component comprising:
(a) tetraalkoxysilane;
(b) an epoxy functional trialkoxysilane;
(c) a metal-containing catalyst; and
(d) a solvent component; and
(2) a particulate component comprising titanium oxide or zirconium oxide, present in the sol-gel composition in an amount from 40 to 95 percent by weight, based on the total weight of solids in the sol-gel composition used to form the second coating layer (C). 16. The coated article of claim 12, wherein the third coating layer (D) is formed from an acidic sol-gel composition comprising:
(a) tetraalkoxysilane; (b) alkyl trialkoxysilane; (c) a silane-functional acrylic polymer; (d) inorganic oxide particles; (e) a mineral acid; (f) water; and (g) a solvent. 17. The coated article of claim 12, wherein the substrate comprises glass and the coated article demonstrates a transmittance increase greater than 3.0% in a wavelength range from 360 nm to 750 nm. 18. The coated article of claim 12, wherein the substrate has two opposing surfaces. 19. The coated article of claim 12, wherein said coated article is an optical article comprising a display element, window, mirror, and/or active and passive liquid crystal cell element or device. 20. The coated article of claim 12, wherein the coated article demonstrates a transmittance increase ΔT of at least 2.5% in a wavelength range from 360 nm to 750 nm. 21. A process of forming a coated article that demonstrates antireflective properties comprising:
(A) applying a sol-gel composition to at least one surface of a substrate to form a first coating layer having a dry film thickness of 90 to 150 nm, wherein the sol-gel composition comprises at least a silane and wherein the first coating layer demonstrates a refractive index of 1.62 to 1.85; (B) applying an acidic sol-gel composition to at least one surface of the first coating layer to form a second coating layer having a dry film thickness of 87 to 97 nm, wherein the acidic sol-gel composition comprises a silane and wherein the second coating layer demonstrates a refractive index of 1.40 to 1.48; and (C) applying an anti-fouling coating layer to the second coating layer. 22. The process of claim 21, wherein the coatings are each independently applied by a slot-die coating process, a spray-coating process, a spin-coating process, or a dip-coating process. 23. A process of forming a coated article that demonstrates antireflective properties comprising:
(A) applying a first sol-gel composition to at least one surface of a substrate to form a first coating layer, wherein the first sol-gel composition comprises at least a silane and wherein the first coating layer has a dry film thickness of 44 to 64 nm, and demonstrates a refractive index of 1.62 to 1.85; (B) applying a second sol-gel composition to at least one surface of the first coating layer to form second coating layer; wherein the second sol-gel composition comprises a silane and wherein the second coating layer has a dry film thickness of 70 to 90 nm, and demonstrates a refractive index of 1.90 to 2.10; (C) applying an acidic sol-gel composition to at least one surface of the second coating layer to form a third coating layer; wherein the acidic sol-gel composition comprises a silane and wherein the third coating layer has a dry film thickness of 74 to 94 nm, and demonstrates a refractive index of 1.40 to 1.48; and (D) applying an anti-fouling coating layer to the third coating layer. 24. The process of claim 23, wherein each coating is independently applied by a slot-die coating process, a spray-coating process, a spin-coating process, or a dip-coating process. | 1,700 |
4,181 | 15,346,688 | 1,717 | A method for selectively plating a leadframe ( 1100 ) by oxidizing selected areas ( 401, 402, 403, 404 ) of the leadframe made of a first metal ( 102 ) and then depositing a layer ( 901 ) of a second metal onto un-oxidized areas. The selective oxidations are achieved by selective active marking | 1. A method for selectively plating a leadframe comprising:
using a maskless process to selectively oxidize a plurality of selected areas of a leadframe made of a first metal leaving a plurality of un-oxized areas; and depositing a layer of a second metal onto the plurality un-oxidized areas; wherein the step of selectively oxidizing includes the step of transferring heat into the selected leadframe areas for accelerating oxidation of the first metal. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the second metal layers have diffuse edges bordering the plurality of selected oxidized areas. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of transferring heat includes a tool having elongated probes matching the selected leadframe areas, the probes suitable to be electrically heated. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of transferring heat includes a movable laser beam. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the first metal is selected from a group including copper, copper alloy, aluminum, iron-nickel alloy, and Kovar™. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of depositing includes the step of immersing the leadframe into a plating bath, the deposited layer adhering to the un-oxidized leadframe areas while not adhering to the oxidized areas. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the step of depositing includes the step of flood plating. 8. The method of claim 6 further including the step of peeling away the deposited layer not adhering to the oxidized leadframe areas. 9. The method of claim 6 wherein the second metal includes a layer of nickel in contact with the first metal, a layer of palladium in contact with the nickel, and a layer of gold in contact with the palladium. 10. The method of claim 6 wherein the second metal includes tin. | A method for selectively plating a leadframe ( 1100 ) by oxidizing selected areas ( 401, 402, 403, 404 ) of the leadframe made of a first metal ( 102 ) and then depositing a layer ( 901 ) of a second metal onto un-oxidized areas. The selective oxidations are achieved by selective active marking1. A method for selectively plating a leadframe comprising:
using a maskless process to selectively oxidize a plurality of selected areas of a leadframe made of a first metal leaving a plurality of un-oxized areas; and depositing a layer of a second metal onto the plurality un-oxidized areas; wherein the step of selectively oxidizing includes the step of transferring heat into the selected leadframe areas for accelerating oxidation of the first metal. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the second metal layers have diffuse edges bordering the plurality of selected oxidized areas. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of transferring heat includes a tool having elongated probes matching the selected leadframe areas, the probes suitable to be electrically heated. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of transferring heat includes a movable laser beam. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the first metal is selected from a group including copper, copper alloy, aluminum, iron-nickel alloy, and Kovar™. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of depositing includes the step of immersing the leadframe into a plating bath, the deposited layer adhering to the un-oxidized leadframe areas while not adhering to the oxidized areas. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the step of depositing includes the step of flood plating. 8. The method of claim 6 further including the step of peeling away the deposited layer not adhering to the oxidized leadframe areas. 9. The method of claim 6 wherein the second metal includes a layer of nickel in contact with the first metal, a layer of palladium in contact with the nickel, and a layer of gold in contact with the palladium. 10. The method of claim 6 wherein the second metal includes tin. | 1,700 |
4,182 | 14,699,047 | 1,793 | An encapsulated flavor, comprising a core material, flavor material and a coating material, the core material comprising a finely-divided native starch, xanthan gum and konjac, the combined weight proportion of the xanthan gum and konjac present in the encapsulated flavour being from about 4% to about 16%, and the relative weight proportions of xanthan gum to konjac being from about 20:80 to about 80:20. The encapsulated flavors may be completely gelatin-free, while retaining the desirable qualities of gelatin. | 1. An encapsulated flavor, comprising a core material, flavor material and a coating material, the core material comprising a finely-divided native starch, xanthan gum and konjac, the combined weight proportion of the xanthan gum and konjac present in the encapsulated flavour being from about 4% to about 16%, and the relative weight proportions of xanthan gum to konjac being from about 20:80 to about 80:20. 2. The encapsulated flavor according to claim 1, in which the combined weight proportion of the konjac and xanthan gum in the encapsulated flavour is from 6-14% by weight. 3. The encapsulated flavour according to claim 1, in which the combined weight proportion of the konjac and xanthan gum in the encapsulated flavour is from 8-12% by weight. 4. The encapsulated flavour according to claim 1, in which the relative weight proportions of xanthan gum to konjac are from 30:70-70:30. 5. The encapsulated flavour according to claim 1, in which the relative weight proportions of xanthan gum to konjac are from 60:40-40:60. 6. The encapsulated flavour according to claim 1, in which the relative weight proportions of xanthan gum to konjac are from 45:55-55:45. 7. The encapsulated flavour according to claim 1, in which the relative weight proportions of xanthan gum to konjac are from 48:52-52:48. 8. The encapsulated flavour according to claim 1, in which the relative weight proportions of xanthan gum to konjac are about 50:50. 9. A method of preparing an encapsulated flavor, comprising the blending of a mixture of native starch, xanthan gum and konjac and a flavor emulsion to give a granulate, the combined weight proportion of the xanthan gum and konjac present in the encapsulated flavour being from about 4% to about 16%, and the relative weight proportions of xanthan gum to konjac being from about 20:80 to about 80:20. 10. The method according to claim 9, in which the flavor emulsion is prepared in the presence of an emulsifier. 11. The method according to claim 10, in which the emulsifier is polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. 12. A solid comestible composition comprising a comestible product base and the encapsulated flavor according to claim 1. 13. The solid comestible composition according to claim 12, which is completely gelatin-free. | An encapsulated flavor, comprising a core material, flavor material and a coating material, the core material comprising a finely-divided native starch, xanthan gum and konjac, the combined weight proportion of the xanthan gum and konjac present in the encapsulated flavour being from about 4% to about 16%, and the relative weight proportions of xanthan gum to konjac being from about 20:80 to about 80:20. The encapsulated flavors may be completely gelatin-free, while retaining the desirable qualities of gelatin.1. An encapsulated flavor, comprising a core material, flavor material and a coating material, the core material comprising a finely-divided native starch, xanthan gum and konjac, the combined weight proportion of the xanthan gum and konjac present in the encapsulated flavour being from about 4% to about 16%, and the relative weight proportions of xanthan gum to konjac being from about 20:80 to about 80:20. 2. The encapsulated flavor according to claim 1, in which the combined weight proportion of the konjac and xanthan gum in the encapsulated flavour is from 6-14% by weight. 3. The encapsulated flavour according to claim 1, in which the combined weight proportion of the konjac and xanthan gum in the encapsulated flavour is from 8-12% by weight. 4. The encapsulated flavour according to claim 1, in which the relative weight proportions of xanthan gum to konjac are from 30:70-70:30. 5. The encapsulated flavour according to claim 1, in which the relative weight proportions of xanthan gum to konjac are from 60:40-40:60. 6. The encapsulated flavour according to claim 1, in which the relative weight proportions of xanthan gum to konjac are from 45:55-55:45. 7. The encapsulated flavour according to claim 1, in which the relative weight proportions of xanthan gum to konjac are from 48:52-52:48. 8. The encapsulated flavour according to claim 1, in which the relative weight proportions of xanthan gum to konjac are about 50:50. 9. A method of preparing an encapsulated flavor, comprising the blending of a mixture of native starch, xanthan gum and konjac and a flavor emulsion to give a granulate, the combined weight proportion of the xanthan gum and konjac present in the encapsulated flavour being from about 4% to about 16%, and the relative weight proportions of xanthan gum to konjac being from about 20:80 to about 80:20. 10. The method according to claim 9, in which the flavor emulsion is prepared in the presence of an emulsifier. 11. The method according to claim 10, in which the emulsifier is polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. 12. A solid comestible composition comprising a comestible product base and the encapsulated flavor according to claim 1. 13. The solid comestible composition according to claim 12, which is completely gelatin-free. | 1,700 |
4,183 | 15,384,633 | 1,787 | Coated articles demonstrating anti-reflective properties are provided. Exemplary coated articles comprise a substrate and an anti-reflective coating layer applied to at least one surface of the substrate. The anti-reflective coating layer is formed from an acidic sol-gel composition comprising: (a) tetraalkoxysilane; (b) alkyl trialkoxysilane; (c) a silane-functional acrylic polymer; (d) inorganic oxide particles; (e) a mineral acid; (f) water; and (g) a solvent. The coated article optionally further comprises an outermost anti-fouling coating layer applied to at least one surface of the anti-reflective coating layer. | 1. A coated article demonstrating anti-reflective properties comprising:
(A) a substrate; and (B) an anti-reflective coating layer applied to at least a portion of at least one surface of the substrate; wherein the anti-reflective coating layer is formed from an acidic sol-gel composition comprising: (a) tetraalkoxysilane; (b) alkyl trialkoxysilane; (c) a silane-functional acrylic polymer; (d) inorganic oxide particles; (e) a mineral acid; (f) water; and (g) a solvent. 2. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the acidic sol-gel composition further comprises MgF2 present in the acidic sol-gel composition in the amount of 0.1 to 15 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the sol-gel composition. 3. The coated article of claim 1, further comprising an anti-fouling coating layer applied to at least a portion of the anti-reflective coating layer. 4. The coated article of claim 1 wherein the substrate (A) comprises glass, polymethylmethacrylate, polycarbonate, polyurea-urethane, polyethylene terephthalate, or allyl diglycol carbonate. 5. The coated article of claim 4 wherein the substrate has two opposing surfaces. 6. The coated article of claim 5 wherein the anti-reflective coating layer (B) is applied to at least a portion of both opposing surfaces of the substrate to form two coated sides. 7. The coated article of claim 6, further comprising an anti-fouling coating layer applied on top of at least a portion of both coated sides. 8. The coated article of claim 6 wherein the substrate comprises polymethylmethacrylate and the solvent (g) comprises n-propanol, present in an amount higher than 60 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the acidic sol-gel composition. 9. The coated article of claim 5, wherein the substrate comprises glass and the anti-reflective coating layer is applied to one surface of the substrate, and wherein the coated article demonstrates a single-side integrated specular-only reflectance less than 2.80% in a wavelength range from 380 nm to 780 nm. 10. The coated article of claim 1, wherein said coated article is an optical article. 11. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the anti-reflective coating layer has a dry film thickness of less than 200 nm. 12. A method of forming a coated article having an anti-reflective surface comprising:
(1) applying the anti-reflective coating layer (B) in claim 1 to at least a portion of a surface of a substrate to form a coated substrate; and (2) subjecting the coated substrate to conditions for a time sufficient to effect cure of the anti-reflective coating. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the anti-reflective coating layer is applied by spin-coating, dip-coating, spray-coating, slot-die coating, curtain coating, or flow coating. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the coated substrate is cured at a temperature of at least 80° C. for at least 30 minutes. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the substrate comprises glass, polymethylmethacrylate, or polycarbonate, and wherein the anti-reflective coating layer is applied by spin coating or spray coating and has a dry film thickness of 80 to 120 nm. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the coated article comprises an optical article selected from a display screen, a touch screen, a solar cell, and a glazing. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the substrate comprises polycarbonate or allyl diglycol carbonate, and wherein the anti-reflective coating layer is applied by dip-coating and has a dry film thickness of 80 to 120 nm. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the coated article comprises an optical lens. 19. The method of claim 13, further comprising applying an anti-fouling coating layer to at least a portion of the anti-reflective coating layer, either before or after step (2). | Coated articles demonstrating anti-reflective properties are provided. Exemplary coated articles comprise a substrate and an anti-reflective coating layer applied to at least one surface of the substrate. The anti-reflective coating layer is formed from an acidic sol-gel composition comprising: (a) tetraalkoxysilane; (b) alkyl trialkoxysilane; (c) a silane-functional acrylic polymer; (d) inorganic oxide particles; (e) a mineral acid; (f) water; and (g) a solvent. The coated article optionally further comprises an outermost anti-fouling coating layer applied to at least one surface of the anti-reflective coating layer.1. A coated article demonstrating anti-reflective properties comprising:
(A) a substrate; and (B) an anti-reflective coating layer applied to at least a portion of at least one surface of the substrate; wherein the anti-reflective coating layer is formed from an acidic sol-gel composition comprising: (a) tetraalkoxysilane; (b) alkyl trialkoxysilane; (c) a silane-functional acrylic polymer; (d) inorganic oxide particles; (e) a mineral acid; (f) water; and (g) a solvent. 2. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the acidic sol-gel composition further comprises MgF2 present in the acidic sol-gel composition in the amount of 0.1 to 15 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the sol-gel composition. 3. The coated article of claim 1, further comprising an anti-fouling coating layer applied to at least a portion of the anti-reflective coating layer. 4. The coated article of claim 1 wherein the substrate (A) comprises glass, polymethylmethacrylate, polycarbonate, polyurea-urethane, polyethylene terephthalate, or allyl diglycol carbonate. 5. The coated article of claim 4 wherein the substrate has two opposing surfaces. 6. The coated article of claim 5 wherein the anti-reflective coating layer (B) is applied to at least a portion of both opposing surfaces of the substrate to form two coated sides. 7. The coated article of claim 6, further comprising an anti-fouling coating layer applied on top of at least a portion of both coated sides. 8. The coated article of claim 6 wherein the substrate comprises polymethylmethacrylate and the solvent (g) comprises n-propanol, present in an amount higher than 60 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the acidic sol-gel composition. 9. The coated article of claim 5, wherein the substrate comprises glass and the anti-reflective coating layer is applied to one surface of the substrate, and wherein the coated article demonstrates a single-side integrated specular-only reflectance less than 2.80% in a wavelength range from 380 nm to 780 nm. 10. The coated article of claim 1, wherein said coated article is an optical article. 11. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the anti-reflective coating layer has a dry film thickness of less than 200 nm. 12. A method of forming a coated article having an anti-reflective surface comprising:
(1) applying the anti-reflective coating layer (B) in claim 1 to at least a portion of a surface of a substrate to form a coated substrate; and (2) subjecting the coated substrate to conditions for a time sufficient to effect cure of the anti-reflective coating. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the anti-reflective coating layer is applied by spin-coating, dip-coating, spray-coating, slot-die coating, curtain coating, or flow coating. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the coated substrate is cured at a temperature of at least 80° C. for at least 30 minutes. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the substrate comprises glass, polymethylmethacrylate, or polycarbonate, and wherein the anti-reflective coating layer is applied by spin coating or spray coating and has a dry film thickness of 80 to 120 nm. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the coated article comprises an optical article selected from a display screen, a touch screen, a solar cell, and a glazing. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the substrate comprises polycarbonate or allyl diglycol carbonate, and wherein the anti-reflective coating layer is applied by dip-coating and has a dry film thickness of 80 to 120 nm. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the coated article comprises an optical lens. 19. The method of claim 13, further comprising applying an anti-fouling coating layer to at least a portion of the anti-reflective coating layer, either before or after step (2). | 1,700 |
4,184 | 15,869,778 | 1,792 | A carton for storing a plurality of products includes a main body establishing an enclosure with an interior cavity for storing a plurality of products, with the enclosure being formed from a plurality of interconnected panels. A hingedly connected access flap, enabling access to the interior cavity, is formed from and extends across portions of at least two of the plurality of panels. The carton is provided with a handle assembly established, at least in part, by first and second openings, with the first opening being formed in the access flap and the second opening being formed adjacent the access flap in one of the plurality of panels. The handle assembly enables the carton to be readily grasped with one hand while simultaneously closing an access opening to the carton with the flap. | 1. A carton for storing a plurality of products comprising:
a main body establishing an enclosure with an interior cavity for storing a plurality of products, with the enclosure being formed from a plurality of interconnected panels, including a plurality of side panels and first and second end panels which collectively form the main body; an access flap hingedly connected to the main body and enabling access to the interior cavity, with the access flap being formed from and extending across portions of at least two of the plurality of panels; and a handle assembly established, at least in part, by first and second openings, with the first opening being formed in the access flap and the second opening being formed adjacent the access flap in one of the plurality of panels, said first and second openings being spaced by a distance enabling the carton to be grasped through the handle assembly with one hand. 2. The carton of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of individually wrapped edible food products stored in the interior cavity, with the food products being accessible by a consumer due to the flap. 3. The carton of claim 2, wherein the main body is formed of paperboard or corrugated material. 4. The carton of claim 1, wherein the at least two of the plurality of panels includes one of the plurality of side panels and one of the first and second end panels. 5. The carton of claim 4, wherein the access flap is connected to the main body of the carton by a living hinge. 6. The carton of claim 1, wherein the access flap includes a free end portion forming part of one of the at least two of the plurality of panels and another portion hingedly connected to another one of the at least two of the plurality of panels. 7. The carton of claim 6, further comprising perforations formed in the at least two of the plurality of panels and extending about all but one section of the access flap. 8. The carton of claim 7, wherein the access flap is hingedly connected to the main body along the one section in one of the first and second end panels. 9. The carton of claim 7, wherein the first opening is closer than the second opening to where the access flap is hingedly connected to the main body. 10. The carton of claim 1, wherein the first opening is smaller than the second opening and configured to receive a thumb of the one hand. 11. The carton of claim 10, wherein the first opening is generally circular and the second opening is generally elliptical. 12. The carton of claim 10, wherein the access flap includes a free end portion forming part of one of the at least two of the plurality of panels and the second opening is also formed in the one of the at least two of the plurality of panels. 13. The carton of claim 10, wherein the access flap includes a free end portion forming part of one of the at least two of the plurality of panels and the second opening is also formed in a panel adjacent the one of the at least two of the plurality of panels. 14. A method of carrying a carton including a main body establishing an enclosure with an interior cavity for storing a plurality of products, with the enclosure being formed from a plurality of interconnected panels, including a plurality of side panels and first and second end panels, and having an access flap formed from and extending across portions of at least two of the plurality of panels, with the access flap being selectively pivotable between an opened position wherein the access flap is positioned to expose an enlarged access opening through which a product stored in the carton can be readily accessed and a closed position wherein the access flap extends across the enlarged access opening, said method comprising: grasping the carton with the access flap in the closed position by inserting at least one finger of a user's hand into a first opening formed in the access flap and at least one other finger of the user's hand in a second opening formed adjacent the access flap in one of the plurality of panels. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the first and second openings are formed in a common one of the plurality of panels. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the first and second openings are formed in different ones of the plurality of panels. 17. The method of claim 14, further comprising: pivoting the access flap to the closed position by means of a hinge connecting the access flap to one of the plurality of panels. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the first opening is formed directly adjacent a free end portion of the access flap and the second opening is formed in the one of the plurality of panels which is spaced or offset from the flap. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein inserting the at least one finger of a user's hand into the first opening formed in the access flap includes inserting the user's thumb into the first opening. 20. The method of claim 14, further comprising: grasping the carton with the user's hand extending around a corner of the carton. | A carton for storing a plurality of products includes a main body establishing an enclosure with an interior cavity for storing a plurality of products, with the enclosure being formed from a plurality of interconnected panels. A hingedly connected access flap, enabling access to the interior cavity, is formed from and extends across portions of at least two of the plurality of panels. The carton is provided with a handle assembly established, at least in part, by first and second openings, with the first opening being formed in the access flap and the second opening being formed adjacent the access flap in one of the plurality of panels. The handle assembly enables the carton to be readily grasped with one hand while simultaneously closing an access opening to the carton with the flap.1. A carton for storing a plurality of products comprising:
a main body establishing an enclosure with an interior cavity for storing a plurality of products, with the enclosure being formed from a plurality of interconnected panels, including a plurality of side panels and first and second end panels which collectively form the main body; an access flap hingedly connected to the main body and enabling access to the interior cavity, with the access flap being formed from and extending across portions of at least two of the plurality of panels; and a handle assembly established, at least in part, by first and second openings, with the first opening being formed in the access flap and the second opening being formed adjacent the access flap in one of the plurality of panels, said first and second openings being spaced by a distance enabling the carton to be grasped through the handle assembly with one hand. 2. The carton of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of individually wrapped edible food products stored in the interior cavity, with the food products being accessible by a consumer due to the flap. 3. The carton of claim 2, wherein the main body is formed of paperboard or corrugated material. 4. The carton of claim 1, wherein the at least two of the plurality of panels includes one of the plurality of side panels and one of the first and second end panels. 5. The carton of claim 4, wherein the access flap is connected to the main body of the carton by a living hinge. 6. The carton of claim 1, wherein the access flap includes a free end portion forming part of one of the at least two of the plurality of panels and another portion hingedly connected to another one of the at least two of the plurality of panels. 7. The carton of claim 6, further comprising perforations formed in the at least two of the plurality of panels and extending about all but one section of the access flap. 8. The carton of claim 7, wherein the access flap is hingedly connected to the main body along the one section in one of the first and second end panels. 9. The carton of claim 7, wherein the first opening is closer than the second opening to where the access flap is hingedly connected to the main body. 10. The carton of claim 1, wherein the first opening is smaller than the second opening and configured to receive a thumb of the one hand. 11. The carton of claim 10, wherein the first opening is generally circular and the second opening is generally elliptical. 12. The carton of claim 10, wherein the access flap includes a free end portion forming part of one of the at least two of the plurality of panels and the second opening is also formed in the one of the at least two of the plurality of panels. 13. The carton of claim 10, wherein the access flap includes a free end portion forming part of one of the at least two of the plurality of panels and the second opening is also formed in a panel adjacent the one of the at least two of the plurality of panels. 14. A method of carrying a carton including a main body establishing an enclosure with an interior cavity for storing a plurality of products, with the enclosure being formed from a plurality of interconnected panels, including a plurality of side panels and first and second end panels, and having an access flap formed from and extending across portions of at least two of the plurality of panels, with the access flap being selectively pivotable between an opened position wherein the access flap is positioned to expose an enlarged access opening through which a product stored in the carton can be readily accessed and a closed position wherein the access flap extends across the enlarged access opening, said method comprising: grasping the carton with the access flap in the closed position by inserting at least one finger of a user's hand into a first opening formed in the access flap and at least one other finger of the user's hand in a second opening formed adjacent the access flap in one of the plurality of panels. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the first and second openings are formed in a common one of the plurality of panels. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the first and second openings are formed in different ones of the plurality of panels. 17. The method of claim 14, further comprising: pivoting the access flap to the closed position by means of a hinge connecting the access flap to one of the plurality of panels. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the first opening is formed directly adjacent a free end portion of the access flap and the second opening is formed in the one of the plurality of panels which is spaced or offset from the flap. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein inserting the at least one finger of a user's hand into the first opening formed in the access flap includes inserting the user's thumb into the first opening. 20. The method of claim 14, further comprising: grasping the carton with the user's hand extending around a corner of the carton. | 1,700 |
4,185 | 15,427,619 | 1,714 | Reducing the microvoid (MV) density in AlN ameliorates numerous problems related to cracking during crystal growth, etch pit generation during the polishing, reduction of the optical transparency in an AlN wafer, and, possibly, growth pit formation during epitaxial growth of AlN and/or AlGaN. This facilitates practical crystal production strategies and the formation of large, bulk AlN crystals with low defect densities—e.g., a dislocation density below 10 4 cm −2 and an inclusion density below 10 4 cm −3 and/or a MV density below 10 4 cm −3 . | 1.-38. (canceled) 39. A method of growing single-crystal AlN, the method comprising:
providing in a crystal growth enclosure a vapor comprising Al and N2; depositing the vapor as single-crystalline AlN; and following deposition, annealing at least a portion of the single-crystalline AlN at a first temperature and a first pressure, wherein the first temperature is selected from the range of approximately 1000° C. to approximately 2350° C. 40. The method of claim 39, wherein the first temperature is no less than approximately 2000° C. 41. The method of claim 39, wherein depositing the vapor as single-crystalline AlN comprises pushing the crystal growth enclosure at a push rate less than an intrinsic growth rate of the single-crystalline AlN. 42. The method of claim 41, wherein the push rate less is less than approximately 2 mm/hr. 43. The method of claim 39, wherein the first pressure is selected from the range of 1 bar to 50 bar. 44. The method of claim 39, wherein the first pressure is at least approximately 35 bar. 45. The method of claim 39, wherein the at least a portion of the single-crystalline AlN has at least one of (i) an optical absorption coefficient of less than 5 cm−1 at all wavelengths in a range spanning 500 nm to 3,000 nm or (ii) an optical absorption coefficient of less than 1 cm−1 at any wavelength in a range spanning 210 nm to 4,500 nm. 46. The method of claim 39, wherein the single-crystalline AlN has a microvoid density less than approximately 104 cm−3. 47. A method of growing single-crystal AlN, the method comprising:
providing in a crystal growth enclosure (i) a vapor comprising Al and N2, and (ii) a seed crystal; and depositing the vapor as single-crystalline AlN on the seed crystal, wherein an orientation of the seed crystal is at least approximately 10° away from a c-axis. 48. The method of claim 47, wherein depositing the vapor as single-crystalline AlN comprises pushing the crystal growth enclosure at a push rate less than an intrinsic growth rate of the single-crystalline AlN. 49. The method of claim 48, wherein the push rate less is less than approximately 2 mm/hr. 50. The method of claim 47, wherein the at least a portion of the single-crystalline AlN has at least one of (i) an optical absorption coefficient of less than 5 cm−1 at all wavelengths in a range spanning 500 nm to 3,000 nm or (ii) an optical absorption coefficient of less than 1 cm−1 at any wavelength in a range spanning 210 nm to 4,500 nm. 51. The method of claim 47, wherein the single-crystalline AlN has a microvoid density less than approximately 104 cm−3. 52. An AlN single crystal having a plurality of microvoids disposed therein, wherein a density of the microvoids in a center region of the AlN single crystal is less than a density of the microvoids in an edge region of the AlN single crystal. 53. The AlN single crystal of claim 52, wherein at least a portion of the AlN single crystal has at least one of (i) an optical absorption coefficient of less than 5 cm−1 at all wavelengths in a range spanning 500 nm to 3,000 nm or (ii) an optical absorption coefficient of less than 1 cm−1 at any wavelength in a range spanning 210 nm to 4,500 nm. 54. The AlN single crystal of claim 53, wherein the at least a portion of the AlN single crystal has an optical absorption coefficient of less than 5 cm−1 at all wavelengths in a range spanning 500 nm to 3,000 nm. 55. The AlN single crystal of claim 54, wherein the at least a portion of the AlN single crystal has an optical absorption coefficient of less than 1 cm−1 at any wavelength in a range spanning 210 nm to 4,500 nm. 56. The AlN single crystal of claim 53, wherein the at least a portion of the AlN single crystal has an optical absorption coefficient of less than 1 cm−1 at any wavelength in a range spanning 210 nm to 4,500 nm. 57. The AlN single crystal of claim 52, wherein the AlN single crystal is in the form of a wafer having a diameter greater than approximately 2 cm. 58. The AlN single crystal of claim 57, wherein the AlN single crystal is substantially crack-free. | Reducing the microvoid (MV) density in AlN ameliorates numerous problems related to cracking during crystal growth, etch pit generation during the polishing, reduction of the optical transparency in an AlN wafer, and, possibly, growth pit formation during epitaxial growth of AlN and/or AlGaN. This facilitates practical crystal production strategies and the formation of large, bulk AlN crystals with low defect densities—e.g., a dislocation density below 10 4 cm −2 and an inclusion density below 10 4 cm −3 and/or a MV density below 10 4 cm −3 .1.-38. (canceled) 39. A method of growing single-crystal AlN, the method comprising:
providing in a crystal growth enclosure a vapor comprising Al and N2; depositing the vapor as single-crystalline AlN; and following deposition, annealing at least a portion of the single-crystalline AlN at a first temperature and a first pressure, wherein the first temperature is selected from the range of approximately 1000° C. to approximately 2350° C. 40. The method of claim 39, wherein the first temperature is no less than approximately 2000° C. 41. The method of claim 39, wherein depositing the vapor as single-crystalline AlN comprises pushing the crystal growth enclosure at a push rate less than an intrinsic growth rate of the single-crystalline AlN. 42. The method of claim 41, wherein the push rate less is less than approximately 2 mm/hr. 43. The method of claim 39, wherein the first pressure is selected from the range of 1 bar to 50 bar. 44. The method of claim 39, wherein the first pressure is at least approximately 35 bar. 45. The method of claim 39, wherein the at least a portion of the single-crystalline AlN has at least one of (i) an optical absorption coefficient of less than 5 cm−1 at all wavelengths in a range spanning 500 nm to 3,000 nm or (ii) an optical absorption coefficient of less than 1 cm−1 at any wavelength in a range spanning 210 nm to 4,500 nm. 46. The method of claim 39, wherein the single-crystalline AlN has a microvoid density less than approximately 104 cm−3. 47. A method of growing single-crystal AlN, the method comprising:
providing in a crystal growth enclosure (i) a vapor comprising Al and N2, and (ii) a seed crystal; and depositing the vapor as single-crystalline AlN on the seed crystal, wherein an orientation of the seed crystal is at least approximately 10° away from a c-axis. 48. The method of claim 47, wherein depositing the vapor as single-crystalline AlN comprises pushing the crystal growth enclosure at a push rate less than an intrinsic growth rate of the single-crystalline AlN. 49. The method of claim 48, wherein the push rate less is less than approximately 2 mm/hr. 50. The method of claim 47, wherein the at least a portion of the single-crystalline AlN has at least one of (i) an optical absorption coefficient of less than 5 cm−1 at all wavelengths in a range spanning 500 nm to 3,000 nm or (ii) an optical absorption coefficient of less than 1 cm−1 at any wavelength in a range spanning 210 nm to 4,500 nm. 51. The method of claim 47, wherein the single-crystalline AlN has a microvoid density less than approximately 104 cm−3. 52. An AlN single crystal having a plurality of microvoids disposed therein, wherein a density of the microvoids in a center region of the AlN single crystal is less than a density of the microvoids in an edge region of the AlN single crystal. 53. The AlN single crystal of claim 52, wherein at least a portion of the AlN single crystal has at least one of (i) an optical absorption coefficient of less than 5 cm−1 at all wavelengths in a range spanning 500 nm to 3,000 nm or (ii) an optical absorption coefficient of less than 1 cm−1 at any wavelength in a range spanning 210 nm to 4,500 nm. 54. The AlN single crystal of claim 53, wherein the at least a portion of the AlN single crystal has an optical absorption coefficient of less than 5 cm−1 at all wavelengths in a range spanning 500 nm to 3,000 nm. 55. The AlN single crystal of claim 54, wherein the at least a portion of the AlN single crystal has an optical absorption coefficient of less than 1 cm−1 at any wavelength in a range spanning 210 nm to 4,500 nm. 56. The AlN single crystal of claim 53, wherein the at least a portion of the AlN single crystal has an optical absorption coefficient of less than 1 cm−1 at any wavelength in a range spanning 210 nm to 4,500 nm. 57. The AlN single crystal of claim 52, wherein the AlN single crystal is in the form of a wafer having a diameter greater than approximately 2 cm. 58. The AlN single crystal of claim 57, wherein the AlN single crystal is substantially crack-free. | 1,700 |
4,186 | 15,615,790 | 1,715 | Methods for forming a nucleation layer on a substrate. In some embodiments, the processing method comprises sequential exposure to a first reactive gas comprising a metal precursor and a second reactive gas comprising a halogenated silane to form a nucleation layer on the surface of the substrate. | 1. A processing method comprising:
positioning a substrate with a surface in a processing chamber; and sequentially exposing the substrate surface to a first reactive gas and a second reactive gas to form a nucleation layer on the surface, the first reactive gas comprising a metal precursor and the second reactive gas comprising a halogenated silane. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal precursor comprises one or more of WCl5, WCl6, WF6, MoCl5, MoCl6 or MoF6. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the halogenated silane comprises a compound having the general formula SiaHbXc, where X is a halogen, a is 1-5, c is at least one and the sum of b and c equals 2a+2. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the halogenated silane has each X independently selected from the group consisting of Cl and F, a is in the range of about 1 to about 2, and c is greater than 1. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal precursor comprises tungsten and the nucleation layer comprises tungsten silicide. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal precursor comprises molybdenum and the nucleation layer comprises molybdenum silicide. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the second reactive gas further comprises a silane or an inert gas. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the nucleation layer has a growth rate in the range of about 0.1 to about 10 Å/cycle. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the halogenated silane comprises substantially no Br or I atoms. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising repeating the sequential exposure to the first reactive gas and the second reactive gas to grow a nucleation layer of a target thickness. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising performing a bulk metal deposition on the nucleation layer. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the bulk metal deposition comprises sequential exposure to a third reactive gas and a fourth reactive gas, the third reactive gas comprising one or more of WF6 or MoF6 and the fourth reactive gas comprising H2. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the fourth reactive gas is a plasma. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the nucleation layer is formed at a temperature in the range of about 350° C. to about 550° C. 15. A processing method comprising:
positioning a substrate with a surface in a processing chamber; forming a nucleation layer on the surface by repeating sequential exposure of the substrate surface to a first reactive gas and a second reactive gas, the first reactive gas comprising a metal precursor and the second reactive gas comprising a halogenated silane to form a nucleation layer of a predetermined thickness; and bulk depositing a metal film on the nucleation layer by repeating sequential exposure of the nucleation layer to a third reactive gas and a fourth reactive gas to form a bulk metal film of a predetermined thickness. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the metal precursor comprises one or more of WCl5, WCl6, WF6, MoCl5, MoCl6 or MoF6. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the halogenated silane comprises a compound having the general formula SiaHbXc, where X is a halogen, a is 1-5, c is at least one and the sum of b and c equals 2a+2. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the nucleation layer has a growth rate in the range of about 0.1 to about 10 Å/cycle. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the third reactive gas comprises one or more of WF6 or MoF6 and the fourth reactive gas comprises H2. 20. A processing method comprising:
placing a substrate having a surface into a processing chamber comprising a plurality of process regions, each process region separated from adjacent process regions by a gas curtain; exposing at least a portion of the substrate surface to a first process condition in a first process region of the processing chamber, the first process condition comprising a metal precursor comprising one or more of WCl5, WCl6, WF6, MoCl5, MoCl6 or MoF6; laterally moving the substrate surface through a gas curtain to a second process region of the processing chamber; exposing the substrate surface to a second process condition in the second process region of the processing chamber, the second process condition comprises a halogenated silane comprising a compound having the general formula SiaHbXc, where X is a halogen, a is 1-5, c is at least one and the sum of b and c equals 2a+2; repeating exposure to the first process condition and the second process condition to form a nucleation layer comprising one or more of tungsten silicide or molybdenum silicide with a predetermined thickness in the range of about 5 Å to about 100 Å at a growth rate in the range of about 0.1 Å/cycle to about 10 Å/cycle; moving the substrate surface to a third process region of the processing chamber, the third process region comprising a third process condition comprising one or more of WF6 or MoF6; moving the substrate to a fourth process region of the processing chamber, the fourth process region comprising a fourth process condition comprising H2; repeating exposure to the third process condition and the fourth process condition to form a metal film on the nucleation layer. | Methods for forming a nucleation layer on a substrate. In some embodiments, the processing method comprises sequential exposure to a first reactive gas comprising a metal precursor and a second reactive gas comprising a halogenated silane to form a nucleation layer on the surface of the substrate.1. A processing method comprising:
positioning a substrate with a surface in a processing chamber; and sequentially exposing the substrate surface to a first reactive gas and a second reactive gas to form a nucleation layer on the surface, the first reactive gas comprising a metal precursor and the second reactive gas comprising a halogenated silane. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal precursor comprises one or more of WCl5, WCl6, WF6, MoCl5, MoCl6 or MoF6. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the halogenated silane comprises a compound having the general formula SiaHbXc, where X is a halogen, a is 1-5, c is at least one and the sum of b and c equals 2a+2. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the halogenated silane has each X independently selected from the group consisting of Cl and F, a is in the range of about 1 to about 2, and c is greater than 1. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal precursor comprises tungsten and the nucleation layer comprises tungsten silicide. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal precursor comprises molybdenum and the nucleation layer comprises molybdenum silicide. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the second reactive gas further comprises a silane or an inert gas. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the nucleation layer has a growth rate in the range of about 0.1 to about 10 Å/cycle. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the halogenated silane comprises substantially no Br or I atoms. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising repeating the sequential exposure to the first reactive gas and the second reactive gas to grow a nucleation layer of a target thickness. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising performing a bulk metal deposition on the nucleation layer. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the bulk metal deposition comprises sequential exposure to a third reactive gas and a fourth reactive gas, the third reactive gas comprising one or more of WF6 or MoF6 and the fourth reactive gas comprising H2. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the fourth reactive gas is a plasma. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the nucleation layer is formed at a temperature in the range of about 350° C. to about 550° C. 15. A processing method comprising:
positioning a substrate with a surface in a processing chamber; forming a nucleation layer on the surface by repeating sequential exposure of the substrate surface to a first reactive gas and a second reactive gas, the first reactive gas comprising a metal precursor and the second reactive gas comprising a halogenated silane to form a nucleation layer of a predetermined thickness; and bulk depositing a metal film on the nucleation layer by repeating sequential exposure of the nucleation layer to a third reactive gas and a fourth reactive gas to form a bulk metal film of a predetermined thickness. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the metal precursor comprises one or more of WCl5, WCl6, WF6, MoCl5, MoCl6 or MoF6. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the halogenated silane comprises a compound having the general formula SiaHbXc, where X is a halogen, a is 1-5, c is at least one and the sum of b and c equals 2a+2. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the nucleation layer has a growth rate in the range of about 0.1 to about 10 Å/cycle. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the third reactive gas comprises one or more of WF6 or MoF6 and the fourth reactive gas comprises H2. 20. A processing method comprising:
placing a substrate having a surface into a processing chamber comprising a plurality of process regions, each process region separated from adjacent process regions by a gas curtain; exposing at least a portion of the substrate surface to a first process condition in a first process region of the processing chamber, the first process condition comprising a metal precursor comprising one or more of WCl5, WCl6, WF6, MoCl5, MoCl6 or MoF6; laterally moving the substrate surface through a gas curtain to a second process region of the processing chamber; exposing the substrate surface to a second process condition in the second process region of the processing chamber, the second process condition comprises a halogenated silane comprising a compound having the general formula SiaHbXc, where X is a halogen, a is 1-5, c is at least one and the sum of b and c equals 2a+2; repeating exposure to the first process condition and the second process condition to form a nucleation layer comprising one or more of tungsten silicide or molybdenum silicide with a predetermined thickness in the range of about 5 Å to about 100 Å at a growth rate in the range of about 0.1 Å/cycle to about 10 Å/cycle; moving the substrate surface to a third process region of the processing chamber, the third process region comprising a third process condition comprising one or more of WF6 or MoF6; moving the substrate to a fourth process region of the processing chamber, the fourth process region comprising a fourth process condition comprising H2; repeating exposure to the third process condition and the fourth process condition to form a metal film on the nucleation layer. | 1,700 |
4,187 | 15,035,273 | 1,792 | The invention provides a cooking apparatus (CA) and method for preparing a food product ( 1 ) from a food component ( 10 ) in a cooking process, wherein the method comprises: acquiring food component input information concerning the food component; controlling a cooking process parameter of the cooking process as function of (i) the food component input information and (ii) a cooking process model, wherein the food component input information comprises historical information concerning the food component, and wherein the cooking process model includes a relation between the food component input information and the cooking process parameter of the cooking process for preparing the food product from the food component. | 1. A method for preparing a food product from a food component in a cooking process, wherein the method comprises:
acquiring food component input information concerning the food component; controlling a cooking process parameter of the cooking process as function of (i) the food component input information and (ii) a cooking process model, wherein the food component input information comprises historical information concerning the food component, and wherein the cooking process model includes a relation between the food component input information and the cooking process parameter of the cooking process for preparing the food product from the food component. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the historical information comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of: (i) growing information of the food component, (ii) harvesting information of the food component, (iii) processing information of the food component, (iv) transporting information of the food component, and (v) storage information of the food component. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the food component comprises an animal meat product, and wherein the historical information comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of (i) animal keeping information, (ii) animal to food component processing information, (iii) transporting information of the animal, (iv) transporting information of the food component, and (v) storage information of the food component. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein (a) the acquisition of the food component input information comprises (i) reading information from an information label associated with the food component and (ii) processing said information into food component input information based on information in a remote database, and wherein (b) the control of the cooking process parameter comprises processing the food component input information into the cooking process parameter based on model information concerning the relation between the food component input information and the cooking process parameter in a remote database. 5. The method according to claim 1, comprising:
acquiring food component input information concerning the food component; acquiring user preference input information; controlling the cooking process parameter of the cooking process as function of (i) the food component input information, (ii) user preference input information, and (iii) the cooking process model, wherein the food component input information comprises historical information concerning the food component, and wherein the cooking process model includes a relation between the food component input information, user preference input information, and the cooking process parameter of the cooking process for preparing the food product from the food component, wherein the cooking process parameter includes a cooking temperature and optionally one or more selected from the group comprising (i) a cooking time, (ii) a cooking pressure, and (iii) a predefined cooking scheme including at least a time-temperature relation. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the user preference input information includes one or more of a food product characteristic, a cooking process start, a cooking process time, a food component characteristic, and a further cooking process characteristic. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises a method for preparing a food product from a plurality of food components in a cooking process, including (i) a food component selected from the group consisting of meat, a vegetable, a fruit and a cereal, and (ii) a cooking liquid. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein a cooking apparatus is applied comprising a cooking chamber, wherein the cooking apparatus further comprises a sensor, configured to measure within the cooking chamber one or more of a cooking process characteristic, a food component characteristic, a food product characteristic, and optionally a further cooking process characteristic, and to generate a corresponding sensor signal, wherein the method further comprises controlling the cooking process parameter of the cooking process as function of the sensor signal. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein a cooking apparatus is applied comprising a cooking chamber, wherein the apparatus further comprises a container unit configured to contain a further food component, wherein the method further comprises controlling dosage of the further food component to the cooking chamber, and wherein the cooking process model includes a relation between the food component input information, the further food component, and the cooking process parameter of the cooking process for preparing the food product from the food component and optionally the further food component. 10. The method according to claim 5, wherein the method further comprises controlling dosage of the further food component to the cooking chamber as function of user preference input information. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the food component input information comprises storage information of the food component, and wherein the method further comprises acquiring said storage information from one or more of (i) an information label associated with the food component and (ii) a storage unit comprising a communication unit configured to provide storage information about storage in said storage unit. 12. A cooking apparatus (CA) for preparing a food product from a food component in a cooking process, the cooking apparatus comprising a cooking chamber (CC) and a control unit (CU), wherein the control unit is configured to control a cooking process parameter of the cooking process in the cooking chamber as function of (i) a food component input information and (ii) a cooking process model, wherein the food component input information comprises historical information concerning the food component, and wherein the cooking process model includes a relation between the food component input information and the cooking process parameter of the cooking process for preparing the food product from the food component. 13. The cooking apparatus according to claim 12, further comprising an information acquisition unit, wherein the control unit is further configured to the acquire food component input information via the acquisition unit, and wherein the information acquisition unit comprises one or more of (i) a user interface (UI), (ii) a reading unit (RU) for reading information from an information label associated with the food component, and (iii) an information sensor unit for wireless receiving food component input information. 14. The cooking apparatus according to claim 12, further comprising a container unit configured to contain a further food component, wherein dosage of the further food component to the cooking chamber is controllable, wherein the control unit is further configured to control dosage of the further food component to the cooking chamber, and wherein the cooking process model includes a relation between the food component input information, the further food component, and the cooking process parameter of the cooking process for preparing the food product from the food component and optionally the further food component. 15. Use of a cooking apparatus according to claim 12, to execute the method for preparing a food product from a food component in a cooking process, wherein based on historical information of the food component before use in the cooking process, a user preference input information, and the dosage of a further food component, the cooking process is executed. | The invention provides a cooking apparatus (CA) and method for preparing a food product ( 1 ) from a food component ( 10 ) in a cooking process, wherein the method comprises: acquiring food component input information concerning the food component; controlling a cooking process parameter of the cooking process as function of (i) the food component input information and (ii) a cooking process model, wherein the food component input information comprises historical information concerning the food component, and wherein the cooking process model includes a relation between the food component input information and the cooking process parameter of the cooking process for preparing the food product from the food component.1. A method for preparing a food product from a food component in a cooking process, wherein the method comprises:
acquiring food component input information concerning the food component; controlling a cooking process parameter of the cooking process as function of (i) the food component input information and (ii) a cooking process model, wherein the food component input information comprises historical information concerning the food component, and wherein the cooking process model includes a relation between the food component input information and the cooking process parameter of the cooking process for preparing the food product from the food component. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the historical information comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of: (i) growing information of the food component, (ii) harvesting information of the food component, (iii) processing information of the food component, (iv) transporting information of the food component, and (v) storage information of the food component. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the food component comprises an animal meat product, and wherein the historical information comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of (i) animal keeping information, (ii) animal to food component processing information, (iii) transporting information of the animal, (iv) transporting information of the food component, and (v) storage information of the food component. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein (a) the acquisition of the food component input information comprises (i) reading information from an information label associated with the food component and (ii) processing said information into food component input information based on information in a remote database, and wherein (b) the control of the cooking process parameter comprises processing the food component input information into the cooking process parameter based on model information concerning the relation between the food component input information and the cooking process parameter in a remote database. 5. The method according to claim 1, comprising:
acquiring food component input information concerning the food component; acquiring user preference input information; controlling the cooking process parameter of the cooking process as function of (i) the food component input information, (ii) user preference input information, and (iii) the cooking process model, wherein the food component input information comprises historical information concerning the food component, and wherein the cooking process model includes a relation between the food component input information, user preference input information, and the cooking process parameter of the cooking process for preparing the food product from the food component, wherein the cooking process parameter includes a cooking temperature and optionally one or more selected from the group comprising (i) a cooking time, (ii) a cooking pressure, and (iii) a predefined cooking scheme including at least a time-temperature relation. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the user preference input information includes one or more of a food product characteristic, a cooking process start, a cooking process time, a food component characteristic, and a further cooking process characteristic. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises a method for preparing a food product from a plurality of food components in a cooking process, including (i) a food component selected from the group consisting of meat, a vegetable, a fruit and a cereal, and (ii) a cooking liquid. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein a cooking apparatus is applied comprising a cooking chamber, wherein the cooking apparatus further comprises a sensor, configured to measure within the cooking chamber one or more of a cooking process characteristic, a food component characteristic, a food product characteristic, and optionally a further cooking process characteristic, and to generate a corresponding sensor signal, wherein the method further comprises controlling the cooking process parameter of the cooking process as function of the sensor signal. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein a cooking apparatus is applied comprising a cooking chamber, wherein the apparatus further comprises a container unit configured to contain a further food component, wherein the method further comprises controlling dosage of the further food component to the cooking chamber, and wherein the cooking process model includes a relation between the food component input information, the further food component, and the cooking process parameter of the cooking process for preparing the food product from the food component and optionally the further food component. 10. The method according to claim 5, wherein the method further comprises controlling dosage of the further food component to the cooking chamber as function of user preference input information. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the food component input information comprises storage information of the food component, and wherein the method further comprises acquiring said storage information from one or more of (i) an information label associated with the food component and (ii) a storage unit comprising a communication unit configured to provide storage information about storage in said storage unit. 12. A cooking apparatus (CA) for preparing a food product from a food component in a cooking process, the cooking apparatus comprising a cooking chamber (CC) and a control unit (CU), wherein the control unit is configured to control a cooking process parameter of the cooking process in the cooking chamber as function of (i) a food component input information and (ii) a cooking process model, wherein the food component input information comprises historical information concerning the food component, and wherein the cooking process model includes a relation between the food component input information and the cooking process parameter of the cooking process for preparing the food product from the food component. 13. The cooking apparatus according to claim 12, further comprising an information acquisition unit, wherein the control unit is further configured to the acquire food component input information via the acquisition unit, and wherein the information acquisition unit comprises one or more of (i) a user interface (UI), (ii) a reading unit (RU) for reading information from an information label associated with the food component, and (iii) an information sensor unit for wireless receiving food component input information. 14. The cooking apparatus according to claim 12, further comprising a container unit configured to contain a further food component, wherein dosage of the further food component to the cooking chamber is controllable, wherein the control unit is further configured to control dosage of the further food component to the cooking chamber, and wherein the cooking process model includes a relation between the food component input information, the further food component, and the cooking process parameter of the cooking process for preparing the food product from the food component and optionally the further food component. 15. Use of a cooking apparatus according to claim 12, to execute the method for preparing a food product from a food component in a cooking process, wherein based on historical information of the food component before use in the cooking process, a user preference input information, and the dosage of a further food component, the cooking process is executed. | 1,700 |
4,188 | 15,543,813 | 1,733 | A method of manufacturing a seamless stainless steel pipe for Oil Country Tubular Goods by heating a billet having a specified chemical composition including forming the billet into a seamless steel pipe by applying hot working to the billet, cooling the seamless steel pipe to a room temperature at a cooling rate of air cooling or more, thereafter, performing quenching by heating the seamless steel pipe to a temperature of 850° C. or above, subsequently, cooling the seamless steel pipe to a temperature of 100° C. or below at a cooling rate of air cooling or more, and subsequently, applying tempering to the seamless steel pipe at a temperature of 700° C. or below for a specific holding time. | 1. A method for manufacturing a seamless stainless steel pipe for Oil Country Tubular Goods by heating a billet having a chemical composition comprising, by mass %:
0.005 to 0.06% C; 0.05 to 0.5% Si; 0.2 to 1.8% Mn; 0.03% or less P; 0.005% or less S; 15.5 to 18.0% Cr; 1.0 to 3.5% Mo; 1.5 to 5.0% Ni; 0.02 to 0.2% V; 0.002 to 0.05% Al; 0.01 to 0.15% N; 0.006% or less O; at least one element selected from the group consisting of 0.5 to 3.0% W and 0.5 to 3.5% Cu; and Fe and unavoidable impurities as a balance, the contents of C, Si, Mn, Cr, Mo, Ni, N, W and Cu satisfying the following formulae (1) and (2):
[% Cr]+0.65[% Ni]+0.6[% Mo]+0.3[% W]+0.55[% Cu]−20[% C]≧19.5 (1)
[% Cr]+[% Mo]+0.5[% W]+0.3[% Si]−43.5[% C]−0.4[% Mn]−[% Ni]−0.3[% Cu]−9[% N]≧11.5 (2)
where [% C], [% Si], [% Mn], [% Cr], [% Mo], [% Ni], [% N], [% W], [% Cu]: contents (mass %) of respective elements, the content of the element being expressed as zero when the element is not contained, the method comprising: forming the billet into a seamless steel pipe by applying hot working to the billet; cooling the seamless steel pipe to a room temperature at a cooling rate of air cooling or more; thereafter, performing quenching by heating the seamless steel pipe to a temperature of 850° C. or above; subsequently, cooling the seamless steel pipe to a temperature of 100° C. or below at a cooling rate of air cooling or more; and subsequently, applying tempering to the seamless steel pipe at a temperature of 700° C. or below for a holding time which satisfies the following formula (3)
[% Mo]×(t+550)≦2100 (3)
where t: holding time (min) of tempering. 2. The method for manufacturing a seamless stainless steel pipe for Oil Country Tubular Goods according to claim 1, wherein the chemical composition further comprises, by mass %, at least one element selected from the group consisting of 0.2% or less Nb, 0.3% or less Ti, 0.2% or less Zr and 0.01% or less B. 3. The method for manufacturing a seamless stainless steel pipe for Oil Country Tubular Goods according to claim 1, wherein the chemical composition further comprises, by mass %, 0.01% or less Ca. 4. A seamless stainless steel pipe for Oil Country Tubular Goods having a chemical composition comprising, by mass %:
0.005 to 0.06% C; 0.05 to 0.5% Si; 0.2 to 1.8% Mn; 0.03% or less P; 0.005% or less S; 15.5 to 18.0% Cr; 1.0 to 3.5% Mo; 1.5 to 5.0% Ni; 0.02 to 0.2% V; 0.002 to 0.05% Al; 0.01 to 0.15% N; 0.006% or less O; at least one element selected from the group consisting of 0.5 to 3.0% W and 0.5 to 3.5% Cu; and Fe and unavoidable impurities as a balance, the contents of C, Si, Mn, Cr, Mo, Ni, N, W and Cu satisfying the following formulae (1) and (2):
[% Cr]+0.65[% Ni]+0.6[% Mo]+0.3[% W]+0.55[% Cu]−20[% C]≧19.5 (1)
[% Cr]+[% Mo]+0.5[% W]+0.3[% Si]−43.5[% C]−0.4[% Mn]−[% Ni]−0.3[% Cu]−9[% N]≧11.5 (2)
where [% C], [% Si], [% Mn], [% Cr], [% Mo], [% Ni], [% N], [% W], [% Cu]: contents (mass %) of respective elements, the content of the element being expressed as zero when the element is not contained, wherein the steel pipe has a microstructure formed of, by vol %, 10 to 60% of a ferrite phase, 0 to 20% of an austenite phase and a remaining portion formed of a martensite phase, and a density of intermetallic compounds being present in the martensite phase and having a particle diameter of 0.5 μm or more is 2×104/mm2 or less. 5. The seamless stainless steel pipe for Oil Country Tubular Goods according to claim 4, wherein the chemical composition further comprises, by mass %, at least one element selected from the group consisting of 0.2% or less Nb, 0.3% or less Ti, 0.2% or less Zr and 0.01% or less B. 6. The seamless stainless steel pipe for Oil Country Tubular Goods according to claim 4, wherein the chemical composition further comprises, by mass %, 0.01% or less Ca. 7. The method of manufacturing a seamless stainless steel pipe for Oil Country Tubular Goods according to claim 2, wherein the chemical composition further comprises, by mass %, 0.01% or less Ca. 8. The seamless stainless steel pipe for Oil Country Tubular Goods according to claim 5, wherein the chemical composition further comprises, by mass %, 0.01% or less Ca. | A method of manufacturing a seamless stainless steel pipe for Oil Country Tubular Goods by heating a billet having a specified chemical composition including forming the billet into a seamless steel pipe by applying hot working to the billet, cooling the seamless steel pipe to a room temperature at a cooling rate of air cooling or more, thereafter, performing quenching by heating the seamless steel pipe to a temperature of 850° C. or above, subsequently, cooling the seamless steel pipe to a temperature of 100° C. or below at a cooling rate of air cooling or more, and subsequently, applying tempering to the seamless steel pipe at a temperature of 700° C. or below for a specific holding time.1. A method for manufacturing a seamless stainless steel pipe for Oil Country Tubular Goods by heating a billet having a chemical composition comprising, by mass %:
0.005 to 0.06% C; 0.05 to 0.5% Si; 0.2 to 1.8% Mn; 0.03% or less P; 0.005% or less S; 15.5 to 18.0% Cr; 1.0 to 3.5% Mo; 1.5 to 5.0% Ni; 0.02 to 0.2% V; 0.002 to 0.05% Al; 0.01 to 0.15% N; 0.006% or less O; at least one element selected from the group consisting of 0.5 to 3.0% W and 0.5 to 3.5% Cu; and Fe and unavoidable impurities as a balance, the contents of C, Si, Mn, Cr, Mo, Ni, N, W and Cu satisfying the following formulae (1) and (2):
[% Cr]+0.65[% Ni]+0.6[% Mo]+0.3[% W]+0.55[% Cu]−20[% C]≧19.5 (1)
[% Cr]+[% Mo]+0.5[% W]+0.3[% Si]−43.5[% C]−0.4[% Mn]−[% Ni]−0.3[% Cu]−9[% N]≧11.5 (2)
where [% C], [% Si], [% Mn], [% Cr], [% Mo], [% Ni], [% N], [% W], [% Cu]: contents (mass %) of respective elements, the content of the element being expressed as zero when the element is not contained, the method comprising: forming the billet into a seamless steel pipe by applying hot working to the billet; cooling the seamless steel pipe to a room temperature at a cooling rate of air cooling or more; thereafter, performing quenching by heating the seamless steel pipe to a temperature of 850° C. or above; subsequently, cooling the seamless steel pipe to a temperature of 100° C. or below at a cooling rate of air cooling or more; and subsequently, applying tempering to the seamless steel pipe at a temperature of 700° C. or below for a holding time which satisfies the following formula (3)
[% Mo]×(t+550)≦2100 (3)
where t: holding time (min) of tempering. 2. The method for manufacturing a seamless stainless steel pipe for Oil Country Tubular Goods according to claim 1, wherein the chemical composition further comprises, by mass %, at least one element selected from the group consisting of 0.2% or less Nb, 0.3% or less Ti, 0.2% or less Zr and 0.01% or less B. 3. The method for manufacturing a seamless stainless steel pipe for Oil Country Tubular Goods according to claim 1, wherein the chemical composition further comprises, by mass %, 0.01% or less Ca. 4. A seamless stainless steel pipe for Oil Country Tubular Goods having a chemical composition comprising, by mass %:
0.005 to 0.06% C; 0.05 to 0.5% Si; 0.2 to 1.8% Mn; 0.03% or less P; 0.005% or less S; 15.5 to 18.0% Cr; 1.0 to 3.5% Mo; 1.5 to 5.0% Ni; 0.02 to 0.2% V; 0.002 to 0.05% Al; 0.01 to 0.15% N; 0.006% or less O; at least one element selected from the group consisting of 0.5 to 3.0% W and 0.5 to 3.5% Cu; and Fe and unavoidable impurities as a balance, the contents of C, Si, Mn, Cr, Mo, Ni, N, W and Cu satisfying the following formulae (1) and (2):
[% Cr]+0.65[% Ni]+0.6[% Mo]+0.3[% W]+0.55[% Cu]−20[% C]≧19.5 (1)
[% Cr]+[% Mo]+0.5[% W]+0.3[% Si]−43.5[% C]−0.4[% Mn]−[% Ni]−0.3[% Cu]−9[% N]≧11.5 (2)
where [% C], [% Si], [% Mn], [% Cr], [% Mo], [% Ni], [% N], [% W], [% Cu]: contents (mass %) of respective elements, the content of the element being expressed as zero when the element is not contained, wherein the steel pipe has a microstructure formed of, by vol %, 10 to 60% of a ferrite phase, 0 to 20% of an austenite phase and a remaining portion formed of a martensite phase, and a density of intermetallic compounds being present in the martensite phase and having a particle diameter of 0.5 μm or more is 2×104/mm2 or less. 5. The seamless stainless steel pipe for Oil Country Tubular Goods according to claim 4, wherein the chemical composition further comprises, by mass %, at least one element selected from the group consisting of 0.2% or less Nb, 0.3% or less Ti, 0.2% or less Zr and 0.01% or less B. 6. The seamless stainless steel pipe for Oil Country Tubular Goods according to claim 4, wherein the chemical composition further comprises, by mass %, 0.01% or less Ca. 7. The method of manufacturing a seamless stainless steel pipe for Oil Country Tubular Goods according to claim 2, wherein the chemical composition further comprises, by mass %, 0.01% or less Ca. 8. The seamless stainless steel pipe for Oil Country Tubular Goods according to claim 5, wherein the chemical composition further comprises, by mass %, 0.01% or less Ca. | 1,700 |
4,189 | 15,224,459 | 1,745 | A foam seating article includes an outer layer of molded foam surrounding a solid inner core of molded foam or expanded polystyrene. The rigid foam of the inner core is made from polyurethane polyol and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI). The inner core has a hardness greater than 25 Shore A and a density less than two pounds per cubic foot. The polymer material of the solid core has a hardness that is greater than that of the outer foam. The outer layer of molded foam is high density (HD) foam, memory foam or latex foam. A fabric covering encloses the inner core and molded outer foam layer. The foam seating article can be a chair, stool, sofa, chaise lounge, bench or Ottoman. The seating article includes no wood or metal. Molding foam around a solid inner core is simpler and less costly than making conventional metal or wood framed furniture. | 1-15. (canceled) 16. A method comprising:
molding a foam core of foam having a hardness of greater than 25 Shore A; placing the foam core in a mold; molding an outer layer of foam completely around the foam core, wherein the outer layer of foam has hardness of less than 20 Shore A; and placing a covering around the outer layer of foam and the foam core. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the foam core is made of a polyether-derived polyurethane polyol and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the outer layer of foam is taken from the group consisting of: high density (HD) foam, memory foam and latex foam. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the foam core contains between 100 kg and 120 kg of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate for every 100 kg of polyurethane polyol. 20. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
gluing a layer of memory foam on top of the outer layer of foam before placing the covering around the outer layer of foam, the foam core and the layer of memory foam. 21. The method of claim 16, wherein the foam of the foam core has a density of less than 1.5 pounds per cubic foot. 22. The method of claim 16, wherein the foam core has an uneven outer surface, and wherein the molding the outer layer of foam completely around the foam core molds the foam of the outer layer of foam into the uneven outer surface. 23. The method of claim 16, wherein no wood or metal is contained inside the covering after the covering is placed around the outer layer of foam and the foam core. 24. The method of claim 16, wherein the covering is taken from the group consisting of: a woven fabric, a nonwoven fabric, leather, and a conformal plastic layer. 25. A method comprising:
forming a solid core of a polymer material having a hardness of greater than 25 Shore A; placing the solid core in a mold; molding an outer layer of foam completely around the solid core, wherein the outer layer of foam has hardness of less than 20 Shore A; and placing a covering around the outer layer of foam and the solid core. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the polymer material is made of a polyether-derived polyurethane polyol and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the polymer material contains between 100 kg and 120 kg of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate for every 100 kg of polyether-derived polyurethane polyol. 28. The method of claim 25, wherein the polymer material is expanded polystyrene. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the expanded polystyrene has a density of less than two pounds per cubic foot. 30. The method of claim 25, wherein the polymer material has a density of less than 1.5 pounds per cubic foot. 31. The method of claim 25, wherein no wood or metal is contained inside the covering after the covering is placed around the outer layer of foam and the solid core. 32. The method of claim 25, wherein the covering is taken from the group consisting of: a woven fabric, a nonwoven fabric, leather, and a conformal plastic layer. 33. A method comprising:
molding a core from foam, wherein the foam has a hardness greater than 25 Shore A and a density less than 1.5 pounds per cubic foot; placing the core in a mold; molding an outer layer completely around the core, wherein the outer layer has hardness less than 20 Shore A; and placing a covering around the outer layer and the core. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the outer layer is made of memory foam. 35. The method of claim 33, wherein the core is made of a polyether-derived polyurethane polyol and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate. | A foam seating article includes an outer layer of molded foam surrounding a solid inner core of molded foam or expanded polystyrene. The rigid foam of the inner core is made from polyurethane polyol and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI). The inner core has a hardness greater than 25 Shore A and a density less than two pounds per cubic foot. The polymer material of the solid core has a hardness that is greater than that of the outer foam. The outer layer of molded foam is high density (HD) foam, memory foam or latex foam. A fabric covering encloses the inner core and molded outer foam layer. The foam seating article can be a chair, stool, sofa, chaise lounge, bench or Ottoman. The seating article includes no wood or metal. Molding foam around a solid inner core is simpler and less costly than making conventional metal or wood framed furniture.1-15. (canceled) 16. A method comprising:
molding a foam core of foam having a hardness of greater than 25 Shore A; placing the foam core in a mold; molding an outer layer of foam completely around the foam core, wherein the outer layer of foam has hardness of less than 20 Shore A; and placing a covering around the outer layer of foam and the foam core. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the foam core is made of a polyether-derived polyurethane polyol and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the outer layer of foam is taken from the group consisting of: high density (HD) foam, memory foam and latex foam. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the foam core contains between 100 kg and 120 kg of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate for every 100 kg of polyurethane polyol. 20. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
gluing a layer of memory foam on top of the outer layer of foam before placing the covering around the outer layer of foam, the foam core and the layer of memory foam. 21. The method of claim 16, wherein the foam of the foam core has a density of less than 1.5 pounds per cubic foot. 22. The method of claim 16, wherein the foam core has an uneven outer surface, and wherein the molding the outer layer of foam completely around the foam core molds the foam of the outer layer of foam into the uneven outer surface. 23. The method of claim 16, wherein no wood or metal is contained inside the covering after the covering is placed around the outer layer of foam and the foam core. 24. The method of claim 16, wherein the covering is taken from the group consisting of: a woven fabric, a nonwoven fabric, leather, and a conformal plastic layer. 25. A method comprising:
forming a solid core of a polymer material having a hardness of greater than 25 Shore A; placing the solid core in a mold; molding an outer layer of foam completely around the solid core, wherein the outer layer of foam has hardness of less than 20 Shore A; and placing a covering around the outer layer of foam and the solid core. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the polymer material is made of a polyether-derived polyurethane polyol and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the polymer material contains between 100 kg and 120 kg of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate for every 100 kg of polyether-derived polyurethane polyol. 28. The method of claim 25, wherein the polymer material is expanded polystyrene. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the expanded polystyrene has a density of less than two pounds per cubic foot. 30. The method of claim 25, wherein the polymer material has a density of less than 1.5 pounds per cubic foot. 31. The method of claim 25, wherein no wood or metal is contained inside the covering after the covering is placed around the outer layer of foam and the solid core. 32. The method of claim 25, wherein the covering is taken from the group consisting of: a woven fabric, a nonwoven fabric, leather, and a conformal plastic layer. 33. A method comprising:
molding a core from foam, wherein the foam has a hardness greater than 25 Shore A and a density less than 1.5 pounds per cubic foot; placing the core in a mold; molding an outer layer completely around the core, wherein the outer layer has hardness less than 20 Shore A; and placing a covering around the outer layer and the core. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the outer layer is made of memory foam. 35. The method of claim 33, wherein the core is made of a polyether-derived polyurethane polyol and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate. | 1,700 |
4,190 | 15,171,771 | 1,742 | A polymer composition comprises a thermoplastic polymer, a polymer additive selected from the group consisting of nucleating agents, clarifying agents, and combinations thereof, and a fluoropolymer. A molded article comprises at least one wall defining a cavity, the wall having an opening therein permitting access to the cavity. The wall comprises a polymer composition comprising a thermoplastic polymer, a polymer additive selected from the group consisting of nucleating agents, clarifying agents, and combinations thereof, and a fluoropolymer. A method for molding a polymer composition is also provided. | 1. A polymer composition comprising:
(a) a thermoplastic polymer; (b) a polymer additive selected from the group consisting of nucleating agents, clarifying agents, and combinations thereof; and (c) a fluoropolymer, the fluoropolymer having a Melt Flow Index of about 4 to about 30 g/10 minutes as measured in accordance with ASTM D1238-04c at 265° C. using a 5 kg weight. 2. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer is a polyolefin. 3. The polymer composition of claim 2, wherein the thermoplastic polymer is selected from the group consisting of polypropylene homopolymers, polypropylene copolymers, and combinations thereof. 4. The polymer composition of claim 3, wherein the thermoplastic polymer is a polypropylene random copolymer. 5. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer additive is a clarifying agent comprising an acetal compound conforming to the structure of Formula (I) below:
wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, hydroxyalkyl groups, alkoxy groups, and alkyl halide groups; wherein R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, and R11 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, alkenyl groups, aryl groups, and halogens; and wherein R12 is a hydroxyalkyl group selected from the group consisting of —CH2OH and —CHOHCH2OH. 6. The polymer composition of claim 5, wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups and alkenyl groups; R2, R3, R5, R6, R7, R8, R10, and R11 are each hydrogen; R12 is —CHOHCH2OH; and R4 and R9 are selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups and alkoxy groups. 7. The polymer composition of claim 6, wherein R1, R4 and R9 are n-propyl groups. 8. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the fluoropolymer is a polymer made from at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of vinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene, perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ether), and combinations thereof. 9. The polymer composition of claim 8, wherein the fluoropolymer is a polymer selected from the group consisting of (i) copolymers of vinylidene fluoride and a comonomer selected from the group consisting of hexafluoropropylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, 1-hydropentafluoropropylene, and 2-hydropentafluoropropylene; (ii) terpolymers of vinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene, and a comonomer selected from the group consisting hexafluoropropylene, 1-hydropentafluoropropylene, and 2-hydropentafluoropropylene; (iii) copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and propylene; (iv) copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene, propylene, and vinylidene fluoride; and (v) combinations of two or more of (i)-(iv). 10. The polymer composition of claim 9, wherein the fluoropolymer is a terpolymer of vinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene, and hexafluoropropylene. 11. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the fluoropolymer is present in the polymer composition in an amount of about 200 ppm or less, based on the total weight of the polymer composition. 12. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer composition is substantially free of interfacial agents. 13. A method for molding a polymer composition, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) providing an apparatus comprising a die and a mold cavity, the mold cavity having an interior surface defining a shape for a molded article; (b) providing a polymer composition comprising (i) a thermoplastic polymer; (ii) a polymer additive selected from the group consisting of nucleating agents, clarifying agents, and combinations thereof; and (iii) a fluoropolymer, the fluoropolymer having a Melt Flow Index of about 4 to about 30 g/10 minutes as measured in accordance with ASTM D1238-04c at 265° C. using a 5 kg weight; (c) heating the polymer composition to a temperature sufficient to melt the polymer composition so that it may be extruded through the die; (d) extruding the molten polymer composition through the die to form a parison; (e) capturing the parison in the mold cavity; (f) blowing a pressurized fluid into the parison under sufficient pressure to inflate the parison so that it conforms to the interior surface of the mold cavity and produces a molded article; (g) allowing the molded article to cool to a temperature at which the polymer composition at least partially solidifies so that the molded article retains its shape; and (h) removing the molded article from the mold cavity. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the thermoplastic polymer is a polyolefin. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the thermoplastic polymer is selected from the group consisting of polypropylene homopolymers, polypropylene copolymers, and combinations thereof. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the thermoplastic polymer is a polypropylene random copolymer. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the polymer additive is a clarifying agent comprising an acetal compound conforming to the structure of Formula (I) below:
wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, hydroxyalkyl groups, alkoxy groups, and alkyl halide groups; wherein R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, and R11 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, alkenyl groups, aryl groups, and halogens; and wherein R12 is a hydroxyalkyl group selected from the group consisting of —CH2OH and —CHOHCH2OH. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups and alkenyl groups; R2, R3, R5, R6, R7, R8, R10, and R11 are each hydrogen; R12 is —CHOHCH2OH; and R4 and R9 are selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups and alkoxy groups. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein R1, R4 and R9 are n-propyl groups. 20. The method of claim 13, wherein the fluoropolymer is a polymer made from at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of vinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene, perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ether), and combinations thereof. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the fluoropolymer is a polymer selected from the group consisting of (i) copolymers of vinylidene fluoride and a comonomer selected from the group consisting of hexafluoropropylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, 1-hydropentafluoropropylene, and 2-hydropentafluoropropylene; (ii) terpolymers of vinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene, and a comonomer selected from the group consisting hexafluoropropylene, 1-hydropentafluoropropylene, and 2-hydropentafluoropropylene; (iii) copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and propylene; (iv) terpolymers of tetrafluoroethylene, propylene, and vinylidene fluoride; and (v) combinations of two or more of (i)-(iv). 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the fluoropolymer is a terpolymer of vinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene, and hexafluoropropylene. 23. The method of claim 13, wherein the fluoropolymer is present in the polymer composition in an amount of about 200 ppm or less, based on the total weight of the polymer composition. 24. The method of claim 13, wherein the polymer composition is substantially free of interfacial agents. | A polymer composition comprises a thermoplastic polymer, a polymer additive selected from the group consisting of nucleating agents, clarifying agents, and combinations thereof, and a fluoropolymer. A molded article comprises at least one wall defining a cavity, the wall having an opening therein permitting access to the cavity. The wall comprises a polymer composition comprising a thermoplastic polymer, a polymer additive selected from the group consisting of nucleating agents, clarifying agents, and combinations thereof, and a fluoropolymer. A method for molding a polymer composition is also provided.1. A polymer composition comprising:
(a) a thermoplastic polymer; (b) a polymer additive selected from the group consisting of nucleating agents, clarifying agents, and combinations thereof; and (c) a fluoropolymer, the fluoropolymer having a Melt Flow Index of about 4 to about 30 g/10 minutes as measured in accordance with ASTM D1238-04c at 265° C. using a 5 kg weight. 2. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer is a polyolefin. 3. The polymer composition of claim 2, wherein the thermoplastic polymer is selected from the group consisting of polypropylene homopolymers, polypropylene copolymers, and combinations thereof. 4. The polymer composition of claim 3, wherein the thermoplastic polymer is a polypropylene random copolymer. 5. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer additive is a clarifying agent comprising an acetal compound conforming to the structure of Formula (I) below:
wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, hydroxyalkyl groups, alkoxy groups, and alkyl halide groups; wherein R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, and R11 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, alkenyl groups, aryl groups, and halogens; and wherein R12 is a hydroxyalkyl group selected from the group consisting of —CH2OH and —CHOHCH2OH. 6. The polymer composition of claim 5, wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups and alkenyl groups; R2, R3, R5, R6, R7, R8, R10, and R11 are each hydrogen; R12 is —CHOHCH2OH; and R4 and R9 are selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups and alkoxy groups. 7. The polymer composition of claim 6, wherein R1, R4 and R9 are n-propyl groups. 8. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the fluoropolymer is a polymer made from at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of vinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene, perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ether), and combinations thereof. 9. The polymer composition of claim 8, wherein the fluoropolymer is a polymer selected from the group consisting of (i) copolymers of vinylidene fluoride and a comonomer selected from the group consisting of hexafluoropropylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, 1-hydropentafluoropropylene, and 2-hydropentafluoropropylene; (ii) terpolymers of vinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene, and a comonomer selected from the group consisting hexafluoropropylene, 1-hydropentafluoropropylene, and 2-hydropentafluoropropylene; (iii) copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and propylene; (iv) copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene, propylene, and vinylidene fluoride; and (v) combinations of two or more of (i)-(iv). 10. The polymer composition of claim 9, wherein the fluoropolymer is a terpolymer of vinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene, and hexafluoropropylene. 11. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the fluoropolymer is present in the polymer composition in an amount of about 200 ppm or less, based on the total weight of the polymer composition. 12. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer composition is substantially free of interfacial agents. 13. A method for molding a polymer composition, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) providing an apparatus comprising a die and a mold cavity, the mold cavity having an interior surface defining a shape for a molded article; (b) providing a polymer composition comprising (i) a thermoplastic polymer; (ii) a polymer additive selected from the group consisting of nucleating agents, clarifying agents, and combinations thereof; and (iii) a fluoropolymer, the fluoropolymer having a Melt Flow Index of about 4 to about 30 g/10 minutes as measured in accordance with ASTM D1238-04c at 265° C. using a 5 kg weight; (c) heating the polymer composition to a temperature sufficient to melt the polymer composition so that it may be extruded through the die; (d) extruding the molten polymer composition through the die to form a parison; (e) capturing the parison in the mold cavity; (f) blowing a pressurized fluid into the parison under sufficient pressure to inflate the parison so that it conforms to the interior surface of the mold cavity and produces a molded article; (g) allowing the molded article to cool to a temperature at which the polymer composition at least partially solidifies so that the molded article retains its shape; and (h) removing the molded article from the mold cavity. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the thermoplastic polymer is a polyolefin. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the thermoplastic polymer is selected from the group consisting of polypropylene homopolymers, polypropylene copolymers, and combinations thereof. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the thermoplastic polymer is a polypropylene random copolymer. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the polymer additive is a clarifying agent comprising an acetal compound conforming to the structure of Formula (I) below:
wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, hydroxyalkyl groups, alkoxy groups, and alkyl halide groups; wherein R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, and R11 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, alkenyl groups, aryl groups, and halogens; and wherein R12 is a hydroxyalkyl group selected from the group consisting of —CH2OH and —CHOHCH2OH. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups and alkenyl groups; R2, R3, R5, R6, R7, R8, R10, and R11 are each hydrogen; R12 is —CHOHCH2OH; and R4 and R9 are selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups and alkoxy groups. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein R1, R4 and R9 are n-propyl groups. 20. The method of claim 13, wherein the fluoropolymer is a polymer made from at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of vinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene, perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ether), and combinations thereof. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the fluoropolymer is a polymer selected from the group consisting of (i) copolymers of vinylidene fluoride and a comonomer selected from the group consisting of hexafluoropropylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, 1-hydropentafluoropropylene, and 2-hydropentafluoropropylene; (ii) terpolymers of vinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene, and a comonomer selected from the group consisting hexafluoropropylene, 1-hydropentafluoropropylene, and 2-hydropentafluoropropylene; (iii) copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and propylene; (iv) terpolymers of tetrafluoroethylene, propylene, and vinylidene fluoride; and (v) combinations of two or more of (i)-(iv). 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the fluoropolymer is a terpolymer of vinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene, and hexafluoropropylene. 23. The method of claim 13, wherein the fluoropolymer is present in the polymer composition in an amount of about 200 ppm or less, based on the total weight of the polymer composition. 24. The method of claim 13, wherein the polymer composition is substantially free of interfacial agents. | 1,700 |
4,191 | 14,649,300 | 1,793 | The present invention relates to a frozen confection product comprising oat syrup, a natural sweetening agent. Preferably the frozen confection product is prepared by using a standard freezing step followed by low temperature extrusion and by acidifying the ingredient mix for preparing the frozen confection product. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method of preparing the frozen confection product. | 1. A frozen confection product comprising oat syrup. 2. The product according to claim 1, wherein the amount of oat syrup is 3-6% by weight. 3. The product according to claim 1, wherein the product is completely free of corn syrup. 4. The product according to claim 1, wherein the product comprises a pH adjusting agent in an amount of 0.05 to 2.0% by weight. 5. The product according to claim 4, wherein the pH adjusting agent is an organic acid. 6. The product according to claim 1, wherein the product comprises at least one emulsifier in an amount of 0.1 to 10.0% by weight. 7. The product according to claim 1, wherein the product comprises at least one component selected from the group consisting of dairy components, sweetening agent, emulsifier and flavor. 8. The product according to claim 7, wherein the dairy component is selected from the group consisting of milk, cream and mixtures thereof. 9. The product according to claim 1, wherein the product is all natural. 10. The product according to claim 1, wherein the product is completely free of polysaccharides. 11. The product according to claim 1, wherein the product is obtainable by a step selected from the group consisting of conventional freezing, by low-temperature extrusions and low temperature freezing. 12. The product according to claim 1, wherein the product has an overrun between 20 to 150% by volume. 13. The product according to claim 1, wherein the product is completely free of any artificial or non-natural emulsifiers or stabilizers. 14. A method of producing a frozen aerated confection product comprising oat syrup, comprising the steps of:
providing an ingredient mix comprising at least dairy components, emulsifier and sweetening agent; homogenizing the mix; pasteurizing the mix; and freezing the pasteurized mix to form the aerated frozen confection product. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the freezing is achieved by using a standard continuous freezer followed by a low temperature freezing step. 16. The method according to claim 14, wherein the method comprises adjusting the pH of the mix before pasteurization with the pH adjusting agent to the range of 5.0 to 6.5. 17. The method according to claim 14, wherein the method comprises adjusting the pH of the mix after pasteurization. 18. The method of claim 14 comprising hardening the mix. | The present invention relates to a frozen confection product comprising oat syrup, a natural sweetening agent. Preferably the frozen confection product is prepared by using a standard freezing step followed by low temperature extrusion and by acidifying the ingredient mix for preparing the frozen confection product. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method of preparing the frozen confection product.1. A frozen confection product comprising oat syrup. 2. The product according to claim 1, wherein the amount of oat syrup is 3-6% by weight. 3. The product according to claim 1, wherein the product is completely free of corn syrup. 4. The product according to claim 1, wherein the product comprises a pH adjusting agent in an amount of 0.05 to 2.0% by weight. 5. The product according to claim 4, wherein the pH adjusting agent is an organic acid. 6. The product according to claim 1, wherein the product comprises at least one emulsifier in an amount of 0.1 to 10.0% by weight. 7. The product according to claim 1, wherein the product comprises at least one component selected from the group consisting of dairy components, sweetening agent, emulsifier and flavor. 8. The product according to claim 7, wherein the dairy component is selected from the group consisting of milk, cream and mixtures thereof. 9. The product according to claim 1, wherein the product is all natural. 10. The product according to claim 1, wherein the product is completely free of polysaccharides. 11. The product according to claim 1, wherein the product is obtainable by a step selected from the group consisting of conventional freezing, by low-temperature extrusions and low temperature freezing. 12. The product according to claim 1, wherein the product has an overrun between 20 to 150% by volume. 13. The product according to claim 1, wherein the product is completely free of any artificial or non-natural emulsifiers or stabilizers. 14. A method of producing a frozen aerated confection product comprising oat syrup, comprising the steps of:
providing an ingredient mix comprising at least dairy components, emulsifier and sweetening agent; homogenizing the mix; pasteurizing the mix; and freezing the pasteurized mix to form the aerated frozen confection product. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the freezing is achieved by using a standard continuous freezer followed by a low temperature freezing step. 16. The method according to claim 14, wherein the method comprises adjusting the pH of the mix before pasteurization with the pH adjusting agent to the range of 5.0 to 6.5. 17. The method according to claim 14, wherein the method comprises adjusting the pH of the mix after pasteurization. 18. The method of claim 14 comprising hardening the mix. | 1,700 |
4,192 | 14,494,828 | 1,789 | A nonwoven web having an advantageous bond pattern impressed by a bonding pattern on a roller is disclosed. The bonding pattern is selected to have a bonding area percentage from 6 to 14 percent, which provides a desirable level of bonding of filaments and/or fibers for mechanical strength, while retaining desirable pliability and/or liquid handling characteristics. The bonding area is also relatively highly dispersed, which provides for a relatively greater number of bonded areas for the selected bonding area percentage. The greater number of bonded areas is believed to provide improved structural integrity while still retaining pliability and/or liquid handling characteristics, and also provide for enhanced visual detail and complexity. The relatively highly dispersed bonding area is believed to be particularly effective for nonwoven web materials having three or more layers, with outer layers of polymeric filaments, and even more particularly, one or two outer layers of fine filaments. | 1. A nonwoven web formed at least in part of filaments, libers or a combination thereof, comprising a pattern of bonded areas at which differing ones of the fibers and/or filaments are bonded together, the pattern of bonded areas having been impressed into the nonwoven web by one or more bonding rollers each having a cylindrical surface bearing a pattern of bonding surfaces, the bonding surfaces of the one or more rollers in combination forming a bonding area having a bonding area percentage from 6 to 14 percent, wherein the bonding area has an average bonding area dispersion distance of no greater than 5 mm; and the combination of the patterns of bonding surfaces of all of said bonding rollers includes at least one design element that is not substantially repeated on any two adjacent 100 mm×100 mm samples of the combined acting rolling surface areas. 2. The nonwoven web of claim 1 further comprising polymeric filaments that are thermally fused at the bonded areas. 3. The nonwoven web of claim 1 wherein the polymeric filaments comprise a thermoplastic polymer. 4. The nonwoven web of claim 3 wherein the thermoplastic polymer is selected from the group consisting of: polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester, polylactic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoate, polyvinyl alcohol, polycaprolactone and mixtures thereof. 5. The nonwoven web of claim 3 wherein the polymeric filaments comprise a polyolefin. 6. The nonwoven web of claim 1 having opposing first and second macroscopic planar outer surfaces, wherein polymeric filaments are present at the first outer surface and are bonded at the bonded areas to polymeric filaments that are present at the second outer surface. 7. The nonwoven web of claim 1 comprising fine filaments. 8. The nonwoven web of claim 1 comprising fibers. 9. The nonwoven web of claim 8 wherein the fibers are cellulose or wood pulp fibers. 10. The nonwoven web of claim 8 wherein the fibers are natural fibers. 11. A nonwoven web comprising a first layer of polymeric filaments, a second layer of polymeric filaments, and third layer disposed at least partially between the first and second layers, and further comprising a pattern of bonded, areas at which polymeric filaments of the first layer are bonded with polymeric filaments of the second layer, the pattern of bonded areas having been impressed into the nonwoven web by one or more bonding rollers each having a cylindrical surface bearing a pattern of bonding surfaces, the bonding surfaces in combination forming a bonding area having a bonding area percentage from 6 to 14 percent, wherein the bonding area has an average bonding area dispersion distance of no greater than 5 mm. 12. The nonwoven web of claim 11 wherein at least one of the first and second layers comprises fine filaments. 13. The nonwoven web of claim 11 further comprising polymeric filaments that are thermally fused at the bonded, areas. 14. The nonwoven web of claim 11 wherein the polymeric filaments comprise a thermoplastic polymer. 15. The nonwoven web of claim 14 wherein the thermoplastic polymer is selected from the group consisting of: polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester, polylactic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoate, polyvinyl alcohol, polycaprolactone and mixtures thereof. 16. The nonwoven web of claim 14 wherein the polymeric filaments comprise a polyolefin. 17. The nonwoven web of claim 11 having opposing first and second, macroscopic planar outer surfaces, wherein polymeric filaments are present at the first outer surface and are bonded at the bonded areas to polymeric filaments that are present at the second outer surface. 18. The nonwoven web of any of claim 11 wherein the third layer comprises fibers. 19. The nonwoven web of claim 18 wherein the fibers are cellulose or wood pulp fibers. 20. The nonwoven web of claim 18 wherein the fibers are natural fibers. | A nonwoven web having an advantageous bond pattern impressed by a bonding pattern on a roller is disclosed. The bonding pattern is selected to have a bonding area percentage from 6 to 14 percent, which provides a desirable level of bonding of filaments and/or fibers for mechanical strength, while retaining desirable pliability and/or liquid handling characteristics. The bonding area is also relatively highly dispersed, which provides for a relatively greater number of bonded areas for the selected bonding area percentage. The greater number of bonded areas is believed to provide improved structural integrity while still retaining pliability and/or liquid handling characteristics, and also provide for enhanced visual detail and complexity. The relatively highly dispersed bonding area is believed to be particularly effective for nonwoven web materials having three or more layers, with outer layers of polymeric filaments, and even more particularly, one or two outer layers of fine filaments.1. A nonwoven web formed at least in part of filaments, libers or a combination thereof, comprising a pattern of bonded areas at which differing ones of the fibers and/or filaments are bonded together, the pattern of bonded areas having been impressed into the nonwoven web by one or more bonding rollers each having a cylindrical surface bearing a pattern of bonding surfaces, the bonding surfaces of the one or more rollers in combination forming a bonding area having a bonding area percentage from 6 to 14 percent, wherein the bonding area has an average bonding area dispersion distance of no greater than 5 mm; and the combination of the patterns of bonding surfaces of all of said bonding rollers includes at least one design element that is not substantially repeated on any two adjacent 100 mm×100 mm samples of the combined acting rolling surface areas. 2. The nonwoven web of claim 1 further comprising polymeric filaments that are thermally fused at the bonded areas. 3. The nonwoven web of claim 1 wherein the polymeric filaments comprise a thermoplastic polymer. 4. The nonwoven web of claim 3 wherein the thermoplastic polymer is selected from the group consisting of: polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester, polylactic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoate, polyvinyl alcohol, polycaprolactone and mixtures thereof. 5. The nonwoven web of claim 3 wherein the polymeric filaments comprise a polyolefin. 6. The nonwoven web of claim 1 having opposing first and second macroscopic planar outer surfaces, wherein polymeric filaments are present at the first outer surface and are bonded at the bonded areas to polymeric filaments that are present at the second outer surface. 7. The nonwoven web of claim 1 comprising fine filaments. 8. The nonwoven web of claim 1 comprising fibers. 9. The nonwoven web of claim 8 wherein the fibers are cellulose or wood pulp fibers. 10. The nonwoven web of claim 8 wherein the fibers are natural fibers. 11. A nonwoven web comprising a first layer of polymeric filaments, a second layer of polymeric filaments, and third layer disposed at least partially between the first and second layers, and further comprising a pattern of bonded, areas at which polymeric filaments of the first layer are bonded with polymeric filaments of the second layer, the pattern of bonded areas having been impressed into the nonwoven web by one or more bonding rollers each having a cylindrical surface bearing a pattern of bonding surfaces, the bonding surfaces in combination forming a bonding area having a bonding area percentage from 6 to 14 percent, wherein the bonding area has an average bonding area dispersion distance of no greater than 5 mm. 12. The nonwoven web of claim 11 wherein at least one of the first and second layers comprises fine filaments. 13. The nonwoven web of claim 11 further comprising polymeric filaments that are thermally fused at the bonded, areas. 14. The nonwoven web of claim 11 wherein the polymeric filaments comprise a thermoplastic polymer. 15. The nonwoven web of claim 14 wherein the thermoplastic polymer is selected from the group consisting of: polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester, polylactic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoate, polyvinyl alcohol, polycaprolactone and mixtures thereof. 16. The nonwoven web of claim 14 wherein the polymeric filaments comprise a polyolefin. 17. The nonwoven web of claim 11 having opposing first and second, macroscopic planar outer surfaces, wherein polymeric filaments are present at the first outer surface and are bonded at the bonded areas to polymeric filaments that are present at the second outer surface. 18. The nonwoven web of any of claim 11 wherein the third layer comprises fibers. 19. The nonwoven web of claim 18 wherein the fibers are cellulose or wood pulp fibers. 20. The nonwoven web of claim 18 wherein the fibers are natural fibers. | 1,700 |
4,193 | 14,788,693 | 1,794 | A method and system for electrolysis. The system includes a system and method for separately collecting hydrogen and oxygen gases produced by a plurality of anode and cathode plates, one of the anode or cathode plates surrounded by an envelope penetrable by an electrolyte solution and impervious to hydrogen and oxygen gas. The system includes an electrolytic cell which has a front end and a back end. The front end has a cathode electrode coupled to a cathode screw, and an anode electrode coupled to an anode screw. The screws are coupled to a spacer, which is coupled to an insert. Each insert is further coupled to a second insert. The coupling results in the plate being conductive. The plates each have at least two holes, a large hole and a small hole. The small hole makes contact with a spacer and/or an insert. | 1. A system for making hydrogen and oxygen, said system comprising:
a pocket cell comprising at least two plates enclosed within a housing, wherein at least one of said at least two plates comprises a cathode, and wherein at least one of said at least two plates comprises an anode; an electrolytic solution within said cell housing; electrical leads electrically coupled to the at least one cathode and the at least one anode; an envelope which encompasses at least of one of said at least two plates. 2. The system of claim 1 comprising at least two cathodes and one anode, and wherein said envelope encompasses said anode. 3. The system of claim 1 comprising at least two anodes and one cathode, and wherein said envelope encompasses said cathode. 4. The system of claim 1 further comprising an electrolyte storage unit coupled to said pocket cell via an electrolyte inlet line, a hydrogen collector coupled to said pocket cell via a hydrogen line, and an oxygen collector coupled to said pocket cell via an oxygen line. 5. The system of claim 4 wherein said oxygen line is used to cool said pocket cell. 6. A method for making hydrogen and oxygen gas, said method comprising:
a. applying a current to a pocket cell, wherein the pocket said comprises at least one plate encompassed by an envelope and at least one free plate adjacent to said envelope, wherein one of said plates comprises a cathode and one of said plates comprises an anode, and wherein said cell housing comprises an electrolytic solution; b. collecting a first gas produced by said at least one plate encompassed by an envelope; c. collecting a second gas produced by said at least one free plate; wherein steps b and c occur before mixing of said first and second gasses. 7. The method wherein said encompassed plate comprises an anode. 8. The method wherein said encompassed plate comprises a cathode. 9. The method of claim 6 further comprising:
d. using said first gas to cool said pocket cell. | A method and system for electrolysis. The system includes a system and method for separately collecting hydrogen and oxygen gases produced by a plurality of anode and cathode plates, one of the anode or cathode plates surrounded by an envelope penetrable by an electrolyte solution and impervious to hydrogen and oxygen gas. The system includes an electrolytic cell which has a front end and a back end. The front end has a cathode electrode coupled to a cathode screw, and an anode electrode coupled to an anode screw. The screws are coupled to a spacer, which is coupled to an insert. Each insert is further coupled to a second insert. The coupling results in the plate being conductive. The plates each have at least two holes, a large hole and a small hole. The small hole makes contact with a spacer and/or an insert.1. A system for making hydrogen and oxygen, said system comprising:
a pocket cell comprising at least two plates enclosed within a housing, wherein at least one of said at least two plates comprises a cathode, and wherein at least one of said at least two plates comprises an anode; an electrolytic solution within said cell housing; electrical leads electrically coupled to the at least one cathode and the at least one anode; an envelope which encompasses at least of one of said at least two plates. 2. The system of claim 1 comprising at least two cathodes and one anode, and wherein said envelope encompasses said anode. 3. The system of claim 1 comprising at least two anodes and one cathode, and wherein said envelope encompasses said cathode. 4. The system of claim 1 further comprising an electrolyte storage unit coupled to said pocket cell via an electrolyte inlet line, a hydrogen collector coupled to said pocket cell via a hydrogen line, and an oxygen collector coupled to said pocket cell via an oxygen line. 5. The system of claim 4 wherein said oxygen line is used to cool said pocket cell. 6. A method for making hydrogen and oxygen gas, said method comprising:
a. applying a current to a pocket cell, wherein the pocket said comprises at least one plate encompassed by an envelope and at least one free plate adjacent to said envelope, wherein one of said plates comprises a cathode and one of said plates comprises an anode, and wherein said cell housing comprises an electrolytic solution; b. collecting a first gas produced by said at least one plate encompassed by an envelope; c. collecting a second gas produced by said at least one free plate; wherein steps b and c occur before mixing of said first and second gasses. 7. The method wherein said encompassed plate comprises an anode. 8. The method wherein said encompassed plate comprises a cathode. 9. The method of claim 6 further comprising:
d. using said first gas to cool said pocket cell. | 1,700 |
4,194 | 14,860,214 | 1,726 | A tunnel junction for a semiconductor device is disclosed. The tunnel junction includes a n-doped tunnel layer and a p-doped tunnel layer. The p-doped tunnel layer is constructed of aluminum gallium arsenide antimonide (AlGaAsSb). A semiconductor device including the tunnel junction with the p-doped tunnel layer constructed of AlGaAsSb is also disclosed. | 1. A tunnel junction for a semiconductor device, comprising:
a n-doped tunnel layer; and a p-doped tunnel layer, wherein the p-doped tunnel layer is constructed of aluminum gallium arsenide antimonide (AlGaAsSb). 2. The tunnel junction of claim 1, wherein the p-doped tunnel layer is doped with carbon. 3. The tunnel junction of claim 2, wherein the p-doped tunnel layer includes a carbon concentration ranging from about 1019/cm3 to 2×1020/cm3. 4. The tunnel junction of claim 1, wherein the p-doped tunnel layer includes bandgap ranging from about 0.7 to about 1.4 eV. 5. The tunnel junction of claim 1, wherein the n-doped tunnel layer is a n-doped material selected from the group consisting of: indium phosphide (InP), aluminium indium phosphide arsenic (AlInPAs), aluminum arsenide antimonide (AlAsSb), and AlGaAsSb. 6. The tunnel junction of claim 1, wherein the n-doped tunnel layer is doped with a material selected from a group consisting of: silicon and tellurium. 7. The tunnel junction of claim 6, wherein the n-doped tunnel layer includes a silicon concentration or a tellurium concentration of at least about 1019/cm3. 8. The tunnel junction of claim 1, wherein the n-doped tunnel layer is constructed of aluminum gallium indium arsenide (AlGaInAs). 9. The tunnel junction of claim 8, wherein the n-doped tunnel layer is doped with at least one of silicon and tellurium. 10. A semiconductor device, comprising:
a first subcell; a second subcell; and a tunnel junction for electrically connecting the first subcell and the second subcell together in electrical series, wherein the tunnel junction includes a n-doped tunnel layer and a p-doped tunnel layer, and wherein the p-doped tunnel layer is constructed of aluminum gallium arsenide antimonide (AlGaAsSb) and is doped with carbon. 11. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein the p-doped tunnel layer includes a carbon concentration ranging from about 1019/cm3 to 2×1020/cm3. 12. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein the p-doped tunnel layer includes a bandgap ranging from about 0.7 to about 1.4 eV. 13. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein the n-doped tunnel layer is a n-doped material selected from the group consisting of: indium phosphide (InP), aluminium indium phosphide arsenic (AlInPAs), aluminum arsenide antimonide (AlAsSb), and AlGaAsSb. 14. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein the n-doped tunnel layer is doped with a material selected from a group consisting of: silicon and tellurium. 15. The semiconductor device of claim 14, wherein the n-doped tunnel layer includes a silicon concentration or a tellurium concentration of at least about 1019/cm3. 16. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein the n-doped tunnel layer is constructed of aluminum gallium indium arsenide (AlGaInAs). 17. The semiconductor device of claim 16, wherein the n-doped tunnel layer is doped with at least one of silicon and tellurium. 18. A method of constructing a photovoltaic device, comprising:
growing a n-doped tunnel layer; and growing a p-doped tunnel layer, wherein the p-doped tunnel layer is constructed of aluminum gallium arsenide antimonide (AlGaAsSb). 19. The method as recited in claim 18, comprising doping the p-doped tunnel layer with carbon. 20. The method as recited in claim 18, wherein the n-doped tunnel layer and the p-doped tunnel layer are grown sequentially in a reactor selected from the group consisting of a: metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) reactor, a chemical beam epitaxy (CBE) reactor, a hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) reactor and an atomic layer deposition (ALD) reactor. | A tunnel junction for a semiconductor device is disclosed. The tunnel junction includes a n-doped tunnel layer and a p-doped tunnel layer. The p-doped tunnel layer is constructed of aluminum gallium arsenide antimonide (AlGaAsSb). A semiconductor device including the tunnel junction with the p-doped tunnel layer constructed of AlGaAsSb is also disclosed.1. A tunnel junction for a semiconductor device, comprising:
a n-doped tunnel layer; and a p-doped tunnel layer, wherein the p-doped tunnel layer is constructed of aluminum gallium arsenide antimonide (AlGaAsSb). 2. The tunnel junction of claim 1, wherein the p-doped tunnel layer is doped with carbon. 3. The tunnel junction of claim 2, wherein the p-doped tunnel layer includes a carbon concentration ranging from about 1019/cm3 to 2×1020/cm3. 4. The tunnel junction of claim 1, wherein the p-doped tunnel layer includes bandgap ranging from about 0.7 to about 1.4 eV. 5. The tunnel junction of claim 1, wherein the n-doped tunnel layer is a n-doped material selected from the group consisting of: indium phosphide (InP), aluminium indium phosphide arsenic (AlInPAs), aluminum arsenide antimonide (AlAsSb), and AlGaAsSb. 6. The tunnel junction of claim 1, wherein the n-doped tunnel layer is doped with a material selected from a group consisting of: silicon and tellurium. 7. The tunnel junction of claim 6, wherein the n-doped tunnel layer includes a silicon concentration or a tellurium concentration of at least about 1019/cm3. 8. The tunnel junction of claim 1, wherein the n-doped tunnel layer is constructed of aluminum gallium indium arsenide (AlGaInAs). 9. The tunnel junction of claim 8, wherein the n-doped tunnel layer is doped with at least one of silicon and tellurium. 10. A semiconductor device, comprising:
a first subcell; a second subcell; and a tunnel junction for electrically connecting the first subcell and the second subcell together in electrical series, wherein the tunnel junction includes a n-doped tunnel layer and a p-doped tunnel layer, and wherein the p-doped tunnel layer is constructed of aluminum gallium arsenide antimonide (AlGaAsSb) and is doped with carbon. 11. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein the p-doped tunnel layer includes a carbon concentration ranging from about 1019/cm3 to 2×1020/cm3. 12. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein the p-doped tunnel layer includes a bandgap ranging from about 0.7 to about 1.4 eV. 13. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein the n-doped tunnel layer is a n-doped material selected from the group consisting of: indium phosphide (InP), aluminium indium phosphide arsenic (AlInPAs), aluminum arsenide antimonide (AlAsSb), and AlGaAsSb. 14. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein the n-doped tunnel layer is doped with a material selected from a group consisting of: silicon and tellurium. 15. The semiconductor device of claim 14, wherein the n-doped tunnel layer includes a silicon concentration or a tellurium concentration of at least about 1019/cm3. 16. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein the n-doped tunnel layer is constructed of aluminum gallium indium arsenide (AlGaInAs). 17. The semiconductor device of claim 16, wherein the n-doped tunnel layer is doped with at least one of silicon and tellurium. 18. A method of constructing a photovoltaic device, comprising:
growing a n-doped tunnel layer; and growing a p-doped tunnel layer, wherein the p-doped tunnel layer is constructed of aluminum gallium arsenide antimonide (AlGaAsSb). 19. The method as recited in claim 18, comprising doping the p-doped tunnel layer with carbon. 20. The method as recited in claim 18, wherein the n-doped tunnel layer and the p-doped tunnel layer are grown sequentially in a reactor selected from the group consisting of a: metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) reactor, a chemical beam epitaxy (CBE) reactor, a hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) reactor and an atomic layer deposition (ALD) reactor. | 1,700 |
4,195 | 13,250,117 | 1,747 | A cigarette includes a shredded tobacco rod and a cigarette paper that wraps the outer peripheral surface of the shredded tobacco rod. The shredded tobacco and/or the cigarette paper contains a transition metal salt of an organic acid. | 1. A cigarette comprising a shredded tobacco rod and a cigarette paper that wraps the outer peripheral surface of the shredded tobacco rod, wherein the shredded tobacco and/or the cigarette paper contains a transition metal salt of an organic acid. 2. The cigarette according to claim 1, wherein the organic acid is fumaric acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, formic acid, benzoic acid, or lactic acid. 3. The cigarette according to claim 1, wherein the transition metal is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Ti, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Ce, Ir, Pt and Au. 4. The cigarette according to claim 1, wherein the transition metal salt of the organic acid is contained in an amount of 1 to 50% by weight in the shredded tobacco. 5. The cigarette according to claim 1, wherein the transition metal salt of the organic acid is contained in an amount of 0.1 to 50 g/m2 in the cigarette paper. 6. A method for treating a cigarette material, comprising treating shredded tobacco and/or cigarette paper with a transition metal salt of an organic acid. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the organic acid is fumaric acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, formic acid, benzoic acid, or lactic acid. 8. The method according to claim 6, wherein the transition metal is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Ti, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Ce, Ir, Pt and Au. 9. The method according to claim 6, wherein a solution in which the transition metal salt of the organic acid dispersed in an organic solvent is spread onto the shredded tobacco and/or the cigarette paper. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the solution further contains an emulsifier. | A cigarette includes a shredded tobacco rod and a cigarette paper that wraps the outer peripheral surface of the shredded tobacco rod. The shredded tobacco and/or the cigarette paper contains a transition metal salt of an organic acid.1. A cigarette comprising a shredded tobacco rod and a cigarette paper that wraps the outer peripheral surface of the shredded tobacco rod, wherein the shredded tobacco and/or the cigarette paper contains a transition metal salt of an organic acid. 2. The cigarette according to claim 1, wherein the organic acid is fumaric acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, formic acid, benzoic acid, or lactic acid. 3. The cigarette according to claim 1, wherein the transition metal is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Ti, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Ce, Ir, Pt and Au. 4. The cigarette according to claim 1, wherein the transition metal salt of the organic acid is contained in an amount of 1 to 50% by weight in the shredded tobacco. 5. The cigarette according to claim 1, wherein the transition metal salt of the organic acid is contained in an amount of 0.1 to 50 g/m2 in the cigarette paper. 6. A method for treating a cigarette material, comprising treating shredded tobacco and/or cigarette paper with a transition metal salt of an organic acid. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the organic acid is fumaric acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, formic acid, benzoic acid, or lactic acid. 8. The method according to claim 6, wherein the transition metal is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Ti, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Ce, Ir, Pt and Au. 9. The method according to claim 6, wherein a solution in which the transition metal salt of the organic acid dispersed in an organic solvent is spread onto the shredded tobacco and/or the cigarette paper. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the solution further contains an emulsifier. | 1,700 |
4,196 | 13,800,068 | 1,791 | Described is a method to inhibit browning in aged cheeses and the resulting aged cheese. The method includes the step of adding to a fresh cheese during its manufacture an amount of a reducing agent, wherein the amount of added reducing agent is effective to inhibit methylglyoxal-mediated browning of the cheese as it ages. | 1. A method to inhibit browning in cheese, the method comprising adding to a cheese during its manufacture an amount of a reducing agent, wherein the amount is effective to inhibit methylglyoxal-mediated browning of the cheese. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the reducing agent is added to the cheese in an amount of from about 1 μg to about 500 μg of reducing agent per g of cheese. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the reducing agent is added to the cheese in an amount of from about 1 μg to about 250 μg of reducing agent per g of cheese. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the reducing agent is added to the cheese in an amount of from about 1 μg to about 200 μg of reducing agent per g of cheese. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the reducing agent is added to the cheese in an amount of from about 1 μg to about 100 μg of reducing agent per g of cheese. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the reducing agent contains at least one sulfur atom. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the reducing agent is a thiol. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the reducing agent is selected from the group consisting of glutathione, sodium sulphite, sodium bisulphite (sodium hydrogen sulphite), sodium metabisulphite, potassium metabisulphite, potassium sulphite, calcium sulphite, calcium hydrogen sulphite, potassium hydrogen sulphite, and sodium thiosulphate. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the reducing agent is added to the cheese in an amount of from about 1 μg to about 500 μg of reducing agent per g of cheese. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the reducing agent is added to the cheese in an amount of from about 1 μg to about 250 μg of reducing agent per g of cheese. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the reducing agent is added to the cheese in an amount of from about 1 μg to about 200 μg of reducing agent per g of cheese. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the reducing agent is added to the cheese in an amount of from about 1 μg to about 100 μg of reducing agent per g of cheese. 13. A method to inhibit browning in cheese, the method comprising adding to a cheese during its manufacture an amount of a reducing agent, wherein the amount is effective to inhibit methylglyoxal-mediated browning of the cheese, and wherein the reducing agent has an E number of from E300 to E399. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the reducing agent is added to the cheese in an amount of from about 1 μg to about 500 μg of reducing agent per g of cheese. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the reducing agent is added to the cheese in an amount of from about 1 μg to about 250 μg of reducing agent per g of cheese. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the reducing agent is added to the cheese in an amount of from about 1 μg to about 200 μg of reducing agent per g of cheese. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the reducing agent is added to the cheese in an amount of from about 1 μg to about 100 μg of reducing agent per g of cheese. 18. An aged cheese produced by adding to a fresh cheese during its manufacture an amount of a reducing agent, wherein the amount is effective to inhibit methylglyoxal-mediated browning of the cheese. 19. The aged cheese of claim 18, wherein the reducing agent has an E number of from E300 to E399. 20. The aged cheese of claim 18, wherein the reducing agent is selected from the group consisting of glutathione, sodium sulphite, sodium bisulphite (sodium hydrogen sulphite), sodium metabisulphite, potassium metabisulphite, potassium sulphite, calcium sulphite, calcium hydrogen sulphite, potassium hydrogen sulphite, and sodium thiosulphate. 21. The aged cheese of claim 18, wherein the reducing agent is added to the cheese in an amount of from about 1 μg to about 500 μg of reducing agent per g of cheese. 22. The aged cheese of claim 18, wherein the reducing agent is added to the cheese in an amount of from about 1 μg to about 250 μg of reducing agent per g of cheese. 23. The aged cheese of claim 18, wherein the reducing agent is added to the cheese in an amount of from about 1 μg to about 200 μg of reducing agent per g of cheese. 24. The aged cheese of claim 18, wherein the reducing agent is added to the cheese in an amount of from about 1 μg to about 100 μg of reducing agent per g of cheese. | Described is a method to inhibit browning in aged cheeses and the resulting aged cheese. The method includes the step of adding to a fresh cheese during its manufacture an amount of a reducing agent, wherein the amount of added reducing agent is effective to inhibit methylglyoxal-mediated browning of the cheese as it ages.1. A method to inhibit browning in cheese, the method comprising adding to a cheese during its manufacture an amount of a reducing agent, wherein the amount is effective to inhibit methylglyoxal-mediated browning of the cheese. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the reducing agent is added to the cheese in an amount of from about 1 μg to about 500 μg of reducing agent per g of cheese. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the reducing agent is added to the cheese in an amount of from about 1 μg to about 250 μg of reducing agent per g of cheese. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the reducing agent is added to the cheese in an amount of from about 1 μg to about 200 μg of reducing agent per g of cheese. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the reducing agent is added to the cheese in an amount of from about 1 μg to about 100 μg of reducing agent per g of cheese. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the reducing agent contains at least one sulfur atom. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the reducing agent is a thiol. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the reducing agent is selected from the group consisting of glutathione, sodium sulphite, sodium bisulphite (sodium hydrogen sulphite), sodium metabisulphite, potassium metabisulphite, potassium sulphite, calcium sulphite, calcium hydrogen sulphite, potassium hydrogen sulphite, and sodium thiosulphate. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the reducing agent is added to the cheese in an amount of from about 1 μg to about 500 μg of reducing agent per g of cheese. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the reducing agent is added to the cheese in an amount of from about 1 μg to about 250 μg of reducing agent per g of cheese. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the reducing agent is added to the cheese in an amount of from about 1 μg to about 200 μg of reducing agent per g of cheese. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the reducing agent is added to the cheese in an amount of from about 1 μg to about 100 μg of reducing agent per g of cheese. 13. A method to inhibit browning in cheese, the method comprising adding to a cheese during its manufacture an amount of a reducing agent, wherein the amount is effective to inhibit methylglyoxal-mediated browning of the cheese, and wherein the reducing agent has an E number of from E300 to E399. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the reducing agent is added to the cheese in an amount of from about 1 μg to about 500 μg of reducing agent per g of cheese. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the reducing agent is added to the cheese in an amount of from about 1 μg to about 250 μg of reducing agent per g of cheese. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the reducing agent is added to the cheese in an amount of from about 1 μg to about 200 μg of reducing agent per g of cheese. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the reducing agent is added to the cheese in an amount of from about 1 μg to about 100 μg of reducing agent per g of cheese. 18. An aged cheese produced by adding to a fresh cheese during its manufacture an amount of a reducing agent, wherein the amount is effective to inhibit methylglyoxal-mediated browning of the cheese. 19. The aged cheese of claim 18, wherein the reducing agent has an E number of from E300 to E399. 20. The aged cheese of claim 18, wherein the reducing agent is selected from the group consisting of glutathione, sodium sulphite, sodium bisulphite (sodium hydrogen sulphite), sodium metabisulphite, potassium metabisulphite, potassium sulphite, calcium sulphite, calcium hydrogen sulphite, potassium hydrogen sulphite, and sodium thiosulphate. 21. The aged cheese of claim 18, wherein the reducing agent is added to the cheese in an amount of from about 1 μg to about 500 μg of reducing agent per g of cheese. 22. The aged cheese of claim 18, wherein the reducing agent is added to the cheese in an amount of from about 1 μg to about 250 μg of reducing agent per g of cheese. 23. The aged cheese of claim 18, wherein the reducing agent is added to the cheese in an amount of from about 1 μg to about 200 μg of reducing agent per g of cheese. 24. The aged cheese of claim 18, wherein the reducing agent is added to the cheese in an amount of from about 1 μg to about 100 μg of reducing agent per g of cheese. | 1,700 |
4,197 | 15,401,575 | 1,784 | A CMC ply assembly is disclosed including at least one matrix ply interspersed amongst a plurality of CMC plies. Each of the plurality of CMC plies includes a first matrix and a plurality of ceramic fibers. The at least one matrix ply includes a second matrix and is essentially free of ceramic fibers. The plurality of CMC plies and the at least one matrix ply are arranged in an undensified ply stack having an article conformation. A CMC article is disclosed including a plurality of densified CMC plies and at least one densified matrix ply interspersed amongst the plurality of densified CMC plies. A method for forming the CMC article is disclosed including forming, carburizing, infusing a melt infiltration agent into, and densifying the CMC ply assembly. The melt infiltration agent infuses more completely through the at least one matrix ply than through the plurality of CMC plies. | 1. A ceramic matrix composite (CMC) ply assembly, comprising:
a plurality of CMC plies, each of the plurality of CMC plies including a first matrix and a plurality of ceramic fibers; and at least one matrix ply interspersed amongst the plurality of CMC plies, the at least one matrix ply including a second matrix and being essentially free of ceramic fibers; wherein the plurality of CMC plies and the at least one matrix ply are arranged in an undensified ply stack, the undensified ply stack including an article conformation. 2. The CMC ply assembly of claim 1, wherein the at least one matrix ply includes a plurality of matrix plies. 3. The CMC ply assembly of claim 1, further including a portion having an assembled ply thickness of at least about 0.1 inches, and the at least one matrix ply is at least partially disposed within the portion. 4. The CMC ply assembly of claim 3, wherein the portion includes a minimum ratio (thickness) of the at least one matrix ply to the plurality of CMC plies of about 1:10. 5. The CMC ply assembly of claim 4, wherein the portion includes a core region centered about a mid-plane of the portion, the core region constituting about 40% to about 60% of the assembled ply thickness of the portion, the minimum ratio (thickness) of the at least one matrix ply to the plurality of CMC plies of about 1:1 in the core region. 6. The CMC ply assembly of claim 1, further including a ratio (thickness) of the at least one matrix ply to the plurality of CMC plies of between about 1:1 to about 1:250. 7. The CMC ply assembly of claim 1, wherein the at least one matrix ply includes a greater potential to develop porosity during carbonization than the plurality of CMC plies. 8. The CMC ply assembly of claim 1, wherein the article conformation is a turbine component selected from the group consisting of airfoils, buckets (blades), bucket (blade) dovetails, nozzles (vanes), shrouds, combustor liners, combustor transition pieces, disks, ducts, augmentors, exhaust nozzles, casings, and combinations thereof. 9. The CMC ply assembly of claim 1, wherein the first matrix includes a material composition which is essentially the same as the second matrix. 10. The CMC ply assembly of claim 1, wherein the first matrix includes a material composition which is distinct from the second matrix. 11. The CMC ply assembly of claim 1, wherein the plurality of ceramic fibers is selected from the group consisting of fibers stable at temperatures exceeding 1000° C., aluminum oxide fibers, carbon fibers, silicon carbide fibers, zirconium oxide fibers, mullite fibers, and combinations thereof. 12. A ceramic matrix composite (CMC) article, comprising:
a plurality of densified CMC plies, each of the plurality of densified CMC plies including a first ceramic matrix and a plurality of ceramic fibers; and at least one densified matrix ply interspersed amongst the plurality of densified CMC plies, the at least one densified matrix ply including a second ceramic matrix and being essentially free of ceramic fibers. 13. The CMC article of claim 12, wherein the first ceramic matrix and the second ceramic matrix independently include a composition selected from the group consisting of carbon, silicon, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, and combinations thereof. 14. The CMC article of claim 12, wherein the plurality of densified CMC plies includes a composition selected from the group consisting of a carbon-fiber-reinforced silicon carbide (C/SiC), a silicon-carbide-fiber-reinforced silicon carbide (SiC/SiC), and combinations thereof. 15. A method for forming a ceramic matrix composite (CMC) article, comprising:
forming a CMC ply assembly, forming the CMC ply assembly including:
laying up a plurality of CMC plies, each of the plurality of CMC plies including a first matrix and a plurality of ceramic fibers; and
interspersing at least one matrix ply amongst the plurality of CMC plies, the at least one matrix ply including a second matrix and being essentially free of ceramic fibers,
wherein the plurality of CMC plies and the at least one matrix ply are arranged in an undensified ply stack, the undensified ply stack including an article conformation;
carbonizing the CMC ply assembly; infusing a melt infiltration agent into the CMC ply assembly, the melt infiltration agent infusing more completely through the at least one matrix ply than through the plurality of CMC plies; and densifying the CMC ply assembly with the melt infiltration agent to form the CMC article. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the CMC ply assembly includes a portion having an assembled ply thickness of at least about 0.1 inches, and the at least one matrix ply is at least partially disposed within the portion. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein melt infiltration into the CMC ply assembly is more complete in comparison to a comparative method in which the CMC ply assembly lacks the at least one matrix ply. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein densifying the CMC ply assembly with the melt infiltration agent includes heating the CMC ply assembly and the melt infiltration agent at a temperature of at least about 1,414° C. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the melt infiltration agent includes silicon. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the CMC article is a turbine component, and the turbine component includes an airfoil. | A CMC ply assembly is disclosed including at least one matrix ply interspersed amongst a plurality of CMC plies. Each of the plurality of CMC plies includes a first matrix and a plurality of ceramic fibers. The at least one matrix ply includes a second matrix and is essentially free of ceramic fibers. The plurality of CMC plies and the at least one matrix ply are arranged in an undensified ply stack having an article conformation. A CMC article is disclosed including a plurality of densified CMC plies and at least one densified matrix ply interspersed amongst the plurality of densified CMC plies. A method for forming the CMC article is disclosed including forming, carburizing, infusing a melt infiltration agent into, and densifying the CMC ply assembly. The melt infiltration agent infuses more completely through the at least one matrix ply than through the plurality of CMC plies.1. A ceramic matrix composite (CMC) ply assembly, comprising:
a plurality of CMC plies, each of the plurality of CMC plies including a first matrix and a plurality of ceramic fibers; and at least one matrix ply interspersed amongst the plurality of CMC plies, the at least one matrix ply including a second matrix and being essentially free of ceramic fibers; wherein the plurality of CMC plies and the at least one matrix ply are arranged in an undensified ply stack, the undensified ply stack including an article conformation. 2. The CMC ply assembly of claim 1, wherein the at least one matrix ply includes a plurality of matrix plies. 3. The CMC ply assembly of claim 1, further including a portion having an assembled ply thickness of at least about 0.1 inches, and the at least one matrix ply is at least partially disposed within the portion. 4. The CMC ply assembly of claim 3, wherein the portion includes a minimum ratio (thickness) of the at least one matrix ply to the plurality of CMC plies of about 1:10. 5. The CMC ply assembly of claim 4, wherein the portion includes a core region centered about a mid-plane of the portion, the core region constituting about 40% to about 60% of the assembled ply thickness of the portion, the minimum ratio (thickness) of the at least one matrix ply to the plurality of CMC plies of about 1:1 in the core region. 6. The CMC ply assembly of claim 1, further including a ratio (thickness) of the at least one matrix ply to the plurality of CMC plies of between about 1:1 to about 1:250. 7. The CMC ply assembly of claim 1, wherein the at least one matrix ply includes a greater potential to develop porosity during carbonization than the plurality of CMC plies. 8. The CMC ply assembly of claim 1, wherein the article conformation is a turbine component selected from the group consisting of airfoils, buckets (blades), bucket (blade) dovetails, nozzles (vanes), shrouds, combustor liners, combustor transition pieces, disks, ducts, augmentors, exhaust nozzles, casings, and combinations thereof. 9. The CMC ply assembly of claim 1, wherein the first matrix includes a material composition which is essentially the same as the second matrix. 10. The CMC ply assembly of claim 1, wherein the first matrix includes a material composition which is distinct from the second matrix. 11. The CMC ply assembly of claim 1, wherein the plurality of ceramic fibers is selected from the group consisting of fibers stable at temperatures exceeding 1000° C., aluminum oxide fibers, carbon fibers, silicon carbide fibers, zirconium oxide fibers, mullite fibers, and combinations thereof. 12. A ceramic matrix composite (CMC) article, comprising:
a plurality of densified CMC plies, each of the plurality of densified CMC plies including a first ceramic matrix and a plurality of ceramic fibers; and at least one densified matrix ply interspersed amongst the plurality of densified CMC plies, the at least one densified matrix ply including a second ceramic matrix and being essentially free of ceramic fibers. 13. The CMC article of claim 12, wherein the first ceramic matrix and the second ceramic matrix independently include a composition selected from the group consisting of carbon, silicon, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, and combinations thereof. 14. The CMC article of claim 12, wherein the plurality of densified CMC plies includes a composition selected from the group consisting of a carbon-fiber-reinforced silicon carbide (C/SiC), a silicon-carbide-fiber-reinforced silicon carbide (SiC/SiC), and combinations thereof. 15. A method for forming a ceramic matrix composite (CMC) article, comprising:
forming a CMC ply assembly, forming the CMC ply assembly including:
laying up a plurality of CMC plies, each of the plurality of CMC plies including a first matrix and a plurality of ceramic fibers; and
interspersing at least one matrix ply amongst the plurality of CMC plies, the at least one matrix ply including a second matrix and being essentially free of ceramic fibers,
wherein the plurality of CMC plies and the at least one matrix ply are arranged in an undensified ply stack, the undensified ply stack including an article conformation;
carbonizing the CMC ply assembly; infusing a melt infiltration agent into the CMC ply assembly, the melt infiltration agent infusing more completely through the at least one matrix ply than through the plurality of CMC plies; and densifying the CMC ply assembly with the melt infiltration agent to form the CMC article. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the CMC ply assembly includes a portion having an assembled ply thickness of at least about 0.1 inches, and the at least one matrix ply is at least partially disposed within the portion. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein melt infiltration into the CMC ply assembly is more complete in comparison to a comparative method in which the CMC ply assembly lacks the at least one matrix ply. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein densifying the CMC ply assembly with the melt infiltration agent includes heating the CMC ply assembly and the melt infiltration agent at a temperature of at least about 1,414° C. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the melt infiltration agent includes silicon. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the CMC article is a turbine component, and the turbine component includes an airfoil. | 1,700 |
4,198 | 15,686,209 | 1,796 | A marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition includes a major amount of an oil of lubricating viscosity. The lubricating oil composition further includes a non-sulfur containing aromatic amine. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition has a total base number (TBN) of about 5 to about 100 mg KOH/g. Furthermore, the contribution of the non-sulfur containing aromatic amine to the TBN of the marine diesel cylinder lubricant oil composition is greater than about 30%. | 1. A marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition comprising:
(a) a major amount of an oil of lubricating viscosity, and (b) a non-sulfur containing aromatic amine; wherein the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition has a total base number (TBN) of about 5 to about 100 mg KOH/g; and further wherein the contribution of the non-sulfur containing aromatic amine to the TBN of the marine diesel cylinder lubricant oil composition is greater than about 30%. 2. The marine diesel cylinder lubricant oil composition according to claim 1, wherein the non-sulfur containing aromatic amine is selected from a diphenylamine, a N-phenylnaphthylamine, a dinaphthylamine, or a phenylenediamine. 3. The marine diesel cylinder lubricant oil composition according to claim 1, wherein the non-sulfur containing aromatic amine consists essentially of a diphenylamine. 4. The marine diesel cylinder lubricant oil composition according to claim 3, wherein the diphenylamine is selected from diphenylamine, N-methyldiphenylamine, 4-butyldiphenylamine, 4,4′-dibutyldiphenylamine, 4-hexyldiphenylamine, 4,4′-dihexyldiphenylamine, 4-heptyldiphenylamine, 4,4′-diheptyldiphenylamine, 4-octyidiphenylamine, 4,4′-dioctyldiphenylamine , 4-nonyldiphenylamine, 4,4′-dinonyldiphenylamine, or 4-tetradecyldiphenylamine, 4,4′-ditetradecyldiphenylamine, p,p′-di-α-methylbenzyl-diphenylamine; N-p-butylphenyl-N-p′-octylphenylamine, or bis(dialkylphenyl) amines. 5. The marine diesel cylinder lubricant oil composition according to claim 1, wherein the non-sulfur containing aromatic amine is selected from alkylphenyl-1-naphthylamines, octylphenyl-1-naphthylamine, N-4-dodecylphenyl-1-naphthylamine; 1-naphthylamine; an arylnaphthylamine, phenyl-1-naphthylamine, phenyl-2-naphthylamine, N-hexylphenyl-2-naphthylamine, N-octylphenyl-2-naphthylamine, phenylenediamines, N,N′-diisopropyl-p-phenylenediamine, or N,N′-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine. 6. The marine diesel cylinder lubricant oil composition according to claim 1, wherein the contribution of the non-sulfur containing aromatic amine to TBN of the marine diesel cylinder lubricant oil composition is greater than about 32%, greater than about 34%, greater than about 36%, greater than about 38%, greater than about 40%, greater than about 42%, greater than about 44%, greater than about 46%, greater than about 48%, greater than about 50%, greater than about 52%, greater than about 54%, greater than about 56%, greater than about 58%, greater than about 60%, greater than about 62%, greater than about 64%, greater than about 66%, greater than about 68%, greater than about 70%, greater than about 72%, greater than about 74%, greater than about 76%, greater than about 78%, greater than about 80%, greater than about 82%, greater than about 84%, greater than about 86%, greater than about 88%, or greater than about 90%. 7. The marine diesel cylinder lubricant oil composition according to claim 1. wherein the contribution of the non-sulfur containing aromatic amine to TBN of the marine diesel cylinder lubricant oil composition is not greater than about 95%, not greater than about 90%, not greater than about 85%, not greater than about 80%, not greater than about 75%, not greater than about 70%, not greater than about 65%, not greater than about 60%, not greater than about 55%, or not greater than about 50%. 8. The marine diesel cylinder lubricant oil composition according to claim 1, wherein the contribution of the non-sulfur containing aromatic amine to TBN of the marine diesel cylinder lubricant oil composition is between 30% and 95%, between 32% and 85%, between 34% and 75%, between 36% and 65%. 9. The marine diesel cylinder lubricant oil composition according to claim 1 further comprising a detergent selected from an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylate, or an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic compound. 10. The marine diesel cylinder lubricant oil composition according to claim 1, wherein the non-sulfur containing aromatic amine has a total base number between 100 mg KOH/g and 600 mg KOH/g, between 100 mg KOH/g and 300 mg KOH/g, or between 120 mg KOH/g and 250 mg KOH/g. 11. The marine diesel cylinder lubricant oil composition according to claim 1 having the TBN between 5 and 70 mg KOH/g or between 5 and 40 mg KOH/g. 12. A marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition comprising:
(a) a major amount of an oil of lubricating viscosity, and (b) a non-sulfur containing aromatic amine;
wherein the non-sulfur containing aromatic amine is present in an amount sufficient to increase oxidation stability of the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition as determined by ASTM D-6186 by at least 5% compared to a marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition substantially deficient of any non-sulfur containing aromatic amine. 13. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition according to claim 12, wherein the oxidation stability is increased by at least 7%, at least 9%, at least 11%, at least 13%, or at least 15%. 14. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition according to claim 12, wherein the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition substantially deficient of any non-sulfur containing aromatic amine includes a non-sulfur containing aromatic amine in an amount of less than 0.5 wt %, less than 0.4 wt %, less than 0.3 wt %, or less than 0.2 wt %. 15. The marine diesel cylinder lubricant oil composition according to claim 12, wherein the non-sulfur containing aromatic amine is selected from alkylphenyl-1-naphthylamines, octylphenyl- 1 -naphthylamine, N-4-dodecylphenyl-1-naphthlamine; 1-naphthlamine; an arylnaphthylamine, phenyl-1-naphthylamine, phenyl-2-naphthylamine, N-hexylphenyl-2-naphthylamine, N-octylphenyl-2-naphthylamine, phenylenediamines, N,N′-diisopropyl-p-phenylenediamine, or N,N′-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine. | A marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition includes a major amount of an oil of lubricating viscosity. The lubricating oil composition further includes a non-sulfur containing aromatic amine. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition has a total base number (TBN) of about 5 to about 100 mg KOH/g. Furthermore, the contribution of the non-sulfur containing aromatic amine to the TBN of the marine diesel cylinder lubricant oil composition is greater than about 30%.1. A marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition comprising:
(a) a major amount of an oil of lubricating viscosity, and (b) a non-sulfur containing aromatic amine; wherein the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition has a total base number (TBN) of about 5 to about 100 mg KOH/g; and further wherein the contribution of the non-sulfur containing aromatic amine to the TBN of the marine diesel cylinder lubricant oil composition is greater than about 30%. 2. The marine diesel cylinder lubricant oil composition according to claim 1, wherein the non-sulfur containing aromatic amine is selected from a diphenylamine, a N-phenylnaphthylamine, a dinaphthylamine, or a phenylenediamine. 3. The marine diesel cylinder lubricant oil composition according to claim 1, wherein the non-sulfur containing aromatic amine consists essentially of a diphenylamine. 4. The marine diesel cylinder lubricant oil composition according to claim 3, wherein the diphenylamine is selected from diphenylamine, N-methyldiphenylamine, 4-butyldiphenylamine, 4,4′-dibutyldiphenylamine, 4-hexyldiphenylamine, 4,4′-dihexyldiphenylamine, 4-heptyldiphenylamine, 4,4′-diheptyldiphenylamine, 4-octyidiphenylamine, 4,4′-dioctyldiphenylamine , 4-nonyldiphenylamine, 4,4′-dinonyldiphenylamine, or 4-tetradecyldiphenylamine, 4,4′-ditetradecyldiphenylamine, p,p′-di-α-methylbenzyl-diphenylamine; N-p-butylphenyl-N-p′-octylphenylamine, or bis(dialkylphenyl) amines. 5. The marine diesel cylinder lubricant oil composition according to claim 1, wherein the non-sulfur containing aromatic amine is selected from alkylphenyl-1-naphthylamines, octylphenyl-1-naphthylamine, N-4-dodecylphenyl-1-naphthylamine; 1-naphthylamine; an arylnaphthylamine, phenyl-1-naphthylamine, phenyl-2-naphthylamine, N-hexylphenyl-2-naphthylamine, N-octylphenyl-2-naphthylamine, phenylenediamines, N,N′-diisopropyl-p-phenylenediamine, or N,N′-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine. 6. The marine diesel cylinder lubricant oil composition according to claim 1, wherein the contribution of the non-sulfur containing aromatic amine to TBN of the marine diesel cylinder lubricant oil composition is greater than about 32%, greater than about 34%, greater than about 36%, greater than about 38%, greater than about 40%, greater than about 42%, greater than about 44%, greater than about 46%, greater than about 48%, greater than about 50%, greater than about 52%, greater than about 54%, greater than about 56%, greater than about 58%, greater than about 60%, greater than about 62%, greater than about 64%, greater than about 66%, greater than about 68%, greater than about 70%, greater than about 72%, greater than about 74%, greater than about 76%, greater than about 78%, greater than about 80%, greater than about 82%, greater than about 84%, greater than about 86%, greater than about 88%, or greater than about 90%. 7. The marine diesel cylinder lubricant oil composition according to claim 1. wherein the contribution of the non-sulfur containing aromatic amine to TBN of the marine diesel cylinder lubricant oil composition is not greater than about 95%, not greater than about 90%, not greater than about 85%, not greater than about 80%, not greater than about 75%, not greater than about 70%, not greater than about 65%, not greater than about 60%, not greater than about 55%, or not greater than about 50%. 8. The marine diesel cylinder lubricant oil composition according to claim 1, wherein the contribution of the non-sulfur containing aromatic amine to TBN of the marine diesel cylinder lubricant oil composition is between 30% and 95%, between 32% and 85%, between 34% and 75%, between 36% and 65%. 9. The marine diesel cylinder lubricant oil composition according to claim 1 further comprising a detergent selected from an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylate, or an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic compound. 10. The marine diesel cylinder lubricant oil composition according to claim 1, wherein the non-sulfur containing aromatic amine has a total base number between 100 mg KOH/g and 600 mg KOH/g, between 100 mg KOH/g and 300 mg KOH/g, or between 120 mg KOH/g and 250 mg KOH/g. 11. The marine diesel cylinder lubricant oil composition according to claim 1 having the TBN between 5 and 70 mg KOH/g or between 5 and 40 mg KOH/g. 12. A marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition comprising:
(a) a major amount of an oil of lubricating viscosity, and (b) a non-sulfur containing aromatic amine;
wherein the non-sulfur containing aromatic amine is present in an amount sufficient to increase oxidation stability of the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition as determined by ASTM D-6186 by at least 5% compared to a marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition substantially deficient of any non-sulfur containing aromatic amine. 13. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition according to claim 12, wherein the oxidation stability is increased by at least 7%, at least 9%, at least 11%, at least 13%, or at least 15%. 14. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition according to claim 12, wherein the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition substantially deficient of any non-sulfur containing aromatic amine includes a non-sulfur containing aromatic amine in an amount of less than 0.5 wt %, less than 0.4 wt %, less than 0.3 wt %, or less than 0.2 wt %. 15. The marine diesel cylinder lubricant oil composition according to claim 12, wherein the non-sulfur containing aromatic amine is selected from alkylphenyl-1-naphthylamines, octylphenyl- 1 -naphthylamine, N-4-dodecylphenyl-1-naphthlamine; 1-naphthlamine; an arylnaphthylamine, phenyl-1-naphthylamine, phenyl-2-naphthylamine, N-hexylphenyl-2-naphthylamine, N-octylphenyl-2-naphthylamine, phenylenediamines, N,N′-diisopropyl-p-phenylenediamine, or N,N′-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine. | 1,700 |
4,199 | 14,716,092 | 1,729 | A battery assembly according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, a first cell stack including a plurality of battery cells and a structural assembly including a first pocket sized and shaped to receive the first cell stack. The structural assembly is configured to assert a compressive load on the first cell stack and at least partially enclose the first cell stack. | 1. A battery assembly, comprising:
a first cell stack including a plurality of battery cells; and a structural assembly including a first pocket sized and shaped to receive said first cell stack, said structural assembly configured to assert a compressive load on said first cell stack and at least partially enclose said first cell stack. 2. The battery assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said plurality of battery cells are individual cells disposed side-by-side and unbound relative to one another. 3. The battery assembly as recited in claim 2, wherein each of said plurality of battery cells is contiguous with at least one wall of said structural assembly. 4. The battery assembly as recited in claim 1, comprising a second cell stack received within a second pocket of said structural assembly. 5. The battery assembly as recited in claim 4, wherein a wall of said structural assembly separates said first pocket from said second pocket. 6. The battery assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said structural assembly includes a plurality of walls that are joined together. 7. The battery assembly as recited in claim 6, wherein at least one of said plurality of walls includes a channel configured to communicate a fluid to thermally condition said plurality of battery cells. 8. The battery assembly as recited in claim 1, comprising a bus bar module positioned over top of said first cell stack. 9. The battery assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein a base is positioned at a bottom of said structural assembly and a cover is positioned at a top of said structural assembly. 10. The battery assembly as recited in claim 1, comprising a resilient envelope disposed around an entire perimeter of said structural assembly. 11. A battery assembly, comprising:
a cell stack; and a structural assembly at least partially surrounding said cell stack, said structural assembly including a plurality of walls each including at least one channel configured to communicate a fluid to thermally condition said cell stack. 12. The battery assembly as recited in claim 11, wherein said structural assembly includes a first wall having a first channel of a first cross-sectional area and a second wall having a second channel of a second cross-sectional area greater than said first cross-section area. 13. The battery assembly as recited in claim 11, wherein said cell stack includes a plurality of battery cells that are unbound to one another prior to insertion into a pocket of said structural assembly. 14. The battery assembly as recited in claim 13, wherein said structural assembly is configured to assert a compressive load on said cell stack after insertion of said cell stack into said pocket. 15. The battery assembly as recited in claim 11, wherein said structural assembly is configured in a figure-eight shape. 16. A method, comprising:
compressing a cell stack of a battery assembly; and inserting the cell stack into a pocket of a structural assembly, the cell stack unbound prior to insertion into the pocket and the structural assembly configured to apply a compressive load against the cell stack after insertion into the pocket. 17. The method as recited in claim 16, wherein the compressing step includes:
disposing a plurality of battery cells of the cell stack between opposing end spacers; and applying a force to the cell stack at the opposing end spacers. 18. The method as recited in claim 16, wherein the structural assembly is configured to at least partially enclose the cell stack. 19. The method as recited in claim 16, wherein the structural assembly is configured to thermally manage a plurality of battery cells of the cell stack. 20. The method as recited in claim 16, comprising:
sealing the cell stack of the battery assembly relative to an exterior environment after the inserting step. | A battery assembly according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, a first cell stack including a plurality of battery cells and a structural assembly including a first pocket sized and shaped to receive the first cell stack. The structural assembly is configured to assert a compressive load on the first cell stack and at least partially enclose the first cell stack.1. A battery assembly, comprising:
a first cell stack including a plurality of battery cells; and a structural assembly including a first pocket sized and shaped to receive said first cell stack, said structural assembly configured to assert a compressive load on said first cell stack and at least partially enclose said first cell stack. 2. The battery assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said plurality of battery cells are individual cells disposed side-by-side and unbound relative to one another. 3. The battery assembly as recited in claim 2, wherein each of said plurality of battery cells is contiguous with at least one wall of said structural assembly. 4. The battery assembly as recited in claim 1, comprising a second cell stack received within a second pocket of said structural assembly. 5. The battery assembly as recited in claim 4, wherein a wall of said structural assembly separates said first pocket from said second pocket. 6. The battery assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said structural assembly includes a plurality of walls that are joined together. 7. The battery assembly as recited in claim 6, wherein at least one of said plurality of walls includes a channel configured to communicate a fluid to thermally condition said plurality of battery cells. 8. The battery assembly as recited in claim 1, comprising a bus bar module positioned over top of said first cell stack. 9. The battery assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein a base is positioned at a bottom of said structural assembly and a cover is positioned at a top of said structural assembly. 10. The battery assembly as recited in claim 1, comprising a resilient envelope disposed around an entire perimeter of said structural assembly. 11. A battery assembly, comprising:
a cell stack; and a structural assembly at least partially surrounding said cell stack, said structural assembly including a plurality of walls each including at least one channel configured to communicate a fluid to thermally condition said cell stack. 12. The battery assembly as recited in claim 11, wherein said structural assembly includes a first wall having a first channel of a first cross-sectional area and a second wall having a second channel of a second cross-sectional area greater than said first cross-section area. 13. The battery assembly as recited in claim 11, wherein said cell stack includes a plurality of battery cells that are unbound to one another prior to insertion into a pocket of said structural assembly. 14. The battery assembly as recited in claim 13, wherein said structural assembly is configured to assert a compressive load on said cell stack after insertion of said cell stack into said pocket. 15. The battery assembly as recited in claim 11, wherein said structural assembly is configured in a figure-eight shape. 16. A method, comprising:
compressing a cell stack of a battery assembly; and inserting the cell stack into a pocket of a structural assembly, the cell stack unbound prior to insertion into the pocket and the structural assembly configured to apply a compressive load against the cell stack after insertion into the pocket. 17. The method as recited in claim 16, wherein the compressing step includes:
disposing a plurality of battery cells of the cell stack between opposing end spacers; and applying a force to the cell stack at the opposing end spacers. 18. The method as recited in claim 16, wherein the structural assembly is configured to at least partially enclose the cell stack. 19. The method as recited in claim 16, wherein the structural assembly is configured to thermally manage a plurality of battery cells of the cell stack. 20. The method as recited in claim 16, comprising:
sealing the cell stack of the battery assembly relative to an exterior environment after the inserting step. | 1,700 |
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