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3,900 | 15,664,446 | 1,783 | A coated component is generally provided, along with methods of forming such a coating system. The coated component includes a substrate having a surface with a coating system thereon. The coating system may include a columnar thermal barrier coating (TBC) over the surface of the substrate, with the columnar TBC including surface-connected voids. An intermediate layer is over the columnar TBC layer. The intermediate layer has a surface opposite of the columnar TBC that is rougher than the surface of the columnar TBC. A second TBC is over the intermediate layer. | 1. A coated component comprising a substrate having a surface with a coating system thereon, wherein the coating system comprises:
a columnar thermal barrier coating (TBC) over the surface of the substrate, wherein the columnar TBC includes surface-connected voids, and wherein the columnar TBC has a surface opposite of the substrate; an intermediate layer directly on the surface of the columnar TBC layer, wherein the intermediate layer has a surface opposite of the columnar TBC that is rougher than the surface of the columnar TBC; and a second TBC directly on the surface of the intermediate layer. 2. The coating component of claim 1, wherein the surface-connected voids are substantially vertically oriented. 3. The coating component of claim 1, wherein a majority of the surface-connected voids extend through the entire thickness of the columnar TBC. 4. The coating component of claim 1, wherein the surface-connected voids of the columnar TBC are defined by grain boundaries within the columnar TBC. 5. The coating component of claim 1, wherein the second TBC has a porosity, and wherein the intermediate layer has a porosity that is less than the porosity of the second TBC. 6. The coating component of claim 1, wherein the intermediate layer has a porosity of about 0.1% to about 10%, and wherein the second TBC has a porosity of about 10% to about 25%. 7. The coating component of claim 1, wherein the columnar TBC has a thickness, and wherein the intermediate layer has a thickness that is about 1% to about 50% of the thickness of the columnar TBC. 8. The coating component of claim 1, wherein the coating system further comprises a bond coating on the surface of the substrate such that the bond coating is present between the columnar TBC and the surface of the substrate. 9. The coating component of claim 8, wherein a thermally grown oxide layer is on the bond coating between the bond coating and the columnar TBC. 10. The coating component of claim 1, wherein the surface of the intermediate layer has a surface roughness (Ra) that is about 2 μm or greater. 11. The coating component of claim 1, wherein the surface of the intermediate layer has a surface roughness (Ra) that is about 2.5 μm to about 6.5 μm. 12. The coating component of claim 1, wherein the surface of the columnar TBC has a surface roughness (Ra) that is about 2.5 μm or less in the areas excluding the space formed by the voids. 13. The coating component of claim 1, wherein the surface of the columnar TBC has a surface roughness (Ra) that is about 2 μm or less in the areas excluding the space formed by the voids. 14. The coating component of claim 1, wherein the columnar TBC comprises a ceramic material, and wherein the intermediate layer comprises a ceramic material deposited via air plasma spray. 15. The coating component of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a metal or a metal alloy. 16. A method of forming a coating system on a surface of a substrate, the method comprising:
forming a columnar thermal barrier coating (TBC) over the surface of the substrate, wherein the columnar TBC has surface-connected voids, and wherein the columnar TBC has a surface with a first surface roughness; and forming an air plasma spray (APS) intermediate layer directly onto the columnar TBC, wherein the intermediate layer has a surface opposite of the columnar TBC that has a second surface roughness that is rougher than the first surface roughness of the columnar TBC. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the surface-connected voids are substantially vertically oriented, and wherein the surface of the columnar TBC has a surface roughness (Ra) that is about 2.5 μm or less in the areas excluding the space formed by the voids; and wherein the surface of the intermediate layer has a surface roughness (Ra) that is about 2.5 μm or greater. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein forming the APS intermediate layer comprises:
spraying, via a plasma spray torch, a plurality of fully melted microparticles onto the surface of the columnar TBC such that the APS intermediate layer has a porosity that is about 10% or less, wherein the microparticles comprise a ceramic TBC layer material. 19. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
forming a second TBC directly over the APS intermediate layer. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein forming a second TBC over the APS intermediate layer comprises:
spraying, via a plasma spray torch, a plurality of partially melted microparticles onto the surface of the columnar TBC such that the second TBC has a porosity of about 10% to about 25%, wherein the microparticles comprise a ceramic TBC layer material. | A coated component is generally provided, along with methods of forming such a coating system. The coated component includes a substrate having a surface with a coating system thereon. The coating system may include a columnar thermal barrier coating (TBC) over the surface of the substrate, with the columnar TBC including surface-connected voids. An intermediate layer is over the columnar TBC layer. The intermediate layer has a surface opposite of the columnar TBC that is rougher than the surface of the columnar TBC. A second TBC is over the intermediate layer.1. A coated component comprising a substrate having a surface with a coating system thereon, wherein the coating system comprises:
a columnar thermal barrier coating (TBC) over the surface of the substrate, wherein the columnar TBC includes surface-connected voids, and wherein the columnar TBC has a surface opposite of the substrate; an intermediate layer directly on the surface of the columnar TBC layer, wherein the intermediate layer has a surface opposite of the columnar TBC that is rougher than the surface of the columnar TBC; and a second TBC directly on the surface of the intermediate layer. 2. The coating component of claim 1, wherein the surface-connected voids are substantially vertically oriented. 3. The coating component of claim 1, wherein a majority of the surface-connected voids extend through the entire thickness of the columnar TBC. 4. The coating component of claim 1, wherein the surface-connected voids of the columnar TBC are defined by grain boundaries within the columnar TBC. 5. The coating component of claim 1, wherein the second TBC has a porosity, and wherein the intermediate layer has a porosity that is less than the porosity of the second TBC. 6. The coating component of claim 1, wherein the intermediate layer has a porosity of about 0.1% to about 10%, and wherein the second TBC has a porosity of about 10% to about 25%. 7. The coating component of claim 1, wherein the columnar TBC has a thickness, and wherein the intermediate layer has a thickness that is about 1% to about 50% of the thickness of the columnar TBC. 8. The coating component of claim 1, wherein the coating system further comprises a bond coating on the surface of the substrate such that the bond coating is present between the columnar TBC and the surface of the substrate. 9. The coating component of claim 8, wherein a thermally grown oxide layer is on the bond coating between the bond coating and the columnar TBC. 10. The coating component of claim 1, wherein the surface of the intermediate layer has a surface roughness (Ra) that is about 2 μm or greater. 11. The coating component of claim 1, wherein the surface of the intermediate layer has a surface roughness (Ra) that is about 2.5 μm to about 6.5 μm. 12. The coating component of claim 1, wherein the surface of the columnar TBC has a surface roughness (Ra) that is about 2.5 μm or less in the areas excluding the space formed by the voids. 13. The coating component of claim 1, wherein the surface of the columnar TBC has a surface roughness (Ra) that is about 2 μm or less in the areas excluding the space formed by the voids. 14. The coating component of claim 1, wherein the columnar TBC comprises a ceramic material, and wherein the intermediate layer comprises a ceramic material deposited via air plasma spray. 15. The coating component of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a metal or a metal alloy. 16. A method of forming a coating system on a surface of a substrate, the method comprising:
forming a columnar thermal barrier coating (TBC) over the surface of the substrate, wherein the columnar TBC has surface-connected voids, and wherein the columnar TBC has a surface with a first surface roughness; and forming an air plasma spray (APS) intermediate layer directly onto the columnar TBC, wherein the intermediate layer has a surface opposite of the columnar TBC that has a second surface roughness that is rougher than the first surface roughness of the columnar TBC. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the surface-connected voids are substantially vertically oriented, and wherein the surface of the columnar TBC has a surface roughness (Ra) that is about 2.5 μm or less in the areas excluding the space formed by the voids; and wherein the surface of the intermediate layer has a surface roughness (Ra) that is about 2.5 μm or greater. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein forming the APS intermediate layer comprises:
spraying, via a plasma spray torch, a plurality of fully melted microparticles onto the surface of the columnar TBC such that the APS intermediate layer has a porosity that is about 10% or less, wherein the microparticles comprise a ceramic TBC layer material. 19. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
forming a second TBC directly over the APS intermediate layer. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein forming a second TBC over the APS intermediate layer comprises:
spraying, via a plasma spray torch, a plurality of partially melted microparticles onto the surface of the columnar TBC such that the second TBC has a porosity of about 10% to about 25%, wherein the microparticles comprise a ceramic TBC layer material. | 1,700 |
3,901 | 14,395,709 | 1,734 | A magnesium alloy and to a method for the production thereof and implants made thereof. The magnesium alloy includes up to 6.0% by weight Zn, and preferably 2.0 to 4.0% by weight Zn, 2.0 to 10.0% by weight Al, and preferably 3.0 to 6.0% by weight Al, where % by weight Al≧% by weight Zn shall apply, the remainder being magnesium containing impurities, which promote electrochemical potential differences and/or the formation of precipitations and/or intermetallic phases, in a total amount of no more than 0.0063% by weight of Fe, Si, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zr, Y, Sc or rare earths having the ordinal numbers 21, 57 to 71 and 89 to 103, Be, Cd, In, Sn and/or Pb as well as P, and the matrix of the alloy is solid solution hardening due to Al and An and is also particle hardening due to the intermetallic phases formed of Mg and Al. | 1. A magnesium alloy having improved mechanical and electrochemical properties, comprising: less or equal 4.0% by weight Zn, 2.0 to 10.0% by weight Al, the alloy content of Al in % by weight being greater than or equal to the alloy content of Zn in % by weight, the remainder being magnesium containing impurities, which promote electrochemical potential differences and/or the formation of precipitations and/or intermetallic phases, in a total amount of no more than 0.0063% by weight of Fe, Si, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zr, Y, Sc or rare earths having the ordinal numbers 21, 57 to 71 and 89 to 103, Be, Cd, In, Sn and/or Pb as well as P, wherein the matrix of the alloy is solid solution hardening due to Al and Zn and is also particle hardening due to the intermetallic phases formed of Mg and Al. 2. The magnesium alloy according to claim 1, wherein the content of Zn less or equal 2.0% by weight, in particular preferably less or equal 1.0% by weight and/or the content of Al is 2.0 to 8.0% by weight, preferably 3.0 to 8.0% by weight and still more preferably 3.0 to 6.0% by weight. 3. The magnesium alloy according to claim 1, wherein individual impurities in the total sum of impurities amount to the following in % by weight: Fe, Si, Mn, Ni, Co, Cu each with <0.0005; Zr; Y each with <0.0003; and P<0.0002. 4. The magnesium alloy according to claim 1, wherein impurity elements Fe, Si, Mn, Co, Ni, and Cu together total no more than 0.003% by weight. 5. The magnesium alloy according to claim 1, wherein the alloy has a fine-grained microstructure having a grain size of no more than 7.5 μm. 6. The magnesium alloy according to claim 1, having a tensile strength of >275 MPa, a yield point of >200 MPa, and a yield ratio of <0.8, wherein the difference between the tensile strength and yield point is >50 MPa, and the mechanical asymmetry is <1.25. 7. A method for producing a magnesium alloy having improved mechanical and electrochemical properties, comprising:
a) generating a high-purity magnesium by vacuum distillation; b) generating a billet of the alloy by synthesis of the high-purity magnesium with less or equal 4.0% by weight Zn, 2.0 to 10.0% by weight Al, wherein the alloy content of Al in % by weight is greater than or equal to the alloy content of Zn in % by weight, the remainder being magnesium containing impurities, which promote electrochemical potential differences and/or the formation of precipitations and/or intermetallic phases, in a total amount of no more than 0.0063% by weight of Fe, Si, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zr, Y, Sc or rare earths having the ordinal numbers 21, 57 to 71 and 89 to 103, Be, Cd, In, Sn and/or Pb as well as P, wherein the matrix of the alloy is solid solution hardening due to Al and Zn and is also particle hardening due to the intermetallic phases formed of Mg and Al; c) homogenizing the alloy by annealing at a temperature between 150° C. and 450° C. with a holding period of 4 to 40 hours; d) forming of the homogenized alloy in the temperature range between 200° C. and 400° C. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the billet content of Zn is less or equal 2.0% by weight, and/or the content of Al is 2.0 to 8.0% by weight. 9. The method according to claim 7, wherein individual impurities in the total sum of impurities amount to the following in % by weight: Fe, Si, Mn, Ni, Co, Cu each with <0.0005; Zr, Y each with <0.0003; and P<0.0002. 10. The method according to claim 7, wherein Fe, Si, Mn, Co, Ni, and Cu together total no more than 0.003% by weight. 11. The method according to claim 7, wherein the forming process comprises extrusion, equal channel angular extrusion (EACE) and/or a multiple forging process. 12. The method according to claim 7, wherein steps c) and d) are repeated at least once. 13. The method according to claim 7, wherein step c) is performed at a temperature between 250° C. and 450° C. and/or step d) is performed at a temperature between 225° C. and 400° C. 14. A biodegradable implant formed from the alloy of claim 1. 15. A biodegradable implant according to claim 14, comprising one of a stent, an implant for fastening and temporarily fixing tissue implants and tissue transplantations, an orthopedic implant, a dental implant, and a neuroimplant. 16. (canceled) 17. (canceled) 18. The magnesium alloy according to claim 1, wherein the alloy has a fine-grained microstructure having a grain size of <5 μm. 19. The magnesium alloy according to claim 1, wherein the alloy has a fine-grained microstructure having a grain size of <2.5 μm. 20. The magnesium alloy according to claim 1, having a tensile strength of >300 MPa, a yield point of >225 MPa, and a yield ratio of <0.75, wherein the difference between the tensile strength and yield point is >100 MPa, and the mechanical asymmetry is <1.25. 21. The method according to claim 7, wherein the billet content of Zn is less or equal 1.0% by weight and/or the content of Al is 3.0 to 6.0% by weight. | A magnesium alloy and to a method for the production thereof and implants made thereof. The magnesium alloy includes up to 6.0% by weight Zn, and preferably 2.0 to 4.0% by weight Zn, 2.0 to 10.0% by weight Al, and preferably 3.0 to 6.0% by weight Al, where % by weight Al≧% by weight Zn shall apply, the remainder being magnesium containing impurities, which promote electrochemical potential differences and/or the formation of precipitations and/or intermetallic phases, in a total amount of no more than 0.0063% by weight of Fe, Si, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zr, Y, Sc or rare earths having the ordinal numbers 21, 57 to 71 and 89 to 103, Be, Cd, In, Sn and/or Pb as well as P, and the matrix of the alloy is solid solution hardening due to Al and An and is also particle hardening due to the intermetallic phases formed of Mg and Al.1. A magnesium alloy having improved mechanical and electrochemical properties, comprising: less or equal 4.0% by weight Zn, 2.0 to 10.0% by weight Al, the alloy content of Al in % by weight being greater than or equal to the alloy content of Zn in % by weight, the remainder being magnesium containing impurities, which promote electrochemical potential differences and/or the formation of precipitations and/or intermetallic phases, in a total amount of no more than 0.0063% by weight of Fe, Si, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zr, Y, Sc or rare earths having the ordinal numbers 21, 57 to 71 and 89 to 103, Be, Cd, In, Sn and/or Pb as well as P, wherein the matrix of the alloy is solid solution hardening due to Al and Zn and is also particle hardening due to the intermetallic phases formed of Mg and Al. 2. The magnesium alloy according to claim 1, wherein the content of Zn less or equal 2.0% by weight, in particular preferably less or equal 1.0% by weight and/or the content of Al is 2.0 to 8.0% by weight, preferably 3.0 to 8.0% by weight and still more preferably 3.0 to 6.0% by weight. 3. The magnesium alloy according to claim 1, wherein individual impurities in the total sum of impurities amount to the following in % by weight: Fe, Si, Mn, Ni, Co, Cu each with <0.0005; Zr; Y each with <0.0003; and P<0.0002. 4. The magnesium alloy according to claim 1, wherein impurity elements Fe, Si, Mn, Co, Ni, and Cu together total no more than 0.003% by weight. 5. The magnesium alloy according to claim 1, wherein the alloy has a fine-grained microstructure having a grain size of no more than 7.5 μm. 6. The magnesium alloy according to claim 1, having a tensile strength of >275 MPa, a yield point of >200 MPa, and a yield ratio of <0.8, wherein the difference between the tensile strength and yield point is >50 MPa, and the mechanical asymmetry is <1.25. 7. A method for producing a magnesium alloy having improved mechanical and electrochemical properties, comprising:
a) generating a high-purity magnesium by vacuum distillation; b) generating a billet of the alloy by synthesis of the high-purity magnesium with less or equal 4.0% by weight Zn, 2.0 to 10.0% by weight Al, wherein the alloy content of Al in % by weight is greater than or equal to the alloy content of Zn in % by weight, the remainder being magnesium containing impurities, which promote electrochemical potential differences and/or the formation of precipitations and/or intermetallic phases, in a total amount of no more than 0.0063% by weight of Fe, Si, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zr, Y, Sc or rare earths having the ordinal numbers 21, 57 to 71 and 89 to 103, Be, Cd, In, Sn and/or Pb as well as P, wherein the matrix of the alloy is solid solution hardening due to Al and Zn and is also particle hardening due to the intermetallic phases formed of Mg and Al; c) homogenizing the alloy by annealing at a temperature between 150° C. and 450° C. with a holding period of 4 to 40 hours; d) forming of the homogenized alloy in the temperature range between 200° C. and 400° C. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the billet content of Zn is less or equal 2.0% by weight, and/or the content of Al is 2.0 to 8.0% by weight. 9. The method according to claim 7, wherein individual impurities in the total sum of impurities amount to the following in % by weight: Fe, Si, Mn, Ni, Co, Cu each with <0.0005; Zr, Y each with <0.0003; and P<0.0002. 10. The method according to claim 7, wherein Fe, Si, Mn, Co, Ni, and Cu together total no more than 0.003% by weight. 11. The method according to claim 7, wherein the forming process comprises extrusion, equal channel angular extrusion (EACE) and/or a multiple forging process. 12. The method according to claim 7, wherein steps c) and d) are repeated at least once. 13. The method according to claim 7, wherein step c) is performed at a temperature between 250° C. and 450° C. and/or step d) is performed at a temperature between 225° C. and 400° C. 14. A biodegradable implant formed from the alloy of claim 1. 15. A biodegradable implant according to claim 14, comprising one of a stent, an implant for fastening and temporarily fixing tissue implants and tissue transplantations, an orthopedic implant, a dental implant, and a neuroimplant. 16. (canceled) 17. (canceled) 18. The magnesium alloy according to claim 1, wherein the alloy has a fine-grained microstructure having a grain size of <5 μm. 19. The magnesium alloy according to claim 1, wherein the alloy has a fine-grained microstructure having a grain size of <2.5 μm. 20. The magnesium alloy according to claim 1, having a tensile strength of >300 MPa, a yield point of >225 MPa, and a yield ratio of <0.75, wherein the difference between the tensile strength and yield point is >100 MPa, and the mechanical asymmetry is <1.25. 21. The method according to claim 7, wherein the billet content of Zn is less or equal 1.0% by weight and/or the content of Al is 3.0 to 6.0% by weight. | 1,700 |
3,902 | 15,377,255 | 1,794 | Method for the gastight and liquid-tight installation of oxygen consuming electrodes in an electrolysis apparatus, and electrolysis apparatus for use in chloralkali electrolysis, in which particular regions are covered with an additional film having a composition comparable to the oxygen-consuming electrodes. | 1.-15. (canceled) 16. A method for the gastight and liquid-tight installation of one or more joining oxygen-consuming electrodes in an electrochemical half cell, comprising covering creased regions and/or cracked regions of the oxygen-consuming electrodes and/or abutting edge regions and/or overlap regions of adjacent oxygen-consuming electrodes occurring when the oxygen-consuming electrodes are brought into juxtaposition with a frame of a gas compartment of the cell with an additional film which has a composition comparable to the oxygen-consuming electrodes and is thinner than the layer thickness of the oxygen-consuming electrode. 17. The method according to claim 1, wherein the additional film has the same catalytically active material as the oxygen-consuming electrode. 18. The method according to claim 1, wherein the additional film and/or the oxygen-consuming electrodes are, independently of one another, based on a fluorinated polymer and a silver-containing catalytically active material. 19. The method according to claim 1, wherein the additional film and/or the oxygen-consuming electrodes are, independently of one another, based on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and a silver-containing catalytically active material. 20. The method according to claim 19, wherein the catalytically active component in the additional film and/or in the oxygen-consuming electrodes comprises silver, silver(I) oxide, silver(II) oxide, or mixtures thereof. 21. The method according to claim 19, wherein the content of the catalytically active component in the additional film comprises at least 50% by weight of silver oxide. 22. The method according to claim 19, wherein the content of the catalytically active component in the additional film comprises at least 80% by weight of silver oxide. 23. The method according to claim 1, wherein the additional film and/or the oxygen-consuming electrodes comprises mixtures which, independently of one another, comprise, as catalytically active component, from 70 to 95% by weight of silver oxide, from 0-15% by weight of silver metal powder and from 3-15% by weight of a fluorinated polymer. 24. The method according to claim 23, wherein the fluorinated polymer is polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). 25. The method according to claim 1, wherein the additional film and the oxygen-consuming electrodes are pressed together after application of the additional film. 26. The method according to claim 1, wherein the additional film and the oxygen-consuming electrodes join together at their contact points after application of the additional film when the cell is started up. 27. The method according to claim 1, wherein the additional film has a layer thickness of from 10 μm to 800 μm. 28. The method according to claim 1, wherein the additional film has a layer thickness of from 50 μm to 600 μm. 29. The method according to claim 1, wherein the oxygen-consuming electrodes have a layer thickness of from 0.1 to 0.8 mm. 30. The method according to claim 1, wherein the oxygen-consuming electrodes have a layer thickness of from 0.2 to 0.7 mm. 31. An electrochemical cell (2) having one or more adjoining oxygen-consuming electrodes, wherein the oxygen-consuming electrodes have creased regions, and/or cracked regions of the oxygen-consuming electrodes and/or abutting edge regions and/or overlap regions of adjacent oxygen-consuming electrodes and occurring upon installation on the frame of the gas compartment of the cell and wherein at least one of these regions are covered with an additional film which has a composition comparable to the oxygen-consuming electrodes and is thinner than the layer thickness of the oxygen-consuming electrode. 32. The electrochemical cell according to claim 31, wherein the oxygen-consuming electrodes comprises a gas diffusion layer which comprises a fluorinated polymer. 33. The electrochemical cell according to claim 31, wherein the oxygen-consuming electrodes and/or the additional film comprises an additional support element which comprises an electrically conductive flexible textile structure. 34. An electrochemical cell obtained by installing the oxygen-consuming electrodes according to the method according to claim 1. 35. A chloralkali electrolysis apparatus comprising the electrochemical cell according to claim 34. | Method for the gastight and liquid-tight installation of oxygen consuming electrodes in an electrolysis apparatus, and electrolysis apparatus for use in chloralkali electrolysis, in which particular regions are covered with an additional film having a composition comparable to the oxygen-consuming electrodes.1.-15. (canceled) 16. A method for the gastight and liquid-tight installation of one or more joining oxygen-consuming electrodes in an electrochemical half cell, comprising covering creased regions and/or cracked regions of the oxygen-consuming electrodes and/or abutting edge regions and/or overlap regions of adjacent oxygen-consuming electrodes occurring when the oxygen-consuming electrodes are brought into juxtaposition with a frame of a gas compartment of the cell with an additional film which has a composition comparable to the oxygen-consuming electrodes and is thinner than the layer thickness of the oxygen-consuming electrode. 17. The method according to claim 1, wherein the additional film has the same catalytically active material as the oxygen-consuming electrode. 18. The method according to claim 1, wherein the additional film and/or the oxygen-consuming electrodes are, independently of one another, based on a fluorinated polymer and a silver-containing catalytically active material. 19. The method according to claim 1, wherein the additional film and/or the oxygen-consuming electrodes are, independently of one another, based on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and a silver-containing catalytically active material. 20. The method according to claim 19, wherein the catalytically active component in the additional film and/or in the oxygen-consuming electrodes comprises silver, silver(I) oxide, silver(II) oxide, or mixtures thereof. 21. The method according to claim 19, wherein the content of the catalytically active component in the additional film comprises at least 50% by weight of silver oxide. 22. The method according to claim 19, wherein the content of the catalytically active component in the additional film comprises at least 80% by weight of silver oxide. 23. The method according to claim 1, wherein the additional film and/or the oxygen-consuming electrodes comprises mixtures which, independently of one another, comprise, as catalytically active component, from 70 to 95% by weight of silver oxide, from 0-15% by weight of silver metal powder and from 3-15% by weight of a fluorinated polymer. 24. The method according to claim 23, wherein the fluorinated polymer is polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). 25. The method according to claim 1, wherein the additional film and the oxygen-consuming electrodes are pressed together after application of the additional film. 26. The method according to claim 1, wherein the additional film and the oxygen-consuming electrodes join together at their contact points after application of the additional film when the cell is started up. 27. The method according to claim 1, wherein the additional film has a layer thickness of from 10 μm to 800 μm. 28. The method according to claim 1, wherein the additional film has a layer thickness of from 50 μm to 600 μm. 29. The method according to claim 1, wherein the oxygen-consuming electrodes have a layer thickness of from 0.1 to 0.8 mm. 30. The method according to claim 1, wherein the oxygen-consuming electrodes have a layer thickness of from 0.2 to 0.7 mm. 31. An electrochemical cell (2) having one or more adjoining oxygen-consuming electrodes, wherein the oxygen-consuming electrodes have creased regions, and/or cracked regions of the oxygen-consuming electrodes and/or abutting edge regions and/or overlap regions of adjacent oxygen-consuming electrodes and occurring upon installation on the frame of the gas compartment of the cell and wherein at least one of these regions are covered with an additional film which has a composition comparable to the oxygen-consuming electrodes and is thinner than the layer thickness of the oxygen-consuming electrode. 32. The electrochemical cell according to claim 31, wherein the oxygen-consuming electrodes comprises a gas diffusion layer which comprises a fluorinated polymer. 33. The electrochemical cell according to claim 31, wherein the oxygen-consuming electrodes and/or the additional film comprises an additional support element which comprises an electrically conductive flexible textile structure. 34. An electrochemical cell obtained by installing the oxygen-consuming electrodes according to the method according to claim 1. 35. A chloralkali electrolysis apparatus comprising the electrochemical cell according to claim 34. | 1,700 |
3,903 | 14,837,394 | 1,786 | Methods, systems and apparatus for lining an aircraft cargo compartment are disclosed. An example apparatus includes a liner having a fire-resistant composite layer to provide flame-penetration resistance to a compartment and a first metallic layer coupled to the composite layer to increase a structural rigidity of the composite layer to increase the flame-penetration resistance when the composite layer is exposed to fire. | 1. An apparatus comprising:
a liner having a fire-resistant composite layer to provide flame-penetration resistance to a compartment; and a first metallic layer coupled to the composite layer to increase a structural rigidity of the composite layer to increase the flame-penetration resistance provided when the composite layer is exposed to fire. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first metallic layer is composed of a metallic material having a melting point equal to or greater than about 2000 degrees Fahrenheit. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first metallic layer comprises metallic straps that form a grid-like structure to increase the structural rigidity of the composite layer to increase the flame-penetration resistance provided when the composite layer is exposed to fire. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising fasteners to attach the first metallic layer and the composite layer to an aircraft support. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the first metallic layer comprises a metallic plate or a metallic washer adjacent at least one of the fasteners to increase the structural rigidity of the composite layer adjacent the at least one fastener to increase the flame-penetration resistance provided by the composite layer. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first metallic layer is composed of a solid metallic foil layer to increase the flame-penetration resistance provided to the compartment. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first metallic layer is composed of a metallic mesh, a metallic cloth, or a metallic screen to increase the flame-penetration resistance provided to the compartment, the first metallic layer defines openings extending through the first metallic layer. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a second metallic layer different than the first metallic layer to increase the structural rigidity of the composite layer to increase the flame-penetration resistance provided by the composite layer, the second metallic layer being composed of a metallic material having a melting point equal to or greater than about 2000 degrees Fahrenheit. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein one of the first metallic layer or the second metallic layer is composed of a solid metallic foil layer and the other of the first metallic layer or the second metallic layer is composed of a metallic mesh, a metallic cloth, or a metallic screen, and wherein a position of the second metallic layer is offset relative to a position of the first metallic layer. 10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the second metallic layer forms a reinforcing grid that is to increase the structural rigidity of the composite layer to increase the flame-penetration resistance provided by the composite layer. 11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first metallic layer is coupled to the composite layer via bonding or co-curing. 12. A system comprising:
a liner having a fire-resistant composite layer to provide flame-penetration resistance to a compartment; and a first metallic layer coupled to the first composite layer to increase a structural rigidity of the composite layer to increase the flame-penetration resistance provided by the composite layer. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the first metallic material is composed of a metallic material having a melting point equal to or greater than about 2000 degrees Fahrenheit. 14. The system of claim 12, further comprising fasteners to attach the first metallic layer and the composite layer to an aircraft support. 15. The system of claim 12, wherein the first metallic layer comprises a metallic foil, a metallic mesh, a metallic cloth, or a metallic screen to increase the flame-penetration resistance provided to the surface of the compartment. 16. The system of claim 12, further comprising a second metallic layer coupled to the composite layer opposite the first metallic layer to increase the structural rigidity of the composite layer to increase the flame-penetration resistance provided by the composite layer, the second metallic layer being composed of a metallic material having a melting point equal to or greater than about 2000 degrees Fahrenheit. 17. A method comprising:
coupling a first metallic layer to a fire-resistant composite layer; and attaching the fire-resistant composite layer and the first metallic layer to a support, the fire-resistant composite layer to provide flame-penetration resistance to a compartment, the first metallic layer to increase a structural rigidity of the fire-resistant composite layer to increase the flame-penetration resistance provided by the fire-resistant composite layer when exposed to fire. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein attaching the fire-resistant composite layer and the first metallic layer to the aircraft support comprises attaching the fire-resistant composite layer to the support via fasteners. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein coupling the first metallic layer to the fire-resistant composite layer comprises coupling a metallic foil, a metallic mesh, a metallic cloth, or a metallic screen to the fire-resistant composite layer to increase the flame-penetration resistance provided to the compartment. 20. The method of claim 17, further comprising coupling a second metallic layer to the fire-resistant composite layer opposite the first metallic layer to increase the structural rigidity of the first fire-resistant composite layer when the first fire-resistant composite layer is exposed to fire. | Methods, systems and apparatus for lining an aircraft cargo compartment are disclosed. An example apparatus includes a liner having a fire-resistant composite layer to provide flame-penetration resistance to a compartment and a first metallic layer coupled to the composite layer to increase a structural rigidity of the composite layer to increase the flame-penetration resistance when the composite layer is exposed to fire.1. An apparatus comprising:
a liner having a fire-resistant composite layer to provide flame-penetration resistance to a compartment; and a first metallic layer coupled to the composite layer to increase a structural rigidity of the composite layer to increase the flame-penetration resistance provided when the composite layer is exposed to fire. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first metallic layer is composed of a metallic material having a melting point equal to or greater than about 2000 degrees Fahrenheit. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first metallic layer comprises metallic straps that form a grid-like structure to increase the structural rigidity of the composite layer to increase the flame-penetration resistance provided when the composite layer is exposed to fire. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising fasteners to attach the first metallic layer and the composite layer to an aircraft support. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the first metallic layer comprises a metallic plate or a metallic washer adjacent at least one of the fasteners to increase the structural rigidity of the composite layer adjacent the at least one fastener to increase the flame-penetration resistance provided by the composite layer. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first metallic layer is composed of a solid metallic foil layer to increase the flame-penetration resistance provided to the compartment. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first metallic layer is composed of a metallic mesh, a metallic cloth, or a metallic screen to increase the flame-penetration resistance provided to the compartment, the first metallic layer defines openings extending through the first metallic layer. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a second metallic layer different than the first metallic layer to increase the structural rigidity of the composite layer to increase the flame-penetration resistance provided by the composite layer, the second metallic layer being composed of a metallic material having a melting point equal to or greater than about 2000 degrees Fahrenheit. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein one of the first metallic layer or the second metallic layer is composed of a solid metallic foil layer and the other of the first metallic layer or the second metallic layer is composed of a metallic mesh, a metallic cloth, or a metallic screen, and wherein a position of the second metallic layer is offset relative to a position of the first metallic layer. 10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the second metallic layer forms a reinforcing grid that is to increase the structural rigidity of the composite layer to increase the flame-penetration resistance provided by the composite layer. 11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first metallic layer is coupled to the composite layer via bonding or co-curing. 12. A system comprising:
a liner having a fire-resistant composite layer to provide flame-penetration resistance to a compartment; and a first metallic layer coupled to the first composite layer to increase a structural rigidity of the composite layer to increase the flame-penetration resistance provided by the composite layer. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the first metallic material is composed of a metallic material having a melting point equal to or greater than about 2000 degrees Fahrenheit. 14. The system of claim 12, further comprising fasteners to attach the first metallic layer and the composite layer to an aircraft support. 15. The system of claim 12, wherein the first metallic layer comprises a metallic foil, a metallic mesh, a metallic cloth, or a metallic screen to increase the flame-penetration resistance provided to the surface of the compartment. 16. The system of claim 12, further comprising a second metallic layer coupled to the composite layer opposite the first metallic layer to increase the structural rigidity of the composite layer to increase the flame-penetration resistance provided by the composite layer, the second metallic layer being composed of a metallic material having a melting point equal to or greater than about 2000 degrees Fahrenheit. 17. A method comprising:
coupling a first metallic layer to a fire-resistant composite layer; and attaching the fire-resistant composite layer and the first metallic layer to a support, the fire-resistant composite layer to provide flame-penetration resistance to a compartment, the first metallic layer to increase a structural rigidity of the fire-resistant composite layer to increase the flame-penetration resistance provided by the fire-resistant composite layer when exposed to fire. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein attaching the fire-resistant composite layer and the first metallic layer to the aircraft support comprises attaching the fire-resistant composite layer to the support via fasteners. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein coupling the first metallic layer to the fire-resistant composite layer comprises coupling a metallic foil, a metallic mesh, a metallic cloth, or a metallic screen to the fire-resistant composite layer to increase the flame-penetration resistance provided to the compartment. 20. The method of claim 17, further comprising coupling a second metallic layer to the fire-resistant composite layer opposite the first metallic layer to increase the structural rigidity of the first fire-resistant composite layer when the first fire-resistant composite layer is exposed to fire. | 1,700 |
3,904 | 15,422,681 | 1,781 | A first coating is provided on a first side of a glass substrate, and a second coating is provided on a second side of the glass substrate, directly or indirectly. The coatings are designed to reduce color change of the overall coated article, from the perspective of a viewer, upon heat treatment (e.g., thermal tempering and/or heat strengthening) and/or to have respective reflective coloration that substantially compensates for each other. For instance, from the perspective of a viewer of the coated article, the first coating may experience a positive a* color value shift due to heat treatment (HT), while the second coating experiences a negative a* color shift due to the HT. Thus, from the perspective of the viewer, color change due to HT (e.g., thermal tempering) can be reduced or minimized, so that non-heat-treated versions and heat treated versions of the coated article appear similar to the viewer. | 1. A coated article including a first coating and a second coating supported by a glass substrate, the coated article comprising:
the first coating provided on a first side of the glass substrate; the second coating provided on a second side of the glass substrate, so that the glass substrate is located between at least the first and second coatings; wherein, from the perspective of a viewer of the coated article, the first coating on the glass substrate has a positive a* reflective color, and the second coating on the glass substrate has a negative a* reflective color. 2. The coated article of claim 1, wherein, from the perspective of a viewer of the coated article, the first coating on the glass substrate has a negative b* reflective color, and the second coating on the glass substrate has a positive b* reflective color. 3. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the first and second coatings are antireflective (AR) coatings. 4. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the first coating on the glass substrate has a visible reflectance of no greater than 15%, and the second coating on the glass substrate has a visible reflectance of no greater than 15%. 5. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the first coating on the glass substrate has a visible reflectance of no greater than 5%, and the second coating on the glass substrate has a visible reflectance of no greater than 5%. 6. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the first coating on the glass substrate has a visible reflectance of no greater than 2%, and the second coating on the glass substrate has a visible reflectance of no greater than 2%. 7. The coated article of claim 1, wherein neither the first coating nor the second coating contains a silver based infrared (IR) reflective layer. 8. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the coated article has a visible transmission of at least 70%. 9. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the coated article has a visible transmission of at least 90%. 10. The coated article of claim 1, wherein all layers of the first coating are transparent dielectric layers. 11. The coated article of claim 1, wherein all layers of the second coating are transparent dielectric layers. 12. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the coated article is heat treated. 13. The coated article of claim 12, wherein the coated article is thermally tempered. 14. The coated article of claim 1, wherein, upon heat treatment at a temperature of at least 580 degrees C., the first coating on the glass substrate is configured to provide a reflective a* color value shift in a positive direction from the perspective of the viewer due to the heat treatment, and the second coating on the glass substrate is configured to provide a reflective a* color value shift in a negative direction from the perspective of the viewer due to the heat treatment. 15. The coated article of claim 1, wherein, upon heat treatment at a temperature of at least 580 degrees C., the first coating on the glass substrate is configured to provide a reflective b* color value shift in a negative direction from the perspective of the viewer due to the heat treatment, and the second coating on the glass substrate is configured to provide a reflective b* color value shift in a positive direction from the perspective of the viewer due to the heat treatment. 16. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the first coating is provided on the same side of the glass substrate from which the viewer is intended to view the coated article. 17. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the coated article, including the first and second coatings on the glass substrate, has a visible transmission of at least 70%, a reflective a* value of from −5 to +5, and a reflective b* value of from −6 to +6. 18. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the coated article, including the first and second coatings on the glass substrate, has a visible transmission of at least 70%, a reflective a* value of from −3 to +3, and a reflective b* value of from −4 to +4. 19. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the first coating comprises, moving away from the glass substrate, a first high index transparent dielectric layer having a refractive index (n) of at least 2.15; a first low index transparent dielectric layer having a refractive index of no greater than 1.8; a second high index transparent dielectric layer having a refractive index (n) of at least 2.15; and a second low index transparent dielectric layer having a refractive index of no greater than 1.8; and
wherein the second coating comprises, moving away from the glass substrate, a first high index transparent dielectric layer having a refractive index (n) of at least 2.15; a first low index transparent dielectric layer having a refractive index of no greater than 1.8; a second high index transparent dielectric layer having a refractive index (n) of at least 2.15; and a second low index transparent dielectric layer having a refractive index of no greater than 1.8. 20. The coated article of claim 19, wherein the low index layers of the first and second coatings all comprise silicon oxide. 21. The coated article of claim 19, wherein the high index layers of the first and second coatings all comprise an oxide of titanium and/or niobium. 22. The coated article of claim 19, wherein the second low index layer of the first coating is thicker than the second low index layer of the second coating by at least 75 Å. 23. The coated article of claim 19, wherein the second low index layer of the first coating is thicker than the second low index layer of the second coating by at least 100 Å. 24. The coated article of claim 19, wherein the second low index layer of the first coating is thicker than the second low index layer of the second coating by at least 130 Å. 25. The coated article of claim 19, wherein the second low index layer of the first coating is thicker than the second low index layer of the second coating by at least 160 Å. 26. The coated article of claim 19, wherein the second low index layer of the first coating is thicker than the second low index layer of the second coating by from about 100-250 Å. 27. The coated article of claim 19, wherein the first and/or second coating further comprises a medium index transparent dielectric layer having a refractive index (n) of from 1.70 to 2.10 located between the second high index layer and the second low index layer. 28. The coated article of claim 27, wherein the medium index layer comprises oxide of Nb and Si. 29. The coated article of claim 19, wherein the first and/or second coating further comprises a medium index transparent dielectric layer having a refractive index (n) of from 1.70 to 2.10 located over the second low index layer. 30. The coated article of claim 29, wherein the medium index layer comprises oxide of Zr and Si. 31. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the first coating comprises, moving away from the glass substrate, a first transparent dielectric layer comprising an oxide of Ti and/or Nb; a first transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide; a second transparent dielectric layer comprising an oxide of Ti and/or Nb; and a second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide; and
wherein the second coating comprises, moving away from the glass substrate, a first transparent dielectric layer comprising an oxide of Ti and/or Nb; a first transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide; a second transparent dielectric layer comprising an oxide of Ti and/or Nb; and a second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide. 32. The coated article of claim 31, wherein the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide of the first coating is thicker than the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide of the second coating by at least 75 Å. 33. The coated article of claim 31, wherein the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide of the first coating is thicker than the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide of the second coating by at least 100 Å. 34. The coated article of claim 31, wherein the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide of the first coating is thicker than the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide of the second coating by at least 130 Å. 35. The coated article of claim 31, wherein the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide of the first coating is thicker than the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide of the second coating by from about 100-250 Å. 36. The coated article of claim 31, wherein the first and/or second coating further comprises a layer comprising oxide of Nb and Si between the second transparent dielectric layer comprising an oxide of Ti and/or Nb and the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide. 37. The coated article of claim 31, wherein the first and/or second coating further comprises a layer comprising oxide of Zr and Si located over the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide. 38. A coated article including a first coating and a second coating supported by a glass substrate, the coated article comprising:
the first coating provided on a first side of the glass substrate, wherein the first coating comprise a plurality of dielectric layers having different refractive indices; the second coating provided on a second side of the glass substrate, so that the glass substrate is located between at least the first and second coatings, and wherein the second coating comprises a plurality of dielectric layers having different refractive indices; wherein the first coating on the glass substrate is configured to, upon heat treatment at a temperature of at least 580 degrees C., provide a reflective a* color value shift in a positive direction from the perspective of the viewer due to the heat treatment, and the second coating on the glass substrate is configured to, upon the heat treatment, provide a reflective a* color value shift in a negative direction from the perspective of the viewer due to the heat treatment. 39. The coated article of claim 38, wherein the first and second coatings are antireflective (AR) coatings. 40. The coated article of claim 38, wherein the first coating on the glass substrate has a visible reflectance of no greater than 5%, and the second coating on the glass substrate has a visible reflectance of no greater than 5%. 41. The coated article of claim 38, wherein the first coating on the glass substrate has a visible reflectance of no greater than 2%, and the second coating on the glass substrate has a visible reflectance of no greater than 2%. 42. The coated article of claim 38, wherein the coated article has a visible transmission of at least 70%. 43. The coated article of claim 38, wherein all layers of the first and second coatings are transparent dielectric layers. 44. The coated article of claim 38, wherein the first coating comprises, moving away from the glass substrate, a first transparent dielectric layer comprising an oxide of Ti and/or Nb; a first transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide; a second transparent dielectric layer comprising an oxide of Ti and/or Nb; and a second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide; and
wherein the second coating comprises, moving away from the glass substrate, a first transparent dielectric layer comprising an oxide of Ti and/or Nb; a first transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide; a second transparent dielectric layer comprising an oxide of Ti and/or Nb; and a second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide. 45. The coated article of claim 44, wherein the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide of the first coating is thicker than the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide of the second coating by at least 75 Å. 46. The coated article of claim 44, wherein the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide of the first coating is thicker than the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide of the second coating by at least 100 Å. 47. The coated article of claim 44, wherein the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide of the first coating is thicker than the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide of the second coating by at least 130 Å. 48. The coated article of claim 44, wherein the first and/or second coating further comprises a layer comprising oxide of Nb and Si between the second transparent dielectric layer comprising an oxide of Ti and/or Nb and the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide. 49. A method of making a transparent coated glass product, the method comprising:
having a coated article comprising a first coating provided on a first side of a glass substrate and a second coating provided on a second side of the glass substrate, so that the glass substrate is located between at least the first and second coatings; and heat treating the coated article at a temperature of at least 580 degrees C. so that the heat treating (i) causes the first coating on the glass substrate to realize a reflective a* color value shift in a positive direction from the perspective of an intended viewer due to the heat treating, and (ii) causes the second coating on the glass substrate to realize a reflective a* color value shift in a negative direction from the perspective of the intended viewer due to the heat treating. 50. The method of claim 49, wherein said heat treating (i) causes the first coating on the glass substrate to realize a reflective a* color value shift in a positive direction of at least 1.0 from the perspective of an intended viewer due to the heat treating, and (ii) causes the second coating on the glass substrate to realize a reflective a* color value shift in a negative direction of at least 1.0 from the perspective of the intended viewer due to the heat treating. 51. The method of claim 49, wherein said heat treating (i) causes the first coating on the glass substrate to realize a reflective a* color value shift in a positive direction of at least 2.0 from the perspective of an intended viewer due to the heat treating, and (ii) causes the second coating on the glass substrate to realize a reflective a* color value shift in a negative direction of at least 2.0 from the perspective of the intended viewer due to the heat treating. 52. The method of claim 49, wherein the first and second coatings are antireflective (AR) coatings. 53. The method of claim 49, wherein the first coating on the glass substrate has a visible reflectance of no greater than 5%, and the second coating on the glass substrate has a visible reflectance of no greater than 5%. 54. The method of claim 49, wherein all layers of the first and second coatings are transparent dielectric layers. 55. The method of claim 49, wherein the first coating comprises, moving away from the glass substrate, a first transparent dielectric layer comprising an oxide of Ti and/or Nb; a first transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide; a second transparent dielectric layer comprising an oxide of Ti and/or Nb; and a second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide; and
the second coating comprises, moving away from the glass substrate, a first transparent dielectric layer comprising an oxide of Ti and/or Nb; a first transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide; a second transparent dielectric layer comprising an oxide of Ti and/or Nb; and a second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide. 56. The method of claim 55, wherein the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide of the first coating is thicker than the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide of the second coating by at least 75 Å. 57. The method of claim 55, wherein the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide of the first coating is thicker than the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide of the second coating by at least 100 Å. 58. The method of claim 49, wherein said heat treating comprises thermal tempering. 59. The method of claim 49, wherein the transparent coated glass product, including the coatings on the glass substrate after heat treating, has a visible transmission of at least 90%. | A first coating is provided on a first side of a glass substrate, and a second coating is provided on a second side of the glass substrate, directly or indirectly. The coatings are designed to reduce color change of the overall coated article, from the perspective of a viewer, upon heat treatment (e.g., thermal tempering and/or heat strengthening) and/or to have respective reflective coloration that substantially compensates for each other. For instance, from the perspective of a viewer of the coated article, the first coating may experience a positive a* color value shift due to heat treatment (HT), while the second coating experiences a negative a* color shift due to the HT. Thus, from the perspective of the viewer, color change due to HT (e.g., thermal tempering) can be reduced or minimized, so that non-heat-treated versions and heat treated versions of the coated article appear similar to the viewer.1. A coated article including a first coating and a second coating supported by a glass substrate, the coated article comprising:
the first coating provided on a first side of the glass substrate; the second coating provided on a second side of the glass substrate, so that the glass substrate is located between at least the first and second coatings; wherein, from the perspective of a viewer of the coated article, the first coating on the glass substrate has a positive a* reflective color, and the second coating on the glass substrate has a negative a* reflective color. 2. The coated article of claim 1, wherein, from the perspective of a viewer of the coated article, the first coating on the glass substrate has a negative b* reflective color, and the second coating on the glass substrate has a positive b* reflective color. 3. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the first and second coatings are antireflective (AR) coatings. 4. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the first coating on the glass substrate has a visible reflectance of no greater than 15%, and the second coating on the glass substrate has a visible reflectance of no greater than 15%. 5. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the first coating on the glass substrate has a visible reflectance of no greater than 5%, and the second coating on the glass substrate has a visible reflectance of no greater than 5%. 6. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the first coating on the glass substrate has a visible reflectance of no greater than 2%, and the second coating on the glass substrate has a visible reflectance of no greater than 2%. 7. The coated article of claim 1, wherein neither the first coating nor the second coating contains a silver based infrared (IR) reflective layer. 8. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the coated article has a visible transmission of at least 70%. 9. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the coated article has a visible transmission of at least 90%. 10. The coated article of claim 1, wherein all layers of the first coating are transparent dielectric layers. 11. The coated article of claim 1, wherein all layers of the second coating are transparent dielectric layers. 12. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the coated article is heat treated. 13. The coated article of claim 12, wherein the coated article is thermally tempered. 14. The coated article of claim 1, wherein, upon heat treatment at a temperature of at least 580 degrees C., the first coating on the glass substrate is configured to provide a reflective a* color value shift in a positive direction from the perspective of the viewer due to the heat treatment, and the second coating on the glass substrate is configured to provide a reflective a* color value shift in a negative direction from the perspective of the viewer due to the heat treatment. 15. The coated article of claim 1, wherein, upon heat treatment at a temperature of at least 580 degrees C., the first coating on the glass substrate is configured to provide a reflective b* color value shift in a negative direction from the perspective of the viewer due to the heat treatment, and the second coating on the glass substrate is configured to provide a reflective b* color value shift in a positive direction from the perspective of the viewer due to the heat treatment. 16. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the first coating is provided on the same side of the glass substrate from which the viewer is intended to view the coated article. 17. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the coated article, including the first and second coatings on the glass substrate, has a visible transmission of at least 70%, a reflective a* value of from −5 to +5, and a reflective b* value of from −6 to +6. 18. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the coated article, including the first and second coatings on the glass substrate, has a visible transmission of at least 70%, a reflective a* value of from −3 to +3, and a reflective b* value of from −4 to +4. 19. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the first coating comprises, moving away from the glass substrate, a first high index transparent dielectric layer having a refractive index (n) of at least 2.15; a first low index transparent dielectric layer having a refractive index of no greater than 1.8; a second high index transparent dielectric layer having a refractive index (n) of at least 2.15; and a second low index transparent dielectric layer having a refractive index of no greater than 1.8; and
wherein the second coating comprises, moving away from the glass substrate, a first high index transparent dielectric layer having a refractive index (n) of at least 2.15; a first low index transparent dielectric layer having a refractive index of no greater than 1.8; a second high index transparent dielectric layer having a refractive index (n) of at least 2.15; and a second low index transparent dielectric layer having a refractive index of no greater than 1.8. 20. The coated article of claim 19, wherein the low index layers of the first and second coatings all comprise silicon oxide. 21. The coated article of claim 19, wherein the high index layers of the first and second coatings all comprise an oxide of titanium and/or niobium. 22. The coated article of claim 19, wherein the second low index layer of the first coating is thicker than the second low index layer of the second coating by at least 75 Å. 23. The coated article of claim 19, wherein the second low index layer of the first coating is thicker than the second low index layer of the second coating by at least 100 Å. 24. The coated article of claim 19, wherein the second low index layer of the first coating is thicker than the second low index layer of the second coating by at least 130 Å. 25. The coated article of claim 19, wherein the second low index layer of the first coating is thicker than the second low index layer of the second coating by at least 160 Å. 26. The coated article of claim 19, wherein the second low index layer of the first coating is thicker than the second low index layer of the second coating by from about 100-250 Å. 27. The coated article of claim 19, wherein the first and/or second coating further comprises a medium index transparent dielectric layer having a refractive index (n) of from 1.70 to 2.10 located between the second high index layer and the second low index layer. 28. The coated article of claim 27, wherein the medium index layer comprises oxide of Nb and Si. 29. The coated article of claim 19, wherein the first and/or second coating further comprises a medium index transparent dielectric layer having a refractive index (n) of from 1.70 to 2.10 located over the second low index layer. 30. The coated article of claim 29, wherein the medium index layer comprises oxide of Zr and Si. 31. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the first coating comprises, moving away from the glass substrate, a first transparent dielectric layer comprising an oxide of Ti and/or Nb; a first transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide; a second transparent dielectric layer comprising an oxide of Ti and/or Nb; and a second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide; and
wherein the second coating comprises, moving away from the glass substrate, a first transparent dielectric layer comprising an oxide of Ti and/or Nb; a first transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide; a second transparent dielectric layer comprising an oxide of Ti and/or Nb; and a second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide. 32. The coated article of claim 31, wherein the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide of the first coating is thicker than the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide of the second coating by at least 75 Å. 33. The coated article of claim 31, wherein the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide of the first coating is thicker than the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide of the second coating by at least 100 Å. 34. The coated article of claim 31, wherein the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide of the first coating is thicker than the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide of the second coating by at least 130 Å. 35. The coated article of claim 31, wherein the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide of the first coating is thicker than the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide of the second coating by from about 100-250 Å. 36. The coated article of claim 31, wherein the first and/or second coating further comprises a layer comprising oxide of Nb and Si between the second transparent dielectric layer comprising an oxide of Ti and/or Nb and the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide. 37. The coated article of claim 31, wherein the first and/or second coating further comprises a layer comprising oxide of Zr and Si located over the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide. 38. A coated article including a first coating and a second coating supported by a glass substrate, the coated article comprising:
the first coating provided on a first side of the glass substrate, wherein the first coating comprise a plurality of dielectric layers having different refractive indices; the second coating provided on a second side of the glass substrate, so that the glass substrate is located between at least the first and second coatings, and wherein the second coating comprises a plurality of dielectric layers having different refractive indices; wherein the first coating on the glass substrate is configured to, upon heat treatment at a temperature of at least 580 degrees C., provide a reflective a* color value shift in a positive direction from the perspective of the viewer due to the heat treatment, and the second coating on the glass substrate is configured to, upon the heat treatment, provide a reflective a* color value shift in a negative direction from the perspective of the viewer due to the heat treatment. 39. The coated article of claim 38, wherein the first and second coatings are antireflective (AR) coatings. 40. The coated article of claim 38, wherein the first coating on the glass substrate has a visible reflectance of no greater than 5%, and the second coating on the glass substrate has a visible reflectance of no greater than 5%. 41. The coated article of claim 38, wherein the first coating on the glass substrate has a visible reflectance of no greater than 2%, and the second coating on the glass substrate has a visible reflectance of no greater than 2%. 42. The coated article of claim 38, wherein the coated article has a visible transmission of at least 70%. 43. The coated article of claim 38, wherein all layers of the first and second coatings are transparent dielectric layers. 44. The coated article of claim 38, wherein the first coating comprises, moving away from the glass substrate, a first transparent dielectric layer comprising an oxide of Ti and/or Nb; a first transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide; a second transparent dielectric layer comprising an oxide of Ti and/or Nb; and a second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide; and
wherein the second coating comprises, moving away from the glass substrate, a first transparent dielectric layer comprising an oxide of Ti and/or Nb; a first transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide; a second transparent dielectric layer comprising an oxide of Ti and/or Nb; and a second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide. 45. The coated article of claim 44, wherein the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide of the first coating is thicker than the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide of the second coating by at least 75 Å. 46. The coated article of claim 44, wherein the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide of the first coating is thicker than the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide of the second coating by at least 100 Å. 47. The coated article of claim 44, wherein the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide of the first coating is thicker than the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide of the second coating by at least 130 Å. 48. The coated article of claim 44, wherein the first and/or second coating further comprises a layer comprising oxide of Nb and Si between the second transparent dielectric layer comprising an oxide of Ti and/or Nb and the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide. 49. A method of making a transparent coated glass product, the method comprising:
having a coated article comprising a first coating provided on a first side of a glass substrate and a second coating provided on a second side of the glass substrate, so that the glass substrate is located between at least the first and second coatings; and heat treating the coated article at a temperature of at least 580 degrees C. so that the heat treating (i) causes the first coating on the glass substrate to realize a reflective a* color value shift in a positive direction from the perspective of an intended viewer due to the heat treating, and (ii) causes the second coating on the glass substrate to realize a reflective a* color value shift in a negative direction from the perspective of the intended viewer due to the heat treating. 50. The method of claim 49, wherein said heat treating (i) causes the first coating on the glass substrate to realize a reflective a* color value shift in a positive direction of at least 1.0 from the perspective of an intended viewer due to the heat treating, and (ii) causes the second coating on the glass substrate to realize a reflective a* color value shift in a negative direction of at least 1.0 from the perspective of the intended viewer due to the heat treating. 51. The method of claim 49, wherein said heat treating (i) causes the first coating on the glass substrate to realize a reflective a* color value shift in a positive direction of at least 2.0 from the perspective of an intended viewer due to the heat treating, and (ii) causes the second coating on the glass substrate to realize a reflective a* color value shift in a negative direction of at least 2.0 from the perspective of the intended viewer due to the heat treating. 52. The method of claim 49, wherein the first and second coatings are antireflective (AR) coatings. 53. The method of claim 49, wherein the first coating on the glass substrate has a visible reflectance of no greater than 5%, and the second coating on the glass substrate has a visible reflectance of no greater than 5%. 54. The method of claim 49, wherein all layers of the first and second coatings are transparent dielectric layers. 55. The method of claim 49, wherein the first coating comprises, moving away from the glass substrate, a first transparent dielectric layer comprising an oxide of Ti and/or Nb; a first transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide; a second transparent dielectric layer comprising an oxide of Ti and/or Nb; and a second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide; and
the second coating comprises, moving away from the glass substrate, a first transparent dielectric layer comprising an oxide of Ti and/or Nb; a first transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide; a second transparent dielectric layer comprising an oxide of Ti and/or Nb; and a second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide. 56. The method of claim 55, wherein the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide of the first coating is thicker than the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide of the second coating by at least 75 Å. 57. The method of claim 55, wherein the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide of the first coating is thicker than the second transparent dielectric layer comprising silicon oxide of the second coating by at least 100 Å. 58. The method of claim 49, wherein said heat treating comprises thermal tempering. 59. The method of claim 49, wherein the transparent coated glass product, including the coatings on the glass substrate after heat treating, has a visible transmission of at least 90%. | 1,700 |
3,905 | 15,554,172 | 1,793 | A topical flavor composition comprising at least one hydrophilic flavor compound and at least one lipophilic flavor compound, the flavor composition being a water-in-oil emulsion having a continuous non-aqueous phase and a disperse aqueous phase, the at least one lipophilic flavor compound being dissolved or dispersed in the continuous phase and the at least one hydrophilic flavor compound dissolved or dispersed in the disperse phase. The composition is useful for topical application to a wide variety of comestible products and allows highly versatile flavoring possibilities. | 1. A topical flavor composition comprising at least one hydrophilic flavor compound and at least one lipophilic flavor compound, the flavor composition being a water-in-oil emulsion having a continuous non-aqueous phase and a disperse aqueous phase, the at least one lipophilic flavor compound being dissolved or dispersed in the continuous phase and the at least one hydrophilic flavor compound dissolved or dispersed in the disperse phase. 2. The composition according to claim 1, in which the continuous phase of the emulsion is an edible oil or fat that is solid or semi-solid at room temperature, which is heated until it is sufficiently fluid. 3. The composition according to claim 1, in which the continuous phase comprises at least one flavor oil, selected from fatty acids, lactones, aldehydes, essential oils and terpenes. 4. The composition according to claim 3, in which the flavor oil is selected from butryric acid, gamma-decalactone, decanal, orange oil, and limonene. 5. The composition according to claim 1, in which the disperse phase additionally comprises co-solvent. 6. The composition according to claim 1, in which the water-soluble flavor components dissolved in the disperse phase are selected from sugars, sweeteners, salt, organic flavor acids, MSG and yeast extracts. 7. The composition according to claim 1, in which the disperse phase comprises from 0-60% by weight of flavor components. 8. The composition according to claim 1, in which the composition comprises an emulsifying agent. 9. The composition according to claim 1, in which the emulsifier is polyglycerol polyricinoleate and the continuous phase is an oil that is liquid at ambient temperature. 10. The composition according to claim 1, in which at least one of the continuous phase and the disperse phase comprises thickener. 11. The composition according to claim 10, in which the thickener in the disperse phase is selected from xanthan gum, high-performance thickening starches, acetylated distarch adipate and acetylated di-starch phosphate 12. The composition according to claim 10, in which the thickener in the continuous phase is selected from waxes and organogelators. 13. A flavored comestible product, in which the flavor is at least partially provided by a topically-applied flavor composition according to claim 1. 14. A method of providing flavor to a comestible product, comprising the topical addition thereto of a flavor composition according to claim 1. 15. The composition according to claim 10, in which the thickener in the continuous phase is selected from at least one of carnauba wax, candelilla wax, sugarcane wax, beeswax, 12-hydroxystearic acid, cetyl alcohol, palmitic acid, stearic acid, monoglycerides of fatty acids, and diglycerides of fatty acids. 16. The composition according to claim 9, in which the continuous phase is at least one of soybean oil, canola oil and medium chain triglyceride. 17. The composition according to claim 8, in which the composition comprises as emulsifying agent, at least one of lecithin and polyglycerol polyricinoleate. 18. The composition according to claim 2, in which the continuous phase of the emulsion is a partially-hydrogenated soy bean oil. 19. The composition according to claim 1, in which the disperse phase comprises from 20-60% by weight of flavor components. | A topical flavor composition comprising at least one hydrophilic flavor compound and at least one lipophilic flavor compound, the flavor composition being a water-in-oil emulsion having a continuous non-aqueous phase and a disperse aqueous phase, the at least one lipophilic flavor compound being dissolved or dispersed in the continuous phase and the at least one hydrophilic flavor compound dissolved or dispersed in the disperse phase. The composition is useful for topical application to a wide variety of comestible products and allows highly versatile flavoring possibilities.1. A topical flavor composition comprising at least one hydrophilic flavor compound and at least one lipophilic flavor compound, the flavor composition being a water-in-oil emulsion having a continuous non-aqueous phase and a disperse aqueous phase, the at least one lipophilic flavor compound being dissolved or dispersed in the continuous phase and the at least one hydrophilic flavor compound dissolved or dispersed in the disperse phase. 2. The composition according to claim 1, in which the continuous phase of the emulsion is an edible oil or fat that is solid or semi-solid at room temperature, which is heated until it is sufficiently fluid. 3. The composition according to claim 1, in which the continuous phase comprises at least one flavor oil, selected from fatty acids, lactones, aldehydes, essential oils and terpenes. 4. The composition according to claim 3, in which the flavor oil is selected from butryric acid, gamma-decalactone, decanal, orange oil, and limonene. 5. The composition according to claim 1, in which the disperse phase additionally comprises co-solvent. 6. The composition according to claim 1, in which the water-soluble flavor components dissolved in the disperse phase are selected from sugars, sweeteners, salt, organic flavor acids, MSG and yeast extracts. 7. The composition according to claim 1, in which the disperse phase comprises from 0-60% by weight of flavor components. 8. The composition according to claim 1, in which the composition comprises an emulsifying agent. 9. The composition according to claim 1, in which the emulsifier is polyglycerol polyricinoleate and the continuous phase is an oil that is liquid at ambient temperature. 10. The composition according to claim 1, in which at least one of the continuous phase and the disperse phase comprises thickener. 11. The composition according to claim 10, in which the thickener in the disperse phase is selected from xanthan gum, high-performance thickening starches, acetylated distarch adipate and acetylated di-starch phosphate 12. The composition according to claim 10, in which the thickener in the continuous phase is selected from waxes and organogelators. 13. A flavored comestible product, in which the flavor is at least partially provided by a topically-applied flavor composition according to claim 1. 14. A method of providing flavor to a comestible product, comprising the topical addition thereto of a flavor composition according to claim 1. 15. The composition according to claim 10, in which the thickener in the continuous phase is selected from at least one of carnauba wax, candelilla wax, sugarcane wax, beeswax, 12-hydroxystearic acid, cetyl alcohol, palmitic acid, stearic acid, monoglycerides of fatty acids, and diglycerides of fatty acids. 16. The composition according to claim 9, in which the continuous phase is at least one of soybean oil, canola oil and medium chain triglyceride. 17. The composition according to claim 8, in which the composition comprises as emulsifying agent, at least one of lecithin and polyglycerol polyricinoleate. 18. The composition according to claim 2, in which the continuous phase of the emulsion is a partially-hydrogenated soy bean oil. 19. The composition according to claim 1, in which the disperse phase comprises from 20-60% by weight of flavor components. | 1,700 |
3,906 | 15,886,300 | 1,783 | Embodiments of a transparent glass-based material comprising a glass phase and a second phase that is different from and is dispersed in the glass phase are provided. The second phase may comprise a crystalline or a nanocrystalline phase, a fiber, and/or glass particles. In some embodiments, the second phase is crystalline. In one or more embodiments, the glass-based material has a transmittance of at least about 88% over a visible spectrum ranging from about 400 nm to about 700 nm and a fracture toughness of at least about 0.9 MPa·m 1/2 , and wherein a surface of the glass-based material, when scratched with a Knoop diamond at a load of at least 5 N to form a scratch having a width w, is free of chips having a size of greater than 3 w. | 1. A glass-based material, the glass-based material comprising a glass phase and a crystalline phase dispersed within the glass phase, wherein the glass-based material has a transmittance of at least about 88%/mm over a visible spectrum ranging from about 400 nm to about 700 nm, a thickness of less than or equal to 1 mm, and at least a 60% survival rate when subjected to an inverted ball on sandpaper test with a 4.2 g stainless steel ball having a diameter of 10 mm from a drop height of 100 cm onto a 30 grit sandpaper positioned above the surface of the glass-based material so there is a 100 μm air gap, wherein the survival rate is based on testing at least 5 samples. 2. The glass-based material of claim 1, wherein the glass-based material has a fracture toughness of at least about 0.9 MPa·m1/2. 3. The glass-based material of claim 1, wherein a surface of the glass-based material, when scratched with a Knoop diamond at a load of at least 5 N to form a scratch having a width w, is free of chips having a size of greater than 3 w. 4. The glass-based material of claim 1, wherein the crystalline phase comprises at least one of mullite, spinel, β-quartz, petalite, lithium disilicate, β-spodumene, nepheline, and alumina. 5. The glass-based material of claim 4, further comprising a second crystalline phase, the second crystalline phase comprising nepheline or anorthite. 6. The glass-based material of claim 1, wherein the glass phase comprises at least one of a soda lime glass, an alkali aluminosilicate glass, and a lithium alumina silicate glass. 7. The glass-based material of claim 1, wherein a difference in refractive index between the glass phase and the crystalline phase is less than about 0.025. 8. The glass-based material of claim 1, wherein the glass-based material has a retained strength after abrasion of at least about 250 MPa as measured by abraded ring-on-ring testing. 9. The glass-based material of claim 1, wherein the glass-based material has a coefficient of thermal expansion of less than about 45×10−7 K−1. 10. The glass-based material of claim 1, wherein the glass-based material has a Young's modulus in a range from about 80 GPa to about 100 GPa. 11. The glass-based material of claim 1, wherein the crystalline phase comprises particles having a mean size in a range from 5 nm to 200 nm. 12. The glass-based material of claim 1, wherein a volume fraction of the crystalline phase in the glass-based material is in a range from 10% to about 98%. 13. The glass-based material of claim 1, wherein the glass-based material has at least a 70% survival rate when subjected to an inverted ball on sandpaper test with a 4.2 g stainless steel ball having a diameter of 10 mm from a drop height of 100 cm onto a 30 grit sandpaper positioned above the surface of the glass-based material so there is a 100 μm air gap, wherein the survival rate is based on testing at least 5 samples. 14. The glass-based material of claim 1, wherein the glass-based material has at least a 80% survival rate when subjected to an inverted ball on sandpaper test with a 4.2 g stainless steel ball having a diameter of 10 mm from a drop height of 100 cm onto a 30 grit sandpaper positioned above the surface of the glass-based material so there is a 100 μm air gap, wherein the survival rate is based on testing at least 5 samples. 15. The glass-based material of claim 1, wherein the glass-based material has at least a 90% survival rate when subjected to an inverted ball on sandpaper test with a 4.2 g stainless steel ball having a diameter of 10 mm from a drop height of 100 cm onto a 30 grit sandpaper positioned above the surface of the glass-based material so there is a 100 μm air gap, wherein the survival rate is based on testing at least 5 samples. 16. The glass-based material of claim 1, wherein the glass-based material has at least a 60% survival rate when subjected to an inverted ball on sandpaper test with a 4.2 g stainless steel ball having a diameter of 10 mm from a drop height of 175 cm onto a 30 grit sandpaper positioned above the surface of the glass-based material so there is a 100 μm air gap, wherein the survival rate is based on testing at least 5 samples. 17. The glass-based material of claim 1, wherein the glass-based material is ion exchanged. 18. A consumer electronic product comprising the glass-based material of claim 1. 19. The consumer electronic product of claim 18, further comprising a housing, wherein the glass-based material forms at least a portion of the housing. 20. The consumer electronic product of claim 18, further comprising a cover plate, wherein the glass-based material forms at least a portion of the cover plate. | Embodiments of a transparent glass-based material comprising a glass phase and a second phase that is different from and is dispersed in the glass phase are provided. The second phase may comprise a crystalline or a nanocrystalline phase, a fiber, and/or glass particles. In some embodiments, the second phase is crystalline. In one or more embodiments, the glass-based material has a transmittance of at least about 88% over a visible spectrum ranging from about 400 nm to about 700 nm and a fracture toughness of at least about 0.9 MPa·m 1/2 , and wherein a surface of the glass-based material, when scratched with a Knoop diamond at a load of at least 5 N to form a scratch having a width w, is free of chips having a size of greater than 3 w.1. A glass-based material, the glass-based material comprising a glass phase and a crystalline phase dispersed within the glass phase, wherein the glass-based material has a transmittance of at least about 88%/mm over a visible spectrum ranging from about 400 nm to about 700 nm, a thickness of less than or equal to 1 mm, and at least a 60% survival rate when subjected to an inverted ball on sandpaper test with a 4.2 g stainless steel ball having a diameter of 10 mm from a drop height of 100 cm onto a 30 grit sandpaper positioned above the surface of the glass-based material so there is a 100 μm air gap, wherein the survival rate is based on testing at least 5 samples. 2. The glass-based material of claim 1, wherein the glass-based material has a fracture toughness of at least about 0.9 MPa·m1/2. 3. The glass-based material of claim 1, wherein a surface of the glass-based material, when scratched with a Knoop diamond at a load of at least 5 N to form a scratch having a width w, is free of chips having a size of greater than 3 w. 4. The glass-based material of claim 1, wherein the crystalline phase comprises at least one of mullite, spinel, β-quartz, petalite, lithium disilicate, β-spodumene, nepheline, and alumina. 5. The glass-based material of claim 4, further comprising a second crystalline phase, the second crystalline phase comprising nepheline or anorthite. 6. The glass-based material of claim 1, wherein the glass phase comprises at least one of a soda lime glass, an alkali aluminosilicate glass, and a lithium alumina silicate glass. 7. The glass-based material of claim 1, wherein a difference in refractive index between the glass phase and the crystalline phase is less than about 0.025. 8. The glass-based material of claim 1, wherein the glass-based material has a retained strength after abrasion of at least about 250 MPa as measured by abraded ring-on-ring testing. 9. The glass-based material of claim 1, wherein the glass-based material has a coefficient of thermal expansion of less than about 45×10−7 K−1. 10. The glass-based material of claim 1, wherein the glass-based material has a Young's modulus in a range from about 80 GPa to about 100 GPa. 11. The glass-based material of claim 1, wherein the crystalline phase comprises particles having a mean size in a range from 5 nm to 200 nm. 12. The glass-based material of claim 1, wherein a volume fraction of the crystalline phase in the glass-based material is in a range from 10% to about 98%. 13. The glass-based material of claim 1, wherein the glass-based material has at least a 70% survival rate when subjected to an inverted ball on sandpaper test with a 4.2 g stainless steel ball having a diameter of 10 mm from a drop height of 100 cm onto a 30 grit sandpaper positioned above the surface of the glass-based material so there is a 100 μm air gap, wherein the survival rate is based on testing at least 5 samples. 14. The glass-based material of claim 1, wherein the glass-based material has at least a 80% survival rate when subjected to an inverted ball on sandpaper test with a 4.2 g stainless steel ball having a diameter of 10 mm from a drop height of 100 cm onto a 30 grit sandpaper positioned above the surface of the glass-based material so there is a 100 μm air gap, wherein the survival rate is based on testing at least 5 samples. 15. The glass-based material of claim 1, wherein the glass-based material has at least a 90% survival rate when subjected to an inverted ball on sandpaper test with a 4.2 g stainless steel ball having a diameter of 10 mm from a drop height of 100 cm onto a 30 grit sandpaper positioned above the surface of the glass-based material so there is a 100 μm air gap, wherein the survival rate is based on testing at least 5 samples. 16. The glass-based material of claim 1, wherein the glass-based material has at least a 60% survival rate when subjected to an inverted ball on sandpaper test with a 4.2 g stainless steel ball having a diameter of 10 mm from a drop height of 175 cm onto a 30 grit sandpaper positioned above the surface of the glass-based material so there is a 100 μm air gap, wherein the survival rate is based on testing at least 5 samples. 17. The glass-based material of claim 1, wherein the glass-based material is ion exchanged. 18. A consumer electronic product comprising the glass-based material of claim 1. 19. The consumer electronic product of claim 18, further comprising a housing, wherein the glass-based material forms at least a portion of the housing. 20. The consumer electronic product of claim 18, further comprising a cover plate, wherein the glass-based material forms at least a portion of the cover plate. | 1,700 |
3,907 | 14,920,809 | 1,711 | In some embodiments, a method of controlling an oral care implement having an audio output device and a movable oral cleaning element driven by a motor includes receiving a user instruction to commence a cleaning sequence; playing, via the audio output device, an audio instruction relating to oral cleaning; after completion of playing the audio instruction relating to oral cleaning, controlling the motor to drive the oral cleaning element; a predetermined time after operating the motor to drive the oral cleaning element, controlling the motor to stop driving the oral cleaning element; and at least in part in response to controlling the motor to stop driving the oral cleaning element, playing, via the audio output device, a recording containing praise. | 1. A toothbrush comprising:
an elongate body; a head disposed at a distal end of the body; one or more tooth cleaning elements at the head, movable relative to the body; a motor operably connected to the one or more tooth cleaning elements to move the one or more tooth cleaning elements; a controller for controlling the motor; a speaker disposed in the elongate body; a power source disposed in the elongate body and providing power to the motor and the controller; a speaker; and memory storing a plurality of tooth brushing instructions and a plurality of sound recordings containing praise, wherein the controller is configured to perform acts comprising: (a) causing a first of the plurality of tooth brushing instructions to play, via the speaker, at least in part in response to receiving an indication to commence an oral cleaning sequence, (b) upon completion of playing of the first of the plurality of tooth brushing instructions, causing movement, via driving the motor, of the one or more tooth cleaning elements for a first predetermined duration of time, (c) causing cessation of movement of the one or more tooth cleaning elements after the first predetermined duration of time, (d) causing a first of the plurality of sound recordings containing praise to play, via the speaker, after the first predetermined duration of time, (e) causing a second of the plurality of tooth brushing instructions to play, via the speaker, after the causing the first of the plurality of sound recordings containing praise to play, (f) causing movement of the one or more tooth cleaning elements for a second predetermined duration of time, after causing the second of the plurality of tooth brushing instructions to play, (g) causing a second of the plurality of sound recordings containing praise to play, via the speaker, after the second predetermined time. 2. The toothbrush of claim 1, further comprising a manual switch operable between a first position closing an electrical circuit to provide power to the controller from the power source and a second position opening the electrical circuit such that power from the power source is not supplied to the controller, wherein all of the acts are performed while the manual switch is placed in the first position. 3. The toothbrush of claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to perform acts further comprising causing an end recording to play, via the speaker, after the second predetermined time. 4. The toothbrush of claim 3, wherein the end recording comprises an instruction to place the switch in the second position. 5. The toothbrush of claim 3, wherein the controller is configured to perform acts further comprising causing the end recording to repeat until the switch is placed in the second position. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising selecting the first recording containing praise from among the plurality of recordings containing praise. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the selecting the recording containing praise from among the plurality of recordings containing praise comprises randomly selecting the recording containing praise. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the selecting the recording containing praise from among the plurality of recordings containing praise comprises selecting the recording containing praise in accordance with a predetermined order. 9. The toothbrush of claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to perform acts further comprising selecting the first of the plurality of tooth brushing instructions from the plurality of tooth brushing instructions and selecting the second of the plurality of tooth brushing instructions from the plurality of tooth brushing instructions not including the first of the plurality of tooth brushing instructions. 10. A method of controlling an oral care implement having an audio output device and a movable cleaning care element driven by a motor, the method comprising:
(a) receiving an indication to commence a cleaning sequence; (b) playing, via the audio output device, an audio instruction relating to oral cleaning; (c) after completion of playing the audio instruction relating to oral cleaning, controlling the motor to drive the cleaning element; (d) a predetermined time after operating the motor to drive the cleaning element, controlling the motor to stop driving the cleaning element; and (e) at least in part in response to controlling the motor to stop driving the cleaning element, playing, via the audio output device, a recording containing praise. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising repeating steps (b)-(e). 12. The method of claim 11, wherein steps (b)-(e) are repeated a number of times corresponding to a number of audio instructions relating to oral cleaning. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the audio instruction relating to oral cleaning is different for each repetition of step (b). 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the recording containing praise is different for each repetition of step (e). 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the receiving the instruction to commence a cleaning sequence comprises activation of a switch by a user. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the switch is a mechanical switch that completes a circuit to provide power to the motor. 17. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
receiving a user instruction to end the cleaning sequence; and disconnecting the transmission of power to the motor. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the receiving the user instruction to end the cleaning sequence comprises activation of a switch by the user, and the activation of the switch opens a circuit that provides power to the motor. 19. The method of claim 10, wherein the recording containing praise is one of a plurality of recordings containing praise. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising selecting the recording containing praise from among the plurality of recordings containing praise. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the selecting the recording containing praise from among the plurality of recordings containing praise comprises randomly selecting the recording containing praise. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the selecting the recording containing praise from among the plurality of recordings containing praise comprises selecting the recording containing praise in accordance with a predetermined order. 23. The method of claim 10, further comprising playing, via the audio output device, an end recording instructing the user to power off the oral care implement. 24. The method of claim 23, further comprising repeating the end recording until the oral care implement is powered off. 25. A toothbrush comprising:
an elongate body; a head disposed at a distal end of the body; one or more tooth cleaning elements at the head, movable relative to the body; a motor operably connected to the one or more tooth cleaning elements to move the one or more tooth cleaning elements; a controller for controlling the motor; a speaker disposed in the elongate body; a power source providing power to the motor and the controller; a speaker; and memory storing a plurality of tooth brushing instructions and a plurality of sound recordings containing praise, wherein the controller is configured to execute the method of claim 10. | In some embodiments, a method of controlling an oral care implement having an audio output device and a movable oral cleaning element driven by a motor includes receiving a user instruction to commence a cleaning sequence; playing, via the audio output device, an audio instruction relating to oral cleaning; after completion of playing the audio instruction relating to oral cleaning, controlling the motor to drive the oral cleaning element; a predetermined time after operating the motor to drive the oral cleaning element, controlling the motor to stop driving the oral cleaning element; and at least in part in response to controlling the motor to stop driving the oral cleaning element, playing, via the audio output device, a recording containing praise.1. A toothbrush comprising:
an elongate body; a head disposed at a distal end of the body; one or more tooth cleaning elements at the head, movable relative to the body; a motor operably connected to the one or more tooth cleaning elements to move the one or more tooth cleaning elements; a controller for controlling the motor; a speaker disposed in the elongate body; a power source disposed in the elongate body and providing power to the motor and the controller; a speaker; and memory storing a plurality of tooth brushing instructions and a plurality of sound recordings containing praise, wherein the controller is configured to perform acts comprising: (a) causing a first of the plurality of tooth brushing instructions to play, via the speaker, at least in part in response to receiving an indication to commence an oral cleaning sequence, (b) upon completion of playing of the first of the plurality of tooth brushing instructions, causing movement, via driving the motor, of the one or more tooth cleaning elements for a first predetermined duration of time, (c) causing cessation of movement of the one or more tooth cleaning elements after the first predetermined duration of time, (d) causing a first of the plurality of sound recordings containing praise to play, via the speaker, after the first predetermined duration of time, (e) causing a second of the plurality of tooth brushing instructions to play, via the speaker, after the causing the first of the plurality of sound recordings containing praise to play, (f) causing movement of the one or more tooth cleaning elements for a second predetermined duration of time, after causing the second of the plurality of tooth brushing instructions to play, (g) causing a second of the plurality of sound recordings containing praise to play, via the speaker, after the second predetermined time. 2. The toothbrush of claim 1, further comprising a manual switch operable between a first position closing an electrical circuit to provide power to the controller from the power source and a second position opening the electrical circuit such that power from the power source is not supplied to the controller, wherein all of the acts are performed while the manual switch is placed in the first position. 3. The toothbrush of claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to perform acts further comprising causing an end recording to play, via the speaker, after the second predetermined time. 4. The toothbrush of claim 3, wherein the end recording comprises an instruction to place the switch in the second position. 5. The toothbrush of claim 3, wherein the controller is configured to perform acts further comprising causing the end recording to repeat until the switch is placed in the second position. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising selecting the first recording containing praise from among the plurality of recordings containing praise. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the selecting the recording containing praise from among the plurality of recordings containing praise comprises randomly selecting the recording containing praise. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the selecting the recording containing praise from among the plurality of recordings containing praise comprises selecting the recording containing praise in accordance with a predetermined order. 9. The toothbrush of claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to perform acts further comprising selecting the first of the plurality of tooth brushing instructions from the plurality of tooth brushing instructions and selecting the second of the plurality of tooth brushing instructions from the plurality of tooth brushing instructions not including the first of the plurality of tooth brushing instructions. 10. A method of controlling an oral care implement having an audio output device and a movable cleaning care element driven by a motor, the method comprising:
(a) receiving an indication to commence a cleaning sequence; (b) playing, via the audio output device, an audio instruction relating to oral cleaning; (c) after completion of playing the audio instruction relating to oral cleaning, controlling the motor to drive the cleaning element; (d) a predetermined time after operating the motor to drive the cleaning element, controlling the motor to stop driving the cleaning element; and (e) at least in part in response to controlling the motor to stop driving the cleaning element, playing, via the audio output device, a recording containing praise. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising repeating steps (b)-(e). 12. The method of claim 11, wherein steps (b)-(e) are repeated a number of times corresponding to a number of audio instructions relating to oral cleaning. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the audio instruction relating to oral cleaning is different for each repetition of step (b). 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the recording containing praise is different for each repetition of step (e). 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the receiving the instruction to commence a cleaning sequence comprises activation of a switch by a user. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the switch is a mechanical switch that completes a circuit to provide power to the motor. 17. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
receiving a user instruction to end the cleaning sequence; and disconnecting the transmission of power to the motor. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the receiving the user instruction to end the cleaning sequence comprises activation of a switch by the user, and the activation of the switch opens a circuit that provides power to the motor. 19. The method of claim 10, wherein the recording containing praise is one of a plurality of recordings containing praise. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising selecting the recording containing praise from among the plurality of recordings containing praise. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the selecting the recording containing praise from among the plurality of recordings containing praise comprises randomly selecting the recording containing praise. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the selecting the recording containing praise from among the plurality of recordings containing praise comprises selecting the recording containing praise in accordance with a predetermined order. 23. The method of claim 10, further comprising playing, via the audio output device, an end recording instructing the user to power off the oral care implement. 24. The method of claim 23, further comprising repeating the end recording until the oral care implement is powered off. 25. A toothbrush comprising:
an elongate body; a head disposed at a distal end of the body; one or more tooth cleaning elements at the head, movable relative to the body; a motor operably connected to the one or more tooth cleaning elements to move the one or more tooth cleaning elements; a controller for controlling the motor; a speaker disposed in the elongate body; a power source providing power to the motor and the controller; a speaker; and memory storing a plurality of tooth brushing instructions and a plurality of sound recordings containing praise, wherein the controller is configured to execute the method of claim 10. | 1,700 |
3,908 | 14,576,978 | 1,713 | A method for etching features into a silicon containing etch layer is provided. The etch layer is placed into a plasma processing chamber. An etch gas is flowed into the plasma processing chamber. The etch gas is formed into an etch plasma, wherein the etch plasma etches features into the silicon containing layer leaving silicon containing residue. The flow of etch gas into the plasma processing chamber is stopped. A dry clean gas is flowed into the plasma processing chamber, wherein the dry clean gas comprises NH 3 and NF 3 . The dry clean gas is formed into a plasma, wherein the silicon containing residue is exposed to the dry clean gas plasma, and wherein at least some or all of the silicon containing residue is formed into ammonium containing compounds. The flow of the dry clean gas is stopped. The ammonium compounds are sublimated from the films. | 1. A method for etching features into a silicon containing etch layer, comprising
placing the etch layer into a plasma processing chamber; flowing an etch gas into the plasma processing chamber; forming the etch gas into an etch plasma, wherein the silicon containing etch layer is exposed to the etch plasma, and wherein the etch plasma etches features into the silicon containing layer leaving silicon containing residue; stopping the flow of etch gas into the plasma processing chamber; flowing a dry clean gas into the plasma processing chamber, wherein the dry clean gas comprises NH3 and NF3; forming the dry clean gas into a non-remote plasma, wherein the silicon containing residue is exposed to the dry clean gas non-remote plasma, and wherein at least some of the silicon containing residue is formed into ammonium containing compounds; stopping the flow of the dry clean gas; and removing the etch layer from the plasma processing chamber. 2. The method, as recited in claim 1, wherein the dry clean gas further comprises a noble gas. 3. The method, as recited in claim 2, further comprising sublimating the ammonium containing compounds before removing the layer from the plasma processing chamber. 4. The method, as recited in claim 3, wherein the dry clean gas has a ratio of the flow of NH3 to NF3 of between 1:1 to 20:1. 5. The method, as recited in claim 4, during the forming the dry clean gas into a plasma a bias of between 0 to 1000 volts is provided. 6. The method, as recited in claim 5, wherein during the sublimating the ammonium containing compounds the etch layer is maintained at a temperature between 60° to 220° C. 7. The method, as recited in claim 6, wherein the etch layer is a silicon substrate, silicon wafer, a gate, a shallow trench isolation layer, a source layer, a drain layer, or a polysilicon layer. 8. The method, as recited in claim 7, wherein the etch gas is a halogen containing etch gas. 9. The method, as recited in claim 1, further comprising sublimating the ammonium containing compounds before removing the layer from the plasma processing chamber. 10. The method, as recited in claim 9, wherein during the sublimating the ammonium containing compounds the etch layer is maintained at a temperature between 60° to 220° C. 11. The method, as recited in claim 1, wherein the dry clean gas has a ratio of the flow of NH3 to NF3 of between 1:1 to 20:1. 12. The method, as recited in claim 1, during the forming the dry clean gas into a plasma a bias of between 0 to 1000 volts is provided. 13. A method for etching a silicon substrate, silicon wafer, a source layer, a drain layer, or a polysilicon layer, comprising
placing the silicon substrate, silicon wafer, the source layer, the drain layer, or the polysilicon layer into a plasma processing chamber; flowing an etch gas into the plasma processing chamber; forming the etch gas into an etch plasma, wherein the silicon substrate, silicon wafer, the source layer, the drain layer, or the polysilicon layer is exposed to the etch plasma, and wherein the etch plasma etches features into the silicon substrate, silicon wafer, the source layer, the drain layer, or the polysilicon layer leaving silicon containing residue; stopping the flow of etch gas into the plasma processing chamber; flowing a dry clean gas into the plasma processing chamber, wherein the dry clean gas comprises NH3 and NF3; forming the dry clean gas into a plasma, wherein the silicon containing residue is exposed to the dry clean gas plasma, and wherein at least some of the silicon containing residue is formed into ammonium containing compounds; stopping the flow of the dry clean gas; and removing the silicon substrate, silicon wafer, a source layer, the drain layer, or the polysilicon layer from the plasma processing chamber. 14. The method, as recited in claim 1, wherein the etch gas is a halogen containing etch gas. 15. The method, as recited in claim 1, wherein the silicon containing residues comprise at least one of silicon oxide, SiBrx, SiClx, SiON, SiOxFy, SiCO, SiOxCly, or SiOxBry, where x and y are positive integers. 16. A method for etching features into a silicon containing etch layer, comprising
placing the etch layer into a plasma processing chamber; flowing a halogen containing etch gas into the plasma processing chamber; forming the halogen containing etch gas into an etch plasma, wherein the silicon containing etch layer is exposed to the etch plasma, and wherein the etch plasma etches features into the silicon containing layer leaving silicon containing residue, wherein the silicon containing residues comprise at least one of silicon oxide, SiBrx, SiClx, SiON, SiOxFy, SiCO, SiOxCly, or SiOxBry, where x and y are positive integers; stopping the flow of etch gas into the plasma processing chamber; flowing a dry clean gas into the plasma processing chamber, wherein the dry clean gas comprises NH3 and NF3, wherein the dry clean gas has a ratio of the flow of NH3 to NF3 of between 1:1 to 20:1; forming the dry clean gas into a non-remote plasma, wherein the silicon containing residue is exposed to the dry clean gas non-remote plasma, and wherein at least some of the silicon containing residue is formed into ammonium containing compounds; stopping the flow of the dry clean gas; sublimating the ammonium containing compounds at a temperature between 60° to 220° C.; and removing the etch layer from the plasma processing chamber. 17. The method, as recited in claim 16, wherein the etch layer is a silicon substrate, silicon wafer, a gate, a shallow trench isolation layer, a source layer, a drain layer, or a polysilicon layer. 18. An apparatus for etching features into a silicon containing etch layer, comprising:
a plasma processing chamber, comprising:
a chamber wall forming a plasma processing chamber enclosure;
a substrate support for supporting a wafer within the plasma processing chamber enclosure;
a pressure regulator for regulating the pressure in the plasma processing chamber enclosure;
at least one electrode for providing power to the plasma processing chamber enclosure for sustaining a plasma;
a gas inlet for providing gas into the plasma processing chamber enclosure; and
a gas outlet for exhausting gas from the plasma processing chamber enclosure;
at least one RF power source electrically connected to the at least one electrode; a heater for heating the silicon containing etch layer a gas source in fluid connection with the gas inlet, the gas source comprising:
an etch gas source;
a NH3 gas source; and
a NF3 gas source; and
a controller controllably connected to the gas source and the at least one RF power source, comprising:
at least one processor; and
computer readable media, comprising:
computer readable code for flowing an etch gas from the etch gas source into the plasma processing chamber;
computer readable code for transforming the etch gas into an etch plasma, which etches features into the silicon containing etch layer leaving silicon containing residue;
computer readable code for stopping the flow of the etch gas;
computer readable code for flowing a dry clean gas comprising NH3 from the NH3 gas source and NF3 from the NF3 gas source into the plasma processing chamber;
computer readable code for transforming the dry clean gas into an dry clean plasma, which transforms at least some of the silicon containing residue into ammonium containing compounds;
computer readable code for stopping the flow of the dry clean gas; and
computer readable code for heating the silicon containing etch layer, which sublimates the ammonium containing compounds. | A method for etching features into a silicon containing etch layer is provided. The etch layer is placed into a plasma processing chamber. An etch gas is flowed into the plasma processing chamber. The etch gas is formed into an etch plasma, wherein the etch plasma etches features into the silicon containing layer leaving silicon containing residue. The flow of etch gas into the plasma processing chamber is stopped. A dry clean gas is flowed into the plasma processing chamber, wherein the dry clean gas comprises NH 3 and NF 3 . The dry clean gas is formed into a plasma, wherein the silicon containing residue is exposed to the dry clean gas plasma, and wherein at least some or all of the silicon containing residue is formed into ammonium containing compounds. The flow of the dry clean gas is stopped. The ammonium compounds are sublimated from the films.1. A method for etching features into a silicon containing etch layer, comprising
placing the etch layer into a plasma processing chamber; flowing an etch gas into the plasma processing chamber; forming the etch gas into an etch plasma, wherein the silicon containing etch layer is exposed to the etch plasma, and wherein the etch plasma etches features into the silicon containing layer leaving silicon containing residue; stopping the flow of etch gas into the plasma processing chamber; flowing a dry clean gas into the plasma processing chamber, wherein the dry clean gas comprises NH3 and NF3; forming the dry clean gas into a non-remote plasma, wherein the silicon containing residue is exposed to the dry clean gas non-remote plasma, and wherein at least some of the silicon containing residue is formed into ammonium containing compounds; stopping the flow of the dry clean gas; and removing the etch layer from the plasma processing chamber. 2. The method, as recited in claim 1, wherein the dry clean gas further comprises a noble gas. 3. The method, as recited in claim 2, further comprising sublimating the ammonium containing compounds before removing the layer from the plasma processing chamber. 4. The method, as recited in claim 3, wherein the dry clean gas has a ratio of the flow of NH3 to NF3 of between 1:1 to 20:1. 5. The method, as recited in claim 4, during the forming the dry clean gas into a plasma a bias of between 0 to 1000 volts is provided. 6. The method, as recited in claim 5, wherein during the sublimating the ammonium containing compounds the etch layer is maintained at a temperature between 60° to 220° C. 7. The method, as recited in claim 6, wherein the etch layer is a silicon substrate, silicon wafer, a gate, a shallow trench isolation layer, a source layer, a drain layer, or a polysilicon layer. 8. The method, as recited in claim 7, wherein the etch gas is a halogen containing etch gas. 9. The method, as recited in claim 1, further comprising sublimating the ammonium containing compounds before removing the layer from the plasma processing chamber. 10. The method, as recited in claim 9, wherein during the sublimating the ammonium containing compounds the etch layer is maintained at a temperature between 60° to 220° C. 11. The method, as recited in claim 1, wherein the dry clean gas has a ratio of the flow of NH3 to NF3 of between 1:1 to 20:1. 12. The method, as recited in claim 1, during the forming the dry clean gas into a plasma a bias of between 0 to 1000 volts is provided. 13. A method for etching a silicon substrate, silicon wafer, a source layer, a drain layer, or a polysilicon layer, comprising
placing the silicon substrate, silicon wafer, the source layer, the drain layer, or the polysilicon layer into a plasma processing chamber; flowing an etch gas into the plasma processing chamber; forming the etch gas into an etch plasma, wherein the silicon substrate, silicon wafer, the source layer, the drain layer, or the polysilicon layer is exposed to the etch plasma, and wherein the etch plasma etches features into the silicon substrate, silicon wafer, the source layer, the drain layer, or the polysilicon layer leaving silicon containing residue; stopping the flow of etch gas into the plasma processing chamber; flowing a dry clean gas into the plasma processing chamber, wherein the dry clean gas comprises NH3 and NF3; forming the dry clean gas into a plasma, wherein the silicon containing residue is exposed to the dry clean gas plasma, and wherein at least some of the silicon containing residue is formed into ammonium containing compounds; stopping the flow of the dry clean gas; and removing the silicon substrate, silicon wafer, a source layer, the drain layer, or the polysilicon layer from the plasma processing chamber. 14. The method, as recited in claim 1, wherein the etch gas is a halogen containing etch gas. 15. The method, as recited in claim 1, wherein the silicon containing residues comprise at least one of silicon oxide, SiBrx, SiClx, SiON, SiOxFy, SiCO, SiOxCly, or SiOxBry, where x and y are positive integers. 16. A method for etching features into a silicon containing etch layer, comprising
placing the etch layer into a plasma processing chamber; flowing a halogen containing etch gas into the plasma processing chamber; forming the halogen containing etch gas into an etch plasma, wherein the silicon containing etch layer is exposed to the etch plasma, and wherein the etch plasma etches features into the silicon containing layer leaving silicon containing residue, wherein the silicon containing residues comprise at least one of silicon oxide, SiBrx, SiClx, SiON, SiOxFy, SiCO, SiOxCly, or SiOxBry, where x and y are positive integers; stopping the flow of etch gas into the plasma processing chamber; flowing a dry clean gas into the plasma processing chamber, wherein the dry clean gas comprises NH3 and NF3, wherein the dry clean gas has a ratio of the flow of NH3 to NF3 of between 1:1 to 20:1; forming the dry clean gas into a non-remote plasma, wherein the silicon containing residue is exposed to the dry clean gas non-remote plasma, and wherein at least some of the silicon containing residue is formed into ammonium containing compounds; stopping the flow of the dry clean gas; sublimating the ammonium containing compounds at a temperature between 60° to 220° C.; and removing the etch layer from the plasma processing chamber. 17. The method, as recited in claim 16, wherein the etch layer is a silicon substrate, silicon wafer, a gate, a shallow trench isolation layer, a source layer, a drain layer, or a polysilicon layer. 18. An apparatus for etching features into a silicon containing etch layer, comprising:
a plasma processing chamber, comprising:
a chamber wall forming a plasma processing chamber enclosure;
a substrate support for supporting a wafer within the plasma processing chamber enclosure;
a pressure regulator for regulating the pressure in the plasma processing chamber enclosure;
at least one electrode for providing power to the plasma processing chamber enclosure for sustaining a plasma;
a gas inlet for providing gas into the plasma processing chamber enclosure; and
a gas outlet for exhausting gas from the plasma processing chamber enclosure;
at least one RF power source electrically connected to the at least one electrode; a heater for heating the silicon containing etch layer a gas source in fluid connection with the gas inlet, the gas source comprising:
an etch gas source;
a NH3 gas source; and
a NF3 gas source; and
a controller controllably connected to the gas source and the at least one RF power source, comprising:
at least one processor; and
computer readable media, comprising:
computer readable code for flowing an etch gas from the etch gas source into the plasma processing chamber;
computer readable code for transforming the etch gas into an etch plasma, which etches features into the silicon containing etch layer leaving silicon containing residue;
computer readable code for stopping the flow of the etch gas;
computer readable code for flowing a dry clean gas comprising NH3 from the NH3 gas source and NF3 from the NF3 gas source into the plasma processing chamber;
computer readable code for transforming the dry clean gas into an dry clean plasma, which transforms at least some of the silicon containing residue into ammonium containing compounds;
computer readable code for stopping the flow of the dry clean gas; and
computer readable code for heating the silicon containing etch layer, which sublimates the ammonium containing compounds. | 1,700 |
3,909 | 14,736,934 | 1,795 | An electrode for an ozone generator or chlorine generator includes an electrically conductive substrate, a doped-Si layer disposed over the conductive substrate, and a boron-doped diamond (BDD) layer disposed over the doped-silicon layer. The doped-silicon layer defines a discrete architecture that maintains adhesion throughout a high temperature CVD boron-doped diamond process. Another electrode having a PVD nitrogen-doped diamond (ta-C:N) layer disposed over a conductive substrate is also provided. | 1. An electrode for an ozone generator or chlorine generator, the electrode comprising:
an electrically conductive substrate; a doped-silicon layer disposed over the conductive substrate, the doped-silicon layer defining a discrete architecture that maintains adhesion throughout a high temperature chemical vapor deposition boron-doped diamond process; and a boron-doped diamond (BDD) layer disposed over the doped-silicon layer. 2. The electrode of claim 1 further comprising a barrier layer interposed between the doped-silicon layer and the substrate to limit diffusion of doped-Si into the electrically conductive substrate. 3. The electrode of claim 2 wherein the barrier layer is a semiconductor or metal nitride or oxide or nitro-oxide layer 4. The electrode of claim 3 wherein the barrier layer is TiN or ZrN. 5. The electrode of claim 1 wherein the architecture has a pattern has features less than 100 nm. 6. The electrode of claim 1 wherein the discrete architecture is formed using a mask or a textured surface. 7. The electrode of claim 1 wherein the conductive substrate can also act as an electrical contact between a power source and the boron-doped diamond. 8. An electrode for an ozone generator or chlorine generator, the electrode comprising:
an electrically conductive substrate; a physical vapor deposited nitrogen-doped diamond (ta-C:N) layer disposed over the electrically conductive substrate. 9. The electrode of claim 8 wherein the substrate is a doped-silicon substrate or doped-silicon coating on an electrically conductive substrate 10. The electrode of claim 8 wherein the ta-C:N layer has a thickness from 10 nm to 5 microns. 11. The electrode of claim 8 wherein the thickness is achieved by depositing the ta-C:N in a discrete architecture. 12. The electrode of claim 8 wherein the electrically conductive substrate can also act as an electrical contact between a power source and the ta-C:N catalyst. | An electrode for an ozone generator or chlorine generator includes an electrically conductive substrate, a doped-Si layer disposed over the conductive substrate, and a boron-doped diamond (BDD) layer disposed over the doped-silicon layer. The doped-silicon layer defines a discrete architecture that maintains adhesion throughout a high temperature CVD boron-doped diamond process. Another electrode having a PVD nitrogen-doped diamond (ta-C:N) layer disposed over a conductive substrate is also provided.1. An electrode for an ozone generator or chlorine generator, the electrode comprising:
an electrically conductive substrate; a doped-silicon layer disposed over the conductive substrate, the doped-silicon layer defining a discrete architecture that maintains adhesion throughout a high temperature chemical vapor deposition boron-doped diamond process; and a boron-doped diamond (BDD) layer disposed over the doped-silicon layer. 2. The electrode of claim 1 further comprising a barrier layer interposed between the doped-silicon layer and the substrate to limit diffusion of doped-Si into the electrically conductive substrate. 3. The electrode of claim 2 wherein the barrier layer is a semiconductor or metal nitride or oxide or nitro-oxide layer 4. The electrode of claim 3 wherein the barrier layer is TiN or ZrN. 5. The electrode of claim 1 wherein the architecture has a pattern has features less than 100 nm. 6. The electrode of claim 1 wherein the discrete architecture is formed using a mask or a textured surface. 7. The electrode of claim 1 wherein the conductive substrate can also act as an electrical contact between a power source and the boron-doped diamond. 8. An electrode for an ozone generator or chlorine generator, the electrode comprising:
an electrically conductive substrate; a physical vapor deposited nitrogen-doped diamond (ta-C:N) layer disposed over the electrically conductive substrate. 9. The electrode of claim 8 wherein the substrate is a doped-silicon substrate or doped-silicon coating on an electrically conductive substrate 10. The electrode of claim 8 wherein the ta-C:N layer has a thickness from 10 nm to 5 microns. 11. The electrode of claim 8 wherein the thickness is achieved by depositing the ta-C:N in a discrete architecture. 12. The electrode of claim 8 wherein the electrically conductive substrate can also act as an electrical contact between a power source and the ta-C:N catalyst. | 1,700 |
3,910 | 15,432,328 | 1,724 | A battery component includes a polymer frame having at least one window, the polymer frame having a first planar side and an opposite second planar side, and a window edge between the first and second planar sides. The battery component also has a battery cell component having a separator and bipolar current collector, the battery cell component being attached to the frame, the separator or bipolar current collector being attached to the first planar side or the window edge. A battery stack, a method for handling the battery component as an individual unit are also provided, electric vehicle battery and electric vehicle are also provided. | 1. A battery unit comprising:
a separator including a solid-state electrolyte; a bipolar current collector foil; a cathode deposited as a film on a first side of the bipolar current collector or on the separator; and an anode. 2. The battery unit as recited in claim 1 wherein the cathode is deposited on the bipolar current collector. 3. The battery unit as recited in claim 2 wherein the anode is deposited as a film on a second side of the bipolar current collector foil opposite the first side. 4. The battery unit as recited in claim 1 wherein the bipolar current collector includes aluminum. 5. The battery unit as recited in claim 4 wherein the bipolar current collector is coated with nickel, copper or their alloys or carbon. 6. The battery unit as recited in claim 1 wherein a thickness of the bipolar current collector is smaller than 15 micrometers. 7. The battery unit as recited in claim 1 wherein the bipolar current collector foil is attached to a polymer frame. 8. The battery unit as recited in claim 7 wherein the bipolar current collector foil is attached to the polymer frame by gluing, welding heat bonding, lamination or adhesive tape. 9. The battery unit as recited in claim 8 wherein the bipolar current collector is made of aluminum foil coated with nickel, and the nickel is attached directly to the frame. 10. The battery unit as recited in claim 1 wherein the separator is made of lithium oxide or sulfide glasses or glass ceramics or ceramics. 11. A battery module comprising: a plurality of the battery units as recited in claim 1 connected in series. 12. An electric vehicle battery comprising a plurality of the battery modules as recited in claim 11, connected in series or in parallel. 13. An electric vehicle comprising the battery as recited in claim 12. | A battery component includes a polymer frame having at least one window, the polymer frame having a first planar side and an opposite second planar side, and a window edge between the first and second planar sides. The battery component also has a battery cell component having a separator and bipolar current collector, the battery cell component being attached to the frame, the separator or bipolar current collector being attached to the first planar side or the window edge. A battery stack, a method for handling the battery component as an individual unit are also provided, electric vehicle battery and electric vehicle are also provided.1. A battery unit comprising:
a separator including a solid-state electrolyte; a bipolar current collector foil; a cathode deposited as a film on a first side of the bipolar current collector or on the separator; and an anode. 2. The battery unit as recited in claim 1 wherein the cathode is deposited on the bipolar current collector. 3. The battery unit as recited in claim 2 wherein the anode is deposited as a film on a second side of the bipolar current collector foil opposite the first side. 4. The battery unit as recited in claim 1 wherein the bipolar current collector includes aluminum. 5. The battery unit as recited in claim 4 wherein the bipolar current collector is coated with nickel, copper or their alloys or carbon. 6. The battery unit as recited in claim 1 wherein a thickness of the bipolar current collector is smaller than 15 micrometers. 7. The battery unit as recited in claim 1 wherein the bipolar current collector foil is attached to a polymer frame. 8. The battery unit as recited in claim 7 wherein the bipolar current collector foil is attached to the polymer frame by gluing, welding heat bonding, lamination or adhesive tape. 9. The battery unit as recited in claim 8 wherein the bipolar current collector is made of aluminum foil coated with nickel, and the nickel is attached directly to the frame. 10. The battery unit as recited in claim 1 wherein the separator is made of lithium oxide or sulfide glasses or glass ceramics or ceramics. 11. A battery module comprising: a plurality of the battery units as recited in claim 1 connected in series. 12. An electric vehicle battery comprising a plurality of the battery modules as recited in claim 11, connected in series or in parallel. 13. An electric vehicle comprising the battery as recited in claim 12. | 1,700 |
3,911 | 14,875,959 | 1,742 | A method of calibrating ejectors in an ejector head in a three-dimensional object printer normalizes the masses of the drops ejected by the ejectors. The method operates the plurality of ejectors to eject drops of material to form a plurality of pixels corresponding to a test pattern on the surface. Each ejector in the plurality of ejectors is operated to form a group of adjacent pixels in the test pattern. Each group of adjacent pixels is at least n pixels wide in a cross-process direction for the printer. The method operates a sensor to measure heights of pixels for each group of adjacent pixels in the test pattern. The method adjusts an operation of the plurality of ejectors to normalize heights of layers of material formed by the plurality of ejectors based on the measured heights for the groups of adjacent pixels. | 1. A method of calibrating ejectors in an ejector head of a three-dimensional object printer, the ejector head having a plurality of ejectors configured to eject drops of material towards a surface, the method comprising:
operating the plurality of ejectors to eject drops of material to form a plurality of pixels corresponding to a test pattern on the surface, each ejector in the plurality of ejectors being operated to form a group of adjacent pixels in the test pattern, each group of adjacent pixels being at least n pixels wide in a cross-process direction for the printer; operating a sensor to measure heights of pixels for each group of adjacent pixels in the test pattern; and adjusting an operation of the plurality of ejectors to normalize heights of layers of material formed by the plurality of ejectors based on the measured heights for the groups of adjacent pixels. 2. The method of claim 1, the operating of the plurality of ejectors further comprising:
operating different subsets of ejectors in the plurality of ejectors to form different blocks of pixels in the test pattern, each block of pixels including the groups of adjacent pixels formed by the respective different subset of ejectors, each ejector in each subset of ejectors being different than the ejectors in the other subsets used to form other blocks of pixels in the test pattern. 3. The method of claim 2, the operation of the plurality of ejectors further comprising:
operating n subsets of ejectors in the plurality of ejectors to form n blocks of pixels in the test pattern, each block of pixels including the groups of adjacent pixels formed by the respective subset of ejectors, each ejector in each subset of ejectors being different than the ejectors in the other subsets used to form other blocks of pixels in the test pattern. 4. The method of claim 1, the operating of the plurality of ejectors further comprising:
operating a first subset of ejectors in the plurality of ejectors to eject drops of material to form a first block of pixels in the test pattern, the first block of pixels including the groups of adjacent pixels formed by each ejector of the first subset of ejectors; and operating a second subset of ejectors in the plurality of ejectors to eject drops of material to form a second block of pixels in the test pattern, the second block of pixels including the groups of adjacent pixels formed by each ejector of the second subset of ejectors, the second subset of ejectors having no ejectors in common with the first subset of ejectors. 5. The method of claim 4, the operating of the plurality of ejectors further comprising:
operating the second subset of ejectors to form the second block of pixels such that the second block of pixels is non-contiguous with the first block of pixels in a process direction for the printer. 6. The method of claim 4, the operating of the plurality of ejectors further comprising:
operating the second subset of ejectors to form the second block of pixels such that the second block of pixels is contiguous with the first block of pixels in a process direction for the printer. 7. The method of claim 4, the operation of the plurality of ejectors further comprising:
operating the second subset of ejectors to form the second block of pixels such that the second block of pixels is shifted in the cross-process direction with respect to the first block of pixels. 8. The method of claim 4, the operation of the plurality of ejectors further comprising:
operating the first subset of ejectors to form the first block of pixels, the first subset of ejectors being separated in the ejector head by n ejector positions; and operating the second subset of ejectors to form the second block of pixels, the second subset of ejectors being separated in the ejector head by n ejector positions. 9. The method of claim 1, the adjusting of the operation of the plurality of ejectors further comprising:
adjusting a mass of drops ejected by at least one ejector in the plurality of ejectors with reference to the measured heights for the groups adjacent of pixels. 10. The method of claim 1, the adjusting of the operation of the plurality of ejectors further comprising:
adjusting a half-toning of at least one ejector in the plurality of ejectors with reference to the measured heights for the groups adjacent of pixels. 11. The method of claim 1, the adjusting of the operation of the plurality of ejectors further comprising:
calculating an average height of the groups adjacent of pixels based on the measured heights for the groups of adjacent pixels; and adjusting the operation of the plurality of ejectors such that each ejector of the plurality of ejectors forms groups of adjacent pixels having a height equal to the calculated average height. 12. The method of claim 1, the adjusting of the operation of the plurality of ejectors further comprising:
adjusting the operation of the plurality of ejectors such that each ejector of the plurality of ejectors forms groups of adjacent pixels having a height equal to a predetermined height. 13. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
repeating the operation of the plurality of ejectors to form the test pattern with multiple layers of drops of material. 14. The method of claim 4 further comprising:
operating a third subset of ejectors in the plurality of ejectors to form a third block of pixels, the third block of pixels including a group adjacent pixels formed by each ejector of the third subset of ejectors, the third subset of ejectors having at least one ejector in common with the first subset of ejectors and at least one ejector in common with the second subset of ejectors;
operating the sensor to measure heights of drops of material corresponding to each group of adjacent pixels in the third block of pixels;
cross-correlating the measured heights for the groups of adjacent pixels in the first block of pixels and the second block of pixels with the measured heights for the groups of adjacent pixels in the third block of pixels; and
identifying which of the measured heights for the groups of adjacent pixels in the first block of pixels and the second block of pixels correspond to which ejectors in the plurality of ejectors based on the cross-correlation. 15. The method of claim 14, the operation of the third subset of ejectors further comprising:
operating the third subset of ejectors to form the third block, the groups of adjacent pixels in the third block being at least one of less than n pixels wide in the cross-process direction and greater than n pixels wide in the cross-process direction. 16. A three-dimensional object printer comprising:
a surface; an ejector head having a plurality of ejectors configured to eject drops of material onto the surface; a sensor configured to measure heights of drops of material ejected onto the surface; and a controller operatively connected to the ejector head, the controller being configured to:
operate the plurality of ejectors to eject drops of material to form a plurality of pixels corresponding to a test pattern on the surface, each ejector in the plurality of ejectors being operated to form a group of adjacent pixels in the test pattern, each group of adjacent pixels being at least n pixels wide in a cross-process direction for the printer;
operate the sensor to measure heights of pixels for each group of adjacent pixels in the test pattern; and
adjust an operation of the plurality of ejectors to normalize heights of layers of material formed by the plurality of ejectors based on the measured heights for the groups of adjacent pixels. 17. The printer of claim 16, the controller being further configured to:
operate a first subset of ejectors in the plurality of ejectors to eject drops of material to form a first block of pixels in the test pattern, the first block of pixels including the groups of adjacent pixels formed by each ejector of the first subset of ejectors; and operate a second subset of ejectors in the plurality of ejectors to eject drops of material to form a second block of pixels in the test pattern, the second block of pixels including the groups of adjacent pixels formed by each ejector of the second subset of ejectors, the second subset of ejectors having no ejectors in common with the first subset of ejectors. 18. The printer of claim 16, the controller being further configured to:
operate the first subset of ejectors to form the first block of pixels, the first subset of ejectors being separated in the ejector head by n ejector positions; and operate the second subset of ejectors to form the second block of pixels, the second subset of ejectors being separated in the ejector head by n ejector positions. 19. The printer of claim 15, the controller being further configured to:
adjust the operation of the plurality of ejectors such that each ejector of the plurality of ejectors forms groups of adjacent pixels having a height equal to a predetermined height. 20. The printer of claim 16, the controller being further configured to:
operate a third subset of ejectors in the plurality of ejectors to form a third block of pixels, the third block of pixels including a group adjacent pixels formed by each ejector of the third subset of ejectors, the third subset of ejectors having at least one ejector in common with the first subset of ejectors and at least one ejector in common with the second subset of ejectors; operate the sensor to measure heights of drops of material corresponding to each group of adjacent pixels in the third block of pixels; cross-correlate the measured heights for the groups of adjacent pixels in the first block of pixels and the second block of pixels with the measured heights for the groups of adjacent pixels in the third block of pixels; and identify which of the measured heights for the groups of adjacent pixels in the first block of pixels and the second block of pixels correspond to which ejectors in the plurality of ejectors based on the cross-correlation. | A method of calibrating ejectors in an ejector head in a three-dimensional object printer normalizes the masses of the drops ejected by the ejectors. The method operates the plurality of ejectors to eject drops of material to form a plurality of pixels corresponding to a test pattern on the surface. Each ejector in the plurality of ejectors is operated to form a group of adjacent pixels in the test pattern. Each group of adjacent pixels is at least n pixels wide in a cross-process direction for the printer. The method operates a sensor to measure heights of pixels for each group of adjacent pixels in the test pattern. The method adjusts an operation of the plurality of ejectors to normalize heights of layers of material formed by the plurality of ejectors based on the measured heights for the groups of adjacent pixels.1. A method of calibrating ejectors in an ejector head of a three-dimensional object printer, the ejector head having a plurality of ejectors configured to eject drops of material towards a surface, the method comprising:
operating the plurality of ejectors to eject drops of material to form a plurality of pixels corresponding to a test pattern on the surface, each ejector in the plurality of ejectors being operated to form a group of adjacent pixels in the test pattern, each group of adjacent pixels being at least n pixels wide in a cross-process direction for the printer; operating a sensor to measure heights of pixels for each group of adjacent pixels in the test pattern; and adjusting an operation of the plurality of ejectors to normalize heights of layers of material formed by the plurality of ejectors based on the measured heights for the groups of adjacent pixels. 2. The method of claim 1, the operating of the plurality of ejectors further comprising:
operating different subsets of ejectors in the plurality of ejectors to form different blocks of pixels in the test pattern, each block of pixels including the groups of adjacent pixels formed by the respective different subset of ejectors, each ejector in each subset of ejectors being different than the ejectors in the other subsets used to form other blocks of pixels in the test pattern. 3. The method of claim 2, the operation of the plurality of ejectors further comprising:
operating n subsets of ejectors in the plurality of ejectors to form n blocks of pixels in the test pattern, each block of pixels including the groups of adjacent pixels formed by the respective subset of ejectors, each ejector in each subset of ejectors being different than the ejectors in the other subsets used to form other blocks of pixels in the test pattern. 4. The method of claim 1, the operating of the plurality of ejectors further comprising:
operating a first subset of ejectors in the plurality of ejectors to eject drops of material to form a first block of pixels in the test pattern, the first block of pixels including the groups of adjacent pixels formed by each ejector of the first subset of ejectors; and operating a second subset of ejectors in the plurality of ejectors to eject drops of material to form a second block of pixels in the test pattern, the second block of pixels including the groups of adjacent pixels formed by each ejector of the second subset of ejectors, the second subset of ejectors having no ejectors in common with the first subset of ejectors. 5. The method of claim 4, the operating of the plurality of ejectors further comprising:
operating the second subset of ejectors to form the second block of pixels such that the second block of pixels is non-contiguous with the first block of pixels in a process direction for the printer. 6. The method of claim 4, the operating of the plurality of ejectors further comprising:
operating the second subset of ejectors to form the second block of pixels such that the second block of pixels is contiguous with the first block of pixels in a process direction for the printer. 7. The method of claim 4, the operation of the plurality of ejectors further comprising:
operating the second subset of ejectors to form the second block of pixels such that the second block of pixels is shifted in the cross-process direction with respect to the first block of pixels. 8. The method of claim 4, the operation of the plurality of ejectors further comprising:
operating the first subset of ejectors to form the first block of pixels, the first subset of ejectors being separated in the ejector head by n ejector positions; and operating the second subset of ejectors to form the second block of pixels, the second subset of ejectors being separated in the ejector head by n ejector positions. 9. The method of claim 1, the adjusting of the operation of the plurality of ejectors further comprising:
adjusting a mass of drops ejected by at least one ejector in the plurality of ejectors with reference to the measured heights for the groups adjacent of pixels. 10. The method of claim 1, the adjusting of the operation of the plurality of ejectors further comprising:
adjusting a half-toning of at least one ejector in the plurality of ejectors with reference to the measured heights for the groups adjacent of pixels. 11. The method of claim 1, the adjusting of the operation of the plurality of ejectors further comprising:
calculating an average height of the groups adjacent of pixels based on the measured heights for the groups of adjacent pixels; and adjusting the operation of the plurality of ejectors such that each ejector of the plurality of ejectors forms groups of adjacent pixels having a height equal to the calculated average height. 12. The method of claim 1, the adjusting of the operation of the plurality of ejectors further comprising:
adjusting the operation of the plurality of ejectors such that each ejector of the plurality of ejectors forms groups of adjacent pixels having a height equal to a predetermined height. 13. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
repeating the operation of the plurality of ejectors to form the test pattern with multiple layers of drops of material. 14. The method of claim 4 further comprising:
operating a third subset of ejectors in the plurality of ejectors to form a third block of pixels, the third block of pixels including a group adjacent pixels formed by each ejector of the third subset of ejectors, the third subset of ejectors having at least one ejector in common with the first subset of ejectors and at least one ejector in common with the second subset of ejectors;
operating the sensor to measure heights of drops of material corresponding to each group of adjacent pixels in the third block of pixels;
cross-correlating the measured heights for the groups of adjacent pixels in the first block of pixels and the second block of pixels with the measured heights for the groups of adjacent pixels in the third block of pixels; and
identifying which of the measured heights for the groups of adjacent pixels in the first block of pixels and the second block of pixels correspond to which ejectors in the plurality of ejectors based on the cross-correlation. 15. The method of claim 14, the operation of the third subset of ejectors further comprising:
operating the third subset of ejectors to form the third block, the groups of adjacent pixels in the third block being at least one of less than n pixels wide in the cross-process direction and greater than n pixels wide in the cross-process direction. 16. A three-dimensional object printer comprising:
a surface; an ejector head having a plurality of ejectors configured to eject drops of material onto the surface; a sensor configured to measure heights of drops of material ejected onto the surface; and a controller operatively connected to the ejector head, the controller being configured to:
operate the plurality of ejectors to eject drops of material to form a plurality of pixels corresponding to a test pattern on the surface, each ejector in the plurality of ejectors being operated to form a group of adjacent pixels in the test pattern, each group of adjacent pixels being at least n pixels wide in a cross-process direction for the printer;
operate the sensor to measure heights of pixels for each group of adjacent pixels in the test pattern; and
adjust an operation of the plurality of ejectors to normalize heights of layers of material formed by the plurality of ejectors based on the measured heights for the groups of adjacent pixels. 17. The printer of claim 16, the controller being further configured to:
operate a first subset of ejectors in the plurality of ejectors to eject drops of material to form a first block of pixels in the test pattern, the first block of pixels including the groups of adjacent pixels formed by each ejector of the first subset of ejectors; and operate a second subset of ejectors in the plurality of ejectors to eject drops of material to form a second block of pixels in the test pattern, the second block of pixels including the groups of adjacent pixels formed by each ejector of the second subset of ejectors, the second subset of ejectors having no ejectors in common with the first subset of ejectors. 18. The printer of claim 16, the controller being further configured to:
operate the first subset of ejectors to form the first block of pixels, the first subset of ejectors being separated in the ejector head by n ejector positions; and operate the second subset of ejectors to form the second block of pixels, the second subset of ejectors being separated in the ejector head by n ejector positions. 19. The printer of claim 15, the controller being further configured to:
adjust the operation of the plurality of ejectors such that each ejector of the plurality of ejectors forms groups of adjacent pixels having a height equal to a predetermined height. 20. The printer of claim 16, the controller being further configured to:
operate a third subset of ejectors in the plurality of ejectors to form a third block of pixels, the third block of pixels including a group adjacent pixels formed by each ejector of the third subset of ejectors, the third subset of ejectors having at least one ejector in common with the first subset of ejectors and at least one ejector in common with the second subset of ejectors; operate the sensor to measure heights of drops of material corresponding to each group of adjacent pixels in the third block of pixels; cross-correlate the measured heights for the groups of adjacent pixels in the first block of pixels and the second block of pixels with the measured heights for the groups of adjacent pixels in the third block of pixels; and identify which of the measured heights for the groups of adjacent pixels in the first block of pixels and the second block of pixels correspond to which ejectors in the plurality of ejectors based on the cross-correlation. | 1,700 |
3,912 | 15,055,893 | 1,786 | The invention relates to glass reinforcement strands whose composition comprises the following constituents in the limits defined below, expressed as percentages by weight:
SiO 2
50-65%
Al 2 O 3
12-20%
CaO
12-17%
MgO
6-12%
CaO/MgO
≦2, preferably ≧1.3
Li 2 O
0.1-0.8%, preferably ≦0.6%
BaO + SrO
0-3%
B 2 O 3
0-3%
TiO 2
0-3%
Na 2 O + K 2 O
<2%
F 2
0-1%
Fe 2 O 3
<1%.
These strands are made of a glass offering an excellent compromise between its mechanical properties, represented by the specific Young's modulus, and its melting and fiberizing conditions. | 1-35. (canceled) 36. A glass reinforcement strand formed from a composition comprising the following constituents in the limits defined below, expressed as percentages by weight:
SiO2
58-63%
Al2O3
12-20%
CaO
12-17%
MgO
6-12%
CaO/MgO
≦2
Li2O
0.1-0.8%
BaO + SrO
0-3%
B2O3
0-3%
TiO2
0-3%
Na2O + K2O
<2%
F2
0-1%
Fe2O3
<1%,
wherein the composition has an Al2O3+MgO+Li2O content equal to 23% or higher, and wherein said glass strand has a specific Young's modulus of at least 36 MPa/Kg/m3. 37. The class strand as claimed in claim 36, wherein the composition has an SiO2+Al2O3 content of greater than 70%. 38. The glass strand as claimed in claim 36, wherein the composition has an Al2O3/(Al2O3+CaO+MgO) weight ratio that ranges from 0.40 to 0.44. 39. The glass strand as claimed in claim 36, wherein said composition contains no F2. 40. The glass strand as claimed in claim 36, wherein said composition comprises a CaO/MgO ratio of ≧1.3 and ≦2. 41. The glass strand as claimed in claim 36, wherein said composition contains no B2O3. 42. The glass strand as claimed in claim 36, wherein said glass stand possesses an anorthite crystallization phase, a diopside crystallization phase, and a forsterite crystallization phase. 43. The glass strand as claimed in claim 36, wherein said composition comprises 13-15% by weight CaO. 44. The glass strand as claimed in claim 36, wherein said composition comprises 12.5-13.9% by weight CaO. 45. The glass strand as claimed in claim 36, wherein said glass strand has a liquidus temperature of less than or equal to 1,210° C. 46. An assembly comprising a plurality of the glass strands of claim 36. 47. A composite comprising a plurality of the glass strands of claim 36 and at least one of an organic material and an inorganic material. 48. A glass composition for producing glass reinforcement strands, said glass composition comprising the following constituents in the limits defined below, expressed as percentages by weight:
SiO2
58-63%
Al2O3
12-20%
CaO
12-17%
MgO
6-12%
CaO/MgO
≦2
Li2O
0.1-0.8%
BaO + SrO
0-3%
B2O3
0-3%
TiO2
0-3%
Na2O + K2O
<2%
F2
0-1%
Fe2O3
<1%,
wherein the composition has an Al2O3/(Al2O3+CaO+MgO) weight ratio that ranges from 0.40 to 0.44 and wherein said glass strand has a liquidus temperature of 1,210° C. or below. 49. The composition as claimed in claim 48, wherein said composition has a forming range (T(log η=3)−Tliquidus) of more than 50° C. 50. The composition as claimed in claim 48, wherein said composition comprises a CaO/MgO ratio of ≧1.3 and ≦2. 51. The composition as claimed in claim 48, wherein said composition contains no B2O3. 52. A glass reinforcement strand formed from a composition comprising the following constituents, expressed as percentages by weight:
SiO2
58-63%
Al2O3
13-18%
CaO
12.5-15%
MgO
7-9%
CaO/MgO
1.5-1.9
Li2O
0.1-0.6%
BaO + SrO
0-1%
B2O3
0-2%
TiO2
0-0.5%
Na2O + K2O
<0.8%
F2
0-1%
Fe2O3
<0.5%,
wherein said glass strand has a specific Young's modulus of at least 36 MPa/Kg/m3. 53. The glass strand as claimed in claim 52, wherein the composition has an SiO2+Al2O3 content greater than 70%. 54. The glass strand as claimed in claim 52, wherein the composition has an Al2O3/(Al2O3+CaO+MgO) weight ratio that ranges from 0.40 to 0.44. 55. The glass strand as claimed in claim 52, wherein said composition contains no B2O3. 56. A glass reinforcement strand formed from a composition comprising the following constituents in the limits defined below, expressed as percentages by weight:
SiO2
58-63%
Al2O3
12-20%
CaO
12-17%
MgO
7-9%
CaO/MgO
≦2
Li2O
0.1-0.8%
BaO + SrO
0-3%
B2O3
0-3%
TiO2
0-3%
Na2O + K2O
<2%
F2
0-1%
Fe2O3
<1%,
wherein said glass strand has a liquidus temperature of less than or equal to 1,250° C. and wherein said glass strand has a specific Young's modulus of at least 36 MPa/Kg/m3. 57. The glass reinforcement strand as claimed in claim 56, wherein said composition has a forming range (T(log η=3)−Tliquidus) greater than 50° C. 58. The glass reinforcement strand as claimed in claim 56, wherein said composition has an Al2O3/(Al2O3+CaO+MgO) weight ratio that ranges from 0.40 to 0.44. | The invention relates to glass reinforcement strands whose composition comprises the following constituents in the limits defined below, expressed as percentages by weight:
SiO 2
50-65%
Al 2 O 3
12-20%
CaO
12-17%
MgO
6-12%
CaO/MgO
≦2, preferably ≧1.3
Li 2 O
0.1-0.8%, preferably ≦0.6%
BaO + SrO
0-3%
B 2 O 3
0-3%
TiO 2
0-3%
Na 2 O + K 2 O
<2%
F 2
0-1%
Fe 2 O 3
<1%.
These strands are made of a glass offering an excellent compromise between its mechanical properties, represented by the specific Young's modulus, and its melting and fiberizing conditions.1-35. (canceled) 36. A glass reinforcement strand formed from a composition comprising the following constituents in the limits defined below, expressed as percentages by weight:
SiO2
58-63%
Al2O3
12-20%
CaO
12-17%
MgO
6-12%
CaO/MgO
≦2
Li2O
0.1-0.8%
BaO + SrO
0-3%
B2O3
0-3%
TiO2
0-3%
Na2O + K2O
<2%
F2
0-1%
Fe2O3
<1%,
wherein the composition has an Al2O3+MgO+Li2O content equal to 23% or higher, and wherein said glass strand has a specific Young's modulus of at least 36 MPa/Kg/m3. 37. The class strand as claimed in claim 36, wherein the composition has an SiO2+Al2O3 content of greater than 70%. 38. The glass strand as claimed in claim 36, wherein the composition has an Al2O3/(Al2O3+CaO+MgO) weight ratio that ranges from 0.40 to 0.44. 39. The glass strand as claimed in claim 36, wherein said composition contains no F2. 40. The glass strand as claimed in claim 36, wherein said composition comprises a CaO/MgO ratio of ≧1.3 and ≦2. 41. The glass strand as claimed in claim 36, wherein said composition contains no B2O3. 42. The glass strand as claimed in claim 36, wherein said glass stand possesses an anorthite crystallization phase, a diopside crystallization phase, and a forsterite crystallization phase. 43. The glass strand as claimed in claim 36, wherein said composition comprises 13-15% by weight CaO. 44. The glass strand as claimed in claim 36, wherein said composition comprises 12.5-13.9% by weight CaO. 45. The glass strand as claimed in claim 36, wherein said glass strand has a liquidus temperature of less than or equal to 1,210° C. 46. An assembly comprising a plurality of the glass strands of claim 36. 47. A composite comprising a plurality of the glass strands of claim 36 and at least one of an organic material and an inorganic material. 48. A glass composition for producing glass reinforcement strands, said glass composition comprising the following constituents in the limits defined below, expressed as percentages by weight:
SiO2
58-63%
Al2O3
12-20%
CaO
12-17%
MgO
6-12%
CaO/MgO
≦2
Li2O
0.1-0.8%
BaO + SrO
0-3%
B2O3
0-3%
TiO2
0-3%
Na2O + K2O
<2%
F2
0-1%
Fe2O3
<1%,
wherein the composition has an Al2O3/(Al2O3+CaO+MgO) weight ratio that ranges from 0.40 to 0.44 and wherein said glass strand has a liquidus temperature of 1,210° C. or below. 49. The composition as claimed in claim 48, wherein said composition has a forming range (T(log η=3)−Tliquidus) of more than 50° C. 50. The composition as claimed in claim 48, wherein said composition comprises a CaO/MgO ratio of ≧1.3 and ≦2. 51. The composition as claimed in claim 48, wherein said composition contains no B2O3. 52. A glass reinforcement strand formed from a composition comprising the following constituents, expressed as percentages by weight:
SiO2
58-63%
Al2O3
13-18%
CaO
12.5-15%
MgO
7-9%
CaO/MgO
1.5-1.9
Li2O
0.1-0.6%
BaO + SrO
0-1%
B2O3
0-2%
TiO2
0-0.5%
Na2O + K2O
<0.8%
F2
0-1%
Fe2O3
<0.5%,
wherein said glass strand has a specific Young's modulus of at least 36 MPa/Kg/m3. 53. The glass strand as claimed in claim 52, wherein the composition has an SiO2+Al2O3 content greater than 70%. 54. The glass strand as claimed in claim 52, wherein the composition has an Al2O3/(Al2O3+CaO+MgO) weight ratio that ranges from 0.40 to 0.44. 55. The glass strand as claimed in claim 52, wherein said composition contains no B2O3. 56. A glass reinforcement strand formed from a composition comprising the following constituents in the limits defined below, expressed as percentages by weight:
SiO2
58-63%
Al2O3
12-20%
CaO
12-17%
MgO
7-9%
CaO/MgO
≦2
Li2O
0.1-0.8%
BaO + SrO
0-3%
B2O3
0-3%
TiO2
0-3%
Na2O + K2O
<2%
F2
0-1%
Fe2O3
<1%,
wherein said glass strand has a liquidus temperature of less than or equal to 1,250° C. and wherein said glass strand has a specific Young's modulus of at least 36 MPa/Kg/m3. 57. The glass reinforcement strand as claimed in claim 56, wherein said composition has a forming range (T(log η=3)−Tliquidus) greater than 50° C. 58. The glass reinforcement strand as claimed in claim 56, wherein said composition has an Al2O3/(Al2O3+CaO+MgO) weight ratio that ranges from 0.40 to 0.44. | 1,700 |
3,913 | 15,055,898 | 1,786 | The invention relates to glass reinforcement strands whose composition comprises the following constituents in the limits defined below, expressed as percentages by weight:
SiO 2 50-65% Al 2 O 3 12-20% CaO 12-17% MgO 6-12% CaO/MgO ≦2, preferably ≧1.3 Li 2 O 0.1-0.8%, preferably ≦0.6% BaO + SrO 0-3% B 2 O 3 0-3% TiO 2 0-3% Na 2 O + K 2 O <2% F 2 0-1% Fe 2 O 3 <1%.
These strands are made of a glass offering an excellent compromise between its mechanical properties, represented by the specific Young's modulus, and its melting and fiberizing conditions. | 1-35. (canceled) 36. A glass reinforcement strand formed from a composition comprising the following constituents in the limits defined below, expressed as percentages by weight:
SiO2
50-65%
Al2O3
12-20%
CaO
12-17%
MgO
6-12%
CaO/MgO
≧1.3 and ≦2
Li2O
0.1-0.8%
BaO + SrO
0-3%
B2O3
0-3%
TiO2
0-3%
Na2O + K2O
<2%
F2
0-1%
Fe2O3
<1%,
wherein the composition has an Al2O3+MgO+Li2O content equal to 23% or higher, and wherein said glass strand has a specific Young's modulus of at least 36 MPa/Kg/m3. 37. The glass reinforcement strand of claim 36, wherein the composition has an SiO2+Al2O3 content of greater than 70%. 38. The glass reinforcement strand of claim 36, wherein said composition contains no F2. 39. The glass reinforcement strand of claim 36, wherein said composition contains no B2O3. 40. The glass reinforcement strand of claim 36, wherein said glass stand possesses an anorthite crystallization phase, a diopside crystallization phase, and a forsterite crystallization phase. 41. The glass reinforcement strand of claim 40, wherein said composition is in the diopside crystallization phase at its liquidus temperature. 42. The glass reinforcement strand of claim 41, wherein said composition exhibits a reduced maximum crystalline growth rate in the diopside crystallization phase. 43. The glass reinforcement strand of claim 42, wherein said reduced maximum crystalline growth rate in the diopside crystallization phase is at least 50% below a glass composition having the same quantity of the constituents but having a CaO/MgO range of greater than 2.0. 44. The glass reinforcement strand of claim 36, wherein said composition comprises 13-15% by weight CaO. 45. An assembly comprising a plurality of the glass strands of claim 36. 46. A composite comprising a plurality of the glass strands of claim 36 and at least one of an organic material and an inorganic material. 47. A glass composition for producing glass reinforcement strands, said glass composition comprising the following constituents in the limits defined below, expressed as percentages by weight:
SiO2
50-65%
Al2O3
12-20%
CaO
12-17%
MgO
6-12%
CaO/MgO
≧1.3 and ≦2
Li2O
0.1-0.8%
BaO + SrO
0-3%
B2O3
0-3%
TiO2
0-3%
Na2O + K2O
<2%
F2
0-1%
Fe2O3
<1%,
wherein the composition has an Al2O3/(Al2O3+CaO+MgO) weight ratio that ranges from 0.40 to 0.44, wherein said glass strands have a liquidus temperature of 1,210° C. or below, and wherein said glass strand has a specific Young's modulus of greater than 36 MPa/Kg/m3. 48. The composition of claim 47, wherein said composition has a forming range (T(log η=3)-Tliquidus) of more than 50° C. 49. The composition of claim 47, wherein the composition has an Al2O3+MgO+Li2O content equal to 23% or higher. 50. The composition of claim 47, wherein said composition contains no B2O3. 51. The composition of claim 47, wherein said composition comprises 12.5-15% by weight CaO. 52. A glass reinforcement strand formed from a composition comprising the following constituents in the limits defined below, expressed as percentages by weight:
SiO2
58-63%
Al2O3
13-18%
CaO
12.5-15%
MgO
7-9%
CaO/MgO
1.5-1.9
Li2O
0.1-0.8%
BaO + SrO
0-1%
B2O3
0-2%
TiO2
0-0.5%
Na2O + K2O
<0.8%
F2
0-1%
Fe2O3
<0.5%,
wherein the composition has an Al2O3+MgO+Li2O content equal to 23% or higher, and wherein said glass strand has a specific Young's modulus of at least 36 MPa/Kg/m3. 53. The glass reinforcement strand of claim 52, wherein the composition has an Al2O3/(Al2O3+CaO+MgO) weight ratio that ranges from 0.40 to 0.44. 54. The glass reinforcement strand of claim 52, wherein said composition contains no B2O3. 55. The glass reinforcement strand of claim 52, wherein said glass strand has a liquidus temperature of less than or equal to 1,210° C. 56. The glass reinforcement strand of claim 55, wherein said composition is in a diopside crystallization phase at its liquidus temperature. 57. The glass reinforcement strand of claim 56, wherein said composition has a maximum crystalline growth rate in the diopside crystallization phase of at least 50% below a glass composition having the same quantity of the constituents but having a CaO/MgO range of greater than 2.0. 58. A glass reinforcement strand formed from a composition comprising the following constituents in the limits defined below, expressed as percentages by weight:
SiO2
50-65%
Al2O3
12-20%
CaO
12-17%
MgO
6-12%
CaO/MgO
≦2
Li2O
0.1-0.8%
BaO + SrO
0-3%
B2O3
0-3%
TiO2
0-3%
Na2O + K2O
<2%
F2
0-1%
Fe2O3
<1%,
wherein said composition has an Al2O3+MgO+Li2O content equal to 23% or higher, wherein said glass strand has a specific Young's modulus of greater than 36 MPa/Kg/m3, wherein said composition is in a diopside crystallization phase at its liquidus temperature, and wherein said composition exhibits a reduced maximum crystalline growth rate in the diopside crystallization phase. 59. The glass reinforcement strand of claim 58, wherein said reduced maximum crystalline growth rate is at least 50% below a glass composition having the same quantity of the constituents but having a CaO/MgO range above 2.0. 60. The glass reinforcement strand of claim 58, wherein said reduced maximum crystalline growth rate in the diopside crystallization phase is no greater than 4.9 m/min. | The invention relates to glass reinforcement strands whose composition comprises the following constituents in the limits defined below, expressed as percentages by weight:
SiO 2 50-65% Al 2 O 3 12-20% CaO 12-17% MgO 6-12% CaO/MgO ≦2, preferably ≧1.3 Li 2 O 0.1-0.8%, preferably ≦0.6% BaO + SrO 0-3% B 2 O 3 0-3% TiO 2 0-3% Na 2 O + K 2 O <2% F 2 0-1% Fe 2 O 3 <1%.
These strands are made of a glass offering an excellent compromise between its mechanical properties, represented by the specific Young's modulus, and its melting and fiberizing conditions.1-35. (canceled) 36. A glass reinforcement strand formed from a composition comprising the following constituents in the limits defined below, expressed as percentages by weight:
SiO2
50-65%
Al2O3
12-20%
CaO
12-17%
MgO
6-12%
CaO/MgO
≧1.3 and ≦2
Li2O
0.1-0.8%
BaO + SrO
0-3%
B2O3
0-3%
TiO2
0-3%
Na2O + K2O
<2%
F2
0-1%
Fe2O3
<1%,
wherein the composition has an Al2O3+MgO+Li2O content equal to 23% or higher, and wherein said glass strand has a specific Young's modulus of at least 36 MPa/Kg/m3. 37. The glass reinforcement strand of claim 36, wherein the composition has an SiO2+Al2O3 content of greater than 70%. 38. The glass reinforcement strand of claim 36, wherein said composition contains no F2. 39. The glass reinforcement strand of claim 36, wherein said composition contains no B2O3. 40. The glass reinforcement strand of claim 36, wherein said glass stand possesses an anorthite crystallization phase, a diopside crystallization phase, and a forsterite crystallization phase. 41. The glass reinforcement strand of claim 40, wherein said composition is in the diopside crystallization phase at its liquidus temperature. 42. The glass reinforcement strand of claim 41, wherein said composition exhibits a reduced maximum crystalline growth rate in the diopside crystallization phase. 43. The glass reinforcement strand of claim 42, wherein said reduced maximum crystalline growth rate in the diopside crystallization phase is at least 50% below a glass composition having the same quantity of the constituents but having a CaO/MgO range of greater than 2.0. 44. The glass reinforcement strand of claim 36, wherein said composition comprises 13-15% by weight CaO. 45. An assembly comprising a plurality of the glass strands of claim 36. 46. A composite comprising a plurality of the glass strands of claim 36 and at least one of an organic material and an inorganic material. 47. A glass composition for producing glass reinforcement strands, said glass composition comprising the following constituents in the limits defined below, expressed as percentages by weight:
SiO2
50-65%
Al2O3
12-20%
CaO
12-17%
MgO
6-12%
CaO/MgO
≧1.3 and ≦2
Li2O
0.1-0.8%
BaO + SrO
0-3%
B2O3
0-3%
TiO2
0-3%
Na2O + K2O
<2%
F2
0-1%
Fe2O3
<1%,
wherein the composition has an Al2O3/(Al2O3+CaO+MgO) weight ratio that ranges from 0.40 to 0.44, wherein said glass strands have a liquidus temperature of 1,210° C. or below, and wherein said glass strand has a specific Young's modulus of greater than 36 MPa/Kg/m3. 48. The composition of claim 47, wherein said composition has a forming range (T(log η=3)-Tliquidus) of more than 50° C. 49. The composition of claim 47, wherein the composition has an Al2O3+MgO+Li2O content equal to 23% or higher. 50. The composition of claim 47, wherein said composition contains no B2O3. 51. The composition of claim 47, wherein said composition comprises 12.5-15% by weight CaO. 52. A glass reinforcement strand formed from a composition comprising the following constituents in the limits defined below, expressed as percentages by weight:
SiO2
58-63%
Al2O3
13-18%
CaO
12.5-15%
MgO
7-9%
CaO/MgO
1.5-1.9
Li2O
0.1-0.8%
BaO + SrO
0-1%
B2O3
0-2%
TiO2
0-0.5%
Na2O + K2O
<0.8%
F2
0-1%
Fe2O3
<0.5%,
wherein the composition has an Al2O3+MgO+Li2O content equal to 23% or higher, and wherein said glass strand has a specific Young's modulus of at least 36 MPa/Kg/m3. 53. The glass reinforcement strand of claim 52, wherein the composition has an Al2O3/(Al2O3+CaO+MgO) weight ratio that ranges from 0.40 to 0.44. 54. The glass reinforcement strand of claim 52, wherein said composition contains no B2O3. 55. The glass reinforcement strand of claim 52, wherein said glass strand has a liquidus temperature of less than or equal to 1,210° C. 56. The glass reinforcement strand of claim 55, wherein said composition is in a diopside crystallization phase at its liquidus temperature. 57. The glass reinforcement strand of claim 56, wherein said composition has a maximum crystalline growth rate in the diopside crystallization phase of at least 50% below a glass composition having the same quantity of the constituents but having a CaO/MgO range of greater than 2.0. 58. A glass reinforcement strand formed from a composition comprising the following constituents in the limits defined below, expressed as percentages by weight:
SiO2
50-65%
Al2O3
12-20%
CaO
12-17%
MgO
6-12%
CaO/MgO
≦2
Li2O
0.1-0.8%
BaO + SrO
0-3%
B2O3
0-3%
TiO2
0-3%
Na2O + K2O
<2%
F2
0-1%
Fe2O3
<1%,
wherein said composition has an Al2O3+MgO+Li2O content equal to 23% or higher, wherein said glass strand has a specific Young's modulus of greater than 36 MPa/Kg/m3, wherein said composition is in a diopside crystallization phase at its liquidus temperature, and wherein said composition exhibits a reduced maximum crystalline growth rate in the diopside crystallization phase. 59. The glass reinforcement strand of claim 58, wherein said reduced maximum crystalline growth rate is at least 50% below a glass composition having the same quantity of the constituents but having a CaO/MgO range above 2.0. 60. The glass reinforcement strand of claim 58, wherein said reduced maximum crystalline growth rate in the diopside crystallization phase is no greater than 4.9 m/min. | 1,700 |
3,914 | 16,166,774 | 1,741 | A mineral fiber forming device including: a centrifuge configured to rotate about a rotation axis, the centrifuge including an annular wall pierced by a plurality of orifices, the axis of symmetry of the annular wall being the rotation axis; a first annular inductor configured to heat a top part of the annular wall; a second annular inductor configured to heat a bottom part of the annular wall. The device makes it possible to increase its energy efficiency and very greatly reduce, even cancel altogether, its carbon dioxide emission level. | 1. A mineral fiber forming device for producing an insulating product comprising:
a centrifuge configurated to rotate about a rotation axis, the centrifuge comprising an annular wall pierced by a plurality of orifices, an axis of symmetry of the annular wall being the rotation axis, and the annular wall having a height, a first annular inductor positioned above a top part of the annular wall and configured to heat the top part of the annular wall, a second annular inductor positioned below a bottom part of the annular wall and configured to heat the bottom part of the annular wall, a conveyor configured to receive and convey mineral fibers, a first blowing ring configured to blow air on the mineral fibers that are about to leave through the plurality of orifices in the annular wall so as to drive them to the conveyor,
wherein a temperature gradient is provided over the height of the annular wall of the centrifuge. 2. The device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a second blowing ring configured to blow air on an area of the centrifuge situated above the annular wall, the cooperation of the first and second blowing rings creating an area of turbulences in proximity to the annular wall of the centrifuge, said area of turbulences allowing for an additional drawing of the mineral fibers that are about to leave through the plurality of orifices in the annular wall. 3. The device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising at least two first concentric blowing rings of different diameters, the cooperation of the first blowing rings creating an area of turbulences in proximity to the annular wall of the centrifuge, said area of turbulences allowing for an additional drawing of the mineral fibers that are about to leave through the plurality of orifices in the annular wall. 4. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first annular ring comprises a plurality of concentric air outlets creating an area of turbulences in proximity to the annular wall of the centrifuge, said area of turbulences allowing for an additional drawing of the mineral fibers that are about to leave through the plurality of orifices in the annular wall. 5. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first and second annular inductors are connected in series or in parallel or are powered independently of one another. 6. The device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising an internal burner suitable for use on starting up the mineral fiber forming device. 7. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the centrifuge comprises a bottom. 8. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the centrifuge does not comprise a bottom and comprises a basket. 9. The device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a mineral fiber gluing ring situated under the centrifuge. 10. The device as claimed claim 1, wherein the orifices of the annular wall have a diameter of 0.5 mm or less. 11. The device as claimed claim 1, wherein the annular wall have a number of orifices of at least 5000. 12. The device as claimed claim 1, wherein the axis of symmetry is vertical. 13. The device as claimed claim 1, further comprising a hollow shaft with a same axis of symmetry than the centrifuge, configured so that molten glass flows into the hollow shaft until the molten glass arrives into the centrifuge when the device is in operation. 14. The device as claimed claim 1, further comprising a web and a tulip that are positioned between the hollow shaft and the centrifuge. 15. The device as claimed claim 14, wherein the first inductor is positioned close to the web. | A mineral fiber forming device including: a centrifuge configured to rotate about a rotation axis, the centrifuge including an annular wall pierced by a plurality of orifices, the axis of symmetry of the annular wall being the rotation axis; a first annular inductor configured to heat a top part of the annular wall; a second annular inductor configured to heat a bottom part of the annular wall. The device makes it possible to increase its energy efficiency and very greatly reduce, even cancel altogether, its carbon dioxide emission level.1. A mineral fiber forming device for producing an insulating product comprising:
a centrifuge configurated to rotate about a rotation axis, the centrifuge comprising an annular wall pierced by a plurality of orifices, an axis of symmetry of the annular wall being the rotation axis, and the annular wall having a height, a first annular inductor positioned above a top part of the annular wall and configured to heat the top part of the annular wall, a second annular inductor positioned below a bottom part of the annular wall and configured to heat the bottom part of the annular wall, a conveyor configured to receive and convey mineral fibers, a first blowing ring configured to blow air on the mineral fibers that are about to leave through the plurality of orifices in the annular wall so as to drive them to the conveyor,
wherein a temperature gradient is provided over the height of the annular wall of the centrifuge. 2. The device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a second blowing ring configured to blow air on an area of the centrifuge situated above the annular wall, the cooperation of the first and second blowing rings creating an area of turbulences in proximity to the annular wall of the centrifuge, said area of turbulences allowing for an additional drawing of the mineral fibers that are about to leave through the plurality of orifices in the annular wall. 3. The device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising at least two first concentric blowing rings of different diameters, the cooperation of the first blowing rings creating an area of turbulences in proximity to the annular wall of the centrifuge, said area of turbulences allowing for an additional drawing of the mineral fibers that are about to leave through the plurality of orifices in the annular wall. 4. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first annular ring comprises a plurality of concentric air outlets creating an area of turbulences in proximity to the annular wall of the centrifuge, said area of turbulences allowing for an additional drawing of the mineral fibers that are about to leave through the plurality of orifices in the annular wall. 5. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first and second annular inductors are connected in series or in parallel or are powered independently of one another. 6. The device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising an internal burner suitable for use on starting up the mineral fiber forming device. 7. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the centrifuge comprises a bottom. 8. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the centrifuge does not comprise a bottom and comprises a basket. 9. The device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a mineral fiber gluing ring situated under the centrifuge. 10. The device as claimed claim 1, wherein the orifices of the annular wall have a diameter of 0.5 mm or less. 11. The device as claimed claim 1, wherein the annular wall have a number of orifices of at least 5000. 12. The device as claimed claim 1, wherein the axis of symmetry is vertical. 13. The device as claimed claim 1, further comprising a hollow shaft with a same axis of symmetry than the centrifuge, configured so that molten glass flows into the hollow shaft until the molten glass arrives into the centrifuge when the device is in operation. 14. The device as claimed claim 1, further comprising a web and a tulip that are positioned between the hollow shaft and the centrifuge. 15. The device as claimed claim 14, wherein the first inductor is positioned close to the web. | 1,700 |
3,915 | 15,305,397 | 1,712 | The present invention relates to a method for film-forming a buffer layer to be used for a solar cell, the buffer layer being disposed between a light absorbing layer and a transparent conductive film. Specifically, in this buffer layer film-forming method, a solution ( 4 ) is formed into a mist, the solution containing zinc and aluminum as metal raw materials of the buffer layer. Then, a substrate ( 2 ) disposed in the atmosphere is heated. Then, the mist of the solution is sprayed to the substrate being heated. | 1. A method for film-forming a buffer layer to be used for a solar cell, the buffer layer being disposed between a light absorbing layer and a transparent conductive film comprising the steps of:
(A) forming a solution (4) containing zinc and aluminum as metal raw materials of the buffer layer into a mist, (B) heating a substrate (2) disposed in the atmosphere, and (C) spraying a mist of said solution atomized in said step (A) to said substrate in said step (B). 2. The method for film-forming a buffer layer according to claim 1 further comprising the step of:
(D) supplying ozone to said substrate in said step (B). 3. The method for film-forming a buffer layer according to claim 1,
wherein said solution contains ammonia. 4. The method for film-forming a buffer layer according to claim 1,
wherein said solution contains a metal compound having zinc and aluminum, and said metal compound is a β-diketone compound. 5. A buffer layer to be used for a solar cell, the buffer layer being disposed between a light absorbing layer and a transparent conductive film,
wherein said buffer layer is a Zn1-xAlxO film containing zinc and aluminum, provided that 0<x<1. | The present invention relates to a method for film-forming a buffer layer to be used for a solar cell, the buffer layer being disposed between a light absorbing layer and a transparent conductive film. Specifically, in this buffer layer film-forming method, a solution ( 4 ) is formed into a mist, the solution containing zinc and aluminum as metal raw materials of the buffer layer. Then, a substrate ( 2 ) disposed in the atmosphere is heated. Then, the mist of the solution is sprayed to the substrate being heated.1. A method for film-forming a buffer layer to be used for a solar cell, the buffer layer being disposed between a light absorbing layer and a transparent conductive film comprising the steps of:
(A) forming a solution (4) containing zinc and aluminum as metal raw materials of the buffer layer into a mist, (B) heating a substrate (2) disposed in the atmosphere, and (C) spraying a mist of said solution atomized in said step (A) to said substrate in said step (B). 2. The method for film-forming a buffer layer according to claim 1 further comprising the step of:
(D) supplying ozone to said substrate in said step (B). 3. The method for film-forming a buffer layer according to claim 1,
wherein said solution contains ammonia. 4. The method for film-forming a buffer layer according to claim 1,
wherein said solution contains a metal compound having zinc and aluminum, and said metal compound is a β-diketone compound. 5. A buffer layer to be used for a solar cell, the buffer layer being disposed between a light absorbing layer and a transparent conductive film,
wherein said buffer layer is a Zn1-xAlxO film containing zinc and aluminum, provided that 0<x<1. | 1,700 |
3,916 | 16,027,602 | 1,761 | A heat transfer process using a composition containing hydro(chloro)fluoroolefins. A heat transfer process that successively includes a step of evaporation of a refrigerant, a step of compression, a step of condensation of said refrigerant at a temperature greater than or equal to 70° C. and a step of expansion of said refrigerant characterized in that the refrigerant includes at least one hydrofluoroolefin having at least four carbon atoms represented by the formula (I) R1CH═CHR2 in which R1 and R2 independently represent alkyl groups having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, substituted with at least one fluorine atom, optionally with at least one chlorine atom. | 1. A heat transfer process employing a compression system having at least one stage comprising successively a step of evaporation of a refrigerant, a compression step, a condensation step of said fluid at a temperature between 70° C. and 150° C. and an expansion step of said fluid, characterized in that the refrigerant comprises from 40 to 100 wt. % of 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobut-2-ene and from 0 to 10 wt. % of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of pentane, isopentane, and cyclopentane. 2. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the temperature is between 95 and 140° C. 3. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the refrigerant further comprises at least one compound selected from hydrofluorocarbons, hydrocarbons, (hydro)fluoroethers, hydrochlorofluoropropenes, hydrofluoropropenes, ethers, methyl formate, and carbon dioxide. 4. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the refrigerant further comprises at least one hydrofluorocarbon selected from the group consisting of 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane and 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane. 5. (canceled) 6. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the refrigerant comprises from 40 to 95 wt. % of 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobut-2-ene and from 5 to 10 wt. % of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of pentane, isopentane, and cyclopentane. 7. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein refrigerant comprises from 60 to 95 wt. % of 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobut-2-ene and from 5 to 10 wt. % of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of cyclopentane, pentane, and isopentane. 8. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the refrigerant comprises a stabilizer. 9. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the refrigerant comprises a lubricant. 10. The process as claimed in claim 9, wherein the lubricant is polyalkylene glycol, polyol ester or polyvinyl ether. 11. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one compound includes pentane. 12. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one compound includes isopentane. 13. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one compound includes cyclopentane. 14. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the refrigerant consists essentially of from 40 to 100 wt. % of 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobut-2-ene and from 0 to 10 wt. % of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of pentane, isopentane, and cyclopentane. 15. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the refrigerant consists of from 40 to 100 wt. % of 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobut-2-ene and from 5 to 10 wt. % of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of pentane, isopentane, and cyclopentane. 16. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein in that the refrigerant consists essentially of from 40 to 95 wt. % of 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobut-2-ene and from 5 to 10 wt. % of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of pentane, isopentane, and cyclopentane. 17. The process as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that refrigerant consists of from 60 to 95 wt. % of 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobut-2-ene and from 5 to 10 wt. % of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of pentane, isopentane, and cyclopentane. | A heat transfer process using a composition containing hydro(chloro)fluoroolefins. A heat transfer process that successively includes a step of evaporation of a refrigerant, a step of compression, a step of condensation of said refrigerant at a temperature greater than or equal to 70° C. and a step of expansion of said refrigerant characterized in that the refrigerant includes at least one hydrofluoroolefin having at least four carbon atoms represented by the formula (I) R1CH═CHR2 in which R1 and R2 independently represent alkyl groups having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, substituted with at least one fluorine atom, optionally with at least one chlorine atom.1. A heat transfer process employing a compression system having at least one stage comprising successively a step of evaporation of a refrigerant, a compression step, a condensation step of said fluid at a temperature between 70° C. and 150° C. and an expansion step of said fluid, characterized in that the refrigerant comprises from 40 to 100 wt. % of 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobut-2-ene and from 0 to 10 wt. % of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of pentane, isopentane, and cyclopentane. 2. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the temperature is between 95 and 140° C. 3. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the refrigerant further comprises at least one compound selected from hydrofluorocarbons, hydrocarbons, (hydro)fluoroethers, hydrochlorofluoropropenes, hydrofluoropropenes, ethers, methyl formate, and carbon dioxide. 4. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the refrigerant further comprises at least one hydrofluorocarbon selected from the group consisting of 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane and 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane. 5. (canceled) 6. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the refrigerant comprises from 40 to 95 wt. % of 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobut-2-ene and from 5 to 10 wt. % of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of pentane, isopentane, and cyclopentane. 7. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein refrigerant comprises from 60 to 95 wt. % of 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobut-2-ene and from 5 to 10 wt. % of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of cyclopentane, pentane, and isopentane. 8. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the refrigerant comprises a stabilizer. 9. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the refrigerant comprises a lubricant. 10. The process as claimed in claim 9, wherein the lubricant is polyalkylene glycol, polyol ester or polyvinyl ether. 11. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one compound includes pentane. 12. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one compound includes isopentane. 13. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one compound includes cyclopentane. 14. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the refrigerant consists essentially of from 40 to 100 wt. % of 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobut-2-ene and from 0 to 10 wt. % of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of pentane, isopentane, and cyclopentane. 15. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the refrigerant consists of from 40 to 100 wt. % of 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobut-2-ene and from 5 to 10 wt. % of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of pentane, isopentane, and cyclopentane. 16. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein in that the refrigerant consists essentially of from 40 to 95 wt. % of 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobut-2-ene and from 5 to 10 wt. % of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of pentane, isopentane, and cyclopentane. 17. The process as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that refrigerant consists of from 60 to 95 wt. % of 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobut-2-ene and from 5 to 10 wt. % of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of pentane, isopentane, and cyclopentane. | 1,700 |
3,917 | 15,307,243 | 1,783 | The present invention concerns a hydrogen store comprising a composite material including a hydrogenable material, a method for producing the hydrogen store and a device for producing the hydrogen store. | 1. A hydrogen storage means comprising a composite material comprising a hydrogenatable material, wherein the composite material comprises, in a first region, at least one matrix comprising at least one polymer into which the hydrogenatable material is embedded, and comprises, in another, second region, one or more layers, wherein at least one of the layers has one of the following principal functions: hydrogen storage, heat conduction or gas conduction. 2. The hydrogen storage means as claimed in claim 1, wherein the matrix further comprises carbon, the matrix and/or a layer preferably comprising a mixture of various carbon polymorphs including expanded natural graphite as one of the carbon polymorphs. 3. The hydrogen storage means as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second region comprises at least one layer comprising a heat-conducting material, especially carbon and/or a heat-conducting metal, especially aluminum. 4. The hydrogen storage means as claimed in claim 1, wherein the heat-conducting material comprises a metal or a metal alloy, preferably aluminum and/or copper and/or alloys thereof. 5. The hydrogen storage means as claimed in claim 2, wherein the carbon takes the form of natural expanded graphite. 6. The hydrogen storage means as claimed in claim 1, wherein the polymer has a density in the range from 0.7 g/cm3 to 1.3 g/cm3, especially from 0.8 g/cm3 to 1.25 g/cm3. 7. The hydrogen storage means as claimed in claim 1, wherein the polymer has a tensile strength in the range from 10 MPa to 100 MPa, especially from 15 MPa to 90 MPa. 8. The hydrogen storage means as claimed in claim 1, wherein the polymer is selected from the group comprising EVA, PMMA, EEAMA and mixtures of these polymers. 9. The hydrogen storage means as claimed in claim 1, wherein it has alternating first and second regions comprising a matrix on the one hand and comprising one or more layers on the other hand and/or the first region is arranged in an inner region of the hydrogen storage means and the second region in an outer region of the hydrogen storage means. 10. The hydrogen storage means as claimed in claim 1, wherein it comprises a low-temperature hydride and/or a high-temperature hydride as hydrogenatable material. 11. The hydrogen storage means as claimed in claim 1, wherein the hydrogenatable material is arranged variably in the matrix and/or in the layers. 12. A process for producing a hydrogen storage means as claimed in claim 1, wherein a first region of the hydrogen storage means is formed by means of a matrix comprising at least one polymer into which a hydrogenatable material is embedded, and a second region of the hydrogen storage means is formed by means of one or more layers, wherein a layer is produced using preferably essentially a single material or a homogenized material mixture. 13. The process as claimed in claim 12, wherein the first and second regions are each manufactured independently of the other and then the two regions are combined. 14. The process as claimed in claim 12, wherein first one of the two first and second regions is produced and then the other region is produced with inclusion of the region already produced. 15. The process as claimed in claim 12, wherein the first and second regions are compressed together and form a composite region. 16. An apparatus for producing a hydrogen storage means, comprising a composite material comprising a hydrogenatable material, wherein the composite material comprises, in a first region, at least one matrix comprising at least one polymer into which the hydrogenatable material is embedded, and comprises, in another, second region, one or more layers, wherein at least one of the layers has one of the following principal functions: hydrogen storage, heat conduction or gas conduction by a process as claimed in claim 12, wherein the apparatus has a station for joining of first and second regions of the hydrogen storage means, wherein the first region comprises a matrix comprising hydrogenatable material arranged in the matrix and the second region comprises layers each having one of the following principal functions: hydrogen storage, heat conduction or gas conduction. 17. The apparatus as claimed in claim 16, wherein the apparatus is configured such that the hydrogenatable material can be introduced into the matrix and/or layer in a helical filling. 18. The apparatus as claimed in claim 16, wherein the apparatus is configured such that the hydrogenatable material is arranged variably within the hydrogen storage means, especially in the matrix and the layers. | The present invention concerns a hydrogen store comprising a composite material including a hydrogenable material, a method for producing the hydrogen store and a device for producing the hydrogen store.1. A hydrogen storage means comprising a composite material comprising a hydrogenatable material, wherein the composite material comprises, in a first region, at least one matrix comprising at least one polymer into which the hydrogenatable material is embedded, and comprises, in another, second region, one or more layers, wherein at least one of the layers has one of the following principal functions: hydrogen storage, heat conduction or gas conduction. 2. The hydrogen storage means as claimed in claim 1, wherein the matrix further comprises carbon, the matrix and/or a layer preferably comprising a mixture of various carbon polymorphs including expanded natural graphite as one of the carbon polymorphs. 3. The hydrogen storage means as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second region comprises at least one layer comprising a heat-conducting material, especially carbon and/or a heat-conducting metal, especially aluminum. 4. The hydrogen storage means as claimed in claim 1, wherein the heat-conducting material comprises a metal or a metal alloy, preferably aluminum and/or copper and/or alloys thereof. 5. The hydrogen storage means as claimed in claim 2, wherein the carbon takes the form of natural expanded graphite. 6. The hydrogen storage means as claimed in claim 1, wherein the polymer has a density in the range from 0.7 g/cm3 to 1.3 g/cm3, especially from 0.8 g/cm3 to 1.25 g/cm3. 7. The hydrogen storage means as claimed in claim 1, wherein the polymer has a tensile strength in the range from 10 MPa to 100 MPa, especially from 15 MPa to 90 MPa. 8. The hydrogen storage means as claimed in claim 1, wherein the polymer is selected from the group comprising EVA, PMMA, EEAMA and mixtures of these polymers. 9. The hydrogen storage means as claimed in claim 1, wherein it has alternating first and second regions comprising a matrix on the one hand and comprising one or more layers on the other hand and/or the first region is arranged in an inner region of the hydrogen storage means and the second region in an outer region of the hydrogen storage means. 10. The hydrogen storage means as claimed in claim 1, wherein it comprises a low-temperature hydride and/or a high-temperature hydride as hydrogenatable material. 11. The hydrogen storage means as claimed in claim 1, wherein the hydrogenatable material is arranged variably in the matrix and/or in the layers. 12. A process for producing a hydrogen storage means as claimed in claim 1, wherein a first region of the hydrogen storage means is formed by means of a matrix comprising at least one polymer into which a hydrogenatable material is embedded, and a second region of the hydrogen storage means is formed by means of one or more layers, wherein a layer is produced using preferably essentially a single material or a homogenized material mixture. 13. The process as claimed in claim 12, wherein the first and second regions are each manufactured independently of the other and then the two regions are combined. 14. The process as claimed in claim 12, wherein first one of the two first and second regions is produced and then the other region is produced with inclusion of the region already produced. 15. The process as claimed in claim 12, wherein the first and second regions are compressed together and form a composite region. 16. An apparatus for producing a hydrogen storage means, comprising a composite material comprising a hydrogenatable material, wherein the composite material comprises, in a first region, at least one matrix comprising at least one polymer into which the hydrogenatable material is embedded, and comprises, in another, second region, one or more layers, wherein at least one of the layers has one of the following principal functions: hydrogen storage, heat conduction or gas conduction by a process as claimed in claim 12, wherein the apparatus has a station for joining of first and second regions of the hydrogen storage means, wherein the first region comprises a matrix comprising hydrogenatable material arranged in the matrix and the second region comprises layers each having one of the following principal functions: hydrogen storage, heat conduction or gas conduction. 17. The apparatus as claimed in claim 16, wherein the apparatus is configured such that the hydrogenatable material can be introduced into the matrix and/or layer in a helical filling. 18. The apparatus as claimed in claim 16, wherein the apparatus is configured such that the hydrogenatable material is arranged variably within the hydrogen storage means, especially in the matrix and the layers. | 1,700 |
3,918 | 14,072,318 | 1,747 | A smokeless tobacco product configured for insertion into the mouth of a user of the product is provided, the smokeless tobacco product including a dissolvable or meltable base composition admixed with a tobacco material and a botanical material, wherein the botanical material is present in an amount of at least about 0.1% of the total dry weight of the smokeless tobacco product. The botanical material and the smokeless tobacco product can be characterized based on antioxidant content using the ORAC index or the FRAP index. An exemplary product has an ORAC index value of at least about 20 (μmol TE)/g or a FRAP index value of at least about 50 (μmol/Fe 2+ )/g. | 1. A smokeless tobacco product configured for insertion into the mouth of a user of the product, the smokeless tobacco product comprising a dissolvable or meltable base composition admixed with a tobacco material and a botanical material, wherein the botanical material is present in an amount of at least about 0.1% of the total dry weight of the smokeless tobacco product. 2. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the botanical material has an ORAC index value of about 250 (μmol TE)/g or greater. 3. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the botanical material has an ORAC index value of about 500 (μmol TE)/g or greater. 4. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the botanical material has an ORAC index value of about 1000 (μmol TE)/g or greater. 5. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the botanical material has a FRAP index value of about 250 (μmol/Fe2+)/g or greater. 6. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the botanical material has a FRAP index value of about 500 (μmol/Fe2+)/g or greater. 7. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the botanical material has a FRAP index value of about 1000 (μmol/Fe2+)/g or greater. 8. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the smokeless tobacco product has an ORAC index value of at least about 20 (μmol TE)/g or a FRAP index value of at least about 50 (μmol/Fe2+)/g. 9. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the smokeless tobacco product has an ORAC index value of at least about 50 (μmol TE)/g or a FRAP index value of at least about 80 (μmol/Fe2+)/g. 10. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the botanical material is selected from the group consisting of rosemary, oregano, sage, hibiscus, clove, rose hip, yerba mate, cocoa, turmeric, guayusa, honeybush, green tea, black tea, rooibos, yerba santa, bacopa monniera, gingko biloba, withania somnifera, and combinations thereof. 11. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the botanical material is a tea or a tisane material. 12. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein both the tobacco material and the botanical material are in particulate form. 13. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein at least one of the tobacco material and the botanical material are in the form of an oil or aqueous extract. 14. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein both the tobacco material and the botanical material are in the form of an oil or aqueous extract. 15. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the tobacco material is a tobacco-derived nicotine solution. 16. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the botanical material comprises at least about 1% of the total dry weight of the smokeless tobacco product. 17. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the botanical material comprises at least about 5% of the total dry weight of the smokeless tobacco product. 18. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, further comprising one or more additional components selected from the group consisting of flavorants, fillers, binders, pH adjusters, buffering agents, salts, sweeteners, colorants, disintegration aids, humectants, and preservatives. 19. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the botanical material is either (i) a shredded, milled or particulate botanical material present in an amount of at least about 1% of the total dry weight of the smokeless tobacco product; or (ii) a botanical material extract present in any amount of at least about 0.1% of the total dry weight of the smokeless tobacco product. 20. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the botanical material is selected from the group consisting of honeybush, rooibos, yerba mate, and combinations thereof. 21. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the botanical material is provided in the form of a residual of an evaporated botanical juice. 22. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 21, wherein the botanical juice is fermented. 23. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the base composition is a dissolvable lozenge formulation comprising a sugar alcohol in an amount of at least about 80% by weight. 24. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 23, wherein the sugar alcohol of the dissolvable lozenge formulation comprises isomalt, and the base composition further comprises maltitol. 25. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the base composition is a meltable formulation comprising a lipid having a melting point of about 36° C. to about 45° C. 26. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 25, wherein the base composition comprises the lipid in an amount of about 30% by weight or greater, and a filler in an amount of about 30% by weight or greater. 27. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 26, wherein the filler is a sugar alcohol. 28. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 27, wherein the sugar alcohol is isomalt. 29. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the smokeless tobacco product is in the form of a pastille comprising either a polysaccharide filler or a sugar alcohol in combination with a natural gum binder component. 30. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 29, wherein the polysaccharide filler comprises polydextrose. 31. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 29, wherein the polysaccharide filler component of the pastille is present in an amount of from about 10 weight percent to about 25 weight percent of the pastille formulation on a dry weight basis. 33. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 29, wherein the pastille comprises at least about 20 dry weight percent of a sugar alcohol, and at least about 25 dry weight percent of a natural gum binder component. 34. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 29, wherein the pastille comprises isomalt in combination with gum arabic. | A smokeless tobacco product configured for insertion into the mouth of a user of the product is provided, the smokeless tobacco product including a dissolvable or meltable base composition admixed with a tobacco material and a botanical material, wherein the botanical material is present in an amount of at least about 0.1% of the total dry weight of the smokeless tobacco product. The botanical material and the smokeless tobacco product can be characterized based on antioxidant content using the ORAC index or the FRAP index. An exemplary product has an ORAC index value of at least about 20 (μmol TE)/g or a FRAP index value of at least about 50 (μmol/Fe 2+ )/g.1. A smokeless tobacco product configured for insertion into the mouth of a user of the product, the smokeless tobacco product comprising a dissolvable or meltable base composition admixed with a tobacco material and a botanical material, wherein the botanical material is present in an amount of at least about 0.1% of the total dry weight of the smokeless tobacco product. 2. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the botanical material has an ORAC index value of about 250 (μmol TE)/g or greater. 3. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the botanical material has an ORAC index value of about 500 (μmol TE)/g or greater. 4. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the botanical material has an ORAC index value of about 1000 (μmol TE)/g or greater. 5. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the botanical material has a FRAP index value of about 250 (μmol/Fe2+)/g or greater. 6. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the botanical material has a FRAP index value of about 500 (μmol/Fe2+)/g or greater. 7. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the botanical material has a FRAP index value of about 1000 (μmol/Fe2+)/g or greater. 8. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the smokeless tobacco product has an ORAC index value of at least about 20 (μmol TE)/g or a FRAP index value of at least about 50 (μmol/Fe2+)/g. 9. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the smokeless tobacco product has an ORAC index value of at least about 50 (μmol TE)/g or a FRAP index value of at least about 80 (μmol/Fe2+)/g. 10. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the botanical material is selected from the group consisting of rosemary, oregano, sage, hibiscus, clove, rose hip, yerba mate, cocoa, turmeric, guayusa, honeybush, green tea, black tea, rooibos, yerba santa, bacopa monniera, gingko biloba, withania somnifera, and combinations thereof. 11. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the botanical material is a tea or a tisane material. 12. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein both the tobacco material and the botanical material are in particulate form. 13. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein at least one of the tobacco material and the botanical material are in the form of an oil or aqueous extract. 14. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein both the tobacco material and the botanical material are in the form of an oil or aqueous extract. 15. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the tobacco material is a tobacco-derived nicotine solution. 16. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the botanical material comprises at least about 1% of the total dry weight of the smokeless tobacco product. 17. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the botanical material comprises at least about 5% of the total dry weight of the smokeless tobacco product. 18. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, further comprising one or more additional components selected from the group consisting of flavorants, fillers, binders, pH adjusters, buffering agents, salts, sweeteners, colorants, disintegration aids, humectants, and preservatives. 19. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the botanical material is either (i) a shredded, milled or particulate botanical material present in an amount of at least about 1% of the total dry weight of the smokeless tobacco product; or (ii) a botanical material extract present in any amount of at least about 0.1% of the total dry weight of the smokeless tobacco product. 20. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the botanical material is selected from the group consisting of honeybush, rooibos, yerba mate, and combinations thereof. 21. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the botanical material is provided in the form of a residual of an evaporated botanical juice. 22. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 21, wherein the botanical juice is fermented. 23. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the base composition is a dissolvable lozenge formulation comprising a sugar alcohol in an amount of at least about 80% by weight. 24. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 23, wherein the sugar alcohol of the dissolvable lozenge formulation comprises isomalt, and the base composition further comprises maltitol. 25. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the base composition is a meltable formulation comprising a lipid having a melting point of about 36° C. to about 45° C. 26. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 25, wherein the base composition comprises the lipid in an amount of about 30% by weight or greater, and a filler in an amount of about 30% by weight or greater. 27. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 26, wherein the filler is a sugar alcohol. 28. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 27, wherein the sugar alcohol is isomalt. 29. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the smokeless tobacco product is in the form of a pastille comprising either a polysaccharide filler or a sugar alcohol in combination with a natural gum binder component. 30. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 29, wherein the polysaccharide filler comprises polydextrose. 31. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 29, wherein the polysaccharide filler component of the pastille is present in an amount of from about 10 weight percent to about 25 weight percent of the pastille formulation on a dry weight basis. 33. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 29, wherein the pastille comprises at least about 20 dry weight percent of a sugar alcohol, and at least about 25 dry weight percent of a natural gum binder component. 34. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 29, wherein the pastille comprises isomalt in combination with gum arabic. | 1,700 |
3,919 | 14,267,479 | 1,783 | A coating composition is provided that includes a polymer, which is preferably a polyester polymer. The polyester polymer preferably includes one or more heterocyclic groups that preferably include at least one nitrogen atom and at least one carbonyl group. In one embodiment, the binder polymer is made using ingredients including tris(2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate. The coating composition is useful in a variety of packaging coating applications, including as a coating for aluminum monobloc containers. | 1. An article, comprising:
a metal packaging container or a portion thereof; and a coating applied on at least a portion of an interior surface of the metal packaging container or a portion thereof, the coating formed from a coating composition that includes at least 15 weight percent of a polyester polymer that includes one or more heterocyclic groups having a ring that includes one or more nitrogen atoms and one or more carbon atoms of carbonyl groups, based on the total nonvolatile weight of the coating composition. 2. The article of claim 1, wherein the container comprises a pressurized container and includes a valve. 3. The article of claim 2, wherein the pressurized container includes a propellant for delivering a packaged product. 4. The article of claim 3, wherein the propellant comprises dimethyl ether. 5. The article of claim 1, wherein the container is filled with a packaged product comprising a cosmetic product, a pharmaceutical product, or a food or beverage product. 6. The article of claim 1, wherein the one or more nitrogen-containing heterocyclic groups include a six-member ring that includes three nitrogen atoms and three carbon atoms of carbonyl groups. 7. The article of claim 1, wherein the polyester polymer includes one or more heterocyclic-group-containing segments of the below Formula (I):
wherein:
each n is independently 0 or 1;
R1 is an organic group;
each R2, if present, is independently a monovalent group or an at least divalent organic group, with the proviso that no more than one R2 of the segment of Formula (I) is a monovalent organic group; and
one or more R1 and/or R2 groups can optionally join to form one or more cyclic groups. 8. The article of claim 7, wherein the segment of Formula (I) has a molecular weight of less than 500 Daltons, each n is 1, and each R2 is a divalent organic group that includes an oxygen atom located away from the depicted heterocyclic ring that is part of an ester linkage. 9. The article of claim 8, wherein the segment of Formula (I) is derived from tris (2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate or a derivative thereof. 10. The article of claim 1, wherein the polyester comprises a reaction product of ingredients including a diacid, a diol, and tris (2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate. 11. The article of claim 7, wherein the polyester polymer includes at least 5 weight percent of the segment of Formula (I). 12. The article of claim 7, wherein the polyester polymer includes at least 20 weight percent of the segment of Formula (I) 13. The article of claim 1, wherein the polyester polymer of the coating composition prior to cure has a hydroxyl number of at least 100. 14. The article of claim 1, wherein the coating composition includes at least 80 weight percent of the polyester polymer, based on the total nonvolatile weight of the coating composition. 15. The article of claim 1, wherein the coating composition includes a catalyst comprising an organometallic catalyst, a titanium-containing catalyst, a zirconium-containing catalyst, a quaternary ammounium cation-containing catalyst, or a combination thereof. 16. The article of claim 15, wherein the coating composition includes at least 2 weight percent of catalyst, based on the total nonvolatile weight of the coating composition. 17. The article of claim 16, wherein the catalyst comprises an organometallic titanium-containing catalyst. 18. The article of claim 1, wherein the coating is a thermoset coating that has an average coating thickness of from 4 microns to 20 microns. 19. A method comprising:
providing an aluminum monobloc container including an end portion and a side wall portion; applying a coating composition to at least a portion of an interior surface of the container, the coating composition including at least 15 weight percent, based on the total nonvolatile weight of the coating composition, of a polyester polymer that includes one or more heterocyclic groups having a ring that includes one or more nitrogen atoms and one or more carbon atoms of carbonyl groups; and curing the coating composition to form an adherent coating. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the polyester polymer includes one or more heterocyclic-group-containing segments of the below Formula (I):
wherein:
each n is independently 0 or 1;
R1 is an organic group;
each R2, if present, is independently a monovalent group or an at least divalent organic group, with the proviso that no more than one R2 of the segment of Formula (I) is a monovalent organic group; and
one or more R1 and/or R2 groups can optionally join to form one or more cyclic groups. | A coating composition is provided that includes a polymer, which is preferably a polyester polymer. The polyester polymer preferably includes one or more heterocyclic groups that preferably include at least one nitrogen atom and at least one carbonyl group. In one embodiment, the binder polymer is made using ingredients including tris(2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate. The coating composition is useful in a variety of packaging coating applications, including as a coating for aluminum monobloc containers.1. An article, comprising:
a metal packaging container or a portion thereof; and a coating applied on at least a portion of an interior surface of the metal packaging container or a portion thereof, the coating formed from a coating composition that includes at least 15 weight percent of a polyester polymer that includes one or more heterocyclic groups having a ring that includes one or more nitrogen atoms and one or more carbon atoms of carbonyl groups, based on the total nonvolatile weight of the coating composition. 2. The article of claim 1, wherein the container comprises a pressurized container and includes a valve. 3. The article of claim 2, wherein the pressurized container includes a propellant for delivering a packaged product. 4. The article of claim 3, wherein the propellant comprises dimethyl ether. 5. The article of claim 1, wherein the container is filled with a packaged product comprising a cosmetic product, a pharmaceutical product, or a food or beverage product. 6. The article of claim 1, wherein the one or more nitrogen-containing heterocyclic groups include a six-member ring that includes three nitrogen atoms and three carbon atoms of carbonyl groups. 7. The article of claim 1, wherein the polyester polymer includes one or more heterocyclic-group-containing segments of the below Formula (I):
wherein:
each n is independently 0 or 1;
R1 is an organic group;
each R2, if present, is independently a monovalent group or an at least divalent organic group, with the proviso that no more than one R2 of the segment of Formula (I) is a monovalent organic group; and
one or more R1 and/or R2 groups can optionally join to form one or more cyclic groups. 8. The article of claim 7, wherein the segment of Formula (I) has a molecular weight of less than 500 Daltons, each n is 1, and each R2 is a divalent organic group that includes an oxygen atom located away from the depicted heterocyclic ring that is part of an ester linkage. 9. The article of claim 8, wherein the segment of Formula (I) is derived from tris (2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate or a derivative thereof. 10. The article of claim 1, wherein the polyester comprises a reaction product of ingredients including a diacid, a diol, and tris (2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate. 11. The article of claim 7, wherein the polyester polymer includes at least 5 weight percent of the segment of Formula (I). 12. The article of claim 7, wherein the polyester polymer includes at least 20 weight percent of the segment of Formula (I) 13. The article of claim 1, wherein the polyester polymer of the coating composition prior to cure has a hydroxyl number of at least 100. 14. The article of claim 1, wherein the coating composition includes at least 80 weight percent of the polyester polymer, based on the total nonvolatile weight of the coating composition. 15. The article of claim 1, wherein the coating composition includes a catalyst comprising an organometallic catalyst, a titanium-containing catalyst, a zirconium-containing catalyst, a quaternary ammounium cation-containing catalyst, or a combination thereof. 16. The article of claim 15, wherein the coating composition includes at least 2 weight percent of catalyst, based on the total nonvolatile weight of the coating composition. 17. The article of claim 16, wherein the catalyst comprises an organometallic titanium-containing catalyst. 18. The article of claim 1, wherein the coating is a thermoset coating that has an average coating thickness of from 4 microns to 20 microns. 19. A method comprising:
providing an aluminum monobloc container including an end portion and a side wall portion; applying a coating composition to at least a portion of an interior surface of the container, the coating composition including at least 15 weight percent, based on the total nonvolatile weight of the coating composition, of a polyester polymer that includes one or more heterocyclic groups having a ring that includes one or more nitrogen atoms and one or more carbon atoms of carbonyl groups; and curing the coating composition to form an adherent coating. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the polyester polymer includes one or more heterocyclic-group-containing segments of the below Formula (I):
wherein:
each n is independently 0 or 1;
R1 is an organic group;
each R2, if present, is independently a monovalent group or an at least divalent organic group, with the proviso that no more than one R2 of the segment of Formula (I) is a monovalent organic group; and
one or more R1 and/or R2 groups can optionally join to form one or more cyclic groups. | 1,700 |
3,920 | 15,467,677 | 1,732 | The invention concerns a process for preparing a catalyst comprising at least one metal M from the platinum group, tin, a phosphorus promoter, a halogenated compound, a porous support and at least one promoter X1 selected from the group constituted by gallium, indium, thallium, arsenic, antimony and bismuth. The promoter or promoters X1 and the phosphorus are introduced during one or more sub-steps a1) or a2), the sub-step a1) corresponding to synthesis of the precursor of the main oxide and sub-step a2) corresponding to shaping the support. The tin is introduced during at least one of sub-steps a1) and a2). The product is dried and calcined before depositing at least one metal M from the platinum group. The ensemble is then dried in a stream of neutral gas or a stream of gas containing oxygen, and then is dried. The invention also concerns the use of a catalyst obtained by said process in catalytic reforming or aromatics production reactions. | 1. A process for preparing a catalyst comprising at least one metal M from the platinum group, tin, a phosphorus promoter, a halogenated compound, a porous support and at least one promoter X1 selected from the group constituted by gallium, indium, thallium, arsenic, antimony and bismuth, said process comprising the following steps:
a) introducing the promoter or promoters X1 and phosphorus during one of sub-steps a1) or a2), said sub-step a1) corresponding to synthesis of a precursor of the main oxide, said sub-step a2) corresponding to shaping the support; b) introducing tin during at least one of the sub-steps a1) and a2), the steps a) and b) possibly being consecutive or simultaneous; c) drying the product obtained at the end of step b); d) calcining the product obtained in step c) at a temperature in the range 350° C. to 650° C.; e) depositing at least one metal M from the platinum group; f) drying in a stream of neutral gas or a stream of gas containing oxygen, at a moderate temperature not exceeding 150° C.; g) calcining the product obtained in step f) at a temperature in the range 350° C. to 650° C. 2. A process for preparing a catalyst according to claim 1, in which the atomic ratio Sn/M is in the range 0.5 to 4.0. 3. A process for preparing a catalyst according to claim 1, in which the ratio X1/M is in the range 0.1 to 5.0. 4. A process for preparing a catalyst according to claim 1, in which the ratio P/M is in the range 0.2 to 30.0. 5. A process for preparing a catalyst according to claim 1, in which the quantity of metal M is in the range 0.01% to 5% by weight. 6. A process for preparing a catalyst according to claim 1, in which the metal M is platinum or palladium. 7. A process for preparing a catalyst according to claim 1, in which the halogenated compound is selected from the group constituted by fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine. 8. A process for preparing a catalyst according to claim 1, in which the quantity of halogenated compound is in the range 0.1% to 15.0% by weight. 9. A process for preparing a catalyst according to claim 1, in which the halogenated compound is chlorine and the chlorine content is in the range 0.1% to 5.0% by weight. 10. A process for preparing a catalyst according to claim 1, in which the support comprises at least one oxide selected from the group constituted by oxides of magnesium, titanium, zirconium, aluminium and silicon. 11. A process for preparing a catalyst according to claim 1, in which the tin is only introduced in part during synthesis or shaping of the support, the process then comprising a supplemental step for depositing a complementary fraction of the tin onto the support, either between steps d) and e), followed or not followed by drying and calcining, or between steps e) and f), or after step g), followed by drying and calcining. 12. A process using a catalyst prepared in accordance with claim 1 in a reaction for catalytic reforming or aromatics production by bringing said catalyst into contact with a hydrocarbon feed. | The invention concerns a process for preparing a catalyst comprising at least one metal M from the platinum group, tin, a phosphorus promoter, a halogenated compound, a porous support and at least one promoter X1 selected from the group constituted by gallium, indium, thallium, arsenic, antimony and bismuth. The promoter or promoters X1 and the phosphorus are introduced during one or more sub-steps a1) or a2), the sub-step a1) corresponding to synthesis of the precursor of the main oxide and sub-step a2) corresponding to shaping the support. The tin is introduced during at least one of sub-steps a1) and a2). The product is dried and calcined before depositing at least one metal M from the platinum group. The ensemble is then dried in a stream of neutral gas or a stream of gas containing oxygen, and then is dried. The invention also concerns the use of a catalyst obtained by said process in catalytic reforming or aromatics production reactions.1. A process for preparing a catalyst comprising at least one metal M from the platinum group, tin, a phosphorus promoter, a halogenated compound, a porous support and at least one promoter X1 selected from the group constituted by gallium, indium, thallium, arsenic, antimony and bismuth, said process comprising the following steps:
a) introducing the promoter or promoters X1 and phosphorus during one of sub-steps a1) or a2), said sub-step a1) corresponding to synthesis of a precursor of the main oxide, said sub-step a2) corresponding to shaping the support; b) introducing tin during at least one of the sub-steps a1) and a2), the steps a) and b) possibly being consecutive or simultaneous; c) drying the product obtained at the end of step b); d) calcining the product obtained in step c) at a temperature in the range 350° C. to 650° C.; e) depositing at least one metal M from the platinum group; f) drying in a stream of neutral gas or a stream of gas containing oxygen, at a moderate temperature not exceeding 150° C.; g) calcining the product obtained in step f) at a temperature in the range 350° C. to 650° C. 2. A process for preparing a catalyst according to claim 1, in which the atomic ratio Sn/M is in the range 0.5 to 4.0. 3. A process for preparing a catalyst according to claim 1, in which the ratio X1/M is in the range 0.1 to 5.0. 4. A process for preparing a catalyst according to claim 1, in which the ratio P/M is in the range 0.2 to 30.0. 5. A process for preparing a catalyst according to claim 1, in which the quantity of metal M is in the range 0.01% to 5% by weight. 6. A process for preparing a catalyst according to claim 1, in which the metal M is platinum or palladium. 7. A process for preparing a catalyst according to claim 1, in which the halogenated compound is selected from the group constituted by fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine. 8. A process for preparing a catalyst according to claim 1, in which the quantity of halogenated compound is in the range 0.1% to 15.0% by weight. 9. A process for preparing a catalyst according to claim 1, in which the halogenated compound is chlorine and the chlorine content is in the range 0.1% to 5.0% by weight. 10. A process for preparing a catalyst according to claim 1, in which the support comprises at least one oxide selected from the group constituted by oxides of magnesium, titanium, zirconium, aluminium and silicon. 11. A process for preparing a catalyst according to claim 1, in which the tin is only introduced in part during synthesis or shaping of the support, the process then comprising a supplemental step for depositing a complementary fraction of the tin onto the support, either between steps d) and e), followed or not followed by drying and calcining, or between steps e) and f), or after step g), followed by drying and calcining. 12. A process using a catalyst prepared in accordance with claim 1 in a reaction for catalytic reforming or aromatics production by bringing said catalyst into contact with a hydrocarbon feed. | 1,700 |
3,921 | 15,264,561 | 1,741 | A method for producing thing glass strips is provided that avoids camber defects. The method includes using a glass strip forming device that has a drawing device; drawing, using the drawing device, the thin glass strip away from the glass strip forming device; measuring, using a measuring device, variables that are dependent on a differing length of edges of the thin glass strip at at least two measurement locations spaced apart transversely to a longitudinal extension of the thin glass strip; determining a difference or a quotient of the variables. The difference or the quotient is used to determine a control variable by which the glass strip forming device is controlled so as to counteract a difference in velocities of the thin glass strip between the two opposite edges. | 1. A method for producing a thin glass strip, comprising:
drawing, using a drawing device, the thin glass strip away from a glass strip forming device; measuring, using a measuring device, variables that are dependent on a differing length of edges the thin glass strip at two measurement locations spaced apart transversely to a longitudinal extension of the thin glass strip; determining a difference or quotient of the variables; determining a control variable from the difference or quotient; and using the control variable to control the glass strip forming device so as to counteract a difference in velocities of the thin glass strip between the edges of the thin glass strip. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of using the control variable comprises locally modifying a temperature of the thin glass strip in a direction transversely to a drawing direction of the thin glass strip using a heating and/or cooling device by controlling the heating and/or cooling device using the control variable to modify a temperature profile of the thin glass strip transversely to the drawing direction. 3. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the heating and/or cooling device comprises at least two heating and/or cooling elements spaced apart transversely to the drawing direction, and wherein the at least two heating and/or cooling elements are controlled by a control device using the control variable so that a heating or cooling power of at least one of the heating and/or cooling elements is modified so as to adjust the temperature profile of the thin glass strip transversely to the drawing direction. 4. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the heating and/or cooling device comprises a radiant heating element and radiation directing device, and wherein the radiation emitted by the radiant heating element is directed, by the radiation directing device, to a location at a position in a direction transversely to the drawing direction of the thin glass strip that depends on the control variable. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thin glass strip is drawn away from a hot forming section by the drawing device, wherein the drawing device is adapted to act on the thin glass strip at at least two locations spaced apart along the width of the thin glass strip, wherein the drawing device is controlled so that a difference in the velocities of the thin glass strip between the edges is counteracted by a different drawing action at the two spaced apart locations. 6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the difference of velocities of the thin glass strip is measured at the measurement locations or based on variables that are a function of the velocity of the thin glass strip at the measurement locations. 7. The method as claimed in claim 6, further comprising measuring, as the variables, the distances traveled by the thin glass strip within a predetermined measurement time interval. 8. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the drawing device comprises at least one drawing roller, wherein, for counteracting a difference in the velocities of the thin glass strip at the edges thereof, a contact pressure of the drawing roller is varied. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the two measurement locations are in a region of a bend of the thin glass strip. 10. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising applying a coating to rims of the thin glass strip, by a coating device arranged upstream of the measuring device, wherein the measurement locations of the measuring device are on coated areas of the thin glass strip. 11. An apparatus for producing a thin glass strip, comprising:
a glass strip forming device including a drawing device for drawing away the thin glass strip; and a control device including a measuring device, wherein the control device controls the measuring device to measure variables that are dependent on differing lengths of edges of the thin glass strip at two locations spaced apart along a width of the thin glass strip wherein the control device is adapted to determine a difference or quotient of the variables and is adapted to use the difference or quotient to determine a control variable by which the glass strip forming device is controlled so as to counteract a difference in velocities of the thin glass strip between the edges. 12. The apparatus as claimed in claim 11, further comprising a heating and/or cooling device configured to locally modify a temperature of the thin glass strip in a direction transversely to the drawing direction of the thin glass strip, wherein the heating and/or cooling device is controllable using the control variable to modify a temperature profile of the thin glass strip transversely to the drawing direction to counteract the difference in the velocities of the thin glass strip between the edges. 13. The apparatus as claimed in claim 12, wherein the heating and/or cooling device comprises at least two heating and/or cooling elements spaced apart transversely to the drawing direction. 14. The apparatus as claimed in claim 12, wherein the heating and/or cooling device comprises a radiant heating element (and radiation directing device to direct the radiation emitted by the radiant heating element to a location in a direction transversely to the drawing direction of the thin glass strip that depends on the control variable. 15. The apparatus as claimed in claim 14, wherein the drawing device is adapted to act on the thin glass strip at at least two locations spaced apart along a width of the thin glass strip, and wherein the drawing device is controlled by the control device in a manner so that by different drawing action at the two spaced apart locations a difference in the velocities of the thin glass strip between the edges is counteracted. 16. The apparatus as claimed in claim 14, wherein the measuring device comprises at least one of:
two wheels spaced apart transversely to the drawing direction, the two wheels having sensors for detecting rotation of the wheels; at least one laser Doppler sensor; and at least two distance sensors for measuring the position of the thin glass strip in the region of a bend of the thin glass strip. 17. The apparatus as claimed in claim 11, wherein the drawing device comprises a drawing roller and includes a contact pressure varying device that varies a contact pressure of the drawing roller along the axial extension in response to the control variable. 18. The apparatus as claimed in claim 11, wherein the drawing device comprises a pair of drawing rollers spaced apart transversely to the drawing direction, wherein at least one of the drawing rollers is adjustable in response to the control variable so as to vary the contact pressure or drawing force. 19. The apparatus as claimed in claim 11, further comprising a device for applying light-scattering particles on the thin glass strip, wherein the device is arranged upstream of the measuring device in the advancement direction of the thin glass strip, wherein the device is adapted to apply the light-scattering particles to strip-like areas of the thin glass strip, wherein the strip-like areas include the measurement locations of the measuring device. 20. The apparatus as claimed in claim 11, further comprising a border severing device and a coating device arranged downstream of the border severing device in the advancement direction of the thin glass strip, the coating device applying a coating to the rims of the thin glass strip processed by the border severing device, wherein the measuring device is arranged so that the measurement locations are located on the coating. 21. The apparatus as claimed in claim 11, further comprising a winding device for coiling up the thin glass strip into a roll. 22. A thin glass strip, comprising consecutive longitudinal sections that exhibit a curvature transversely to a longitudinal extension of the thin glass strip, wherein the curvature has a component in a transverse direction that changes sign in each respective consecutive section, wherein the longitudinal sections have a length of not more than 20 meters. | A method for producing thing glass strips is provided that avoids camber defects. The method includes using a glass strip forming device that has a drawing device; drawing, using the drawing device, the thin glass strip away from the glass strip forming device; measuring, using a measuring device, variables that are dependent on a differing length of edges of the thin glass strip at at least two measurement locations spaced apart transversely to a longitudinal extension of the thin glass strip; determining a difference or a quotient of the variables. The difference or the quotient is used to determine a control variable by which the glass strip forming device is controlled so as to counteract a difference in velocities of the thin glass strip between the two opposite edges.1. A method for producing a thin glass strip, comprising:
drawing, using a drawing device, the thin glass strip away from a glass strip forming device; measuring, using a measuring device, variables that are dependent on a differing length of edges the thin glass strip at two measurement locations spaced apart transversely to a longitudinal extension of the thin glass strip; determining a difference or quotient of the variables; determining a control variable from the difference or quotient; and using the control variable to control the glass strip forming device so as to counteract a difference in velocities of the thin glass strip between the edges of the thin glass strip. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of using the control variable comprises locally modifying a temperature of the thin glass strip in a direction transversely to a drawing direction of the thin glass strip using a heating and/or cooling device by controlling the heating and/or cooling device using the control variable to modify a temperature profile of the thin glass strip transversely to the drawing direction. 3. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the heating and/or cooling device comprises at least two heating and/or cooling elements spaced apart transversely to the drawing direction, and wherein the at least two heating and/or cooling elements are controlled by a control device using the control variable so that a heating or cooling power of at least one of the heating and/or cooling elements is modified so as to adjust the temperature profile of the thin glass strip transversely to the drawing direction. 4. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the heating and/or cooling device comprises a radiant heating element and radiation directing device, and wherein the radiation emitted by the radiant heating element is directed, by the radiation directing device, to a location at a position in a direction transversely to the drawing direction of the thin glass strip that depends on the control variable. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thin glass strip is drawn away from a hot forming section by the drawing device, wherein the drawing device is adapted to act on the thin glass strip at at least two locations spaced apart along the width of the thin glass strip, wherein the drawing device is controlled so that a difference in the velocities of the thin glass strip between the edges is counteracted by a different drawing action at the two spaced apart locations. 6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the difference of velocities of the thin glass strip is measured at the measurement locations or based on variables that are a function of the velocity of the thin glass strip at the measurement locations. 7. The method as claimed in claim 6, further comprising measuring, as the variables, the distances traveled by the thin glass strip within a predetermined measurement time interval. 8. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the drawing device comprises at least one drawing roller, wherein, for counteracting a difference in the velocities of the thin glass strip at the edges thereof, a contact pressure of the drawing roller is varied. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the two measurement locations are in a region of a bend of the thin glass strip. 10. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising applying a coating to rims of the thin glass strip, by a coating device arranged upstream of the measuring device, wherein the measurement locations of the measuring device are on coated areas of the thin glass strip. 11. An apparatus for producing a thin glass strip, comprising:
a glass strip forming device including a drawing device for drawing away the thin glass strip; and a control device including a measuring device, wherein the control device controls the measuring device to measure variables that are dependent on differing lengths of edges of the thin glass strip at two locations spaced apart along a width of the thin glass strip wherein the control device is adapted to determine a difference or quotient of the variables and is adapted to use the difference or quotient to determine a control variable by which the glass strip forming device is controlled so as to counteract a difference in velocities of the thin glass strip between the edges. 12. The apparatus as claimed in claim 11, further comprising a heating and/or cooling device configured to locally modify a temperature of the thin glass strip in a direction transversely to the drawing direction of the thin glass strip, wherein the heating and/or cooling device is controllable using the control variable to modify a temperature profile of the thin glass strip transversely to the drawing direction to counteract the difference in the velocities of the thin glass strip between the edges. 13. The apparatus as claimed in claim 12, wherein the heating and/or cooling device comprises at least two heating and/or cooling elements spaced apart transversely to the drawing direction. 14. The apparatus as claimed in claim 12, wherein the heating and/or cooling device comprises a radiant heating element (and radiation directing device to direct the radiation emitted by the radiant heating element to a location in a direction transversely to the drawing direction of the thin glass strip that depends on the control variable. 15. The apparatus as claimed in claim 14, wherein the drawing device is adapted to act on the thin glass strip at at least two locations spaced apart along a width of the thin glass strip, and wherein the drawing device is controlled by the control device in a manner so that by different drawing action at the two spaced apart locations a difference in the velocities of the thin glass strip between the edges is counteracted. 16. The apparatus as claimed in claim 14, wherein the measuring device comprises at least one of:
two wheels spaced apart transversely to the drawing direction, the two wheels having sensors for detecting rotation of the wheels; at least one laser Doppler sensor; and at least two distance sensors for measuring the position of the thin glass strip in the region of a bend of the thin glass strip. 17. The apparatus as claimed in claim 11, wherein the drawing device comprises a drawing roller and includes a contact pressure varying device that varies a contact pressure of the drawing roller along the axial extension in response to the control variable. 18. The apparatus as claimed in claim 11, wherein the drawing device comprises a pair of drawing rollers spaced apart transversely to the drawing direction, wherein at least one of the drawing rollers is adjustable in response to the control variable so as to vary the contact pressure or drawing force. 19. The apparatus as claimed in claim 11, further comprising a device for applying light-scattering particles on the thin glass strip, wherein the device is arranged upstream of the measuring device in the advancement direction of the thin glass strip, wherein the device is adapted to apply the light-scattering particles to strip-like areas of the thin glass strip, wherein the strip-like areas include the measurement locations of the measuring device. 20. The apparatus as claimed in claim 11, further comprising a border severing device and a coating device arranged downstream of the border severing device in the advancement direction of the thin glass strip, the coating device applying a coating to the rims of the thin glass strip processed by the border severing device, wherein the measuring device is arranged so that the measurement locations are located on the coating. 21. The apparatus as claimed in claim 11, further comprising a winding device for coiling up the thin glass strip into a roll. 22. A thin glass strip, comprising consecutive longitudinal sections that exhibit a curvature transversely to a longitudinal extension of the thin glass strip, wherein the curvature has a component in a transverse direction that changes sign in each respective consecutive section, wherein the longitudinal sections have a length of not more than 20 meters. | 1,700 |
3,922 | 15,157,650 | 1,711 | An apparatus is operable to process a medical instrument by passing a detergent and a disinfectant through a plurality of channels defined by the medical instrument. The apparatus includes a detection system, a set of instrument profiles, and a control system. The detection system is configured to collect information regarding the channels of the medical instrument. The control system is configured to pass a detergent and a disinfectant through the channels of the medical instrument based at least in part on a selected instrument profile selected from the set of instrument profiles. The selected instrument profile is selected based at least in part on the information collected by the detection system. | 1. An apparatus for processing a medical instrument by passing a detergent and a disinfectant through a plurality of channels defined by the medical instrument, wherein the apparatus comprises:
(a) a detection system configured to collect information regarding the channels of the medical instrument; (b) a set of instrument profiles; and (c) a control system configured to pass a detergent and a disinfectant through the channels of the medical instrument based at least in part on a selected instrument profile selected from the set of instrument profiles, wherein the selected instrument profile is selected based at least in part on the information collected by the detection system. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the detection system further comprises a sensor configured to collect information regarding each channel in the plurality of channels. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the sensor is configured to determine the flow rate of fluid passing through each channel in the plurality of channels at a set pressure. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the detection system further comprises a low flow sensor, wherein the low flow sensor is dedicated to a selected channel in the plurality of channels. 5. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the sensor is configured to determine the flow rate of fluid through each channel in the plurality of channels when a set volume of fluid is passed therethrough. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a set of processing profiles, wherein each instrument profile in the set of instrument profiles is associated with a corresponding processing profile in the set of processing profiles. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the control system is configured to process the medical instrument based at least in part on the processing profile associated with the selected instrument profile. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the detection system further comprises a plurality of valves in communication with the control unit, wherein each valve in the plurality of valves is associated with a corresponding channel in the plurality of channels, wherein each valve in the plurality of valves is operable to be open and closed by the control system. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein one of the control system or the detection system is configured to actuate at least one valve in the plurality of valves in preparation of collecting information regarding a particular channel in the plurality of channels. 10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the detection system is configured to determine whether any valve in the plurality of valves are malfunctioning. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein to determine whether any valve in the plurality of valves are malfunctioning, the detection system is configured to:
(i) initiate a closure command to each valve in the plurality of valves, and (ii) determine whether each valve in the plurality of valves is closed. 12. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein each valve in the plurality of valves is disposed in a corresponding connector in a plurality of connectors, wherein each connector in the plurality of connectors is configured to be connected to at least one of the channels in the plurality of channels. 13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control system is configured to identify an open elevator channel in the plurality of channels. 14. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a pump configured to supply a fluid to each channel in the plurality of channels. 15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the set of instrument profiles are stored in a memory, wherein the memory is accessible by the control system. 16. A method for automatically detecting a type of instrument disposed in a medical instrument processing apparatus, the method comprising:
(a) determining a fluid parameter for each channel in a plurality of channels defined by an instrument; (b) identifying, based at least in part on the fluid parameter for each channel in the plurality of channels, an instrument profile associated with the medical instrument; and (c) performing one or both of cleaning or disinfecting the channels of the medical instrument based at least in part on the identified instrument profile. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
(a) selecting a channel in the plurality of channels; (b) preventing fluid from entering the unselected channels; (c) allowing fluid to travel through the selected channel; and (d) collecting information regarding the flow rate of fluid traveling through the selected channel. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising:
(a) identifying the selected channel as an open elevator channel based at least in part on the collected information regarding the fluid traveling into the selected channel; and (b) processing the selected channel as an open elevator channel. 19. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
(a) selecting a processing profile in a plurality of processing profiles based at least in part on the identified instrument profile; and (b) processing the medical instrument based at least in part on the selected processing profile. 20. A method for processing an endoscope, the method comprising:
(a) collecting fluid flow information for each channel in a plurality of channels defined by the endoscope to determine a set of characteristics associated with the endoscope; (b) selecting, based on the set of characteristics, a processing profile in a plurality of processing profiles; and (c) performing one or both of cleaning or disinfecting the endoscope based on the selected processing profile. | An apparatus is operable to process a medical instrument by passing a detergent and a disinfectant through a plurality of channels defined by the medical instrument. The apparatus includes a detection system, a set of instrument profiles, and a control system. The detection system is configured to collect information regarding the channels of the medical instrument. The control system is configured to pass a detergent and a disinfectant through the channels of the medical instrument based at least in part on a selected instrument profile selected from the set of instrument profiles. The selected instrument profile is selected based at least in part on the information collected by the detection system.1. An apparatus for processing a medical instrument by passing a detergent and a disinfectant through a plurality of channels defined by the medical instrument, wherein the apparatus comprises:
(a) a detection system configured to collect information regarding the channels of the medical instrument; (b) a set of instrument profiles; and (c) a control system configured to pass a detergent and a disinfectant through the channels of the medical instrument based at least in part on a selected instrument profile selected from the set of instrument profiles, wherein the selected instrument profile is selected based at least in part on the information collected by the detection system. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the detection system further comprises a sensor configured to collect information regarding each channel in the plurality of channels. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the sensor is configured to determine the flow rate of fluid passing through each channel in the plurality of channels at a set pressure. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the detection system further comprises a low flow sensor, wherein the low flow sensor is dedicated to a selected channel in the plurality of channels. 5. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the sensor is configured to determine the flow rate of fluid through each channel in the plurality of channels when a set volume of fluid is passed therethrough. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a set of processing profiles, wherein each instrument profile in the set of instrument profiles is associated with a corresponding processing profile in the set of processing profiles. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the control system is configured to process the medical instrument based at least in part on the processing profile associated with the selected instrument profile. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the detection system further comprises a plurality of valves in communication with the control unit, wherein each valve in the plurality of valves is associated with a corresponding channel in the plurality of channels, wherein each valve in the plurality of valves is operable to be open and closed by the control system. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein one of the control system or the detection system is configured to actuate at least one valve in the plurality of valves in preparation of collecting information regarding a particular channel in the plurality of channels. 10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the detection system is configured to determine whether any valve in the plurality of valves are malfunctioning. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein to determine whether any valve in the plurality of valves are malfunctioning, the detection system is configured to:
(i) initiate a closure command to each valve in the plurality of valves, and (ii) determine whether each valve in the plurality of valves is closed. 12. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein each valve in the plurality of valves is disposed in a corresponding connector in a plurality of connectors, wherein each connector in the plurality of connectors is configured to be connected to at least one of the channels in the plurality of channels. 13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control system is configured to identify an open elevator channel in the plurality of channels. 14. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a pump configured to supply a fluid to each channel in the plurality of channels. 15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the set of instrument profiles are stored in a memory, wherein the memory is accessible by the control system. 16. A method for automatically detecting a type of instrument disposed in a medical instrument processing apparatus, the method comprising:
(a) determining a fluid parameter for each channel in a plurality of channels defined by an instrument; (b) identifying, based at least in part on the fluid parameter for each channel in the plurality of channels, an instrument profile associated with the medical instrument; and (c) performing one or both of cleaning or disinfecting the channels of the medical instrument based at least in part on the identified instrument profile. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
(a) selecting a channel in the plurality of channels; (b) preventing fluid from entering the unselected channels; (c) allowing fluid to travel through the selected channel; and (d) collecting information regarding the flow rate of fluid traveling through the selected channel. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising:
(a) identifying the selected channel as an open elevator channel based at least in part on the collected information regarding the fluid traveling into the selected channel; and (b) processing the selected channel as an open elevator channel. 19. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
(a) selecting a processing profile in a plurality of processing profiles based at least in part on the identified instrument profile; and (b) processing the medical instrument based at least in part on the selected processing profile. 20. A method for processing an endoscope, the method comprising:
(a) collecting fluid flow information for each channel in a plurality of channels defined by the endoscope to determine a set of characteristics associated with the endoscope; (b) selecting, based on the set of characteristics, a processing profile in a plurality of processing profiles; and (c) performing one or both of cleaning or disinfecting the endoscope based on the selected processing profile. | 1,700 |
3,923 | 15,917,259 | 1,735 | A tool for friction stir welding includes a tool part, a shank part and a cap part. The tool part and the shank part have a hexagonal frustum-shaped concave section and a hexagonal frustum-shaped convex section to enable movement of the tool part with respect to the shank part in a direction parallel to an axis of rotation while movement of the tool part with respect to the shank part in a direction around the axis of rotation is restricted, by the hexagonal frustum-shaped concave section and the hexagonal frustum-shaped convex section of the tool part and the shank part are fitted to each other. After the hexagonal frustum-shaped concave section and the hexagonal frustum-shaped convex section are fitted to each other, by the tool part and the shank part being covered by the cap part, the tool part is fixed to the shank part. | 1. A tool for friction stir welding comprising:
a tool part abutting a workpiece while being rotated; a shank part configured to fix the tool part to a front end of the shank part and be rotated together with the tool part; and a screw having a groove formed at its outer periphery thereof for fixing the tool part to the front end of the shank part, wherein portions in the tool part and the shank part at which the tool part and the shank part contact each other have at least one from between a convex section and a concave section, in order to enable movement of the tool part with respect to the shank part in a direction parallel to an axis of rotation of the shank part while movement of the tool part with respect to the shank part in a direction around the axis of rotation of the shank part is restricted, by the convex section and the concave section of the tool part and the shank part being fitted to each other, the shank part has a shank part hole section wherein the screw is capable of reaching the tool part fixed to the front end of the shank part passing through the shank part, the tool part has a tool part screw hole section having a groove, at an inner periphery, meshing with the groove of the outer periphery of the screw passing through the shank part hole section, and after the convex section and the concave section of the tool part and the shank part are fitted to each other, the tool part is fixed to the front end of the shank part, by the groove of the outer periphery of the screw passed through the shank part hole section meshing with the groove of the inner periphery of the tool part screw hole section, and having a groove with an inner diameter larger than an inner diameter of the tool part screw hole section in an inner periphery of the shank part hole section, and capable of screwing in a tool part detachment screw having a groove on its outer periphery meshing with the groove of the inner periphery of the shank part hole section. | A tool for friction stir welding includes a tool part, a shank part and a cap part. The tool part and the shank part have a hexagonal frustum-shaped concave section and a hexagonal frustum-shaped convex section to enable movement of the tool part with respect to the shank part in a direction parallel to an axis of rotation while movement of the tool part with respect to the shank part in a direction around the axis of rotation is restricted, by the hexagonal frustum-shaped concave section and the hexagonal frustum-shaped convex section of the tool part and the shank part are fitted to each other. After the hexagonal frustum-shaped concave section and the hexagonal frustum-shaped convex section are fitted to each other, by the tool part and the shank part being covered by the cap part, the tool part is fixed to the shank part.1. A tool for friction stir welding comprising:
a tool part abutting a workpiece while being rotated; a shank part configured to fix the tool part to a front end of the shank part and be rotated together with the tool part; and a screw having a groove formed at its outer periphery thereof for fixing the tool part to the front end of the shank part, wherein portions in the tool part and the shank part at which the tool part and the shank part contact each other have at least one from between a convex section and a concave section, in order to enable movement of the tool part with respect to the shank part in a direction parallel to an axis of rotation of the shank part while movement of the tool part with respect to the shank part in a direction around the axis of rotation of the shank part is restricted, by the convex section and the concave section of the tool part and the shank part being fitted to each other, the shank part has a shank part hole section wherein the screw is capable of reaching the tool part fixed to the front end of the shank part passing through the shank part, the tool part has a tool part screw hole section having a groove, at an inner periphery, meshing with the groove of the outer periphery of the screw passing through the shank part hole section, and after the convex section and the concave section of the tool part and the shank part are fitted to each other, the tool part is fixed to the front end of the shank part, by the groove of the outer periphery of the screw passed through the shank part hole section meshing with the groove of the inner periphery of the tool part screw hole section, and having a groove with an inner diameter larger than an inner diameter of the tool part screw hole section in an inner periphery of the shank part hole section, and capable of screwing in a tool part detachment screw having a groove on its outer periphery meshing with the groove of the inner periphery of the shank part hole section. | 1,700 |
3,924 | 14,976,498 | 1,737 | A composition crosslinkable by broad band UV radiation, which after cross-linking is capable of cold ablation by a UV Excimer Laser emitting between 222 nm and 308 nm, where the composition is comprised of a negative tone resist developable in aqueous base comprising and is also comprised of a conjugated aryl additive absorbing ultraviolet radiation strongly in a range between from about 220 nm to about 310 nm.
The present invention also encompasses a process comprising steps a), b) and c)
a) coating the composition of claim 1 on a substrate; b) cross-linking the entire coating by irradiation with broadband UV exposure; c) forming a pattern in the cross-linked coating by cold laser ablating with a UV excimer laser emitting between 222 nm and 308 nm. Finally the present invention also encompasses
The present invention also encompasses a process comprising steps a′), b′) c′) and d′)
a) coating the composition of claim 1 on a substrate; b) cross-linking part of the coating by irradiation with broadband UV exposure through a mask; c) developing the coating with aqueous base removing the unexposed areas of the film, thereby forming a first pattern; d) forming a second pattern in the first pattern by laser cold laser ablating of the first pattern with a UV excimer laser emitting between 222 nm and 308 nm. | 1. A composition for a negative tone, aqueous base developable, broadband UV resist which is also sensitive in the areas exposed to broadband irradiation to subsequent cold laser ablation by an UV Excimer Laser emitting between 222 nm and 308 nm wherein the composition is comprised of components of type a), b), and a solvent;
a) components for imparting negative tone, aqueous base developable, broadband UV resist behavior comprised of
i) a polymeric resin containing phenolic moieties, carboxylic acid moieties or a combination of both types moieties such that the resin dissolves in aqueous base
ii) at least one cross-linker; and
iii) at least one photo-initiator sensitive to broadband irradiation;
wherein a) is further selected from the group consisting of (VIV) and (X) wherein, (VIV) is comprised of: a-1) at least one alkali-soluble polymeric resin wherein the alkali-soluble polymer comprises a least one unit of structure (IV)
wherein each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, (C1-C4) alkyl, chlorine, and bromine; and m′ is chosen from an integer from 1 to 4;
b-1 at least one monomer of structure 4;
wherein, W is a multivalent linking group, R1a to R6a are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, (C1-C20)alkyl and chlorine; X1 and X2 are each oxygen; and n′ is an integer equal to or greater than 1; and
c-1) at least one photoinitiator and and further wherein the monomer of structure 4 comprises an acid-cleavable group and the alkali soluble polymer further comprises at least one acid-cleavelable group;
(X) is comprised of:
a-2) at least one polymeric resin comprising a structure of the following formula:
wherein each of R1b-R5b is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F and CH3, R6b is selected from the group consisting of a substituted aryl, unsubstituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl and unsubstituted heteroaryl group; R7b is a substituted or unsubstituted benzyl group; R8b is selected from the group consisting of a linear or branched C2-C10 hydroxy alkyl group and a C2-C10 hydroxy alkyl acrylate; R9b is an acid cleavable group, v=10-40 mole %, w=0-35 mole %, x=0-60 mole %, y=10-60 mole % and z=0-45 mole %:
b-2) one or more free radical initiators activated by actinic radiation,
c-2) one or more crosslinkable acrylated monomers capable of undergoing free radical crosslinking wherein the acrylate functionality is greater than 1,
and further wherein the said polymeric resin comprises from about 30 wt % to about 80 wt % of the composition;
b) a cold laser ablation excimer laser sensitizer component system comprised of at least one conjugated aryl additive absorbing ultraviolet radiation strongly in a range between from about 220 nm to about 310, wherein the molar absorptivity the conjugated aryl additive between these wavelengths is between about 100 and 1000 m2/mol, and further wherein this said conjugated aryl additive is selected from the group consisting of consisting of (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), and VII;
wherein each R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an alkyl group, an alkylenefluoroalkyl group, an alkylene aryl group, and an alkyleneoxyalkyl group; R7 is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group, an alkylenefluoroalkyl group, an alkylene aryl group, and an alkyleneoxyalkyl group; each R8 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an alkyl group, an alkylenefluoroalkyl group, an alkylene aryl group, an alkyleneoxyalkyl group, a hydroxy group, a hydroxyalkylene group, and an alkoxy group; X3 is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br or I; each n, na, nb, m, ma and mb is independently chosen from an integer from 1 to 4; mc is chosen from an integer from 1 to 9, and md is chosen from an integer from 1 to 10 and further wherein the said cold laser ablation excimer laser sensitizer component system comprises from 2 to 10 wt % of the composition,
and further wherein the composition is one which can be coated to a thickness from 30 to 60 microns. 2. The composition of claim 1 wherein the conjugated aryl additive absorbing ultraviolet radiation strongly from about 222 nm to about to about 310 nm is selected from the group consisting of (I), (II), (III), (IV), and (V). 3. The composition of claim 1 wherein the components for imparting negative tone, aqueous base developable, broadband UV resist behavior is (X). 4. The composition of claim 1 wherein the conjugated aryl additive is selected from the group consisting of (I) and (II). 5. The composition of claim 1 wherein the conjugated aryl additive is (I). 6. The composition of claim 1 wherein the conjugated aryl additive is (II). 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. The composition of claim 1 wherein the components for imparting negative tone, aqueous base developable, broadband UV resist behavior is (VIV). 10. The composition of claim 1 wherein the components for imparting negative tone, aqueous base developable, broadband UV resist behavior is (VIV) and where the conjugated aryl additive is selected from the group consisting of (I) and (II). 11. The composition of claim 1 wherein the components for imparting negative tone, aqueous base developable, broadband UV resist behavior are (X). 12. The composition of claim 1 wherein the components for imparting negative tone, aqueous base developable, broadband UV resist behavior are (X) and wherein the conjugated aryl additive is selected from the group consisting of (I) and (II). 13. The composition of claim 1 wherein the conjugated aryl additive has between the wavelengths of 220 nm and 310 nm a molar absorptivity of between about 200 and 1000 m2/mol. 14. The composition of claim 1 wherein the conjugated aryl additive has a molar absorptivity at 248 nm between 200 and 1000 m2/mol. 15. The composition of claim 1 wherein the conjugated aryl additive has a molar absorptivity at 308 nm between 200 and 1000 m2/mol. 16. The composition of claim 1 wherein the conjugated aryl additive is (I), and further where R2 and R1 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and an alkyl group. 17. The composition of claim 1 wherein the conjugated aryl additive is (II), R3 is an alkyl group, and X is Cl. 18. The composition of claim 1 wherein the conjugated aryl additive is (V), and where at least one R8 is independently selected from the group consisting of an alkoxy group, a hydroxyalkylene, and a hydroxy group. 19. The composition of claim 1 wherein the conjugated aryl additive is (VI), and where at least one R8 is independently selected from the group consisting of an alkoxy group, a hydroxyalkylene, and a hydroxy group. 20. A process comprising steps a), b) and c)
a) coating the composition of claim 1 on a substrate; b) cross-linking the entire coating by blanket irradiation with broadband UV exposure; and c) forming a pattern in the cross-linked coating by cold laser ablating with a UV excimer laser emitting between 222 nm and 308 nm. 21. The process of claim 20 where the broadband UV exposure is between 350 and 450 nm. 22. The process of claim 20 where the excimer laser emits at 248 nm. 23. The process of claim 20 where the excimer laser emits at 308 nm. 24. A process comprising steps a), b), c) and d)
a) coating the composition of claim 1 on a substrate; b) cross-linking part of the coating by irradiation with broadband UV exposure through a mask; c) developing the coating with aqueous base removing the unexposed areas of the coating, thereby forming a first pattern; d) forming a second pattern in the first pattern by cold laser ablating of the first pattern with a UV excimer laser emitting between 222 nm and 308 nm. 25. The process of claim 24 where the excimer laser emits at 248 nm. 26. The process of claim 24 where the excimer laser emits at 308 nm. 27. A composition for a negative tone, aqueous base developable, broadband UV resist which is also sensitive in the areas exposed to broadband irradiation to subsequent cold laser ablation by an UV Excimer Laser emitting between 222 nm and 308 nm wherein the composition is comprised of components of type a) b), and a solvent;
a) components for imparting negative tone, aqueous base developable, broadband UV resist behavior comprised of
i) a polymeric resin containing phenolic moieties, carboxylic acid moieties or a combination of both types moieties such that the resin dissolves in aqueous base
ii) at least one cross-linker; and
iii) at least one photo-initiator sensitive to broadband irradiation;
wherein a) is further selected from-the group consisting of (VIII), (VIV) and (X), and further wherein, (VIII) is comprised of
a) a phenolic film forming polymeric resin having a ring bonded hydroxy group;
b) a photoacid generator that forms an acid upon exposure to radiation, in an amount sufficient to initiate crosslinking of the film-forming polymeric binder resin;
c) a first crosslinking agent that forms a carbonium ion upon exposure to the acid formed by the photoacid generator, and which comprises an etherified amino-plast polymer or oligomer;
d) a second crosslinking agent that forms a carbonium ion upon exposure to the acid formed by the photoacid generator, and which comprises dihydroxyalkyl-(tetra)-phenol, wherein the combined amount of the first and second crosslinkers is an effective crosslinking amount; and
(VIV) is comprised of: a-1) at least one alkali-soluble polymeric resin wherein the alkali-soluble polymer comprises a least one unit of structure (IV)
Wherein, each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, (C1-C4) alkyl, chlorine, and bromine; and m′ is chosen from an integer from 1 to 4;
b-1) at least one monomer of structure 4;
wherein, W is a multivalent linking group, R1a to R6a are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, (C1-C20)alkyl and chlorine; X1 and X2 are each oxygen; and n′ is an integer equal to or greater than 1; and
c-1) at least one photoinitiator and further where the monomer of structure 4 comprises an acid-cleavable group and the alkali soluble polymer further comprises at least one acid-cleavelable group;
(X) is comprised of:
a-2) at least one polymeric resin comprising a structure of the following formula:
wherein each of R1b-R5b is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F and CH3, R6b is selected from the group consisting of a substituted aryl, unsubstituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl and unsubstituted heteroaryl group; R7b is a substituted or unsubstituted benzyl group; R8b is selected from the group consisting of a linear or branched C2-C10 hydroxy alkyl group and a C2-C10 hydroxy alkyl acrylate; R9b is an acid cleavable group, v=10-40 mole %, w=0-35 mole %, x=0-60 mole %, y=10-60 mole % and z=0-45 mole %;
b-2) one or more free radical initiators activated by actinic radiation,
c-2) one or more crosslinkable acrylated monomers capable of undergoing free radical crosslinking wherein the acrylate functionality is greater than 1;
b) a cold laser ablation excimer laser sensitizer component system comprised of at least one conjugated aryl additive absorbing ultraviolet radiation strongly in a range between from about 220 nm to about 310, wherein the molar absorptivity the conjugated aryl additive between these wavelengths is between about 100 and 1000 m2/mol, and further wherein this said conjugated aryl additive is selected from the group consisting of consisting of (I), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), and VII;
wherein, each R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an alkyl group, an alkylenefluoroalkyl group, an alkylene aryl group, and an alkyleneoxyalkyl group; R7 is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group, an alkylenefluoroalkyl group, an alkylene aryl group, and an alkyleneoxyalkyl group; each R8 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an alkyl group, an alkylenefluoroalkyl group, an alkylene aryl group, an alkyleneoxyalkyl group, a hydroxy group, a hydroxyalkylene group, and an alkoxy group; X3 is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br or I; each n, na, nb, m, ma and mb is independently chosen from an integer from 1 to 4; mc is chosen from an integer from 1 to 9, and md is chosen from an integer from 1 to 10 and further wherein the said cold laser ablation excimer laser sensitizer component system comprises from 2 to 10 wt % of the composition.
and further wherein the composition is one which can be coated to a thickness from 30 to 60 microns. 28) The composition of claim 27 wherein the conjugated aryl additive absorbing ultraviolet radiation strongly from about 222 nm to about to about 310 nm is selected from the group consisting of (I), (II), (III), (IV), and (V). | A composition crosslinkable by broad band UV radiation, which after cross-linking is capable of cold ablation by a UV Excimer Laser emitting between 222 nm and 308 nm, where the composition is comprised of a negative tone resist developable in aqueous base comprising and is also comprised of a conjugated aryl additive absorbing ultraviolet radiation strongly in a range between from about 220 nm to about 310 nm.
The present invention also encompasses a process comprising steps a), b) and c)
a) coating the composition of claim 1 on a substrate; b) cross-linking the entire coating by irradiation with broadband UV exposure; c) forming a pattern in the cross-linked coating by cold laser ablating with a UV excimer laser emitting between 222 nm and 308 nm. Finally the present invention also encompasses
The present invention also encompasses a process comprising steps a′), b′) c′) and d′)
a) coating the composition of claim 1 on a substrate; b) cross-linking part of the coating by irradiation with broadband UV exposure through a mask; c) developing the coating with aqueous base removing the unexposed areas of the film, thereby forming a first pattern; d) forming a second pattern in the first pattern by laser cold laser ablating of the first pattern with a UV excimer laser emitting between 222 nm and 308 nm.1. A composition for a negative tone, aqueous base developable, broadband UV resist which is also sensitive in the areas exposed to broadband irradiation to subsequent cold laser ablation by an UV Excimer Laser emitting between 222 nm and 308 nm wherein the composition is comprised of components of type a), b), and a solvent;
a) components for imparting negative tone, aqueous base developable, broadband UV resist behavior comprised of
i) a polymeric resin containing phenolic moieties, carboxylic acid moieties or a combination of both types moieties such that the resin dissolves in aqueous base
ii) at least one cross-linker; and
iii) at least one photo-initiator sensitive to broadband irradiation;
wherein a) is further selected from the group consisting of (VIV) and (X) wherein, (VIV) is comprised of: a-1) at least one alkali-soluble polymeric resin wherein the alkali-soluble polymer comprises a least one unit of structure (IV)
wherein each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, (C1-C4) alkyl, chlorine, and bromine; and m′ is chosen from an integer from 1 to 4;
b-1 at least one monomer of structure 4;
wherein, W is a multivalent linking group, R1a to R6a are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, (C1-C20)alkyl and chlorine; X1 and X2 are each oxygen; and n′ is an integer equal to or greater than 1; and
c-1) at least one photoinitiator and and further wherein the monomer of structure 4 comprises an acid-cleavable group and the alkali soluble polymer further comprises at least one acid-cleavelable group;
(X) is comprised of:
a-2) at least one polymeric resin comprising a structure of the following formula:
wherein each of R1b-R5b is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F and CH3, R6b is selected from the group consisting of a substituted aryl, unsubstituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl and unsubstituted heteroaryl group; R7b is a substituted or unsubstituted benzyl group; R8b is selected from the group consisting of a linear or branched C2-C10 hydroxy alkyl group and a C2-C10 hydroxy alkyl acrylate; R9b is an acid cleavable group, v=10-40 mole %, w=0-35 mole %, x=0-60 mole %, y=10-60 mole % and z=0-45 mole %:
b-2) one or more free radical initiators activated by actinic radiation,
c-2) one or more crosslinkable acrylated monomers capable of undergoing free radical crosslinking wherein the acrylate functionality is greater than 1,
and further wherein the said polymeric resin comprises from about 30 wt % to about 80 wt % of the composition;
b) a cold laser ablation excimer laser sensitizer component system comprised of at least one conjugated aryl additive absorbing ultraviolet radiation strongly in a range between from about 220 nm to about 310, wherein the molar absorptivity the conjugated aryl additive between these wavelengths is between about 100 and 1000 m2/mol, and further wherein this said conjugated aryl additive is selected from the group consisting of consisting of (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), and VII;
wherein each R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an alkyl group, an alkylenefluoroalkyl group, an alkylene aryl group, and an alkyleneoxyalkyl group; R7 is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group, an alkylenefluoroalkyl group, an alkylene aryl group, and an alkyleneoxyalkyl group; each R8 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an alkyl group, an alkylenefluoroalkyl group, an alkylene aryl group, an alkyleneoxyalkyl group, a hydroxy group, a hydroxyalkylene group, and an alkoxy group; X3 is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br or I; each n, na, nb, m, ma and mb is independently chosen from an integer from 1 to 4; mc is chosen from an integer from 1 to 9, and md is chosen from an integer from 1 to 10 and further wherein the said cold laser ablation excimer laser sensitizer component system comprises from 2 to 10 wt % of the composition,
and further wherein the composition is one which can be coated to a thickness from 30 to 60 microns. 2. The composition of claim 1 wherein the conjugated aryl additive absorbing ultraviolet radiation strongly from about 222 nm to about to about 310 nm is selected from the group consisting of (I), (II), (III), (IV), and (V). 3. The composition of claim 1 wherein the components for imparting negative tone, aqueous base developable, broadband UV resist behavior is (X). 4. The composition of claim 1 wherein the conjugated aryl additive is selected from the group consisting of (I) and (II). 5. The composition of claim 1 wherein the conjugated aryl additive is (I). 6. The composition of claim 1 wherein the conjugated aryl additive is (II). 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. The composition of claim 1 wherein the components for imparting negative tone, aqueous base developable, broadband UV resist behavior is (VIV). 10. The composition of claim 1 wherein the components for imparting negative tone, aqueous base developable, broadband UV resist behavior is (VIV) and where the conjugated aryl additive is selected from the group consisting of (I) and (II). 11. The composition of claim 1 wherein the components for imparting negative tone, aqueous base developable, broadband UV resist behavior are (X). 12. The composition of claim 1 wherein the components for imparting negative tone, aqueous base developable, broadband UV resist behavior are (X) and wherein the conjugated aryl additive is selected from the group consisting of (I) and (II). 13. The composition of claim 1 wherein the conjugated aryl additive has between the wavelengths of 220 nm and 310 nm a molar absorptivity of between about 200 and 1000 m2/mol. 14. The composition of claim 1 wherein the conjugated aryl additive has a molar absorptivity at 248 nm between 200 and 1000 m2/mol. 15. The composition of claim 1 wherein the conjugated aryl additive has a molar absorptivity at 308 nm between 200 and 1000 m2/mol. 16. The composition of claim 1 wherein the conjugated aryl additive is (I), and further where R2 and R1 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and an alkyl group. 17. The composition of claim 1 wherein the conjugated aryl additive is (II), R3 is an alkyl group, and X is Cl. 18. The composition of claim 1 wherein the conjugated aryl additive is (V), and where at least one R8 is independently selected from the group consisting of an alkoxy group, a hydroxyalkylene, and a hydroxy group. 19. The composition of claim 1 wherein the conjugated aryl additive is (VI), and where at least one R8 is independently selected from the group consisting of an alkoxy group, a hydroxyalkylene, and a hydroxy group. 20. A process comprising steps a), b) and c)
a) coating the composition of claim 1 on a substrate; b) cross-linking the entire coating by blanket irradiation with broadband UV exposure; and c) forming a pattern in the cross-linked coating by cold laser ablating with a UV excimer laser emitting between 222 nm and 308 nm. 21. The process of claim 20 where the broadband UV exposure is between 350 and 450 nm. 22. The process of claim 20 where the excimer laser emits at 248 nm. 23. The process of claim 20 where the excimer laser emits at 308 nm. 24. A process comprising steps a), b), c) and d)
a) coating the composition of claim 1 on a substrate; b) cross-linking part of the coating by irradiation with broadband UV exposure through a mask; c) developing the coating with aqueous base removing the unexposed areas of the coating, thereby forming a first pattern; d) forming a second pattern in the first pattern by cold laser ablating of the first pattern with a UV excimer laser emitting between 222 nm and 308 nm. 25. The process of claim 24 where the excimer laser emits at 248 nm. 26. The process of claim 24 where the excimer laser emits at 308 nm. 27. A composition for a negative tone, aqueous base developable, broadband UV resist which is also sensitive in the areas exposed to broadband irradiation to subsequent cold laser ablation by an UV Excimer Laser emitting between 222 nm and 308 nm wherein the composition is comprised of components of type a) b), and a solvent;
a) components for imparting negative tone, aqueous base developable, broadband UV resist behavior comprised of
i) a polymeric resin containing phenolic moieties, carboxylic acid moieties or a combination of both types moieties such that the resin dissolves in aqueous base
ii) at least one cross-linker; and
iii) at least one photo-initiator sensitive to broadband irradiation;
wherein a) is further selected from-the group consisting of (VIII), (VIV) and (X), and further wherein, (VIII) is comprised of
a) a phenolic film forming polymeric resin having a ring bonded hydroxy group;
b) a photoacid generator that forms an acid upon exposure to radiation, in an amount sufficient to initiate crosslinking of the film-forming polymeric binder resin;
c) a first crosslinking agent that forms a carbonium ion upon exposure to the acid formed by the photoacid generator, and which comprises an etherified amino-plast polymer or oligomer;
d) a second crosslinking agent that forms a carbonium ion upon exposure to the acid formed by the photoacid generator, and which comprises dihydroxyalkyl-(tetra)-phenol, wherein the combined amount of the first and second crosslinkers is an effective crosslinking amount; and
(VIV) is comprised of: a-1) at least one alkali-soluble polymeric resin wherein the alkali-soluble polymer comprises a least one unit of structure (IV)
Wherein, each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, (C1-C4) alkyl, chlorine, and bromine; and m′ is chosen from an integer from 1 to 4;
b-1) at least one monomer of structure 4;
wherein, W is a multivalent linking group, R1a to R6a are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, (C1-C20)alkyl and chlorine; X1 and X2 are each oxygen; and n′ is an integer equal to or greater than 1; and
c-1) at least one photoinitiator and further where the monomer of structure 4 comprises an acid-cleavable group and the alkali soluble polymer further comprises at least one acid-cleavelable group;
(X) is comprised of:
a-2) at least one polymeric resin comprising a structure of the following formula:
wherein each of R1b-R5b is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F and CH3, R6b is selected from the group consisting of a substituted aryl, unsubstituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl and unsubstituted heteroaryl group; R7b is a substituted or unsubstituted benzyl group; R8b is selected from the group consisting of a linear or branched C2-C10 hydroxy alkyl group and a C2-C10 hydroxy alkyl acrylate; R9b is an acid cleavable group, v=10-40 mole %, w=0-35 mole %, x=0-60 mole %, y=10-60 mole % and z=0-45 mole %;
b-2) one or more free radical initiators activated by actinic radiation,
c-2) one or more crosslinkable acrylated monomers capable of undergoing free radical crosslinking wherein the acrylate functionality is greater than 1;
b) a cold laser ablation excimer laser sensitizer component system comprised of at least one conjugated aryl additive absorbing ultraviolet radiation strongly in a range between from about 220 nm to about 310, wherein the molar absorptivity the conjugated aryl additive between these wavelengths is between about 100 and 1000 m2/mol, and further wherein this said conjugated aryl additive is selected from the group consisting of consisting of (I), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), and VII;
wherein, each R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an alkyl group, an alkylenefluoroalkyl group, an alkylene aryl group, and an alkyleneoxyalkyl group; R7 is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group, an alkylenefluoroalkyl group, an alkylene aryl group, and an alkyleneoxyalkyl group; each R8 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an alkyl group, an alkylenefluoroalkyl group, an alkylene aryl group, an alkyleneoxyalkyl group, a hydroxy group, a hydroxyalkylene group, and an alkoxy group; X3 is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br or I; each n, na, nb, m, ma and mb is independently chosen from an integer from 1 to 4; mc is chosen from an integer from 1 to 9, and md is chosen from an integer from 1 to 10 and further wherein the said cold laser ablation excimer laser sensitizer component system comprises from 2 to 10 wt % of the composition.
and further wherein the composition is one which can be coated to a thickness from 30 to 60 microns. 28) The composition of claim 27 wherein the conjugated aryl additive absorbing ultraviolet radiation strongly from about 222 nm to about to about 310 nm is selected from the group consisting of (I), (II), (III), (IV), and (V). | 1,700 |
3,925 | 15,719,318 | 1,785 | According to one embodiment, a magnetic recording medium includes: a substrate; an underlayer positioned above the substrate; a magnetic recording layer positioned above the underlayer; and a plurality of conductive polymers dispersed within the substrate, the underlayer, the magnetic recording layer, the substrate and the underlayer, the substrate and the magnetic recording layer, the underlayer and the magnetic recording layer, or the underlayer, the magnetic recording layer, and the substrate. In addition, the conductive polymers are dispersed such that a concentration of the conductive polymers has a gradient in a single one of the layers in a thickness direction. | 1. A magnetic recording medium, comprising:
a substrate; an underlayer positioned above the substrate; a magnetic recording layer positioned above the underlayer; and a plurality of conductive polymers dispersed within the substrate, the underlayer, the magnetic recording layer, the substrate and the underlayer, the substrate and the magnetic recording layer, the underlayer and the magnetic recording layer, or the underlayer, the magnetic recording layer, and the substrate, wherein the conductive polymers are dispersed such that a concentration of the conductive polymers has a gradient in a single one of the layers in a thickness direction. 2. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the magnetic recording medium has a surface electrical resistance of between 103 to 107 Ω/sq. 3. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the plurality of conductive polymers are in nanofiber form having a diameter of nanometer scale, wherein the conductive polymers have a diameter that is uniform along a length thereof. 4. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein each of the conductive polymers has a molecular weight in a range between about 400 to about 600,000 amu. 5. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein each of the conductive polymers is individually selected from a group consisting of: a linear polymer, a branched polymer, and a dendritic polymer. 6. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein each of the conductive polymers is individually selected from a group consisting of: polyacteylene, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyphenylene, poly(p-phenylene vinylene), polyaniline, copolymers thereof, and combinations thereof. 7. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the at least one of the conductive polymers is a modified polymer, wherein at least one modified polymer is a block co-polymer. 8. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the plurality of conductive polymers is dispersed within the magnetic recording layer. 9. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 8, wherein another plurality of conductive polymers is dispersed within at least one of the substrate and the underlayer. 10. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, further comprising a back coat layer positioned below the substrate. 11. The magnetic recording layer as recited in claim 1, where an amount of the conductive polymers dispersed within at least one of the substrate, the underlayer and the magnetic recording layer is in a range from greater than 0 wt. % to about 15 wt. %. 12. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the plurality of conductive polymers having a nanofiber structure are dispersed within the substrate. 13. A product, comprising:
a housing the magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1 in the housing. 14. A magnetic recording medium, comprising:
a substrate; an underlayer positioned above the substrate; a magnetic recording layer positioned above the underlayer; a first plurality of conductive polymers dispersed within the magnetic recording layer; and a second plurality of conductive polymers dispersed in at least one layer selected from the group consisting of: the substrate, the underlayer, and a back coat layer. 15. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 14, wherein the conductive polymers are in nanofiber form having a diameter of nanometer scale, wherein the conductive polymers have a diameter that is uniform along a length thereof. 16. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 14, wherein the magnetic recording medium has a surface electrical resistance of between 103 to 107 Ω/sq, wherein the conductive polymers are dispersed within layer or layers such that a concentration of the conductive polymers has a gradient in one of the layers in a thickness direction. 17. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 14, wherein each of the conductive polymers is individually selected from a group consisting of: polyacteylene, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyphenylene, poly(p-phenylene vinylene), polyaniline, copolymers thereof, and combinations thereof. 18. A magnetic recording medium, comprising:
a substrate; an underlayer positioned above the substrate; a magnetic recording layer positioned above the underlayer; and a first plurality of conductive polymers dispersed within the magnetic recording layer, a second plurality of conductive polymers dispersed within the substrate, a third plurality of conductive polymers dispersed within the underlayer, and a fourth plurality of conductive polymers dispersed within a back coat layer. 19. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 18, wherein one or more of the conductive polymers has a nanofiber structure having a diameter of nanometer scale. 20. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 18, wherein the magnetic recording medium has a surface electrical resistance of between 103 to 107 Ω/sq, wherein the conductive polymers are dispersed within layer or layers such that a concentration of the conductive polymers has a gradient in one of the layers in a thickness direction. | According to one embodiment, a magnetic recording medium includes: a substrate; an underlayer positioned above the substrate; a magnetic recording layer positioned above the underlayer; and a plurality of conductive polymers dispersed within the substrate, the underlayer, the magnetic recording layer, the substrate and the underlayer, the substrate and the magnetic recording layer, the underlayer and the magnetic recording layer, or the underlayer, the magnetic recording layer, and the substrate. In addition, the conductive polymers are dispersed such that a concentration of the conductive polymers has a gradient in a single one of the layers in a thickness direction.1. A magnetic recording medium, comprising:
a substrate; an underlayer positioned above the substrate; a magnetic recording layer positioned above the underlayer; and a plurality of conductive polymers dispersed within the substrate, the underlayer, the magnetic recording layer, the substrate and the underlayer, the substrate and the magnetic recording layer, the underlayer and the magnetic recording layer, or the underlayer, the magnetic recording layer, and the substrate, wherein the conductive polymers are dispersed such that a concentration of the conductive polymers has a gradient in a single one of the layers in a thickness direction. 2. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the magnetic recording medium has a surface electrical resistance of between 103 to 107 Ω/sq. 3. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the plurality of conductive polymers are in nanofiber form having a diameter of nanometer scale, wherein the conductive polymers have a diameter that is uniform along a length thereof. 4. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein each of the conductive polymers has a molecular weight in a range between about 400 to about 600,000 amu. 5. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein each of the conductive polymers is individually selected from a group consisting of: a linear polymer, a branched polymer, and a dendritic polymer. 6. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein each of the conductive polymers is individually selected from a group consisting of: polyacteylene, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyphenylene, poly(p-phenylene vinylene), polyaniline, copolymers thereof, and combinations thereof. 7. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the at least one of the conductive polymers is a modified polymer, wherein at least one modified polymer is a block co-polymer. 8. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the plurality of conductive polymers is dispersed within the magnetic recording layer. 9. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 8, wherein another plurality of conductive polymers is dispersed within at least one of the substrate and the underlayer. 10. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, further comprising a back coat layer positioned below the substrate. 11. The magnetic recording layer as recited in claim 1, where an amount of the conductive polymers dispersed within at least one of the substrate, the underlayer and the magnetic recording layer is in a range from greater than 0 wt. % to about 15 wt. %. 12. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the plurality of conductive polymers having a nanofiber structure are dispersed within the substrate. 13. A product, comprising:
a housing the magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1 in the housing. 14. A magnetic recording medium, comprising:
a substrate; an underlayer positioned above the substrate; a magnetic recording layer positioned above the underlayer; a first plurality of conductive polymers dispersed within the magnetic recording layer; and a second plurality of conductive polymers dispersed in at least one layer selected from the group consisting of: the substrate, the underlayer, and a back coat layer. 15. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 14, wherein the conductive polymers are in nanofiber form having a diameter of nanometer scale, wherein the conductive polymers have a diameter that is uniform along a length thereof. 16. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 14, wherein the magnetic recording medium has a surface electrical resistance of between 103 to 107 Ω/sq, wherein the conductive polymers are dispersed within layer or layers such that a concentration of the conductive polymers has a gradient in one of the layers in a thickness direction. 17. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 14, wherein each of the conductive polymers is individually selected from a group consisting of: polyacteylene, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyphenylene, poly(p-phenylene vinylene), polyaniline, copolymers thereof, and combinations thereof. 18. A magnetic recording medium, comprising:
a substrate; an underlayer positioned above the substrate; a magnetic recording layer positioned above the underlayer; and a first plurality of conductive polymers dispersed within the magnetic recording layer, a second plurality of conductive polymers dispersed within the substrate, a third plurality of conductive polymers dispersed within the underlayer, and a fourth plurality of conductive polymers dispersed within a back coat layer. 19. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 18, wherein one or more of the conductive polymers has a nanofiber structure having a diameter of nanometer scale. 20. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 18, wherein the magnetic recording medium has a surface electrical resistance of between 103 to 107 Ω/sq, wherein the conductive polymers are dispersed within layer or layers such that a concentration of the conductive polymers has a gradient in one of the layers in a thickness direction. | 1,700 |
3,926 | 15,181,706 | 1,741 | Embodiments disclosed herein include systems and methods for controlling material warp that include placing the shaped mold in a heating device, forming a glass material into a shaped mold, and cooling the glass material and the shaped mold to a predetermined viscosity of the glass material. Some embodiments include, a predetermined time prior to removing the glass material and the shaped mold from the heating device, holding the glass at the mold in the heating device where the heating device temperature is substantially equal to mold and glass temperature just prior to exiting to ambient temperature. Some embodiments include removing the glass material and the shaped mold from the heating device to further cool the glass material and the shaped mold at ambient temperature, where after removing the glass material and the shaped mold from the heating device, the glass material will exhibit controlled or desired material warp. | 1. A method for controlling material warp, comprising:
placing a glass material and shaped mold in a heating device to heat the glass material and the shaped mold; forming the glass material into a shape of the shaped mold; cooling the glass material and the shaped mold to a predetermined viscosity of the glass material; holding, for a predetermined time prior to removing the glass material and the shaped mold from the heating device, the glass material and the shaped mold in the heating device where a temperature of the heating device is substantially equal to a temperature of the shaped mold and the glass material just prior to exiting the heating device into ambient temperature; and removing the glass material and the shaped mold from the heating device to further cool the glass material and the shaped mold at the ambient temperature, wherein after removing the glass material and the shaped mold from the heating device, the glass material will exhibit a desired material warp. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the shaped mold comprises a center section and an edge, wherein the glass material is heated to create a predetermined temperature differential that is between about 5 degrees Celsius and about 50 degrees Celsius greater than the center section when the glass material is conformed to the shaped mold. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the shaped mold comprises a center section and an edge, wherein the glass material is heated to create a predetermined temperature differential that is between about 0 degrees Celsius and at least about 25 degrees Celsius greater than the center section upon exiting from the heating device to the ambient temperature. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the glass material and the shaped mold are cooled to a temperature that is about 0 degrees Celsius to about 50 degrees Celsius greater than a temperature corresponding to about 1013.2 Poise glass viscosity when the glass material and the shaped mold are removed from the heating device. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the glass material comprises a three dimensional glass material with a minimum bend radius of about 2 millimeters to about 10 millimeters. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the glass material comprises a three dimensional glass with a minimum bend radius from about 10 millimeters to about 1000 millimeters. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein a viscosity of the glass material upon exiting from the heating device to the ambient temperature is greater than about 1011.81 Poise. 8. A method for controlling material warp, comprising:
forming a glass material into a shape of a shaped mold, wherein the shaped mold and the glass material are placed into a heating device, wherein the shaped mold comprises a center section and an edge, wherein the glass material and the shaped mold are heated to create a predetermined temperature differential between the edge and the center section; cooling the glass material and the shaped mold to a predetermined viscosity of the glass material, wherein the predetermined temperature differential between the edge and the center section is maintained; further cooling, for a predetermined time prior to removing the glass material and the shaped mold from the heating device, the glass material and the shaped mold such that a temperature of the shaped mold is substantially equal to a temperature of the heating device; and removing the glass material and the shaped mold from the heating device to further cool the glass material and the shaped mold at ambient temperature, wherein after removing the glass material and the shaped mold from the heating device, the glass material will exhibit a desired material warp. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the edge is heated to a temperature that is between about 5 and 50 degrees C. greater than the center section when glass is being conformed to the shaped mold, and between about 0 degrees Celsius and at least about 25 degrees Celsius greater than the center section upon exiting from the heating device to the ambient temperature. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein, upon removal of the glass material and the shaped mold from the heating device, the glass material comprises a convex side and an opposing side, wherein the glass material is coupled to the shaped mold on the convex side, and wherein the opposing side is exposed to ambient air. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the glass material and the shaped mold are cooled to a temperature that is about 0 degrees Celsius to about 50 degrees Celsius greater than a temperature corresponding to about 1013.2 Poise glass viscosity. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the glass material comprises a three dimensional glass with a bend radius of about 5 millimeters to about 10 millimeters. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the predetermined viscosity is greater than about 1011.81 Poise and wherein the predetermined viscosity is reached by cooling the glass material to less than about 50 degrees Celsius above an annealing point. 14. A system for controlling material warp, comprising:
a heating device that comprises a heating element and a cooling element; and a shaped mold for receiving a glass material for molding into a predetermined three dimensional configuration, the shaped mold comprising a center section and an edge, wherein the system is configured to perform the following:
heat the glass material and the shaped mold via the heating element to form the glass material into the predetermined three dimensional configuration, and such that there is a predetermined temperature differential between the edge and the center section;
cool, via the cooling element, the glass material and the shaped mold to a predetermined viscosity of the glass material and wherein the predetermined temperature differential between the edge and the center section is maintained;
further cool, by the cooling element, the glass material and the shaped mold for a predetermined amount of time prior to removing the glass material and the shaped mold from the heating device, such that a temperature of the shaped mold is substantially equal to a temperature of the heating device during the predetermined amount of time; and
remove the glass material and the shaped mold from the heating device to further cool the glass material and the shaped mold at ambient temperature, wherein after removing the glass material and the shaped mold from the heating device, the glass material will exhibit a desired material warp. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the edge is heated to a temperature that is greater than a temperature of the center section by about 5 degrees or more. 16. The system of claim 14, wherein, upon removal of the glass material and the shaped mold from the heating device, the glass material comprises a convex side and an opposing side, wherein the glass material is coupled to the shaped mold on the convex side, and wherein the opposing side is exposed to ambient air. 17. The system of claim 14, wherein the glass material and the shaped mold are cooled at a temperature that is about 0 degrees Celsius to about 50 degrees Celsius greater than a temperature corresponding to about 1013 Poise glass viscosity when the glass material and the shaped mold are removed from the heating device. 18. The system of claim 14, wherein the glass material comprises a three dimensional glass with a bend radius of about 2 millimeters to about 10 millimeters. 19. The system of claim 14, wherein the predetermined viscosity is greater than about 1011.81 Poise. 20. The system of claim 14, wherein the predetermined viscosity is reached by cooling the glass material to less than about 50 degrees Celsius above an annealing point. | Embodiments disclosed herein include systems and methods for controlling material warp that include placing the shaped mold in a heating device, forming a glass material into a shaped mold, and cooling the glass material and the shaped mold to a predetermined viscosity of the glass material. Some embodiments include, a predetermined time prior to removing the glass material and the shaped mold from the heating device, holding the glass at the mold in the heating device where the heating device temperature is substantially equal to mold and glass temperature just prior to exiting to ambient temperature. Some embodiments include removing the glass material and the shaped mold from the heating device to further cool the glass material and the shaped mold at ambient temperature, where after removing the glass material and the shaped mold from the heating device, the glass material will exhibit controlled or desired material warp.1. A method for controlling material warp, comprising:
placing a glass material and shaped mold in a heating device to heat the glass material and the shaped mold; forming the glass material into a shape of the shaped mold; cooling the glass material and the shaped mold to a predetermined viscosity of the glass material; holding, for a predetermined time prior to removing the glass material and the shaped mold from the heating device, the glass material and the shaped mold in the heating device where a temperature of the heating device is substantially equal to a temperature of the shaped mold and the glass material just prior to exiting the heating device into ambient temperature; and removing the glass material and the shaped mold from the heating device to further cool the glass material and the shaped mold at the ambient temperature, wherein after removing the glass material and the shaped mold from the heating device, the glass material will exhibit a desired material warp. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the shaped mold comprises a center section and an edge, wherein the glass material is heated to create a predetermined temperature differential that is between about 5 degrees Celsius and about 50 degrees Celsius greater than the center section when the glass material is conformed to the shaped mold. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the shaped mold comprises a center section and an edge, wherein the glass material is heated to create a predetermined temperature differential that is between about 0 degrees Celsius and at least about 25 degrees Celsius greater than the center section upon exiting from the heating device to the ambient temperature. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the glass material and the shaped mold are cooled to a temperature that is about 0 degrees Celsius to about 50 degrees Celsius greater than a temperature corresponding to about 1013.2 Poise glass viscosity when the glass material and the shaped mold are removed from the heating device. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the glass material comprises a three dimensional glass material with a minimum bend radius of about 2 millimeters to about 10 millimeters. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the glass material comprises a three dimensional glass with a minimum bend radius from about 10 millimeters to about 1000 millimeters. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein a viscosity of the glass material upon exiting from the heating device to the ambient temperature is greater than about 1011.81 Poise. 8. A method for controlling material warp, comprising:
forming a glass material into a shape of a shaped mold, wherein the shaped mold and the glass material are placed into a heating device, wherein the shaped mold comprises a center section and an edge, wherein the glass material and the shaped mold are heated to create a predetermined temperature differential between the edge and the center section; cooling the glass material and the shaped mold to a predetermined viscosity of the glass material, wherein the predetermined temperature differential between the edge and the center section is maintained; further cooling, for a predetermined time prior to removing the glass material and the shaped mold from the heating device, the glass material and the shaped mold such that a temperature of the shaped mold is substantially equal to a temperature of the heating device; and removing the glass material and the shaped mold from the heating device to further cool the glass material and the shaped mold at ambient temperature, wherein after removing the glass material and the shaped mold from the heating device, the glass material will exhibit a desired material warp. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the edge is heated to a temperature that is between about 5 and 50 degrees C. greater than the center section when glass is being conformed to the shaped mold, and between about 0 degrees Celsius and at least about 25 degrees Celsius greater than the center section upon exiting from the heating device to the ambient temperature. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein, upon removal of the glass material and the shaped mold from the heating device, the glass material comprises a convex side and an opposing side, wherein the glass material is coupled to the shaped mold on the convex side, and wherein the opposing side is exposed to ambient air. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the glass material and the shaped mold are cooled to a temperature that is about 0 degrees Celsius to about 50 degrees Celsius greater than a temperature corresponding to about 1013.2 Poise glass viscosity. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the glass material comprises a three dimensional glass with a bend radius of about 5 millimeters to about 10 millimeters. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the predetermined viscosity is greater than about 1011.81 Poise and wherein the predetermined viscosity is reached by cooling the glass material to less than about 50 degrees Celsius above an annealing point. 14. A system for controlling material warp, comprising:
a heating device that comprises a heating element and a cooling element; and a shaped mold for receiving a glass material for molding into a predetermined three dimensional configuration, the shaped mold comprising a center section and an edge, wherein the system is configured to perform the following:
heat the glass material and the shaped mold via the heating element to form the glass material into the predetermined three dimensional configuration, and such that there is a predetermined temperature differential between the edge and the center section;
cool, via the cooling element, the glass material and the shaped mold to a predetermined viscosity of the glass material and wherein the predetermined temperature differential between the edge and the center section is maintained;
further cool, by the cooling element, the glass material and the shaped mold for a predetermined amount of time prior to removing the glass material and the shaped mold from the heating device, such that a temperature of the shaped mold is substantially equal to a temperature of the heating device during the predetermined amount of time; and
remove the glass material and the shaped mold from the heating device to further cool the glass material and the shaped mold at ambient temperature, wherein after removing the glass material and the shaped mold from the heating device, the glass material will exhibit a desired material warp. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the edge is heated to a temperature that is greater than a temperature of the center section by about 5 degrees or more. 16. The system of claim 14, wherein, upon removal of the glass material and the shaped mold from the heating device, the glass material comprises a convex side and an opposing side, wherein the glass material is coupled to the shaped mold on the convex side, and wherein the opposing side is exposed to ambient air. 17. The system of claim 14, wherein the glass material and the shaped mold are cooled at a temperature that is about 0 degrees Celsius to about 50 degrees Celsius greater than a temperature corresponding to about 1013 Poise glass viscosity when the glass material and the shaped mold are removed from the heating device. 18. The system of claim 14, wherein the glass material comprises a three dimensional glass with a bend radius of about 2 millimeters to about 10 millimeters. 19. The system of claim 14, wherein the predetermined viscosity is greater than about 1011.81 Poise. 20. The system of claim 14, wherein the predetermined viscosity is reached by cooling the glass material to less than about 50 degrees Celsius above an annealing point. | 1,700 |
3,927 | 15,678,136 | 1,744 | A tread for a tire includes a plurality of circumferential rows extending around a radially outer portion of the tire. Each row defines a plurality of tread lugs. Each tread lug has a radially outer surface. The radially outer surfaces have an asymmetric curvature such that a radially outermost point on each surface is not located on an axis of symmetry of each tread lug. | 1. A tread for a tire comprising a plurality of circumferential rows extending around a radially outer portion of the tire, each row defining a plurality of tread lugs, each tread lug having a radially outer surface, the radially outer surface having an asymmetric curvature such that a radially outermost point on each surface is not located on an axis of symmetry of each tread lug. 2. The tread as set forth in claim 1 wherein the asymmetric curvature is defined by a non-constant radius of curvature. 3. The tread as set forth in claim 1 wherein each tread lug has inclined planar sidewalls defining a radial height of the tread lug, each sidewall being inclined at a different angle than an opposite sidewall of the tread lug. 4. The tread as set forth in claim 1 wherein the plurality of circumferential rows includes a center row symmetric about a centerplane of the tread. 5. The tread as set forth in claim 1 wherein the plurality of circumferential rows includes a shoulder row having tread lugs separated by lateral grooves. 6. The tread as set forth in claim 1 wherein the plurality of circumferential rows includes a first row of lugs extending from a lateral tread edge of the tread axially inward to a row of first sipes. 7. The tread as set forth in claim 6 wherein the plurality of circumferential rows includes adjacent the first sipes, a second row of lugs axially located between the first row of lugs, a third row of lugs, and a fourth row of lugs. 8. The tread as set forth in claim 7 wherein a shape of the lugs of the second row of lugs is defined by the first sipes, a first row of lateral grooves, a row of second sipes, a row of third sipes, and a second row of lateral grooves. 9. The tread as set forth in claim 8 wherein the row of second sipes is inclined alternately with equal, but opposite angles. 10. The tread as set forth in claim 9 wherein the row of third sipes is disposed coincidently on a centerplane of the tread. 11. A tire with a tread comprising a plurality of circumferential rows extending around a radially outer portion of the tire, each row defining a plurality of tread lugs, one of the tread lugs of one of the rows having a radially outer surface, the radially outer surface having an asymmetric curvature such that a radially outermost point on the surface is not located on an axis of symmetry of the tread lug. 12. The tire as set forth in claim 11 wherein the asymmetric curvature is defined by a non-constant radius of curvature. 13. The tire as set forth in claim 11 wherein the tread lug has inclined planar sidewalls defining a radial height of the tread lug, one sidewall being inclined at a different angle than another opposite sidewall. 14. The tire as set forth in claim 11 wherein the plurality of circumferential rows includes a center row symmetric about a centerplane of the tread. 15. The tire as set forth in claim 11 wherein the plurality of circumferential rows includes a shoulder row having tread lugs separated by lateral grooves. 16. The tire as set forth in claim 11 wherein the plurality of circumferential rows includes a first row of lugs extending from a lateral tread edge of the tread axially inward to a row of first sipes. 17. The tire as set forth in claim 16 wherein the plurality of circumferential rows includes, adjacent the first sipes, a second row of lugs axially located between the first row of lugs, a third row of lugs, and a fourth row of lugs. 18. The tire as set forth in claim 17 wherein a shape of the lugs of the second row of lugs is defined by the first sipes, a first row of lateral grooves, a row of second sipes, a row of third sipes, and a second row of lateral grooves. 19. The tire as set forth in claim 18 wherein the row of second sipes is inclined alternately with equal, but opposite angles. 20. The tire as set forth in claim 19 wherein the row of third sipes is disposed coincidently on a centerplane of the tread. | A tread for a tire includes a plurality of circumferential rows extending around a radially outer portion of the tire. Each row defines a plurality of tread lugs. Each tread lug has a radially outer surface. The radially outer surfaces have an asymmetric curvature such that a radially outermost point on each surface is not located on an axis of symmetry of each tread lug.1. A tread for a tire comprising a plurality of circumferential rows extending around a radially outer portion of the tire, each row defining a plurality of tread lugs, each tread lug having a radially outer surface, the radially outer surface having an asymmetric curvature such that a radially outermost point on each surface is not located on an axis of symmetry of each tread lug. 2. The tread as set forth in claim 1 wherein the asymmetric curvature is defined by a non-constant radius of curvature. 3. The tread as set forth in claim 1 wherein each tread lug has inclined planar sidewalls defining a radial height of the tread lug, each sidewall being inclined at a different angle than an opposite sidewall of the tread lug. 4. The tread as set forth in claim 1 wherein the plurality of circumferential rows includes a center row symmetric about a centerplane of the tread. 5. The tread as set forth in claim 1 wherein the plurality of circumferential rows includes a shoulder row having tread lugs separated by lateral grooves. 6. The tread as set forth in claim 1 wherein the plurality of circumferential rows includes a first row of lugs extending from a lateral tread edge of the tread axially inward to a row of first sipes. 7. The tread as set forth in claim 6 wherein the plurality of circumferential rows includes adjacent the first sipes, a second row of lugs axially located between the first row of lugs, a third row of lugs, and a fourth row of lugs. 8. The tread as set forth in claim 7 wherein a shape of the lugs of the second row of lugs is defined by the first sipes, a first row of lateral grooves, a row of second sipes, a row of third sipes, and a second row of lateral grooves. 9. The tread as set forth in claim 8 wherein the row of second sipes is inclined alternately with equal, but opposite angles. 10. The tread as set forth in claim 9 wherein the row of third sipes is disposed coincidently on a centerplane of the tread. 11. A tire with a tread comprising a plurality of circumferential rows extending around a radially outer portion of the tire, each row defining a plurality of tread lugs, one of the tread lugs of one of the rows having a radially outer surface, the radially outer surface having an asymmetric curvature such that a radially outermost point on the surface is not located on an axis of symmetry of the tread lug. 12. The tire as set forth in claim 11 wherein the asymmetric curvature is defined by a non-constant radius of curvature. 13. The tire as set forth in claim 11 wherein the tread lug has inclined planar sidewalls defining a radial height of the tread lug, one sidewall being inclined at a different angle than another opposite sidewall. 14. The tire as set forth in claim 11 wherein the plurality of circumferential rows includes a center row symmetric about a centerplane of the tread. 15. The tire as set forth in claim 11 wherein the plurality of circumferential rows includes a shoulder row having tread lugs separated by lateral grooves. 16. The tire as set forth in claim 11 wherein the plurality of circumferential rows includes a first row of lugs extending from a lateral tread edge of the tread axially inward to a row of first sipes. 17. The tire as set forth in claim 16 wherein the plurality of circumferential rows includes, adjacent the first sipes, a second row of lugs axially located between the first row of lugs, a third row of lugs, and a fourth row of lugs. 18. The tire as set forth in claim 17 wherein a shape of the lugs of the second row of lugs is defined by the first sipes, a first row of lateral grooves, a row of second sipes, a row of third sipes, and a second row of lateral grooves. 19. The tire as set forth in claim 18 wherein the row of second sipes is inclined alternately with equal, but opposite angles. 20. The tire as set forth in claim 19 wherein the row of third sipes is disposed coincidently on a centerplane of the tread. | 1,700 |
3,928 | 14,439,878 | 1,764 | A polyolefin composition comprising:
A) from 85.0 wt % to 99.5 wt %; A terpolymer containing propylene, ethylene and 1-hexene wherein:
(i) the content of 1-hexene derived units ranges from 1.0 wt % to 5.0%; (ii) the content of ethylene derived units is comprised between 0.5 wt % and 10.0 wt % (iii) the melting temperature ranges from 130° C. to 145° C.;
B) from 0.5 wt % to 15 wt %; of a ethylene copolymer with a comonomer selected from 1-butene, 1-hexene and 1-Octene containing from 10 wt % to 50 wt % of 1-butene derived units aid copolymer having a MFR (measured at 190° C. 2.16 kg of load) comprised between 0.5 g/10 min;
wherein the resulting polyolefin composition has an melt flow rate (230° C./5 kg. ISO 1133) ranging from 0.2 g/10 min to 4.0 g/10 min; the sum A+B being 100. | 1. A polyolefin composition comprising:
A) from 85.0 to 99.5 wt. %, based upon the total weight of the polyolefin composition, of a terpolymer, wherein the terpolymer contains propylene, ethylene and 1-hexene derived units, and wherein:
(i) the content of 1-hexene derived units ranges from 1 to 5 wt. %, based upon the total weight of the terpolymer;
(ii) the content of ethylene derived units is between 0.5 and 10 wt. %, based upon the total weight of the terpolymer; and
(iii) the melting temperature of the terpolymer ranges from 130° C. to 145° C.;
B) from 0.5 to 15 wt. %, based upon the total weight of the polyolefin composition, of a copolymer of ethylene and one monomer selected from 1-butene, 1-hexene or 1-octene; wherein the polyolefin composition has a melt flow rate (230° C./5 kg. ISO 1133) ranging from 0.2 g/10 min to 4.0 g/10 min, and wherein the combined weight of the terpolymer and the copolymer of ethylene equals 100. 2. The polyolefin composition according to claim 1 wherein the content of 1-hexene derived units in component A) ranges from 1.0 wt % to 4.5 and the content of ethylene derived units is higher than 1.5 wt % and fulfils the following relation (1):
C2<C6−0.2 (1)
wherein C2 is the content of ethylene derived units wt % and C6 is the content of 1-hexene derived units wt %. 3. The polyolefin composition according to claim 1 wherein the melt flow rate (MFR) (ISO 1133 230° C., 2.16 kg) ranges from 0.2 to 4 g/10 min. 4. An article comprising the composition of claim 1, wherein the article is a pipe system or a sheet. 5. The article of claim 4, wherein the pipe system comprises a monolayer pipe or a multilayer pipe; or wherein the sheet comprises a monolayer sheet or a multilayer sheet, and wherein at least one layer of the pipe or the sheet comprises the polyolefin composition according to claim 1. | A polyolefin composition comprising:
A) from 85.0 wt % to 99.5 wt %; A terpolymer containing propylene, ethylene and 1-hexene wherein:
(i) the content of 1-hexene derived units ranges from 1.0 wt % to 5.0%; (ii) the content of ethylene derived units is comprised between 0.5 wt % and 10.0 wt % (iii) the melting temperature ranges from 130° C. to 145° C.;
B) from 0.5 wt % to 15 wt %; of a ethylene copolymer with a comonomer selected from 1-butene, 1-hexene and 1-Octene containing from 10 wt % to 50 wt % of 1-butene derived units aid copolymer having a MFR (measured at 190° C. 2.16 kg of load) comprised between 0.5 g/10 min;
wherein the resulting polyolefin composition has an melt flow rate (230° C./5 kg. ISO 1133) ranging from 0.2 g/10 min to 4.0 g/10 min; the sum A+B being 100.1. A polyolefin composition comprising:
A) from 85.0 to 99.5 wt. %, based upon the total weight of the polyolefin composition, of a terpolymer, wherein the terpolymer contains propylene, ethylene and 1-hexene derived units, and wherein:
(i) the content of 1-hexene derived units ranges from 1 to 5 wt. %, based upon the total weight of the terpolymer;
(ii) the content of ethylene derived units is between 0.5 and 10 wt. %, based upon the total weight of the terpolymer; and
(iii) the melting temperature of the terpolymer ranges from 130° C. to 145° C.;
B) from 0.5 to 15 wt. %, based upon the total weight of the polyolefin composition, of a copolymer of ethylene and one monomer selected from 1-butene, 1-hexene or 1-octene; wherein the polyolefin composition has a melt flow rate (230° C./5 kg. ISO 1133) ranging from 0.2 g/10 min to 4.0 g/10 min, and wherein the combined weight of the terpolymer and the copolymer of ethylene equals 100. 2. The polyolefin composition according to claim 1 wherein the content of 1-hexene derived units in component A) ranges from 1.0 wt % to 4.5 and the content of ethylene derived units is higher than 1.5 wt % and fulfils the following relation (1):
C2<C6−0.2 (1)
wherein C2 is the content of ethylene derived units wt % and C6 is the content of 1-hexene derived units wt %. 3. The polyolefin composition according to claim 1 wherein the melt flow rate (MFR) (ISO 1133 230° C., 2.16 kg) ranges from 0.2 to 4 g/10 min. 4. An article comprising the composition of claim 1, wherein the article is a pipe system or a sheet. 5. The article of claim 4, wherein the pipe system comprises a monolayer pipe or a multilayer pipe; or wherein the sheet comprises a monolayer sheet or a multilayer sheet, and wherein at least one layer of the pipe or the sheet comprises the polyolefin composition according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
3,929 | 14,269,455 | 1,793 | The invention provides a curing agent comprising a plant-based nitrite derived from plant material comprising nitrate and a process for preparing the curing agent comprising contacting a plant material with an organism capable of converting nitrate to nitrite. The curing agent can be used to preserve or cure meat or meat products. | 1. An isolated and natural curing agent comprising a plant-based nitrite and an organism, the plant-based nitrite being derived from a plant material comprising at least about 50 ppm nitrate, the organism inactivated, wherein the organism was capable of converting nitrate to nitrite before the inactivation, and wherein the curing agent being capable of curing a meat or meat product. 2. The curing agent of claim 1, wherein the plant-based nitrite is derived from nitrate-containing plant material selected from the group consisting of celery, beet, cabbage, cucumber, eggplant, mushroom, lettuce, squash, zucchini, mixed salad greens, carrot, artichoke, green beans, lima beans, broccoli, cauliflower, collard greens, corn, mustard, okra, onion, Chinese pea pods, black eyed peas, green peas, potatoes, turnips, radishes, and combinations thereof. 3. The curing agent of claim 2, wherein the nitrate-containing plant material is celery. 4. The curing agent of claim 1, further comprising a member selected from the group consisting of yeast extract, protein hydrolyzates, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, salts, acids, bases, and combinations thereof. 5. The curing agent of claim 4, further comprising sodium chloride in an amount of about 6 wt. % or less. 6. The curing agent of claim 1, comprising at least 50 ppm plant-based nitrite. 7. The curing agent of claim 1, wherein the curing agent is substantially free of non-natural nitrate and nitrite. 8. The curing agent of claim 1 further comprising the nitrate-containing plant material that produced the plant-based nitrite. 9. The curing agent of claim 8, wherein the plant material is selected from the group consisting of celery, beet, cabbage, cucumber, eggplant, mushroom, lettuce, squash, zucchini, mixed salad greens, carrot, artichoke, green beans, lima beans, broccoli, cauliflower, collard greens, corn, mustard, okra, onion, Chinese pea pods, black eyed peas, green peas, potatoes, turnips, radishes, and combinations thereof. 10. The curing agent of claim 1, wherein the organism is selected from the group consisting of the Micrococcaceae family, the Micrococcus genus, the Staphylococcus genus, gram positive coci, Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, Streptococcus, lactic acid bacteria, and combinations thereof. 11. The curing agent of claim 10, wherein the organism is M. varians, S. carnosus, or a combination thereof. 12. The curing agent of claim 1, wherein the plant material is in a form selected from a group consisting of liquid, concentrate and dry powder. 13. The curing agent of claim 6, wherein the plant material comprises at least about 500 ppm nitrite. 14. The curing agent of claim 13, wherein the plant material comprises at least about 700 ppm nitrite. 15. The curing agent of claim 10, wherein the organism is selected from a group consisting of E. coli, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Paracoccus pantotrophus, Wautersia eutropha, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Campylobacter jejunii, Wollinella succinogenes, Haemophylus influenzae, Shewanella oneidensis, Desuljitobacterium hafniense, Rhodobacter capsulatus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis and Thermus thermophilus. 16. The curing agent of claim 10, wherein the plant material further comprises a salt present in a concentration of about 0.1 wt % to about 8 wt %. 17. The curing agent of claim 1, wherein the plant material is a plant extract. 18. The curing agent of claim 1, wherein the plant material is selected from a plant juice or a plant powder. 19. The curing agent of claim 1, wherein the plant material is a concentrate. 20. The curing agent of claim 12, wherein the concentrate is a juice concentrate. 21. The curing agent of claim 18 wherein the plant juice is a plant juice concentrate. 22. The process according to claim 21 wherein the plant juice is a celery juice concentrate. 23. A process for preserving a meat or meat product comprising a plant-based nitrite and an organism, the plant-based nitrite being derived from a plant material comprising at least about 50 ppm nitrate, the organism inactivated, wherein the organism was capable of converting nitrate to nitrite before the inactivation, and wherein the meat or meat product is preserved. 24. The process of claim 23, wherein the meat or meat product is a whole muscle cured meat or an emulsified cured meat. 25. The process of claim 23, wherein the meat or meat product is selected from the group consisting of ham, turkey, chicken, hot dogs, lunch meat, and bacon. 26. The process of claim 23, wherein the curing agent is concentrated before it contacts the meat or meat products. 27. The process of claim 23, wherein the plant-based nitrite is present in the curing agent in an amount of about 50 ppm to about 200 ppm. 28. The process of claim 23, wherein the curing agent is substantially free of non-natural nitrate and nitrite. 29. A cured meat or meat product, the meat or meat product having been treated with a curing agent comprising plant-based nitrite and an organism, the plant-based nitrite being derived from a plant material comprising at least about 50 ppm nitrate, the organism inactivated, wherein the organism was capable of converting nitrate to nitrite before the inactivation. 30. The cured meat or meat product of claim 29, wherein the meat or meat product is a whole muscle cured meat or an emulsified cured meat. 31. The cured meat or meat product of claim 29, wherein the meat or meat product is selected from the group consisting of ham, turkey, chicken, hot dogs, lunch meat, and bacon. 32. The cured meat or meat product of claim 29, wherein the curing agent is concentrated before it contacts the meat or meat products. 33. The cured meat or meat product of claim 29, wherein the plant-based nitrite is present in the curing agent in an amount of about 50 ppm to about 200 ppm. 34. The cured meat or meat product of claim 29, wherein the curing agent is substantially free of non-natural nitrate and nitrite. 35. The cured meat or meat product of claim 30, wherein the curing agent is substantially free of non-natural nitrate and nitrite. | The invention provides a curing agent comprising a plant-based nitrite derived from plant material comprising nitrate and a process for preparing the curing agent comprising contacting a plant material with an organism capable of converting nitrate to nitrite. The curing agent can be used to preserve or cure meat or meat products.1. An isolated and natural curing agent comprising a plant-based nitrite and an organism, the plant-based nitrite being derived from a plant material comprising at least about 50 ppm nitrate, the organism inactivated, wherein the organism was capable of converting nitrate to nitrite before the inactivation, and wherein the curing agent being capable of curing a meat or meat product. 2. The curing agent of claim 1, wherein the plant-based nitrite is derived from nitrate-containing plant material selected from the group consisting of celery, beet, cabbage, cucumber, eggplant, mushroom, lettuce, squash, zucchini, mixed salad greens, carrot, artichoke, green beans, lima beans, broccoli, cauliflower, collard greens, corn, mustard, okra, onion, Chinese pea pods, black eyed peas, green peas, potatoes, turnips, radishes, and combinations thereof. 3. The curing agent of claim 2, wherein the nitrate-containing plant material is celery. 4. The curing agent of claim 1, further comprising a member selected from the group consisting of yeast extract, protein hydrolyzates, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, salts, acids, bases, and combinations thereof. 5. The curing agent of claim 4, further comprising sodium chloride in an amount of about 6 wt. % or less. 6. The curing agent of claim 1, comprising at least 50 ppm plant-based nitrite. 7. The curing agent of claim 1, wherein the curing agent is substantially free of non-natural nitrate and nitrite. 8. The curing agent of claim 1 further comprising the nitrate-containing plant material that produced the plant-based nitrite. 9. The curing agent of claim 8, wherein the plant material is selected from the group consisting of celery, beet, cabbage, cucumber, eggplant, mushroom, lettuce, squash, zucchini, mixed salad greens, carrot, artichoke, green beans, lima beans, broccoli, cauliflower, collard greens, corn, mustard, okra, onion, Chinese pea pods, black eyed peas, green peas, potatoes, turnips, radishes, and combinations thereof. 10. The curing agent of claim 1, wherein the organism is selected from the group consisting of the Micrococcaceae family, the Micrococcus genus, the Staphylococcus genus, gram positive coci, Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, Streptococcus, lactic acid bacteria, and combinations thereof. 11. The curing agent of claim 10, wherein the organism is M. varians, S. carnosus, or a combination thereof. 12. The curing agent of claim 1, wherein the plant material is in a form selected from a group consisting of liquid, concentrate and dry powder. 13. The curing agent of claim 6, wherein the plant material comprises at least about 500 ppm nitrite. 14. The curing agent of claim 13, wherein the plant material comprises at least about 700 ppm nitrite. 15. The curing agent of claim 10, wherein the organism is selected from a group consisting of E. coli, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Paracoccus pantotrophus, Wautersia eutropha, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Campylobacter jejunii, Wollinella succinogenes, Haemophylus influenzae, Shewanella oneidensis, Desuljitobacterium hafniense, Rhodobacter capsulatus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis and Thermus thermophilus. 16. The curing agent of claim 10, wherein the plant material further comprises a salt present in a concentration of about 0.1 wt % to about 8 wt %. 17. The curing agent of claim 1, wherein the plant material is a plant extract. 18. The curing agent of claim 1, wherein the plant material is selected from a plant juice or a plant powder. 19. The curing agent of claim 1, wherein the plant material is a concentrate. 20. The curing agent of claim 12, wherein the concentrate is a juice concentrate. 21. The curing agent of claim 18 wherein the plant juice is a plant juice concentrate. 22. The process according to claim 21 wherein the plant juice is a celery juice concentrate. 23. A process for preserving a meat or meat product comprising a plant-based nitrite and an organism, the plant-based nitrite being derived from a plant material comprising at least about 50 ppm nitrate, the organism inactivated, wherein the organism was capable of converting nitrate to nitrite before the inactivation, and wherein the meat or meat product is preserved. 24. The process of claim 23, wherein the meat or meat product is a whole muscle cured meat or an emulsified cured meat. 25. The process of claim 23, wherein the meat or meat product is selected from the group consisting of ham, turkey, chicken, hot dogs, lunch meat, and bacon. 26. The process of claim 23, wherein the curing agent is concentrated before it contacts the meat or meat products. 27. The process of claim 23, wherein the plant-based nitrite is present in the curing agent in an amount of about 50 ppm to about 200 ppm. 28. The process of claim 23, wherein the curing agent is substantially free of non-natural nitrate and nitrite. 29. A cured meat or meat product, the meat or meat product having been treated with a curing agent comprising plant-based nitrite and an organism, the plant-based nitrite being derived from a plant material comprising at least about 50 ppm nitrate, the organism inactivated, wherein the organism was capable of converting nitrate to nitrite before the inactivation. 30. The cured meat or meat product of claim 29, wherein the meat or meat product is a whole muscle cured meat or an emulsified cured meat. 31. The cured meat or meat product of claim 29, wherein the meat or meat product is selected from the group consisting of ham, turkey, chicken, hot dogs, lunch meat, and bacon. 32. The cured meat or meat product of claim 29, wherein the curing agent is concentrated before it contacts the meat or meat products. 33. The cured meat or meat product of claim 29, wherein the plant-based nitrite is present in the curing agent in an amount of about 50 ppm to about 200 ppm. 34. The cured meat or meat product of claim 29, wherein the curing agent is substantially free of non-natural nitrate and nitrite. 35. The cured meat or meat product of claim 30, wherein the curing agent is substantially free of non-natural nitrate and nitrite. | 1,700 |
3,930 | 10,609,132 | 1,796 | An apparatus for filling a receptacle with a powder comprises a hopper adapted to contain a powder pharmaceutical formulation, the hopper comprising an outlet. A vibratable member is positioned in, on, or near the hopper so that the vibratable member is spaced from powder in the hopper, and the vibratable member is capable of fluidizing the powder in the hopper. Powder flowing through the outlet under the control of the vibratable member flows into a receptacle or into a transfer chamber for transport to a receptacle. | 1. An apparatus for filling a chamber, the apparatus comprising:
a hopper adapted to contain a powder pharmaceutical formulation, the hopper comprising an outlet; and a disturbance member capable of disturbing a medium within the hopper, the disturbance of the medium being sufficient to control the flow of powder through the outlet, whereby the chamber may be filled by powder flowing through the outlet and into the chamber. 2. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the medium comprises a gas. 3. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the medium comprises air. 4. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the disturbance member is a vibratable member capable of generating vibrations within the hopper. 5. An apparatus according to claim 4 wherein the vibratable member comprises a membrane. 6. An apparatus according to claim 5 wherein the membrane is adapted to vibrate at a frequency selected to fluidize the powder. 7. An apparatus according to claim 5 wherein the membrane is adapted to vibrate at a frequency selected to cause resonance within the container. 8. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the vibratable member is adapted to vibrate at a frequency of from about 10 Hz to about 1000 Hz. 9. An apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising a powder vibrating member. 10. An apparatus according to claim 9 wherein the powder vibrating member comprises a member adapted to vibrate in contact with the powder. 11. An apparatus according to claim 9 wherein the powder vibrating member has a longitudinal axis and wherein the powder vibrating member vibrates in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis. 12. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the chamber is a chamber in a receptacle. 13. An apparatus according to claim 12 wherein the receptacle is a blister pack. 14. An apparatus according to claim 12 wherein the receptacle is a capsule. 15. An apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising the chamber and wherein the chamber is adapted to transport the powder to a receptacle. 16. An apparatus according to claim 15 wherein the chamber is a metering chamber. 17. An apparatus according to claim 15 wherein the chamber is in a rotatable member. 18. An apparatus according to claim 17 wherein the rotatable member is rotatable between a powder receiving position and a powder ejecting position. 19. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the hopper comprises an enclosure having side walls. 20. An apparatus according to claim 19 wherein the hopper comprises a cover and wherein the vibratable member comprises a membrane in proximity to the cover. 21. An apparatus according to claim 19 wherein the hopper comprises a cover and wherein the cover comprises the vibratable member. 22. An apparatus for filling a chamber, the apparatus comprising:
a hopper adapted to contain a powder pharmaceutical formulation, the hopper comprising an outlet; and a vibratable member positioned in, on, or near the hopper so that the vibratable member is spaced from powder in the hopper, the vibratable member being capable of fluidizing the powder in the hopper, whereby the chamber may be filled with powder flowing through the outlet and into the chamber. 23. An apparatus according to claim 22 wherein the vibratable member comprises a membrane. 24. An apparatus according to claim 23 wherein the membrane is adapted to vibrate at a frequency selected to fluidize the powder. 25. An apparatus according to claim 22 further comprising a second vibratable member. 26. An apparatus according to claim 25 wherein the second vibratable member comprises a member adapted to contact the powder. 27. An apparatus according to claim 25 wherein the second vibratable member has a longitudinal axis and wherein the second vibratable member vibrates in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis. 28. An apparatus according to claim 22 wherein the chamber comprises a receptacle. 29. An apparatus according to claim 22 further comprising the chamber and wherein the chamber is adapted to transport the powder to a receptacle. 30. An apparatus according to claim 29 wherein the chamber is a metering chamber. 31. A method of filling a chamber, the method comprising:
providing a powder pharmaceutical formulation in a hopper; disturbing a medium in the hopper to fluidize the powder; and passing the powder through an outlet and into the chamber. 32. A method according to claim 31 wherein the medium comprises a gas. 33. A method according to claim 31 wherein the medium comprises air. 34. A method according to claim 31 comprising disturbing the medium by generating vibrations within the medium. 35. A method according to claim 34 wherein the vibrations are generated by vibrating a membrane. 36. A method according to claim 35 wherein the membrane is adapted to vibrate at a frequency selected to fluidize the powder so that the powder will pass through the outlet. 37. A method according to claim 36 wherein the membrane is vibrated at a frequency of from about 10 Hz to about 1000 Hz. 38. A method according to claim 31 further comprising vibrating a member that is in contact with the powder. 39. A method according to claim 31 wherein the chamber comprises a receptacle and further comprising sealing the receptacle. 40. A method according to claim 31 further comprising transferring the powder from the chamber to a receptacle. 41. A method according to claim 31 comprising rotating the chamber from a powder receiving position to a powder ejecting position. 42. A method of filling a chamber, the method comprising:
providing a powder pharmaceutical formulation; vibrating a member spaced from the powder to fluidize the powder; and passing the powder through an outlet and into the chamber. 43. A method according to claim 42 wherein the member is a membrane. 44. A method according to claim 43 wherein the membrane is adapted to vibrate at a frequency selected to fluidize the powder so that the powder will pass through the outlet. 45. A method according to claim 42 wherein the powder is vibrated at a frequency of from about 10 Hz to about 1000 Hz. 46. A method according to claim 42 further comprising vibrating a second member, the second member being in contact with the powder. 47. A pharmaceutical package made by a process comprising:
providing a receptacle; filling the receptacle with a powder pharmaceutical formulation that has been fluidized by a fluidization member spaced from the powder; and sealing the receptacle to secure the powder pharmaceutical formulation therein. 48. A pharmaceutical package according to claim 47 wherein the receptacle comprises a blister package. 49. A pharmaceutical package according to claim 48 wherein the blister package comprises a lower layer comprising a cavity. 50. A pharmaceutical package according to claim 49 wherein the blister package comprises an upper layer that is sealable onto the lower layer. 51. A pharmaceutical package according to claim 50 wherein at least one of the layers comprises a metal. 52. A pharmaceutical package according to claim 50 wherein both layers comprise a metal. 53. A pharmaceutical package according to claim 47 wherein the receptacle is at least a portion of a capsule. 54. A pharmaceutical package according to claim 47 wherein the receptacle is at least a portion of vial. 55. A pharmaceutical package according to claim 47 wherein the receptacle is a bottle. 56. A pharmaceutical package according to claim 47 wherein the package is made by a process further comprising metering the powder in a metering chamber before filling the receptacle. 57. A pharmaceutical package according to claim 56 wherein the package is made by a process further comprising rotating the metering chamber. 58. A pharmaceutical package according to claim 47 wherein the package is made by a process wherein the pharmaceutical formulation is also fluidized by a vibrating member in contact with the powder. | An apparatus for filling a receptacle with a powder comprises a hopper adapted to contain a powder pharmaceutical formulation, the hopper comprising an outlet. A vibratable member is positioned in, on, or near the hopper so that the vibratable member is spaced from powder in the hopper, and the vibratable member is capable of fluidizing the powder in the hopper. Powder flowing through the outlet under the control of the vibratable member flows into a receptacle or into a transfer chamber for transport to a receptacle.1. An apparatus for filling a chamber, the apparatus comprising:
a hopper adapted to contain a powder pharmaceutical formulation, the hopper comprising an outlet; and a disturbance member capable of disturbing a medium within the hopper, the disturbance of the medium being sufficient to control the flow of powder through the outlet, whereby the chamber may be filled by powder flowing through the outlet and into the chamber. 2. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the medium comprises a gas. 3. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the medium comprises air. 4. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the disturbance member is a vibratable member capable of generating vibrations within the hopper. 5. An apparatus according to claim 4 wherein the vibratable member comprises a membrane. 6. An apparatus according to claim 5 wherein the membrane is adapted to vibrate at a frequency selected to fluidize the powder. 7. An apparatus according to claim 5 wherein the membrane is adapted to vibrate at a frequency selected to cause resonance within the container. 8. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the vibratable member is adapted to vibrate at a frequency of from about 10 Hz to about 1000 Hz. 9. An apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising a powder vibrating member. 10. An apparatus according to claim 9 wherein the powder vibrating member comprises a member adapted to vibrate in contact with the powder. 11. An apparatus according to claim 9 wherein the powder vibrating member has a longitudinal axis and wherein the powder vibrating member vibrates in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis. 12. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the chamber is a chamber in a receptacle. 13. An apparatus according to claim 12 wherein the receptacle is a blister pack. 14. An apparatus according to claim 12 wherein the receptacle is a capsule. 15. An apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising the chamber and wherein the chamber is adapted to transport the powder to a receptacle. 16. An apparatus according to claim 15 wherein the chamber is a metering chamber. 17. An apparatus according to claim 15 wherein the chamber is in a rotatable member. 18. An apparatus according to claim 17 wherein the rotatable member is rotatable between a powder receiving position and a powder ejecting position. 19. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the hopper comprises an enclosure having side walls. 20. An apparatus according to claim 19 wherein the hopper comprises a cover and wherein the vibratable member comprises a membrane in proximity to the cover. 21. An apparatus according to claim 19 wherein the hopper comprises a cover and wherein the cover comprises the vibratable member. 22. An apparatus for filling a chamber, the apparatus comprising:
a hopper adapted to contain a powder pharmaceutical formulation, the hopper comprising an outlet; and a vibratable member positioned in, on, or near the hopper so that the vibratable member is spaced from powder in the hopper, the vibratable member being capable of fluidizing the powder in the hopper, whereby the chamber may be filled with powder flowing through the outlet and into the chamber. 23. An apparatus according to claim 22 wherein the vibratable member comprises a membrane. 24. An apparatus according to claim 23 wherein the membrane is adapted to vibrate at a frequency selected to fluidize the powder. 25. An apparatus according to claim 22 further comprising a second vibratable member. 26. An apparatus according to claim 25 wherein the second vibratable member comprises a member adapted to contact the powder. 27. An apparatus according to claim 25 wherein the second vibratable member has a longitudinal axis and wherein the second vibratable member vibrates in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis. 28. An apparatus according to claim 22 wherein the chamber comprises a receptacle. 29. An apparatus according to claim 22 further comprising the chamber and wherein the chamber is adapted to transport the powder to a receptacle. 30. An apparatus according to claim 29 wherein the chamber is a metering chamber. 31. A method of filling a chamber, the method comprising:
providing a powder pharmaceutical formulation in a hopper; disturbing a medium in the hopper to fluidize the powder; and passing the powder through an outlet and into the chamber. 32. A method according to claim 31 wherein the medium comprises a gas. 33. A method according to claim 31 wherein the medium comprises air. 34. A method according to claim 31 comprising disturbing the medium by generating vibrations within the medium. 35. A method according to claim 34 wherein the vibrations are generated by vibrating a membrane. 36. A method according to claim 35 wherein the membrane is adapted to vibrate at a frequency selected to fluidize the powder so that the powder will pass through the outlet. 37. A method according to claim 36 wherein the membrane is vibrated at a frequency of from about 10 Hz to about 1000 Hz. 38. A method according to claim 31 further comprising vibrating a member that is in contact with the powder. 39. A method according to claim 31 wherein the chamber comprises a receptacle and further comprising sealing the receptacle. 40. A method according to claim 31 further comprising transferring the powder from the chamber to a receptacle. 41. A method according to claim 31 comprising rotating the chamber from a powder receiving position to a powder ejecting position. 42. A method of filling a chamber, the method comprising:
providing a powder pharmaceutical formulation; vibrating a member spaced from the powder to fluidize the powder; and passing the powder through an outlet and into the chamber. 43. A method according to claim 42 wherein the member is a membrane. 44. A method according to claim 43 wherein the membrane is adapted to vibrate at a frequency selected to fluidize the powder so that the powder will pass through the outlet. 45. A method according to claim 42 wherein the powder is vibrated at a frequency of from about 10 Hz to about 1000 Hz. 46. A method according to claim 42 further comprising vibrating a second member, the second member being in contact with the powder. 47. A pharmaceutical package made by a process comprising:
providing a receptacle; filling the receptacle with a powder pharmaceutical formulation that has been fluidized by a fluidization member spaced from the powder; and sealing the receptacle to secure the powder pharmaceutical formulation therein. 48. A pharmaceutical package according to claim 47 wherein the receptacle comprises a blister package. 49. A pharmaceutical package according to claim 48 wherein the blister package comprises a lower layer comprising a cavity. 50. A pharmaceutical package according to claim 49 wherein the blister package comprises an upper layer that is sealable onto the lower layer. 51. A pharmaceutical package according to claim 50 wherein at least one of the layers comprises a metal. 52. A pharmaceutical package according to claim 50 wherein both layers comprise a metal. 53. A pharmaceutical package according to claim 47 wherein the receptacle is at least a portion of a capsule. 54. A pharmaceutical package according to claim 47 wherein the receptacle is at least a portion of vial. 55. A pharmaceutical package according to claim 47 wherein the receptacle is a bottle. 56. A pharmaceutical package according to claim 47 wherein the package is made by a process further comprising metering the powder in a metering chamber before filling the receptacle. 57. A pharmaceutical package according to claim 56 wherein the package is made by a process further comprising rotating the metering chamber. 58. A pharmaceutical package according to claim 47 wherein the package is made by a process wherein the pharmaceutical formulation is also fluidized by a vibrating member in contact with the powder. | 1,700 |
3,931 | 14,707,143 | 1,781 | A thermal protection system is provided. The thermal protection system includes a thermally insulative core structure, at least one layer of impact-resistant material coupled to the thermally insulative core structure, and at least one layer of composite material at least partially encapsulating the thermally insulative core structure and the at least one layer of impact-resistant material. | 1. A thermal protection system comprising:
a thermally insulative core structure; at least one layer of impact-resistant material coupled to said thermally insulative core structure; and at least one layer of composite material at least partially encapsulating said thermally insulative core structure and said at least one layer of impact-resistant material. 2. The system in accordance with claim 1, wherein said thermally insulative core structure comprises a ceramic foam material. 3. The system in accordance with claim 1, wherein said at least one layer of impact-resistant material comprises at least one layer of compressible material configured to absorb impacting energy from foreign objects. 4. The system in accordance with claim 3, wherein said at least one layer of compressible material comprises a knit material formed from ceramic fibers. 5. The system in accordance with claim 1, wherein said at least one layer of impact-resistant material comprises at least one layer of durable material configured to deflect impacting energy from foreign objects. 6. The system in accordance with claim 5, wherein said at least one layer of durable material is fabricated from at least one of a sintered reaction-bonded silicon nitride material or a transformation toughened zirconia material. 7. The system in accordance with claim 1 further comprising at least one layer of adhesive positioned between said thermally insulative core structure and said at least one layer of impact-resistant material. 8. The system in accordance with claim 1, wherein said at least one layer of composite material comprises at least one layer of ceramic matrix composite material. 9. The system in accordance with claim 1, wherein said at least one layer of composite material comprises a first layer of composite material in a first orientation at least partially encapsulating said thermally insulative core structure and said at least one layer of impact-resistant material, and a second layer of composite material in a second orientation coupled to said first layer of composite material. 10. The system in accordance with claim 1 further comprising:
a first layer of woven material positioned between said at least one layer of impact-resistant material and said at least one layer of composite material; and
a second layer of woven material positioned between said at least one layer of impact-resistant material and said thermally insulative core structure. 11. A method of manufacturing a thermal protection system, said method comprising:
positioning at least one layer of composite material in an internal cavity of a shell mold assembly; positioning at least one layer of impact-resistant material over the at least one layer of composite material; positioning a thermally insulative core structure over the at least one layer of impact-resistant material; and applying at least one of heat or pressure to the shell mold assembly such that the at least one layer of composite material, the at least one layer of impact-resistant material, and the thermally insulative core structure form a substantially unitary structure. 12. The method in accordance with claim 11 further comprising forming the thermally insulative core structure from a ceramic foam material. 13. The method in accordance with claim 11, wherein positioning at least one layer of impact-resistant material comprises positioning at least one layer of compressible material over the at least one layer of composite material, the compressible material configured to absorb impacting energy from foreign objects. 14. The method in accordance with claim 13 further comprising forming the at least one layer of compressible material from a knit material including ceramic fibers. 15. The method in accordance with claim 11, wherein positioning at least one layer of impact-resistant material comprises positioning at least one layer of durable material over the at least one layer of composite material, the durable material configured to deflect impacting energy from foreign objects. 16. The method in accordance with claim 15 further comprising fabricating the at least one layer of durable material from at least one of a sintered reaction-bonded silicon nitride material or a transformation toughened zirconia material. 17. The method in accordance with claim 11 further comprising positioning at least one layer of adhesive between the thermally insulative core structure and the at least one layer of impact-resistant material. 18. The method in accordance with claim 11 further comprising forming the at least one layer of composite material from a ceramic matrix composite material. 19. The method in accordance with claim 11, wherein positioning at least one layer of composite material comprises:
positioning a first layer of composite material in a first orientation in the internal cavity; and positioning a second layer of composite material in a second orientation over the first layer of composite material. 20. The method in accordance with claim 11 further comprising:
positioning a first layer of woven material between the at least one layer of impact-resistant material and the at least one layer of composite material; and
positioning a second layer of woven material between the at least one layer of impact-resistant material and the thermally insulative core structure. | A thermal protection system is provided. The thermal protection system includes a thermally insulative core structure, at least one layer of impact-resistant material coupled to the thermally insulative core structure, and at least one layer of composite material at least partially encapsulating the thermally insulative core structure and the at least one layer of impact-resistant material.1. A thermal protection system comprising:
a thermally insulative core structure; at least one layer of impact-resistant material coupled to said thermally insulative core structure; and at least one layer of composite material at least partially encapsulating said thermally insulative core structure and said at least one layer of impact-resistant material. 2. The system in accordance with claim 1, wherein said thermally insulative core structure comprises a ceramic foam material. 3. The system in accordance with claim 1, wherein said at least one layer of impact-resistant material comprises at least one layer of compressible material configured to absorb impacting energy from foreign objects. 4. The system in accordance with claim 3, wherein said at least one layer of compressible material comprises a knit material formed from ceramic fibers. 5. The system in accordance with claim 1, wherein said at least one layer of impact-resistant material comprises at least one layer of durable material configured to deflect impacting energy from foreign objects. 6. The system in accordance with claim 5, wherein said at least one layer of durable material is fabricated from at least one of a sintered reaction-bonded silicon nitride material or a transformation toughened zirconia material. 7. The system in accordance with claim 1 further comprising at least one layer of adhesive positioned between said thermally insulative core structure and said at least one layer of impact-resistant material. 8. The system in accordance with claim 1, wherein said at least one layer of composite material comprises at least one layer of ceramic matrix composite material. 9. The system in accordance with claim 1, wherein said at least one layer of composite material comprises a first layer of composite material in a first orientation at least partially encapsulating said thermally insulative core structure and said at least one layer of impact-resistant material, and a second layer of composite material in a second orientation coupled to said first layer of composite material. 10. The system in accordance with claim 1 further comprising:
a first layer of woven material positioned between said at least one layer of impact-resistant material and said at least one layer of composite material; and
a second layer of woven material positioned between said at least one layer of impact-resistant material and said thermally insulative core structure. 11. A method of manufacturing a thermal protection system, said method comprising:
positioning at least one layer of composite material in an internal cavity of a shell mold assembly; positioning at least one layer of impact-resistant material over the at least one layer of composite material; positioning a thermally insulative core structure over the at least one layer of impact-resistant material; and applying at least one of heat or pressure to the shell mold assembly such that the at least one layer of composite material, the at least one layer of impact-resistant material, and the thermally insulative core structure form a substantially unitary structure. 12. The method in accordance with claim 11 further comprising forming the thermally insulative core structure from a ceramic foam material. 13. The method in accordance with claim 11, wherein positioning at least one layer of impact-resistant material comprises positioning at least one layer of compressible material over the at least one layer of composite material, the compressible material configured to absorb impacting energy from foreign objects. 14. The method in accordance with claim 13 further comprising forming the at least one layer of compressible material from a knit material including ceramic fibers. 15. The method in accordance with claim 11, wherein positioning at least one layer of impact-resistant material comprises positioning at least one layer of durable material over the at least one layer of composite material, the durable material configured to deflect impacting energy from foreign objects. 16. The method in accordance with claim 15 further comprising fabricating the at least one layer of durable material from at least one of a sintered reaction-bonded silicon nitride material or a transformation toughened zirconia material. 17. The method in accordance with claim 11 further comprising positioning at least one layer of adhesive between the thermally insulative core structure and the at least one layer of impact-resistant material. 18. The method in accordance with claim 11 further comprising forming the at least one layer of composite material from a ceramic matrix composite material. 19. The method in accordance with claim 11, wherein positioning at least one layer of composite material comprises:
positioning a first layer of composite material in a first orientation in the internal cavity; and positioning a second layer of composite material in a second orientation over the first layer of composite material. 20. The method in accordance with claim 11 further comprising:
positioning a first layer of woven material between the at least one layer of impact-resistant material and the at least one layer of composite material; and
positioning a second layer of woven material between the at least one layer of impact-resistant material and the thermally insulative core structure. | 1,700 |
3,932 | 15,515,326 | 1,748 | Apparatus ( 100 ) for generating a three-dimensional object comprising a support ( 101 ) to receive build material, and a calibration platform ( 103 ) to receive a print media for use with a calibration operation performed by the apparatus. The calibration platform ( 103 ) may be moveable between a non-calibration position when the apparatus is operating in a building mode of operation, and a calibration position when the apparatus is operating in a calibration mode of operation. | 1. An apparatus for generating a three-dimensional object, the apparatus comprising:
a support to receive build material; and a calibration platform to receive a print media for use with a calibration operation performed by the apparatus. 2. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the calibration platform is moveable between a non-calibration position when the apparatus is operating in a building mode of operation, and a calibration position when the apparatus is operating in a calibration mode of operation. 3. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the calibration platform is moveable, during the calibration mode of operation, to a calibration position located under an agent distributor, or to a position located over the support which receives the build material. 4. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the calibration platform comprises a surface to receive, during use, a print media. 5. The apparatus as claimed in claim 4, wherein the surface of the calibration platform is substantially the same size as the support. 6. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein a surface of the calibration platform comprises at least one reference mark to assist with positioning of a print media on the surface, or a reference structure for receiving a removable print media sheet. 7. The apparatus as claimed in claim 6, wherein the surface of the calibrating platform comprises a plurality of reference marks, wherein each reference mark relates to at least one of:
a predetermined print media size; a position where a corresponding print media is to be positioned; a position where a particular print media is to be positioned for a particular calibration operation. 8. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, comprising a fixing mechanism to fix a print media to the calibration platform. 9. The apparatus as claimed in claim 8, wherein the fixing mechanism comprises an adhesive portion or a magnetic system. 10. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the support and the calibration platform are arranged such that an agent distributor to print media distance when operating in the calibration mode is the same as an agent distributor to build material distance when operating in a building mode. 11. A method of calibrating an apparatus for generating a three-dimensional object, the method comprising:
performing a calibration operation using a print media supported by a calibration platform; and using a result of the calibration operation to control operation of a building operation involving build material on a support. 12. The method as claimed in claim 11, comprising moving the calibration platform between a non-calibration position when the apparatus is operating in a building mode of operation, and a calibration position when the apparatus is operating in a calibration mode of operation. 13. The method as claimed in claim 12, comprising moving the calibration platform during the calibration mode of operation to a calibration position located under an agent distributor, or above the surface which receives the build material. 14. The method as claimed in claim 11, wherein a calibration operation involves at least one parameter in which an interaction between an agent and a build material does not have a material effect in the calibration process. 15. One or more computer-readable storage media comprising instructions stored thereon, that when executed, direct a processor to perform a method comprising:
performing a calibration operation using a print media supported by a calibration platform; and using a result of the calibration operation to control operation of a building operation involving build material on a support. | Apparatus ( 100 ) for generating a three-dimensional object comprising a support ( 101 ) to receive build material, and a calibration platform ( 103 ) to receive a print media for use with a calibration operation performed by the apparatus. The calibration platform ( 103 ) may be moveable between a non-calibration position when the apparatus is operating in a building mode of operation, and a calibration position when the apparatus is operating in a calibration mode of operation.1. An apparatus for generating a three-dimensional object, the apparatus comprising:
a support to receive build material; and a calibration platform to receive a print media for use with a calibration operation performed by the apparatus. 2. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the calibration platform is moveable between a non-calibration position when the apparatus is operating in a building mode of operation, and a calibration position when the apparatus is operating in a calibration mode of operation. 3. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the calibration platform is moveable, during the calibration mode of operation, to a calibration position located under an agent distributor, or to a position located over the support which receives the build material. 4. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the calibration platform comprises a surface to receive, during use, a print media. 5. The apparatus as claimed in claim 4, wherein the surface of the calibration platform is substantially the same size as the support. 6. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein a surface of the calibration platform comprises at least one reference mark to assist with positioning of a print media on the surface, or a reference structure for receiving a removable print media sheet. 7. The apparatus as claimed in claim 6, wherein the surface of the calibrating platform comprises a plurality of reference marks, wherein each reference mark relates to at least one of:
a predetermined print media size; a position where a corresponding print media is to be positioned; a position where a particular print media is to be positioned for a particular calibration operation. 8. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, comprising a fixing mechanism to fix a print media to the calibration platform. 9. The apparatus as claimed in claim 8, wherein the fixing mechanism comprises an adhesive portion or a magnetic system. 10. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the support and the calibration platform are arranged such that an agent distributor to print media distance when operating in the calibration mode is the same as an agent distributor to build material distance when operating in a building mode. 11. A method of calibrating an apparatus for generating a three-dimensional object, the method comprising:
performing a calibration operation using a print media supported by a calibration platform; and using a result of the calibration operation to control operation of a building operation involving build material on a support. 12. The method as claimed in claim 11, comprising moving the calibration platform between a non-calibration position when the apparatus is operating in a building mode of operation, and a calibration position when the apparatus is operating in a calibration mode of operation. 13. The method as claimed in claim 12, comprising moving the calibration platform during the calibration mode of operation to a calibration position located under an agent distributor, or above the surface which receives the build material. 14. The method as claimed in claim 11, wherein a calibration operation involves at least one parameter in which an interaction between an agent and a build material does not have a material effect in the calibration process. 15. One or more computer-readable storage media comprising instructions stored thereon, that when executed, direct a processor to perform a method comprising:
performing a calibration operation using a print media supported by a calibration platform; and using a result of the calibration operation to control operation of a building operation involving build material on a support. | 1,700 |
3,933 | 14,959,892 | 1,777 | In a fluid separation device, fluid supplied to a fluid inlet conduit at an inlet flow rate is split such that a first part of the fluid flows into a first outlet conduit and into a pump at a first flow rate, and a second part of the fluid flows from the fluid inlet conduit into a second outlet conduit at a second flow rate. The second flow rate is controlled by controlling the pump such that, regardless of inlet pressure in the fluid inlet conduit, the first part of the fluid is continuously conducted away from the fluid inlet conduit at a defined value of the first flow rate. The second flow rate is defined based on the defined value of the first flow rate. | 1. A method for pumping a fluid in a fluid separation device for separating the fluid, the method comprising:
supplying the fluid to a fluid inlet conduit at an inlet flow rate; splitting the fluid supplied to the fluid inlet conduit such that a first part of the fluid flows from the fluid inlet conduit into a first outlet conduit and into a pump inlet of a pump at a first flow rate, and a second part of the fluid flows from the fluid inlet conduit into a second outlet conduit at a second flow rate; and controlling the second flow rate of the second part of the fluid, by controlling the pump such that, regardless of a value of an inlet pressure in the fluid inlet conduit, the first part of the fluid is continuously conducted away from the fluid inlet conduit at a defined value of the first flow rate, wherein the second flow rate is defined based on the defined value of the first flow rate. 2. The method of claim 1, comprising at least one of:
controlling the pump such that the second flow rate is maintained at a constant value, or according to a predefined profile, over a desired time interval; controlling the pump such that the second flow rate is maintained at a constant value, or according to a predefined profile, over a desired time interval that is larger than one duty cycle of the pump. 3. The method of claim 1, comprising at least one of:
controlling the pump such that the second flow rate is reduced relative to the inlet flow rate by the defined value; controlling the pump such that the second flow rate is in a range between 0.01 ml/min and 1 ml/min. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein supplying the fluid to the fluid inlet conduit comprises outputting the fluid from a separation unit configured for separating the fluid. 5. The method of claim 4, comprising detecting the separated fluid in the first outlet conduit upstream of the pump inlet. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein controlling the pump comprises adjusting the pump based on the inlet pressure to maintain the first flow rate at the defined value. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the pump comprises a first chamber communicating with the pump inlet, a second chamber communicating with the pump inlet, a first piston, and a second piston, and controlling the pump comprises controlling reciprocation of the first piston in the first chamber and reciprocation of the second piston in the second chamber. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein controlling the pump comprises at least one of:
selectively connecting and disconnecting the first chamber and the second chamber from the pump inlet; selectively connecting and disconnecting the first chamber and the second chamber from a pump outlet of the pump. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein controlling the pump comprises switching a fluidic valve of the pump to perform at least one of:
selectively connecting and disconnecting the first chamber and the second chamber from the pump inlet; selectively connecting and disconnecting the first chamber and the second chamber from a pump outlet of the pump. 10. The method of claim 7, wherein controlling the pump comprises controlling the reciprocation of the first piston and the second piston cooperatively to conduct the first part of the fluid away from the fluid inlet when the first piston is moving rearwardly in the first chamber and when the second piston is moving rearwardly in the second chamber. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein controlling the pump comprises controlling a fluidic valve switchable to selectively connect the first chamber to the first inlet and selectively connect the second chamber to the first inlet. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein controlling the pump comprises controlling the fluidic valve to connect the first chamber to the first inlet when the first piston reverses direction from moving forwardly to moving rearwardly, and to connect the second chamber to the first inlet when the second piston reverses direction from moving forwardly to moving rearwardly. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein controlling the pump comprises controlling the reciprocation of the first piston and the second piston such that the first piston is disconnected from the fluid inlet while the first piston is moving forwardly in the first chamber, and the second piston is disconnected from the fluid inlet while the second piston is moving forwardly in the second chamber. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein controlling the pump comprises controlling a fluidic valve switchable to selectively disconnect the first chamber to from the first inlet and selectively disconnect the second chamber from the first inlet. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein controlling the pump comprises controlling the fluidic valve to disconnect the first chamber from the first inlet when the first piston reverses direction from moving rearwardly to moving forwardly, and to disconnect the second chamber from the first inlet when the second piston reverses direction from moving rearwardly to moving forwardly. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the pump comprises a plurality of pistons each being controllable for reciprocating forwardly and rearwardly within a respective chamber to thereby conduct fluid away from the fluid inlet with the definable flow rate (FT), wherein the plurality of pistons are controlled so that:
a sum of displaced fluid volume per time by all presently rearwardly moving pistons being in fluid communication with the fluid inlet, minus a sum of displaced fluid volume per time by all presently forwardly moving pistons being in fluid communication with the fluid inlet, is constant over time. 17. The method of claim 1, comprising conducting the second part of the fluid at the second flow rate toward a fluidic member communicating with the second outlet conduit. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the fluidic member has a desired flow rate, and controlling the pump comprises controlling the defined value of the first flow rate such that the second flow rate equals the desired flow rate. 19. The method of claim 17, comprising at least one of:
the fluidic member comprises a mass spectroscopy device and the separation unit comprises a chromatography device; the fluidic member is selected from the group consisting of: a detector device; a device for chemical, biological and/or pharmaceutical analysis; a capillary electrophoresis device; a liquid chromatography device; an HPLC device; a gas chromatography device; a gel electrophoresis device; a mass spectroscopy device; a another pump; a sensor; and a combination of two or more of the foregoing. 20. The method of claim 17, comprising operating the fluidic member to analyze at least a portion of the second part of the fluid. | In a fluid separation device, fluid supplied to a fluid inlet conduit at an inlet flow rate is split such that a first part of the fluid flows into a first outlet conduit and into a pump at a first flow rate, and a second part of the fluid flows from the fluid inlet conduit into a second outlet conduit at a second flow rate. The second flow rate is controlled by controlling the pump such that, regardless of inlet pressure in the fluid inlet conduit, the first part of the fluid is continuously conducted away from the fluid inlet conduit at a defined value of the first flow rate. The second flow rate is defined based on the defined value of the first flow rate.1. A method for pumping a fluid in a fluid separation device for separating the fluid, the method comprising:
supplying the fluid to a fluid inlet conduit at an inlet flow rate; splitting the fluid supplied to the fluid inlet conduit such that a first part of the fluid flows from the fluid inlet conduit into a first outlet conduit and into a pump inlet of a pump at a first flow rate, and a second part of the fluid flows from the fluid inlet conduit into a second outlet conduit at a second flow rate; and controlling the second flow rate of the second part of the fluid, by controlling the pump such that, regardless of a value of an inlet pressure in the fluid inlet conduit, the first part of the fluid is continuously conducted away from the fluid inlet conduit at a defined value of the first flow rate, wherein the second flow rate is defined based on the defined value of the first flow rate. 2. The method of claim 1, comprising at least one of:
controlling the pump such that the second flow rate is maintained at a constant value, or according to a predefined profile, over a desired time interval; controlling the pump such that the second flow rate is maintained at a constant value, or according to a predefined profile, over a desired time interval that is larger than one duty cycle of the pump. 3. The method of claim 1, comprising at least one of:
controlling the pump such that the second flow rate is reduced relative to the inlet flow rate by the defined value; controlling the pump such that the second flow rate is in a range between 0.01 ml/min and 1 ml/min. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein supplying the fluid to the fluid inlet conduit comprises outputting the fluid from a separation unit configured for separating the fluid. 5. The method of claim 4, comprising detecting the separated fluid in the first outlet conduit upstream of the pump inlet. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein controlling the pump comprises adjusting the pump based on the inlet pressure to maintain the first flow rate at the defined value. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the pump comprises a first chamber communicating with the pump inlet, a second chamber communicating with the pump inlet, a first piston, and a second piston, and controlling the pump comprises controlling reciprocation of the first piston in the first chamber and reciprocation of the second piston in the second chamber. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein controlling the pump comprises at least one of:
selectively connecting and disconnecting the first chamber and the second chamber from the pump inlet; selectively connecting and disconnecting the first chamber and the second chamber from a pump outlet of the pump. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein controlling the pump comprises switching a fluidic valve of the pump to perform at least one of:
selectively connecting and disconnecting the first chamber and the second chamber from the pump inlet; selectively connecting and disconnecting the first chamber and the second chamber from a pump outlet of the pump. 10. The method of claim 7, wherein controlling the pump comprises controlling the reciprocation of the first piston and the second piston cooperatively to conduct the first part of the fluid away from the fluid inlet when the first piston is moving rearwardly in the first chamber and when the second piston is moving rearwardly in the second chamber. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein controlling the pump comprises controlling a fluidic valve switchable to selectively connect the first chamber to the first inlet and selectively connect the second chamber to the first inlet. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein controlling the pump comprises controlling the fluidic valve to connect the first chamber to the first inlet when the first piston reverses direction from moving forwardly to moving rearwardly, and to connect the second chamber to the first inlet when the second piston reverses direction from moving forwardly to moving rearwardly. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein controlling the pump comprises controlling the reciprocation of the first piston and the second piston such that the first piston is disconnected from the fluid inlet while the first piston is moving forwardly in the first chamber, and the second piston is disconnected from the fluid inlet while the second piston is moving forwardly in the second chamber. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein controlling the pump comprises controlling a fluidic valve switchable to selectively disconnect the first chamber to from the first inlet and selectively disconnect the second chamber from the first inlet. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein controlling the pump comprises controlling the fluidic valve to disconnect the first chamber from the first inlet when the first piston reverses direction from moving rearwardly to moving forwardly, and to disconnect the second chamber from the first inlet when the second piston reverses direction from moving rearwardly to moving forwardly. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the pump comprises a plurality of pistons each being controllable for reciprocating forwardly and rearwardly within a respective chamber to thereby conduct fluid away from the fluid inlet with the definable flow rate (FT), wherein the plurality of pistons are controlled so that:
a sum of displaced fluid volume per time by all presently rearwardly moving pistons being in fluid communication with the fluid inlet, minus a sum of displaced fluid volume per time by all presently forwardly moving pistons being in fluid communication with the fluid inlet, is constant over time. 17. The method of claim 1, comprising conducting the second part of the fluid at the second flow rate toward a fluidic member communicating with the second outlet conduit. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the fluidic member has a desired flow rate, and controlling the pump comprises controlling the defined value of the first flow rate such that the second flow rate equals the desired flow rate. 19. The method of claim 17, comprising at least one of:
the fluidic member comprises a mass spectroscopy device and the separation unit comprises a chromatography device; the fluidic member is selected from the group consisting of: a detector device; a device for chemical, biological and/or pharmaceutical analysis; a capillary electrophoresis device; a liquid chromatography device; an HPLC device; a gas chromatography device; a gel electrophoresis device; a mass spectroscopy device; a another pump; a sensor; and a combination of two or more of the foregoing. 20. The method of claim 17, comprising operating the fluidic member to analyze at least a portion of the second part of the fluid. | 1,700 |
3,934 | 15,106,415 | 1,793 | The present invention relates to a liquid coffee beverage in a closed container with improved aroma having a high ration of high volatile coffee aroma compounds to low volatile coffee aroma compounds in the gaseous headspace, and a method of producing | 1. A liquid coffee beverage in a closed container with a gaseous headspace, the gaseous headspace comprising a ratio of high volatile coffee aroma compounds to low volatile coffee aroma compounds of at least about 1.5 when measured at 25° C.; wherein high volatile coffee aroma compounds are compounds selected from the group consisting of methanethiol, dimethylsulfide, dimethyldisulfide, methylpropanal, 2-methylbutanal, 3-methylbutanal, 2-methyl-furan, N-methyl-pyrrole and combinations thereof; and wherein low volatile coffee aroma compounds are compounds selected from the group consisting of 2-ethyl-5-methylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-6-methylpyrazine, trimethylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine, 2,3 -diethyl-5-methylpyrazine, pyridine, furfural, furfurylalcohol, 5-methylfurfural, guaiacol, ethylguaiacol, vinylguaiacol, acetic acid and combinations thereof. 2. A liquid coffee beverage according to claim 1, wherein the gaseous headspace comprising a ratio of high volatile coffee aroma compounds to low volatile coffee aroma compounds of at least about 2 when measured at about 25° C. 3. A liquid coffee beverage according to any of claim 1, wherein the gaseous headspace comprising a ratio of high volatile coffee aroma compounds to low volatile coffee aroma compounds of at least about 3 when measured at 25° C. 4. A liquid coffee beverage according to claim 1, wherein the liquid beverage comprises between about 0.1% and about 60% of coffee solids. 5. A liquid coffee beverage according to claim 1, wherein the liquid beverage comprises between about 0.1% and about 5% of coffee solids. 6. A liquid coffee beverage according to claim 1, wherein the liquid beverage comprises between about 10% and about 60% of coffee solids. 7. A liquid coffee beverage according to claim 1 comprising between about 0.5% and about 20% of milk solids. 8. A liquid coffee beverage according to claim 1 comprising between about 1% and about 20% of sugars. 9. A liquid coffee beverage according to claim 1 comprising between about 0.5% and about 8% of fat or oil. 10. A liquid coffee beverage according to claim 1 comprising at least one buffer salt selected from the group consisting of sodium or potassium bicarbonate, sodium or potassium carbonate, sodium or potassium citrate, and disodium or dipotassium hydrogen phosphate. 11. A method of producing a liquid coffee beverage in a closed container, the method comprising the following steps:
a) stripping coffee aroma from roast and ground coffee with steam to produce steam comprising coffee aroma; b) removing low volatile coffee aroma compounds from the steam comprising coffee aroma; c) recovering high volatile aroma compounds from the steam comprising coffee aroma; d) adding recovered high volatile aroma compounds of step c) to a liquid coffee extract; and e) filling the liquid coffee extract with added high volatile aroma compounds into closed containers to produce a liquid coffee beverage. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the liquid coffee extract with added high volatile aroma compounds obtained in step d) is not subjected to drying. | The present invention relates to a liquid coffee beverage in a closed container with improved aroma having a high ration of high volatile coffee aroma compounds to low volatile coffee aroma compounds in the gaseous headspace, and a method of producing1. A liquid coffee beverage in a closed container with a gaseous headspace, the gaseous headspace comprising a ratio of high volatile coffee aroma compounds to low volatile coffee aroma compounds of at least about 1.5 when measured at 25° C.; wherein high volatile coffee aroma compounds are compounds selected from the group consisting of methanethiol, dimethylsulfide, dimethyldisulfide, methylpropanal, 2-methylbutanal, 3-methylbutanal, 2-methyl-furan, N-methyl-pyrrole and combinations thereof; and wherein low volatile coffee aroma compounds are compounds selected from the group consisting of 2-ethyl-5-methylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-6-methylpyrazine, trimethylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine, 2,3 -diethyl-5-methylpyrazine, pyridine, furfural, furfurylalcohol, 5-methylfurfural, guaiacol, ethylguaiacol, vinylguaiacol, acetic acid and combinations thereof. 2. A liquid coffee beverage according to claim 1, wherein the gaseous headspace comprising a ratio of high volatile coffee aroma compounds to low volatile coffee aroma compounds of at least about 2 when measured at about 25° C. 3. A liquid coffee beverage according to any of claim 1, wherein the gaseous headspace comprising a ratio of high volatile coffee aroma compounds to low volatile coffee aroma compounds of at least about 3 when measured at 25° C. 4. A liquid coffee beverage according to claim 1, wherein the liquid beverage comprises between about 0.1% and about 60% of coffee solids. 5. A liquid coffee beverage according to claim 1, wherein the liquid beverage comprises between about 0.1% and about 5% of coffee solids. 6. A liquid coffee beverage according to claim 1, wherein the liquid beverage comprises between about 10% and about 60% of coffee solids. 7. A liquid coffee beverage according to claim 1 comprising between about 0.5% and about 20% of milk solids. 8. A liquid coffee beverage according to claim 1 comprising between about 1% and about 20% of sugars. 9. A liquid coffee beverage according to claim 1 comprising between about 0.5% and about 8% of fat or oil. 10. A liquid coffee beverage according to claim 1 comprising at least one buffer salt selected from the group consisting of sodium or potassium bicarbonate, sodium or potassium carbonate, sodium or potassium citrate, and disodium or dipotassium hydrogen phosphate. 11. A method of producing a liquid coffee beverage in a closed container, the method comprising the following steps:
a) stripping coffee aroma from roast and ground coffee with steam to produce steam comprising coffee aroma; b) removing low volatile coffee aroma compounds from the steam comprising coffee aroma; c) recovering high volatile aroma compounds from the steam comprising coffee aroma; d) adding recovered high volatile aroma compounds of step c) to a liquid coffee extract; and e) filling the liquid coffee extract with added high volatile aroma compounds into closed containers to produce a liquid coffee beverage. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the liquid coffee extract with added high volatile aroma compounds obtained in step d) is not subjected to drying. | 1,700 |
3,935 | 15,656,583 | 1,783 | A method for the production of grounded panels and to a panel having a core made from a wood material board. The method includes provision of a wood material board, application of a grounding in the form of a synthetic resin layer to at least one topside of the wood material board, application of a coating to an underside, lying opposite the topside of the wood material board, of the wood material board, pressing of the layer build-up consisting of the wood material board, grounding and coating under the influence of pressure and, if appropriate, temperature, division of the grounded and coated wood material board into individual panels, cutting machining of side faces of the panels for the incorporation of connection and locking means, and transport-safe packaging of the grounded panels. | 1. A panel comprising a core made of wooden material with an upper side, to which only a grounding in the form of a synthetic resin layer and, if appropriate, a primer is applied, with an underside comprising an applied coating, which are pressed together with the core, and connecting and locking devices corresponding to one another provided on at least two opposite side surfaces, wherein for a colour of the upper side of the panel in the CIELAB colour space, a lightness parameter L is greater than 92 and a red-green value A lies between −5 and +5 and a yellow-blue value B lies between −15 and +15. 2. The panel according to claim 1, wherein a roughness of the upper side of the panel is less than 20 μm. 3. The panel according to claim 1, wherein a roughness of the upper side of the panel is less than 10 μm. 4. The panel according to claim 1, wherein the red-green value A lies between −2 and +2. 5. The panel according to claim 1, wherein the yellow-blue value B lies between −8 and +8. 6. The panel according to claim 1, further comprising a structure in the upper side of the panel. 7. The panel according to claim 1, wherein the connecting and locking devices are formed in one piece with the core made of wooden material. 8. The panel according to claim 1, wherein the connecting and locking devices corresponding to one another are provided on all the opposite side surfaces. | A method for the production of grounded panels and to a panel having a core made from a wood material board. The method includes provision of a wood material board, application of a grounding in the form of a synthetic resin layer to at least one topside of the wood material board, application of a coating to an underside, lying opposite the topside of the wood material board, of the wood material board, pressing of the layer build-up consisting of the wood material board, grounding and coating under the influence of pressure and, if appropriate, temperature, division of the grounded and coated wood material board into individual panels, cutting machining of side faces of the panels for the incorporation of connection and locking means, and transport-safe packaging of the grounded panels.1. A panel comprising a core made of wooden material with an upper side, to which only a grounding in the form of a synthetic resin layer and, if appropriate, a primer is applied, with an underside comprising an applied coating, which are pressed together with the core, and connecting and locking devices corresponding to one another provided on at least two opposite side surfaces, wherein for a colour of the upper side of the panel in the CIELAB colour space, a lightness parameter L is greater than 92 and a red-green value A lies between −5 and +5 and a yellow-blue value B lies between −15 and +15. 2. The panel according to claim 1, wherein a roughness of the upper side of the panel is less than 20 μm. 3. The panel according to claim 1, wherein a roughness of the upper side of the panel is less than 10 μm. 4. The panel according to claim 1, wherein the red-green value A lies between −2 and +2. 5. The panel according to claim 1, wherein the yellow-blue value B lies between −8 and +8. 6. The panel according to claim 1, further comprising a structure in the upper side of the panel. 7. The panel according to claim 1, wherein the connecting and locking devices are formed in one piece with the core made of wooden material. 8. The panel according to claim 1, wherein the connecting and locking devices corresponding to one another are provided on all the opposite side surfaces. | 1,700 |
3,936 | 15,544,065 | 1,761 | A cleaning composition for dishwashing including an alkoxylated polyethylenimine and a surfactant actives component. The surfactant actives component includes an anionic surfactant, an additional surfactant, a betaine, and an amine oxide. A method of forming the cleaning composition is also disclosed. The method includes the step of combining the alkoxylated polyethylenimine and the surfactant actives component to form the cleaning composition. | 1. A cleaning composition for dishwashing, said cleaning composition comprising:
an alkoxylated polyethylenimine in an amount of from 0.01 to 20 wt. %; and a surfactant actives component comprising;
an anionic surfactant in an amount of from 1 to 99 wt. %,
an additional surfactant in an amount of from 0 to 99 wt. %,
a betaine in an amount of from 0.1 to 7 wt. %, and
an amine oxide in an amount of from 0 to 6 wt. %;
with the proviso that the total wt. % of said anionic surfactant, said additional surfactant, said betaine, and said amine oxide is in an amount of at least 20 wt. %; and wherein each wt. % is based on a total weight of said cleaning composition. 2. The cleaning composition of claim 1 which is free of an amine oxide. 3. The cleaning composition of claim 1 which is free of an alcohol. 4. The cleaning composition of claim 1 wherein said alkoxylated polyethylenimine is ethoxylated. 5. The cleaning composition of claim 1 wherein said alkoxylated polyethylenimine has a weight average molecular weight of from 5,000 to 20,000 g/mol. 6. The cleaning composition of claim 1 wherein said alkoxylated polyethylenimine has a plurality of nitrogen atoms and has from 1 to 40 ethoxy moieties bonded to each nitrogen atom. 7. The cleaning composition of claim 1 wherein said alkoxylated polyethylenimine is present in an amount of from 0.1 to 5 wt. % based on a total weight of said cleaning composition. 8. The cleaning composition of claim 1 wherein said anionic surfactant is chosen from a sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), a sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), a linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), or combinations thereof. 9. The cleaning composition of claim 1 wherein said anionic surfactant is present in an amount of from 5 to 20 wt. % based on a total weight of said cleaning composition. 10. The cleaning composition of claim 1 wherein said betaine is present in an amount of from 1 to 3 wt. % based on a total weight of said cleaning composition. 11. The cleaning composition of claim 1 wherein said additional surfactant comprises a nonionic surfactant. 12. The cleaning composition of claim 11 wherein said nonionic surfactant is an alkyl polyglycoside (APG). 13. The cleaning composition of claim 11 wherein said nonionic surfactant is present in an amount of from 1 to 20 wt. % based on a total weight of said cleaning composition. 14. The cleaning composition of claim 1 further comprising water in an amount of from 1 to 80 wt. % based on a total weight of said cleaning composition. 15. The cleaning composition of claim 1 having a viscosity of from 100 to 1200 millipascal-second (mPa·s) at 23° C. 16. The cleaning composition of claim 1 further comprising lactic acid. 17. The cleaning composition of claim 16 wherein said lactic acid is present in an amount of from 0.1 to 20 wt. % based on a total weight of said cleaning composition. 18. The cleaning composition of claim 1 having a pH of no greater than 4. 19. A cleaning composition for dishwashing, said cleaning composition comprising:
an alkoxylated polyethylenimine in an amount of from 0.1 to 5 wt. %; and a surfactant actives component consisting essentially of;
an anionic surfactant in an amount of from 5 to 20 wt. %,
a betaine in an amount of from 0.1 to 7 wt. %, and
a nonionic surfactant in an amount of from 1 to 20 wt. %;
with the proviso that the total wt. % of said anionic surfactant, said betaine, and said nonionic surfactant is in an amount of at least 20 wt. %; and wherein said cleaning composition is free of an alcohol; wherein said cleaning composition is free of an amine oxide; and wherein each wt. % is based on a total weight of said cleaning composition. 20. A method of forming a cleaning composition for dishwashing, said method comprising the step of:
combining an alkoxylated polyethylenimine and a surfactant actives component to form the cleaning composition; wherein the cleaning composition comprises the alkoxylated polyethylenimine in an amount of from 0.01 to 20 wt. % and the surfactant actives component comprising;
an anionic surfactant in an amount of from 1 to 99 wt. %,
an additional surfactant in an amount of from 0 to 99 wt. %,
a betaine, in an amount of from 0.1 to 7 wt. %, and
an amine oxide in an amount of from 0 to 6 wt. %;
with the proviso that the total wt. % of the anionic surfactant, the additional surfactant, the betaine, and the amine oxide is in an amount of at least 20 wt. %; and
wherein each wt. % is based on a total weight of the cleaning composition. | A cleaning composition for dishwashing including an alkoxylated polyethylenimine and a surfactant actives component. The surfactant actives component includes an anionic surfactant, an additional surfactant, a betaine, and an amine oxide. A method of forming the cleaning composition is also disclosed. The method includes the step of combining the alkoxylated polyethylenimine and the surfactant actives component to form the cleaning composition.1. A cleaning composition for dishwashing, said cleaning composition comprising:
an alkoxylated polyethylenimine in an amount of from 0.01 to 20 wt. %; and a surfactant actives component comprising;
an anionic surfactant in an amount of from 1 to 99 wt. %,
an additional surfactant in an amount of from 0 to 99 wt. %,
a betaine in an amount of from 0.1 to 7 wt. %, and
an amine oxide in an amount of from 0 to 6 wt. %;
with the proviso that the total wt. % of said anionic surfactant, said additional surfactant, said betaine, and said amine oxide is in an amount of at least 20 wt. %; and wherein each wt. % is based on a total weight of said cleaning composition. 2. The cleaning composition of claim 1 which is free of an amine oxide. 3. The cleaning composition of claim 1 which is free of an alcohol. 4. The cleaning composition of claim 1 wherein said alkoxylated polyethylenimine is ethoxylated. 5. The cleaning composition of claim 1 wherein said alkoxylated polyethylenimine has a weight average molecular weight of from 5,000 to 20,000 g/mol. 6. The cleaning composition of claim 1 wherein said alkoxylated polyethylenimine has a plurality of nitrogen atoms and has from 1 to 40 ethoxy moieties bonded to each nitrogen atom. 7. The cleaning composition of claim 1 wherein said alkoxylated polyethylenimine is present in an amount of from 0.1 to 5 wt. % based on a total weight of said cleaning composition. 8. The cleaning composition of claim 1 wherein said anionic surfactant is chosen from a sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), a sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), a linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), or combinations thereof. 9. The cleaning composition of claim 1 wherein said anionic surfactant is present in an amount of from 5 to 20 wt. % based on a total weight of said cleaning composition. 10. The cleaning composition of claim 1 wherein said betaine is present in an amount of from 1 to 3 wt. % based on a total weight of said cleaning composition. 11. The cleaning composition of claim 1 wherein said additional surfactant comprises a nonionic surfactant. 12. The cleaning composition of claim 11 wherein said nonionic surfactant is an alkyl polyglycoside (APG). 13. The cleaning composition of claim 11 wherein said nonionic surfactant is present in an amount of from 1 to 20 wt. % based on a total weight of said cleaning composition. 14. The cleaning composition of claim 1 further comprising water in an amount of from 1 to 80 wt. % based on a total weight of said cleaning composition. 15. The cleaning composition of claim 1 having a viscosity of from 100 to 1200 millipascal-second (mPa·s) at 23° C. 16. The cleaning composition of claim 1 further comprising lactic acid. 17. The cleaning composition of claim 16 wherein said lactic acid is present in an amount of from 0.1 to 20 wt. % based on a total weight of said cleaning composition. 18. The cleaning composition of claim 1 having a pH of no greater than 4. 19. A cleaning composition for dishwashing, said cleaning composition comprising:
an alkoxylated polyethylenimine in an amount of from 0.1 to 5 wt. %; and a surfactant actives component consisting essentially of;
an anionic surfactant in an amount of from 5 to 20 wt. %,
a betaine in an amount of from 0.1 to 7 wt. %, and
a nonionic surfactant in an amount of from 1 to 20 wt. %;
with the proviso that the total wt. % of said anionic surfactant, said betaine, and said nonionic surfactant is in an amount of at least 20 wt. %; and wherein said cleaning composition is free of an alcohol; wherein said cleaning composition is free of an amine oxide; and wherein each wt. % is based on a total weight of said cleaning composition. 20. A method of forming a cleaning composition for dishwashing, said method comprising the step of:
combining an alkoxylated polyethylenimine and a surfactant actives component to form the cleaning composition; wherein the cleaning composition comprises the alkoxylated polyethylenimine in an amount of from 0.01 to 20 wt. % and the surfactant actives component comprising;
an anionic surfactant in an amount of from 1 to 99 wt. %,
an additional surfactant in an amount of from 0 to 99 wt. %,
a betaine, in an amount of from 0.1 to 7 wt. %, and
an amine oxide in an amount of from 0 to 6 wt. %;
with the proviso that the total wt. % of the anionic surfactant, the additional surfactant, the betaine, and the amine oxide is in an amount of at least 20 wt. %; and
wherein each wt. % is based on a total weight of the cleaning composition. | 1,700 |
3,937 | 15,193,199 | 1,792 | The present invention relates to a capsule for a beverage production machine, the capsule comprising:
an ingredient enclosed within the capsule; and
an identifier;
wherein the identifier is an area of conductive material incorporating a code pattern, the code pattern consisting of a predetermined arrangement of one or more discontinuities formed in the conductive material, and wherein the capsule comprises an orientation member for directing the alignment of the capsule within the beverage production machine. | 1.-10. (canceled) 11. A method of recognising a capsule in a beverage production machine, the method comprising:
providing a capsule (1, 21) comprising: an ingredient (6) enclosed within the capsule; an identifier (9 a, 9 b, 9 c, 9 d, 39), wherein the identifier (9 a, 9 b, 9 c, 9 d, 39) is an area of conductive material incorporating a code pattern, the code pattern consisting of a predetermined arrangement of one or more discontinuities (41, 42, 43) formed in the conductive material (40); and an orientation member (7 a, 7 b) for directing the alignment of the capsule within the beverage production machine; applying an alternating current to a coil (31 a, 31 b), the coil (31 a, 31 b) being positioned in the beverage production machine such that it generates eddy currents within the identifier (9 a, 9 b, 9 c, 9 d, 39); detecting a change in coil impedance; generating a signal indicative of the change in coil impedance; and identifying the capsule (1, 21) according to the signal. 12. A method as claimed in claim 11 wherein the capsule is identified by comparing the signal with a number of reference signals, each one corresponding to a certain type of capsule. 13. A method as claimed in claim 11 wherein identification of the capsule controls at least one parameter of the beverage production machine. 14. A method as claimed in claim 11 wherein the identifier and the coil are stationary with respect to one another whilst the alternating current is applied to the coil. 15. A method as claimed in claim 11 wherein the method subsequently comprises destruction of the code pattern. | The present invention relates to a capsule for a beverage production machine, the capsule comprising:
an ingredient enclosed within the capsule; and
an identifier;
wherein the identifier is an area of conductive material incorporating a code pattern, the code pattern consisting of a predetermined arrangement of one or more discontinuities formed in the conductive material, and wherein the capsule comprises an orientation member for directing the alignment of the capsule within the beverage production machine.1.-10. (canceled) 11. A method of recognising a capsule in a beverage production machine, the method comprising:
providing a capsule (1, 21) comprising: an ingredient (6) enclosed within the capsule; an identifier (9 a, 9 b, 9 c, 9 d, 39), wherein the identifier (9 a, 9 b, 9 c, 9 d, 39) is an area of conductive material incorporating a code pattern, the code pattern consisting of a predetermined arrangement of one or more discontinuities (41, 42, 43) formed in the conductive material (40); and an orientation member (7 a, 7 b) for directing the alignment of the capsule within the beverage production machine; applying an alternating current to a coil (31 a, 31 b), the coil (31 a, 31 b) being positioned in the beverage production machine such that it generates eddy currents within the identifier (9 a, 9 b, 9 c, 9 d, 39); detecting a change in coil impedance; generating a signal indicative of the change in coil impedance; and identifying the capsule (1, 21) according to the signal. 12. A method as claimed in claim 11 wherein the capsule is identified by comparing the signal with a number of reference signals, each one corresponding to a certain type of capsule. 13. A method as claimed in claim 11 wherein identification of the capsule controls at least one parameter of the beverage production machine. 14. A method as claimed in claim 11 wherein the identifier and the coil are stationary with respect to one another whilst the alternating current is applied to the coil. 15. A method as claimed in claim 11 wherein the method subsequently comprises destruction of the code pattern. | 1,700 |
3,938 | 15,564,465 | 1,768 | There is disclosed an additive composition for a drilling fluid, as well as a method of increasing the lubricity and reducing the coefficient of friction of a drilling fluid. The additive composition contains a polymeric ester formed from the reaction product of i) a triglyceride of a hydroxy fatty acid; ii) at least one dicarboxylic acid or an ester or anhydride thereof; iii) and a polyalkylene glycol. | 1. An additive composition for a drilling fluid, comprising the reaction product of i) at least one triglyceride of a hydroxy fatty acid; ii) at least one dicarboxylic acid or an ester or anhydride thereof; and iii) at least one polyalkylene glycol. 2. The additive composition of claim 1, wherein the hydroxy fatty acid comprises one or more of 2-hydroxylinolenic acid, 2-hydroxyoleic acid, 2-hydroxytetraconsanic acid, 2-hydroxy-15-tetracosenic acid, 2-hydroxy palmitic acid, 10-hydroxy-2-decanoic acid, 3,10-dihydroxydecanoic acid, 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid, w-hydroxy octadecenoic acid, 15-hydroxylinoleate, 12-hydroxy-9-octadecenoic acid, 12-hydroxystearic acid, 14-hydroxy-11-eicosenoic acid, 11-hydroxy hexadecanoic acid, 15-hydroxy-hexadecanoic acid, or 17-hydroxy-octadecanoic acid. 3. The additive composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one dicarboxylic acid comprises one or more of an aliphatic acid, an aromatic acid, a dimer acid, a trimer acid or a fatty dimer acid. 4. The additive composition of claim 3, wherein the dicarboxylic acid comprises oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelic acid, sebacic acid, undecanedioic acid, dodecanedioic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, glutaconic acid, traumatic acid and muconic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid or diphenic acid. 5. The additive composition of claim 1 to 4, wherein the polyalkylene glycol comprises one or more of polyethylene glycol or polypropylene glycol. 6. The additive composition of claim 5, wherein the polyalkylene glycol comprises polypropylene glycol having a Mn of from 200 to 10,000. 7. The additive composition of claim 5, wherein the polyalkylene glycol comprises polypropylene glycol having a Mn of less than 2000. 8. The additive composition of claim 1, wherein the lubricant composition comprises:
a) the reaction product of i) a triglyceride of a hydroxy fatty acid; ii) adipic acid; and c) polypropylene glycol. 9. The additive composition of claim 1, further comprising a metal dithiophosphate compound 10. The additive composition of claim 9, wherein the metal dithiophosphate compound comprises zinc dialkyldithiophosphate. 11. The additive composition of claim 10, wherein the ratio of the additive to the metal dithiophosphate compound is from 9:1 to 1:9. 12. A drilling fluid including the additive composition as defined in claim 1 and a petroleum-based hydrocarbon fluid. 13. The drilling fluid according to claim 12, which is an oil-based drilling fluid. 14. A drilling fluid comprising:
a) a petroleum-based hydrocarbon fluid, a synthetic hydrocarbon fluid or mixtures thereof; and b) an additive composition comprising the reaction product of:
i) at least one triglyceride of a hydroxy fatty acid;
ii) at least one dicarboxylic acid or an ester or anhydride thereof; and
iii) at least one polyalkylene glycol. 15. The drilling fluid of claim 14, wherein the petroleum based hydrocarbon fluid or synthetic hydrocarbon fluid comprises diesel, kerosene, jet-fuel, white oils, mineral oils, mineral seal oils, hydrogenated oil and combinations thereof. 16. The drilling fluid of claim 14, wherein the additive composition is present in the drilling fluid in an amount from 0.5 wt % to 2.0 wt %. 17. A method of lubricating a drilling fluid, comprising:
adding to the drilling fluid an additive composition comprising the reaction product of i) at least one triglyceride of a hydroxy fatty acid; ii) at least one dicarboxylic acid or an ester or anhydride thereof; and iii) at least one polyalkylene glycol. 18. A method of increasing the lubricity and decreasing the coefficient of friction of a drilling fluid containing a hydrocarbon fluid comprising adding to the hydrocarbon an additive composition comprising the reaction product of i) at least one triglyceride of a hydroxy fatty acid; ii) at least one dicarboxylic acid or an ester or anhydride thereof; and iii) at least one polyalkylene glycol. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the coefficient of friction of the well treatment fluid is decreased in an amount of at least 5%. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the hydrocarbon comprises a petroleum-based hydrocarbon fluid or a synthetic hydrocarbon fluid. | There is disclosed an additive composition for a drilling fluid, as well as a method of increasing the lubricity and reducing the coefficient of friction of a drilling fluid. The additive composition contains a polymeric ester formed from the reaction product of i) a triglyceride of a hydroxy fatty acid; ii) at least one dicarboxylic acid or an ester or anhydride thereof; iii) and a polyalkylene glycol.1. An additive composition for a drilling fluid, comprising the reaction product of i) at least one triglyceride of a hydroxy fatty acid; ii) at least one dicarboxylic acid or an ester or anhydride thereof; and iii) at least one polyalkylene glycol. 2. The additive composition of claim 1, wherein the hydroxy fatty acid comprises one or more of 2-hydroxylinolenic acid, 2-hydroxyoleic acid, 2-hydroxytetraconsanic acid, 2-hydroxy-15-tetracosenic acid, 2-hydroxy palmitic acid, 10-hydroxy-2-decanoic acid, 3,10-dihydroxydecanoic acid, 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid, w-hydroxy octadecenoic acid, 15-hydroxylinoleate, 12-hydroxy-9-octadecenoic acid, 12-hydroxystearic acid, 14-hydroxy-11-eicosenoic acid, 11-hydroxy hexadecanoic acid, 15-hydroxy-hexadecanoic acid, or 17-hydroxy-octadecanoic acid. 3. The additive composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one dicarboxylic acid comprises one or more of an aliphatic acid, an aromatic acid, a dimer acid, a trimer acid or a fatty dimer acid. 4. The additive composition of claim 3, wherein the dicarboxylic acid comprises oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelic acid, sebacic acid, undecanedioic acid, dodecanedioic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, glutaconic acid, traumatic acid and muconic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid or diphenic acid. 5. The additive composition of claim 1 to 4, wherein the polyalkylene glycol comprises one or more of polyethylene glycol or polypropylene glycol. 6. The additive composition of claim 5, wherein the polyalkylene glycol comprises polypropylene glycol having a Mn of from 200 to 10,000. 7. The additive composition of claim 5, wherein the polyalkylene glycol comprises polypropylene glycol having a Mn of less than 2000. 8. The additive composition of claim 1, wherein the lubricant composition comprises:
a) the reaction product of i) a triglyceride of a hydroxy fatty acid; ii) adipic acid; and c) polypropylene glycol. 9. The additive composition of claim 1, further comprising a metal dithiophosphate compound 10. The additive composition of claim 9, wherein the metal dithiophosphate compound comprises zinc dialkyldithiophosphate. 11. The additive composition of claim 10, wherein the ratio of the additive to the metal dithiophosphate compound is from 9:1 to 1:9. 12. A drilling fluid including the additive composition as defined in claim 1 and a petroleum-based hydrocarbon fluid. 13. The drilling fluid according to claim 12, which is an oil-based drilling fluid. 14. A drilling fluid comprising:
a) a petroleum-based hydrocarbon fluid, a synthetic hydrocarbon fluid or mixtures thereof; and b) an additive composition comprising the reaction product of:
i) at least one triglyceride of a hydroxy fatty acid;
ii) at least one dicarboxylic acid or an ester or anhydride thereof; and
iii) at least one polyalkylene glycol. 15. The drilling fluid of claim 14, wherein the petroleum based hydrocarbon fluid or synthetic hydrocarbon fluid comprises diesel, kerosene, jet-fuel, white oils, mineral oils, mineral seal oils, hydrogenated oil and combinations thereof. 16. The drilling fluid of claim 14, wherein the additive composition is present in the drilling fluid in an amount from 0.5 wt % to 2.0 wt %. 17. A method of lubricating a drilling fluid, comprising:
adding to the drilling fluid an additive composition comprising the reaction product of i) at least one triglyceride of a hydroxy fatty acid; ii) at least one dicarboxylic acid or an ester or anhydride thereof; and iii) at least one polyalkylene glycol. 18. A method of increasing the lubricity and decreasing the coefficient of friction of a drilling fluid containing a hydrocarbon fluid comprising adding to the hydrocarbon an additive composition comprising the reaction product of i) at least one triglyceride of a hydroxy fatty acid; ii) at least one dicarboxylic acid or an ester or anhydride thereof; and iii) at least one polyalkylene glycol. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the coefficient of friction of the well treatment fluid is decreased in an amount of at least 5%. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the hydrocarbon comprises a petroleum-based hydrocarbon fluid or a synthetic hydrocarbon fluid. | 1,700 |
3,939 | 15,638,448 | 1,725 | The present invention is directed to a lithium ion battery electrode slurry composition comprising: (a) an electrochemically active material capable of lithium intercalation and deintercalation; (b) a binder dispersed in an aqueous or organic medium and comprising a reaction product of a reaction mixture comprising one or more epoxy functional polymer(s) and one or more acid functional acrylic polymer(s); and (c) an electrically conductive agent. The present invention also provides an electrode comprising: (a) an electrical current collector; and (b) a cured film formed on the electrical current collector. The cured film is deposited from the slurry composition described above. Electrical storage devices prepared from the electrode are also provided. | 1. A lithium ion battery electrode slurry composition comprising:
(a) an electrochemically active material capable of lithium intercalation and deintercalation; (b) a binder dispersed in an aqueous or organic medium and comprising a reaction product of a reaction mixture comprising one or more epoxy functional polymer(s) and one or more acid functional acrylic polymer(s); and (c) an electrically conductive agent. 2. The electrode slurry composition of claim 1, further comprising a thickener. 3. The electrode slurry composition of claim 1, wherein the binder (b) is dispersed in an aqueous medium. 4. The electrode slurry composition of claim 3, further comprising an organic solvent. 5. The electrode slurry composition of claim 1, wherein the binder (b) is dispersed in an organic medium. 6. The electrode slurry composition of claim 1, wherein the mixture of polymers comprises at least 70 percent by weight of one or more epoxy functional polymer(s) and up to 30 percent by weight of one or more acid functional acrylic polymer(s), wherein the percentages by weight are based on the total weight of the reaction product. 7. The electrode slurry composition of claim 1, wherein the binder (b) further comprises a cros slinking agent. 8. The electrode slurry composition of claim 7, wherein the crosslinking agent comprises an aminoplast, a polycarbodiimide, a polyepoxide or a mixture or combination of any of the foregoing. 9. The electrode slurry composition of claim 1, wherein the electrochemically active material (a) comprises LiCoO2, LiNiO2, LiFePO4, LiCoPO4, LiMnO2, LiMn2O4, Li(NiMnCo)O2, Li(NiCoAl)O2, carbon-coated LiFePO4, graphite, silicon compounds, tin, tin compounds, or a mixture or combination of any of the foregoing. 10. The electrode slurry composition of claim 1, wherein the electrically conductive agent (c) comprises graphite, acetylene black, furnace black, graphene or a mixture or combination of any of the foregoing. 11. The electrode slurry composition of claim 1, wherein the slurry is essentially free of N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone. 12. The electrode slurry composition of claim 1, wherein the electrochemically active material (a) is present in amounts of 70 to 98 percent by weight; the binder (b) is present in amounts of 1 to 10 percent by weight and the electrically conductive agent (c) is present in amounts of 1 to 20 percent by weight, the percentages by weight being based on the total weight of solids in the slurry. 13. The electrode slurry composition of claim 1, wherein the binder (b) is essentially free of a polyvinylidene fluoride polymer. 14. An electrode comprising:
(a) an electrical current collector; and (b) a cured film formed on the electrical current collector, wherein the film is deposited from a slurry composition comprising:
(i) an electrochemically active material capable of lithium intercalation and deintercalation;
(ii) a binder dispersed in an aqueous or organic medium and comprising a reaction product of a reaction mixture comprising one or more epoxy functional polymer(s) and one or more acid functional acrylic polymer(s); and
(iii) an electrically conductive agent. 15. The electrode of claim 14, wherein the slurry composition further comprises a thickener. 16. The electrode of claim 15, wherein the thickener comprises a carboxymethylcellulose. 17. The electrode of claim 14, wherein the electrical current collector (a) comprises copper or aluminum in the form of a mesh, sheet or foil. 18. The electrode of claim 14, wherein the electrically conductive agent (iii) comprises graphite, acetylene black, furnace black, graphene or a mixture or combination of any of the foregoing. 19. An electrical storage device comprising:
(a) the electrode of claim 14, (b) a counter electrode, and (c) an electrolyte. 20. The electrical storage device of claim 19, wherein the electrolyte (c) comprises a lithium salt dissolved in a solvent. 21. The electrical storage device of claim 20, wherein the lithium salt is dissolved in an organic carbonate. | The present invention is directed to a lithium ion battery electrode slurry composition comprising: (a) an electrochemically active material capable of lithium intercalation and deintercalation; (b) a binder dispersed in an aqueous or organic medium and comprising a reaction product of a reaction mixture comprising one or more epoxy functional polymer(s) and one or more acid functional acrylic polymer(s); and (c) an electrically conductive agent. The present invention also provides an electrode comprising: (a) an electrical current collector; and (b) a cured film formed on the electrical current collector. The cured film is deposited from the slurry composition described above. Electrical storage devices prepared from the electrode are also provided.1. A lithium ion battery electrode slurry composition comprising:
(a) an electrochemically active material capable of lithium intercalation and deintercalation; (b) a binder dispersed in an aqueous or organic medium and comprising a reaction product of a reaction mixture comprising one or more epoxy functional polymer(s) and one or more acid functional acrylic polymer(s); and (c) an electrically conductive agent. 2. The electrode slurry composition of claim 1, further comprising a thickener. 3. The electrode slurry composition of claim 1, wherein the binder (b) is dispersed in an aqueous medium. 4. The electrode slurry composition of claim 3, further comprising an organic solvent. 5. The electrode slurry composition of claim 1, wherein the binder (b) is dispersed in an organic medium. 6. The electrode slurry composition of claim 1, wherein the mixture of polymers comprises at least 70 percent by weight of one or more epoxy functional polymer(s) and up to 30 percent by weight of one or more acid functional acrylic polymer(s), wherein the percentages by weight are based on the total weight of the reaction product. 7. The electrode slurry composition of claim 1, wherein the binder (b) further comprises a cros slinking agent. 8. The electrode slurry composition of claim 7, wherein the crosslinking agent comprises an aminoplast, a polycarbodiimide, a polyepoxide or a mixture or combination of any of the foregoing. 9. The electrode slurry composition of claim 1, wherein the electrochemically active material (a) comprises LiCoO2, LiNiO2, LiFePO4, LiCoPO4, LiMnO2, LiMn2O4, Li(NiMnCo)O2, Li(NiCoAl)O2, carbon-coated LiFePO4, graphite, silicon compounds, tin, tin compounds, or a mixture or combination of any of the foregoing. 10. The electrode slurry composition of claim 1, wherein the electrically conductive agent (c) comprises graphite, acetylene black, furnace black, graphene or a mixture or combination of any of the foregoing. 11. The electrode slurry composition of claim 1, wherein the slurry is essentially free of N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone. 12. The electrode slurry composition of claim 1, wherein the electrochemically active material (a) is present in amounts of 70 to 98 percent by weight; the binder (b) is present in amounts of 1 to 10 percent by weight and the electrically conductive agent (c) is present in amounts of 1 to 20 percent by weight, the percentages by weight being based on the total weight of solids in the slurry. 13. The electrode slurry composition of claim 1, wherein the binder (b) is essentially free of a polyvinylidene fluoride polymer. 14. An electrode comprising:
(a) an electrical current collector; and (b) a cured film formed on the electrical current collector, wherein the film is deposited from a slurry composition comprising:
(i) an electrochemically active material capable of lithium intercalation and deintercalation;
(ii) a binder dispersed in an aqueous or organic medium and comprising a reaction product of a reaction mixture comprising one or more epoxy functional polymer(s) and one or more acid functional acrylic polymer(s); and
(iii) an electrically conductive agent. 15. The electrode of claim 14, wherein the slurry composition further comprises a thickener. 16. The electrode of claim 15, wherein the thickener comprises a carboxymethylcellulose. 17. The electrode of claim 14, wherein the electrical current collector (a) comprises copper or aluminum in the form of a mesh, sheet or foil. 18. The electrode of claim 14, wherein the electrically conductive agent (iii) comprises graphite, acetylene black, furnace black, graphene or a mixture or combination of any of the foregoing. 19. An electrical storage device comprising:
(a) the electrode of claim 14, (b) a counter electrode, and (c) an electrolyte. 20. The electrical storage device of claim 19, wherein the electrolyte (c) comprises a lithium salt dissolved in a solvent. 21. The electrical storage device of claim 20, wherein the lithium salt is dissolved in an organic carbonate. | 1,700 |
3,940 | 14,989,582 | 1,795 | A system implementing fiber optics to monitor pipeline cathodic protection systems includes a cathodic protection system coupled to a hydrocarbon pipeline and a fiber optic system connected to the cathodic protection system. The cathodic protection system passes a current through the hydrocarbon pipeline to control corrosion of the hydrocarbon pipeline. The fiber optic system measures the current flowing through the hydrocarbon pipeline over time and provides the measured current. | 1. A system comprising:
a cathodic protection system coupled to a hydrocarbon pipeline, the cathodic protection system configured to pass a current through the hydrocarbon pipeline to control corrosion of the hydrocarbon pipeline; a fiber optic system connected to the cathodic protection system, the fiber optic system configured to:
measure the current flowing through the hydrocarbon pipeline over time, and
provide the measured current. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the fiber optic system comprises:
a fiber optic cable connected to the hydrocarbon pipeline; a light generator connected to the fiber optic cable, the light generator configured to generate light to pass through the fiber optic cable; a polarimeter connected to the fiber optic cable, the polarimeter configured to detect reflected light that passes through the fiber optic cable, the reflected light generated in response to a reflection of the generated light; and a signal processor connected to the fiber optic cable, the light generator and the polarimeter, the signal processor configured to determine a quantity of current flowing through the hydrocarbon pipeline at a time instant based at least on a magnetic field generated by the current flowing through the hydrocarbon pipeline and the reflection of the light passing through the fiber optic cable. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the signal processor is configured to detect a plurality of quantities of current at a corresponding plurality of time instants. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the signal processor is configured to:
determine a current density of the current flowed through the hydrocarbon pipeline by the cathodic protection system; and compare the determined current density with a threshold current density. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein, based on a result of the comparing, the signal processor is configured to determine that the current density satisfies the threshold current density. 6. The system of claim 4, wherein, based on a result of the comparing, the signal processor is configured to:
determine that the current density does not satisfy the threshold current density; and cause the cathodic protection system to modify a specified current passed to the hydrocarbon pipeline to modify the current density to satisfy the threshold current density. 7. The system of claim 2, wherein the fiber optic cable is coiled around a length of the hydrocarbon pipeline. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the hydrocarbon pipeline is an underground hydrocarbon pipeline comprising:
a first portion and a third portion positioned in aerated soil, and a second portion positioned in non-aerated soil and between the first portion and the third portion, wherein the fiber optic cable is coiled around each of the first portion, the second portion and the third portion. 9. The system of claim 7, wherein the hydrocarbon pipeline is a horizontal drill string in a horizontal wellbore drilling system. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the cathodic protection system is configured to pass a specified current to the hydrocarbon pipeline and the fiber optic system is configured to detect the current flowing through the hydrocarbon pipeline over time while hydrocarbons are flowing through the hydrocarbon pipeline. 11. A method comprising:
passing a specified quantity of current to an underground hydrocarbon pipeline to control external corrosion of the underground hydrocarbon pipeline, wherein a quantity of current flowing through the underground hydrocarbon pipeline is affected by the external corrosion of the underground hydrocarbon pipeline; monitoring reflected light passing through a fiber optic cable connected to the underground hydrocarbon pipeline, wherein the reflected light is modulated by a magnetic field produced by the quantity of current flowing through the underground hydrocarbon pipeline; and determining, based on the monitored reflected light, the quantity of current flowing through the underground hydrocarbon pipeline. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein monitoring the reflected light passing through the fiber optic cable connected to the underground hydrocarbon pipeline comprises:
connecting the fiber optic cable to the underground hydrocarbon pipeline; passing light generated by a light generator through the fiber optic cable; detecting the reflected light that passes through the fiber optic cable, the reflected light generated in response to a reflection of the generated light; and determining the quantity of the current flowing through the underground hydrocarbon pipeline based at least on a magnetic field generated by the current flowing through the underground hydrocarbon pipeline and the reflection of the light passing through the fiber optic cable. 13. The method of claim 12, determining the quantity of the current flowing through the underground hydrocarbon pipeline comprises determining a plurality of quantities of current flowing through the underground hydrocarbon pipeline at a corresponding plurality of time instants. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
determining a current density of the current flowed through the underground hydrocarbon pipeline by the cathodic protection system; and comparing the determined current density with a threshold current density. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein, based on a result of the comparing, determining that the current density satisfies the threshold current density. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein, based on a result of the comparing:
determining that the current density does not satisfy the threshold current density; and modifying the specified current passed to the underground hydrocarbon pipeline to satisfy the threshold current density. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein connecting the fiber optic cable to the underground hydrocarbon pipeline comprises coiling the fiber optic cable around a length of the underground hydrocarbon pipeline. 18. The method of claim 7, wherein the underground hydrocarbon pipeline comprises:
a first portion and a third portion positioned in aerated soil, and a second portion positioned in non-aerated soil and between the first portion and the third portion, wherein the fiber optic cable is coiled around each of the first portion, the second portion and the third portion. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the underground hydrocarbon pipeline is a horizontal drill string in a horizontal wellbore drilling system. 20. A method comprising:
coiling a fiber optic cable around an underground hydrocarbon pipeline connected to a cathodic protection system configured to pass a specified quantity of current to the underground hydrocarbon pipeline to control external corrosion of the underground hydrocarbon pipeline, wherein a quantity of current flowing through the underground hydrocarbon pipeline is affected by the external corrosion of the underground hydrocarbon pipeline; passing light through the fiber optic cable; monitoring reflected light passing through a fiber optic cable in response to the light, wherein the reflected light is modulated by the quantity of current flowing through the underground hydrocarbon pipeline; and determining, based on the monitored reflected light, the quantity of current flowing through the underground hydrocarbon pipeline. | A system implementing fiber optics to monitor pipeline cathodic protection systems includes a cathodic protection system coupled to a hydrocarbon pipeline and a fiber optic system connected to the cathodic protection system. The cathodic protection system passes a current through the hydrocarbon pipeline to control corrosion of the hydrocarbon pipeline. The fiber optic system measures the current flowing through the hydrocarbon pipeline over time and provides the measured current.1. A system comprising:
a cathodic protection system coupled to a hydrocarbon pipeline, the cathodic protection system configured to pass a current through the hydrocarbon pipeline to control corrosion of the hydrocarbon pipeline; a fiber optic system connected to the cathodic protection system, the fiber optic system configured to:
measure the current flowing through the hydrocarbon pipeline over time, and
provide the measured current. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the fiber optic system comprises:
a fiber optic cable connected to the hydrocarbon pipeline; a light generator connected to the fiber optic cable, the light generator configured to generate light to pass through the fiber optic cable; a polarimeter connected to the fiber optic cable, the polarimeter configured to detect reflected light that passes through the fiber optic cable, the reflected light generated in response to a reflection of the generated light; and a signal processor connected to the fiber optic cable, the light generator and the polarimeter, the signal processor configured to determine a quantity of current flowing through the hydrocarbon pipeline at a time instant based at least on a magnetic field generated by the current flowing through the hydrocarbon pipeline and the reflection of the light passing through the fiber optic cable. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the signal processor is configured to detect a plurality of quantities of current at a corresponding plurality of time instants. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the signal processor is configured to:
determine a current density of the current flowed through the hydrocarbon pipeline by the cathodic protection system; and compare the determined current density with a threshold current density. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein, based on a result of the comparing, the signal processor is configured to determine that the current density satisfies the threshold current density. 6. The system of claim 4, wherein, based on a result of the comparing, the signal processor is configured to:
determine that the current density does not satisfy the threshold current density; and cause the cathodic protection system to modify a specified current passed to the hydrocarbon pipeline to modify the current density to satisfy the threshold current density. 7. The system of claim 2, wherein the fiber optic cable is coiled around a length of the hydrocarbon pipeline. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the hydrocarbon pipeline is an underground hydrocarbon pipeline comprising:
a first portion and a third portion positioned in aerated soil, and a second portion positioned in non-aerated soil and between the first portion and the third portion, wherein the fiber optic cable is coiled around each of the first portion, the second portion and the third portion. 9. The system of claim 7, wherein the hydrocarbon pipeline is a horizontal drill string in a horizontal wellbore drilling system. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the cathodic protection system is configured to pass a specified current to the hydrocarbon pipeline and the fiber optic system is configured to detect the current flowing through the hydrocarbon pipeline over time while hydrocarbons are flowing through the hydrocarbon pipeline. 11. A method comprising:
passing a specified quantity of current to an underground hydrocarbon pipeline to control external corrosion of the underground hydrocarbon pipeline, wherein a quantity of current flowing through the underground hydrocarbon pipeline is affected by the external corrosion of the underground hydrocarbon pipeline; monitoring reflected light passing through a fiber optic cable connected to the underground hydrocarbon pipeline, wherein the reflected light is modulated by a magnetic field produced by the quantity of current flowing through the underground hydrocarbon pipeline; and determining, based on the monitored reflected light, the quantity of current flowing through the underground hydrocarbon pipeline. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein monitoring the reflected light passing through the fiber optic cable connected to the underground hydrocarbon pipeline comprises:
connecting the fiber optic cable to the underground hydrocarbon pipeline; passing light generated by a light generator through the fiber optic cable; detecting the reflected light that passes through the fiber optic cable, the reflected light generated in response to a reflection of the generated light; and determining the quantity of the current flowing through the underground hydrocarbon pipeline based at least on a magnetic field generated by the current flowing through the underground hydrocarbon pipeline and the reflection of the light passing through the fiber optic cable. 13. The method of claim 12, determining the quantity of the current flowing through the underground hydrocarbon pipeline comprises determining a plurality of quantities of current flowing through the underground hydrocarbon pipeline at a corresponding plurality of time instants. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
determining a current density of the current flowed through the underground hydrocarbon pipeline by the cathodic protection system; and comparing the determined current density with a threshold current density. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein, based on a result of the comparing, determining that the current density satisfies the threshold current density. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein, based on a result of the comparing:
determining that the current density does not satisfy the threshold current density; and modifying the specified current passed to the underground hydrocarbon pipeline to satisfy the threshold current density. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein connecting the fiber optic cable to the underground hydrocarbon pipeline comprises coiling the fiber optic cable around a length of the underground hydrocarbon pipeline. 18. The method of claim 7, wherein the underground hydrocarbon pipeline comprises:
a first portion and a third portion positioned in aerated soil, and a second portion positioned in non-aerated soil and between the first portion and the third portion, wherein the fiber optic cable is coiled around each of the first portion, the second portion and the third portion. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the underground hydrocarbon pipeline is a horizontal drill string in a horizontal wellbore drilling system. 20. A method comprising:
coiling a fiber optic cable around an underground hydrocarbon pipeline connected to a cathodic protection system configured to pass a specified quantity of current to the underground hydrocarbon pipeline to control external corrosion of the underground hydrocarbon pipeline, wherein a quantity of current flowing through the underground hydrocarbon pipeline is affected by the external corrosion of the underground hydrocarbon pipeline; passing light through the fiber optic cable; monitoring reflected light passing through a fiber optic cable in response to the light, wherein the reflected light is modulated by the quantity of current flowing through the underground hydrocarbon pipeline; and determining, based on the monitored reflected light, the quantity of current flowing through the underground hydrocarbon pipeline. | 1,700 |
3,941 | 14,997,852 | 1,714 | Implementations described herein provide a substrate support assembly which enables high temperature processing. The substrate support assembly includes an electrostatic chuck secured to a cooling base by a bonding layer. The bonding layer has a first layer and a second layer. The first layer has an operating temperature that includes a temperature of about 300 degrees Celsius. The second layer having a maximum operating temperature that is below 250 degrees Celsius. | 1. A substrate support assembly, comprising:
an electrostatic chuck having a workpiece supporting surface and a bottom surface; a cooling base having a top surface; and a bonding layer securing the bottom surface of the electrostatic chuck and the top surface of the cooling base, wherein the bonding layer comprises:
a first layer adhered to the bottom surface, wherein the first layer has an operating temperature that includes a temperature of about 300 degrees Celsius; and
a second layer disposed below the first layer, the second layer having a maximum operating temperature that is below 250 degrees Celsius. 2. The substrate support assembly of claim 1, wherein the bonding layer further comprises:
a third layer disposed below the second layer and bonded to the cooling base, wherein the third layer has a maximum operating temperature that is below about 200 degrees Celsius. 3. The substrate support assembly of claim 1, wherein the first layer has an operating temperature that includes temperatures between about 250 degrees Celsius and about 325 degrees Celsius. 4. The substrate support assembly of claim 1, wherein the thermal conductivity of the bonding layer is about 0.2 W/mK. 5. The substrate support assembly of claim 2, wherein the third layer has an operating temperature that includes temperatures between about 170 degrees Celsius and 60 degrees Celsius. 6. The substrate support assembly of claim 1, wherein the first layer is comprised of a perfluoro compound. 7. The substrate support assembly of claim 6, wherein a thickness of the first layer is between about 0.3 mm and about 5 mm. 8. The substrate support assembly of claim 1, wherein the second layer comprises polyimide or silicone. 9. The substrate support assembly of claim 1, wherein the second layer has a thermal conductivity of less than about 1 W/mK. 10. The substrate support assembly of claim 2, wherein the third layer comprises silicone. 11. The substrate support assembly of claim 1 further comprising:
an o-ring providing a seal between the electrostatic chuck and the cooling plate, the o-ring circumscribing the bonding layer. 12. The substrate support assembly of claim 2, wherein the coefficient of thermal expansion for the first layer is greater than that of the second layer or the third layer. 14. A substrate support assembly, comprising:
an electrostatic chuck having a heater, a workpiece support surface and a bottom surface; a cooling base having a top surface; and a bonding layer securing the bottom surface of the electrostatic chuck and the top surface of the cooling base, wherein the bonding layer comprises:
a first layer adhered to the bottom surface, wherein the first layer has an operating temperature that includes a temperature of about 300 degrees Celsius;
a second layer disposed below the first layer, the second layer having a maximum operating temperature that is lower that of the first layer; and
a third layer disposed below the second layer and in contact with the cooling plate, the third layer having a maximum operating temperature that is lower that of the second layer. 15. The substrate support assembly of claim 14, wherein the thermal conductivity of the bonding layer is about 0.2 W/mK. 16. The substrate support assembly of claim 14, wherein the third layer has an operating temperature that includes temperatures between about 170 degrees Celsius and 60 degrees Celsius. 17. The substrate support assembly of claim 14, wherein the first layer is comprised of a perfluoro polymer compound. 18. The substrate support assembly of claim 14, wherein the second layer comprises at least one of is one of a perfluoro polymer compound, silicone, polyimide and porous graphite. 19. The substrate support assembly of claim 14, wherein the second layer has a thermal conductivity of less than about 1 W/mK. 19. The substrate support assembly of claim 14, further comprising:
an o-ring providing a seal between the electrostatic chuck and the cooling plate, the o-ring circumscribing the bonding layer. 20. A substrate support assembly, comprising:
an electrostatic chuck having a heater, a workpiece support surface and a bottom surface; a cooling plate having a top surface and lips along the top surface; a metal plate disposed below the bottom surface of the electrostatic chuck; and a bonding layer disposed between the metal plate and the top surface of the cooling plate; and
a first layer adhered to the bottom surface, wherein the first layer has an operating temperature that includes a temperature of about 300 degrees Celsius; and
a second layer disposed below the first layer, the second layer having a maximum operating temperature that is lower that of the first layer. 21. A substrate support assembly, comprising:
an electrostatic chuck having a workpiece supporting surface and a bottom surface; a cooling base having a top surface; and a bonding layer securing the bottom surface of the electrostatic chuck and the top surface of the cooling base, wherein the bonding layer comprises:
a first layer adhered to the bottom surface, wherein the first layer has an operating temperature that includes a temperature of about 300 degrees Celsius; and
a second layer stacked below the first layer and bonded to the cooling base, the second layer having a maximum operating temperature less than the maximum operating temperature of the first layer. 22. The substrate support assembly of claim 21, wherein the bonding layer further comprises:
a third layer disposed between the second layer and the first layer, the third layer having a maximum operating temperature that is below about 300 degrees Celsius. 23. The substrate support assembly of claim 21, wherein the thermal conductivity of the bonding layer is about 0.2 W/mK. 24. The substrate support assembly of claim 21, wherein the first layer is comprised of a perfluoro compound. 25. The substrate support assembly of claim 24, wherein the second layer comprises polyimide or silicone. 26. The substrate support assembly of claim 24, wherein the second layer comprises a perfluoro compound. | Implementations described herein provide a substrate support assembly which enables high temperature processing. The substrate support assembly includes an electrostatic chuck secured to a cooling base by a bonding layer. The bonding layer has a first layer and a second layer. The first layer has an operating temperature that includes a temperature of about 300 degrees Celsius. The second layer having a maximum operating temperature that is below 250 degrees Celsius.1. A substrate support assembly, comprising:
an electrostatic chuck having a workpiece supporting surface and a bottom surface; a cooling base having a top surface; and a bonding layer securing the bottom surface of the electrostatic chuck and the top surface of the cooling base, wherein the bonding layer comprises:
a first layer adhered to the bottom surface, wherein the first layer has an operating temperature that includes a temperature of about 300 degrees Celsius; and
a second layer disposed below the first layer, the second layer having a maximum operating temperature that is below 250 degrees Celsius. 2. The substrate support assembly of claim 1, wherein the bonding layer further comprises:
a third layer disposed below the second layer and bonded to the cooling base, wherein the third layer has a maximum operating temperature that is below about 200 degrees Celsius. 3. The substrate support assembly of claim 1, wherein the first layer has an operating temperature that includes temperatures between about 250 degrees Celsius and about 325 degrees Celsius. 4. The substrate support assembly of claim 1, wherein the thermal conductivity of the bonding layer is about 0.2 W/mK. 5. The substrate support assembly of claim 2, wherein the third layer has an operating temperature that includes temperatures between about 170 degrees Celsius and 60 degrees Celsius. 6. The substrate support assembly of claim 1, wherein the first layer is comprised of a perfluoro compound. 7. The substrate support assembly of claim 6, wherein a thickness of the first layer is between about 0.3 mm and about 5 mm. 8. The substrate support assembly of claim 1, wherein the second layer comprises polyimide or silicone. 9. The substrate support assembly of claim 1, wherein the second layer has a thermal conductivity of less than about 1 W/mK. 10. The substrate support assembly of claim 2, wherein the third layer comprises silicone. 11. The substrate support assembly of claim 1 further comprising:
an o-ring providing a seal between the electrostatic chuck and the cooling plate, the o-ring circumscribing the bonding layer. 12. The substrate support assembly of claim 2, wherein the coefficient of thermal expansion for the first layer is greater than that of the second layer or the third layer. 14. A substrate support assembly, comprising:
an electrostatic chuck having a heater, a workpiece support surface and a bottom surface; a cooling base having a top surface; and a bonding layer securing the bottom surface of the electrostatic chuck and the top surface of the cooling base, wherein the bonding layer comprises:
a first layer adhered to the bottom surface, wherein the first layer has an operating temperature that includes a temperature of about 300 degrees Celsius;
a second layer disposed below the first layer, the second layer having a maximum operating temperature that is lower that of the first layer; and
a third layer disposed below the second layer and in contact with the cooling plate, the third layer having a maximum operating temperature that is lower that of the second layer. 15. The substrate support assembly of claim 14, wherein the thermal conductivity of the bonding layer is about 0.2 W/mK. 16. The substrate support assembly of claim 14, wherein the third layer has an operating temperature that includes temperatures between about 170 degrees Celsius and 60 degrees Celsius. 17. The substrate support assembly of claim 14, wherein the first layer is comprised of a perfluoro polymer compound. 18. The substrate support assembly of claim 14, wherein the second layer comprises at least one of is one of a perfluoro polymer compound, silicone, polyimide and porous graphite. 19. The substrate support assembly of claim 14, wherein the second layer has a thermal conductivity of less than about 1 W/mK. 19. The substrate support assembly of claim 14, further comprising:
an o-ring providing a seal between the electrostatic chuck and the cooling plate, the o-ring circumscribing the bonding layer. 20. A substrate support assembly, comprising:
an electrostatic chuck having a heater, a workpiece support surface and a bottom surface; a cooling plate having a top surface and lips along the top surface; a metal plate disposed below the bottom surface of the electrostatic chuck; and a bonding layer disposed between the metal plate and the top surface of the cooling plate; and
a first layer adhered to the bottom surface, wherein the first layer has an operating temperature that includes a temperature of about 300 degrees Celsius; and
a second layer disposed below the first layer, the second layer having a maximum operating temperature that is lower that of the first layer. 21. A substrate support assembly, comprising:
an electrostatic chuck having a workpiece supporting surface and a bottom surface; a cooling base having a top surface; and a bonding layer securing the bottom surface of the electrostatic chuck and the top surface of the cooling base, wherein the bonding layer comprises:
a first layer adhered to the bottom surface, wherein the first layer has an operating temperature that includes a temperature of about 300 degrees Celsius; and
a second layer stacked below the first layer and bonded to the cooling base, the second layer having a maximum operating temperature less than the maximum operating temperature of the first layer. 22. The substrate support assembly of claim 21, wherein the bonding layer further comprises:
a third layer disposed between the second layer and the first layer, the third layer having a maximum operating temperature that is below about 300 degrees Celsius. 23. The substrate support assembly of claim 21, wherein the thermal conductivity of the bonding layer is about 0.2 W/mK. 24. The substrate support assembly of claim 21, wherein the first layer is comprised of a perfluoro compound. 25. The substrate support assembly of claim 24, wherein the second layer comprises polyimide or silicone. 26. The substrate support assembly of claim 24, wherein the second layer comprises a perfluoro compound. | 1,700 |
3,942 | 13,757,792 | 1,779 | Systems and methods for managing the pH of a dialysate fluid during hemodialysis therapy. The systems and methods adjust dialysate pH and buffer concentration to generate a predetermined total bicarbonate buffer concentration in a dialysate entering a dialyzer. | 1. A system for infusing a buffer into a dialysate, comprising:
a dialysate flow loop for circulating a dialysate through a dialyzer, wherein acid or base equivalents are added to the dialysate during operation of the dialysate flow loop; a urea sensor that measures or allows for the calculation of urea content of the dialysate in at least one portion of the dialysate flow loop; an infusate system configured to add a bicarbonate buffer component or unbuffered sodium bicarbonate to the dialysate; and a controller for controlling an amount of the bicarbonate buffer component or unbuffered sodium bicarbonate for addition to the dialysate to generate a predetermined total bicarbonate buffer concentration in the dialysate entering the dialyzer. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the system further comprises a dialysate regeneration unit, the dialysate regeneration unit for removing a waste species from the dialysate. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the dialysate regeneration unit contains urease for converting urea to ammonium carbonate. 4. The system of claim 2, wherein the dialysate regeneration unit modifies the total bicarbonate buffer concentration of the dialysate entering the dialysate regeneration unit or modifies the pH of the dialysate entering the dialysate regeneration unit. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the dialysate exiting the dialysate regeneration unit comprises a concentration of bicarbonate buffer that is less than the predetermined total bicarbonate buffer concentration. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the controller determines the total bicarbonate buffer concentration of the dialysate in a first portion of the dialysate flow loop based at least in part upon a urea concentration of the dialysate in a second portion of the dialysate flow loop. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the controller controls a pH of the dialysate in a first portion of the dialysate flow loop based at least in part upon a urea concentration of the dialysate in a second portion of the dialysate flow loop. 8. The system of claim 6, wherein the system further comprises a dialysate regeneration unit, the dialysate regeneration unit for removing a waste species from the dialysate and releasing a bicarbonate buffer component, unbuffered sodium bicarbonate, carbon dioxide or combinations thereof to the dialysate. 9. The system of claim 6, wherein the second portion of the dialysate flow loop is between an outlet of the dialyzer and an inlet of the dialysate regeneration unit and the first portion of the dialysate flow loop is between an outlet of the dialysate regeneration unit and an inlet of the dialyzer. 10. The system of claim 6, wherein the controller determines a total buffer concentration in the first portion of the dialysate flow loop and operates the infusate system at a rate to add a bicarbonate buffer component or unbuffered sodium bicarbonate to the dialysate to generate dialysate having the predetermined total bicarbonate buffer concentration. 11. The system of claim 1, further comprising a pH-buffer sensor for determining a bicarbonate ion concentration and a pH of the dialysate in at least one point of the dialysate flow loop. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein information from the pH-buffer sensor is used to determine the amount of bicarbonate buffer component or unbuffered sodium bicarbonate added by the infusate system. 13. A system for modifying a pH of a dialysate, comprising:
a dialysate flow loop for circulating a dialysate through a dialyzer, wherein acid or base equivalents are added to the dialysate during operation of the dialysate flow loop; a pH-buffer management system for adding or generating a pH-buffer modifying solution to the dialysate, wherein the pH-buffer management solution has a different pH from the dialysate; and a controller for calculating an amount of the pH-buffer modifying solution for addition to the dialysate to adjust the dialysate to be of a predetermined pH and bicarbonate buffer concentration. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the controller determines the pH and bicarbonate buffer concentration of a dialysate in a first portion of the dialysate flow loop based at least in part upon a urea content of the dialysate in a second portion of the dialysate flow loop. 15. The system of claim 13, further comprising a urea sensor that measures or allows for the calculation of urea content of the dialysate in at least one portion of the dialysate flow loop. 16. The system of claim 13, wherein the dialysate comprises a bicarbonate buffer component or unbuffered sodium bicarbonate. 17. The system of claim 14, wherein the pH-buffer management system generates the pH-buffer modifying solution from a feed solution, and the pH-buffer management system does not substantially modify the total bicarbonate buffer concentration of the feed solution. 18. The system of claim 11, wherein the pH-buffer management system comprises a bipolar electrodialysis system. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the bipolar electrodialysis system comprises an anode, a cathode, a first flow channel and a second flow channel, and a feed solution flowing through the first flow channel generates the pH-buffer modifying solution. 20. The system of claim 19, further comprising a cation exchange membrane interposed between the first flow channel and the second flow channel, a first bipolar membrane interposed between the first flow channel and the anode and a second bipolar membrane interposed between the second flow channel and the cathode, wherein the first and second bipolar membranes comprise a cation exchange membrane and an anion exchange membrane. 21. The system of claim 20, wherein the cation exchange membrane of the first bipolar membrane is oriented toward the first flow channel and an anion exchange membrane of the second bipolar membrane is oriented toward the second flow channel. 22. The system of claim 19, wherein a base concentrate is generated from a fluid flowing through the second flow channel during operation of the bipolar electrodialysis system. 23. The system of claim 22, wherein the base concentrate is circulated through the second flow channel using a base concentrate reservoir and a base concentrate pump. 24. The system of claim 13, wherein the pH-buffer management system comprises a pump to deliver an acid solution as the pH-buffer modifying solution with the proviso that the acid solution does not comprise a substantial amount of a bicarbonate buffer component or an unbuffered sodium bicarbonate. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the acid solution comprises hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid or citric acid. 26. The system of claim 1, wherein the system is controlled compliant. 27. The system of claim 1, wherein the system selectively meters fluid into and out of the dialysate flow loop. 28. The system of claim 1, wherein the system selectively meters fluid into and out of the dialysate flow loop using any one of a control pump, a water pump, a salination pump, an acid concentrate pump, a replacement fluid pump, and combinations thereof. 29. The system of claim 1, wherein the system provides for bi-directional flow. 30. The system of claim 13, wherein the system is controlled compliant. 31. The system of claim 13, wherein the system selectively meters fluid into and out of the dialysate flow loop. 32. The system of claim 13, wherein the system selectively meters fluid into and out of the dialysate flow loop using any one of a control pump, a water pump, a salination pump, an acid concentrate pump, a replacement fluid pump, and combinations thereof. 33. The system of claim 13, wherein the system provides for bi-directional flow. | Systems and methods for managing the pH of a dialysate fluid during hemodialysis therapy. The systems and methods adjust dialysate pH and buffer concentration to generate a predetermined total bicarbonate buffer concentration in a dialysate entering a dialyzer.1. A system for infusing a buffer into a dialysate, comprising:
a dialysate flow loop for circulating a dialysate through a dialyzer, wherein acid or base equivalents are added to the dialysate during operation of the dialysate flow loop; a urea sensor that measures or allows for the calculation of urea content of the dialysate in at least one portion of the dialysate flow loop; an infusate system configured to add a bicarbonate buffer component or unbuffered sodium bicarbonate to the dialysate; and a controller for controlling an amount of the bicarbonate buffer component or unbuffered sodium bicarbonate for addition to the dialysate to generate a predetermined total bicarbonate buffer concentration in the dialysate entering the dialyzer. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the system further comprises a dialysate regeneration unit, the dialysate regeneration unit for removing a waste species from the dialysate. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the dialysate regeneration unit contains urease for converting urea to ammonium carbonate. 4. The system of claim 2, wherein the dialysate regeneration unit modifies the total bicarbonate buffer concentration of the dialysate entering the dialysate regeneration unit or modifies the pH of the dialysate entering the dialysate regeneration unit. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the dialysate exiting the dialysate regeneration unit comprises a concentration of bicarbonate buffer that is less than the predetermined total bicarbonate buffer concentration. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the controller determines the total bicarbonate buffer concentration of the dialysate in a first portion of the dialysate flow loop based at least in part upon a urea concentration of the dialysate in a second portion of the dialysate flow loop. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the controller controls a pH of the dialysate in a first portion of the dialysate flow loop based at least in part upon a urea concentration of the dialysate in a second portion of the dialysate flow loop. 8. The system of claim 6, wherein the system further comprises a dialysate regeneration unit, the dialysate regeneration unit for removing a waste species from the dialysate and releasing a bicarbonate buffer component, unbuffered sodium bicarbonate, carbon dioxide or combinations thereof to the dialysate. 9. The system of claim 6, wherein the second portion of the dialysate flow loop is between an outlet of the dialyzer and an inlet of the dialysate regeneration unit and the first portion of the dialysate flow loop is between an outlet of the dialysate regeneration unit and an inlet of the dialyzer. 10. The system of claim 6, wherein the controller determines a total buffer concentration in the first portion of the dialysate flow loop and operates the infusate system at a rate to add a bicarbonate buffer component or unbuffered sodium bicarbonate to the dialysate to generate dialysate having the predetermined total bicarbonate buffer concentration. 11. The system of claim 1, further comprising a pH-buffer sensor for determining a bicarbonate ion concentration and a pH of the dialysate in at least one point of the dialysate flow loop. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein information from the pH-buffer sensor is used to determine the amount of bicarbonate buffer component or unbuffered sodium bicarbonate added by the infusate system. 13. A system for modifying a pH of a dialysate, comprising:
a dialysate flow loop for circulating a dialysate through a dialyzer, wherein acid or base equivalents are added to the dialysate during operation of the dialysate flow loop; a pH-buffer management system for adding or generating a pH-buffer modifying solution to the dialysate, wherein the pH-buffer management solution has a different pH from the dialysate; and a controller for calculating an amount of the pH-buffer modifying solution for addition to the dialysate to adjust the dialysate to be of a predetermined pH and bicarbonate buffer concentration. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the controller determines the pH and bicarbonate buffer concentration of a dialysate in a first portion of the dialysate flow loop based at least in part upon a urea content of the dialysate in a second portion of the dialysate flow loop. 15. The system of claim 13, further comprising a urea sensor that measures or allows for the calculation of urea content of the dialysate in at least one portion of the dialysate flow loop. 16. The system of claim 13, wherein the dialysate comprises a bicarbonate buffer component or unbuffered sodium bicarbonate. 17. The system of claim 14, wherein the pH-buffer management system generates the pH-buffer modifying solution from a feed solution, and the pH-buffer management system does not substantially modify the total bicarbonate buffer concentration of the feed solution. 18. The system of claim 11, wherein the pH-buffer management system comprises a bipolar electrodialysis system. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the bipolar electrodialysis system comprises an anode, a cathode, a first flow channel and a second flow channel, and a feed solution flowing through the first flow channel generates the pH-buffer modifying solution. 20. The system of claim 19, further comprising a cation exchange membrane interposed between the first flow channel and the second flow channel, a first bipolar membrane interposed between the first flow channel and the anode and a second bipolar membrane interposed between the second flow channel and the cathode, wherein the first and second bipolar membranes comprise a cation exchange membrane and an anion exchange membrane. 21. The system of claim 20, wherein the cation exchange membrane of the first bipolar membrane is oriented toward the first flow channel and an anion exchange membrane of the second bipolar membrane is oriented toward the second flow channel. 22. The system of claim 19, wherein a base concentrate is generated from a fluid flowing through the second flow channel during operation of the bipolar electrodialysis system. 23. The system of claim 22, wherein the base concentrate is circulated through the second flow channel using a base concentrate reservoir and a base concentrate pump. 24. The system of claim 13, wherein the pH-buffer management system comprises a pump to deliver an acid solution as the pH-buffer modifying solution with the proviso that the acid solution does not comprise a substantial amount of a bicarbonate buffer component or an unbuffered sodium bicarbonate. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the acid solution comprises hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid or citric acid. 26. The system of claim 1, wherein the system is controlled compliant. 27. The system of claim 1, wherein the system selectively meters fluid into and out of the dialysate flow loop. 28. The system of claim 1, wherein the system selectively meters fluid into and out of the dialysate flow loop using any one of a control pump, a water pump, a salination pump, an acid concentrate pump, a replacement fluid pump, and combinations thereof. 29. The system of claim 1, wherein the system provides for bi-directional flow. 30. The system of claim 13, wherein the system is controlled compliant. 31. The system of claim 13, wherein the system selectively meters fluid into and out of the dialysate flow loop. 32. The system of claim 13, wherein the system selectively meters fluid into and out of the dialysate flow loop using any one of a control pump, a water pump, a salination pump, an acid concentrate pump, a replacement fluid pump, and combinations thereof. 33. The system of claim 13, wherein the system provides for bi-directional flow. | 1,700 |
3,943 | 15,864,291 | 1,713 | A system for a motor vehicle according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, a controller and a rear wiper configured to wipe a rear window of the motor vehicle in response to instructions from the controller. Further, the controller is configured to instruct the rear wiper to run at a predefined speed for a predefined time period based on a plurality of factors. A method is also disclosed. | 1. A system for a motor vehicle, comprising:
a controller; and a rear wiper configured to wipe a rear window of the motor vehicle in response to instructions from the controller, wherein the controller is configured to instruct the rear wiper to run at a predefined speed for a predefined time period based on a plurality of factors. 2. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein:
a weight is assigned to each of the plurality of factors, and the controller is configured to instruct the rear wiper to run at the predefined speed for the predefined time period based on a weighted sum of the factors. 3. The system as recited in claim 2, wherein the weights are factory settings of the motor vehicle. 4. The system as recited in claim 3, wherein the controller is configured to change the weights over time. 5. The system as recited in claim 2, wherein the controller is configured to instruct the rear wiper to run at a first speed for a first time period when the weighted sum is greater than or equal to an upper threshold. 6. The system as recited in claim 5, wherein:
the controller is configured to instruct the rear wiper to run at a second speed for a second time period when the weighted sum is less than the upper threshold and greater than or equal to an intermediate threshold, and the second speed is less than the first speed. 7. The system as recited in claim 6, wherein:
the controller is configured to instruct the rear wiper to run at a third speed for a third time period when the weighted sum is less than the intermediate threshold and greater than or equal to a lower threshold, and the third speed is less than the second speed. 8. The system as recited in claim 7, wherein:
the controller is configured to stop the rear wiper when the weighted sum is less than the lower threshold. 9. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the plurality of factors includes at least two of a user input, a signal from a rain sensor, a speed of the motor vehicle, a signal from a front camera, a gear position, a signal from a rear camera, a vehicle-to-vehicle message, and a shape of an exterior of a body of the motor vehicle. 10. The system as recited in claim 9, wherein the user input includes a signal indicative of an eye position of the user. 11. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to instruct the rear wiper to run at a speed other than the predefined speed based on a user override. 12. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the motor vehicle does not include a rear window rain sensor. 13. A method, comprising:
wiping a rear window by running a rear wiper at a predefined speed for a predefined time period based on a plurality of factors. 14. The method as recited in claim 13, further comprising:
assigning weights to the plurality of factors; and running the rear wiper based on a weighted sum of the plurality of factors. 15. The method as recited in claim 14, further comprising:
changing the weights over time. 16. The method as recited in claim 13, further comprising:
running the rear wiper at a first speed when a weighted sum of the plurality of factors is greater than or equal to an upper threshold; and running the rear wiper at a second speed when the weighted sum is less than the upper threshold and greater than or equal to a first intermediate threshold, the second speed less than the first speed. 17. The method as recited in claim 16, further comprising:
running the rear wiper to at a third speed when the weighted sum is less than the first intermediate threshold and greater than or equal to a lower threshold, the third speed less than the second speed. 18. The method as recited in claim 17, further comprising:
stopping the rear wiper when the weighted sum is less than the lower threshold. 19. The method as recited in claim 13, wherein the plurality of factors does not include a signal from a rear window rain sensor. 20. The method as recited in claim 13, further comprising:
wiping the rear window by running a rear wiper at a speed other than the predefined speed based on a user override. | A system for a motor vehicle according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, a controller and a rear wiper configured to wipe a rear window of the motor vehicle in response to instructions from the controller. Further, the controller is configured to instruct the rear wiper to run at a predefined speed for a predefined time period based on a plurality of factors. A method is also disclosed.1. A system for a motor vehicle, comprising:
a controller; and a rear wiper configured to wipe a rear window of the motor vehicle in response to instructions from the controller, wherein the controller is configured to instruct the rear wiper to run at a predefined speed for a predefined time period based on a plurality of factors. 2. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein:
a weight is assigned to each of the plurality of factors, and the controller is configured to instruct the rear wiper to run at the predefined speed for the predefined time period based on a weighted sum of the factors. 3. The system as recited in claim 2, wherein the weights are factory settings of the motor vehicle. 4. The system as recited in claim 3, wherein the controller is configured to change the weights over time. 5. The system as recited in claim 2, wherein the controller is configured to instruct the rear wiper to run at a first speed for a first time period when the weighted sum is greater than or equal to an upper threshold. 6. The system as recited in claim 5, wherein:
the controller is configured to instruct the rear wiper to run at a second speed for a second time period when the weighted sum is less than the upper threshold and greater than or equal to an intermediate threshold, and the second speed is less than the first speed. 7. The system as recited in claim 6, wherein:
the controller is configured to instruct the rear wiper to run at a third speed for a third time period when the weighted sum is less than the intermediate threshold and greater than or equal to a lower threshold, and the third speed is less than the second speed. 8. The system as recited in claim 7, wherein:
the controller is configured to stop the rear wiper when the weighted sum is less than the lower threshold. 9. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the plurality of factors includes at least two of a user input, a signal from a rain sensor, a speed of the motor vehicle, a signal from a front camera, a gear position, a signal from a rear camera, a vehicle-to-vehicle message, and a shape of an exterior of a body of the motor vehicle. 10. The system as recited in claim 9, wherein the user input includes a signal indicative of an eye position of the user. 11. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to instruct the rear wiper to run at a speed other than the predefined speed based on a user override. 12. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the motor vehicle does not include a rear window rain sensor. 13. A method, comprising:
wiping a rear window by running a rear wiper at a predefined speed for a predefined time period based on a plurality of factors. 14. The method as recited in claim 13, further comprising:
assigning weights to the plurality of factors; and running the rear wiper based on a weighted sum of the plurality of factors. 15. The method as recited in claim 14, further comprising:
changing the weights over time. 16. The method as recited in claim 13, further comprising:
running the rear wiper at a first speed when a weighted sum of the plurality of factors is greater than or equal to an upper threshold; and running the rear wiper at a second speed when the weighted sum is less than the upper threshold and greater than or equal to a first intermediate threshold, the second speed less than the first speed. 17. The method as recited in claim 16, further comprising:
running the rear wiper to at a third speed when the weighted sum is less than the first intermediate threshold and greater than or equal to a lower threshold, the third speed less than the second speed. 18. The method as recited in claim 17, further comprising:
stopping the rear wiper when the weighted sum is less than the lower threshold. 19. The method as recited in claim 13, wherein the plurality of factors does not include a signal from a rear window rain sensor. 20. The method as recited in claim 13, further comprising:
wiping the rear window by running a rear wiper at a speed other than the predefined speed based on a user override. | 1,700 |
3,944 | 13,626,239 | 1,735 | According to one embodiment of this disclosure, a method for manufacturing a component includes providing a first layer of powdered particles onto a table. The method further includes selectively fusing the first layer of powdered particles by transmitting energy from an energy beam through the table. | 1. A method for manufacturing a component comprising:
providing a first layer of powdered particles onto a table; and selectively fusing the first layer of powdered particles by transmitting energy from an energy beam through the table. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein fusing the first layer of powdered particles provides a first cross section of the component. 3. The method as recited in claim 2, including providing a base in close proximity to the first layer of powdered particles such that the first cross section is provided onto the base. 4. The method as recited in claim 3, including moving the base relative to the table to allow removal of the unfused ones of the first layer of powdered particles. 5. The method as recited in claim 4, including removing unfused ones of the first layer of powdered particles from the table. 6. The method as recited in claim 5, including providing a second layer of powdered particles onto the table. 7. The method as recited in claim 6, wherein the second layer of powdered particles has a chemical composition different than the first layer of powdered particles. 8. The method as recited in claim 6, wherein the first layer of powdered particles and the second layer of powdered particles include powdered metal particles. 9. The method as recited in claim 6, including selectively fusing the second layer of powdered particles to the first cross section, by transmitting energy from an energy beam through the table, to provide a second cross section of the component. 10. The method as recited in claim 9, wherein providing the second cross section increases one of a radial dimension and an axial dimension of the component. 11. The method as recited in claim 9, including providing a set of data instructions for forming the component, the first layer of powdered particles and the second layer of powdered particles fused with respect to the set of data instructions. 12. The method as recited in claim 9, including heat treating an exterior of the first cross section of the component during the step of selectively fusing the second layer of powdered particles. 13. The method as recited in claim 12, wherein the heat treating includes annealing. 14. The method as recited in claim 1, including providing an energy beam source configured to emit the energy beam, the energy beam source positioned on a side of the table opposite a side of the table configured to support powdered particles. 15. The method as recited in claim 14, wherein the energy beam source is configured to generate one of a laser beam and an electron beam. 16. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the table is made of a material capable of allowing at least some wavelengths of the energy beam to pass therethrough, the material being a solid material. 17. A manufacturing process comprising:
adding a layer of a first powder to a table, the table made of a translucent material; disposing an external cross section of a partially formed part in proximity with the layer of the first powder; selectively melting the first powder to fuse with the partially formed part, thereby providing the partially formed part with a new external cross section; lifting the part above the remainder of the layer of the first powder; removing the remainder of the layer of the first powder from the table; adding a layer of a second powder to the table, wherein the second powder has a chemical composition different than the first powder; disposing the new external cross section of the partially formed part in proximity with the layer of the second powder; and selectively melting the second powder to fuse with the partially formed part. 18. The manufacturing process as recited in claim 17, further comprising heat treating the part with diffuse laser incidence during the adding, disposing and selectively melting steps. 19. An additive manufacturing machine comprising:
a table having a side for supporting a plurality of powdered particles thereon, the table being at least partially translucent; and an energy beam source provided on a side of the table opposite the side for supporting the plurality of powdered particles. 20. The additive manufacturing machine as recited in claim 19, further comprising:
a base configured to have the plurality of powdered particles fused thereto; and a lifting mechanism for selectively moving the base relative to the table. | According to one embodiment of this disclosure, a method for manufacturing a component includes providing a first layer of powdered particles onto a table. The method further includes selectively fusing the first layer of powdered particles by transmitting energy from an energy beam through the table.1. A method for manufacturing a component comprising:
providing a first layer of powdered particles onto a table; and selectively fusing the first layer of powdered particles by transmitting energy from an energy beam through the table. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein fusing the first layer of powdered particles provides a first cross section of the component. 3. The method as recited in claim 2, including providing a base in close proximity to the first layer of powdered particles such that the first cross section is provided onto the base. 4. The method as recited in claim 3, including moving the base relative to the table to allow removal of the unfused ones of the first layer of powdered particles. 5. The method as recited in claim 4, including removing unfused ones of the first layer of powdered particles from the table. 6. The method as recited in claim 5, including providing a second layer of powdered particles onto the table. 7. The method as recited in claim 6, wherein the second layer of powdered particles has a chemical composition different than the first layer of powdered particles. 8. The method as recited in claim 6, wherein the first layer of powdered particles and the second layer of powdered particles include powdered metal particles. 9. The method as recited in claim 6, including selectively fusing the second layer of powdered particles to the first cross section, by transmitting energy from an energy beam through the table, to provide a second cross section of the component. 10. The method as recited in claim 9, wherein providing the second cross section increases one of a radial dimension and an axial dimension of the component. 11. The method as recited in claim 9, including providing a set of data instructions for forming the component, the first layer of powdered particles and the second layer of powdered particles fused with respect to the set of data instructions. 12. The method as recited in claim 9, including heat treating an exterior of the first cross section of the component during the step of selectively fusing the second layer of powdered particles. 13. The method as recited in claim 12, wherein the heat treating includes annealing. 14. The method as recited in claim 1, including providing an energy beam source configured to emit the energy beam, the energy beam source positioned on a side of the table opposite a side of the table configured to support powdered particles. 15. The method as recited in claim 14, wherein the energy beam source is configured to generate one of a laser beam and an electron beam. 16. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the table is made of a material capable of allowing at least some wavelengths of the energy beam to pass therethrough, the material being a solid material. 17. A manufacturing process comprising:
adding a layer of a first powder to a table, the table made of a translucent material; disposing an external cross section of a partially formed part in proximity with the layer of the first powder; selectively melting the first powder to fuse with the partially formed part, thereby providing the partially formed part with a new external cross section; lifting the part above the remainder of the layer of the first powder; removing the remainder of the layer of the first powder from the table; adding a layer of a second powder to the table, wherein the second powder has a chemical composition different than the first powder; disposing the new external cross section of the partially formed part in proximity with the layer of the second powder; and selectively melting the second powder to fuse with the partially formed part. 18. The manufacturing process as recited in claim 17, further comprising heat treating the part with diffuse laser incidence during the adding, disposing and selectively melting steps. 19. An additive manufacturing machine comprising:
a table having a side for supporting a plurality of powdered particles thereon, the table being at least partially translucent; and an energy beam source provided on a side of the table opposite the side for supporting the plurality of powdered particles. 20. The additive manufacturing machine as recited in claim 19, further comprising:
a base configured to have the plurality of powdered particles fused thereto; and a lifting mechanism for selectively moving the base relative to the table. | 1,700 |
3,945 | 15,166,855 | 1,734 | A powder carrier, to which a powder layer containing a metal powder is applied, is provided by an automatic powder carrier feed. A first joining partner is pressed onto the powder layer located on the powder carrier so as to bond a powder layer portion to the first joining partner. The first joining partner is raised from the powder carrier together with the powder layer portion bonded to the first joining partner, and the powder layer portion bonded to the first joining partner is arranged between the first and second joining partners. A sintered join is produced between the first and second joining partners by pressing the first and second joining partners against one another such that the powder layer portion makes contact with both the first and second joining partners. The powder layer portion is sintered as the joining partners are being pressed against one another. | 1. A method for producing an integral join between a first joining partner and a second joining partner, the method comprising:
providing a powder carrier to which a powder layer containing a metal powder is applied, by means of an automatic powder carrier feed; pressing the first joining partner onto the powder layer located on the powder carrier, so as to bond a powder layer portion to the first joining partner; raising the first joining partner from the powder carrier together with the powder layer portion bonded to the first joining partner; arranging the powder layer portion bonded to the first joining partner between the first joining partner and the second joining partner; and producing a sintered join between the first joining partner and the second joining partner by pressing the first joining partner and the second joining partner against one another such that the powder layer portion makes contact with both the first joining partner and the second joining partner, the powder layer portion being sintered as the first and second joining partners are being pressed against one another. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the powder carrier is a carrier film. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the powder layer comprises a silver powder. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the powder carrier and the powder layer are arranged in a magazine, and wherein the powder carrier is provided by the powder carrier together with the powder layer being taken from the magazine by means of an automatic conveyor. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first joining partner is pressed onto the powder layer located on the powder carrier and the first joining partner is raised from the powder carrier by means of a placement tool of an automatic placement machine. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the first joining partner is a semiconductor chip. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the second joining partner is a ceramic substrate having a ceramic insulation carrier to which an upper metallization layer is applied, and wherein the sintering is effected in such a way that the first joining partner is joined to the second joining partner at the upper metallization layer. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the powder carrier is provided on a supporting frame. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the supporting frame has alignment pins each of which engages into a corresponding alignment opening in the powder carrier. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein as the first joining partner is being pressed onto the powder layer located on the powder carrier, a counterholder presses against that side of the powder carrier which is remote from the powder layer. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the counterholder and the supporting frame are adjustable in relation to one another between a first relative position and a second relative position, wherein the counterholder is spaced apart from the powder carrier placed into the supporting frame in the first relative position, and wherein the counterholder bears against that side of the powder carrier placed into the supporting frame which is remote from the powder layer in the second relative position. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the first joining partner is pressed onto the powder layer located on the powder carrier in the second relative position, and wherein the counterholder engages into a through-opening in the supporting frame in the second relative position but not in the first relative position. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the powder carrier together with the powder layer located thereon is arranged in a conveyor section during the pressing-on operation, and wherein the conveyor section has a through-opening into which the counterholder engages in the second relative position. 14. An automatic placement machine for equipping a second joining partner with a first joining partner, the automatic placement machine comprising:
an automatic powder carrier feed configured to remove from a magazine a powder carrier to which a powder layer containing a metal powder is applied; and a placement tool configured to:
pick-up a first joining partner and, after the powder carrier has been taken from the magazine, press the first joining partner onto the powder layer located on the powder carrier so as to bond a portion of the powder layer to the first joining partner;
raise the first joining partner from the powder carrier together with that portion of the powder layer bonded to the first joining partner; and
after the raising operation, arrange that portion of the powder layer bonded to the first joining partner between the first joining partner and the second joining partner in such a way that the portion of the powder layer bears against both the first joining partner and the second joining partner. 15. The automatic placement machine of claim 14, wherein the automatic powder carrier feed is configured to remove from the powder carrier provided on a supporting frame from the magazine. 16. The automatic placement machine of claim 15, further comprising a counterholder configured to press against a side of the powder carrier which is remote from the powder layer as the first joining partner is being pressed onto the powder layer located on the powder carrier. 17. The automatic placement machine of claim 16, wherein the counterholder and the supporting frame are adjustable in relation to one another between a first relative position and a second relative position, wherein the counterholder is configured to be spaced apart from the powder carrier placed into the supporting frame in the first relative position, and wherein the counterholder is configured to bear against that side of the powder carrier placed into the supporting frame which is remote from the powder layer in the second relative position. 18. The automatic placement machine of claim 17, wherein the placement tool is configured to press the first joining partner onto the powder layer located on the powder carrier in the second relative position, and wherein the counterholder is configured to engage into a through-opening in the supporting frame in the second relative position but not in the first relative position. 19. The automatic placement machine of claim 17, further comprising a conveyor section configured to receive the powder carrier together with the powder layer when the first joining partner is pressed onto the powder layer located on the powder carrier in the second relative position, and wherein the conveyor section has a through-opening into which the first counterholder engages in the second relative position. | A powder carrier, to which a powder layer containing a metal powder is applied, is provided by an automatic powder carrier feed. A first joining partner is pressed onto the powder layer located on the powder carrier so as to bond a powder layer portion to the first joining partner. The first joining partner is raised from the powder carrier together with the powder layer portion bonded to the first joining partner, and the powder layer portion bonded to the first joining partner is arranged between the first and second joining partners. A sintered join is produced between the first and second joining partners by pressing the first and second joining partners against one another such that the powder layer portion makes contact with both the first and second joining partners. The powder layer portion is sintered as the joining partners are being pressed against one another.1. A method for producing an integral join between a first joining partner and a second joining partner, the method comprising:
providing a powder carrier to which a powder layer containing a metal powder is applied, by means of an automatic powder carrier feed; pressing the first joining partner onto the powder layer located on the powder carrier, so as to bond a powder layer portion to the first joining partner; raising the first joining partner from the powder carrier together with the powder layer portion bonded to the first joining partner; arranging the powder layer portion bonded to the first joining partner between the first joining partner and the second joining partner; and producing a sintered join between the first joining partner and the second joining partner by pressing the first joining partner and the second joining partner against one another such that the powder layer portion makes contact with both the first joining partner and the second joining partner, the powder layer portion being sintered as the first and second joining partners are being pressed against one another. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the powder carrier is a carrier film. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the powder layer comprises a silver powder. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the powder carrier and the powder layer are arranged in a magazine, and wherein the powder carrier is provided by the powder carrier together with the powder layer being taken from the magazine by means of an automatic conveyor. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first joining partner is pressed onto the powder layer located on the powder carrier and the first joining partner is raised from the powder carrier by means of a placement tool of an automatic placement machine. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the first joining partner is a semiconductor chip. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the second joining partner is a ceramic substrate having a ceramic insulation carrier to which an upper metallization layer is applied, and wherein the sintering is effected in such a way that the first joining partner is joined to the second joining partner at the upper metallization layer. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the powder carrier is provided on a supporting frame. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the supporting frame has alignment pins each of which engages into a corresponding alignment opening in the powder carrier. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein as the first joining partner is being pressed onto the powder layer located on the powder carrier, a counterholder presses against that side of the powder carrier which is remote from the powder layer. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the counterholder and the supporting frame are adjustable in relation to one another between a first relative position and a second relative position, wherein the counterholder is spaced apart from the powder carrier placed into the supporting frame in the first relative position, and wherein the counterholder bears against that side of the powder carrier placed into the supporting frame which is remote from the powder layer in the second relative position. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the first joining partner is pressed onto the powder layer located on the powder carrier in the second relative position, and wherein the counterholder engages into a through-opening in the supporting frame in the second relative position but not in the first relative position. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the powder carrier together with the powder layer located thereon is arranged in a conveyor section during the pressing-on operation, and wherein the conveyor section has a through-opening into which the counterholder engages in the second relative position. 14. An automatic placement machine for equipping a second joining partner with a first joining partner, the automatic placement machine comprising:
an automatic powder carrier feed configured to remove from a magazine a powder carrier to which a powder layer containing a metal powder is applied; and a placement tool configured to:
pick-up a first joining partner and, after the powder carrier has been taken from the magazine, press the first joining partner onto the powder layer located on the powder carrier so as to bond a portion of the powder layer to the first joining partner;
raise the first joining partner from the powder carrier together with that portion of the powder layer bonded to the first joining partner; and
after the raising operation, arrange that portion of the powder layer bonded to the first joining partner between the first joining partner and the second joining partner in such a way that the portion of the powder layer bears against both the first joining partner and the second joining partner. 15. The automatic placement machine of claim 14, wherein the automatic powder carrier feed is configured to remove from the powder carrier provided on a supporting frame from the magazine. 16. The automatic placement machine of claim 15, further comprising a counterholder configured to press against a side of the powder carrier which is remote from the powder layer as the first joining partner is being pressed onto the powder layer located on the powder carrier. 17. The automatic placement machine of claim 16, wherein the counterholder and the supporting frame are adjustable in relation to one another between a first relative position and a second relative position, wherein the counterholder is configured to be spaced apart from the powder carrier placed into the supporting frame in the first relative position, and wherein the counterholder is configured to bear against that side of the powder carrier placed into the supporting frame which is remote from the powder layer in the second relative position. 18. The automatic placement machine of claim 17, wherein the placement tool is configured to press the first joining partner onto the powder layer located on the powder carrier in the second relative position, and wherein the counterholder is configured to engage into a through-opening in the supporting frame in the second relative position but not in the first relative position. 19. The automatic placement machine of claim 17, further comprising a conveyor section configured to receive the powder carrier together with the powder layer when the first joining partner is pressed onto the powder layer located on the powder carrier in the second relative position, and wherein the conveyor section has a through-opening into which the first counterholder engages in the second relative position. | 1,700 |
3,946 | 16,077,002 | 1,726 | The invention relates to a bipolar plate (15) for a fuel cell stack (10) comprising a first sealing section (157) on its side (151) as well as a second sealing section (158) on its second side. The sealing sections are designed to sealingly interact in a fuel cell stack (10) with an elastic seal element (16). It is provided that the first and second sealing sections of the bipolar plate (15) are designed asymmetrically in that at least one sealing projection (1571) is formed in the first sealing section (157), and the second sealing section (158) is formed without a sealing projection and/or is substantially flat. When such bipolar plates (15) alternatingly interact with seal elements (6) that are designed flat in a fuel-cell stack (10), an effective stack seal can be achieved with low required contact pressure. | 1. A bipolar plate for a fuel cell stack, comprising:
a first side on which a first flow field is formed, and a second side on which a second flow field is formed; and a first sealing section surrounding the first flow field, and a second sealing section surrounding the second flow field; wherein the first and second sealing sections are designed to sealingly interact with an elastic seal element in the fuel cell stack; wherein at least one sealing projection is formed in the first sealing section, and the second sealing section is formed without a sealing projection and/or is substantially flat. 2. The bipolar plate according to claim 1, wherein the second sealing section is formed without a sealing projection and/or is substantially flat over its entire width. 3. The bipolar plate according to claim 1, wherein the second sealing section is segmented by at least one groove, wherein the groove is arranged offset relative to the at least one sealing projection. 4. The bipolar plate according to claim 1, wherein the at least one sealing projection of the first sealing section has a cross-section with a rounded contour, or a rounded contour with a flat face. 5. The bipolar plate according to claim 1, wherein the first sealing section has a single sealing projection and the second sealing section is segmented by at least one groove, wherein the at least one groove faces the sealing projection. 6. The bipolar plate according to claim 1, wherein the bipolar plate is formed from first and second half-plates that are assembled together, and a plate thickness of the second half-plate in the area of the second sealing section is substantially the same or greater than a basic thickness outside of the second sealing section. 7. The bipolar plate according to claim 1, wherein the bipolar plate is made of an electrically conductive carbon-based material. 8. A fuel cell stack, comprising:
a plurality of bipolar plates alternatingly arranged on each other; and elastic seal elements; wherein each of the bipolar plates includes: a first side on which a first flow field is formed, and a second side on which a second flow field is formed; and a first sealing section surrounding the first flow field, and a second sealing section surrounding the second flow field; wherein the first and second sealing sections are designed to sealingly interact with an elastic seal element in the fuel cell stack; wherein at least one sealing projection is formed in the first sealing section, and the second sealing section is formed without a sealing projection and/or is substantially flat; wherein the seal elements are designed flat, at least in the area of the sealing sections of the bipolar plates. 9. The fuel cell stack according to claim 8, wherein the elastic seal elements have a uniform thickness within a range of 100 μm to 500 μm. 10. The fuel cell stack according to claim 8, wherein the elastic seal elements are part of the membrane electrode assembly. | The invention relates to a bipolar plate (15) for a fuel cell stack (10) comprising a first sealing section (157) on its side (151) as well as a second sealing section (158) on its second side. The sealing sections are designed to sealingly interact in a fuel cell stack (10) with an elastic seal element (16). It is provided that the first and second sealing sections of the bipolar plate (15) are designed asymmetrically in that at least one sealing projection (1571) is formed in the first sealing section (157), and the second sealing section (158) is formed without a sealing projection and/or is substantially flat. When such bipolar plates (15) alternatingly interact with seal elements (6) that are designed flat in a fuel-cell stack (10), an effective stack seal can be achieved with low required contact pressure.1. A bipolar plate for a fuel cell stack, comprising:
a first side on which a first flow field is formed, and a second side on which a second flow field is formed; and a first sealing section surrounding the first flow field, and a second sealing section surrounding the second flow field; wherein the first and second sealing sections are designed to sealingly interact with an elastic seal element in the fuel cell stack; wherein at least one sealing projection is formed in the first sealing section, and the second sealing section is formed without a sealing projection and/or is substantially flat. 2. The bipolar plate according to claim 1, wherein the second sealing section is formed without a sealing projection and/or is substantially flat over its entire width. 3. The bipolar plate according to claim 1, wherein the second sealing section is segmented by at least one groove, wherein the groove is arranged offset relative to the at least one sealing projection. 4. The bipolar plate according to claim 1, wherein the at least one sealing projection of the first sealing section has a cross-section with a rounded contour, or a rounded contour with a flat face. 5. The bipolar plate according to claim 1, wherein the first sealing section has a single sealing projection and the second sealing section is segmented by at least one groove, wherein the at least one groove faces the sealing projection. 6. The bipolar plate according to claim 1, wherein the bipolar plate is formed from first and second half-plates that are assembled together, and a plate thickness of the second half-plate in the area of the second sealing section is substantially the same or greater than a basic thickness outside of the second sealing section. 7. The bipolar plate according to claim 1, wherein the bipolar plate is made of an electrically conductive carbon-based material. 8. A fuel cell stack, comprising:
a plurality of bipolar plates alternatingly arranged on each other; and elastic seal elements; wherein each of the bipolar plates includes: a first side on which a first flow field is formed, and a second side on which a second flow field is formed; and a first sealing section surrounding the first flow field, and a second sealing section surrounding the second flow field; wherein the first and second sealing sections are designed to sealingly interact with an elastic seal element in the fuel cell stack; wherein at least one sealing projection is formed in the first sealing section, and the second sealing section is formed without a sealing projection and/or is substantially flat; wherein the seal elements are designed flat, at least in the area of the sealing sections of the bipolar plates. 9. The fuel cell stack according to claim 8, wherein the elastic seal elements have a uniform thickness within a range of 100 μm to 500 μm. 10. The fuel cell stack according to claim 8, wherein the elastic seal elements are part of the membrane electrode assembly. | 1,700 |
3,947 | 14,897,535 | 1,716 | In order to ensure that metal is homogeneously vaporized, in particular in a vacuum-strip vaporizer plant, a vaporization unit ( 2 ) is provided which has an inner cavity ( 6 ) which is defined by a circumferential web ( 10 ) to which an outer cavity ( 8 ) is connected. | 1. Vaporizing unit with a top side wherein
an inner cavity is incorporated in the top side, the inner cavity being defined by a surrounding web to which in turn an outer cavity is connected. 2. The vaporizing unit according to claim 1, wherein
the outer cavity is designed as a surrounding channel. 3. The vaporizing unit according to claim 1, wherein
that the outer cavity and the web are designed along the peripheral edge of the top side, and the inner cavity completely covers the area enclosed by the web. 4. The vaporizing unit according to claim 1, wherein
the inner cavity has an inner vaporizing surface which is between 25% and 85% and in particular between 10% and 65% of the total surface area of the top side. 5. The vaporizing unit according to claim 1, wherein
the inner cavity has a width ranging between 30% and 60% of a total width of the top side and a length ranging between 60% and 80% of a total length of the top side. 6. The vaporizing unit according to claim 1, wherein
the web has a web width of between 0.5 mm and 5 mm, and in particular between 1 mm and 4 mm. 7. The vaporizing unit according to claim 1, wherein
the inner cavity and the outer cavity both have a depth of between 0.1 mm and 5 mm, and in particular between 0.3 mm and 3 mm. 8. The vaporizing unit according to claim 1, wherein
the outer cavity is deeper than the inner cavity. 9. The vaporizing unit according to claim 1, wherein
the outer cavity has an outer vaporizing surface area ranging between 15% and 35% of an inner vaporizing surface area of the inner cavity. 10. The vaporizing unit according to claim 1, wherein
the inner cavity is of rectangular form. 11. Method for vacuum-coating an object with the aid of the vaporizing unit according to claim 1, wherein the vaporizing unit is heated and a metal to be vaporized is fed into the inner cavity, where it melts and vaporizes, wherein a heat output for heating the vaporizing unit and a metal feed rate are coordinated such that the inner cavity is completely covered with molten metal. 12. The vaporizing unit according to claim 1, wherein the inner cavity has an inner vaporizing surface which is between 40% and 65% of the total surface area of the top side. 13. The vaporizing unit according to claim 1, wherein the inner cavity and the outer cavity both have a depth of between 0.3 mm and 3 mm. | In order to ensure that metal is homogeneously vaporized, in particular in a vacuum-strip vaporizer plant, a vaporization unit ( 2 ) is provided which has an inner cavity ( 6 ) which is defined by a circumferential web ( 10 ) to which an outer cavity ( 8 ) is connected.1. Vaporizing unit with a top side wherein
an inner cavity is incorporated in the top side, the inner cavity being defined by a surrounding web to which in turn an outer cavity is connected. 2. The vaporizing unit according to claim 1, wherein
the outer cavity is designed as a surrounding channel. 3. The vaporizing unit according to claim 1, wherein
that the outer cavity and the web are designed along the peripheral edge of the top side, and the inner cavity completely covers the area enclosed by the web. 4. The vaporizing unit according to claim 1, wherein
the inner cavity has an inner vaporizing surface which is between 25% and 85% and in particular between 10% and 65% of the total surface area of the top side. 5. The vaporizing unit according to claim 1, wherein
the inner cavity has a width ranging between 30% and 60% of a total width of the top side and a length ranging between 60% and 80% of a total length of the top side. 6. The vaporizing unit according to claim 1, wherein
the web has a web width of between 0.5 mm and 5 mm, and in particular between 1 mm and 4 mm. 7. The vaporizing unit according to claim 1, wherein
the inner cavity and the outer cavity both have a depth of between 0.1 mm and 5 mm, and in particular between 0.3 mm and 3 mm. 8. The vaporizing unit according to claim 1, wherein
the outer cavity is deeper than the inner cavity. 9. The vaporizing unit according to claim 1, wherein
the outer cavity has an outer vaporizing surface area ranging between 15% and 35% of an inner vaporizing surface area of the inner cavity. 10. The vaporizing unit according to claim 1, wherein
the inner cavity is of rectangular form. 11. Method for vacuum-coating an object with the aid of the vaporizing unit according to claim 1, wherein the vaporizing unit is heated and a metal to be vaporized is fed into the inner cavity, where it melts and vaporizes, wherein a heat output for heating the vaporizing unit and a metal feed rate are coordinated such that the inner cavity is completely covered with molten metal. 12. The vaporizing unit according to claim 1, wherein the inner cavity has an inner vaporizing surface which is between 40% and 65% of the total surface area of the top side. 13. The vaporizing unit according to claim 1, wherein the inner cavity and the outer cavity both have a depth of between 0.3 mm and 3 mm. | 1,700 |
3,948 | 15,000,857 | 1,714 | Embodiments of the invention generally relate to methods of dry stripping boron-carbon films. In one embodiment, alternating plasmas of hydrogen and oxygen are used to remove a boron-carbon film. In another embodiment, co-flowed oxygen and hydrogen plasma is used to remove a boron-carbon containing film. A nitrous oxide plasma may be used in addition to or as an alternative to either of the above oxygen plasmas. In another embodiment, a plasma generated from water vapor is used to remove a boron-carbon film. The boron-carbon removal processes may also include an optional polymer removal process prior to removal of the boron-carbon films. The polymer removal process includes exposing the boron-carbon film to NF 3 to remove from the surface of the boron-carbon film any carbon-based polymers generated during a substrate etching process. | 1. A method for stripping a film from a substrate, comprising:
positioning a substrate having the film thereon in a chamber, the film comprising boron and carbon; providing an oxygen-containing plasma in the chamber; exposing the film to the oxygen-containing plasma to generate one or more volatile compounds from the boron and carbon; providing an hydrogen-containing plasma in the chamber; exposing the film to the hydrogen-containing plasma to generate one or more volatile compounds from the boron and carbon; exhausting the oxygen-containing plasma from the chamber while continuing to provide the hydrogen-containing plasma; and exhausting at least one of the one or more volatile compounds from the chamber. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein an atomic ratio of boron to carbon in the film is within a range of about 1:1 to about 3:1. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising exposing the film to fluoride ions or radicals and oxygen ions or radicals to remove carbon-based polymers from a surface thereof prior to exposing the film to the oxygen plasma and the hydrogen plasma. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the oxygen-containing plasma is formed from an oxygen-containing gas comprising O2, N2O, CO2, NO, or NO2, and the hydrogen-containing plasma is formed from a hydrogen-containing gas comprising H2 or NH3. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the hydrogen-containing gas has a flow rate between about 500 SCCM and about 10,000 SCCM and the oxygen-containing gas has a flow rate between about 250 SCCM and about 5000 SCCM. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein oxygen-containing and the hydrogen-containing plasma are each generated by applying about 1000 watts to about 3000 watts of power from an RF plasma generator. 7. The method of claim 4, wherein the pressure within the chamber is within a range of about 5 Torr to about 100 Torr and the substrate is maintained at a temperature within a range of about 200° C. to about 400° C. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein exhausting at least one of the one or more volatile compounds from the chamber is performed before and after exhausting the oxygen-containing plasma from the chamber while continuing to provide the hydrogen-containing plasma. 9. A method for stripping a film from a substrate, comprising:
positioning a substrate having the film thereon in a chamber, the film comprising boron and carbon; providing an oxygen-containing plasma in the chamber; exposing the film to the oxygen-containing plasma to generate one or more volatile compounds from the boron and carbon; providing a hydrogen-containing plasma in the chamber; exposing the film to the hydrogen-containing plasma to generate one or more volatile compounds from the boron and carbon; exhausting the oxygen-containing plasma from the chamber while continuing to provide the hydrogen-containing plasma; exhausting at least one of the one or more volatile compounds from the chamber; repeating providing an oxygen-containing plasma, exposing the film to the oxygen-containing plasma, providing a hydrogen-containing plasma, exposing the film to the hydrogen-containing plasma while continuing to provide the hydrogen-containing plasma, and exhausting at least one of the one or more volatile compounds. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein an atomic ratio of boron to carbon in the boron-carbon film is within a range of about 1:1 to about 3:1. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the substrate is disposed on a substrate support in the chamber opposite a face plate of the chamber, the oxygen-containing plasma and hydrogen-containing plasma are each maintained at a power input of at least 2,000 watts, and a spacing between the substrate and the face plate is maintained at less than 200 mils. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the pressure within the chamber is greater than about 5 Torr, and the substrate is positioned less than about 600 mils from a surface of a face plate located within the chamber. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the oxygen-containing plasma is formed from an oxygen-containing gas comprising O2, N2O, CO2, NO, or NO2, and wherein the hydrogen-containing plasma is formed from a hydrogen-containing gas comprising H2 or NH3. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein exhausting at least one of the one or more volatile compounds from the chamber is performed before and after exhausting the oxygen-containing plasma from the chamber while continuing to provide the hydrogen-containing plasma. 15. A method for stripping a film from a substrate, comprising:
positioning a substrate having the film thereon in a chamber, the film comprising boron and carbon; providing an oxygen-containing plasma in the chamber; exposing the film to the oxygen-containing plasma to generate one or more volatile compounds from the boron and carbon; providing a hydrogen-containing plasma in the chamber; exposing the film to the hydrogen-containing plasma to generate one or more volatile compounds from the boron and carbon; exhausting the oxygen-containing plasma from the chamber while continuing to provide the hydrogen-containing plasma; exhausting the hydrogen-containing plasma from the chamber; and exhausting at least one of the one or more volatile compounds from the chamber; 16. The method of claim 15, wherein an atomic ratio of boron to carbon in the boron-carbon film is within a range of about 1:1 to about 3:1. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the substrate is disposed on a substrate support in the chamber opposite a face plate of the chamber, the oxygen-containing plasma and hydrogen-containing plasma are each maintained at a power input of at least 2,000 watts, and a spacing between the substrate and the face plate is maintained at less than 200 mils. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the pressure within the chamber is greater than about 5 Torr, and the substrate is positioned less than about 600 mils from a surface of a face plate located within the chamber. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the oxygen-containing plasma is formed from an oxygen-containing gas comprising O2, N2O, CO2, NO, or NO2, and wherein the hydrogen-containing plasma is formed from a hydrogen-containing gas comprising H2 or NH3. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein exhausting at least one of the one or more volatile compounds from the chamber is performed before and after exhausting the oxygen-containing plasma from the chamber while continuing to provide the hydrogen-containing plasma. | Embodiments of the invention generally relate to methods of dry stripping boron-carbon films. In one embodiment, alternating plasmas of hydrogen and oxygen are used to remove a boron-carbon film. In another embodiment, co-flowed oxygen and hydrogen plasma is used to remove a boron-carbon containing film. A nitrous oxide plasma may be used in addition to or as an alternative to either of the above oxygen plasmas. In another embodiment, a plasma generated from water vapor is used to remove a boron-carbon film. The boron-carbon removal processes may also include an optional polymer removal process prior to removal of the boron-carbon films. The polymer removal process includes exposing the boron-carbon film to NF 3 to remove from the surface of the boron-carbon film any carbon-based polymers generated during a substrate etching process.1. A method for stripping a film from a substrate, comprising:
positioning a substrate having the film thereon in a chamber, the film comprising boron and carbon; providing an oxygen-containing plasma in the chamber; exposing the film to the oxygen-containing plasma to generate one or more volatile compounds from the boron and carbon; providing an hydrogen-containing plasma in the chamber; exposing the film to the hydrogen-containing plasma to generate one or more volatile compounds from the boron and carbon; exhausting the oxygen-containing plasma from the chamber while continuing to provide the hydrogen-containing plasma; and exhausting at least one of the one or more volatile compounds from the chamber. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein an atomic ratio of boron to carbon in the film is within a range of about 1:1 to about 3:1. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising exposing the film to fluoride ions or radicals and oxygen ions or radicals to remove carbon-based polymers from a surface thereof prior to exposing the film to the oxygen plasma and the hydrogen plasma. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the oxygen-containing plasma is formed from an oxygen-containing gas comprising O2, N2O, CO2, NO, or NO2, and the hydrogen-containing plasma is formed from a hydrogen-containing gas comprising H2 or NH3. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the hydrogen-containing gas has a flow rate between about 500 SCCM and about 10,000 SCCM and the oxygen-containing gas has a flow rate between about 250 SCCM and about 5000 SCCM. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein oxygen-containing and the hydrogen-containing plasma are each generated by applying about 1000 watts to about 3000 watts of power from an RF plasma generator. 7. The method of claim 4, wherein the pressure within the chamber is within a range of about 5 Torr to about 100 Torr and the substrate is maintained at a temperature within a range of about 200° C. to about 400° C. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein exhausting at least one of the one or more volatile compounds from the chamber is performed before and after exhausting the oxygen-containing plasma from the chamber while continuing to provide the hydrogen-containing plasma. 9. A method for stripping a film from a substrate, comprising:
positioning a substrate having the film thereon in a chamber, the film comprising boron and carbon; providing an oxygen-containing plasma in the chamber; exposing the film to the oxygen-containing plasma to generate one or more volatile compounds from the boron and carbon; providing a hydrogen-containing plasma in the chamber; exposing the film to the hydrogen-containing plasma to generate one or more volatile compounds from the boron and carbon; exhausting the oxygen-containing plasma from the chamber while continuing to provide the hydrogen-containing plasma; exhausting at least one of the one or more volatile compounds from the chamber; repeating providing an oxygen-containing plasma, exposing the film to the oxygen-containing plasma, providing a hydrogen-containing plasma, exposing the film to the hydrogen-containing plasma while continuing to provide the hydrogen-containing plasma, and exhausting at least one of the one or more volatile compounds. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein an atomic ratio of boron to carbon in the boron-carbon film is within a range of about 1:1 to about 3:1. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the substrate is disposed on a substrate support in the chamber opposite a face plate of the chamber, the oxygen-containing plasma and hydrogen-containing plasma are each maintained at a power input of at least 2,000 watts, and a spacing between the substrate and the face plate is maintained at less than 200 mils. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the pressure within the chamber is greater than about 5 Torr, and the substrate is positioned less than about 600 mils from a surface of a face plate located within the chamber. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the oxygen-containing plasma is formed from an oxygen-containing gas comprising O2, N2O, CO2, NO, or NO2, and wherein the hydrogen-containing plasma is formed from a hydrogen-containing gas comprising H2 or NH3. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein exhausting at least one of the one or more volatile compounds from the chamber is performed before and after exhausting the oxygen-containing plasma from the chamber while continuing to provide the hydrogen-containing plasma. 15. A method for stripping a film from a substrate, comprising:
positioning a substrate having the film thereon in a chamber, the film comprising boron and carbon; providing an oxygen-containing plasma in the chamber; exposing the film to the oxygen-containing plasma to generate one or more volatile compounds from the boron and carbon; providing a hydrogen-containing plasma in the chamber; exposing the film to the hydrogen-containing plasma to generate one or more volatile compounds from the boron and carbon; exhausting the oxygen-containing plasma from the chamber while continuing to provide the hydrogen-containing plasma; exhausting the hydrogen-containing plasma from the chamber; and exhausting at least one of the one or more volatile compounds from the chamber; 16. The method of claim 15, wherein an atomic ratio of boron to carbon in the boron-carbon film is within a range of about 1:1 to about 3:1. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the substrate is disposed on a substrate support in the chamber opposite a face plate of the chamber, the oxygen-containing plasma and hydrogen-containing plasma are each maintained at a power input of at least 2,000 watts, and a spacing between the substrate and the face plate is maintained at less than 200 mils. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the pressure within the chamber is greater than about 5 Torr, and the substrate is positioned less than about 600 mils from a surface of a face plate located within the chamber. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the oxygen-containing plasma is formed from an oxygen-containing gas comprising O2, N2O, CO2, NO, or NO2, and wherein the hydrogen-containing plasma is formed from a hydrogen-containing gas comprising H2 or NH3. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein exhausting at least one of the one or more volatile compounds from the chamber is performed before and after exhausting the oxygen-containing plasma from the chamber while continuing to provide the hydrogen-containing plasma. | 1,700 |
3,949 | 14,769,634 | 1,794 | Certain example embodiments relate to the use of a ceramic fit that dissolves an already-applied thin film coating (disposed via a physical vapor deposition (PVD) process such as sputtering, or other suitable process). In certain example embodiments, the ceramic frit is aggressive in chemically removing the coating on which it is disposed, e.g., when exposed to high temperatures. The frit advantageously fuses well with the glass, provides aesthetically desired colorations, and/or enables components (e.g., insulated glass (IG) unit spacers) to be reliably mounted thereon, in certain example embodiments. Associated coated articles, IG units, methods, etc., are also contemplated herein. | 1. A method of making a coated article, the method comprising:
screen-printing a frit in a desired pattern on a glass substrate supporting a heat treatable thin-film coating, at least a portion of the frit lying over and directly contacting the thin-film coating; and heat treating the substrate with the thin-film coating and the frit thereon in connection with a first temperature or first temperature range sufficient to (a) cause particles in the frit to migrate downwardly into the thin-film coating and dissolve the thin-film coating in areas lying under the pattern, and (b) fuse the frit directly to the substrate, in the desired pattern, in making the coated article. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the thin-film coating is a multi-layer sputter deposited coating. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising, prior to said heat treating, drying and/or pre-curing the frit at a second temperature or in a second temperature range that does not exceed 250 degrees C. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising drying and/or pre-curing the frit at a third temperature or in a third temperature range insufficient to cause particles in the frit to migrate downwardly into the thin-film coating and dissolve the thin-film coating in areas lying under the pattern, and fuse the frit directly to the substrate, in the desired pattern, in making the coated article. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the heat treating is thermal tempering. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the first temperature or first temperature range meets or exceeds 600 degrees C. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the first temperature or first temperature range meets or exceeds 620 degrees C. to take into account heat reflected by the thin-film coating. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the thin-film coating is a multi-layer low-emissivity (low-E) coating. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the low-E coating comprises at least one infrared (IR) reflecting layer sandwiched between first and second dielectric layers or layer stacks. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein each said IR reflecting layer comprises silver. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the low-E coating includes a layer comprising Ni and/or Cr sandwiched between first and second layers comprising silicon. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the frit is silkscreened to a wet thickness of 35-100 microns, has a fired thickness of approximately half the wet thickness, and is opaque post heat treatment. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the frit is silkscreened to a wet thickness of less than 35 microns, has a fired thickness of approximately half the wet thickness, and has a visible transmission of at least 40%. 14. The method of claim 1, further comprising repeating the screen printing in the desired pattern. 15. The method of claim 1, further comprising cutting the substrate into a desired size and/or shape following said screen-printing and prior to said heat treating. 16. A method of making an insulated glass (IG) unit, the method comprising:
printing a frit in a desired pattern on a first glass substrate supporting a heat treatable physical vapor deposition (PVD) deposited thin-film coating, at least a portion of the frit directly contacting the thin-film coating; thermally tempering the first substrate with the thin-film coating and the frit thereon, the thermal tempering dissolving the thin-film coating in areas where the frit contacts the thin film coating and fusing the frit directly to the substrate, in the desired pattern, in making an intermediate article; and building the intermediate article into the IG unit. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
orienting a spacer system around a peripheral edge of the intermediate article; locating a second substrate on the spacer system so that the first and second substrates are substantially parallel to and spaced apart from one another; and applying an adhesive to one or more mating areas of the spacer system, the first substrate, and the second substrate to seal together the IG unit. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the thin-film coating is a multi-layer sputter deposited low-emissivity (low-E) coating comprising at least one infrared (IR) reflecting layer sandwiched between first and second dielectric layers or layer stacks. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein each said IR reflecting layer comprises silver; ITO; or Ni and/or Cr. 20. The method of claim 16, further comprising, prior to said heat treating, drying and/or pre-curing the frit at a temperature that does not exceed 250 degrees C. 21. The method of claim 16, wherein the IG unit passes tests according to EN1279-2 concerning aging behaviors including requirements for moisture penetration; and/or tests according to ETAG 002 concerning structural sealant requirements. 22. The method of claim 16, wherein the thin-film coating is removed via the thermal tempering of the fit without using another form of edge deletion. 23. The method of claim 16, wherein mechanical edge deletion is not used in removing portions of the thin-film coating. 24. A coated article made according to the method of claim 1. 25. An insulated glass (IG) unit made according to the method of claim 16. | Certain example embodiments relate to the use of a ceramic fit that dissolves an already-applied thin film coating (disposed via a physical vapor deposition (PVD) process such as sputtering, or other suitable process). In certain example embodiments, the ceramic frit is aggressive in chemically removing the coating on which it is disposed, e.g., when exposed to high temperatures. The frit advantageously fuses well with the glass, provides aesthetically desired colorations, and/or enables components (e.g., insulated glass (IG) unit spacers) to be reliably mounted thereon, in certain example embodiments. Associated coated articles, IG units, methods, etc., are also contemplated herein.1. A method of making a coated article, the method comprising:
screen-printing a frit in a desired pattern on a glass substrate supporting a heat treatable thin-film coating, at least a portion of the frit lying over and directly contacting the thin-film coating; and heat treating the substrate with the thin-film coating and the frit thereon in connection with a first temperature or first temperature range sufficient to (a) cause particles in the frit to migrate downwardly into the thin-film coating and dissolve the thin-film coating in areas lying under the pattern, and (b) fuse the frit directly to the substrate, in the desired pattern, in making the coated article. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the thin-film coating is a multi-layer sputter deposited coating. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising, prior to said heat treating, drying and/or pre-curing the frit at a second temperature or in a second temperature range that does not exceed 250 degrees C. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising drying and/or pre-curing the frit at a third temperature or in a third temperature range insufficient to cause particles in the frit to migrate downwardly into the thin-film coating and dissolve the thin-film coating in areas lying under the pattern, and fuse the frit directly to the substrate, in the desired pattern, in making the coated article. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the heat treating is thermal tempering. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the first temperature or first temperature range meets or exceeds 600 degrees C. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the first temperature or first temperature range meets or exceeds 620 degrees C. to take into account heat reflected by the thin-film coating. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the thin-film coating is a multi-layer low-emissivity (low-E) coating. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the low-E coating comprises at least one infrared (IR) reflecting layer sandwiched between first and second dielectric layers or layer stacks. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein each said IR reflecting layer comprises silver. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the low-E coating includes a layer comprising Ni and/or Cr sandwiched between first and second layers comprising silicon. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the frit is silkscreened to a wet thickness of 35-100 microns, has a fired thickness of approximately half the wet thickness, and is opaque post heat treatment. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the frit is silkscreened to a wet thickness of less than 35 microns, has a fired thickness of approximately half the wet thickness, and has a visible transmission of at least 40%. 14. The method of claim 1, further comprising repeating the screen printing in the desired pattern. 15. The method of claim 1, further comprising cutting the substrate into a desired size and/or shape following said screen-printing and prior to said heat treating. 16. A method of making an insulated glass (IG) unit, the method comprising:
printing a frit in a desired pattern on a first glass substrate supporting a heat treatable physical vapor deposition (PVD) deposited thin-film coating, at least a portion of the frit directly contacting the thin-film coating; thermally tempering the first substrate with the thin-film coating and the frit thereon, the thermal tempering dissolving the thin-film coating in areas where the frit contacts the thin film coating and fusing the frit directly to the substrate, in the desired pattern, in making an intermediate article; and building the intermediate article into the IG unit. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
orienting a spacer system around a peripheral edge of the intermediate article; locating a second substrate on the spacer system so that the first and second substrates are substantially parallel to and spaced apart from one another; and applying an adhesive to one or more mating areas of the spacer system, the first substrate, and the second substrate to seal together the IG unit. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the thin-film coating is a multi-layer sputter deposited low-emissivity (low-E) coating comprising at least one infrared (IR) reflecting layer sandwiched between first and second dielectric layers or layer stacks. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein each said IR reflecting layer comprises silver; ITO; or Ni and/or Cr. 20. The method of claim 16, further comprising, prior to said heat treating, drying and/or pre-curing the frit at a temperature that does not exceed 250 degrees C. 21. The method of claim 16, wherein the IG unit passes tests according to EN1279-2 concerning aging behaviors including requirements for moisture penetration; and/or tests according to ETAG 002 concerning structural sealant requirements. 22. The method of claim 16, wherein the thin-film coating is removed via the thermal tempering of the fit without using another form of edge deletion. 23. The method of claim 16, wherein mechanical edge deletion is not used in removing portions of the thin-film coating. 24. A coated article made according to the method of claim 1. 25. An insulated glass (IG) unit made according to the method of claim 16. | 1,700 |
3,950 | 15,629,773 | 1,767 | An oxime ester compound represented by general formula (I):
wherein R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 each independently represent R 11 , OR 11 , COR 11 , SR 11 , CONR 12 R 13 , or CN; R 11 , R 12 , and R 13 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, an arylalkyl group having 7 to 30 carbon atoms, or a heterocyclic group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, R 4 and R 5 each independently represent R 11 , OR 11 , SR 11 , COR 11 , CONR 12 R 13 , NR 12 COR 11 , OCOR 11 , COOR 11 , SCOR 11 , OCSR 11 , COSR 11 , CSOR 11 , CN, a halogen atom, or a hydroxyl group; and a and b each independently represent 0 to 3. | 1. An oxime ester compound represented by general formula (I):
wherein R1, R2, and R3 each independently represent R11, OR11, COR11, SR11, CONR12R13, or CN; R11, R12, and R13 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, an arylalkyl group having 7 to 30 carbon atoms, or a heterocyclic group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, in which the alkyl group, aryl group, arylalkyl group, and heterocyclic group may have their hydrogen atom substituted with OR21, COR21, SR21, NR22R23, CONR22R23, —NR22—OR23, —NCOR22—OCOR23, —C(═N—OR21)—R22, —C(═N—OCOR21)—R22, CN, a halogen atom, —CR21═CR22R23, —CO—CR21═CR22R23, a carboxyl group, or an epoxy group; R21, R22, and R23 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, an arylalkyl group having 7 to 30 carbon atoms, or a heterocyclic group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms; the methylene units of the alkylene moiety of the substituents represented by R11, R12, R13, R21, R22, and R23 may be interrupted by an unsaturated linkage, an ether linkage, a thioether linkage, an ester linkage, a thioester linkage, an amide linkage, or a urethane linkage at 1 to 5 sites thereof; the alkyl moiety of the substituents represented by R11, R12, R13, R21, R22, and R23 may be branched or cyclic; an alkyl terminal of the substituents represented by R11, R12, R13, R21, R22, and R23 may have an unsaturated bond; R12 and R13, and R22 and R23 may be connected to each other form a ring; R3 may be taken together with a neighboring benzene ring; R4 and R5 each independently represent R11, OR11, SR11, COR11, CONR12, R13, NR12COR11, OCOR11, COOR11, SCOR11, OCSR11, COSR11, CSOR11, CN, a halogen atom, or a hydroxyl group; and a and b each independently represent 0 to 3. 2. The oxime ester compound according to claim 1, wherein R1 is an alkyl group having 11 to 20 carbon atoms, an aryl group with 6 to 30 carbon atoms, an arylalkyl group with 7 to 30 carbon atoms, a heterocyclic group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, OR11, COR11, SR11, CONR12R13, or CN; or R3 is an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms interrupted by an ether linkage or an ester linkage at 1 to 5 sites thereof, an alkyl group having 13 to 20 carbon atoms, OR11, COR11, SR11, CONR12R13, or CN; and R11, R12, and R13 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, an arylalkyl group having 7 to 30 carbon atoms, or a heterocyclic group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms; the alkyl group, aryl group, arylalkyl group, and heterocyclic group as represented by R1, R3, R11, R12, and R13 may have their hydrogen atom substituted with OR21, COR21, SR21, NR22R23, CONR22R23, —NR22—OR23, —NCOR22—OCOR23, —C(═N—OR21)—R22, —C(═N—OCOR21)—R22, CN, a halogen atom, —CR21═CR22R23, —CO—CR21═CR22R23, a carboxyl group, or an epoxy group; R21, R22, and R23 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, an arylalkyl group having 7 to 30 carbon atoms, or a heterocyclic group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms; the methylene units of the alkylene moiety of the substituents represented by R1, R3, R11, R12, R13, R21, R22, and R23 may be interrupted by an unsaturated linkage, an ether linkage, a thioether linkage, an ester linkage, a thioester linkage, an amide linkage, or a urethane linkage at 1 to 5 sites thereof; the alkyl moiety of the substituents represented by R1, R3, R11, R12, R13, R21, R22, and R23 may be branched or cyclic; the alkyl terminal of the substituents represented by R1, R3, R11, R12, R13, R21, R22, and R23 may have an unsaturated bond; R12 and R13 may be connected to form a ring; and R3 may be taken together with a neighboring benzene ring. 3. The oxime ester compound according to claim 1, wherein R1 is an alkyl group having 11 to 20 carbon atoms or an aryl group with 6 to 30 carbon atoms; the alkyl group and the aryl group as represented by R1 may have their hydrogen atom substituted with OR21 COR21, SR21, NR22 R 23, CONR22R23, —NR22—OR23, —NCOR22—OCOR23, —C(═N—OR21)—R22, —C(═N—OCOR21)—R22, CN, a halogen atom, —CR21═CR22R23, —CO—CR21═CR22R23, a carboxyl group, or an epoxy group; R 21, R22, and R23 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, an arylalkyl group having 7 to 30 carbon atoms, or a heterocyclic group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms; the methylene units of the alkylene moiety of the substituents represented by R1, R21, R22, , and R23 may be interrupted by an unsaturated linkage, an ether linkage, a thioether linkage, an ester linkage, a thioester linkage, an amide linkage, or a urethane linkage at 1 to 5 sites thereof; the alkyl moiety of the substituents represented by R1, R21, R22, and R23 may be branched or cyclic; the alkyl terminal of the substituents represented by R1, R21, R22, and R23 may have an unsaturated bond. 4. The oxime ester compound according to claim 1, wherein R3 is a branched alkyl group having 8 or more carbon atoms the methylene units of which may be interrupted by an ether linkage or an ester linkage at 1 to 5 sites thereof. 5. The oxime ester compound according to claim 1, wherein R3 is an alkyl group having 13 or more carbon atoms the methylene units of which may be interrupted by an ether linkage or an ester linkage at 1 to 5 sites thereof. 6. The oxime ester compound according to claim 1, wherein R3 is an alkyl group interrupted by an ether linkage at 1 to 5 sites thereof. 7. The oxime ester compound according to claim 1, wherein R3 is an alkyl group interrupted by an ester linkage at 1 to 5 sites thereof. 8. The oxime ester compound according to claim 1, which dissolves in propylene glycol-1-monomethyl ether-2-acetate or cyclohexanone to a concentration of 1% by mass or more. 9. A photopolymerization initiator comprising the oxime ester compound according to claim 1 as an active ingredient. 10. A photosensitive composition comprising the photopolymerization initiator according to claim 9 and a polymerizable compound having an ethylenically unsaturated bond. 11. The photosensitive composition according to claim 10, further comprising an inorganic compound. 12. An alkali-developable photosensitive resin composition comprising the photopolymerization initiator according to claim 9 and an alkali-developable compound having an ethylenically unsaturated compound. 13. A colored alkali-developable photosensitive resin composition comprising the alkali-developable photosensitive resin composition according to claim 9 and a colorant. 14. The oxime ester compound according to claim 2, wherein R1 is an alkyl group having 11 to 20 carbon atoms or an aryl group with 6 to 30 carbon atoms; the alkyl group and the aryl group as represented by R1 may have their hydrogen atom substituted with OR21, COR21, SR21, NR22R23, CONR22R23, —NR22—OR23, —NCOR22—OCOR23, —C(═N—OR21)—R22, —C(═N-OCOR21)—R22, CN, a halogen atom, —CR21═CR22R23, —CO—CR21═CR22R23, a carboxyl group, or an epoxy group; R21, R22, and R23 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, an arylalkyl group having 7 to 30 carbon atoms, or a heterocyclic group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms; the methylene units of the alkylene moiety of the substituents represented by R1, R21, R22, and R23 may be interrupted by an unsaturated linkage, an ether linkage, a thioether linkage, an ester linkage, a thioester linkage, an amide linkage, or a urethane linkage at 1 to 5 sites thereof; the alkyl moiety of the substituents represented by R1, R21, R22, and R23 may be branched or cyclic; the alkyl terminal of the substituents represented by R1, R21, R22, and R23 may have an unsaturated bond. 15. The oxime ester compound according to claim 2, wherein R3 is a branched alkyl group having 8 or more carbon atoms the methylene units of which may be interrupted by an ether linkage or an ester linkage at 1 to 5 sites thereof. 16. The oxime ester compound according to claim 3, wherein R3 is a branched alkyl group having 8 or more carbon atoms the methylene units of which may be interrupted by an ether linkage or an ester linkage at 1 to 5 sites thereof. 17. The oxime ester compound according to claim 2, wherein R3 is an alkyl group having 13 or more carbon atoms the methylene units of which may be interrupted by an ether linkage or an ester linkage at 1 to 5 sites thereof. 18. The oxime ester compound according to claim 3, wherein R3 is an alkyl group having 13 or more carbon atoms the methylene units of which may be interrupted by an ether linkage or an ester linkage at 1 to 5 sites thereof. 19. The oxime ester compound according to claim 2, wherein R3 is an alkyl group interrupted by an ether linkage at 1 to 5 sites thereof. 20. The oxime ester compound according to claim 3, wherein R3 is an alkyl group interrupted by an ether linkage at 1 to 5 sites thereof. | An oxime ester compound represented by general formula (I):
wherein R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 each independently represent R 11 , OR 11 , COR 11 , SR 11 , CONR 12 R 13 , or CN; R 11 , R 12 , and R 13 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, an arylalkyl group having 7 to 30 carbon atoms, or a heterocyclic group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, R 4 and R 5 each independently represent R 11 , OR 11 , SR 11 , COR 11 , CONR 12 R 13 , NR 12 COR 11 , OCOR 11 , COOR 11 , SCOR 11 , OCSR 11 , COSR 11 , CSOR 11 , CN, a halogen atom, or a hydroxyl group; and a and b each independently represent 0 to 3.1. An oxime ester compound represented by general formula (I):
wherein R1, R2, and R3 each independently represent R11, OR11, COR11, SR11, CONR12R13, or CN; R11, R12, and R13 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, an arylalkyl group having 7 to 30 carbon atoms, or a heterocyclic group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, in which the alkyl group, aryl group, arylalkyl group, and heterocyclic group may have their hydrogen atom substituted with OR21, COR21, SR21, NR22R23, CONR22R23, —NR22—OR23, —NCOR22—OCOR23, —C(═N—OR21)—R22, —C(═N—OCOR21)—R22, CN, a halogen atom, —CR21═CR22R23, —CO—CR21═CR22R23, a carboxyl group, or an epoxy group; R21, R22, and R23 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, an arylalkyl group having 7 to 30 carbon atoms, or a heterocyclic group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms; the methylene units of the alkylene moiety of the substituents represented by R11, R12, R13, R21, R22, and R23 may be interrupted by an unsaturated linkage, an ether linkage, a thioether linkage, an ester linkage, a thioester linkage, an amide linkage, or a urethane linkage at 1 to 5 sites thereof; the alkyl moiety of the substituents represented by R11, R12, R13, R21, R22, and R23 may be branched or cyclic; an alkyl terminal of the substituents represented by R11, R12, R13, R21, R22, and R23 may have an unsaturated bond; R12 and R13, and R22 and R23 may be connected to each other form a ring; R3 may be taken together with a neighboring benzene ring; R4 and R5 each independently represent R11, OR11, SR11, COR11, CONR12, R13, NR12COR11, OCOR11, COOR11, SCOR11, OCSR11, COSR11, CSOR11, CN, a halogen atom, or a hydroxyl group; and a and b each independently represent 0 to 3. 2. The oxime ester compound according to claim 1, wherein R1 is an alkyl group having 11 to 20 carbon atoms, an aryl group with 6 to 30 carbon atoms, an arylalkyl group with 7 to 30 carbon atoms, a heterocyclic group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, OR11, COR11, SR11, CONR12R13, or CN; or R3 is an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms interrupted by an ether linkage or an ester linkage at 1 to 5 sites thereof, an alkyl group having 13 to 20 carbon atoms, OR11, COR11, SR11, CONR12R13, or CN; and R11, R12, and R13 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, an arylalkyl group having 7 to 30 carbon atoms, or a heterocyclic group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms; the alkyl group, aryl group, arylalkyl group, and heterocyclic group as represented by R1, R3, R11, R12, and R13 may have their hydrogen atom substituted with OR21, COR21, SR21, NR22R23, CONR22R23, —NR22—OR23, —NCOR22—OCOR23, —C(═N—OR21)—R22, —C(═N—OCOR21)—R22, CN, a halogen atom, —CR21═CR22R23, —CO—CR21═CR22R23, a carboxyl group, or an epoxy group; R21, R22, and R23 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, an arylalkyl group having 7 to 30 carbon atoms, or a heterocyclic group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms; the methylene units of the alkylene moiety of the substituents represented by R1, R3, R11, R12, R13, R21, R22, and R23 may be interrupted by an unsaturated linkage, an ether linkage, a thioether linkage, an ester linkage, a thioester linkage, an amide linkage, or a urethane linkage at 1 to 5 sites thereof; the alkyl moiety of the substituents represented by R1, R3, R11, R12, R13, R21, R22, and R23 may be branched or cyclic; the alkyl terminal of the substituents represented by R1, R3, R11, R12, R13, R21, R22, and R23 may have an unsaturated bond; R12 and R13 may be connected to form a ring; and R3 may be taken together with a neighboring benzene ring. 3. The oxime ester compound according to claim 1, wherein R1 is an alkyl group having 11 to 20 carbon atoms or an aryl group with 6 to 30 carbon atoms; the alkyl group and the aryl group as represented by R1 may have their hydrogen atom substituted with OR21 COR21, SR21, NR22 R 23, CONR22R23, —NR22—OR23, —NCOR22—OCOR23, —C(═N—OR21)—R22, —C(═N—OCOR21)—R22, CN, a halogen atom, —CR21═CR22R23, —CO—CR21═CR22R23, a carboxyl group, or an epoxy group; R 21, R22, and R23 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, an arylalkyl group having 7 to 30 carbon atoms, or a heterocyclic group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms; the methylene units of the alkylene moiety of the substituents represented by R1, R21, R22, , and R23 may be interrupted by an unsaturated linkage, an ether linkage, a thioether linkage, an ester linkage, a thioester linkage, an amide linkage, or a urethane linkage at 1 to 5 sites thereof; the alkyl moiety of the substituents represented by R1, R21, R22, and R23 may be branched or cyclic; the alkyl terminal of the substituents represented by R1, R21, R22, and R23 may have an unsaturated bond. 4. The oxime ester compound according to claim 1, wherein R3 is a branched alkyl group having 8 or more carbon atoms the methylene units of which may be interrupted by an ether linkage or an ester linkage at 1 to 5 sites thereof. 5. The oxime ester compound according to claim 1, wherein R3 is an alkyl group having 13 or more carbon atoms the methylene units of which may be interrupted by an ether linkage or an ester linkage at 1 to 5 sites thereof. 6. The oxime ester compound according to claim 1, wherein R3 is an alkyl group interrupted by an ether linkage at 1 to 5 sites thereof. 7. The oxime ester compound according to claim 1, wherein R3 is an alkyl group interrupted by an ester linkage at 1 to 5 sites thereof. 8. The oxime ester compound according to claim 1, which dissolves in propylene glycol-1-monomethyl ether-2-acetate or cyclohexanone to a concentration of 1% by mass or more. 9. A photopolymerization initiator comprising the oxime ester compound according to claim 1 as an active ingredient. 10. A photosensitive composition comprising the photopolymerization initiator according to claim 9 and a polymerizable compound having an ethylenically unsaturated bond. 11. The photosensitive composition according to claim 10, further comprising an inorganic compound. 12. An alkali-developable photosensitive resin composition comprising the photopolymerization initiator according to claim 9 and an alkali-developable compound having an ethylenically unsaturated compound. 13. A colored alkali-developable photosensitive resin composition comprising the alkali-developable photosensitive resin composition according to claim 9 and a colorant. 14. The oxime ester compound according to claim 2, wherein R1 is an alkyl group having 11 to 20 carbon atoms or an aryl group with 6 to 30 carbon atoms; the alkyl group and the aryl group as represented by R1 may have their hydrogen atom substituted with OR21, COR21, SR21, NR22R23, CONR22R23, —NR22—OR23, —NCOR22—OCOR23, —C(═N—OR21)—R22, —C(═N-OCOR21)—R22, CN, a halogen atom, —CR21═CR22R23, —CO—CR21═CR22R23, a carboxyl group, or an epoxy group; R21, R22, and R23 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, an arylalkyl group having 7 to 30 carbon atoms, or a heterocyclic group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms; the methylene units of the alkylene moiety of the substituents represented by R1, R21, R22, and R23 may be interrupted by an unsaturated linkage, an ether linkage, a thioether linkage, an ester linkage, a thioester linkage, an amide linkage, or a urethane linkage at 1 to 5 sites thereof; the alkyl moiety of the substituents represented by R1, R21, R22, and R23 may be branched or cyclic; the alkyl terminal of the substituents represented by R1, R21, R22, and R23 may have an unsaturated bond. 15. The oxime ester compound according to claim 2, wherein R3 is a branched alkyl group having 8 or more carbon atoms the methylene units of which may be interrupted by an ether linkage or an ester linkage at 1 to 5 sites thereof. 16. The oxime ester compound according to claim 3, wherein R3 is a branched alkyl group having 8 or more carbon atoms the methylene units of which may be interrupted by an ether linkage or an ester linkage at 1 to 5 sites thereof. 17. The oxime ester compound according to claim 2, wherein R3 is an alkyl group having 13 or more carbon atoms the methylene units of which may be interrupted by an ether linkage or an ester linkage at 1 to 5 sites thereof. 18. The oxime ester compound according to claim 3, wherein R3 is an alkyl group having 13 or more carbon atoms the methylene units of which may be interrupted by an ether linkage or an ester linkage at 1 to 5 sites thereof. 19. The oxime ester compound according to claim 2, wherein R3 is an alkyl group interrupted by an ether linkage at 1 to 5 sites thereof. 20. The oxime ester compound according to claim 3, wherein R3 is an alkyl group interrupted by an ether linkage at 1 to 5 sites thereof. | 1,700 |
3,951 | 14,492,600 | 1,773 | An object of the present invention is to provide a honeycomb shaped porous ceramic body in which a strength deteriorates less than before after a separation layer is formed, a manufacturing method for the porous ceramic body, and a honeycomb shaped ceramic separation membrane structure. A honeycomb shaped porous ceramic body 9 includes a honeycomb shaped substrate 30 and an intermediate layer. At least a part of the intermediate layer of the honeycomb shaped porous ceramic body 9 has a structure in which aggregate particles are bonded to one another by a component of an inorganic bonding material. The inorganic bonding material is titania. | 1. A honeycomb shaped porous ceramic body comprising:
a honeycomb shaped substrate which has partition walls made of a porous ceramic material provided with a large number of pores and in which there are formed a plurality of cells to become through channels of a fluid passing through the porous ceramic body by the partition walls; and an intermediate layer which is made of a porous ceramic material provided with a large number of pores and having a smaller average pore diameter as compared with the surface of the substrate and which is disposed at the surface of the substrate, wherein at least a part of the intermediate layer has a structure in which aggregate particles are bonded to one another by a component of an inorganic bonding material, and the component of the inorganic bonding material of the intermediate layer is titania. 2. The honeycomb shaped porous ceramic body according to claim 1,
whose strength does not deteriorate even when the porous ceramic body is immersed into an alkali solution of pH 11 or more at 138° C. or more for 30 hours. 3. A honeycomb shaped ceramic separation membrane structure comprising a separation layer which separates a mixture, directly or indirectly on the intermediate layer of the honeycomb shaped porous ceramic body according to claim 1. 4. A honeycomb shaped ceramic separation membrane structure comprising a separation layer which separates a mixture, directly or indirectly on the intermediate layer of the honeycomb shaped porous ceramic body according to claim 2. 5. The honeycomb shaped ceramic separation membrane structure according to claim 3,
wherein an internal pressure breaking strength is 16 MPa or more. 6. The honeycomb shaped ceramic separation membrane structure according to claim 4,
wherein an internal pressure breaking strength is 16 MPa or more. 7. The honeycomb shaped ceramic separation membrane structure according to claim 3,
wherein the separation layer is formed of a zeolite. 8. The honeycomb shaped ceramic separation membrane structure according to claim 4,
wherein the separation layer is formed of a zeolite. 9. The honeycomb shaped ceramic separation membrane structure according to claim 5,
wherein the separation layer is formed of a zeolite. 10. The honeycomb shaped ceramic separation membrane structure according to claim 6,
wherein the separation layer is formed of a zeolite. 11. The honeycomb shaped ceramic separation membrane structure according to claim 7,
wherein the separation layer is formed of a DDR type zeolite. 12. The honeycomb shaped ceramic separation membrane structure according to claim 8,
wherein the separation layer is formed of a DDR type zeolite. 13. The honeycomb shaped ceramic separation membrane structure according to claim 9,
wherein the separation layer is formed of a DDR type zeolite. 14. The honeycomb shaped ceramic separation membrane structure according to claim 10,
wherein the separation layer is formed of a DDR type zeolite. 15. A manufacturing method for the honeycomb shaped porous ceramic body according to claim 1,
in which a slurry for the intermediate layer including aggregates and a titania sol of an inorganic bonding material is adhered to the substrate, dried, and then fired at 1250° C. or more for 12 hours or more to form the intermediate layer. 16. A manufacturing method for the honeycomb shaped porous ceramic body according to claim 2,
in which a slurry for the intermediate layer including aggregates and a titania sol of an inorganic bonding material is adhered to the substrate, dried, and then fired at 1250° C. or more for 12 hours or more to form the intermediate layer. | An object of the present invention is to provide a honeycomb shaped porous ceramic body in which a strength deteriorates less than before after a separation layer is formed, a manufacturing method for the porous ceramic body, and a honeycomb shaped ceramic separation membrane structure. A honeycomb shaped porous ceramic body 9 includes a honeycomb shaped substrate 30 and an intermediate layer. At least a part of the intermediate layer of the honeycomb shaped porous ceramic body 9 has a structure in which aggregate particles are bonded to one another by a component of an inorganic bonding material. The inorganic bonding material is titania.1. A honeycomb shaped porous ceramic body comprising:
a honeycomb shaped substrate which has partition walls made of a porous ceramic material provided with a large number of pores and in which there are formed a plurality of cells to become through channels of a fluid passing through the porous ceramic body by the partition walls; and an intermediate layer which is made of a porous ceramic material provided with a large number of pores and having a smaller average pore diameter as compared with the surface of the substrate and which is disposed at the surface of the substrate, wherein at least a part of the intermediate layer has a structure in which aggregate particles are bonded to one another by a component of an inorganic bonding material, and the component of the inorganic bonding material of the intermediate layer is titania. 2. The honeycomb shaped porous ceramic body according to claim 1,
whose strength does not deteriorate even when the porous ceramic body is immersed into an alkali solution of pH 11 or more at 138° C. or more for 30 hours. 3. A honeycomb shaped ceramic separation membrane structure comprising a separation layer which separates a mixture, directly or indirectly on the intermediate layer of the honeycomb shaped porous ceramic body according to claim 1. 4. A honeycomb shaped ceramic separation membrane structure comprising a separation layer which separates a mixture, directly or indirectly on the intermediate layer of the honeycomb shaped porous ceramic body according to claim 2. 5. The honeycomb shaped ceramic separation membrane structure according to claim 3,
wherein an internal pressure breaking strength is 16 MPa or more. 6. The honeycomb shaped ceramic separation membrane structure according to claim 4,
wherein an internal pressure breaking strength is 16 MPa or more. 7. The honeycomb shaped ceramic separation membrane structure according to claim 3,
wherein the separation layer is formed of a zeolite. 8. The honeycomb shaped ceramic separation membrane structure according to claim 4,
wherein the separation layer is formed of a zeolite. 9. The honeycomb shaped ceramic separation membrane structure according to claim 5,
wherein the separation layer is formed of a zeolite. 10. The honeycomb shaped ceramic separation membrane structure according to claim 6,
wherein the separation layer is formed of a zeolite. 11. The honeycomb shaped ceramic separation membrane structure according to claim 7,
wherein the separation layer is formed of a DDR type zeolite. 12. The honeycomb shaped ceramic separation membrane structure according to claim 8,
wherein the separation layer is formed of a DDR type zeolite. 13. The honeycomb shaped ceramic separation membrane structure according to claim 9,
wherein the separation layer is formed of a DDR type zeolite. 14. The honeycomb shaped ceramic separation membrane structure according to claim 10,
wherein the separation layer is formed of a DDR type zeolite. 15. A manufacturing method for the honeycomb shaped porous ceramic body according to claim 1,
in which a slurry for the intermediate layer including aggregates and a titania sol of an inorganic bonding material is adhered to the substrate, dried, and then fired at 1250° C. or more for 12 hours or more to form the intermediate layer. 16. A manufacturing method for the honeycomb shaped porous ceramic body according to claim 2,
in which a slurry for the intermediate layer including aggregates and a titania sol of an inorganic bonding material is adhered to the substrate, dried, and then fired at 1250° C. or more for 12 hours or more to form the intermediate layer. | 1,700 |
3,952 | 15,076,348 | 1,764 | The present disclosure provides a method for coating a composite structure, comprising forming a first slurry by combining a glass frit comprising a first phosphate glass composition with a first carrier fluid comprising an acid aluminum phosphate, wherein the ratio of aluminum to phosphoric acid is between 1 to 2 and 1 to 3, applying the first slurry on a surface of the composite structure to form a base layer, and heating the composite structure to a temperature sufficient to adhere the base layer to the composite structure. | 1. A method for coating a composite structure, comprising:
forming a first slurry by combining a glass frit comprising a first phosphate glass composition with a first carrier fluid comprising an acid aluminum phosphate, wherein a ratio of aluminum to phosphoric acid is between 1 to 2 and 1 to 3; applying the first slurry on a surface of the composite structure to form a base layer; and heating the composite structure to a temperature sufficient to adhere the base layer to the composite structure. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising forming a second slurry by combining a second glass frit comprising a second phosphate glass composition with a second carrier fluid;
applying the second slurry to the base layer to form a sealing layer; and heating the composite structure to a second temperature sufficient to adhere the sealing layer to the base layer. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising applying at least one of a pretreating composition or a barrier coating to the composite structure prior to applying the first slurry to the composite structure. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising applying a pretreating composition, wherein the pretreating composition comprises at least one of a phosphoric acid and an acid phosphate salt, an aluminum salt, and an additional salt, and wherein the composite structure is porous and the pretreating composition penetrates at least one pore of the composite structure. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising applying a pretreating composition, wherein the applying comprises:
applying, a first pretreating composition to an outer surface of the composite structure, the first pretreating composition comprising aluminum oxide and water, heating the pretreating composition; applying a second pretreating composition comprising at least one of a phosphoric acid or an acid phosphate salt and an aluminum salt on the first pretreating composition, wherein the composite structure is porous and the second pretreating composition penetrates at least a pore of the composite structure. 6. The method of claim 3, wherein the barrier coating comprises at least one of a carbide, a nitride, a boron nitride, a silicon carbide, a titanium carbide, a boron carbide, a silicon oxycarbide, a molybdenum disulfide, a tungsten disulfide, or a silicon nitride. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising applying a barrier coating by at least one of reacting the composite structure with molten silicon, spraying, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), molten application, or brushing. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the first phosphate glass composition of the base layer comprises between about 15 weight percent and about 30 weight percent of boron nitride. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the first phosphate glass composition is represented by the formula a(A′2O)x(P2O5)y1b(GfO)y2c(A″O)z:
A′ is selected from: lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and mixtures thereof;
Gf is selected from: boron, silicon, sulfur, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and mixtures thereof;
A″ is selected from: vanadium, aluminum, tin, titanium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, mercury, zinc, thulium, lead, zirconium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, actinium, thorium, uranium, yttrium, gallium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, tin, bismuth, cadmium, and mixtures thereof;
a is a number in the range from 1 to about 5;
b is a number in the range from 0 to about 10;
c is a number in the range from 0 to about 30;
x is a number in the range from about 0.050 to about 0.500;
y1 is a number in the range from about 0.100 to about 0.950;
y2 is a number in the range from 0 to about 0.20; and
z is a number in the range from about 0.01 to about 0.5;
(x+y1+y2+z)=1; and
x<(y1+y2). 10. The method of claim 2, wherein the second phosphate glass composition is represented by the formula a(A′2O)x(P2O5)y1b(GfO)y2c(A″O)z:
A′ is selected from: lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and mixtures thereof;
Gf is selected from: boron, silicon, sulfur, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and mixtures thereof;
A″ is selected from: vanadium, aluminum, tin, titanium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, mercury, zinc, thulium, lead, zirconium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, actinium, thorium, uranium, yttrium, gallium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, tin, bismuth, cadmium, and mixtures thereof;
a is a number in the range from 1 to about 5;
b is a number in the range from 0 to about 10;
c is a number in the range from 0 to about 30;
x is a number in the range from about 0.050 to about 0.500;
y1 is a number in the range from about 0.100 to about 0.950;
y2 is a number in the range from 0 to about 0.20; and
z is a number in the range from about 0.01 to about 0.5;
(x+y1+y2+z)=1; and
x<(y1+y2). 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the first slurry comprises a refractory compound such as a nitride, a boron nitride, a silicon carbide, a titanium carbide, a boron carbide, a silicon oxycarbide, silicon nitride, molybdenum disulfide or tungsten disulfide. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the composite structure is a carbon-carbon composite structure. 13. The method of claim 2, wherein at least one of the first carrier fluid or the second carrier fluid comprises water. 14. The method of claim 2, wherein at least one of the first slurry or the second slurry comprises at least one of a surfactant, a flow modifier, a polymer, ammonium hydroxide, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, acid aluminum phosphate, nanoplatelets, or graphene nanoplatelets. 15. An article comprising:
a carbon-carbon composite structure; an oxidation protection composition including a base layer disposed on an outer surface of the carbon-carbon composite structure, wherein the base layer comprises a first phosphate glass composition having an acid aluminum phosphate, wherein a ratio of aluminum to phosphoric acid is between 1 to 2 and 1 to 3. 16. The article of claim 15, wherein the first phosphate glass composition of the base layer comprises h-boron nitride and wherein the ratio of aluminum to phosphoric acid is 1 to 2.5. 17. The article of claim 15, wherein the first phosphate glass composition is represented by the formula a(A′2O)x(P2O5)y1b(GfO)y2c(A″O)z:
A′ is selected from: lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and mixtures thereof;
Gf is selected from: boron, silicon, sulfur, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and mixtures thereof;
A″ is selected from: vanadium, aluminum, tin, titanium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, mercury, zinc, thulium, lead, zirconium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, actinium, thorium, uranium, yttrium, gallium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, tin, bismuth, cadmium, and mixtures thereof;
a is a number in the range from 1 to about 5;
b is a number in the range from 0 to about 10;
c is a number in the range from 0 to about 30;
x is a number in the range from about 0.050 to about 0.500;
y1 is a number in the range from about 0.100 to about 0.950;
y2 is a number in the range from 0 to about 0.20; and
z is a number in the range from about 0.01 to about 0.5;
(x+y1+y2+z)=1; and
x<(y1+y2). 18. The article of claim 17, wherein the oxidation protection composition further includes a sealing layer disposed on an outer surface of the base layer,
wherein the sealing layer comprises a second phosphate glass composition, wherein the second phosphate glass composition is represented by the formula a(A′2O)x(P2O5)y1b(GfO)y2c(A″O)z: A′ is selected from: lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and mixtures thereof; Gf is selected from: boron, silicon, sulfur, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and mixtures thereof; A″ is selected from: vanadium, aluminum, tin, titanium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, mercury, zinc, thulium, lead, zirconium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, actinium, thorium, uranium, yttrium, gallium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, tin, bismuth, cadmium, and mixtures thereof; a is a number in the range from 1 to about 5; b is a number in the range from 0 to about 10; c is a number in the range from 0 to about 30; x is a number in the range from about 0.050 to about 0.500; y1 is a number in the range from about 0.100 to about 0.950; y2 is a number in the range from 0 to about 0.20; and z is a number in the range from about 0.01 to about 0.5; (x+y1+y2+z)=1; and x<(y1+y2). 19. The article of claim 18, wherein the second phosphate glass composition comprises acid aluminum phosphate and wherein the second phosphate glass composition is substantially free of boron nitride. 20. (canceled) 21. A composition comprising:
a glass frit comprising a phosphate glass composition and a first carrier fluid comprising an acid aluminum phosphate, wherein a ratio of aluminum to phosphoric acid is between 1 to 2 and 1 to 3. | The present disclosure provides a method for coating a composite structure, comprising forming a first slurry by combining a glass frit comprising a first phosphate glass composition with a first carrier fluid comprising an acid aluminum phosphate, wherein the ratio of aluminum to phosphoric acid is between 1 to 2 and 1 to 3, applying the first slurry on a surface of the composite structure to form a base layer, and heating the composite structure to a temperature sufficient to adhere the base layer to the composite structure.1. A method for coating a composite structure, comprising:
forming a first slurry by combining a glass frit comprising a first phosphate glass composition with a first carrier fluid comprising an acid aluminum phosphate, wherein a ratio of aluminum to phosphoric acid is between 1 to 2 and 1 to 3; applying the first slurry on a surface of the composite structure to form a base layer; and heating the composite structure to a temperature sufficient to adhere the base layer to the composite structure. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising forming a second slurry by combining a second glass frit comprising a second phosphate glass composition with a second carrier fluid;
applying the second slurry to the base layer to form a sealing layer; and heating the composite structure to a second temperature sufficient to adhere the sealing layer to the base layer. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising applying at least one of a pretreating composition or a barrier coating to the composite structure prior to applying the first slurry to the composite structure. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising applying a pretreating composition, wherein the pretreating composition comprises at least one of a phosphoric acid and an acid phosphate salt, an aluminum salt, and an additional salt, and wherein the composite structure is porous and the pretreating composition penetrates at least one pore of the composite structure. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising applying a pretreating composition, wherein the applying comprises:
applying, a first pretreating composition to an outer surface of the composite structure, the first pretreating composition comprising aluminum oxide and water, heating the pretreating composition; applying a second pretreating composition comprising at least one of a phosphoric acid or an acid phosphate salt and an aluminum salt on the first pretreating composition, wherein the composite structure is porous and the second pretreating composition penetrates at least a pore of the composite structure. 6. The method of claim 3, wherein the barrier coating comprises at least one of a carbide, a nitride, a boron nitride, a silicon carbide, a titanium carbide, a boron carbide, a silicon oxycarbide, a molybdenum disulfide, a tungsten disulfide, or a silicon nitride. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising applying a barrier coating by at least one of reacting the composite structure with molten silicon, spraying, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), molten application, or brushing. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the first phosphate glass composition of the base layer comprises between about 15 weight percent and about 30 weight percent of boron nitride. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the first phosphate glass composition is represented by the formula a(A′2O)x(P2O5)y1b(GfO)y2c(A″O)z:
A′ is selected from: lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and mixtures thereof;
Gf is selected from: boron, silicon, sulfur, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and mixtures thereof;
A″ is selected from: vanadium, aluminum, tin, titanium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, mercury, zinc, thulium, lead, zirconium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, actinium, thorium, uranium, yttrium, gallium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, tin, bismuth, cadmium, and mixtures thereof;
a is a number in the range from 1 to about 5;
b is a number in the range from 0 to about 10;
c is a number in the range from 0 to about 30;
x is a number in the range from about 0.050 to about 0.500;
y1 is a number in the range from about 0.100 to about 0.950;
y2 is a number in the range from 0 to about 0.20; and
z is a number in the range from about 0.01 to about 0.5;
(x+y1+y2+z)=1; and
x<(y1+y2). 10. The method of claim 2, wherein the second phosphate glass composition is represented by the formula a(A′2O)x(P2O5)y1b(GfO)y2c(A″O)z:
A′ is selected from: lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and mixtures thereof;
Gf is selected from: boron, silicon, sulfur, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and mixtures thereof;
A″ is selected from: vanadium, aluminum, tin, titanium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, mercury, zinc, thulium, lead, zirconium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, actinium, thorium, uranium, yttrium, gallium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, tin, bismuth, cadmium, and mixtures thereof;
a is a number in the range from 1 to about 5;
b is a number in the range from 0 to about 10;
c is a number in the range from 0 to about 30;
x is a number in the range from about 0.050 to about 0.500;
y1 is a number in the range from about 0.100 to about 0.950;
y2 is a number in the range from 0 to about 0.20; and
z is a number in the range from about 0.01 to about 0.5;
(x+y1+y2+z)=1; and
x<(y1+y2). 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the first slurry comprises a refractory compound such as a nitride, a boron nitride, a silicon carbide, a titanium carbide, a boron carbide, a silicon oxycarbide, silicon nitride, molybdenum disulfide or tungsten disulfide. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the composite structure is a carbon-carbon composite structure. 13. The method of claim 2, wherein at least one of the first carrier fluid or the second carrier fluid comprises water. 14. The method of claim 2, wherein at least one of the first slurry or the second slurry comprises at least one of a surfactant, a flow modifier, a polymer, ammonium hydroxide, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, acid aluminum phosphate, nanoplatelets, or graphene nanoplatelets. 15. An article comprising:
a carbon-carbon composite structure; an oxidation protection composition including a base layer disposed on an outer surface of the carbon-carbon composite structure, wherein the base layer comprises a first phosphate glass composition having an acid aluminum phosphate, wherein a ratio of aluminum to phosphoric acid is between 1 to 2 and 1 to 3. 16. The article of claim 15, wherein the first phosphate glass composition of the base layer comprises h-boron nitride and wherein the ratio of aluminum to phosphoric acid is 1 to 2.5. 17. The article of claim 15, wherein the first phosphate glass composition is represented by the formula a(A′2O)x(P2O5)y1b(GfO)y2c(A″O)z:
A′ is selected from: lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and mixtures thereof;
Gf is selected from: boron, silicon, sulfur, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and mixtures thereof;
A″ is selected from: vanadium, aluminum, tin, titanium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, mercury, zinc, thulium, lead, zirconium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, actinium, thorium, uranium, yttrium, gallium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, tin, bismuth, cadmium, and mixtures thereof;
a is a number in the range from 1 to about 5;
b is a number in the range from 0 to about 10;
c is a number in the range from 0 to about 30;
x is a number in the range from about 0.050 to about 0.500;
y1 is a number in the range from about 0.100 to about 0.950;
y2 is a number in the range from 0 to about 0.20; and
z is a number in the range from about 0.01 to about 0.5;
(x+y1+y2+z)=1; and
x<(y1+y2). 18. The article of claim 17, wherein the oxidation protection composition further includes a sealing layer disposed on an outer surface of the base layer,
wherein the sealing layer comprises a second phosphate glass composition, wherein the second phosphate glass composition is represented by the formula a(A′2O)x(P2O5)y1b(GfO)y2c(A″O)z: A′ is selected from: lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and mixtures thereof; Gf is selected from: boron, silicon, sulfur, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and mixtures thereof; A″ is selected from: vanadium, aluminum, tin, titanium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, mercury, zinc, thulium, lead, zirconium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, actinium, thorium, uranium, yttrium, gallium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, tin, bismuth, cadmium, and mixtures thereof; a is a number in the range from 1 to about 5; b is a number in the range from 0 to about 10; c is a number in the range from 0 to about 30; x is a number in the range from about 0.050 to about 0.500; y1 is a number in the range from about 0.100 to about 0.950; y2 is a number in the range from 0 to about 0.20; and z is a number in the range from about 0.01 to about 0.5; (x+y1+y2+z)=1; and x<(y1+y2). 19. The article of claim 18, wherein the second phosphate glass composition comprises acid aluminum phosphate and wherein the second phosphate glass composition is substantially free of boron nitride. 20. (canceled) 21. A composition comprising:
a glass frit comprising a phosphate glass composition and a first carrier fluid comprising an acid aluminum phosphate, wherein a ratio of aluminum to phosphoric acid is between 1 to 2 and 1 to 3. | 1,700 |
3,953 | 14,897,560 | 1,733 | The invention relates to a duplex ferritic austenitic stainless steel having 40-60 volume % ferrite and 40-60 volume austenite, preferably 45-55 volume % ferrite and 45-55 volume % austenite at the annealed condition, and having improved cold workability and impact toughness. The stainless steel contains in weight % less than 0.07% carbon (C), 0.1-2.0% silicon (Si), 3-5% manganese (Mn), 19-23% chromium (Cr), 1.1-1.9% nickel (Ni), 1.1-3.5% copper (Cu), 0.18-0.30% nitrogen (N), optionally molybdenum (Mo) and/or tungsten (W) in a total amount calculated with the formula (Mo+½W)<1.0%, optionally 0.001-0.005% boron (B), optionally up to 0.03% of each of cerium (Ce) and/or calcium (Ca), balance being iron (Fe) and evitable impurities in such conditions for the ferritc formers and the austenite formers, i.e. for the chromium equivalent (Cr eq ) and the nickel equivalent (Ni eq ): 20<Cr eq <24.5 and Ni eq >10, where Cr eq =Cr+1.5Si+Mo+2Ti−0.5Nb Ni eq =Ni+0.5Mn+30(C−N)+0.5(Cu+Co) | 1. Duplex ferritic austenitic stainless steel having 40-60 volume % ferrite and 40-60 volume % austenite, and having improved cold workability and impact toughness, characterized in that the steel contains in weight % less than 0.07% carbon (C), 0.1-2.0% silicon (Si), 3-5% manganese (Mn), 19-23% chromium (Cr), 1.1-1.9% nickel (Ni), 1.1-3.5% copper (Cu), 0.18-0.30% nitrogen (N), optionally molybdenum (Mo) and/or tungsten (W) in a total amount calculated with the formula (Mo+½W)≦1.0%, optionally 0.001-0.005% boron (B), optionally up to 0.03% of each of cerium (Ce) and/or calcium (Ca), balance being iron (Fe) and evitable impurities in such conditions for the ferrite formers and the austenite formers, i.e. for the chromium equivalent (Creq) and the nickel equivalent (Nieq): 20<Creq<24.5 and Nieq>10, where
Cr=Cr+1.5Si+Mo+2Ti+0.5Nb
Nieq=Ni+O.5MN+30(C+N)+O.5(Cu+CO). 2. Duplex ferritic austenitic stainless steel according to the claim 1, characterized in that the steel contains 1.1-2.5 weight % copper. 3. Duplex ferritic austenitic stainless steel according to the claim 1, characterized in that the steel contains 1.1-1.5 weight % copper. 4. Duplex ferritic austenitic stainless steel according to claim 1, characterized in that the critical pitting temperature (CPT) is 13-19° C. 5. Duplex ferritic austenitic stainless steel according to claim 1, characterized in that the critical pitting temperature (CPT) is 13.4-18.9° C. 6. Duplex ferritic austenitic stainless steel according to claim 1, characterized in that the critical pitting temperature (CPT) is 14.5-17.7° C. 7. Duplex ferritic austenitic stainless steel according to claim 1, characterized in that the steel contains 20-22 weight % chromium. 8. Duplex ferritic austenitic stainless steel according to claim 1, characterized in that the steel contains 21-22 weight % chromium. 9. Duplex ferritic austenitic stainless steel according to claim 1, characterized in that the steel contains 21.2-21.8 weight % chromium. 10. Duplex ferritic austenitic stainless steel according to claim 1, characterized in that the steel contains 1.35-1.9 weight % nickel. 11. Duplex ferritic austenitic stainless steel according to claim 1, characterized in that the steel contains 3.8-5.0 weight % manganese. 12. Duplex ferritic austenitic stainless steel according to claim 1, characterized in that the steel contains 3.8-4.5 weight % manganese. 13. Duplex ferritic austenitic stainless steel according to claim 1, characterized in that the steel contains 0.20-0.26 weight % nitrogen. 14. Duplex ferritic austenitic stainless steel according to claim 1, characterized in that the steel contains 0.20-0.24 weight % nitrogen. 15. Duplex ferritic austenitic stainless steel according to the claim 1, characterized in that the steel is produced as ingots, slabs, blooms, billets, plates, sheets, strips, coils, bars, rods, wires, profiles and shapes, seamless and welded tubes and/or pipes, metallic powder, formed shapes and profiles. | The invention relates to a duplex ferritic austenitic stainless steel having 40-60 volume % ferrite and 40-60 volume austenite, preferably 45-55 volume % ferrite and 45-55 volume % austenite at the annealed condition, and having improved cold workability and impact toughness. The stainless steel contains in weight % less than 0.07% carbon (C), 0.1-2.0% silicon (Si), 3-5% manganese (Mn), 19-23% chromium (Cr), 1.1-1.9% nickel (Ni), 1.1-3.5% copper (Cu), 0.18-0.30% nitrogen (N), optionally molybdenum (Mo) and/or tungsten (W) in a total amount calculated with the formula (Mo+½W)<1.0%, optionally 0.001-0.005% boron (B), optionally up to 0.03% of each of cerium (Ce) and/or calcium (Ca), balance being iron (Fe) and evitable impurities in such conditions for the ferritc formers and the austenite formers, i.e. for the chromium equivalent (Cr eq ) and the nickel equivalent (Ni eq ): 20<Cr eq <24.5 and Ni eq >10, where Cr eq =Cr+1.5Si+Mo+2Ti−0.5Nb Ni eq =Ni+0.5Mn+30(C−N)+0.5(Cu+Co)1. Duplex ferritic austenitic stainless steel having 40-60 volume % ferrite and 40-60 volume % austenite, and having improved cold workability and impact toughness, characterized in that the steel contains in weight % less than 0.07% carbon (C), 0.1-2.0% silicon (Si), 3-5% manganese (Mn), 19-23% chromium (Cr), 1.1-1.9% nickel (Ni), 1.1-3.5% copper (Cu), 0.18-0.30% nitrogen (N), optionally molybdenum (Mo) and/or tungsten (W) in a total amount calculated with the formula (Mo+½W)≦1.0%, optionally 0.001-0.005% boron (B), optionally up to 0.03% of each of cerium (Ce) and/or calcium (Ca), balance being iron (Fe) and evitable impurities in such conditions for the ferrite formers and the austenite formers, i.e. for the chromium equivalent (Creq) and the nickel equivalent (Nieq): 20<Creq<24.5 and Nieq>10, where
Cr=Cr+1.5Si+Mo+2Ti+0.5Nb
Nieq=Ni+O.5MN+30(C+N)+O.5(Cu+CO). 2. Duplex ferritic austenitic stainless steel according to the claim 1, characterized in that the steel contains 1.1-2.5 weight % copper. 3. Duplex ferritic austenitic stainless steel according to the claim 1, characterized in that the steel contains 1.1-1.5 weight % copper. 4. Duplex ferritic austenitic stainless steel according to claim 1, characterized in that the critical pitting temperature (CPT) is 13-19° C. 5. Duplex ferritic austenitic stainless steel according to claim 1, characterized in that the critical pitting temperature (CPT) is 13.4-18.9° C. 6. Duplex ferritic austenitic stainless steel according to claim 1, characterized in that the critical pitting temperature (CPT) is 14.5-17.7° C. 7. Duplex ferritic austenitic stainless steel according to claim 1, characterized in that the steel contains 20-22 weight % chromium. 8. Duplex ferritic austenitic stainless steel according to claim 1, characterized in that the steel contains 21-22 weight % chromium. 9. Duplex ferritic austenitic stainless steel according to claim 1, characterized in that the steel contains 21.2-21.8 weight % chromium. 10. Duplex ferritic austenitic stainless steel according to claim 1, characterized in that the steel contains 1.35-1.9 weight % nickel. 11. Duplex ferritic austenitic stainless steel according to claim 1, characterized in that the steel contains 3.8-5.0 weight % manganese. 12. Duplex ferritic austenitic stainless steel according to claim 1, characterized in that the steel contains 3.8-4.5 weight % manganese. 13. Duplex ferritic austenitic stainless steel according to claim 1, characterized in that the steel contains 0.20-0.26 weight % nitrogen. 14. Duplex ferritic austenitic stainless steel according to claim 1, characterized in that the steel contains 0.20-0.24 weight % nitrogen. 15. Duplex ferritic austenitic stainless steel according to the claim 1, characterized in that the steel is produced as ingots, slabs, blooms, billets, plates, sheets, strips, coils, bars, rods, wires, profiles and shapes, seamless and welded tubes and/or pipes, metallic powder, formed shapes and profiles. | 1,700 |
3,954 | 15,682,718 | 1,721 | A photovoltaic cell can include an interfacial layer in contact with a semiconductor layer. | 1. A photovoltaic device comprising:
a transparent conductive layer on a substrate; a first semiconductor layer including a wide bandgap semiconductor; a second semiconductor layer having a surface, wherein the second semiconductor layer includes a CdTe alloy wherein Te is at least partially replaced by Se; and an interfacial layer in contact with the second semiconductor layer; wherein the interfacial layer maintains a chemical potential of the second semiconductor layer at a controlled level. 2. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the second semiconductor layer includes a CdTe alloy wherein Cd is at least partially replaced by Zn, Hg, Mg, or Mn. 3. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the chemical potential is that of Cd. 4. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the chemical potential is controlled within a region of the second semiconductor layer proximate to an interface of the second semiconductor layer. 5. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the interfacial layer is a third semiconductor layer. 6. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the interfacial layer includes ZnTe, CdZnTe, CuAlS2, CuAlSe2, CuAlO2, CuGaO2, or CuInO2. 7. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the interfacial layer includes GeTe, CdTe:P, CdTe:N, NiAs, or NbP. 8. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the surface includes chemical bonds between Cd and an element from column VA of the periodic table. 9. The photovoltaic device of claim 8, wherein the surface includes chemical bonds between Cd and N, P, As, and Sb. 10. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the interfacial layer is between the second semiconductor layer and the first semiconductor layer. 11. The photovoltaic device of claim 1 in which the first semiconductor layer is SnO2, SnO2:Zn, SnO2:Cd, ZnO, ZnSe, GaN, In2O3, CdSnO3, ZnS, or CdZnS. 12. The photovoltaic device of claim 1 wherein the interfacial layer is a compound of Cd with any one of the chalcogenides. 13. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the surface includes chemical bonds between Te and any of the elements from column IIIA of the periodic table. 14. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the surface includes chemical bonds between Te and B, Al, Ga, In, or Tl. 15. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the interfacial layer is a material with a chemical formula ABO2, wherein A is either Cu, Ag, Au, Pt, or Pd, and B is one of the trivalent metal ions Al, In, Cr, Co, Fe, Ga, Ti, Co, Ni, Cs, Rh, Sn, Y, La, Pr, Nd, Sm, or Eu, or doped compositions thereof. 16. The photovoltaic device of claim 1 wherein the second semiconductor layer is less than 2 μm thick. 17. The photovoltaic device of claim 1 further comprising an additional interfacial layer between the transparent conductive layer and the first semiconductor layer. 18. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the interfacial layer includes an oxide or doped compositions thereof. 19. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the wide bandgap semiconductor is n-type, has a bandgap greater than 2.4 eV, and has a conduction band minima with a positive offset compared to a conduction band minima of the second semiconductor layer. 20. A photovoltaic device comprising:
a transparent conductive layer on a substrate; a first semiconductor layer including a wide bandgap semiconductor; a second semiconductor layer having a surface, wherein the second semiconductor layer includes a CdTe alloy wherein Cd is at least partially replaced by Zn, Hg, Mg, or Mn; and an interfacial layer in contact with the second semiconductor layer; wherein the interfacial layer maintains a chemical potential of the second semiconductor layer at a controlled level. | A photovoltaic cell can include an interfacial layer in contact with a semiconductor layer.1. A photovoltaic device comprising:
a transparent conductive layer on a substrate; a first semiconductor layer including a wide bandgap semiconductor; a second semiconductor layer having a surface, wherein the second semiconductor layer includes a CdTe alloy wherein Te is at least partially replaced by Se; and an interfacial layer in contact with the second semiconductor layer; wherein the interfacial layer maintains a chemical potential of the second semiconductor layer at a controlled level. 2. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the second semiconductor layer includes a CdTe alloy wherein Cd is at least partially replaced by Zn, Hg, Mg, or Mn. 3. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the chemical potential is that of Cd. 4. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the chemical potential is controlled within a region of the second semiconductor layer proximate to an interface of the second semiconductor layer. 5. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the interfacial layer is a third semiconductor layer. 6. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the interfacial layer includes ZnTe, CdZnTe, CuAlS2, CuAlSe2, CuAlO2, CuGaO2, or CuInO2. 7. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the interfacial layer includes GeTe, CdTe:P, CdTe:N, NiAs, or NbP. 8. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the surface includes chemical bonds between Cd and an element from column VA of the periodic table. 9. The photovoltaic device of claim 8, wherein the surface includes chemical bonds between Cd and N, P, As, and Sb. 10. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the interfacial layer is between the second semiconductor layer and the first semiconductor layer. 11. The photovoltaic device of claim 1 in which the first semiconductor layer is SnO2, SnO2:Zn, SnO2:Cd, ZnO, ZnSe, GaN, In2O3, CdSnO3, ZnS, or CdZnS. 12. The photovoltaic device of claim 1 wherein the interfacial layer is a compound of Cd with any one of the chalcogenides. 13. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the surface includes chemical bonds between Te and any of the elements from column IIIA of the periodic table. 14. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the surface includes chemical bonds between Te and B, Al, Ga, In, or Tl. 15. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the interfacial layer is a material with a chemical formula ABO2, wherein A is either Cu, Ag, Au, Pt, or Pd, and B is one of the trivalent metal ions Al, In, Cr, Co, Fe, Ga, Ti, Co, Ni, Cs, Rh, Sn, Y, La, Pr, Nd, Sm, or Eu, or doped compositions thereof. 16. The photovoltaic device of claim 1 wherein the second semiconductor layer is less than 2 μm thick. 17. The photovoltaic device of claim 1 further comprising an additional interfacial layer between the transparent conductive layer and the first semiconductor layer. 18. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the interfacial layer includes an oxide or doped compositions thereof. 19. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the wide bandgap semiconductor is n-type, has a bandgap greater than 2.4 eV, and has a conduction band minima with a positive offset compared to a conduction band minima of the second semiconductor layer. 20. A photovoltaic device comprising:
a transparent conductive layer on a substrate; a first semiconductor layer including a wide bandgap semiconductor; a second semiconductor layer having a surface, wherein the second semiconductor layer includes a CdTe alloy wherein Cd is at least partially replaced by Zn, Hg, Mg, or Mn; and an interfacial layer in contact with the second semiconductor layer; wherein the interfacial layer maintains a chemical potential of the second semiconductor layer at a controlled level. | 1,700 |
3,955 | 15,011,701 | 1,762 | A water-absorbing resin and a method of preparing the same, and more specifically, to a method of preparing the water-absorbing resin includes crosslinking and polymerization of an unsaturated monomer including an acrylic acid monomer in the presence of a first internal crosslinking agent and a second internal crosslinking agent having a lower reactivity than the first internal crosslinking agent, thereby preparing a water-absorbing resin having significantly improved absorbency due to a uniform crosslinking structure and a suitable degree of crosslinking. | 1. A method of preparing a water-absorbing resin, the method comprising:
crosslinking and polymerizing an unsaturated monomer including an acrylic acid monomer in the presence of a first internal crosslinking agent and a second internal crosslinking agent having a lower reactivity than the first internal crosslinking agent. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first internal crosslinking agent is one or more selected from the group consisting of N,N′-methylenebis(meth)acrylamide, (poly)ethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, (poly)propylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, glycerol tri(meth)acrylate, glycerol acrylate methacrylate, ethyleneoxide modified trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol hexa(meth)acrylate, triallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, triallyl phosphate, triallylamine, poly(meth)allyloxy alkane, (poly)ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, glycerol diglycidyl ether, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerin, pentaerythritol, ethylenediamine, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, polyethyleneimine and glycidyl (meth)acrylate. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the second internal crosslinking agent is a compound represented by the following Formula 1: 4. The method of claim 1, wherein a content of the second internal crosslinking agent is in a range of 0.001 to 2 mol % based on a total content of the unsaturated monomer. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
reacting a product obtained by the crosslinking and polymerization with a polyvalent metal salt solution to crosslink the product. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the reaction with the polyvalent metal salt solution comprises impregnating the product in the polyvalent metal salt solution or spraying or dripping the polyvalent metal salt solution on the product. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the reaction with the polyvalent metal salt solution comprises kneading the product with the polyvalent metal salt solution. 8. The method of claim 5, wherein the polyvalent metal salt solution is solution of one or more polyvalent metal salt selected from the group consisting of aluminum chloride, polyaluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, aluminum acetate, aluminum potassium bis sulfate, aluminum sodium bis sulfate, potassium alum, ammonium alum, sodium alum, sodium aluminate, calcium chloride, calcium acetate, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, magnesium acetate, zinc chloride, zinc sulfate, zinc acetate, zirconium chloride, zirconium sulfate and zirconium acetate. 9. A water-absorbing resin prepared by the method of claim 1. 10. A method of preparing a water-absorbing resin, the method comprising:
crosslinking and polymerizing an unsaturated monomer including an acrylic acid monomer in the presence of an internal crosslinking agent; and reacting a product obtained by the crosslinking and polymerization with a polyvalent metal salt solution to crosslink the product. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the internal crosslinking agent is one or more selected from the group consisting of N,N′-methylenebis(meth)acrylamide, (poly)ethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, (poly)propylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, glycerol tri(meth)acrylate, glycerol acrylate methacrylate, ethyleneoxide modified trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol hexa(meth)acrylate, triallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, triallyl phosphate, triallylamine, poly(meth)allyloxy alkane, (poly)ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, glycerol diglycidyl ether, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerin, pentaerythritol, ethylenediamine, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, polyethyleneimine and glycidyl (meth)acrylate. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the reaction with the polyvalent metal salt solution is performed by impregnating the product in the polyvalent metal salt solution or spraying or dripping the polyvalent metal salt solution on the product. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the reaction with the polyvalent metal salt solution is performed by kneading the product with the polyvalent metal salt solution. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the polyvalent metal salt solution is solution of one or more polyvalent metal salt selected from the group consisting of aluminum chloride, polyaluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, aluminum acetate, aluminum potassium bis sulfate, aluminum sodium bis sulfate, potassium alum, ammonium alum, sodium alum, sodium aluminate, calcium chloride, calcium acetate, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, magnesium acetate, zinc chloride, zinc sulfate, zinc acetate, zirconium chloride, zirconium sulfate and zirconium acetate. 15. A water-absorbing resin prepared by the method of claim 10. 16. A water-absorbing resin, in which a content of a water-soluble fraction is 15 wt % or less based on the total weight of the resin, an absorbency against pressure at 0.3 psi with respect to a saline solution including sodium chloride at 0.9 wt % is 25 g/g or more, and a water-soluble fraction shear index A/B represented by the following Expression 1 is in a range of 0.1×10−5 (s) to 10×10−5 (s):
A/B [Expression 1]
where A is an absolute gradient of viscosity with respect to a shear rate of an ultrapure water solution with a content of a water-soluble fraction of 0.2 wt % of the water-absorbing resin, and is represented by the following Expression 2, and B is a viscosity at a shear rate of 10/s of an ultrapure water solution including a water-soluble fraction of a water-absorbing resin after immersing a water-absorbing resin in ultrapure water of which the weight is 400 times the weight of the water-absorbing resin and stirring a mixed solution at 300 rpm for 60 minutes;
(Vis(100)−Vis(10))/(100−10) [Expression 2]
where Vis (100) is a viscosity of an aqueous solution at a shear rate of 100/s, and Vis (10) is a viscosity of an aqueous solution at a shear rate of 10/s. 17. The water-absorbing resin of claim 16, wherein the water-absorbing resin is prepared by grinding a base resin comprising an acrylic acid polymer and carrying out surface crosslinking of the base resin. 18. The water-absorbing resin of claim 16, wherein the A/B is in a range of 0.5×10−5 (s) to 7×10−5 (s). 19. The water-absorbing resin of claim 16, wherein the A/B is in a range of 1×10−5 (s) to 5×10−5 (s). 20. The water-absorbing resin of claim 16, wherein the absorbency against pressure is in a range of 25 to 45 g/g. | A water-absorbing resin and a method of preparing the same, and more specifically, to a method of preparing the water-absorbing resin includes crosslinking and polymerization of an unsaturated monomer including an acrylic acid monomer in the presence of a first internal crosslinking agent and a second internal crosslinking agent having a lower reactivity than the first internal crosslinking agent, thereby preparing a water-absorbing resin having significantly improved absorbency due to a uniform crosslinking structure and a suitable degree of crosslinking.1. A method of preparing a water-absorbing resin, the method comprising:
crosslinking and polymerizing an unsaturated monomer including an acrylic acid monomer in the presence of a first internal crosslinking agent and a second internal crosslinking agent having a lower reactivity than the first internal crosslinking agent. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first internal crosslinking agent is one or more selected from the group consisting of N,N′-methylenebis(meth)acrylamide, (poly)ethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, (poly)propylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, glycerol tri(meth)acrylate, glycerol acrylate methacrylate, ethyleneoxide modified trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol hexa(meth)acrylate, triallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, triallyl phosphate, triallylamine, poly(meth)allyloxy alkane, (poly)ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, glycerol diglycidyl ether, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerin, pentaerythritol, ethylenediamine, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, polyethyleneimine and glycidyl (meth)acrylate. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the second internal crosslinking agent is a compound represented by the following Formula 1: 4. The method of claim 1, wherein a content of the second internal crosslinking agent is in a range of 0.001 to 2 mol % based on a total content of the unsaturated monomer. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
reacting a product obtained by the crosslinking and polymerization with a polyvalent metal salt solution to crosslink the product. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the reaction with the polyvalent metal salt solution comprises impregnating the product in the polyvalent metal salt solution or spraying or dripping the polyvalent metal salt solution on the product. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the reaction with the polyvalent metal salt solution comprises kneading the product with the polyvalent metal salt solution. 8. The method of claim 5, wherein the polyvalent metal salt solution is solution of one or more polyvalent metal salt selected from the group consisting of aluminum chloride, polyaluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, aluminum acetate, aluminum potassium bis sulfate, aluminum sodium bis sulfate, potassium alum, ammonium alum, sodium alum, sodium aluminate, calcium chloride, calcium acetate, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, magnesium acetate, zinc chloride, zinc sulfate, zinc acetate, zirconium chloride, zirconium sulfate and zirconium acetate. 9. A water-absorbing resin prepared by the method of claim 1. 10. A method of preparing a water-absorbing resin, the method comprising:
crosslinking and polymerizing an unsaturated monomer including an acrylic acid monomer in the presence of an internal crosslinking agent; and reacting a product obtained by the crosslinking and polymerization with a polyvalent metal salt solution to crosslink the product. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the internal crosslinking agent is one or more selected from the group consisting of N,N′-methylenebis(meth)acrylamide, (poly)ethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, (poly)propylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, glycerol tri(meth)acrylate, glycerol acrylate methacrylate, ethyleneoxide modified trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol hexa(meth)acrylate, triallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, triallyl phosphate, triallylamine, poly(meth)allyloxy alkane, (poly)ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, glycerol diglycidyl ether, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerin, pentaerythritol, ethylenediamine, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, polyethyleneimine and glycidyl (meth)acrylate. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the reaction with the polyvalent metal salt solution is performed by impregnating the product in the polyvalent metal salt solution or spraying or dripping the polyvalent metal salt solution on the product. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the reaction with the polyvalent metal salt solution is performed by kneading the product with the polyvalent metal salt solution. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the polyvalent metal salt solution is solution of one or more polyvalent metal salt selected from the group consisting of aluminum chloride, polyaluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, aluminum acetate, aluminum potassium bis sulfate, aluminum sodium bis sulfate, potassium alum, ammonium alum, sodium alum, sodium aluminate, calcium chloride, calcium acetate, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, magnesium acetate, zinc chloride, zinc sulfate, zinc acetate, zirconium chloride, zirconium sulfate and zirconium acetate. 15. A water-absorbing resin prepared by the method of claim 10. 16. A water-absorbing resin, in which a content of a water-soluble fraction is 15 wt % or less based on the total weight of the resin, an absorbency against pressure at 0.3 psi with respect to a saline solution including sodium chloride at 0.9 wt % is 25 g/g or more, and a water-soluble fraction shear index A/B represented by the following Expression 1 is in a range of 0.1×10−5 (s) to 10×10−5 (s):
A/B [Expression 1]
where A is an absolute gradient of viscosity with respect to a shear rate of an ultrapure water solution with a content of a water-soluble fraction of 0.2 wt % of the water-absorbing resin, and is represented by the following Expression 2, and B is a viscosity at a shear rate of 10/s of an ultrapure water solution including a water-soluble fraction of a water-absorbing resin after immersing a water-absorbing resin in ultrapure water of which the weight is 400 times the weight of the water-absorbing resin and stirring a mixed solution at 300 rpm for 60 minutes;
(Vis(100)−Vis(10))/(100−10) [Expression 2]
where Vis (100) is a viscosity of an aqueous solution at a shear rate of 100/s, and Vis (10) is a viscosity of an aqueous solution at a shear rate of 10/s. 17. The water-absorbing resin of claim 16, wherein the water-absorbing resin is prepared by grinding a base resin comprising an acrylic acid polymer and carrying out surface crosslinking of the base resin. 18. The water-absorbing resin of claim 16, wherein the A/B is in a range of 0.5×10−5 (s) to 7×10−5 (s). 19. The water-absorbing resin of claim 16, wherein the A/B is in a range of 1×10−5 (s) to 5×10−5 (s). 20. The water-absorbing resin of claim 16, wherein the absorbency against pressure is in a range of 25 to 45 g/g. | 1,700 |
3,956 | 15,027,072 | 1,718 | The manufacturing method of a gas diffusion layer for fuel cell includes coating a first coating fluid for forming a microporous layer on one surface of a porous base material used for formation of a substrate layer, and coating a second coating fluid for water repellent treatment having a lower viscosity than viscosity of the first coating fluid on the other surface of the base material facing downward in a direction of gravity. | 1. A manufacturing method of a gas diffusion layer for fuel cell having a substrate layer and a microporous layer, the manufacturing method comprising:
coating a first coating fluid for forming the microporous layer on one surface of a porous base material used for formation of the substrate layer, and coating a second coating fluid for water repellent treatment having a lower viscosity than viscosity of the first coating fluid on the other surface of the base material facing downward in a direction of gravity. 2. The manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the step of coating the second coating fluid is performed after the step of coating the first coating fluid. 3. The manufacturing method. according to claim 2, further comprising:
heat treating the base material coated with the first coating fluid and with the second coating fluid. 4. A manufacturing apparatus of a gas diffusion layer for fuel cell having a substrate layer and a microporous layer, the manufacturing apparatus comprising:
a conveyor configured to convey a base material used for formation of the substrate layer; a first coater configured to coat a first coating fluid for forming the microporous layer on one surface of the base material; and a second coater configured to coat a second coating fluid for water repellent treatment having a lower viscosity than viscosity of the first coating fluid on the other surface of the base material facing downward. in a direction of gravity. 5. The manufacturing apparatus according to claim 4, further comprising:
a heat treatment device for heat treating the base material coated with the first coating fluid and with the second coating fluid. | The manufacturing method of a gas diffusion layer for fuel cell includes coating a first coating fluid for forming a microporous layer on one surface of a porous base material used for formation of a substrate layer, and coating a second coating fluid for water repellent treatment having a lower viscosity than viscosity of the first coating fluid on the other surface of the base material facing downward in a direction of gravity.1. A manufacturing method of a gas diffusion layer for fuel cell having a substrate layer and a microporous layer, the manufacturing method comprising:
coating a first coating fluid for forming the microporous layer on one surface of a porous base material used for formation of the substrate layer, and coating a second coating fluid for water repellent treatment having a lower viscosity than viscosity of the first coating fluid on the other surface of the base material facing downward in a direction of gravity. 2. The manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the step of coating the second coating fluid is performed after the step of coating the first coating fluid. 3. The manufacturing method. according to claim 2, further comprising:
heat treating the base material coated with the first coating fluid and with the second coating fluid. 4. A manufacturing apparatus of a gas diffusion layer for fuel cell having a substrate layer and a microporous layer, the manufacturing apparatus comprising:
a conveyor configured to convey a base material used for formation of the substrate layer; a first coater configured to coat a first coating fluid for forming the microporous layer on one surface of the base material; and a second coater configured to coat a second coating fluid for water repellent treatment having a lower viscosity than viscosity of the first coating fluid on the other surface of the base material facing downward. in a direction of gravity. 5. The manufacturing apparatus according to claim 4, further comprising:
a heat treatment device for heat treating the base material coated with the first coating fluid and with the second coating fluid. | 1,700 |
3,957 | 15,055,838 | 1,791 | The present invention provides various whey protein compositions as nutritional formulations suitable for use as ready-to-use liquid compositions that are shelf-stable and contains high level of intact whey protein content. The present invention further provides the methods of making such compositions. | 1. A neutral, shelf-stable and enteral non-gel liquid composition comprising:
a protein content from 8 g/100 g to 13 g/100 g or from 90 g/L to 143 g/L, wherein the total protein content is composed of 90-100% unhydrolysed intact whey protein, wherein the composition has a ranging from 6.5 to 7.5, and wherein the composition has an energy content of above 140 kcal/100 g. 2. The neutral, shelf-stable and enteral non-gel liquid composition of claim 1, wherein a source of the whey protein is selected from the group consisting of whey protein concentrate, whey protein micelles, whey protein isolates, and whey protein hydrolysates. 3. The neutral, shelf-stable and enteral non-gel liquid composition of claim 2, wherein the total protein content is composed of 100% whey protein micelles and ranges from 8 g/100 g to 13 g/100 g based on the total weight of the composition. 4. The neutral, shelf-stable and enteral non-gel liquid composition of claim 2, wherein the total protein content is composed of 100% whey protein micelles and ranges from 90 g/L to 143 g/L. 5. The neutral, shelf-stable and enteral non-gel liquid composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a viscosity that is below 200 mPa·s at a temperature of less than or equal to 20° C. 6. The neutral, shelf-stable and enteral non-gel liquid composition of claim 1 comprising at least one vitamin, mineral, and trace element in amounts according to FSMP regulations. 7. The neutral, shelf-stable and enteral non-gel liquid composition of claim 1 comprising at least one carbohydrate source selected from the group consisting of maltodextrin, sucrose, and lactose. 8. A method for producing a neutral, shelf-stable and enteral non-gel liquid composition having an energy content ranging from 110 kcal/100 g to 200 kcal/100 g and a protein content ranging from 8 g/100 g to 13 g/100 g, wherein the total protein content is composed of 60-100% unhydrolysed intact whey protein, the method comprising:
admixing at least one whey protein source with at least one carbohydrate source, lipid source, and emulsifier in water at a temperature range of between 30° C.-60° C. to form a first mixture; adding to the first mixture at least one ingredient selected from the group consisting of a mineral, a vitamin, a trace element, and a thickening agent, and at least one additional ingredient to form a second mixture; adjusting the pH of the second mixture to between 6.5 and 7.5 by adding a food grade base or acid to obtain a neutral liquid composition that does not gel; preheating the neutral, non-gel liquid composition at a temperature of between 60-80° C.; exposing the neutral, non-gel liquid composition under ultra-high temperature treatment using direct steam injection at a temperature range of between 140-145° C. for 7 seconds holding time to obtain a neutral, shelf-stable non-gel liquid composition; homogenizing the neutral, shelf-stable non-gel liquid composition at a temperature range of 60° C.-80° C. at a total pressure of 200 bars; cooling the neutral, shelf-stable non-gel liquid composition at a temperature range of 20° C.-35° C.; and transferring the neutral, shelf-stable non-gel liquid composition into a sterilized container for enteral use. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the total protein content is composed of 95%-100% unhydrolysed whey protein. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the admixing step is performed at a temperature of 30° C.-35° C. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the thickening agent comprises starch. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the food grade base is selected from the group consisting of potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the food grade acid is selected from the group consisting of citric acid and phosphoric acid. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the preheating is conducted at 65° C. or less by a tubular heat exchanger. 15. The method of claim 8, wherein the direct steam injection is followed by a flash at a temperature range of between 60° C.-80° C. or at 65° C. 16. The method of claim 8, wherein the homogenizing step is performed at 65° C. 17. A neutral, shelf-stable, enteral non-gel liquid composition having a protein content from 8 g/100 g to 13 g/100 g or from 90 g/L to 143 g/L, wherein the total protein content is composed of 90-100% unhydrolysed intact whey protein, wherein the composition has a pH ranging from 6.5 to 7.5, and wherein the composition has an energy content of above 140 kcal/100 g, the composition produced by a method comprising:
admixing at least one whey protein source with at least one carbohydrate source, lipid source and emulsifier in water at a temperature range of between 30° C.-60° C. to form a first mixture; adding to the first mixture at least one ingredient selected from the group consisting of a mineral, a vitamin, a trace element, and a thickening agent, and at least one additional ingredient to form a second mixture; adjusting the pH of the second mixture to between 6.5 and 7.5 by adding a food grade base or acid to obtain a neutral liquid composition that does not gel; preheating the neutral, non-gel liquid composition at a temperature of between 60-80° C.; exposing the neutral, non-gel liquid composition under ultra-high temperature treatment using direct steam injection at a temperature range of between 140-145° C. for 7 seconds holding time to obtain a neutral, shelf-stable non-gel liquid composition; homogenizing the neutral, shelf-stable non-gel liquid composition at a temperature range of 60° C.-80° C. at a total pressure of 200 bars; cooling the neutral, shelf-stable non-gel liquid composition at a temperature range of 20° C.-35° C.; and transferring the neutral,shelf-stable non-gel liquid composition into a sterilized container for enteral use. | The present invention provides various whey protein compositions as nutritional formulations suitable for use as ready-to-use liquid compositions that are shelf-stable and contains high level of intact whey protein content. The present invention further provides the methods of making such compositions.1. A neutral, shelf-stable and enteral non-gel liquid composition comprising:
a protein content from 8 g/100 g to 13 g/100 g or from 90 g/L to 143 g/L, wherein the total protein content is composed of 90-100% unhydrolysed intact whey protein, wherein the composition has a ranging from 6.5 to 7.5, and wherein the composition has an energy content of above 140 kcal/100 g. 2. The neutral, shelf-stable and enteral non-gel liquid composition of claim 1, wherein a source of the whey protein is selected from the group consisting of whey protein concentrate, whey protein micelles, whey protein isolates, and whey protein hydrolysates. 3. The neutral, shelf-stable and enteral non-gel liquid composition of claim 2, wherein the total protein content is composed of 100% whey protein micelles and ranges from 8 g/100 g to 13 g/100 g based on the total weight of the composition. 4. The neutral, shelf-stable and enteral non-gel liquid composition of claim 2, wherein the total protein content is composed of 100% whey protein micelles and ranges from 90 g/L to 143 g/L. 5. The neutral, shelf-stable and enteral non-gel liquid composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a viscosity that is below 200 mPa·s at a temperature of less than or equal to 20° C. 6. The neutral, shelf-stable and enteral non-gel liquid composition of claim 1 comprising at least one vitamin, mineral, and trace element in amounts according to FSMP regulations. 7. The neutral, shelf-stable and enteral non-gel liquid composition of claim 1 comprising at least one carbohydrate source selected from the group consisting of maltodextrin, sucrose, and lactose. 8. A method for producing a neutral, shelf-stable and enteral non-gel liquid composition having an energy content ranging from 110 kcal/100 g to 200 kcal/100 g and a protein content ranging from 8 g/100 g to 13 g/100 g, wherein the total protein content is composed of 60-100% unhydrolysed intact whey protein, the method comprising:
admixing at least one whey protein source with at least one carbohydrate source, lipid source, and emulsifier in water at a temperature range of between 30° C.-60° C. to form a first mixture; adding to the first mixture at least one ingredient selected from the group consisting of a mineral, a vitamin, a trace element, and a thickening agent, and at least one additional ingredient to form a second mixture; adjusting the pH of the second mixture to between 6.5 and 7.5 by adding a food grade base or acid to obtain a neutral liquid composition that does not gel; preheating the neutral, non-gel liquid composition at a temperature of between 60-80° C.; exposing the neutral, non-gel liquid composition under ultra-high temperature treatment using direct steam injection at a temperature range of between 140-145° C. for 7 seconds holding time to obtain a neutral, shelf-stable non-gel liquid composition; homogenizing the neutral, shelf-stable non-gel liquid composition at a temperature range of 60° C.-80° C. at a total pressure of 200 bars; cooling the neutral, shelf-stable non-gel liquid composition at a temperature range of 20° C.-35° C.; and transferring the neutral, shelf-stable non-gel liquid composition into a sterilized container for enteral use. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the total protein content is composed of 95%-100% unhydrolysed whey protein. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the admixing step is performed at a temperature of 30° C.-35° C. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the thickening agent comprises starch. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the food grade base is selected from the group consisting of potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the food grade acid is selected from the group consisting of citric acid and phosphoric acid. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the preheating is conducted at 65° C. or less by a tubular heat exchanger. 15. The method of claim 8, wherein the direct steam injection is followed by a flash at a temperature range of between 60° C.-80° C. or at 65° C. 16. The method of claim 8, wherein the homogenizing step is performed at 65° C. 17. A neutral, shelf-stable, enteral non-gel liquid composition having a protein content from 8 g/100 g to 13 g/100 g or from 90 g/L to 143 g/L, wherein the total protein content is composed of 90-100% unhydrolysed intact whey protein, wherein the composition has a pH ranging from 6.5 to 7.5, and wherein the composition has an energy content of above 140 kcal/100 g, the composition produced by a method comprising:
admixing at least one whey protein source with at least one carbohydrate source, lipid source and emulsifier in water at a temperature range of between 30° C.-60° C. to form a first mixture; adding to the first mixture at least one ingredient selected from the group consisting of a mineral, a vitamin, a trace element, and a thickening agent, and at least one additional ingredient to form a second mixture; adjusting the pH of the second mixture to between 6.5 and 7.5 by adding a food grade base or acid to obtain a neutral liquid composition that does not gel; preheating the neutral, non-gel liquid composition at a temperature of between 60-80° C.; exposing the neutral, non-gel liquid composition under ultra-high temperature treatment using direct steam injection at a temperature range of between 140-145° C. for 7 seconds holding time to obtain a neutral, shelf-stable non-gel liquid composition; homogenizing the neutral, shelf-stable non-gel liquid composition at a temperature range of 60° C.-80° C. at a total pressure of 200 bars; cooling the neutral, shelf-stable non-gel liquid composition at a temperature range of 20° C.-35° C.; and transferring the neutral,shelf-stable non-gel liquid composition into a sterilized container for enteral use. | 1,700 |
3,958 | 15,520,826 | 1,748 | In one example, a non-transitory processor readable medium with instructions thereon that when executed cause an additive manufacturing machine to inhibit build material in an overlying layer of build material from fusing with a first slice formed in an underlying layer of build material. | 1. An additive manufacturing process, comprising:
forming a first layer of build material; solidifying build material in the first layer to form a first slice; dispensing a coalescence modifier agent on to the first slice covering an area where the first slice will underhang a second slice; forming a second layer of build material on the first slice; and solidifying build material in the second layer to form the second slice on the first slice. 2. The process of claim 1, where the modifier agent is a liquid modifier agent and the process comprises drying the modifier agent on the first slice before forming the second layer of build material. 3. The process of claim 2, where drying the modifier agent includes heating the modifier agent. 4. The process of claim 1, where solidifying build material includes dispensing a coalescing agent on to build material in a pattern of a slice and then applying light energy to build material patterned with coalescing agent. 5. A non-transitory processor readable medium having instructions thereon that when executed cause an additive manufacturing machine to inhibit build material in an overlying layer of build material from fusing with a first slice formed in an underlying layer of build material. 6. The medium of claim 5, where the instructions to inhibit build material from fusing include instructions to form a physical barrier on the first slice to some of the build material in the overlying layer fusing to the first slice. 7. The medium of claim 5, where the instructions to inhibit build material from fusing include instructions to dispense a coalescence modifier agent on to the first slice bordering an area where a second slice formed in the overlying layer will cover the first slice. 8. The medium of claim 5, where the instructions to inhibit build material from fusing include instructions to:
dispense a liquid coalescence modifier agent on to the first slice bordering an area where a second slice in the overlying layer will cover the first slice; and dry the modifier agent dispensed on to the first slice before forming the overlying layer of build material. 9. A computer program product that includes the processor readable medium of claim 5. 10. An additive manufacturing machine controller that includes the processor readable medium of claim 5. 11. An additive manufacturing machine, comprising:
a first device to layer powdered build material; a second device to dispense a coalescing agent on to build material; a third device to dispense a coalescence modifier agent on to build material; a light source to apply light energy to build material; and a controller to execute instructions to:
cause the first device to layer build material in a first layer;
cause the second device to dispense a coalescing agent on to build material in the first layer in a first pattern of a first slice;
cause the light source to apply light energy to build material in the first layer where coalescing agent has been dispensed, to form the first slice;
cause the third device to dispense a coalescence modifier agent on to the first slice bordering an area where a second slice will cover the first slice;
cause the first device to layer build material in a second layer over the first layer;
cause the second device to dispense a coalescing agent on to build material in the second layer in a second pattern of a second slice; and
cause the light source to apply light energy to build material in the second layer where coalescing agent has been dispensed, to form the second slice on the first slice. 12. The machine of claim 11, where the modifier agent is a liquid modifier agent and the controller is to execute instructions to dry the modifier agent on the first slice before forming the second layer of build material. 13. The machine of claim 12, where the instructions to dry the modifier agent include instructions to heat the modifier agent. 14. The machine of claim 11, where the instructions to cause the third device to dispense a coalescence modifier agent on to the first slice reside on the controller. | In one example, a non-transitory processor readable medium with instructions thereon that when executed cause an additive manufacturing machine to inhibit build material in an overlying layer of build material from fusing with a first slice formed in an underlying layer of build material.1. An additive manufacturing process, comprising:
forming a first layer of build material; solidifying build material in the first layer to form a first slice; dispensing a coalescence modifier agent on to the first slice covering an area where the first slice will underhang a second slice; forming a second layer of build material on the first slice; and solidifying build material in the second layer to form the second slice on the first slice. 2. The process of claim 1, where the modifier agent is a liquid modifier agent and the process comprises drying the modifier agent on the first slice before forming the second layer of build material. 3. The process of claim 2, where drying the modifier agent includes heating the modifier agent. 4. The process of claim 1, where solidifying build material includes dispensing a coalescing agent on to build material in a pattern of a slice and then applying light energy to build material patterned with coalescing agent. 5. A non-transitory processor readable medium having instructions thereon that when executed cause an additive manufacturing machine to inhibit build material in an overlying layer of build material from fusing with a first slice formed in an underlying layer of build material. 6. The medium of claim 5, where the instructions to inhibit build material from fusing include instructions to form a physical barrier on the first slice to some of the build material in the overlying layer fusing to the first slice. 7. The medium of claim 5, where the instructions to inhibit build material from fusing include instructions to dispense a coalescence modifier agent on to the first slice bordering an area where a second slice formed in the overlying layer will cover the first slice. 8. The medium of claim 5, where the instructions to inhibit build material from fusing include instructions to:
dispense a liquid coalescence modifier agent on to the first slice bordering an area where a second slice in the overlying layer will cover the first slice; and dry the modifier agent dispensed on to the first slice before forming the overlying layer of build material. 9. A computer program product that includes the processor readable medium of claim 5. 10. An additive manufacturing machine controller that includes the processor readable medium of claim 5. 11. An additive manufacturing machine, comprising:
a first device to layer powdered build material; a second device to dispense a coalescing agent on to build material; a third device to dispense a coalescence modifier agent on to build material; a light source to apply light energy to build material; and a controller to execute instructions to:
cause the first device to layer build material in a first layer;
cause the second device to dispense a coalescing agent on to build material in the first layer in a first pattern of a first slice;
cause the light source to apply light energy to build material in the first layer where coalescing agent has been dispensed, to form the first slice;
cause the third device to dispense a coalescence modifier agent on to the first slice bordering an area where a second slice will cover the first slice;
cause the first device to layer build material in a second layer over the first layer;
cause the second device to dispense a coalescing agent on to build material in the second layer in a second pattern of a second slice; and
cause the light source to apply light energy to build material in the second layer where coalescing agent has been dispensed, to form the second slice on the first slice. 12. The machine of claim 11, where the modifier agent is a liquid modifier agent and the controller is to execute instructions to dry the modifier agent on the first slice before forming the second layer of build material. 13. The machine of claim 12, where the instructions to dry the modifier agent include instructions to heat the modifier agent. 14. The machine of claim 11, where the instructions to cause the third device to dispense a coalescence modifier agent on to the first slice reside on the controller. | 1,700 |
3,959 | 14,234,560 | 1,716 | A plasma generation apparatus according to the present invention includes an electrode cell and a housing that encloses the electrode cell. The electrode cell includes a first electrode, a discharge space, a second electrode, dielectrics, and a pass-through formed in a central portion in a plan view. An insulating tube having a cylindrical shape is arranged within the pass-through. Ejection holes are formed in a side surface of the cylindrical shape. The plasma generation apparatus further includes a precursor supply part that is connected to a hollow portion of the insulating tube and configured to supply a metal precursor. | 1. A plasma generation apparatus comprising:
an electrode cell; a power source part configured to apply an AC voltage to said electrode cell; a housing that encloses said electrode cell; and a source gas supply part configured to supply a source gas from the outside of said housing into said housing, said electrode cell including:
a first electrode;
a second electrode facing said first electrode so as to form a discharge space;
a dielectric arranged on at least either one of a main surface of said first electrode facing said discharge space and a main surface of said second electrode facing said discharge space; and
a pass-through formed in a central portion of said electrode cell in a plan view, said pass-through penetrating said electrode cell with respect to a facing direction in which said first electrode and said second electrode face each other, said plasma generation apparatus further comprising:
an insulating tube having a cylindrical shape and arranged in said pass-through, said insulating tube including an ejection hole that is formed in a side surface of said cylindrical shape; and
a precursor supply part connected to a hollow portion of said insulating tube and configured to supply a metal precursor. 2. The plasma generation apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising:
a metal catalyst filament arranged in said hollow portion of said insulating tube; and a heater configured to heat said metal catalyst filament. 3. The plasma generation apparatus according to claim 2, further comprising a ultraviolet lamp arranged in said hollow portion of said insulating tube. 4. The plasma generation apparatus according to claim 3, wherein
a reflecting surface is formed on said insulating tube, said reflecting surface being configured to cause ultraviolet light emitted from said ultraviolet lamp to diffusely reflect within said insulating tube. 5. The plasma generation apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a pressure control device configured to keep a pressure of said discharge space to a constant value. 6. The plasma generation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
a passage through which a cooling medium flows is formed in said second electrode. 7. The plasma generation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
said source gas supply part is configured to supply said source gas together with a rare gas. 8. The plasma generation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
said precursor supply part is configured to supply, to said hollow portion of said insulating tube, an active gas including at least any element from oxygen and nitrogen. 9. The plasma generation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
said electrode cell comprises a plurality of electrode cells, said electrode cells are stacked in said facing direction. 10. The plasma generation apparatus according to claim 9, further comprising a shower plate arranged at an end portion side of said insulating tube. 11. A CVD apparatus comprising:
a plasma generation apparatus; and a CVD chamber connected to said plasma generation apparatus, said plasma generation apparatus including:
an electrode cell;
a power source part configured to apply an AC voltage to said electrode cell;
a housing that encloses said electrode cell; and
a source gas supply part configured to supply a source gas from the outside of said housing into said housing,
said electrode cell including:
a first electrode;
a second electrode facing said first electrode so as to form a discharge space;
a dielectric arranged on at least either one of a main surface of said first electrode facing said discharge space and a main surface of said second electrode facing said discharge space; and
a pass-through formed in a central portion of said electrode cell in a plan view, said pass-through penetrating said electrode cell with respect to a facing direction in which said first electrode and said second electrode face each other, said plasma generation apparatus further including:
an insulating tube having a cylindrical shape and arranged in said pass-through, said insulating tube including an ejection hole that is formed in a side surface of said cylindrical shape; and
a precursor supply part connected to a hollow portion of said insulating tube and configured to supply a metal precursor,
said CVD chamber being connected to an end portion of said insulating tube. 12. The CVD apparatus according to claim 11, wherein said plasma generation apparatus further comprises:
a metal catalyst filament arranged in said hollow portion of said insulating tube; and a heater configured to heat said metal catalyst filament. | A plasma generation apparatus according to the present invention includes an electrode cell and a housing that encloses the electrode cell. The electrode cell includes a first electrode, a discharge space, a second electrode, dielectrics, and a pass-through formed in a central portion in a plan view. An insulating tube having a cylindrical shape is arranged within the pass-through. Ejection holes are formed in a side surface of the cylindrical shape. The plasma generation apparatus further includes a precursor supply part that is connected to a hollow portion of the insulating tube and configured to supply a metal precursor.1. A plasma generation apparatus comprising:
an electrode cell; a power source part configured to apply an AC voltage to said electrode cell; a housing that encloses said electrode cell; and a source gas supply part configured to supply a source gas from the outside of said housing into said housing, said electrode cell including:
a first electrode;
a second electrode facing said first electrode so as to form a discharge space;
a dielectric arranged on at least either one of a main surface of said first electrode facing said discharge space and a main surface of said second electrode facing said discharge space; and
a pass-through formed in a central portion of said electrode cell in a plan view, said pass-through penetrating said electrode cell with respect to a facing direction in which said first electrode and said second electrode face each other, said plasma generation apparatus further comprising:
an insulating tube having a cylindrical shape and arranged in said pass-through, said insulating tube including an ejection hole that is formed in a side surface of said cylindrical shape; and
a precursor supply part connected to a hollow portion of said insulating tube and configured to supply a metal precursor. 2. The plasma generation apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising:
a metal catalyst filament arranged in said hollow portion of said insulating tube; and a heater configured to heat said metal catalyst filament. 3. The plasma generation apparatus according to claim 2, further comprising a ultraviolet lamp arranged in said hollow portion of said insulating tube. 4. The plasma generation apparatus according to claim 3, wherein
a reflecting surface is formed on said insulating tube, said reflecting surface being configured to cause ultraviolet light emitted from said ultraviolet lamp to diffusely reflect within said insulating tube. 5. The plasma generation apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a pressure control device configured to keep a pressure of said discharge space to a constant value. 6. The plasma generation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
a passage through which a cooling medium flows is formed in said second electrode. 7. The plasma generation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
said source gas supply part is configured to supply said source gas together with a rare gas. 8. The plasma generation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
said precursor supply part is configured to supply, to said hollow portion of said insulating tube, an active gas including at least any element from oxygen and nitrogen. 9. The plasma generation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
said electrode cell comprises a plurality of electrode cells, said electrode cells are stacked in said facing direction. 10. The plasma generation apparatus according to claim 9, further comprising a shower plate arranged at an end portion side of said insulating tube. 11. A CVD apparatus comprising:
a plasma generation apparatus; and a CVD chamber connected to said plasma generation apparatus, said plasma generation apparatus including:
an electrode cell;
a power source part configured to apply an AC voltage to said electrode cell;
a housing that encloses said electrode cell; and
a source gas supply part configured to supply a source gas from the outside of said housing into said housing,
said electrode cell including:
a first electrode;
a second electrode facing said first electrode so as to form a discharge space;
a dielectric arranged on at least either one of a main surface of said first electrode facing said discharge space and a main surface of said second electrode facing said discharge space; and
a pass-through formed in a central portion of said electrode cell in a plan view, said pass-through penetrating said electrode cell with respect to a facing direction in which said first electrode and said second electrode face each other, said plasma generation apparatus further including:
an insulating tube having a cylindrical shape and arranged in said pass-through, said insulating tube including an ejection hole that is formed in a side surface of said cylindrical shape; and
a precursor supply part connected to a hollow portion of said insulating tube and configured to supply a metal precursor,
said CVD chamber being connected to an end portion of said insulating tube. 12. The CVD apparatus according to claim 11, wherein said plasma generation apparatus further comprises:
a metal catalyst filament arranged in said hollow portion of said insulating tube; and a heater configured to heat said metal catalyst filament. | 1,700 |
3,960 | 14,946,167 | 1,747 | A smokeless tobacco composition configured for insertion into the mouth of a user is provided. The smokeless tobacco composition includes a tobacco material and a polysaccharide filler component such as polydextrose. A process for preparing a smokeless tobacco composition pastille configured for insertion into the mouth of a user is also provided. The process includes mixing a tobacco material with a binder and a polysaccharide filler component to form a smokeless tobacco mixture, injection molding the smokeless tobacco mixture, and cooling the smokeless tobacco mixture to form a solidified smokeless tobacco composition pastille. The mixing step can include forming a dry blend of the tobacco, filler, and binder components, and combining the dry blend with a viscous liquid component. The injection-molded pastille can provide a dissolvable and lightly chewable product. | 1. A smokeless tobacco composition configured for insertion into the mouth of a user, the smokeless tobacco composition comprising a tobacco material and a polysaccharide filler component. 2. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, wherein the polysaccharide filler component comprises polydextrose. 3. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, wherein the smokeless tobacco composition comprises about 10 weight percent to about 25 weight percent of the polysaccharide filler component on a dry weight basis. 4. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, further comprising an additional filler component comprising a sugar alcohol. 5. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 4, wherein the additional filler component is sorbitol. 6. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, further comprising a binder comprising a water soluble gum. 7. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 6, wherein the binder is gum arabic. 8. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, further comprising an additive selected from the group consisting of flavorants, binders, emulsifiers, disintegration aids, humectants, and mixtures thereof. 9. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, wherein the tobacco material has an average particle size of less than about 50 microns. 10. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, wherein the moisture content of the tobacco material is less than about 5 percent. 11. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, wherein the smokeless tobacco composition is in the form of an injection-molded pastille. 12. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, comprising:
at least about 20 dry weight percent of tobacco material, based on the total weight of the composition; at least about 10 dry weight percent of polysaccharide filler component; at least about 10 dry weight percent of at least one binder; at least about 20 dry weight percent of at least one humectant; at least about 1 dry weight percent of at least one emulsifier; at least about 0.1 dry weight percent of at least one sweetener; and at least about 0.5 dry weight percent of at least one flavorant. 13.-28. (canceled) | A smokeless tobacco composition configured for insertion into the mouth of a user is provided. The smokeless tobacco composition includes a tobacco material and a polysaccharide filler component such as polydextrose. A process for preparing a smokeless tobacco composition pastille configured for insertion into the mouth of a user is also provided. The process includes mixing a tobacco material with a binder and a polysaccharide filler component to form a smokeless tobacco mixture, injection molding the smokeless tobacco mixture, and cooling the smokeless tobacco mixture to form a solidified smokeless tobacco composition pastille. The mixing step can include forming a dry blend of the tobacco, filler, and binder components, and combining the dry blend with a viscous liquid component. The injection-molded pastille can provide a dissolvable and lightly chewable product.1. A smokeless tobacco composition configured for insertion into the mouth of a user, the smokeless tobacco composition comprising a tobacco material and a polysaccharide filler component. 2. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, wherein the polysaccharide filler component comprises polydextrose. 3. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, wherein the smokeless tobacco composition comprises about 10 weight percent to about 25 weight percent of the polysaccharide filler component on a dry weight basis. 4. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, further comprising an additional filler component comprising a sugar alcohol. 5. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 4, wherein the additional filler component is sorbitol. 6. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, further comprising a binder comprising a water soluble gum. 7. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 6, wherein the binder is gum arabic. 8. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, further comprising an additive selected from the group consisting of flavorants, binders, emulsifiers, disintegration aids, humectants, and mixtures thereof. 9. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, wherein the tobacco material has an average particle size of less than about 50 microns. 10. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, wherein the moisture content of the tobacco material is less than about 5 percent. 11. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, wherein the smokeless tobacco composition is in the form of an injection-molded pastille. 12. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, comprising:
at least about 20 dry weight percent of tobacco material, based on the total weight of the composition; at least about 10 dry weight percent of polysaccharide filler component; at least about 10 dry weight percent of at least one binder; at least about 20 dry weight percent of at least one humectant; at least about 1 dry weight percent of at least one emulsifier; at least about 0.1 dry weight percent of at least one sweetener; and at least about 0.5 dry weight percent of at least one flavorant. 13.-28. (canceled) | 1,700 |
3,961 | 15,302,567 | 1,727 | A bipolar plate ( 100 ) for a fuel cell includes at least one profiled flow field ( 120 ) with at least two flow field channels ( 121, 122, 123, 124 ) and an associated inlet channel ( 111, 112, 113, 114 ) and an associated outlet channel ( 131, 132, 133, 134 ) for each of the flow field channels ( 121, 122, 123, 124 ). Here, different inlet channels ( 111, 112, 113, 114 ) are of different lengths, and different outlet channels ( 131, 132, 133, 134 ) are of different lengths. The bipolar plate ( 100 ) is characterized in that the inlet channels and/or the outlet channels ( 131, 132, 133, 134 ) are dimensioned in such a way that the pressure loss is equal via each channel which is composed of one of the flow field channels ( 121, 122, 123, 124 ), the associated inlet channel ( 111, 112, 113, 114 ) and the associated outlet channel ( 131, 132, 133, 134 ), as long as a predefined mass flow change takes place in each of the flow field channels ( 121, 122, 123, 124 ). | 1-9. (canceled) 10. A bipolar plate comprising:
at least one profiled flow field including at least two flow field channels; an associated inlet channel and an associated outlet channel for each of the flow field channels; different inlet channels having different lengths and different outlet channels having different lengths; the inlet channels or the outlet channels are dimensioned in such a way that the pressure loss is equal over each channel assembled from one of the flow field channels, the associated inlet channel, and the associated outlet channel if a predetermined mass flow change takes place in each of the flow field channels. 11. The bipolar plate as recited in claim 10 wherein the flow field channels have an equal length, the assembled channels have a further equal length, the inlet channels have different lengths, and the outlet channels have different lengths, the inlet channels having different hydraulic diameters, a hydraulic diameter of the inlet channels being larger the longer the associated inlet channel is, so that the pressure loss over each of the assembled channels is equal, if the same predetermined mass flow change takes place in each of the flow field channels. 12. The bipolar plate as recited in claim 10 wherein the flow field channels have an equal length, the assembled channels have a further equal length, the inlet channels have different lengths, and the outlet channels have different lengths, the outlet channels having different hydraulic diameters, a hydraulic diameter of the outlet channels being smaller the longer the associated outlet channel is, so that the pressure loss over each of the assembled channels is equal. 13. The bipolar plate as recited in claim 10 wherein the flow field channels have an equal length, each of the outlet channels having a first equal hydraulic diameter, each of the inlet channels having a second equal hydraulic diameter, and each of the flow field channels having a third equal hydraulic diameter, and the assembled channels are of different lengths, the length being selected in such a way that the pressure loss over each of the assembled channels is equal. 14. The bipolar plate as recited in claim 13 wherein first angles between flow directions in each one of the flow field channels and the associated inlet channel are equal to one another, and second angles between flow directions in each one of the flow field channels and the associated outlet channel are smaller the longer the associated outlet channel is. 15. The bipolar plate as recited in claim 13 wherein first angles between each one of the flow field channels and the associated inlet channel are greater the longer the associated inlet channel is, and second angles between each one of the flow field channels and the associated outlet channel are equal to one another. 16. The bipolar plate as recited in claim 10 wherein inlet openings of the flow field channels are situated in succession on a first straight line and outlet openings of the flow field channels are situated in succession on a second straight line parallel to the first straight line, further inlet openings of the inlet channels being situated on a third straight line, and further outlet openings of the outlet channels being situated in succession on a fourth straight line parallel to the third straight line, the third and the fourth straight lines being perpendicular to the first and the second straight lines. 17. The bipolar plate as recited in claim 16 wherein the flow field is designed as planar and the third and the fourth straight lines are perpendicular to a surface normal of the flow field. 18. A fuel cell comprising:
at least one membrane-electrode assembly; and at least one bipolar plate as recited in claim 10. | A bipolar plate ( 100 ) for a fuel cell includes at least one profiled flow field ( 120 ) with at least two flow field channels ( 121, 122, 123, 124 ) and an associated inlet channel ( 111, 112, 113, 114 ) and an associated outlet channel ( 131, 132, 133, 134 ) for each of the flow field channels ( 121, 122, 123, 124 ). Here, different inlet channels ( 111, 112, 113, 114 ) are of different lengths, and different outlet channels ( 131, 132, 133, 134 ) are of different lengths. The bipolar plate ( 100 ) is characterized in that the inlet channels and/or the outlet channels ( 131, 132, 133, 134 ) are dimensioned in such a way that the pressure loss is equal via each channel which is composed of one of the flow field channels ( 121, 122, 123, 124 ), the associated inlet channel ( 111, 112, 113, 114 ) and the associated outlet channel ( 131, 132, 133, 134 ), as long as a predefined mass flow change takes place in each of the flow field channels ( 121, 122, 123, 124 ).1-9. (canceled) 10. A bipolar plate comprising:
at least one profiled flow field including at least two flow field channels; an associated inlet channel and an associated outlet channel for each of the flow field channels; different inlet channels having different lengths and different outlet channels having different lengths; the inlet channels or the outlet channels are dimensioned in such a way that the pressure loss is equal over each channel assembled from one of the flow field channels, the associated inlet channel, and the associated outlet channel if a predetermined mass flow change takes place in each of the flow field channels. 11. The bipolar plate as recited in claim 10 wherein the flow field channels have an equal length, the assembled channels have a further equal length, the inlet channels have different lengths, and the outlet channels have different lengths, the inlet channels having different hydraulic diameters, a hydraulic diameter of the inlet channels being larger the longer the associated inlet channel is, so that the pressure loss over each of the assembled channels is equal, if the same predetermined mass flow change takes place in each of the flow field channels. 12. The bipolar plate as recited in claim 10 wherein the flow field channels have an equal length, the assembled channels have a further equal length, the inlet channels have different lengths, and the outlet channels have different lengths, the outlet channels having different hydraulic diameters, a hydraulic diameter of the outlet channels being smaller the longer the associated outlet channel is, so that the pressure loss over each of the assembled channels is equal. 13. The bipolar plate as recited in claim 10 wherein the flow field channels have an equal length, each of the outlet channels having a first equal hydraulic diameter, each of the inlet channels having a second equal hydraulic diameter, and each of the flow field channels having a third equal hydraulic diameter, and the assembled channels are of different lengths, the length being selected in such a way that the pressure loss over each of the assembled channels is equal. 14. The bipolar plate as recited in claim 13 wherein first angles between flow directions in each one of the flow field channels and the associated inlet channel are equal to one another, and second angles between flow directions in each one of the flow field channels and the associated outlet channel are smaller the longer the associated outlet channel is. 15. The bipolar plate as recited in claim 13 wherein first angles between each one of the flow field channels and the associated inlet channel are greater the longer the associated inlet channel is, and second angles between each one of the flow field channels and the associated outlet channel are equal to one another. 16. The bipolar plate as recited in claim 10 wherein inlet openings of the flow field channels are situated in succession on a first straight line and outlet openings of the flow field channels are situated in succession on a second straight line parallel to the first straight line, further inlet openings of the inlet channels being situated on a third straight line, and further outlet openings of the outlet channels being situated in succession on a fourth straight line parallel to the third straight line, the third and the fourth straight lines being perpendicular to the first and the second straight lines. 17. The bipolar plate as recited in claim 16 wherein the flow field is designed as planar and the third and the fourth straight lines are perpendicular to a surface normal of the flow field. 18. A fuel cell comprising:
at least one membrane-electrode assembly; and at least one bipolar plate as recited in claim 10. | 1,700 |
3,962 | 16,078,271 | 1,787 | Articles comprising: a molded substrate comprising one or more polycarbonate resins or blends of polycarbonate and polyester resins containing polydimethyl siloxanes modified with one or more of acrylate, hydroxyl or epoxy groups and disposed on the surface or a portion of the surface of the substrate is a cured silicone rubber; wherein the one or more polycarbonate resins or blends of polycarbonate and polyester resins contain the modified polydimethyl siloxanes in sufficient amount such that the peel strength is increased. Compositions comprising one or more polycarbonate resins or blends of polycarbonate and polyester resins containing polydimethyl siloxanes modified with one or more of acrylate, hydroxyl or epoxy groups in an amount of about 0.1 to less than 1.0 percent by weight. Methods for preparing the articles are disclosed. | 1. An article comprising: a molded substrate comprising one or more polycarbonate resins or blends of polycarbonate and polyester resins containing polydimethyl siloxanes modified with one or more of acrylate, hydroxyl or epoxy groups and disposed on the surface or a portion of the surface of the substrate is a cured silicone rubber; wherein the one or more polycarbonate resins or blends of polycarbonate and polyester resins contain the modified polydimethyl siloxanes in sufficient amount such that the peel strength is increased. 2. An article according to claim 1 wherein the one or more polycarbonate resins or blends of polycarbonate and polyester resins contain from about 0.1 to about 2.0 percent by weight of the modified polydimethyl siloxane. 3. An article according to claim 1 wherein the one or more polycarbonate resins or blends of polycarbonate and polyester resins contain from about 0.1 to about 1.0 percent by weight of the modified polydimethyl siloxane. 4. An article according to claim 1 wherein the one of more polycarbonates blends of polycarbonate and polyester resins exhibit a composite melt flow rate of about 3 to 20. 5. An article according to claim 1 wherein the modified polydimethyl siloxanes are modified with acrylate groups. 6. An article according to claim 1 wherein the modified polydimethyl siloxanes are disposed on a carrier. 7. An article according to claim 1 wherein the one or more polycarbonate resins or blends of polycarbonate and polyester resins contain reinforcing fibers. 8. An article according to claim 1 wherein the one or more polycarbonate resins or blends of polycarbonate and polyester resins contain one or more pigments. 9. An article according to claim 1 wherein the one or more polycarbonate resins or blends of polycarbonate and polyester resins contain one or more internal mold release compounds. 10. An article according to claim 1 wherein the silicone rubber is comprises the reaction product of an alkenyl group-containing organopolysiloxane and an organohydrogenpolysiloxane having at least two hydrogen atoms each directly attached to a silicon atom in a molecule. 11. A composition comprising one or more polycarbonate resins or blends of polycarbonate and polyester resins containing polydimethyl siloxanes modified with one or more of acrylate, hydroxyl or epoxy groups in an amount of about 0.1 to less than 1.0 percent by weight; one or more reinforcing fibers present in an amount of about 0.5 to about 60 percent by weight; and one or more core shell rubbers present in an amount of about 0.5 to about 25 percent by weight; wherein the amounts are based the weight of the composition. 12. (canceled) 13. A composition according to claim 11 wherein the one or more polycarbonate resins or blends of polycarbonate and polyester resins contain one or more pigments. 14. A composition according to claim 11 wherein the one or more polycarbonate resins or contain one or more internal mold release compounds in an amount of about 0.0001 to about 2 percent by weight. 15. A method comprising:
a) molding a substrate from a composition comprising one or more polycarbonate resins or blends of polycarbonate and polyester resins containing polydimethyl siloxanes modified with one or more of acrylate, hydroxyl or epoxy groups; b) applying a mixture comprising one or more polysiloxanes containing one or more unsaturated groups, one of more polysiloxanes containing one or more S—H groups; and one or more platinum based catalysts to the surface or a portion of the surface of the substrate; and c) exposing the mixture of one or more polysiloxanes containing one or more unsaturated groups, one of more polysiloxanes containing one or more S—H groups; and one or more platinum based catalysts to conditions such that a cured silicone rubber layer is disposed on the surface or a portion of the surface of the substrate. | Articles comprising: a molded substrate comprising one or more polycarbonate resins or blends of polycarbonate and polyester resins containing polydimethyl siloxanes modified with one or more of acrylate, hydroxyl or epoxy groups and disposed on the surface or a portion of the surface of the substrate is a cured silicone rubber; wherein the one or more polycarbonate resins or blends of polycarbonate and polyester resins contain the modified polydimethyl siloxanes in sufficient amount such that the peel strength is increased. Compositions comprising one or more polycarbonate resins or blends of polycarbonate and polyester resins containing polydimethyl siloxanes modified with one or more of acrylate, hydroxyl or epoxy groups in an amount of about 0.1 to less than 1.0 percent by weight. Methods for preparing the articles are disclosed.1. An article comprising: a molded substrate comprising one or more polycarbonate resins or blends of polycarbonate and polyester resins containing polydimethyl siloxanes modified with one or more of acrylate, hydroxyl or epoxy groups and disposed on the surface or a portion of the surface of the substrate is a cured silicone rubber; wherein the one or more polycarbonate resins or blends of polycarbonate and polyester resins contain the modified polydimethyl siloxanes in sufficient amount such that the peel strength is increased. 2. An article according to claim 1 wherein the one or more polycarbonate resins or blends of polycarbonate and polyester resins contain from about 0.1 to about 2.0 percent by weight of the modified polydimethyl siloxane. 3. An article according to claim 1 wherein the one or more polycarbonate resins or blends of polycarbonate and polyester resins contain from about 0.1 to about 1.0 percent by weight of the modified polydimethyl siloxane. 4. An article according to claim 1 wherein the one of more polycarbonates blends of polycarbonate and polyester resins exhibit a composite melt flow rate of about 3 to 20. 5. An article according to claim 1 wherein the modified polydimethyl siloxanes are modified with acrylate groups. 6. An article according to claim 1 wherein the modified polydimethyl siloxanes are disposed on a carrier. 7. An article according to claim 1 wherein the one or more polycarbonate resins or blends of polycarbonate and polyester resins contain reinforcing fibers. 8. An article according to claim 1 wherein the one or more polycarbonate resins or blends of polycarbonate and polyester resins contain one or more pigments. 9. An article according to claim 1 wherein the one or more polycarbonate resins or blends of polycarbonate and polyester resins contain one or more internal mold release compounds. 10. An article according to claim 1 wherein the silicone rubber is comprises the reaction product of an alkenyl group-containing organopolysiloxane and an organohydrogenpolysiloxane having at least two hydrogen atoms each directly attached to a silicon atom in a molecule. 11. A composition comprising one or more polycarbonate resins or blends of polycarbonate and polyester resins containing polydimethyl siloxanes modified with one or more of acrylate, hydroxyl or epoxy groups in an amount of about 0.1 to less than 1.0 percent by weight; one or more reinforcing fibers present in an amount of about 0.5 to about 60 percent by weight; and one or more core shell rubbers present in an amount of about 0.5 to about 25 percent by weight; wherein the amounts are based the weight of the composition. 12. (canceled) 13. A composition according to claim 11 wherein the one or more polycarbonate resins or blends of polycarbonate and polyester resins contain one or more pigments. 14. A composition according to claim 11 wherein the one or more polycarbonate resins or contain one or more internal mold release compounds in an amount of about 0.0001 to about 2 percent by weight. 15. A method comprising:
a) molding a substrate from a composition comprising one or more polycarbonate resins or blends of polycarbonate and polyester resins containing polydimethyl siloxanes modified with one or more of acrylate, hydroxyl or epoxy groups; b) applying a mixture comprising one or more polysiloxanes containing one or more unsaturated groups, one of more polysiloxanes containing one or more S—H groups; and one or more platinum based catalysts to the surface or a portion of the surface of the substrate; and c) exposing the mixture of one or more polysiloxanes containing one or more unsaturated groups, one of more polysiloxanes containing one or more S—H groups; and one or more platinum based catalysts to conditions such that a cured silicone rubber layer is disposed on the surface or a portion of the surface of the substrate. | 1,700 |
3,963 | 11,301,529 | 1,721 | Methods and apparatuses for creating solar cell assemblies with bonded interlayers are disclosed. In summary, the present invention describes an apparatus and method for making a solar cell assembly with transparent conductive bonding interlayers. An apparatus in accordance with the present invention comprises a substrate, a first solar cell, coupled to a first side of the substrate, wherein the first solar cell comprises a first Transparent Conductive Coating (TCC) layer coupled to a first polarity electrode of the first solar cell, and a second solar cell, the second solar cell being bonded to the first solar cell by bonding the first TCC layer to the second solar cell. | 1. A solar cell assembly, comprising:
a first solar cell, wherein the first solar cell comprises a first Transparent Conductive Coating (TCC) layer coupled to a first polarity electrode of the first solar cell; and a second solar cell, the second solar cell being bonded to the first solar cell by bonding the first TCC layer to the second solar cell. 2. The solar cell assembly of claim 1, wherein the second solar cell further comprises a second TCC layer, and the first solar cell is bonded to the second solar cell by bonding the first TCC layer to the second TCC layer. 3. The solar cell assembly of claim 2, wherein the second solar cell further comprises a second polarity electrode. 4. The solar cell assembly of claim 3, further comprising a third solar cell, having a third TCC layer, wherein the third solar cell is bonded to the second solar cell by bonding the third TCC layer to the second solar cell. 5. The solar cell assembly of claim 4, further comprising a dielectric stack, coupled to at least one TCC layer. 6. The solar cell assembly of claim 5, wherein a material for the first TCC layer is selected from a group comprising zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, indium molybdenum oxide, indium titanium oxide, GaInP, AlGaInP, AlGaAs, AlGaAsSb, AlInAs, AlGaInSb, AlGaInN, SiC, and ZnSeTe. 7. The solar cell assembly of claim 6, wherein a material for the second TCC layer is selected from a group comprising zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, indium molybdenum oxide, indium titanium oxide, GaInP, AlGaInP, AlGaAs, AlGaAsSb, AlInAs, AlGaInSb, AlGaInN, SiC, and ZnSeTe. 8. The solar cell assembly of claim 7, wherein an optical stack is used between the first cell and the second cell to reflect a range of wavelengths of light back through the second cell. 9. The solar cell assembly of claim 8, wherein one or more layers made of a transparent conduction material is incorporated into the optical stack, with at least one of a thickness, a position in the optical stack, composition, and an index of refraction of the one or more layers are designed to optimize reflection of a range of wavelengths back through the second cell. 10. The solar cell assembly of claim 7, wherein an optical stack is used between the first cell and the second cell to maximize light transmission for a range of wavelengths between the second cell and the first cell. 11. The solar cell assembly of claim 1, wherein the first solar cell is a multifunction solar cell. 12. A method for making a solar cell assembly, comprising:
forming a first solar cell with a first TCC layer coupled to a first polarity electrode; forming a second solar cell; and bonding the first solar cell to the second solar cell by bonding the first TCC layer to the second solar cell. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the second solar cell further comprises a second TCC layer, and the first solar cell is bonded to the second solar cell by bonding the first TCC layer to the second TCC layer. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
forming a third solar cell, having a third TCC layer coupled to a second polarity electrode of the third solar cell; forming a fourth TCC layer coupled to a first polarity electrode of the second solar cell; and bonding the third solar cell to the second solar cell by bonding the third TCC layer to the fourth TCC layer. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising a dielectric stack, coupled to at least one TCC layer. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the first TCC layer is selected from a group comprising zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, indium molybdenum oxide, indium titanium oxide, GaInP, AlGaInP, AlGaAs, AlGaAsSb, AlInAs, AlGaInSb, AlGaInN, SiC, and ZnSeTe. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the second TCC layer is selected from a group comprising zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, indium molybdenum oxide, indium titanium oxide, GaInP, AlGaInP, AlGaAs, AlGaAsSb, AlInAs, AlGaInSb, AlGaInN, SiC, and ZnSeTe. 18. The method of claim 12, wherein an optical stack is used between the first cell and the second cell to reflect a range of wavelengths of light back through the second cell. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein one or more layers made of a transparent conduction material is incorporated into the optical stack, with one or more of a thickness, a position in the stack, a composition, and an index of refraction of the one or more layers are designed to optimize reflection of a range of wavelengths back through the second cell. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein an optical stack is used between the first cell and the second cell to maximize light transmission for a range of wavelengths between the second cell and the first cell. 21. The method of claim 12, wherein the first solar cell is a multijunction solar cell. 22. A solar cell assembly, comprising:
a first solar cell, wherein the first solar cell comprises a first bonding layer; and a second solar cell, wherein the second solar cell is bonded to the first solar cell by bonding the first bonding layer to the second solar cell. 23. The solar cell assembly of claim 22, wherein the first bonding layer is a Transparent Conductive Coating (TCC) layer. 24. The solar cell assembly of claim 23, wherein the first bonding layer is a layer of a dielectric stack and a second bonding layer is another layer of a dielectric stack. | Methods and apparatuses for creating solar cell assemblies with bonded interlayers are disclosed. In summary, the present invention describes an apparatus and method for making a solar cell assembly with transparent conductive bonding interlayers. An apparatus in accordance with the present invention comprises a substrate, a first solar cell, coupled to a first side of the substrate, wherein the first solar cell comprises a first Transparent Conductive Coating (TCC) layer coupled to a first polarity electrode of the first solar cell, and a second solar cell, the second solar cell being bonded to the first solar cell by bonding the first TCC layer to the second solar cell.1. A solar cell assembly, comprising:
a first solar cell, wherein the first solar cell comprises a first Transparent Conductive Coating (TCC) layer coupled to a first polarity electrode of the first solar cell; and a second solar cell, the second solar cell being bonded to the first solar cell by bonding the first TCC layer to the second solar cell. 2. The solar cell assembly of claim 1, wherein the second solar cell further comprises a second TCC layer, and the first solar cell is bonded to the second solar cell by bonding the first TCC layer to the second TCC layer. 3. The solar cell assembly of claim 2, wherein the second solar cell further comprises a second polarity electrode. 4. The solar cell assembly of claim 3, further comprising a third solar cell, having a third TCC layer, wherein the third solar cell is bonded to the second solar cell by bonding the third TCC layer to the second solar cell. 5. The solar cell assembly of claim 4, further comprising a dielectric stack, coupled to at least one TCC layer. 6. The solar cell assembly of claim 5, wherein a material for the first TCC layer is selected from a group comprising zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, indium molybdenum oxide, indium titanium oxide, GaInP, AlGaInP, AlGaAs, AlGaAsSb, AlInAs, AlGaInSb, AlGaInN, SiC, and ZnSeTe. 7. The solar cell assembly of claim 6, wherein a material for the second TCC layer is selected from a group comprising zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, indium molybdenum oxide, indium titanium oxide, GaInP, AlGaInP, AlGaAs, AlGaAsSb, AlInAs, AlGaInSb, AlGaInN, SiC, and ZnSeTe. 8. The solar cell assembly of claim 7, wherein an optical stack is used between the first cell and the second cell to reflect a range of wavelengths of light back through the second cell. 9. The solar cell assembly of claim 8, wherein one or more layers made of a transparent conduction material is incorporated into the optical stack, with at least one of a thickness, a position in the optical stack, composition, and an index of refraction of the one or more layers are designed to optimize reflection of a range of wavelengths back through the second cell. 10. The solar cell assembly of claim 7, wherein an optical stack is used between the first cell and the second cell to maximize light transmission for a range of wavelengths between the second cell and the first cell. 11. The solar cell assembly of claim 1, wherein the first solar cell is a multifunction solar cell. 12. A method for making a solar cell assembly, comprising:
forming a first solar cell with a first TCC layer coupled to a first polarity electrode; forming a second solar cell; and bonding the first solar cell to the second solar cell by bonding the first TCC layer to the second solar cell. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the second solar cell further comprises a second TCC layer, and the first solar cell is bonded to the second solar cell by bonding the first TCC layer to the second TCC layer. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
forming a third solar cell, having a third TCC layer coupled to a second polarity electrode of the third solar cell; forming a fourth TCC layer coupled to a first polarity electrode of the second solar cell; and bonding the third solar cell to the second solar cell by bonding the third TCC layer to the fourth TCC layer. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising a dielectric stack, coupled to at least one TCC layer. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the first TCC layer is selected from a group comprising zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, indium molybdenum oxide, indium titanium oxide, GaInP, AlGaInP, AlGaAs, AlGaAsSb, AlInAs, AlGaInSb, AlGaInN, SiC, and ZnSeTe. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the second TCC layer is selected from a group comprising zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, indium molybdenum oxide, indium titanium oxide, GaInP, AlGaInP, AlGaAs, AlGaAsSb, AlInAs, AlGaInSb, AlGaInN, SiC, and ZnSeTe. 18. The method of claim 12, wherein an optical stack is used between the first cell and the second cell to reflect a range of wavelengths of light back through the second cell. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein one or more layers made of a transparent conduction material is incorporated into the optical stack, with one or more of a thickness, a position in the stack, a composition, and an index of refraction of the one or more layers are designed to optimize reflection of a range of wavelengths back through the second cell. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein an optical stack is used between the first cell and the second cell to maximize light transmission for a range of wavelengths between the second cell and the first cell. 21. The method of claim 12, wherein the first solar cell is a multijunction solar cell. 22. A solar cell assembly, comprising:
a first solar cell, wherein the first solar cell comprises a first bonding layer; and a second solar cell, wherein the second solar cell is bonded to the first solar cell by bonding the first bonding layer to the second solar cell. 23. The solar cell assembly of claim 22, wherein the first bonding layer is a Transparent Conductive Coating (TCC) layer. 24. The solar cell assembly of claim 23, wherein the first bonding layer is a layer of a dielectric stack and a second bonding layer is another layer of a dielectric stack. | 1,700 |
3,964 | 14,400,133 | 1,762 | Provided is a method of producing a rubber molded article, including crosslinking a rubber compound at a temperature lower than a usual crosslinking temperature (150° C. or more). The method includes a crosslinking step of crosslinking a rubber compound at a temperature of 100° C. or less, the rubber compound having a nitrile structure represented by the following formula (I) and an olefin structure represented by the following formula (II), in a rubber composition containing the rubber compound and a thiol compound having at least two thiol groups in a molecule thereof:
provided that R in the formula (II) represents a divalent organic group having 4 or more carbon atoms and having an unsaturated bond represented by —C═C— in a structure thereof. | 1. A method of producing a rubber molded article, comprising a crosslinking step of crosslinking a rubber compound at a temperature of 100° C. or less, the rubber compound having a nitrile structure represented by the following formula (I) and an olefin structure represented by the following formula (II), in a rubber composition containing the rubber compound and a thiol compound having at least two thiol groups in a molecule thereof:
provided that R in the formula (II) represents a divalent organic group having 4 or more carbon atoms and having an unsaturated bond represented by —C═C— in a structure thereof. 2. The method of producing a rubber molded article according to claim 1, wherein the thiol compound comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of trimethylolpropane tris(3-mercaptopropionate), pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate), 1,4-butanediol bis(3-mercaptopropionate), 1,6-hexanedithiol, pentaerythritol tetrakis(mercaptoacetate), 1,4-butanediol bis(mercaptoacetate), pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptobutyrate), a compound represented by the following formula (A-8), and combinations thereof:
provided that X1 in the formula (A-8) represents a divalent organic group, and X2 represents a hydrogen atom or a monovalent organic group. 3. The method of producing a rubber molded article according to claim 1, wherein a content of the nitrile structure in the rubber compound is from 5 to 60 wt %. 4. A rubber composition, comprising a rubber compound having a nitrile structure represented by the following formula (I) and an olefin structure represented by the following formula (II), and a thiol compound having at least two thiol groups in a molecule thereof:
provided that R in the formula (II) represents a divalent organic group having 4 or more carbon atoms and having an unsaturated bond represented by —C═C— in a structure thereof. 5. A rubber molded article, which is produced by the method of producing a rubber molded article according to claim 1. | Provided is a method of producing a rubber molded article, including crosslinking a rubber compound at a temperature lower than a usual crosslinking temperature (150° C. or more). The method includes a crosslinking step of crosslinking a rubber compound at a temperature of 100° C. or less, the rubber compound having a nitrile structure represented by the following formula (I) and an olefin structure represented by the following formula (II), in a rubber composition containing the rubber compound and a thiol compound having at least two thiol groups in a molecule thereof:
provided that R in the formula (II) represents a divalent organic group having 4 or more carbon atoms and having an unsaturated bond represented by —C═C— in a structure thereof.1. A method of producing a rubber molded article, comprising a crosslinking step of crosslinking a rubber compound at a temperature of 100° C. or less, the rubber compound having a nitrile structure represented by the following formula (I) and an olefin structure represented by the following formula (II), in a rubber composition containing the rubber compound and a thiol compound having at least two thiol groups in a molecule thereof:
provided that R in the formula (II) represents a divalent organic group having 4 or more carbon atoms and having an unsaturated bond represented by —C═C— in a structure thereof. 2. The method of producing a rubber molded article according to claim 1, wherein the thiol compound comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of trimethylolpropane tris(3-mercaptopropionate), pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate), 1,4-butanediol bis(3-mercaptopropionate), 1,6-hexanedithiol, pentaerythritol tetrakis(mercaptoacetate), 1,4-butanediol bis(mercaptoacetate), pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptobutyrate), a compound represented by the following formula (A-8), and combinations thereof:
provided that X1 in the formula (A-8) represents a divalent organic group, and X2 represents a hydrogen atom or a monovalent organic group. 3. The method of producing a rubber molded article according to claim 1, wherein a content of the nitrile structure in the rubber compound is from 5 to 60 wt %. 4. A rubber composition, comprising a rubber compound having a nitrile structure represented by the following formula (I) and an olefin structure represented by the following formula (II), and a thiol compound having at least two thiol groups in a molecule thereof:
provided that R in the formula (II) represents a divalent organic group having 4 or more carbon atoms and having an unsaturated bond represented by —C═C— in a structure thereof. 5. A rubber molded article, which is produced by the method of producing a rubber molded article according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
3,965 | 15,223,129 | 1,711 | A method for cleaning a piece of equipment in place includes a plurality of cleaning cycles and optionally a rinse, where each cleaning cycle includes applying a first cleaning solution from a first supply tank through a first set of nozzles; and applying a second cleaning solution from a second supply tank through a second set of nozzles. The first cleaning solution may be applied for about 20 s to about 10 min, and the second cleaning solution for about 1 min to about 60 min. The cleaning cycle can be repeated from 5 to 150 times, and the first and second cleaning solutions can be recirculated during the process. | 1. A method for cleaning a piece of equipment in place, the method comprising a plurality of cleaning cycles and optionally a rinse, wherein the plurality of cleaning cycles comprises three or more cleaning cycles, and wherein each cleaning cycle comprises:
(a) applying a first cleaning solution from a first supply tank through a first set of nozzles; and (b) applying a second cleaning solution from a second supply tank through a second set of nozzles. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the piece of equipment comprises a spray dryer. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the piece of equipment is selected from a dryer, a tank, an evaporator, a heat exchanger, a pipe, a separator, a homogenizer, a pasteurizer, a cooling tower, an oven, or a belt. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein step (a) comprises a first length of time, and step (b) comprises a second length of time that is longer than the first length of time. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the first length of time is from about 20 s to about 10 min. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the second length of time is from about 1 min to about 60 min. 7. The method of claim 4, wherein the first length of time is about 30 s to about 5 min. 8. The method of claim 4, wherein the second length of time is from about 5 min to about 20 min. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of cleaning cycles comprises from 5 to 150 cycles. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of cleaning cycles comprises from 10 to 100 cycles. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the second set of nozzles comprises a high pressure nozzle. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the first set of nozzles consists of non-pressurized nozzles. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second cleaning solutions are recirculated into the second supply tank. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second cleaning solutions comprise active ingredients, and wherein the first cleaning solution comprises active ingredients at a higher concentration than the second cleaning solution. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the concentration of the active ingredients in the first cleaning solution is between about 4 and about 20 wt-%. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the concentration of the active ingredients in the second cleaning solution is between about 0.1 and about 5 wt-%. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the first cleaning solution comprises agents that provide a soil disruption effect. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the first cleaning solution comprises one or more peroxygen compounds. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the peroxygen compound is hydrogen peroxide, a peroxycarboxylic acid, a persulfate, a perborate, a percarbonate, or a mixture thereof. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the first cleaning solution comprises an acid. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the first cleaning solution comprises a gas forming agent. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the gas forming agent forms carbon dioxide or oxygen. 23. The method of claim 1, wherein the second cleaning solution comprises a metal hydroxide. 24. The method of claim 1, wherein one or both of the first and second cleaning solutions comprise a surfactant. 25. The method of claim 1, wherein one or both of the first and second cleaning solutions comprise a builder. 26. The method of claim 1, wherein one or both of the first and second cleaning solutions comprise a solvent. | A method for cleaning a piece of equipment in place includes a plurality of cleaning cycles and optionally a rinse, where each cleaning cycle includes applying a first cleaning solution from a first supply tank through a first set of nozzles; and applying a second cleaning solution from a second supply tank through a second set of nozzles. The first cleaning solution may be applied for about 20 s to about 10 min, and the second cleaning solution for about 1 min to about 60 min. The cleaning cycle can be repeated from 5 to 150 times, and the first and second cleaning solutions can be recirculated during the process.1. A method for cleaning a piece of equipment in place, the method comprising a plurality of cleaning cycles and optionally a rinse, wherein the plurality of cleaning cycles comprises three or more cleaning cycles, and wherein each cleaning cycle comprises:
(a) applying a first cleaning solution from a first supply tank through a first set of nozzles; and (b) applying a second cleaning solution from a second supply tank through a second set of nozzles. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the piece of equipment comprises a spray dryer. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the piece of equipment is selected from a dryer, a tank, an evaporator, a heat exchanger, a pipe, a separator, a homogenizer, a pasteurizer, a cooling tower, an oven, or a belt. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein step (a) comprises a first length of time, and step (b) comprises a second length of time that is longer than the first length of time. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the first length of time is from about 20 s to about 10 min. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the second length of time is from about 1 min to about 60 min. 7. The method of claim 4, wherein the first length of time is about 30 s to about 5 min. 8. The method of claim 4, wherein the second length of time is from about 5 min to about 20 min. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of cleaning cycles comprises from 5 to 150 cycles. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of cleaning cycles comprises from 10 to 100 cycles. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the second set of nozzles comprises a high pressure nozzle. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the first set of nozzles consists of non-pressurized nozzles. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second cleaning solutions are recirculated into the second supply tank. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second cleaning solutions comprise active ingredients, and wherein the first cleaning solution comprises active ingredients at a higher concentration than the second cleaning solution. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the concentration of the active ingredients in the first cleaning solution is between about 4 and about 20 wt-%. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the concentration of the active ingredients in the second cleaning solution is between about 0.1 and about 5 wt-%. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the first cleaning solution comprises agents that provide a soil disruption effect. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the first cleaning solution comprises one or more peroxygen compounds. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the peroxygen compound is hydrogen peroxide, a peroxycarboxylic acid, a persulfate, a perborate, a percarbonate, or a mixture thereof. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the first cleaning solution comprises an acid. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the first cleaning solution comprises a gas forming agent. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the gas forming agent forms carbon dioxide or oxygen. 23. The method of claim 1, wherein the second cleaning solution comprises a metal hydroxide. 24. The method of claim 1, wherein one or both of the first and second cleaning solutions comprise a surfactant. 25. The method of claim 1, wherein one or both of the first and second cleaning solutions comprise a builder. 26. The method of claim 1, wherein one or both of the first and second cleaning solutions comprise a solvent. | 1,700 |
3,966 | 14,010,792 | 1,795 | An electrochemical test device is provided having a base layer with a first electrode thereon and a top layer with a second electrode thereon. The two electrodes are separated by a spacer layer having an opening therein, such that a sample-receiving space is defined with one electrode on the top surface, the other electrodes on the bottom surface and side walls formed from edges of the opening in the spacer. Reagents for performing the electrochemical reaction are deposited on one of the electrodes and on the side walls of the sample-receiving space. | 1-25. (canceled) 26. An electrochemical test device comprising
a first substrate having a first electrode disposed thereon, a second substrate having a second electrode disposed thereon, and a spacer disposed between the first and second substrates and having an opening therein, whereby a sample-receiving space is defined that has a first surface having the first electrode disposed thereon, a second surface, opposite the first surface, having the second electrode disposed thereon, and side walls formed from edges of the opening in the spacer; and a reagent comprising a redox active material which is oxidized at the first electrode and reduced at the second electrode when the device is used; wherein in the test device prior to introduction of a liquid sample, the reagent is disposed in a dried layer, covering at least a portion of the first or second electrode and at least a portion of the side walls, said layer extending contiguously from the covered electrode and along the side walls. 27. The device of claim 26, wherein the reagent covers at least 25% of the height of the side walls. 28. The device of claim 26, wherein the reagent covers at least 50% of the height of the side walls. 29. The device of claim 26, wherein the reagent covers at least 75% of the height of the side walls. 30. The device of claim 26, wherein the reagent covers 100% of the height of the side walls. 31. The device of claim 26, wherein the redox active material is selected from the group consisting of ferricyanide, [FeIII(CN)5(ImH)]2−, [FeIII(CN)5(Im)]3−, [RuIII(NH3)5ImH)]3+, [RuIII(NH3)5(IM)]2+, [FeII(CN)5(ImH)]3−, [RuII(NH3)5(Im)H]2+, [(NC)5FeII(Im)RuIII(NH3)5]−, [(NC)5FeIII(Im)RuIII(NH3)5]0, [(NC)5FeII(Im)RuII(NH3)5]2−, Ferrocene (Fc), Ferrocene monosulphonate, Ferrocene disulphonate, FcCO2H, FcCH2CO2H, FcCH:CHCO2H, Fc(CH2)3CO2H, Fc(CH2)4CO2H, FcCH2CH(NH2)CO2H, FcCH2SCH2CH(NH2)CO2H, FcCH2CONH2, Fc(CH2)2CONH2, Fc(CH2)3CONH2, Fc(CH2)4CONH2, FcOH, FcCH2OH, Fc(CH2)2OH, FcCH(Me)OH, FcCH2O(CH2)2OH, 1,1′-Fc(CH2OH)2, 1,2-Fc(CH2OH)2, FcNH2, FcCH2NH2, Fc(CH2)2NH2, Fc(CH2)3NH2, 1,1′-Me2FcCH2NH2, FcCH2NMe2, (R)-FcCH(Me)NMe2, (S)-FcCH(Me)NMe2, 1,2-Me3SiFcCH2NMe2, FcCH2NMe3, FcCH2NH(CH2)2NH2, 1,1′-Me2FcCH(OH)CH2NH2, FcCH(OH)CH2NH2, FcCH:CHCH(OH)CH2NH2, Fc(CH2)2CH(OH)CH2NH2, FcCH2CH(NH2)CH2OH, FcCH2CH(CH2NH2)CH2OH, FcCH2NH(CH2)2OH, 1,1′-Me2FcCHOCONHCH2, FcCH(OH)(CH2)2NH2, 1,1′-Me2FcCH(OH)CH2NHAc, FcB(OH)3, FcC6H4OPO3Na2, Os(4,7-dmphen)3, Os(3,4,7,8-tmphen)3, Os(5,6-dmphen)3, Os(bpy)3Cl2, Os(5-mphen)3, Os(5-Cl-phen)3, Os(5-NO2-phen)3, Os(5-phphen)3, Os(2,9-dm-4,7-dpphen)3, Ru(4,7-dmphen)3, Ru(3,4,7,8-tmphen)3, Ru(5-mphen)3, Ru(5,6-dmphen)3, Ru(phen)3, [Ru(4,4′-diNH2-bipy)3]2+, Os(bpy)3, Os(dmbpy)3, Ru(bpy)3, Ru(4,4′-diNH2-bpy)3, Ru(4,4′-diCO2Etbpy)3, Os(bpy)2dmbpy, Os(bpy)2(HIm)2, Os(bpy)2(2MeHIm)2, Os(bpy)2(4MeHIm)2, Os(dmbpy)2(HIm)2, Os(bpy)2Cl(HIm), Os(bpy)2Cl(1-MeIm), Os(dmbpy)2Cl(HIm), Os(dmbpy)2Cl(1-MeIm), Ru(bpy)2(5,5′diNH2-bpy), Ru(bpy)2(5,5′diCO2Etbpy), Ru(bpy)2(4,4′diCO2Etbpy), or the complementary redox forms (oxidized or reduced) thereof. 32. The device of claim 31, wherein the reagent further comprises glucose oxidase. 33. The device of claim 32, wherein the reagent covers at least 25% of the height of the side walls. 34. The device of claim 32, wherein the reagent covers at least 50% of the height of the side walls. 35. The device of claim 32, wherein the reagent covers at least 75% of the height of the side walls. 36. The device of claim 32, wherein the reagent covers 100% of the height of the side walls. 37. A method of making an electrochemical test device comprising the steps of:
(a) forming a first substrate having a first electrode disposed thereon; (b) forming a spacer layer on the first substrate, said spacer layer having an opening formed therein through which the first electrode is exposed and side walls within the opening; (c) introducing a liquid reagent comprising a redox active material into the opening in the spacer layer, (d) drying the liquid reagent to form a dried reagent, wherein the liquid reagent is introduced to the opening in such a manner that upon drying a dried reagent layer is formed covering at least a portion of the first electrode and a t least a portion of the side walls; and (e) placing a second substrate having a second electrode disposed thereon on the spacer layer aligned to have the second electrode facing the first electrode, thereby forming a sample-receiving space that has a first surface having the first electrode disposed thereon, a second surface, opposite the first surface, having the second electrode disposed thereon, and side walls formed from edges of the opening in the spacer. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the dried reagent covers at least 25% of the height of the side walls. 39. The method of claim 37, wherein the dried reagent covers at least 50% of the height of the side walls. 40. The method of claim 37, wherein the dried reagent covers at least 75% of the height of the side walls. 41. The method of claim 37, wherein the reagent covers 100% of the height of the side walls. 42. The method of claim 37, wherein the spacer layer applied in step (b) comprises an adhesive coating and a release sheet disposed on the side of the spacer layer facing away from the first electrode, whereby a portion of the side walls is formed by the release sheet, further comprising the step of removing the release sheet after drying of the liquid reagent to expose the adhesive layer. 43. The method of claim 42, wherein the liquid reagent is introduced to the opening in a volume sufficient to fill the opening to a level that at least partially covers the portion of the side walls formed from the release sheet. 44. The method of claim 37, wherein the liquid reagent is introduced in a volume sufficient to fill the opening to a level that partially covers the side walls of the opening. 45. The method of claim 44, wherein the opening is in the form of a well that is bounded by side walls on all sides. 46. The method of claim 44, wherein the opening is in the form of a channel bounded by side walls on only two opposing sides. | An electrochemical test device is provided having a base layer with a first electrode thereon and a top layer with a second electrode thereon. The two electrodes are separated by a spacer layer having an opening therein, such that a sample-receiving space is defined with one electrode on the top surface, the other electrodes on the bottom surface and side walls formed from edges of the opening in the spacer. Reagents for performing the electrochemical reaction are deposited on one of the electrodes and on the side walls of the sample-receiving space.1-25. (canceled) 26. An electrochemical test device comprising
a first substrate having a first electrode disposed thereon, a second substrate having a second electrode disposed thereon, and a spacer disposed between the first and second substrates and having an opening therein, whereby a sample-receiving space is defined that has a first surface having the first electrode disposed thereon, a second surface, opposite the first surface, having the second electrode disposed thereon, and side walls formed from edges of the opening in the spacer; and a reagent comprising a redox active material which is oxidized at the first electrode and reduced at the second electrode when the device is used; wherein in the test device prior to introduction of a liquid sample, the reagent is disposed in a dried layer, covering at least a portion of the first or second electrode and at least a portion of the side walls, said layer extending contiguously from the covered electrode and along the side walls. 27. The device of claim 26, wherein the reagent covers at least 25% of the height of the side walls. 28. The device of claim 26, wherein the reagent covers at least 50% of the height of the side walls. 29. The device of claim 26, wherein the reagent covers at least 75% of the height of the side walls. 30. The device of claim 26, wherein the reagent covers 100% of the height of the side walls. 31. The device of claim 26, wherein the redox active material is selected from the group consisting of ferricyanide, [FeIII(CN)5(ImH)]2−, [FeIII(CN)5(Im)]3−, [RuIII(NH3)5ImH)]3+, [RuIII(NH3)5(IM)]2+, [FeII(CN)5(ImH)]3−, [RuII(NH3)5(Im)H]2+, [(NC)5FeII(Im)RuIII(NH3)5]−, [(NC)5FeIII(Im)RuIII(NH3)5]0, [(NC)5FeII(Im)RuII(NH3)5]2−, Ferrocene (Fc), Ferrocene monosulphonate, Ferrocene disulphonate, FcCO2H, FcCH2CO2H, FcCH:CHCO2H, Fc(CH2)3CO2H, Fc(CH2)4CO2H, FcCH2CH(NH2)CO2H, FcCH2SCH2CH(NH2)CO2H, FcCH2CONH2, Fc(CH2)2CONH2, Fc(CH2)3CONH2, Fc(CH2)4CONH2, FcOH, FcCH2OH, Fc(CH2)2OH, FcCH(Me)OH, FcCH2O(CH2)2OH, 1,1′-Fc(CH2OH)2, 1,2-Fc(CH2OH)2, FcNH2, FcCH2NH2, Fc(CH2)2NH2, Fc(CH2)3NH2, 1,1′-Me2FcCH2NH2, FcCH2NMe2, (R)-FcCH(Me)NMe2, (S)-FcCH(Me)NMe2, 1,2-Me3SiFcCH2NMe2, FcCH2NMe3, FcCH2NH(CH2)2NH2, 1,1′-Me2FcCH(OH)CH2NH2, FcCH(OH)CH2NH2, FcCH:CHCH(OH)CH2NH2, Fc(CH2)2CH(OH)CH2NH2, FcCH2CH(NH2)CH2OH, FcCH2CH(CH2NH2)CH2OH, FcCH2NH(CH2)2OH, 1,1′-Me2FcCHOCONHCH2, FcCH(OH)(CH2)2NH2, 1,1′-Me2FcCH(OH)CH2NHAc, FcB(OH)3, FcC6H4OPO3Na2, Os(4,7-dmphen)3, Os(3,4,7,8-tmphen)3, Os(5,6-dmphen)3, Os(bpy)3Cl2, Os(5-mphen)3, Os(5-Cl-phen)3, Os(5-NO2-phen)3, Os(5-phphen)3, Os(2,9-dm-4,7-dpphen)3, Ru(4,7-dmphen)3, Ru(3,4,7,8-tmphen)3, Ru(5-mphen)3, Ru(5,6-dmphen)3, Ru(phen)3, [Ru(4,4′-diNH2-bipy)3]2+, Os(bpy)3, Os(dmbpy)3, Ru(bpy)3, Ru(4,4′-diNH2-bpy)3, Ru(4,4′-diCO2Etbpy)3, Os(bpy)2dmbpy, Os(bpy)2(HIm)2, Os(bpy)2(2MeHIm)2, Os(bpy)2(4MeHIm)2, Os(dmbpy)2(HIm)2, Os(bpy)2Cl(HIm), Os(bpy)2Cl(1-MeIm), Os(dmbpy)2Cl(HIm), Os(dmbpy)2Cl(1-MeIm), Ru(bpy)2(5,5′diNH2-bpy), Ru(bpy)2(5,5′diCO2Etbpy), Ru(bpy)2(4,4′diCO2Etbpy), or the complementary redox forms (oxidized or reduced) thereof. 32. The device of claim 31, wherein the reagent further comprises glucose oxidase. 33. The device of claim 32, wherein the reagent covers at least 25% of the height of the side walls. 34. The device of claim 32, wherein the reagent covers at least 50% of the height of the side walls. 35. The device of claim 32, wherein the reagent covers at least 75% of the height of the side walls. 36. The device of claim 32, wherein the reagent covers 100% of the height of the side walls. 37. A method of making an electrochemical test device comprising the steps of:
(a) forming a first substrate having a first electrode disposed thereon; (b) forming a spacer layer on the first substrate, said spacer layer having an opening formed therein through which the first electrode is exposed and side walls within the opening; (c) introducing a liquid reagent comprising a redox active material into the opening in the spacer layer, (d) drying the liquid reagent to form a dried reagent, wherein the liquid reagent is introduced to the opening in such a manner that upon drying a dried reagent layer is formed covering at least a portion of the first electrode and a t least a portion of the side walls; and (e) placing a second substrate having a second electrode disposed thereon on the spacer layer aligned to have the second electrode facing the first electrode, thereby forming a sample-receiving space that has a first surface having the first electrode disposed thereon, a second surface, opposite the first surface, having the second electrode disposed thereon, and side walls formed from edges of the opening in the spacer. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the dried reagent covers at least 25% of the height of the side walls. 39. The method of claim 37, wherein the dried reagent covers at least 50% of the height of the side walls. 40. The method of claim 37, wherein the dried reagent covers at least 75% of the height of the side walls. 41. The method of claim 37, wherein the reagent covers 100% of the height of the side walls. 42. The method of claim 37, wherein the spacer layer applied in step (b) comprises an adhesive coating and a release sheet disposed on the side of the spacer layer facing away from the first electrode, whereby a portion of the side walls is formed by the release sheet, further comprising the step of removing the release sheet after drying of the liquid reagent to expose the adhesive layer. 43. The method of claim 42, wherein the liquid reagent is introduced to the opening in a volume sufficient to fill the opening to a level that at least partially covers the portion of the side walls formed from the release sheet. 44. The method of claim 37, wherein the liquid reagent is introduced in a volume sufficient to fill the opening to a level that partially covers the side walls of the opening. 45. The method of claim 44, wherein the opening is in the form of a well that is bounded by side walls on all sides. 46. The method of claim 44, wherein the opening is in the form of a channel bounded by side walls on only two opposing sides. | 1,700 |
3,967 | 14,905,054 | 1,733 | A mixed powder for powder metallurgy includes a machinability improvement powder that is crystalline layered alkaline silicate heat-treated at 400° C. to 1100° C. and whose mix proportion is in an amount of 0.01% to 1.0% by mass in terms of total content of an iron-based powder, an alloying powder, and the machinability improvement powder. Such a mixed powder not only enables a compact to be sintered without adversely affecting the environment in a sintering furnace, but also enables a sintered body having excellent lathe machinability and excellent drill machinability to be obtained. | 1.-17. (canceled) 18. A mixed powder for powder metallurgy obtained by mixing an iron-based powder, an alloying powder, a machinability improvement powder, and a lubricant, wherein the machinability improvement powder comprises crystalline layered alkaline silicate heat-treated at 400° C. to 1100° C., and a mix proportion of the machinability improvement powder is 0.01% to 1.0% by mass in terms of total content of the iron-based powder, the alloying powder, and the machinability improvement powder. 19. The mixed powder according to claim 18, wherein the machinability improvement powder further comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of an enstatite powder, a talc powder, a kaolin powder, a mica powder, a granulated slag powder, a levigated clay powder, a magnesium oxide (MgO) powder, and a powder mixture of silica (SiO2) and magnesium oxide (MgO), in an amount of 10% to 80% by mass in terms of total content of the machinability improvement powder. 20. The mixed powder according to claim 19, wherein the machinability improvement powder further comprises an alkali metal salt powder in an amount of 10% to 80% by mass in terms of total content of the machinability improvement powder. 21. The mixed powder according to claim 20, wherein the alkali metal salt powder is one or two selected from the group consisting of an alkali carbonate powder and an alkali metal soap. 22. The mixed powder according to claim 18, wherein the machinability improvement powder further comprises a calcium fluoride powder. 23. The mixed powder according to claim 18, wherein the machinability improvement powder further comprises one or two selected from the group consisting of a metal boride powder and a metal nitride powder. 24. The mixed powder according to claim 23, wherein the metal boride powder consists of at least one selected from the group consisting of TiB2, ZrB2, and NbB2, and the metal nitride powder consists of at least one selected from the group consisting of TiN, AlN, and Si3N4. 25. The mixed powder according to claim 18, wherein the machinability improvement powder further comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal sulfate and an alkaline earth metal sulfate, in an amount of 10% to 80% by mass in terms of total content of the machinability improvement powder. 26. A method of manufacturing a mixed powder for powder metallurgy by preparing and then mixing an iron-based powder, an alloying powder, a machinability improvement powder, and a lubricant to obtain a mixed powder,
wherein the machinability improvement powder comprises crystalline layered alkaline silicate heat-treated at 400° C. to 1100° C., and a mix proportion of the machinability improvement powder is 0.01% to 1.0% by mass in terms of total content of the iron-based powder, the alloying powder, and the machinability improvement powder, and the mixing includes: primary mixing in which a part or whole of the machinability improvement powder and a part of the lubricant are added, as a primary mixture material, to the iron-based powder and the alloying powder and heated to perform mixing while melting at least one type of the lubricant, and a resulting mixture is cooled for solidification; and secondary mixing in which a remaining powder of the machinability improvement powder and the lubricant is added, as a secondary mixture material, to the mixture to perform mixing. 27. The method according to claim 26, wherein the machinability improvement powder further comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of an enstatite powder, a talc powder, a kaolin powder, a mica powder, a granulated slag powder, a levigated clay powder, a magnesium oxide (MgO) powder, and a powder mixture of silica (SiO2) and magnesium oxide (MgO), in an amount of 10% to 80% by mass in terms of total content of the machinability improvement powder. 28. The method according to claim 27, wherein the machinability improvement powder further comprises an alkali metal salt powder in an amount of 10% to 80% by mass in terms of total content of the machinability improvement powder. 29. The method according to claim 28, wherein the alkali metal salt powder is one or two selected from the group consisting of an alkali carbonate powder and an alkali metal soap. 30. The method according to claim 26, wherein the machinability improvement powder further comprises a calcium fluoride powder. 31. The method according to claim 26, wherein the machinability improvement powder further comprises one or two selected from the group consisting of a metal boride powder and a metal nitride powder. 32. The method according to claim 31, wherein the metal boride powder consists of at least one selected from the group consisting of TiB2, ZrB2, and NbB2, and the metal nitride powder consists of at least one selected from the group consisting of TiN, AlN, and Si3N4. 33. The method according to claim 26, wherein the machinability improvement powder further comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal sulfate and an alkaline earth metal sulfate, in an amount of 10% to 80% by mass in terms of total content of the machinability improvement powder. 34. A method of manufacturing an iron-based powder sintered body, by filling a die with a mixed powder for powder metallurgy manufactured by the method according to claim 26, compression-forming the mixed powder into a compact, and subjecting the compact to a sintering process to obtain a sintered body. | A mixed powder for powder metallurgy includes a machinability improvement powder that is crystalline layered alkaline silicate heat-treated at 400° C. to 1100° C. and whose mix proportion is in an amount of 0.01% to 1.0% by mass in terms of total content of an iron-based powder, an alloying powder, and the machinability improvement powder. Such a mixed powder not only enables a compact to be sintered without adversely affecting the environment in a sintering furnace, but also enables a sintered body having excellent lathe machinability and excellent drill machinability to be obtained.1.-17. (canceled) 18. A mixed powder for powder metallurgy obtained by mixing an iron-based powder, an alloying powder, a machinability improvement powder, and a lubricant, wherein the machinability improvement powder comprises crystalline layered alkaline silicate heat-treated at 400° C. to 1100° C., and a mix proportion of the machinability improvement powder is 0.01% to 1.0% by mass in terms of total content of the iron-based powder, the alloying powder, and the machinability improvement powder. 19. The mixed powder according to claim 18, wherein the machinability improvement powder further comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of an enstatite powder, a talc powder, a kaolin powder, a mica powder, a granulated slag powder, a levigated clay powder, a magnesium oxide (MgO) powder, and a powder mixture of silica (SiO2) and magnesium oxide (MgO), in an amount of 10% to 80% by mass in terms of total content of the machinability improvement powder. 20. The mixed powder according to claim 19, wherein the machinability improvement powder further comprises an alkali metal salt powder in an amount of 10% to 80% by mass in terms of total content of the machinability improvement powder. 21. The mixed powder according to claim 20, wherein the alkali metal salt powder is one or two selected from the group consisting of an alkali carbonate powder and an alkali metal soap. 22. The mixed powder according to claim 18, wherein the machinability improvement powder further comprises a calcium fluoride powder. 23. The mixed powder according to claim 18, wherein the machinability improvement powder further comprises one or two selected from the group consisting of a metal boride powder and a metal nitride powder. 24. The mixed powder according to claim 23, wherein the metal boride powder consists of at least one selected from the group consisting of TiB2, ZrB2, and NbB2, and the metal nitride powder consists of at least one selected from the group consisting of TiN, AlN, and Si3N4. 25. The mixed powder according to claim 18, wherein the machinability improvement powder further comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal sulfate and an alkaline earth metal sulfate, in an amount of 10% to 80% by mass in terms of total content of the machinability improvement powder. 26. A method of manufacturing a mixed powder for powder metallurgy by preparing and then mixing an iron-based powder, an alloying powder, a machinability improvement powder, and a lubricant to obtain a mixed powder,
wherein the machinability improvement powder comprises crystalline layered alkaline silicate heat-treated at 400° C. to 1100° C., and a mix proportion of the machinability improvement powder is 0.01% to 1.0% by mass in terms of total content of the iron-based powder, the alloying powder, and the machinability improvement powder, and the mixing includes: primary mixing in which a part or whole of the machinability improvement powder and a part of the lubricant are added, as a primary mixture material, to the iron-based powder and the alloying powder and heated to perform mixing while melting at least one type of the lubricant, and a resulting mixture is cooled for solidification; and secondary mixing in which a remaining powder of the machinability improvement powder and the lubricant is added, as a secondary mixture material, to the mixture to perform mixing. 27. The method according to claim 26, wherein the machinability improvement powder further comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of an enstatite powder, a talc powder, a kaolin powder, a mica powder, a granulated slag powder, a levigated clay powder, a magnesium oxide (MgO) powder, and a powder mixture of silica (SiO2) and magnesium oxide (MgO), in an amount of 10% to 80% by mass in terms of total content of the machinability improvement powder. 28. The method according to claim 27, wherein the machinability improvement powder further comprises an alkali metal salt powder in an amount of 10% to 80% by mass in terms of total content of the machinability improvement powder. 29. The method according to claim 28, wherein the alkali metal salt powder is one or two selected from the group consisting of an alkali carbonate powder and an alkali metal soap. 30. The method according to claim 26, wherein the machinability improvement powder further comprises a calcium fluoride powder. 31. The method according to claim 26, wherein the machinability improvement powder further comprises one or two selected from the group consisting of a metal boride powder and a metal nitride powder. 32. The method according to claim 31, wherein the metal boride powder consists of at least one selected from the group consisting of TiB2, ZrB2, and NbB2, and the metal nitride powder consists of at least one selected from the group consisting of TiN, AlN, and Si3N4. 33. The method according to claim 26, wherein the machinability improvement powder further comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal sulfate and an alkaline earth metal sulfate, in an amount of 10% to 80% by mass in terms of total content of the machinability improvement powder. 34. A method of manufacturing an iron-based powder sintered body, by filling a die with a mixed powder for powder metallurgy manufactured by the method according to claim 26, compression-forming the mixed powder into a compact, and subjecting the compact to a sintering process to obtain a sintered body. | 1,700 |
3,968 | 14,397,112 | 1,748 | A method for producing a metal sheet is provided. The method includes providing a steel substrate having two faces coated by dipping the substrate in a bath, applying an acid solution with a pH comprised between 1 and 4 on the outer surfaces of the metal coatings and applying an adhesive locally on at least one outer surface of a metal coating. | 1-16. (canceled) 17. A method for producing a metal sheet, the method comprising at least the following steps:
providing a steel substrate having two faces each coated with a metal coating obtained by dipping the substrate in a bath and cooling, each metal coating comprising zinc, between 0.7 and 6 wt % of aluminum, and between 0.1 and 10 wt % of magnesium, then applying an acid solution with a pH between 1 and 4 on outer surfaces of the metal coatings, then applying an adhesive locally on at least one outer surface of a metal coating, the adhesive being at least one of structural, reinforced structural or semi-structural adhesives, sealing putties and wedging putties, then assembling with a second metal sheet via the adhesive. 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the metal coatings comprise between 0.3 and 10 wt % of magnesium. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the metal coatings comprise between 0.3 and 4 wt % of magnesium. 20. The method according to claim 17, wherein the metal coatings comprise between 1 and 6 wt % of aluminum. 21. The method according to claim 17, wherein a weight ratio between the magnesium and the aluminum in the metal coatings is less than or equal to 1. 22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the weight ratio between the magnesium and the aluminum in the metal coatings is less than 1. 23. The method according to claim 22, wherein the weight ratio between the magnesium and the aluminum in the metal coatings is less than 0.9. 24. The method according claim 17, wherein the acid solution is applied during a duration between 0.2 s and 30 s on the outer surfaces of the metal coatings. 25. The method according to claim 24, wherein the acid solution is applied during a duration between 0.2 s and 15 s on the outer surfaces of the metal coatings. 26. The method according to claim 25, wherein the acid solution is applied during a duration between 0.5 s and 15 s on the outer surfaces of the metal coatings. 27. The method according to claim 17, wherein the acid solution is a surface treatment solution for forming layers improving the corrosion resistance or adherence on the outer surfaces. 28. The method according to claim 17, the method further comprising, before the step for applying the adhesive, a surface treatment step by applying a surface treatment solution on the outer surfaces of the metal coatings to form layers improving the corrosion resistance or adherence. 29. The method according to claim 27, wherein the surface treatment solution is a conversion solution. 30. The method according to claim 17, the method further comprising, before the step for applying the adhesive, a degreasing step by applying an alkaline solution on the outer surfaces of the metal coatings. 31. The method according to claim 17, wherein the acid solution used has a pH between 1 and 3.5. 32. The method according to claim 31, wherein the acid solution has a pH between 1 and 3. 33. The method according to claim 32, wherein the acid solution has a pH between 1 and 2. 34. The method according to claim 17, wherein the acid solution comprises a silane. 35. The method according to claim 34, wherein the silane is chosen from 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and (3-glycidoxypropyl)triethoxysilane. 36. A metal sheet assembled with a second metal sheet obtainable by the method according to claim 17. | A method for producing a metal sheet is provided. The method includes providing a steel substrate having two faces coated by dipping the substrate in a bath, applying an acid solution with a pH comprised between 1 and 4 on the outer surfaces of the metal coatings and applying an adhesive locally on at least one outer surface of a metal coating.1-16. (canceled) 17. A method for producing a metal sheet, the method comprising at least the following steps:
providing a steel substrate having two faces each coated with a metal coating obtained by dipping the substrate in a bath and cooling, each metal coating comprising zinc, between 0.7 and 6 wt % of aluminum, and between 0.1 and 10 wt % of magnesium, then applying an acid solution with a pH between 1 and 4 on outer surfaces of the metal coatings, then applying an adhesive locally on at least one outer surface of a metal coating, the adhesive being at least one of structural, reinforced structural or semi-structural adhesives, sealing putties and wedging putties, then assembling with a second metal sheet via the adhesive. 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the metal coatings comprise between 0.3 and 10 wt % of magnesium. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the metal coatings comprise between 0.3 and 4 wt % of magnesium. 20. The method according to claim 17, wherein the metal coatings comprise between 1 and 6 wt % of aluminum. 21. The method according to claim 17, wherein a weight ratio between the magnesium and the aluminum in the metal coatings is less than or equal to 1. 22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the weight ratio between the magnesium and the aluminum in the metal coatings is less than 1. 23. The method according to claim 22, wherein the weight ratio between the magnesium and the aluminum in the metal coatings is less than 0.9. 24. The method according claim 17, wherein the acid solution is applied during a duration between 0.2 s and 30 s on the outer surfaces of the metal coatings. 25. The method according to claim 24, wherein the acid solution is applied during a duration between 0.2 s and 15 s on the outer surfaces of the metal coatings. 26. The method according to claim 25, wherein the acid solution is applied during a duration between 0.5 s and 15 s on the outer surfaces of the metal coatings. 27. The method according to claim 17, wherein the acid solution is a surface treatment solution for forming layers improving the corrosion resistance or adherence on the outer surfaces. 28. The method according to claim 17, the method further comprising, before the step for applying the adhesive, a surface treatment step by applying a surface treatment solution on the outer surfaces of the metal coatings to form layers improving the corrosion resistance or adherence. 29. The method according to claim 27, wherein the surface treatment solution is a conversion solution. 30. The method according to claim 17, the method further comprising, before the step for applying the adhesive, a degreasing step by applying an alkaline solution on the outer surfaces of the metal coatings. 31. The method according to claim 17, wherein the acid solution used has a pH between 1 and 3.5. 32. The method according to claim 31, wherein the acid solution has a pH between 1 and 3. 33. The method according to claim 32, wherein the acid solution has a pH between 1 and 2. 34. The method according to claim 17, wherein the acid solution comprises a silane. 35. The method according to claim 34, wherein the silane is chosen from 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and (3-glycidoxypropyl)triethoxysilane. 36. A metal sheet assembled with a second metal sheet obtainable by the method according to claim 17. | 1,700 |
3,969 | 15,535,784 | 1,797 | The present invention relates to device ( 10 ) for determining a fibrinogen level ( 20 ) in a sample ( 22 ) comprising, a first input for obtaining an attenuance signal ( 24 ) over time indicative of a fibrin polymerization of said sample ( 22 ), a second input for obtaining a reactant concentration signal ( 28 ) over time indicative of a reactant concentration in said sample ( 22 ), wherein the reactant is any substance leading to the cleavage of fibrinogen to fibrin, a simulation unit ( 16 ) running a model ( 32 ) using the reactant concentration signal ( 28 ) as an input to provide a simulated attenuance signal ( 34 ) over time, and an evaluation unit ( 18 ) configured to infer the fibrinogen level ( 20 ) of said sample ( 22 ) by comparing the attenuance signal ( 24 ) over time with the simulated attenuance signal ( 34 ) over time. | 1. Device for determining a fibrinogen level in a sample comprising:
a first input for obtaining an attenuance signal over time indicative of a fibrin polymerization of said sample; a second input for obtaining a reactant concentration signal over time indicative of a reactant concentration in said sample, wherein the reactant is any substance leading to the cleavage of fibrinogen to fibrin; a simulation unit running a model using the reactant concentration signal as an input to provide a simulated attenuance signal over time; and an evaluation unit configured to infer the fibrinogen level of said sample by comparing the attenuance signal over time with the simulated attenuance signal over time. 2. Device according to claim 1, wherein the simulation unit is configured to provide to the evaluation unit multiple simulated attenuance signals over time for a range of fibrinogen levels. 3. Device according to claim 1, wherein the evaluation unit is configured to extract one or more characteristic features from the attenuance signal and further one or more characteristic features from the simulated attenuance signal, wherein the evaluation unit is further configured to match the one or more characteristic features with the further one or more characteristic features. 4. Device according to claim 3, wherein at least one of the one or more characteristic features and at least one of the further one or more characteristic features is defined by the difference between an initial attenuance and a final attenuance of the attenuance signal. 5. Device according to claim 1, wherein the simulation unit is configured to rerun the model at least one more time with a parameter provided by the evaluation unit, such that an error between the attenuance signal and the simulated attenuance signal is minimized. 6. Device according to claim 1, wherein the simulation unit is configured to run the model which uses at least one ordinary differential equation indicative of a chemical reaction of fibrin polymerization. 7. Device according to claim 6, wherein a state variable of said at least one ordinary differential equation is the reactant concentration signal. 8. Device according to claim 1, wherein the simulation unit is configured to run the model which uses a set of coupled ordinary differential equations, each being indicative of a chemical reaction involved in fibrin polymerization, and said set is being solved by the simulation unit numerically. 9. Device according to claim 1, wherein the simulation unit is configured to run the model which uses at least a first algorithm to determine concentrations of proteins and protein complexes over time, a second algorithm to determine the average mass/length ratio of fibrin molecules from said concentrations, and a third algorithm to determine the attenuance of the sample from said mass/length ratio. 10. Device according to claim 1, wherein the reactant concentration signal over time is interpolated from a time-discrete signal to a continuous signal using a reactant specific interpolation formula. 11. System for determining a fibrinogen level in a sample comprising:
a measuring unit for providing an attenuance signal over time indicative of a fibrin polymerization of said sample; and a device according to claim 1. 12. System according to claim 11 further comprising:
a further measuring unit for providing an actual measurement of a reactant concentration of said sample. 13. System according to claim 11, wherein the measuring unit and said further measuring unit are configured to produce measurements of said sample in parallel. 14. Method for determining a fibrinogen level in a sample comprising:
obtaining an attenuance signal over time indicative of a fibrin polymerization of said sample; obtaining a reactant concentration signal over time indicative of a reactant concentration in said sample, wherein the reactant is any substance leading to the cleavage of fibrinogen to fibrin; running a model using the reactant concentration signal as an input to provide a simulated attenuance signal over time; and inferring the fibrinogen level of the sample by comparing the attenuance signal over time with the simulated attenuance signal over time. 15. Computer program comprising program code means for causing a computer to carry out the steps of the method as claimed in claim 14 when said computer program is carried out on the computer. | The present invention relates to device ( 10 ) for determining a fibrinogen level ( 20 ) in a sample ( 22 ) comprising, a first input for obtaining an attenuance signal ( 24 ) over time indicative of a fibrin polymerization of said sample ( 22 ), a second input for obtaining a reactant concentration signal ( 28 ) over time indicative of a reactant concentration in said sample ( 22 ), wherein the reactant is any substance leading to the cleavage of fibrinogen to fibrin, a simulation unit ( 16 ) running a model ( 32 ) using the reactant concentration signal ( 28 ) as an input to provide a simulated attenuance signal ( 34 ) over time, and an evaluation unit ( 18 ) configured to infer the fibrinogen level ( 20 ) of said sample ( 22 ) by comparing the attenuance signal ( 24 ) over time with the simulated attenuance signal ( 34 ) over time.1. Device for determining a fibrinogen level in a sample comprising:
a first input for obtaining an attenuance signal over time indicative of a fibrin polymerization of said sample; a second input for obtaining a reactant concentration signal over time indicative of a reactant concentration in said sample, wherein the reactant is any substance leading to the cleavage of fibrinogen to fibrin; a simulation unit running a model using the reactant concentration signal as an input to provide a simulated attenuance signal over time; and an evaluation unit configured to infer the fibrinogen level of said sample by comparing the attenuance signal over time with the simulated attenuance signal over time. 2. Device according to claim 1, wherein the simulation unit is configured to provide to the evaluation unit multiple simulated attenuance signals over time for a range of fibrinogen levels. 3. Device according to claim 1, wherein the evaluation unit is configured to extract one or more characteristic features from the attenuance signal and further one or more characteristic features from the simulated attenuance signal, wherein the evaluation unit is further configured to match the one or more characteristic features with the further one or more characteristic features. 4. Device according to claim 3, wherein at least one of the one or more characteristic features and at least one of the further one or more characteristic features is defined by the difference between an initial attenuance and a final attenuance of the attenuance signal. 5. Device according to claim 1, wherein the simulation unit is configured to rerun the model at least one more time with a parameter provided by the evaluation unit, such that an error between the attenuance signal and the simulated attenuance signal is minimized. 6. Device according to claim 1, wherein the simulation unit is configured to run the model which uses at least one ordinary differential equation indicative of a chemical reaction of fibrin polymerization. 7. Device according to claim 6, wherein a state variable of said at least one ordinary differential equation is the reactant concentration signal. 8. Device according to claim 1, wherein the simulation unit is configured to run the model which uses a set of coupled ordinary differential equations, each being indicative of a chemical reaction involved in fibrin polymerization, and said set is being solved by the simulation unit numerically. 9. Device according to claim 1, wherein the simulation unit is configured to run the model which uses at least a first algorithm to determine concentrations of proteins and protein complexes over time, a second algorithm to determine the average mass/length ratio of fibrin molecules from said concentrations, and a third algorithm to determine the attenuance of the sample from said mass/length ratio. 10. Device according to claim 1, wherein the reactant concentration signal over time is interpolated from a time-discrete signal to a continuous signal using a reactant specific interpolation formula. 11. System for determining a fibrinogen level in a sample comprising:
a measuring unit for providing an attenuance signal over time indicative of a fibrin polymerization of said sample; and a device according to claim 1. 12. System according to claim 11 further comprising:
a further measuring unit for providing an actual measurement of a reactant concentration of said sample. 13. System according to claim 11, wherein the measuring unit and said further measuring unit are configured to produce measurements of said sample in parallel. 14. Method for determining a fibrinogen level in a sample comprising:
obtaining an attenuance signal over time indicative of a fibrin polymerization of said sample; obtaining a reactant concentration signal over time indicative of a reactant concentration in said sample, wherein the reactant is any substance leading to the cleavage of fibrinogen to fibrin; running a model using the reactant concentration signal as an input to provide a simulated attenuance signal over time; and inferring the fibrinogen level of the sample by comparing the attenuance signal over time with the simulated attenuance signal over time. 15. Computer program comprising program code means for causing a computer to carry out the steps of the method as claimed in claim 14 when said computer program is carried out on the computer. | 1,700 |
3,970 | 14,443,426 | 1,788 | The present disclosure is directed to a multilayer pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) assembly, comprising at least one pressure sensitive adhesive layer and a polymeric foam layer, wherein the pressure sensitive adhesive layer comprises a pressure-sensitive adhesive composition comprising a reaction product of a polymerizable material comprising: a) 2-propylheptyl acrylate as a first monomer; and optionally b) a second monomer having an ethylenically unsaturated group. The present disclosure is also directed to a method of manufacturing such a multilayer PSA assembly. | 1-15. (canceled) 16. A multilayer PSA assembly comprising:
i. a propylheptyl acrylate adhesive copolymer layer comprising:
a) from 50 to 99.5 weight percent of 2-propylheptyl acrylate as a first monomer;
b) from 1.0 to 50 weight percent of a second non-polar monomer;
c) from 0.1 to 15 weight percent of a third polar acrylate monomer; and
d) an optional tackifying resin,
wherein the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the copolymer; and
ii. a second acrylate pressure sensitive adhesive foam layer. 17. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 16, wherein the second monomer comprises a non-polar alkyl (meth)acrylate ester having an alkyl group comprising preferably from 1 to 30 carbon atoms. 18. The multilayer PSA assembly according to claim 17, wherein the second monomer has a glass transition temperature (TO of at least 20° C. 19. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 18, wherein the second monomer is selected from the group consisting of isobornyl (meth)acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, isophoryl (meth)acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, N-vinyl caprolactam, and any combinations or mixtures thereof. 20. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 16, wherein the copolymer material further compri2121ses a crosslinker, in an amount of 0.01 to 5 weight percent, based on the total weight of the copolymer. 21. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 16, wherein the pressure-sensitive adhesive composition further comprises a tackifying resin in an amount from 3 to 100 parts per 100 parts of the copolymer. 22. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 21, wherein the tackifying resin is selected from the group consisting of C5-based hydrocarbon resins, C9-based hydrocarbon resins, C5/C9-based hydrocarbon resins, and any combinations or mixtures thereof. 23. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 21, wherein the tackifying resin is selected from the group consisting of hydrogenated terpene resins, hydrogenated rosin resins, hydrogenated C5-based hydrocarbon resins, hydrogenated C9-based hydrocarbon resins, hydrogenated C5/C9-based hydrocarbon resins, and any combinations or mixtures thereof. 24. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 16 in the form of a skin/core multilayer pressure sensitive adhesive assembly, wherein the acrylate pressure sensitive adhesive foam layer (ii) is the core layer and the propylheptyl acrylate adhesive layer is a skin layer. 25. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 24, which further comprises a third pressure sensitive adhesive layer which is adjacent to the acrylate pressure sensitive adhesive foam layer on the side of which is opposed to the propylheptyl acrylate adhesive layer. 26. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 24, which further comprises at least one intermediate layer between the propylheptyl acrylate adhesive layer and/or the third pressure sensitive adhesive layer and the foam layer. 27. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 16 wherein the second acrylate pressure sensitive adhesive foam layer comprises at least one filler material selected from the group consisting of filler particles, microspheres, expandable microspheres, glass beads, glass microspheres, hydrophobic silica type fillers, hydrophilic silica type fillers, fibers, electrically and/or thermally conducting particles, nanoparticles, and any combinations thereof. 28. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 27, wherein the filler material comprises expanded perlite. 29. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 27 wherein the filler material comprises expandable microspheres. 30. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 16, which is further provided with a release liner on at least one of its major surfaces. 31. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 16, wherein the copolymer comprises from 0.1 to 10 weight percent of a strongly polar acrylate monomers, based on a total weight of copolymer. 32. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 31, wherein the copolymer comprises from 2 to 8 weight percent of the strongly polar acrylate monomers, based on a total weight of copolymer. 33. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 31 wherein the strongly polar monomer is selected from (meth)acrylic acid, itaconic acid, fumaric acid, crotonic acid, citronic acid, maleic acid, β-carboxyethyl acrylate and sulfoethyl methacrylate. 34. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 16 wherein the second acrylate pressure sensitive adhesive foam layer is crosslinked. 35. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 16, wherein the copolymer comprises from 0.1 to 10 weight percent of a polar acrylate monomers, based on a total weight of copolymer 36. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 35, wherein the polar monomers are selected from hydroxyalkyl acrylates, acrylamides and substituted acrylamides, acrylamines and substituted acrylamines, and any combinations or mixtures thereof. | The present disclosure is directed to a multilayer pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) assembly, comprising at least one pressure sensitive adhesive layer and a polymeric foam layer, wherein the pressure sensitive adhesive layer comprises a pressure-sensitive adhesive composition comprising a reaction product of a polymerizable material comprising: a) 2-propylheptyl acrylate as a first monomer; and optionally b) a second monomer having an ethylenically unsaturated group. The present disclosure is also directed to a method of manufacturing such a multilayer PSA assembly.1-15. (canceled) 16. A multilayer PSA assembly comprising:
i. a propylheptyl acrylate adhesive copolymer layer comprising:
a) from 50 to 99.5 weight percent of 2-propylheptyl acrylate as a first monomer;
b) from 1.0 to 50 weight percent of a second non-polar monomer;
c) from 0.1 to 15 weight percent of a third polar acrylate monomer; and
d) an optional tackifying resin,
wherein the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the copolymer; and
ii. a second acrylate pressure sensitive adhesive foam layer. 17. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 16, wherein the second monomer comprises a non-polar alkyl (meth)acrylate ester having an alkyl group comprising preferably from 1 to 30 carbon atoms. 18. The multilayer PSA assembly according to claim 17, wherein the second monomer has a glass transition temperature (TO of at least 20° C. 19. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 18, wherein the second monomer is selected from the group consisting of isobornyl (meth)acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, isophoryl (meth)acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, N-vinyl caprolactam, and any combinations or mixtures thereof. 20. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 16, wherein the copolymer material further compri2121ses a crosslinker, in an amount of 0.01 to 5 weight percent, based on the total weight of the copolymer. 21. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 16, wherein the pressure-sensitive adhesive composition further comprises a tackifying resin in an amount from 3 to 100 parts per 100 parts of the copolymer. 22. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 21, wherein the tackifying resin is selected from the group consisting of C5-based hydrocarbon resins, C9-based hydrocarbon resins, C5/C9-based hydrocarbon resins, and any combinations or mixtures thereof. 23. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 21, wherein the tackifying resin is selected from the group consisting of hydrogenated terpene resins, hydrogenated rosin resins, hydrogenated C5-based hydrocarbon resins, hydrogenated C9-based hydrocarbon resins, hydrogenated C5/C9-based hydrocarbon resins, and any combinations or mixtures thereof. 24. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 16 in the form of a skin/core multilayer pressure sensitive adhesive assembly, wherein the acrylate pressure sensitive adhesive foam layer (ii) is the core layer and the propylheptyl acrylate adhesive layer is a skin layer. 25. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 24, which further comprises a third pressure sensitive adhesive layer which is adjacent to the acrylate pressure sensitive adhesive foam layer on the side of which is opposed to the propylheptyl acrylate adhesive layer. 26. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 24, which further comprises at least one intermediate layer between the propylheptyl acrylate adhesive layer and/or the third pressure sensitive adhesive layer and the foam layer. 27. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 16 wherein the second acrylate pressure sensitive adhesive foam layer comprises at least one filler material selected from the group consisting of filler particles, microspheres, expandable microspheres, glass beads, glass microspheres, hydrophobic silica type fillers, hydrophilic silica type fillers, fibers, electrically and/or thermally conducting particles, nanoparticles, and any combinations thereof. 28. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 27, wherein the filler material comprises expanded perlite. 29. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 27 wherein the filler material comprises expandable microspheres. 30. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 16, which is further provided with a release liner on at least one of its major surfaces. 31. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 16, wherein the copolymer comprises from 0.1 to 10 weight percent of a strongly polar acrylate monomers, based on a total weight of copolymer. 32. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 31, wherein the copolymer comprises from 2 to 8 weight percent of the strongly polar acrylate monomers, based on a total weight of copolymer. 33. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 31 wherein the strongly polar monomer is selected from (meth)acrylic acid, itaconic acid, fumaric acid, crotonic acid, citronic acid, maleic acid, β-carboxyethyl acrylate and sulfoethyl methacrylate. 34. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 16 wherein the second acrylate pressure sensitive adhesive foam layer is crosslinked. 35. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 16, wherein the copolymer comprises from 0.1 to 10 weight percent of a polar acrylate monomers, based on a total weight of copolymer 36. The multilayer PSA assembly of claim 35, wherein the polar monomers are selected from hydroxyalkyl acrylates, acrylamides and substituted acrylamides, acrylamines and substituted acrylamines, and any combinations or mixtures thereof. | 1,700 |
3,971 | 15,721,060 | 1,797 | Provided herein are methodologies where a glycosylated protein or peptide is subjected to peptide bond cleavage to produce a glycan amino acid complex wherein the N-linked or O-linked glycan is attached. A derivatization reagent is then attached to the N terminus of the amino acid to provide a labeled glycan amino acid complex. The labeled glycan amino acid complex is then separated from the matrix via one or more methods including HILIC SPE, and injected directly onto an LC or LC/MS system for analysis, detection and characterization of the glycosylated protein or the peptide. | 1. A method of characterizing glycosylation of protein or peptide comprising the steps of:
providing a plurality of glycosylated proteins and/or peptides; denaturing the plurality glycosylated proteins and/or peptides with a denaturing solution to produce a denatured mixture, wherein the denaturing solution comprises a MS compatible surfactant, an organic solvent, urea and/or guanidine; combining the denatured mixture with a plurality of proteases to produce a glycan amino acid complex, wherein the plurality of proteases cleave the protein or the peptide; purifying the glycan amino acid complex with HILIC SPE, wherein the glycan amino acid complex is isolated; and tagging the glycan amino acid complex with a tagging reagent to produce a labeled glycan amino acid complex; detecting the labeled glycan amino acid complex; and characterizing glycosylation of the protein or peptide through detection of the labeled glycan amino acid complex. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the denaturing solution comprises sodium 3-[(2-methyl-2-undecyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methoxy]-1-propanesulfonate. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the protein or the peptide is digested using pepsin in-solution. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the protein or the peptide is digested with immobilized pepsin. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the protein or the peptide is digested with pronase in-solution. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the protein or the peptide is digested with immobilized pronase. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the protein or the peptide is digested with trypsin in-solution. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the protein or the peptide is digested with immobilized trypsin 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the protein or the peptide is digested with chymotrypsin in-solution having a pH of 7.5 to 9.0. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the protein or the peptide is denatured at a temperature between about 50° C. to 90° C. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein immobilized endopeptidases and exopeptidases are concomitantly used to digest the protein or the peptide. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the tagging reagent is an amphipathic compound having a non-polar surface area of greater than about 200 Å and a basic residue with a pKa greater than about 7, and a conjugate of the amphipathic compound and the glycan amino acid complex is formed. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein said non-polar surface area is between about 200 Åand about 1000 Å. 14. The method according to claim 12, wherein said non-polar surface area is between about 200 Å and about 500 Å. 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein the protein or the peptide has serine, threonine, tyrosine or hydroxylysine attached to a glycan. 16. The method according to claim 1, wherein the labeled glycan amino acid complex is detected through liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, fluorescence and/or ultraviolet detection. 17. A method of characterizing glycosylation of a protein or a peptide comprising the steps of:
providing a plurality of glycosylated proteins and/or peptides; mixing the plurality of glycosylated proteins and/or peptides with a plurality of proteases and a digestion buffer, wherein the plurality of proteases cleave the protein and/or the peptide with serine, threonine, tyrosine or hydroxylysine to produce a glycan amino acid complex; and tagging the glycan amino acid complex with a tagging reagent to produce a labeled glycan amino acid complex; detecting the labeled glycan amino acid complex; and characterizing glycosylation of the protein and/or the peptide through a LC, MS or LC/MS analysis and detection of the labeled glycan amino acid complex. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the digestion buffer is MS compatible. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the digestion buffer is not MS compatible. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the proteases are immobilized. 21. The method of claim 17, wherein the proteases are not immobilized. 22. The method of claim 17, wherein the proteases are a mixture of immobilized proteases and non-immobilized proteases. 23. The method of claim 17, wherein the protease is mixed alone or in combination with other type of proteases. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the protease are sequentially mixed with the digestion buffer. 25. The method of claim 17, wherein the protein is partially digested. 26. The method of claim 17, further comprising the step of purifying the glycan amino acid complex with HILIC SPE and isolating the glycan amino acid complex from the matrix. 27. The method of claim 17, further comprising the step of purifying the labeled glycan amino acid complex and isolating the labeled glycan amino acid complex. 28. A method of making a labeled glycan amino acid complex for use in glycosylation analysis comprising the steps of:
releasing a glycan amino acid complex from a protein or a peptide; and labeling the glycan amino acid complex with a tagging reagent to produce an analysis-ready glycan amino acid complex. 29. The method of making a labeled glycan amino acid complex of claim 28, further comprising the step of denaturing the protein or the peptide. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the peptides or the proteins are denatured with a denaturing solution to produce a denatured mixture, the denaturing solution comprising a MS compatible surfactant, an organic solvent, urea or quinidine. 31. The method of claim 28, further comprising the step of purifying the glycan amino acid complex. 32. The method of claim 28, further comprising the step of purifying the tagged glycan amino acid complex. 33. The method of claim 28, wherein the tagging reagent is a rapid tagging reagent. 34. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of proteases comprises an enzyme or a plurality of different enzymes. 35. The method of claim 35 wherein each enzyme of the plurality of different enzymes is added to the denatured mixture all at once, or sequentially. | Provided herein are methodologies where a glycosylated protein or peptide is subjected to peptide bond cleavage to produce a glycan amino acid complex wherein the N-linked or O-linked glycan is attached. A derivatization reagent is then attached to the N terminus of the amino acid to provide a labeled glycan amino acid complex. The labeled glycan amino acid complex is then separated from the matrix via one or more methods including HILIC SPE, and injected directly onto an LC or LC/MS system for analysis, detection and characterization of the glycosylated protein or the peptide.1. A method of characterizing glycosylation of protein or peptide comprising the steps of:
providing a plurality of glycosylated proteins and/or peptides; denaturing the plurality glycosylated proteins and/or peptides with a denaturing solution to produce a denatured mixture, wherein the denaturing solution comprises a MS compatible surfactant, an organic solvent, urea and/or guanidine; combining the denatured mixture with a plurality of proteases to produce a glycan amino acid complex, wherein the plurality of proteases cleave the protein or the peptide; purifying the glycan amino acid complex with HILIC SPE, wherein the glycan amino acid complex is isolated; and tagging the glycan amino acid complex with a tagging reagent to produce a labeled glycan amino acid complex; detecting the labeled glycan amino acid complex; and characterizing glycosylation of the protein or peptide through detection of the labeled glycan amino acid complex. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the denaturing solution comprises sodium 3-[(2-methyl-2-undecyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methoxy]-1-propanesulfonate. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the protein or the peptide is digested using pepsin in-solution. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the protein or the peptide is digested with immobilized pepsin. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the protein or the peptide is digested with pronase in-solution. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the protein or the peptide is digested with immobilized pronase. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the protein or the peptide is digested with trypsin in-solution. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the protein or the peptide is digested with immobilized trypsin 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the protein or the peptide is digested with chymotrypsin in-solution having a pH of 7.5 to 9.0. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the protein or the peptide is denatured at a temperature between about 50° C. to 90° C. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein immobilized endopeptidases and exopeptidases are concomitantly used to digest the protein or the peptide. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the tagging reagent is an amphipathic compound having a non-polar surface area of greater than about 200 Å and a basic residue with a pKa greater than about 7, and a conjugate of the amphipathic compound and the glycan amino acid complex is formed. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein said non-polar surface area is between about 200 Åand about 1000 Å. 14. The method according to claim 12, wherein said non-polar surface area is between about 200 Å and about 500 Å. 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein the protein or the peptide has serine, threonine, tyrosine or hydroxylysine attached to a glycan. 16. The method according to claim 1, wherein the labeled glycan amino acid complex is detected through liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, fluorescence and/or ultraviolet detection. 17. A method of characterizing glycosylation of a protein or a peptide comprising the steps of:
providing a plurality of glycosylated proteins and/or peptides; mixing the plurality of glycosylated proteins and/or peptides with a plurality of proteases and a digestion buffer, wherein the plurality of proteases cleave the protein and/or the peptide with serine, threonine, tyrosine or hydroxylysine to produce a glycan amino acid complex; and tagging the glycan amino acid complex with a tagging reagent to produce a labeled glycan amino acid complex; detecting the labeled glycan amino acid complex; and characterizing glycosylation of the protein and/or the peptide through a LC, MS or LC/MS analysis and detection of the labeled glycan amino acid complex. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the digestion buffer is MS compatible. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the digestion buffer is not MS compatible. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the proteases are immobilized. 21. The method of claim 17, wherein the proteases are not immobilized. 22. The method of claim 17, wherein the proteases are a mixture of immobilized proteases and non-immobilized proteases. 23. The method of claim 17, wherein the protease is mixed alone or in combination with other type of proteases. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the protease are sequentially mixed with the digestion buffer. 25. The method of claim 17, wherein the protein is partially digested. 26. The method of claim 17, further comprising the step of purifying the glycan amino acid complex with HILIC SPE and isolating the glycan amino acid complex from the matrix. 27. The method of claim 17, further comprising the step of purifying the labeled glycan amino acid complex and isolating the labeled glycan amino acid complex. 28. A method of making a labeled glycan amino acid complex for use in glycosylation analysis comprising the steps of:
releasing a glycan amino acid complex from a protein or a peptide; and labeling the glycan amino acid complex with a tagging reagent to produce an analysis-ready glycan amino acid complex. 29. The method of making a labeled glycan amino acid complex of claim 28, further comprising the step of denaturing the protein or the peptide. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the peptides or the proteins are denatured with a denaturing solution to produce a denatured mixture, the denaturing solution comprising a MS compatible surfactant, an organic solvent, urea or quinidine. 31. The method of claim 28, further comprising the step of purifying the glycan amino acid complex. 32. The method of claim 28, further comprising the step of purifying the tagged glycan amino acid complex. 33. The method of claim 28, wherein the tagging reagent is a rapid tagging reagent. 34. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of proteases comprises an enzyme or a plurality of different enzymes. 35. The method of claim 35 wherein each enzyme of the plurality of different enzymes is added to the denatured mixture all at once, or sequentially. | 1,700 |
3,972 | 14,854,669 | 1,722 | Liquid-crystalline medium which comprises at least one compound of the formula I,
in which
R 1 and R 1* each, independently of one another, denote an alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1 to 15 C atoms, where, in addition, one or more CH 2 groups in these radicals may each be replaced, independently of one another, by —C≡C—, —CF 2 O—, —OCF 2 —, —CH═CH—,
—O—, —CO—O—, —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another, and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by halogen,
L 1 and L 2 each, independently of one another, denote F, Cl, CF 3 or CHF 2 ,
and the use thereof for an active-matrix display, in particular based on the VA, PSA, PA-VA, PS-VA, PALC, IPS, PS-IPS, FFS or PS-FFS effect. | 1. A liquid-crystalline medium based on a mixture of polar compounds, which comprises at least one compound of the formula I,
in which
R1 and
R1* each, independently of one another, denote an alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1 to 15 C atoms, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may each be replaced, independently of one another, by —C≡C—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CH═CH—,
—O—, —CO—O—, —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another, and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by halogen,
L1 and L2 each, independently of one another, denote F, Cl, CF3 or CHF2. 2. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, wherein the medium comprises at least one compound of the formulae I-1 to I-10,
in which
alkyl and alkyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms,
alkenyl and alkenyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2-6 C atoms,
alkoxy and alkoxy* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkoxy radical having 1-6 C atoms, and
L1 and L2 each, independently of one another, denote F, Cl, CF3 or CHF2. 3. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, wherein the medium comprises at least one compound from the group of the compounds of the formulae I-2.1 to I-2.49, I-6.1 to I-6.28 and I-6B.1 to I-6B.3,
in which L1 and L2 have the meanings indicated in claim 1. 4. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, wherein L1 and L2 in the formula I each denote F. 5. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, which additionally comprises one or more compounds selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae IIA, IIB and IIC,
in which
R2A, R2B and R2C each, independently of one another, denote H, an alkyl or alkenyl radical having 1 to 15 C atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF3 or at least monosubstituted by halogen, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may be replaced by —O—, —S—,
—C≡C—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
L1-4 each, independently of one another, denote F, Cl, CF3 or CHF2,
Z2 and Z2′ each, independently of one another, denote a single bond, —CH2CH2—, —CH═CH—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CH2O—, —OCH2—, —COO—, —OCO—, —C2F4—, —CF═CF— or —CH═CHCH2O—,
(O) denotes an optionally present —O— group,
p denotes 0, 1 or 2,
q denotes 0 or 1, and
v denotes 1 to 6. 6. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, which additionally comprises one or more compounds of the formula III,
in which
R31 and R32 each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxyalkyl or alkoxy radical having 1 to 12 C atoms, and
denotes
Z3 denotes a single bond, —CH2CH2—, —CH═CH—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CH2O—, —OCH2—, —COO—, —OCO—, —C2F4—, —C4H9— or —CF═CF—. 7. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, which additionally comprises one or more compounds of the formulae L-1 to L-11.
in which
R, R1 and R2 each, independently of one another, denote H, an alkyl or alkenyl radical having 1 to 15 C atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF3 or at least monosubstituted by halogen, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may be replaced by —O—, —S—,
—C≡C—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
alkyl denotes an alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms,
(O) denotes an optionally present —O— group,
and
s denotes 1 or 2. 8. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, which additionally comprises one or more terphenyls of the formulae T-1 to T-21,
in which
R denotes a straight-chain alkyl, alkenyl or alkoxy radical having 1-7 C atoms,
(O) denotes an optionally present —O— group, and
m denotes 1-6. 9. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, which additionally comprises one or more compounds of the formulae O-1 to O-18,
in which
R1 and R2 each, independently of one another,
denote H, an alkyl or alkenyl radical having 1 to 15 C atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF3 or at least monosubstituted by halogen, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may be replaced by —O—, —S—,
—C≡C—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another. 10. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, which additionally comprises one or more compounds selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae O-6, O-7 and O-17,
in which
R1 denotes alkyl or alkenyl having 1-6 or 2-6 C atoms and R2 denotes alkenyl having 2-6 C atoms. 11. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, which additionally comprises one or more indane compounds of the formula In,
in which
R11, R12, R13 denote a straight-chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl or alkenyl radical having 1-5 C atoms,
R12 and R13 additionally also denote halogen,
denotes
and
i denotes 0, 1 or 2. 12. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, which additionally comprises one or more compounds of the formulae BF-1 and BF-2,
in which
R1 and R2 each, independently of one another, denote H, an alkyl or alkenyl radical having 1 to 15 C atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF3 or at least monosubstituted by halogen, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may be replaced by —O—, —S—,
—C≡C—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
c denotes 1 or 2, and
d denotes 1 or 2. 13. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, wherein the proportion of compounds of the formula I in the mixture as a whole is 1-40% by weight. 14. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, wherein the medium comprises at least one polymerisable compound. 15. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, wherein the medium comprises one or more additives. 16. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 15, wherein the additive is selected from the group free-radical scavenger, antioxidant and/or UV stabiliser. 17. Process for the preparation of a liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, comprising mixing at least one compound of the formula I with at least one further liquid-crystalline compound, and optionally mixing with one or more additives and further optionally mixing with at least one polymerisable compound. 18. An electro-optical display having active-matrix addressing, which comprises, as dielectric, a liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1. 19. The electro-optical display according to claim 18, which is a VA, PSA, PA-VA, PS-VA, PALC, IPS, PS-IPS, FFS or PS-FFS display. 20. A compound of the formula I-6B,
in which
alkoxy denotes a straight-chain alkoxy radical having 1-6 C atoms, and
L1 and L2 each, independently of one another, denote F, Cl, CF3 or CHF2. | Liquid-crystalline medium which comprises at least one compound of the formula I,
in which
R 1 and R 1* each, independently of one another, denote an alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1 to 15 C atoms, where, in addition, one or more CH 2 groups in these radicals may each be replaced, independently of one another, by —C≡C—, —CF 2 O—, —OCF 2 —, —CH═CH—,
—O—, —CO—O—, —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another, and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by halogen,
L 1 and L 2 each, independently of one another, denote F, Cl, CF 3 or CHF 2 ,
and the use thereof for an active-matrix display, in particular based on the VA, PSA, PA-VA, PS-VA, PALC, IPS, PS-IPS, FFS or PS-FFS effect.1. A liquid-crystalline medium based on a mixture of polar compounds, which comprises at least one compound of the formula I,
in which
R1 and
R1* each, independently of one another, denote an alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1 to 15 C atoms, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may each be replaced, independently of one another, by —C≡C—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CH═CH—,
—O—, —CO—O—, —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another, and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by halogen,
L1 and L2 each, independently of one another, denote F, Cl, CF3 or CHF2. 2. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, wherein the medium comprises at least one compound of the formulae I-1 to I-10,
in which
alkyl and alkyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms,
alkenyl and alkenyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2-6 C atoms,
alkoxy and alkoxy* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkoxy radical having 1-6 C atoms, and
L1 and L2 each, independently of one another, denote F, Cl, CF3 or CHF2. 3. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, wherein the medium comprises at least one compound from the group of the compounds of the formulae I-2.1 to I-2.49, I-6.1 to I-6.28 and I-6B.1 to I-6B.3,
in which L1 and L2 have the meanings indicated in claim 1. 4. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, wherein L1 and L2 in the formula I each denote F. 5. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, which additionally comprises one or more compounds selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae IIA, IIB and IIC,
in which
R2A, R2B and R2C each, independently of one another, denote H, an alkyl or alkenyl radical having 1 to 15 C atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF3 or at least monosubstituted by halogen, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may be replaced by —O—, —S—,
—C≡C—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
L1-4 each, independently of one another, denote F, Cl, CF3 or CHF2,
Z2 and Z2′ each, independently of one another, denote a single bond, —CH2CH2—, —CH═CH—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CH2O—, —OCH2—, —COO—, —OCO—, —C2F4—, —CF═CF— or —CH═CHCH2O—,
(O) denotes an optionally present —O— group,
p denotes 0, 1 or 2,
q denotes 0 or 1, and
v denotes 1 to 6. 6. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, which additionally comprises one or more compounds of the formula III,
in which
R31 and R32 each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxyalkyl or alkoxy radical having 1 to 12 C atoms, and
denotes
Z3 denotes a single bond, —CH2CH2—, —CH═CH—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CH2O—, —OCH2—, —COO—, —OCO—, —C2F4—, —C4H9— or —CF═CF—. 7. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, which additionally comprises one or more compounds of the formulae L-1 to L-11.
in which
R, R1 and R2 each, independently of one another, denote H, an alkyl or alkenyl radical having 1 to 15 C atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF3 or at least monosubstituted by halogen, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may be replaced by —O—, —S—,
—C≡C—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
alkyl denotes an alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms,
(O) denotes an optionally present —O— group,
and
s denotes 1 or 2. 8. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, which additionally comprises one or more terphenyls of the formulae T-1 to T-21,
in which
R denotes a straight-chain alkyl, alkenyl or alkoxy radical having 1-7 C atoms,
(O) denotes an optionally present —O— group, and
m denotes 1-6. 9. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, which additionally comprises one or more compounds of the formulae O-1 to O-18,
in which
R1 and R2 each, independently of one another,
denote H, an alkyl or alkenyl radical having 1 to 15 C atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF3 or at least monosubstituted by halogen, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may be replaced by —O—, —S—,
—C≡C—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another. 10. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, which additionally comprises one or more compounds selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae O-6, O-7 and O-17,
in which
R1 denotes alkyl or alkenyl having 1-6 or 2-6 C atoms and R2 denotes alkenyl having 2-6 C atoms. 11. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, which additionally comprises one or more indane compounds of the formula In,
in which
R11, R12, R13 denote a straight-chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl or alkenyl radical having 1-5 C atoms,
R12 and R13 additionally also denote halogen,
denotes
and
i denotes 0, 1 or 2. 12. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, which additionally comprises one or more compounds of the formulae BF-1 and BF-2,
in which
R1 and R2 each, independently of one another, denote H, an alkyl or alkenyl radical having 1 to 15 C atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF3 or at least monosubstituted by halogen, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may be replaced by —O—, —S—,
—C≡C—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
c denotes 1 or 2, and
d denotes 1 or 2. 13. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, wherein the proportion of compounds of the formula I in the mixture as a whole is 1-40% by weight. 14. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, wherein the medium comprises at least one polymerisable compound. 15. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, wherein the medium comprises one or more additives. 16. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 15, wherein the additive is selected from the group free-radical scavenger, antioxidant and/or UV stabiliser. 17. Process for the preparation of a liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, comprising mixing at least one compound of the formula I with at least one further liquid-crystalline compound, and optionally mixing with one or more additives and further optionally mixing with at least one polymerisable compound. 18. An electro-optical display having active-matrix addressing, which comprises, as dielectric, a liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1. 19. The electro-optical display according to claim 18, which is a VA, PSA, PA-VA, PS-VA, PALC, IPS, PS-IPS, FFS or PS-FFS display. 20. A compound of the formula I-6B,
in which
alkoxy denotes a straight-chain alkoxy radical having 1-6 C atoms, and
L1 and L2 each, independently of one another, denote F, Cl, CF3 or CHF2. | 1,700 |
3,973 | 15,797,154 | 1,792 | A yogurt-based food product is packaged in a container, including a bottom wall and a sidewall, by depositing a mix-in in a center of the bottom wall and then driving the mix-in from the center of the bottom wall to the sidewall with a blast of gas. Afterwards, a dairy or plant-based product is deposited in the container. The mix-in is in contact with the bottom wall and the sidewall, and a height of the mix-in is greater at the sidewall than at a center point of the bottom wall. | 1. A method for packaging a food product in a container including a bottom wall and a sidewall, the method comprising:
depositing a mix-in in a center of the bottom wall; driving the mix-in from the center of the bottom wall to the sidewall with a blast of gas; and depositing a dairy or plant-based product in the container. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein driving the mix-in from the center of the bottom wall to the sidewall includes causing the mix-in to contact the sidewall. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein driving the mix-in from the center of the bottom wall to the sidewall includes causing a height of the mix-in to be greater at the sidewall than at a center point of the bottom wall. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein driving the mix-in from the center of the bottom wall to the sidewall includes causing the mix-in to not cover a center point of the bottom wall. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein depositing the mix-in in the center of the bottom wall includes causing the mix-in to form a partial sphere. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein driving the mix-in from the center of the bottom wall to the sidewall includes causing the mix-in to form a torus. 7. The method of claim 2, wherein driving the mix-in from the center of the bottom wall to the sidewall includes driving the mix-in outward in all directions simultaneously. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the container is fully or partially transparent or translucent. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein at least a portion of the sidewall is transparent or translucent. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the mix-in comprises a viscous liquid that tends to clump in the center of the bottom wall. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the mix-in comprises fruit. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the dairy or plant-based product comprises milk. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the dairy or plant-based product further comprises a yogurt culture. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein depositing the dairy or plant-based product in the container includes depositing yogurt. 15-25. (canceled) 26. The method of claim 1, wherein at least a majority the mix-in which is driven from the center of the bottom wall to the sidewall remains at the sidewall after depositing of the dairy or plant-based product in the container. 27. The method of claim 1, wherein the mix-in which is driven from the center of the bottom wall to the sidewall remains at the sidewall after depositing of the dairy or plant-based product in the container. 28. The method of claim 1, further comprising: controlling the blast of gas to avoid splattering of the mix-in over the sidewall. 29. The method of claim 11, wherein the fruit is strawberries, blueberries, cherries, lemons or peaches. 30. The method of claim 1, wherein depositing the mix-in includes depositing coconut in the center of the bottom wall. 31. A method for packaging a food product in a container including a bottom wall and a sidewall, the method comprising:
depositing a mix-in in a center of the bottom wall; dispersing at least a majority of the mix-in from the center of the bottom wall to the sidewall with a blast of fluid; and after dispersing the mix-in, depositing a dairy or plant-based product in the container. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the fluid is sterilized air. 33. The method of claim 31, wherein the fluid is carbon dioxide or nitrogen. 34. The method of claim 31, further comprising: controlling the blast of fluid to avoid splattering of the mix-in over the sidewall. | A yogurt-based food product is packaged in a container, including a bottom wall and a sidewall, by depositing a mix-in in a center of the bottom wall and then driving the mix-in from the center of the bottom wall to the sidewall with a blast of gas. Afterwards, a dairy or plant-based product is deposited in the container. The mix-in is in contact with the bottom wall and the sidewall, and a height of the mix-in is greater at the sidewall than at a center point of the bottom wall.1. A method for packaging a food product in a container including a bottom wall and a sidewall, the method comprising:
depositing a mix-in in a center of the bottom wall; driving the mix-in from the center of the bottom wall to the sidewall with a blast of gas; and depositing a dairy or plant-based product in the container. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein driving the mix-in from the center of the bottom wall to the sidewall includes causing the mix-in to contact the sidewall. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein driving the mix-in from the center of the bottom wall to the sidewall includes causing a height of the mix-in to be greater at the sidewall than at a center point of the bottom wall. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein driving the mix-in from the center of the bottom wall to the sidewall includes causing the mix-in to not cover a center point of the bottom wall. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein depositing the mix-in in the center of the bottom wall includes causing the mix-in to form a partial sphere. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein driving the mix-in from the center of the bottom wall to the sidewall includes causing the mix-in to form a torus. 7. The method of claim 2, wherein driving the mix-in from the center of the bottom wall to the sidewall includes driving the mix-in outward in all directions simultaneously. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the container is fully or partially transparent or translucent. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein at least a portion of the sidewall is transparent or translucent. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the mix-in comprises a viscous liquid that tends to clump in the center of the bottom wall. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the mix-in comprises fruit. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the dairy or plant-based product comprises milk. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the dairy or plant-based product further comprises a yogurt culture. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein depositing the dairy or plant-based product in the container includes depositing yogurt. 15-25. (canceled) 26. The method of claim 1, wherein at least a majority the mix-in which is driven from the center of the bottom wall to the sidewall remains at the sidewall after depositing of the dairy or plant-based product in the container. 27. The method of claim 1, wherein the mix-in which is driven from the center of the bottom wall to the sidewall remains at the sidewall after depositing of the dairy or plant-based product in the container. 28. The method of claim 1, further comprising: controlling the blast of gas to avoid splattering of the mix-in over the sidewall. 29. The method of claim 11, wherein the fruit is strawberries, blueberries, cherries, lemons or peaches. 30. The method of claim 1, wherein depositing the mix-in includes depositing coconut in the center of the bottom wall. 31. A method for packaging a food product in a container including a bottom wall and a sidewall, the method comprising:
depositing a mix-in in a center of the bottom wall; dispersing at least a majority of the mix-in from the center of the bottom wall to the sidewall with a blast of fluid; and after dispersing the mix-in, depositing a dairy or plant-based product in the container. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the fluid is sterilized air. 33. The method of claim 31, wherein the fluid is carbon dioxide or nitrogen. 34. The method of claim 31, further comprising: controlling the blast of fluid to avoid splattering of the mix-in over the sidewall. | 1,700 |
3,974 | 13,874,193 | 1,777 | In a preparative separation-purification system for passing a solution containing a target component through a trap column 21 to capture the target component in the column 21, and for subsequently passing an eluting solvent through the column 21 to elute the captured component and collect it in a container, an outlet aperture 27 of the column 21 has a tapered shape whose sectional area is largest on a plane facing an inner space of the column 21 and decreases in the flowing direction of the liquid. A filter 26 for preventing deposition of the target component is also provided at the boundary between the inner space of the column 21 and a passage for discharging liquid from the inner space. By this configuration, clogging of the passage at the outlet end of the column 21 due to deposition of the target component is prevented. | 1. A preparative separation-purification system for passing a solution containing a target component through a trap column to capture the target component in the trap column, and for subsequently passing an eluting solvent through the trap column to elute the target component captured in the trap column and collect the eluted component in a collection container, wherein:
the trap column has an aperture at one end thereof serving as an inlet for a liquid and an aperture at the other end serving as an outlet for the liquid; and the aperture serving as the outlet has a tapered portion whose sectional area is largest on a plane facing an inner space of the trap column and decreases in a flowing direction of the liquid. 2. The preparative separation-purification system according to claim 1, wherein:
a filter for preventing deposition of the target component is provided at the boundary between an inner space of the trap column and a passage for discharging a liquid from the inner space. 3. The preparative separation-purification system according to claim 2, wherein:
the trap column has a mesh cap provided at the aforementioned boundary for preventing an outflow of a filler; and the filter for preventing deposition of the target component is located on the downstream side of the cap in the flowing direction of the liquid. 4. A preparative separation-purification system for passing a solution containing a target component through a trap column to capture the target component in the trap column, and for subsequently passing an eluting solvent through the trap column to elute the target component captured in the trap column and collect the eluted component in a collection container, wherein:
a filter for preventing deposition of the target component is provided at the boundary between an inner space of the trap column and a passage for discharging a liquid from the inner space. 5. The preparative separation-purification system according to claim 4, wherein:
the trap column has a mesh cap provided at the aforementioned boundary for preventing an outflow of a filler; and the filter for preventing deposition of the target component is located on the downstream side of the cap in the flowing direction of the liquid. | In a preparative separation-purification system for passing a solution containing a target component through a trap column 21 to capture the target component in the column 21, and for subsequently passing an eluting solvent through the column 21 to elute the captured component and collect it in a container, an outlet aperture 27 of the column 21 has a tapered shape whose sectional area is largest on a plane facing an inner space of the column 21 and decreases in the flowing direction of the liquid. A filter 26 for preventing deposition of the target component is also provided at the boundary between the inner space of the column 21 and a passage for discharging liquid from the inner space. By this configuration, clogging of the passage at the outlet end of the column 21 due to deposition of the target component is prevented.1. A preparative separation-purification system for passing a solution containing a target component through a trap column to capture the target component in the trap column, and for subsequently passing an eluting solvent through the trap column to elute the target component captured in the trap column and collect the eluted component in a collection container, wherein:
the trap column has an aperture at one end thereof serving as an inlet for a liquid and an aperture at the other end serving as an outlet for the liquid; and the aperture serving as the outlet has a tapered portion whose sectional area is largest on a plane facing an inner space of the trap column and decreases in a flowing direction of the liquid. 2. The preparative separation-purification system according to claim 1, wherein:
a filter for preventing deposition of the target component is provided at the boundary between an inner space of the trap column and a passage for discharging a liquid from the inner space. 3. The preparative separation-purification system according to claim 2, wherein:
the trap column has a mesh cap provided at the aforementioned boundary for preventing an outflow of a filler; and the filter for preventing deposition of the target component is located on the downstream side of the cap in the flowing direction of the liquid. 4. A preparative separation-purification system for passing a solution containing a target component through a trap column to capture the target component in the trap column, and for subsequently passing an eluting solvent through the trap column to elute the target component captured in the trap column and collect the eluted component in a collection container, wherein:
a filter for preventing deposition of the target component is provided at the boundary between an inner space of the trap column and a passage for discharging a liquid from the inner space. 5. The preparative separation-purification system according to claim 4, wherein:
the trap column has a mesh cap provided at the aforementioned boundary for preventing an outflow of a filler; and the filter for preventing deposition of the target component is located on the downstream side of the cap in the flowing direction of the liquid. | 1,700 |
3,975 | 15,506,591 | 1,793 | A packaged refrigerated gluten-free dough composition comprises at least one gluten-free flour source in at least 35% by weight of the composition, at least one starch source in at least 2% by weight of the composition and at least one protein source in about 0.5% to 13% by weight of the composition and at least 17 grams of glutamic acid per 100 grams of the protein, at least one fat source from 4% to 10% by weight of the composition and water from 25% to 35% by weight of the composition. The dough has an average storage modulus ranging from about 45 kPa to about 60 kPa at about 40° F. and an average loss modulus ranging from about 10 kPa to about 20 kPa at about 40° F. after at least 24 hours of storage at about 40° F., and is substantially free of gluten protein. | 1. A packaged refrigerated gluten-free dough composition comprising:
at least one gluten-free flour source in an amount of at least 35% by weight of the composition; at least one starch source in an amount of at least 2% by weight of the composition; and at least one protein source in an amount of about 0.5% to about 13% by weight of the composition, wherein the at least one protein source includes at least 17 grams of glutamic acid per 100 grams of the protein source; at least one fat source in an amount from about 4% to about 10% by weight of the composition; and water in an amount from about 25% to about 35% by weight of the composition; wherein the dough has an average storage modulus ranging from about 45 kPa to about 60 kPa and an average loss modulus ranging from about 10 kPa to about 20 kPa at about 40 degrees Fahrenheit after 24 hours of storage at about 40 degrees Fahrenheit and wherein the composition is substantially free of gluten protein. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one protein source consists of at least one member selected from a group consisting of sodium caseinate, whey protein, soy protein, sesame flour, almond protein and combinations thereof. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one gluten-free flour source comprises of at least one member selected from the group consisting of rice flour, sorghum flour, cassava flour, millet flour, quinoa flour, legume flour and combinations thereof. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one starch source comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of potato starch, cassava starch, corn starch and combinations thereof. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition contains less than 20 ppm gluten. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition contains 0% by weight of gluten. 7. The composition of claim 1, and further comprising at least one hydrocolloid. 8. The composition of claim 7, wherein the at least one hydrocolloid comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of propylene glycol alginate (PGA), hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), carboxymethyl cellulose, konjac flour, xanthan gum, pectin, agarose, alginate, carrageenan, guar gum, locust bean gum, agarose, beta glucan and combinations thereof. 9. The composition of claim 1, further comprising:
the at least one gluten-free flour source in an amount from about 35% to about 45% by weight of the composition, and at least one starch source in an amount from about 2% to about 6% by weight of composition; the at least one protein source in an amount of about 1% to about 4% by weight of the composition, wherein the at least one protein source includes at least 17 grams of glutamic acid per 100 grams of the protein source; the at least one fat source comprising:
at least one oil in an amount from about 2% to about 4% by weight of the composition;
shortening in an amount from about 3.5% to about 7.5% by weight of the composition;
at least one sugar in an amount of about 5% to about 7% weight composition; and at least one leavening agent in an amount of about 0.5% to about 1% soda. 10. The composition of claim 1, and further comprising a grain rice flour in an amount of about 38% to about 42% by weight composition and a potato starch in an amount of about 3% to about 5% by weight composition. 11. The composition of claim 9, wherein the at least one oil is an extra virgin olive oil. 12. The composition of claim 9, wherein the sugar comprises dextrose, fructose, sucrose and/or combinations thereof. 13. The composition of claim 9, wherein the leavening agent comprises an encapsulated soda that includes about 60% soda and about 40% encapsulating hydrogenated vegetable oil coating, wherein the encapsulated oil has a melt point of at least 100° F. 14. The composition of claim 9, wherein the one leavening agent is a leavening acid that is in an amount sufficient to neutralize the added soda. 15. The composition of claim 14, wherein the leavening acid comprises a sodium aluminum phosphate. 16. The composition of claim 9, and further comprising dried whole eggs in an amount of about 2% to about 4% by weight of composition. | A packaged refrigerated gluten-free dough composition comprises at least one gluten-free flour source in at least 35% by weight of the composition, at least one starch source in at least 2% by weight of the composition and at least one protein source in about 0.5% to 13% by weight of the composition and at least 17 grams of glutamic acid per 100 grams of the protein, at least one fat source from 4% to 10% by weight of the composition and water from 25% to 35% by weight of the composition. The dough has an average storage modulus ranging from about 45 kPa to about 60 kPa at about 40° F. and an average loss modulus ranging from about 10 kPa to about 20 kPa at about 40° F. after at least 24 hours of storage at about 40° F., and is substantially free of gluten protein.1. A packaged refrigerated gluten-free dough composition comprising:
at least one gluten-free flour source in an amount of at least 35% by weight of the composition; at least one starch source in an amount of at least 2% by weight of the composition; and at least one protein source in an amount of about 0.5% to about 13% by weight of the composition, wherein the at least one protein source includes at least 17 grams of glutamic acid per 100 grams of the protein source; at least one fat source in an amount from about 4% to about 10% by weight of the composition; and water in an amount from about 25% to about 35% by weight of the composition; wherein the dough has an average storage modulus ranging from about 45 kPa to about 60 kPa and an average loss modulus ranging from about 10 kPa to about 20 kPa at about 40 degrees Fahrenheit after 24 hours of storage at about 40 degrees Fahrenheit and wherein the composition is substantially free of gluten protein. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one protein source consists of at least one member selected from a group consisting of sodium caseinate, whey protein, soy protein, sesame flour, almond protein and combinations thereof. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one gluten-free flour source comprises of at least one member selected from the group consisting of rice flour, sorghum flour, cassava flour, millet flour, quinoa flour, legume flour and combinations thereof. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one starch source comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of potato starch, cassava starch, corn starch and combinations thereof. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition contains less than 20 ppm gluten. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition contains 0% by weight of gluten. 7. The composition of claim 1, and further comprising at least one hydrocolloid. 8. The composition of claim 7, wherein the at least one hydrocolloid comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of propylene glycol alginate (PGA), hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), carboxymethyl cellulose, konjac flour, xanthan gum, pectin, agarose, alginate, carrageenan, guar gum, locust bean gum, agarose, beta glucan and combinations thereof. 9. The composition of claim 1, further comprising:
the at least one gluten-free flour source in an amount from about 35% to about 45% by weight of the composition, and at least one starch source in an amount from about 2% to about 6% by weight of composition; the at least one protein source in an amount of about 1% to about 4% by weight of the composition, wherein the at least one protein source includes at least 17 grams of glutamic acid per 100 grams of the protein source; the at least one fat source comprising:
at least one oil in an amount from about 2% to about 4% by weight of the composition;
shortening in an amount from about 3.5% to about 7.5% by weight of the composition;
at least one sugar in an amount of about 5% to about 7% weight composition; and at least one leavening agent in an amount of about 0.5% to about 1% soda. 10. The composition of claim 1, and further comprising a grain rice flour in an amount of about 38% to about 42% by weight composition and a potato starch in an amount of about 3% to about 5% by weight composition. 11. The composition of claim 9, wherein the at least one oil is an extra virgin olive oil. 12. The composition of claim 9, wherein the sugar comprises dextrose, fructose, sucrose and/or combinations thereof. 13. The composition of claim 9, wherein the leavening agent comprises an encapsulated soda that includes about 60% soda and about 40% encapsulating hydrogenated vegetable oil coating, wherein the encapsulated oil has a melt point of at least 100° F. 14. The composition of claim 9, wherein the one leavening agent is a leavening acid that is in an amount sufficient to neutralize the added soda. 15. The composition of claim 14, wherein the leavening acid comprises a sodium aluminum phosphate. 16. The composition of claim 9, and further comprising dried whole eggs in an amount of about 2% to about 4% by weight of composition. | 1,700 |
3,976 | 14,595,595 | 1,713 | Provided are self-aligned double patterning methods including feature trimming. The SADP process is performed in a single batch processing chamber in which the substrate is laterally moved between sections of the processing chamber separated by gas curtains so that each section independently has a process condition. | 1. A processing method comprising:
providing a substrate with a first layer and a patterned layer thereon, portions of the first layer exposed through the patterned layer, the patterned layer comprising at least one feature having a top surface and two vertical faces defining a width, the vertical faces substantially perpendicular to the first layer; trimming the patterned layer to reduce the width of the patterned layer; depositing a spacer layer over the first layer and patterned layer so that the spacer layer forms a film on the portions of the first layer exposed through the patterned layer, the top surface and both vertical faces of the at least one feature; and etching the spacer layer from the top surface of the at least one feature and the portions of the first layer exposed through the patterned layer. 2. The processing method of claim 1, wherein the patterned layer comprises one or more of a photoresist or spin-on-carbon. 3. The processing method of claim 1, wherein the patterned layer has a width in the range of about 200 Å to about 800 Å. 4. The processing method of claim 1, wherein the patterned layer comprises a dielectric. 5. The processing method of claim 1, wherein the patterned layer has an aspect ratio in the range of about 1:1 to about 20:1. 6. The processing method of claim 1, wherein trimming the patterned layer comprises exposing the patterned layer to a plasma. 7. The processing method of claim 6, wherein the patterned layer comprises spin-on-carbon and the plasma comprises argon and carbon dioxide. 8. The processing method of claim 6, wherein trimming the patterned layer reduced the width by an amount in the range of about 10 Å to about 200 Å. 9. The processing method of claim 6, wherein after trimming the patterned layer, the vertical faces are substantially perpendicular to the first layer. 10. The processing method of claim 1, wherein the spacer layer comprises one or more of an oxide, a nitride or a carbonitride. 11. The processing method of claim 1, wherein each of the trimming, depositing and etching occurs in a single processing chamber in which the substrate is moved laterally between a plurality of sections, each section separated from adjacent sections by a gas curtain. 12. The processing method of claim 11, wherein trimming the patterned layer occurs in a first section of the processing chamber, depositing the spacer layer occurs in a second section of the processing chamber and etching the spacer layer occurs in a third section of the processing chamber. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising removing the patterned layer followed by etching the spacer and exposed first layer . 14. A processing method comprising:
placing a substrate having a first layer and a patterned layer thereon into a processing chamber comprising a plurality of sections, each section separated from adjacent sections by a gas curtain, portions of the first layer exposed through the patterned layer, the patterned layer comprising at least one feature having a top surface and two vertical faces defining a width, the vertical faces substantially perpendicular to the first layer; exposing at least a portion of the substrate to a first process condition to trim the patterned layer to reduce the width of the patterned layer; laterally moving the substrate through a gas curtain to a second section of the processing chamber; exposing the substrate to a second process condition to deposit a spacer layer over the first layer and the patterned layer so that the spacer layer forms a film on the portions of the first layer exposed through the patterned layer, the top surface and both vertical faces of the at least one feature; laterally moving the substrate through a gas curtain to a third section of the processing chamber; and exposing the substrate to a third process condition to etch the spacer layer from the top surface of the at least one feature and the portions of the first layer exposed through the patterned layer, wherein during lateral movement of the substrate, a first portion of the substrate is exposed to the first process condition at the same time that a second portion of the surface is exposed to the second process conditions and an intermediate portion of the substrate is exposed to the gas curtain. 15. The processing method of claim 14, wherein the patterned layer has a width in the range of about 200 Å to about 800 Å. 16. The processing method of claim 14, wherein the first process conditions to trim the patterned layer comprises exposing the patterned layer to a plasma. 17. The processing method of claim 16, wherein trimming the patterned layer reduced the width by an amount in the range of about 10 Å to about 200 Å. 18. The processing method of claim 14, wherein the spacer layer comprises one or more of an oxide, a nitride or a carbonitride. 19. The method of claim 14, further comprising removing the patterned layer followed by etching the spacer and exposed first layer. 20. A processing method comprising:
providing a substrate with a first layer comprising a dielectric and a patterned layer thereon, portions of the first layer exposed through the patterned layer, the patterned layer comprising at least one feature having a top surface and a two vertical faces defining a width in the range of about 200 Å to about 800 Å, the vertical faces substantially perpendicular to the first layer; exposing the patterned layer to a plasma to reduce the width of the patterned layer by an amount greater than about 10 Å so that the trimmed vertical faces are substantially perpendicular to the first layer; depositing a spacer layer comprising one or more of an oxide, a nitride, an oxynitride or a carbonitride over the first layer and patterned layer so that the spacer layer forms a film on the portions of the first layer exposed through the patterned layer, the top surface and both vertical faces of the at least one feature; and etching the spacer layer from the top surface of the at least one feature and the portions of the first layer exposed through the patterned layer. | Provided are self-aligned double patterning methods including feature trimming. The SADP process is performed in a single batch processing chamber in which the substrate is laterally moved between sections of the processing chamber separated by gas curtains so that each section independently has a process condition.1. A processing method comprising:
providing a substrate with a first layer and a patterned layer thereon, portions of the first layer exposed through the patterned layer, the patterned layer comprising at least one feature having a top surface and two vertical faces defining a width, the vertical faces substantially perpendicular to the first layer; trimming the patterned layer to reduce the width of the patterned layer; depositing a spacer layer over the first layer and patterned layer so that the spacer layer forms a film on the portions of the first layer exposed through the patterned layer, the top surface and both vertical faces of the at least one feature; and etching the spacer layer from the top surface of the at least one feature and the portions of the first layer exposed through the patterned layer. 2. The processing method of claim 1, wherein the patterned layer comprises one or more of a photoresist or spin-on-carbon. 3. The processing method of claim 1, wherein the patterned layer has a width in the range of about 200 Å to about 800 Å. 4. The processing method of claim 1, wherein the patterned layer comprises a dielectric. 5. The processing method of claim 1, wherein the patterned layer has an aspect ratio in the range of about 1:1 to about 20:1. 6. The processing method of claim 1, wherein trimming the patterned layer comprises exposing the patterned layer to a plasma. 7. The processing method of claim 6, wherein the patterned layer comprises spin-on-carbon and the plasma comprises argon and carbon dioxide. 8. The processing method of claim 6, wherein trimming the patterned layer reduced the width by an amount in the range of about 10 Å to about 200 Å. 9. The processing method of claim 6, wherein after trimming the patterned layer, the vertical faces are substantially perpendicular to the first layer. 10. The processing method of claim 1, wherein the spacer layer comprises one or more of an oxide, a nitride or a carbonitride. 11. The processing method of claim 1, wherein each of the trimming, depositing and etching occurs in a single processing chamber in which the substrate is moved laterally between a plurality of sections, each section separated from adjacent sections by a gas curtain. 12. The processing method of claim 11, wherein trimming the patterned layer occurs in a first section of the processing chamber, depositing the spacer layer occurs in a second section of the processing chamber and etching the spacer layer occurs in a third section of the processing chamber. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising removing the patterned layer followed by etching the spacer and exposed first layer . 14. A processing method comprising:
placing a substrate having a first layer and a patterned layer thereon into a processing chamber comprising a plurality of sections, each section separated from adjacent sections by a gas curtain, portions of the first layer exposed through the patterned layer, the patterned layer comprising at least one feature having a top surface and two vertical faces defining a width, the vertical faces substantially perpendicular to the first layer; exposing at least a portion of the substrate to a first process condition to trim the patterned layer to reduce the width of the patterned layer; laterally moving the substrate through a gas curtain to a second section of the processing chamber; exposing the substrate to a second process condition to deposit a spacer layer over the first layer and the patterned layer so that the spacer layer forms a film on the portions of the first layer exposed through the patterned layer, the top surface and both vertical faces of the at least one feature; laterally moving the substrate through a gas curtain to a third section of the processing chamber; and exposing the substrate to a third process condition to etch the spacer layer from the top surface of the at least one feature and the portions of the first layer exposed through the patterned layer, wherein during lateral movement of the substrate, a first portion of the substrate is exposed to the first process condition at the same time that a second portion of the surface is exposed to the second process conditions and an intermediate portion of the substrate is exposed to the gas curtain. 15. The processing method of claim 14, wherein the patterned layer has a width in the range of about 200 Å to about 800 Å. 16. The processing method of claim 14, wherein the first process conditions to trim the patterned layer comprises exposing the patterned layer to a plasma. 17. The processing method of claim 16, wherein trimming the patterned layer reduced the width by an amount in the range of about 10 Å to about 200 Å. 18. The processing method of claim 14, wherein the spacer layer comprises one or more of an oxide, a nitride or a carbonitride. 19. The method of claim 14, further comprising removing the patterned layer followed by etching the spacer and exposed first layer. 20. A processing method comprising:
providing a substrate with a first layer comprising a dielectric and a patterned layer thereon, portions of the first layer exposed through the patterned layer, the patterned layer comprising at least one feature having a top surface and a two vertical faces defining a width in the range of about 200 Å to about 800 Å, the vertical faces substantially perpendicular to the first layer; exposing the patterned layer to a plasma to reduce the width of the patterned layer by an amount greater than about 10 Å so that the trimmed vertical faces are substantially perpendicular to the first layer; depositing a spacer layer comprising one or more of an oxide, a nitride, an oxynitride or a carbonitride over the first layer and patterned layer so that the spacer layer forms a film on the portions of the first layer exposed through the patterned layer, the top surface and both vertical faces of the at least one feature; and etching the spacer layer from the top surface of the at least one feature and the portions of the first layer exposed through the patterned layer. | 1,700 |
3,977 | 13,815,811 | 1,796 | Pocket and cup sails formed from flexible materials, especially such sails formed with excess material, have spar like supports attached at their deepest point to maintain the depth of the said sails when the wind fills them so that the sails expand to maximize resistance to the wind coming into the openings of the sails and so that the sails deflate when the wind is coming from the back of the sails to minimize resistance to the wind, the said sails being attached to rotor arms on rotary devices to provide torque, the torque being used to rotate decorative structures including the sails themselves, generate electricity, bring airplane tires up to speed before landing, and/or measure wind speed, and sails optionally having cuffs on the inside to help the sails inflate and/or maintain inflation by minimizing spillage of air. | 1. A structure for use in converting wind energy into rotational mechanical energy comprising a sail formed from flexible material which is either
A. in the form of a pocket-like sail created by a portion of the edge of the sail defining the bottom of the pocket being attached to a rotary solid structure near said rotary solid structure's outer rim and having a spar-like structure at the open edge of the sail being attached to said rotary solid structure and to the center of the open edge of the sail to create and maintain a pocket-like structure when wind fills the said sail structure; or B. a cup-like sail structure attached to at least one radial spoke mounted on a vertical rotatable axis, said cup-like sail structure having a central spar attached to said radial spoke at or near its outer end and going out from said radial spoke to the interior of the cup-like sail at its greatest depth where it is attached to said sail and one or more additional spars attached to said radial spoke in a plane roughly perpendicular to both the line from the said radial spoke to the greatest depth of the said cup-like sail and to the direction of the wind and said sail being attached to said spars, either alone or also to the said radial spoke to help define the opening of said sail. 2. The structure of claim 1 wherein the said sail has sufficient excess flexible material to allow the said sail to at least partially billow outward when filled with wind through its opening and to at least partially deflate when the wind is directed at the back of the sail. 3. The structure of claim 1 wherein said structure is said pocket-like structure. 4. The structure of claim 3 wherein said sail has a line from the outer edge of said spar to the edge of said sail farthest from the opening that stays essentially straight to form a prow that allows the wind to pass around it easily when the wind is from the back of said sail. 5. The structure of claim 4 wherein at least one of said pocket-like structures is attached to or near the outside of a cylinder mounted through on a rotatable axis through the center of said cylinder. 6. The structure of claim 5 wherein said cylinder is decorated. 7. The structure of claim 6 having at least two cylinders and the said pocket-like structures being attached to said cylinders to impart clockwise motion to at least one cylinder and counterclockwise motion to at least one other cylinder. 8. The structure of claim 3 wherein at least one of said pocket-like structures is attached to the side of an airplane tire so as to impart rotary motion to the tire to more closely match the speed of the outside of the tire in the air to the ground speed of the airplane before the tire touches the ground. 9. The structure of claim 1 wherein said structure is said cup-like sail structure. 10. The structure of claim 9 wherein the said sail has sufficient excess flexible material to allow the said sail to at least partially billow outward when filled with wind through its opening and to at least partially deflate when the wind is directed at the back of the sail and said cup-like sail structure is attached to the outer end of a radial spoke which is attached at its inner end to a vertical rotatable axis. 11. The structure of claim 10 wherein four of said cup-like sail structures are placed around said vertical rotatable axis, the rotors being 90 degrees from each other around said axis. 12. The structure of claim 10 wherein two of said cup-like sail structures are placed on opposite sides of said vertical rotatable axis to form a set and there are more than at least two of said sets on said axis. 13. The structure of claim 12 where one end of the said rotatable axis is attached to the rotor of an electricity generator. 14. The structure of claim 13 wherein there is one structure that is attached to the rotor of an electric generator that turns the rotor either clockwise or counter clockwise and another structure that is attached to the stator of said electric generator that turns the stator in the opposite direction of the rotor. 15. The structure of claim 14 wherein said structure is suspended under a balloon and optionally said balloon is kept inflated via a small tube from a source of gas for inflating the balloon. 16. The structure of claim 11 which is an anemometer. 17. The structure of claim 10 wherein said sail has an inner cuff along at least one of its edges. 18. The structure of claim 17 wherein said cuff comprises one or more spacers to maintain an opening for the cuff to promote opening of the sail and maintenance of expansion of the sail. 19. A sail having an open cuff along the interior edge of the side of the sail that catches the wind to minimize spillage of wind out of the sail. 20. The sail of claim 19 wherein said cuff comprises one or more spacers or attachment means to maintain the opening of the cuff and optionally to allow the cuff to unfold. | Pocket and cup sails formed from flexible materials, especially such sails formed with excess material, have spar like supports attached at their deepest point to maintain the depth of the said sails when the wind fills them so that the sails expand to maximize resistance to the wind coming into the openings of the sails and so that the sails deflate when the wind is coming from the back of the sails to minimize resistance to the wind, the said sails being attached to rotor arms on rotary devices to provide torque, the torque being used to rotate decorative structures including the sails themselves, generate electricity, bring airplane tires up to speed before landing, and/or measure wind speed, and sails optionally having cuffs on the inside to help the sails inflate and/or maintain inflation by minimizing spillage of air.1. A structure for use in converting wind energy into rotational mechanical energy comprising a sail formed from flexible material which is either
A. in the form of a pocket-like sail created by a portion of the edge of the sail defining the bottom of the pocket being attached to a rotary solid structure near said rotary solid structure's outer rim and having a spar-like structure at the open edge of the sail being attached to said rotary solid structure and to the center of the open edge of the sail to create and maintain a pocket-like structure when wind fills the said sail structure; or B. a cup-like sail structure attached to at least one radial spoke mounted on a vertical rotatable axis, said cup-like sail structure having a central spar attached to said radial spoke at or near its outer end and going out from said radial spoke to the interior of the cup-like sail at its greatest depth where it is attached to said sail and one or more additional spars attached to said radial spoke in a plane roughly perpendicular to both the line from the said radial spoke to the greatest depth of the said cup-like sail and to the direction of the wind and said sail being attached to said spars, either alone or also to the said radial spoke to help define the opening of said sail. 2. The structure of claim 1 wherein the said sail has sufficient excess flexible material to allow the said sail to at least partially billow outward when filled with wind through its opening and to at least partially deflate when the wind is directed at the back of the sail. 3. The structure of claim 1 wherein said structure is said pocket-like structure. 4. The structure of claim 3 wherein said sail has a line from the outer edge of said spar to the edge of said sail farthest from the opening that stays essentially straight to form a prow that allows the wind to pass around it easily when the wind is from the back of said sail. 5. The structure of claim 4 wherein at least one of said pocket-like structures is attached to or near the outside of a cylinder mounted through on a rotatable axis through the center of said cylinder. 6. The structure of claim 5 wherein said cylinder is decorated. 7. The structure of claim 6 having at least two cylinders and the said pocket-like structures being attached to said cylinders to impart clockwise motion to at least one cylinder and counterclockwise motion to at least one other cylinder. 8. The structure of claim 3 wherein at least one of said pocket-like structures is attached to the side of an airplane tire so as to impart rotary motion to the tire to more closely match the speed of the outside of the tire in the air to the ground speed of the airplane before the tire touches the ground. 9. The structure of claim 1 wherein said structure is said cup-like sail structure. 10. The structure of claim 9 wherein the said sail has sufficient excess flexible material to allow the said sail to at least partially billow outward when filled with wind through its opening and to at least partially deflate when the wind is directed at the back of the sail and said cup-like sail structure is attached to the outer end of a radial spoke which is attached at its inner end to a vertical rotatable axis. 11. The structure of claim 10 wherein four of said cup-like sail structures are placed around said vertical rotatable axis, the rotors being 90 degrees from each other around said axis. 12. The structure of claim 10 wherein two of said cup-like sail structures are placed on opposite sides of said vertical rotatable axis to form a set and there are more than at least two of said sets on said axis. 13. The structure of claim 12 where one end of the said rotatable axis is attached to the rotor of an electricity generator. 14. The structure of claim 13 wherein there is one structure that is attached to the rotor of an electric generator that turns the rotor either clockwise or counter clockwise and another structure that is attached to the stator of said electric generator that turns the stator in the opposite direction of the rotor. 15. The structure of claim 14 wherein said structure is suspended under a balloon and optionally said balloon is kept inflated via a small tube from a source of gas for inflating the balloon. 16. The structure of claim 11 which is an anemometer. 17. The structure of claim 10 wherein said sail has an inner cuff along at least one of its edges. 18. The structure of claim 17 wherein said cuff comprises one or more spacers to maintain an opening for the cuff to promote opening of the sail and maintenance of expansion of the sail. 19. A sail having an open cuff along the interior edge of the side of the sail that catches the wind to minimize spillage of wind out of the sail. 20. The sail of claim 19 wherein said cuff comprises one or more spacers or attachment means to maintain the opening of the cuff and optionally to allow the cuff to unfold. | 1,700 |
3,978 | 12,949,361 | 1,747 | The invention provides a tobacco product including a flavorful tobacco composition in the form of an extract of a fire-cured tobacco material. Exemplary tobacco products include smoking articles, smokeless tobacco compositions, and aerosol-generating devices that do not burn tobacco. The invention also provides a process for preparing a smokeless tobacco composition, the method including: mixing a fire-cured tobacco material having a first benzo[a]pyrene concentration with water to produce an aqueous slurry; maintaining the slurry for a time and at a temperature sufficient to form a fire-cured tobacco extract, the aqueous fire-cured tobacco extract exhibiting a second benzo[a]pyrene concentration lower than the first benzo[a]pyrene concentration; separating the aqueous fire-cured tobacco extract from a residual pulp material, and mixing the aqueous fire-cured tobacco extract with a tobacco or non-tobacco plant material to form a smokeless tobacco composition. | 1. A tobacco product comprising a flavorful tobacco composition in the form of an extract of a fire-cured tobacco material. 2. The tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the flavorful tobacco composition is an aqueous extract of a fire-cured tobacco material. 3. The tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the flavorful tobacco composition has distinctive sensory characteristics associated with fire-cured tobacco and a reduced benzo[a]pyrene concentration as compared to an unextracted fire-cured tobacco material. 4. The tobacco product of claim 3, wherein the concentration of benzo[a]pyrene in the extract of a fire-cured tobacco material is no more than about 10 ppb. 5. The tobacco product of claim 4, wherein the concentration of benzo[a]pyrene in the extract of a fire-cured tobacco material is no more than about 5 ppb. 6. The tobacco product of claim 1, further comprising a tobacco material or a non-tobacco plant material as a carrier for the extract of a fire-cured tobacco material. 7. The tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the tobacco product is in the form of a smokeless tobacco composition. 8. The tobacco product of claim 7, wherein the form of the smokeless tobacco composition is selected from the group consisting of moist snuff, dry snuff, chewing tobacco, tobacco-containing gums, and dissolvable or meltable tobacco products. 9. The tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the tobacco product is in the form of a smoking article. 10. The tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the tobacco product is in the form of an aerosol-generating device configured for non-combustion of plant material. 11. The tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the extract of a fire-cured tobacco material is in combination with a fire-cured tobacco extracted pulp pre-treated to reduce benzo[a]pyrene concentration. 12. A method of producing a flavorful tobacco composition for use in a tobacco product, the flavorful tobacco composition characterized by sensory attributes associated with a cured tobacco material and a reduced benzo[a]pyrene concentration, comprising:
mixing a cured tobacco material having a first benzo[a]pyrene concentration with a polar protic solvent to produce a slurry, the slurry providing intimate contact between the cured tobacco material and the polar protic solvent; maintaining the slurry for a time and at a temperature sufficient to form an extract comprising components of the cured tobacco material soluble in the polar protic solvent, the extract exhibiting a second benzo[a]pyrene concentration lower than the first benzo[a]pyrene concentration; and separating the extract from a residual pulp material comprising components of the cured tobacco material that are insoluble in the polar protic solvent. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising introducing the separated extract into a tobacco product as a flavorful tobacco composition. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the separated extract is applied to a tobacco material or non-tobacco plant material to form a treated material, and wherein the treated material is incorporated into the tobacco product. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the tobacco product is selected form the group consisting of smoking articles, smokeless tobacco products, and aerosol-generating devices configured for non-combustion of plant material. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the tobacco product is a smokeless tobacco composition selected from the group consisting of moist snuff, dry snuff, chewing tobacco, tobacco-containing gums, and dissolvable or meltable tobacco products. 17. The method of claim 12, further comprising the step of concentrating the separated extract by removing at least a portion of the polar protic solvent. 18. The method of claim 12, wherein the cured tobacco material is a fire-cured tobacco material. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the separated extract is characterized by sensory attributes associated with fire-cured tobacco material. 20. The method of claim 12, wherein the first benzo[a]pyrene concentration is at least about 100 ppb and the second benzo[a]pyrene concentration is less than about 10 ppb. 21. The method of claim 12, wherein the polar protic solvent is water or a co-solvent mixture comprising water. 22. A process for preparing a composition suitable for use as a smokeless tobacco composition, comprising:
mixing a fire-cured tobacco material having a first benzo[a]pyrene concentration with water to produce an aqueous slurry, the slurry providing intimate contact between the fire-cured tobacco material and the water; maintaining the slurry for a time and at a temperature sufficient to form a fire-cured tobacco extract comprising flavorful and aromatic components of the fire-cured tobacco material soluble in water, the aqueous fire-cured tobacco extract exhibiting a second benzo[a]pyrene concentration lower than the first benzo[a]pyrene concentration; separating the aqueous fire-cured tobacco extract from a residual pulp material comprising components of the fire-cured tobacco material that are insoluble in water; and mixing the aqueous fire-cured tobacco extract with a tobacco or non-tobacco plant material to form a smokeless tobacco composition. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the first benzo[a]pyrene concentration is at least about 100 ppb and the second benzo[a]pyrene concentration is less than about 10 ppb. 24. The method of claim 22, wherein the smokeless tobacco composition is selected from the group consisting of moist snuff, dry snuff, chewing tobacco, tobacco-containing gums, and dissolvable or meltable tobacco products. | The invention provides a tobacco product including a flavorful tobacco composition in the form of an extract of a fire-cured tobacco material. Exemplary tobacco products include smoking articles, smokeless tobacco compositions, and aerosol-generating devices that do not burn tobacco. The invention also provides a process for preparing a smokeless tobacco composition, the method including: mixing a fire-cured tobacco material having a first benzo[a]pyrene concentration with water to produce an aqueous slurry; maintaining the slurry for a time and at a temperature sufficient to form a fire-cured tobacco extract, the aqueous fire-cured tobacco extract exhibiting a second benzo[a]pyrene concentration lower than the first benzo[a]pyrene concentration; separating the aqueous fire-cured tobacco extract from a residual pulp material, and mixing the aqueous fire-cured tobacco extract with a tobacco or non-tobacco plant material to form a smokeless tobacco composition.1. A tobacco product comprising a flavorful tobacco composition in the form of an extract of a fire-cured tobacco material. 2. The tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the flavorful tobacco composition is an aqueous extract of a fire-cured tobacco material. 3. The tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the flavorful tobacco composition has distinctive sensory characteristics associated with fire-cured tobacco and a reduced benzo[a]pyrene concentration as compared to an unextracted fire-cured tobacco material. 4. The tobacco product of claim 3, wherein the concentration of benzo[a]pyrene in the extract of a fire-cured tobacco material is no more than about 10 ppb. 5. The tobacco product of claim 4, wherein the concentration of benzo[a]pyrene in the extract of a fire-cured tobacco material is no more than about 5 ppb. 6. The tobacco product of claim 1, further comprising a tobacco material or a non-tobacco plant material as a carrier for the extract of a fire-cured tobacco material. 7. The tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the tobacco product is in the form of a smokeless tobacco composition. 8. The tobacco product of claim 7, wherein the form of the smokeless tobacco composition is selected from the group consisting of moist snuff, dry snuff, chewing tobacco, tobacco-containing gums, and dissolvable or meltable tobacco products. 9. The tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the tobacco product is in the form of a smoking article. 10. The tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the tobacco product is in the form of an aerosol-generating device configured for non-combustion of plant material. 11. The tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the extract of a fire-cured tobacco material is in combination with a fire-cured tobacco extracted pulp pre-treated to reduce benzo[a]pyrene concentration. 12. A method of producing a flavorful tobacco composition for use in a tobacco product, the flavorful tobacco composition characterized by sensory attributes associated with a cured tobacco material and a reduced benzo[a]pyrene concentration, comprising:
mixing a cured tobacco material having a first benzo[a]pyrene concentration with a polar protic solvent to produce a slurry, the slurry providing intimate contact between the cured tobacco material and the polar protic solvent; maintaining the slurry for a time and at a temperature sufficient to form an extract comprising components of the cured tobacco material soluble in the polar protic solvent, the extract exhibiting a second benzo[a]pyrene concentration lower than the first benzo[a]pyrene concentration; and separating the extract from a residual pulp material comprising components of the cured tobacco material that are insoluble in the polar protic solvent. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising introducing the separated extract into a tobacco product as a flavorful tobacco composition. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the separated extract is applied to a tobacco material or non-tobacco plant material to form a treated material, and wherein the treated material is incorporated into the tobacco product. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the tobacco product is selected form the group consisting of smoking articles, smokeless tobacco products, and aerosol-generating devices configured for non-combustion of plant material. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the tobacco product is a smokeless tobacco composition selected from the group consisting of moist snuff, dry snuff, chewing tobacco, tobacco-containing gums, and dissolvable or meltable tobacco products. 17. The method of claim 12, further comprising the step of concentrating the separated extract by removing at least a portion of the polar protic solvent. 18. The method of claim 12, wherein the cured tobacco material is a fire-cured tobacco material. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the separated extract is characterized by sensory attributes associated with fire-cured tobacco material. 20. The method of claim 12, wherein the first benzo[a]pyrene concentration is at least about 100 ppb and the second benzo[a]pyrene concentration is less than about 10 ppb. 21. The method of claim 12, wherein the polar protic solvent is water or a co-solvent mixture comprising water. 22. A process for preparing a composition suitable for use as a smokeless tobacco composition, comprising:
mixing a fire-cured tobacco material having a first benzo[a]pyrene concentration with water to produce an aqueous slurry, the slurry providing intimate contact between the fire-cured tobacco material and the water; maintaining the slurry for a time and at a temperature sufficient to form a fire-cured tobacco extract comprising flavorful and aromatic components of the fire-cured tobacco material soluble in water, the aqueous fire-cured tobacco extract exhibiting a second benzo[a]pyrene concentration lower than the first benzo[a]pyrene concentration; separating the aqueous fire-cured tobacco extract from a residual pulp material comprising components of the fire-cured tobacco material that are insoluble in water; and mixing the aqueous fire-cured tobacco extract with a tobacco or non-tobacco plant material to form a smokeless tobacco composition. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the first benzo[a]pyrene concentration is at least about 100 ppb and the second benzo[a]pyrene concentration is less than about 10 ppb. 24. The method of claim 22, wherein the smokeless tobacco composition is selected from the group consisting of moist snuff, dry snuff, chewing tobacco, tobacco-containing gums, and dissolvable or meltable tobacco products. | 1,700 |
3,979 | 15,975,470 | 1,761 | The present invention provides a lithium metal powder protected by a substantially continuous layer of a polymer. Such a substantially continuous polymer layer provides improved protection such as compared to typical CO2-passivation. | 1. An anode comprising a host material capable of absorbing or desorbing lithium in an electrochemical system and a stabilized polymer-coated lithium metal powder dispersed in the host material, wherein the stabilized lithium metal powder is coated with a continuous polymer layer having a thickness of 25 to 200 nm the polymer selected from the group consisting of polyurethanes, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrenes, polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polyformaldehyde, styrene-butadiene-styrene block polymers, ethylene vinyl acetate, ethylene acrylic acid copolymers, polyethylene oxide, polyimides, polythiophenes, poly(para-phenylene), polyaniline, poly(p-phenylenevinylene), silica titania-based copolymers, unsaturated polycarboxylic acids and polysiloxanes and wherein the stabilized polymer-coated lithium metal powder is stable in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. 2. An anode according to claim 4, wherein the stabilized lithium metal powder further includes an inorganic coating layer. | The present invention provides a lithium metal powder protected by a substantially continuous layer of a polymer. Such a substantially continuous polymer layer provides improved protection such as compared to typical CO2-passivation.1. An anode comprising a host material capable of absorbing or desorbing lithium in an electrochemical system and a stabilized polymer-coated lithium metal powder dispersed in the host material, wherein the stabilized lithium metal powder is coated with a continuous polymer layer having a thickness of 25 to 200 nm the polymer selected from the group consisting of polyurethanes, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrenes, polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polyformaldehyde, styrene-butadiene-styrene block polymers, ethylene vinyl acetate, ethylene acrylic acid copolymers, polyethylene oxide, polyimides, polythiophenes, poly(para-phenylene), polyaniline, poly(p-phenylenevinylene), silica titania-based copolymers, unsaturated polycarboxylic acids and polysiloxanes and wherein the stabilized polymer-coated lithium metal powder is stable in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. 2. An anode according to claim 4, wherein the stabilized lithium metal powder further includes an inorganic coating layer. | 1,700 |
3,980 | 13,720,026 | 1,796 | A process for the preparation of a catalyst from a catalytic precursor comprising a support based on alumina and/or silica-alumina and/or zeolite and comprising at least one element of group VIB and optionally at least one element of group VIII, by impregnation of said precursor with a solution of a C1-C4 dialkyl succinate. An impregnation step for impregnation of said precursor which is dried, calcined or regenerated, with at least one solution containing at least one carboxylic acid other than acetic acid, then maturing and drying at a temperature less than or equal to 200° C., optionally a heat treatment at a temperature lower than 350° C., followed by an impregnation step with a solution containing at least one C1-C4 dialkyl succinate followed by maturing and drying at a temperature less than 200° C. without subsequent calcination step. The catalyst is used in hydrotreatment and/or hydroconversion. | 1. A process for the preparation of a catalyst from a catalytic precursor comprising a support based on alumina and/or silica-alumina and/or zeolite and comprising at least one element of group V1B and optionally at least one element of group V111, said process comprising impregnation of said precursor with a solution of a C1-C4 dialkyl succinate, characterised in that it comprises the following steps:
1) impregnation (step 1) of said dried, calcined or regenerated precursor with at least one solution containing at least one carboxylic acid other than acetic acid, then maturing and drying at a temperature lower than 200° C., possibly followed by a heat treatment at a temperature lower than 350° C., 2) followed by an impregnation step (step 2) with a solution containing at least one C1-C4 dialkyl succinate and then maturing and drying at a temperature lower than 200° C. without a subsequent calcination step,
and the catalytic precursor and/or the solution of step 1 and/or the solution of step 2 contains phosphorus. 2. A process according to claim 1 characterised in that the catalytic precursor is a catalyst which has been regenerated. 3. A process according to claim 1 characterised in that that the catalytic precursor contains all of the elements of groups GVIB and if they are present all of the elements of group V111. 4. A process according to claim 1 characterised in that the dialkyl succinate is dimethyl succinate. 5. A process according to claim 1 characterised in that the carboxylic acid is citric acid. 6. A process according to claim 1 characterised in that steps 1) and/or 2) are performed in the presence of water and/or ethanol. 7. A process according to claim 1 characterised in that the maturing steps are performed at a temperature between 17 and 60° C. 8. A process according to claim 1 characterised in that the drying operation in step 1) is performed at a temperature between 100 and 180° C. 9. A process according to claim 1 characterised in that the drying operation in step 2) is performed at a temperature between 50 and 160° C. 10. A process according to claim 1 characterised in that the solution of step 1) and/or step 2) contains at least one compound of phosphorus and possibly acetic acid. 11. A process according to claim 1 characterised in that step 2) is performed in the presence of acetic acid. 12. A process according to claim 1 characterised in that it comprises a final sulphuration step. 13. A process for the hydrotreatment of hydrocarbon charges in the presence of a catalyst prepared by the process according to claim 1. 14. A process according to claim 13 in which the hydrotreatment is an operation for hydrodesulphuration, hydrodenitrification, hydrodemetalation or hydrogenation of aromatics. 15. A process for the hydroconversion of hydrocarbon charges in the presence of a catalyst prepared by the process according to claim 1. | A process for the preparation of a catalyst from a catalytic precursor comprising a support based on alumina and/or silica-alumina and/or zeolite and comprising at least one element of group VIB and optionally at least one element of group VIII, by impregnation of said precursor with a solution of a C1-C4 dialkyl succinate. An impregnation step for impregnation of said precursor which is dried, calcined or regenerated, with at least one solution containing at least one carboxylic acid other than acetic acid, then maturing and drying at a temperature less than or equal to 200° C., optionally a heat treatment at a temperature lower than 350° C., followed by an impregnation step with a solution containing at least one C1-C4 dialkyl succinate followed by maturing and drying at a temperature less than 200° C. without subsequent calcination step. The catalyst is used in hydrotreatment and/or hydroconversion.1. A process for the preparation of a catalyst from a catalytic precursor comprising a support based on alumina and/or silica-alumina and/or zeolite and comprising at least one element of group V1B and optionally at least one element of group V111, said process comprising impregnation of said precursor with a solution of a C1-C4 dialkyl succinate, characterised in that it comprises the following steps:
1) impregnation (step 1) of said dried, calcined or regenerated precursor with at least one solution containing at least one carboxylic acid other than acetic acid, then maturing and drying at a temperature lower than 200° C., possibly followed by a heat treatment at a temperature lower than 350° C., 2) followed by an impregnation step (step 2) with a solution containing at least one C1-C4 dialkyl succinate and then maturing and drying at a temperature lower than 200° C. without a subsequent calcination step,
and the catalytic precursor and/or the solution of step 1 and/or the solution of step 2 contains phosphorus. 2. A process according to claim 1 characterised in that the catalytic precursor is a catalyst which has been regenerated. 3. A process according to claim 1 characterised in that that the catalytic precursor contains all of the elements of groups GVIB and if they are present all of the elements of group V111. 4. A process according to claim 1 characterised in that the dialkyl succinate is dimethyl succinate. 5. A process according to claim 1 characterised in that the carboxylic acid is citric acid. 6. A process according to claim 1 characterised in that steps 1) and/or 2) are performed in the presence of water and/or ethanol. 7. A process according to claim 1 characterised in that the maturing steps are performed at a temperature between 17 and 60° C. 8. A process according to claim 1 characterised in that the drying operation in step 1) is performed at a temperature between 100 and 180° C. 9. A process according to claim 1 characterised in that the drying operation in step 2) is performed at a temperature between 50 and 160° C. 10. A process according to claim 1 characterised in that the solution of step 1) and/or step 2) contains at least one compound of phosphorus and possibly acetic acid. 11. A process according to claim 1 characterised in that step 2) is performed in the presence of acetic acid. 12. A process according to claim 1 characterised in that it comprises a final sulphuration step. 13. A process for the hydrotreatment of hydrocarbon charges in the presence of a catalyst prepared by the process according to claim 1. 14. A process according to claim 13 in which the hydrotreatment is an operation for hydrodesulphuration, hydrodenitrification, hydrodemetalation or hydrogenation of aromatics. 15. A process for the hydroconversion of hydrocarbon charges in the presence of a catalyst prepared by the process according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
3,981 | 15,312,257 | 1,712 | The invention provides a method for preparing a titanium dioxide product, comprising the steps of:
providing a dispersion comprising titanium dioxide particles, wherein the dispersion contains from 50 g/l to 600 g/l TiO 2 ;
and then, in any order,
applying an inorganic coating to the titanium dioxide particles, whilst maintaining colloidal stability before and/or during the coating step; concentrating the dispersion, by subjecting the dispersion to the effects of cross-flow filtration and continuing the cross-flow filtration process until the dispersion is in a concentrated form that contains 800 g/l or more TiO 2 ; so as to provide a titanium dioxide product in the form of a concentrated dispersion of coated particles.
The concentrated dispersion of coated particles may optionally be dispersed within a vehicle to obtain a pigment product. | 1. A method for preparing a titanium dioxide product, comprising the steps of:
providing a dispersion comprising titanium dioxide particles, wherein the dispersion contains from 50 g/l to 600 g/l TiO2;
and then, in any order,
applying an inorganic coating to the titanium dioxide particles, whilst maintaining colloidal stability before and/or during the coating step;
concentrating the dispersion by subjecting the dispersion to the effects of cross-flow filtration and continuing the cross-flow filtration process until the dispersion is in a concentrated form that contains 800 g/l or more TiO2;
so as to provide a titanium dioxide product in the form of a concentrated dispersion of coated particles. 2. A method for preparing a packaged product comprising titanium dioxide particulate material contained within a packaging container, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a dispersion comprising titanium dioxide particles, wherein the dispersion contains from 50 g/l to 600 g/l TiO2;
and then, in any order,
applying an inorganic coating to the titanium dioxide particles, whilst maintaining colloidal stability before and/or during the coating step;
concentrating the dispersion, by subjecting the dispersion to the effects of cross-flow filtration and continuing the cross-flow filtration process until the dispersion is in a concentrated form that contains 800 g/l or more TiO2;
so as to provide a titanium dioxide product in the form of a concentrated dispersion of coated particles;
and then
placing the concentrated dispersion of coated particles within a packaging container. 3. A method for preparing a pigment product comprising titanium dioxide particulate material dispersed in a vehicle, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a dispersion comprising titanium dioxide particles, wherein the dispersion contains from 50 g/l to 600 g/l TiO2;
and then, in any order,
applying an inorganic coating to the titanium dioxide particles, whilst maintaining colloidal stability before and/or during the coating step;
concentrating the dispersion, by subjecting the dispersion to the effects of cross-flow filtration and continuing the cross-flow filtration process until the dispersion is in a concentrated form that contains 800 g/l or more TiO2;
so as to provide a titanium dioxide product in the form of a concentrated dispersion of coated particles;
and then
dispersing the concentrated dispersion of coated particles within a vehicle to obtain a pigment product. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the titanium dioxide product is not dried before the step of placing the titanium dioxide product within a packaging container. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating agent is selected from Al2O3, SiO2, ZrO2, CeO2, P2O5, sodium silicate, potassium silicate, sodium aluminate, aluminum chloride, aluminum sulphate, silicic acid, and mixtures thereof. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the coating agent is selected from SiO2, P2O5, sodium silicate, potassium silicate, sodium aluminate, silicic acid, and mixtures thereof. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating is a dense silica coating or comprises a dense silica coating. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating is achieved whilst maintaining the colloidal stability of the titanium dioxide particles within the dispersion by control of one or more of the following factors:
(a) reducing the electrolyte concentration in the dispersion before or during the coating step; (b) reducing the level of soluble salt that is added during the coating step; (c) adding a steric stabilizer before or during the coating step; (d) adjusting the pH of the dispersion away the iso-electric point of the titanium dioxide before or during the coating step; (e) adjusting the iso-electric point of the titanium dioxide away from the pH of the dispersion, by the addition of a dispersant before or during the coating step. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein at least one of factors (a)-(c) is controlled. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein at least factor (a) is controlled. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the electrolyte concentration in the dispersion is reduced during at least one of (i) before the coating step (ii) during the coating step by the use of diafiltration. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the dispersion conductivity is reduced to a level of 5 mS/cm or less before the coating step, wherein optionally the dispersion conductivity is maintained at a level of 5 mS/cm or less during the coating step. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the dispersion conductivity is reduced to a level of 3 mS/cm or less before the coating step, wherein optionally the dispersion conductivity is maintained at a level of 5 mS/cm or less during the coating step. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein after the concentration step the dispersion contains TiO2 in an amount of from 1000 g/l to 3000 g/l. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein after the concentration step the dispersion contains TiO2 in an amount of from 1250 g/l to 2000 g/l. 16. The method of claim 3, wherein the titanium dioxide product is not dried before the step of dispersing the titanium dioxide product within a vehicle. | The invention provides a method for preparing a titanium dioxide product, comprising the steps of:
providing a dispersion comprising titanium dioxide particles, wherein the dispersion contains from 50 g/l to 600 g/l TiO 2 ;
and then, in any order,
applying an inorganic coating to the titanium dioxide particles, whilst maintaining colloidal stability before and/or during the coating step; concentrating the dispersion, by subjecting the dispersion to the effects of cross-flow filtration and continuing the cross-flow filtration process until the dispersion is in a concentrated form that contains 800 g/l or more TiO 2 ; so as to provide a titanium dioxide product in the form of a concentrated dispersion of coated particles.
The concentrated dispersion of coated particles may optionally be dispersed within a vehicle to obtain a pigment product.1. A method for preparing a titanium dioxide product, comprising the steps of:
providing a dispersion comprising titanium dioxide particles, wherein the dispersion contains from 50 g/l to 600 g/l TiO2;
and then, in any order,
applying an inorganic coating to the titanium dioxide particles, whilst maintaining colloidal stability before and/or during the coating step;
concentrating the dispersion by subjecting the dispersion to the effects of cross-flow filtration and continuing the cross-flow filtration process until the dispersion is in a concentrated form that contains 800 g/l or more TiO2;
so as to provide a titanium dioxide product in the form of a concentrated dispersion of coated particles. 2. A method for preparing a packaged product comprising titanium dioxide particulate material contained within a packaging container, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a dispersion comprising titanium dioxide particles, wherein the dispersion contains from 50 g/l to 600 g/l TiO2;
and then, in any order,
applying an inorganic coating to the titanium dioxide particles, whilst maintaining colloidal stability before and/or during the coating step;
concentrating the dispersion, by subjecting the dispersion to the effects of cross-flow filtration and continuing the cross-flow filtration process until the dispersion is in a concentrated form that contains 800 g/l or more TiO2;
so as to provide a titanium dioxide product in the form of a concentrated dispersion of coated particles;
and then
placing the concentrated dispersion of coated particles within a packaging container. 3. A method for preparing a pigment product comprising titanium dioxide particulate material dispersed in a vehicle, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a dispersion comprising titanium dioxide particles, wherein the dispersion contains from 50 g/l to 600 g/l TiO2;
and then, in any order,
applying an inorganic coating to the titanium dioxide particles, whilst maintaining colloidal stability before and/or during the coating step;
concentrating the dispersion, by subjecting the dispersion to the effects of cross-flow filtration and continuing the cross-flow filtration process until the dispersion is in a concentrated form that contains 800 g/l or more TiO2;
so as to provide a titanium dioxide product in the form of a concentrated dispersion of coated particles;
and then
dispersing the concentrated dispersion of coated particles within a vehicle to obtain a pigment product. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the titanium dioxide product is not dried before the step of placing the titanium dioxide product within a packaging container. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating agent is selected from Al2O3, SiO2, ZrO2, CeO2, P2O5, sodium silicate, potassium silicate, sodium aluminate, aluminum chloride, aluminum sulphate, silicic acid, and mixtures thereof. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the coating agent is selected from SiO2, P2O5, sodium silicate, potassium silicate, sodium aluminate, silicic acid, and mixtures thereof. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating is a dense silica coating or comprises a dense silica coating. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating is achieved whilst maintaining the colloidal stability of the titanium dioxide particles within the dispersion by control of one or more of the following factors:
(a) reducing the electrolyte concentration in the dispersion before or during the coating step; (b) reducing the level of soluble salt that is added during the coating step; (c) adding a steric stabilizer before or during the coating step; (d) adjusting the pH of the dispersion away the iso-electric point of the titanium dioxide before or during the coating step; (e) adjusting the iso-electric point of the titanium dioxide away from the pH of the dispersion, by the addition of a dispersant before or during the coating step. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein at least one of factors (a)-(c) is controlled. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein at least factor (a) is controlled. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the electrolyte concentration in the dispersion is reduced during at least one of (i) before the coating step (ii) during the coating step by the use of diafiltration. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the dispersion conductivity is reduced to a level of 5 mS/cm or less before the coating step, wherein optionally the dispersion conductivity is maintained at a level of 5 mS/cm or less during the coating step. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the dispersion conductivity is reduced to a level of 3 mS/cm or less before the coating step, wherein optionally the dispersion conductivity is maintained at a level of 5 mS/cm or less during the coating step. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein after the concentration step the dispersion contains TiO2 in an amount of from 1000 g/l to 3000 g/l. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein after the concentration step the dispersion contains TiO2 in an amount of from 1250 g/l to 2000 g/l. 16. The method of claim 3, wherein the titanium dioxide product is not dried before the step of dispersing the titanium dioxide product within a vehicle. | 1,700 |
3,982 | 15,375,577 | 1,713 | Implementations of the present disclosure relate to a method of refurbishing a sinter or plasma sprayed electrostatic chuck. Initially, a portion of a used electrostatic chuck body is removed to expose a base surface. Then, a layer of new dielectric material is deposited onto the base surface using a suspension slurry plasma spray process. The suspension slurry plasma spray process atomizes a suspension slurry of a nano-sized dielectric material into a stream of droplets, and then the stream of droplets is injected into a plasma discharge to form partially melted drops. The partially melted drops is projected onto the base surface to form a layer of dielectric material thereon. Thereafter, material of the layer of the new dielectric material is selectively removed to form mesas. The refurbished electrostatic chuck is ready to return to service after cleaning. | 1. A method for refurbishing an electrostatic chuck, comprising:
removing a first portion of an electrostatic chuck body to expose a second portion of the electrostatic chuck body, wherein the first portion has a first depth below a top surface of the electrostatic chuck body and the second portion has a second depth below the top surface of the electrostatic chuck body; depositing a layer of dielectric material onto the second portion using a suspension slurry plasma spray process, the suspension slurry plasma spray process comprising:
producing a plasma discharge;
atomizing a suspension slurry of a dielectric material into a stream of droplets using an atomizing probe that uses a pressurized gas to shear the suspension slurry of the dielectric material into the stream of droplets, the suspension slurry comprising nano-sized solid particles of the dielectric material dispersed into a liquid or semi-liquid carrier substance;
injecting the stream of droplets into the plasma discharge to form partially melted drops; and
forming a layer of dielectric material onto the exposed second portion by projecting the partially melted drops onto the second portion of the electrostatic chuck body; and
selectively removing material from the layer of dielectric material to establish a new top surface. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
after depositing a layer of dielectric material onto the second portion, roughening the layer of dielectric material. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the roughened dielectric material has a surface roughness of between about 2 microinches and about 10 microinches. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the dielectric material has a thickness of about 20 microns to about 60 microns. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the nano-sized solid particles of the dielectric material has a diameter of about 1 micron to about 10 nanometer. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein removing a first portion of an electrostatic chuck body comprises removing a plurality of mesas formed on the top surface of the electrostatic chuck body. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein selectively removing material from the layer of dielectric material to establish a new top surface comprises:
forming a mask over the layer of dielectric material; and bead blasting the layer of dielectric material exposed through the mask to form mesas. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising polishing the new top surface, wherein polishing the new top surface comprises removing burrs from the mesas. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the layer of dielectric material comprises aluminum oxide. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the layer of dielectric material comprises aluminum nitride. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein injecting the stream of droplets into the plasma discharge is performed without the use of a carrier gas. 12. A refurbished electrostatic chuck refurbished by the method of claim 1. 13. A method for refurbishing an electrostatic chuck, comprising:
(a) removing a portion of an electrostatic chuck body to expose a base surface of the electrostatic chuck body; (b) depositing a layer of dielectric material onto the base surface using a suspension slurry plasma spray process, the suspension slurry plasma spray process comprising:
producing a plasma discharge;
atomizing a suspension slurry of a dielectric material into a stream of droplets using an atomizing probe that uses a pressurized gas to shear the suspension slurry of the dielectric material into the stream of droplets, the suspension slurry comprising nano-sized solid particles of the dielectric material dispersed into a liquid or semi-liquid carrier substance;
injecting the stream of droplets into the plasma discharge directly to form partially melted drops; and
forming a layer of dielectric material onto the base surface by accelerating the partially melted drops with the plasma discharge towards the base surface of the electrostatic chuck body; and
(c) roughening the layer of dielectric material; and (d) selectively removing material from the layer of dielectric material to establish a new top surface. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
repeating (a) to (d). 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the roughened dielectric material has a surface roughness of between about 2 microinches and about 10 microinches. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the dielectric material has a thickness of about 20 microns to about 60 microns. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the nano-sized solid particles of the dielectric material has a diameter of about 1 micron to about 10 nanometer. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the layer of dielectric material comprises aluminum oxide or aluminum nitride. 19. The method of claim 13, wherein injecting the stream of droplets into the plasma discharge is performed without the use of a carrier gas. 20. The method of claim 13, wherein selectively removing material from the layer of dielectric material to establish a new top surface comprises:
forming a mask over the layer of dielectric material; and bead blasting the layer of dielectric material exposed through the mask to form mesas. | Implementations of the present disclosure relate to a method of refurbishing a sinter or plasma sprayed electrostatic chuck. Initially, a portion of a used electrostatic chuck body is removed to expose a base surface. Then, a layer of new dielectric material is deposited onto the base surface using a suspension slurry plasma spray process. The suspension slurry plasma spray process atomizes a suspension slurry of a nano-sized dielectric material into a stream of droplets, and then the stream of droplets is injected into a plasma discharge to form partially melted drops. The partially melted drops is projected onto the base surface to form a layer of dielectric material thereon. Thereafter, material of the layer of the new dielectric material is selectively removed to form mesas. The refurbished electrostatic chuck is ready to return to service after cleaning.1. A method for refurbishing an electrostatic chuck, comprising:
removing a first portion of an electrostatic chuck body to expose a second portion of the electrostatic chuck body, wherein the first portion has a first depth below a top surface of the electrostatic chuck body and the second portion has a second depth below the top surface of the electrostatic chuck body; depositing a layer of dielectric material onto the second portion using a suspension slurry plasma spray process, the suspension slurry plasma spray process comprising:
producing a plasma discharge;
atomizing a suspension slurry of a dielectric material into a stream of droplets using an atomizing probe that uses a pressurized gas to shear the suspension slurry of the dielectric material into the stream of droplets, the suspension slurry comprising nano-sized solid particles of the dielectric material dispersed into a liquid or semi-liquid carrier substance;
injecting the stream of droplets into the plasma discharge to form partially melted drops; and
forming a layer of dielectric material onto the exposed second portion by projecting the partially melted drops onto the second portion of the electrostatic chuck body; and
selectively removing material from the layer of dielectric material to establish a new top surface. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
after depositing a layer of dielectric material onto the second portion, roughening the layer of dielectric material. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the roughened dielectric material has a surface roughness of between about 2 microinches and about 10 microinches. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the dielectric material has a thickness of about 20 microns to about 60 microns. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the nano-sized solid particles of the dielectric material has a diameter of about 1 micron to about 10 nanometer. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein removing a first portion of an electrostatic chuck body comprises removing a plurality of mesas formed on the top surface of the electrostatic chuck body. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein selectively removing material from the layer of dielectric material to establish a new top surface comprises:
forming a mask over the layer of dielectric material; and bead blasting the layer of dielectric material exposed through the mask to form mesas. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising polishing the new top surface, wherein polishing the new top surface comprises removing burrs from the mesas. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the layer of dielectric material comprises aluminum oxide. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the layer of dielectric material comprises aluminum nitride. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein injecting the stream of droplets into the plasma discharge is performed without the use of a carrier gas. 12. A refurbished electrostatic chuck refurbished by the method of claim 1. 13. A method for refurbishing an electrostatic chuck, comprising:
(a) removing a portion of an electrostatic chuck body to expose a base surface of the electrostatic chuck body; (b) depositing a layer of dielectric material onto the base surface using a suspension slurry plasma spray process, the suspension slurry plasma spray process comprising:
producing a plasma discharge;
atomizing a suspension slurry of a dielectric material into a stream of droplets using an atomizing probe that uses a pressurized gas to shear the suspension slurry of the dielectric material into the stream of droplets, the suspension slurry comprising nano-sized solid particles of the dielectric material dispersed into a liquid or semi-liquid carrier substance;
injecting the stream of droplets into the plasma discharge directly to form partially melted drops; and
forming a layer of dielectric material onto the base surface by accelerating the partially melted drops with the plasma discharge towards the base surface of the electrostatic chuck body; and
(c) roughening the layer of dielectric material; and (d) selectively removing material from the layer of dielectric material to establish a new top surface. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
repeating (a) to (d). 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the roughened dielectric material has a surface roughness of between about 2 microinches and about 10 microinches. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the dielectric material has a thickness of about 20 microns to about 60 microns. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the nano-sized solid particles of the dielectric material has a diameter of about 1 micron to about 10 nanometer. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the layer of dielectric material comprises aluminum oxide or aluminum nitride. 19. The method of claim 13, wherein injecting the stream of droplets into the plasma discharge is performed without the use of a carrier gas. 20. The method of claim 13, wherein selectively removing material from the layer of dielectric material to establish a new top surface comprises:
forming a mask over the layer of dielectric material; and bead blasting the layer of dielectric material exposed through the mask to form mesas. | 1,700 |
3,983 | 14,981,318 | 1,723 | Provided is a battery block for a vehicle. The battery block includes: a main body ( 10 ) provided with an installation space ( 11 ′) therein for receiving components; and an upper casing ( 50 ) mounted to an upper part of the main body ( 10 ), an inside of the upper casing mounted to an upper part of a vehicle battery ( 100 ), wherein the main body ( 10 ) is provided with at least one step ( 11 ) along a longitudinal direction of the main body ( 10 ) such that heights of opposite sides of the step ( 11 ) are different from each other. The main body ( 10 ) has a relatively short section with a same height, and therefore rigidity thereof is increased, whereby bending or torsion of the casing is reduced. Thus, durability of the battery block is improved. | 1. A battery block for a vehicle, the battery block comprising:
a main body provided with an installation space therein for receiving components; and an upper casing mounted to an upper part of the main body, an inside of the upper casing mounted to an upper part of a vehicle battery, wherein the main body is provided with at least one step along a longitudinal direction of the main body such that heights of opposite sides of the step are different from each other. 2. The battery block of claim 1, wherein the main body is in a repeated convex-concave shape that extends with different heights due to the step. 3. The battery block of claim 1, wherein the main body includes: a mounting space that is open downwardly; a cantilever lance elastically deformably provided in the mounting space and configured to hold an end of a wire terminal by catching the end of the wire terminal; and a front holder selectively mounted to the mounting space so as to prevent or allow elastic deformation of the lance. 4. The battery block of claim 3, wherein one side of the lance is provided with an inclined rib by protruding, the inclined rib corresponding to a pushing part of the front holder, wherein the inclined rib is configured to be inclined toward the pushing part of the front holder such that when the front holder is mounted to the mounting space, an outer surface of an inclined rib of the front holder comes into close contact with an outer surface of the inclined rib of the lance. 5. The battery block of claim 3, wherein the installation space of the main body is provided with a plurality of terminal seats, wherein shapes of the terminal seats are different from each other depending on shapes of power supply terminals that are seated in the respective terminal seats. 6. The battery block of claim 5, wherein a partition fence is provided between each of the terminal seats and a neighboring terminal seat by protruding, with a distinction guide being provided on one end of the partition fence by protruding, wherein the terminal seats have respective distinction guides different from each other in shapes and numbers such that the shapes of the plurality of the terminal seats are different from each other. 7. The battery block of claim 1, wherein the main body includes: a locking protrusion, the locking protrusion being inserted into a locking hole on a bus bar; a pair of locking fingers elastically deformably provided on the locking protrusion in such a manner that the locking fingers are moved in opposed or opposite directions to be closed to or remote from each other; and a reinforcing rib provided by protruding on an outer surface of each locking finger along a longitudinal direction thereof. 8. The battery block of claim 7, wherein an edge of the locking hole that is provided on the bus bar and is engaged with the locking protrusion has a chamfer that makes a sloping edge. 9. The battery block of claim 5, wherein a wire locking piece is provided on the main body by protruding at a location adjacent to a location where each of the power supply terminals or the wire terminal is mounted, an evasion space is provided on each of opposite sides of the wire locking piece so as to form an opening for allowing a locking means to pass therethrough, and a protruding rib is provided on a rear surface of the wire locking piece along a longitudinal direction of the wire locking piece. | Provided is a battery block for a vehicle. The battery block includes: a main body ( 10 ) provided with an installation space ( 11 ′) therein for receiving components; and an upper casing ( 50 ) mounted to an upper part of the main body ( 10 ), an inside of the upper casing mounted to an upper part of a vehicle battery ( 100 ), wherein the main body ( 10 ) is provided with at least one step ( 11 ) along a longitudinal direction of the main body ( 10 ) such that heights of opposite sides of the step ( 11 ) are different from each other. The main body ( 10 ) has a relatively short section with a same height, and therefore rigidity thereof is increased, whereby bending or torsion of the casing is reduced. Thus, durability of the battery block is improved.1. A battery block for a vehicle, the battery block comprising:
a main body provided with an installation space therein for receiving components; and an upper casing mounted to an upper part of the main body, an inside of the upper casing mounted to an upper part of a vehicle battery, wherein the main body is provided with at least one step along a longitudinal direction of the main body such that heights of opposite sides of the step are different from each other. 2. The battery block of claim 1, wherein the main body is in a repeated convex-concave shape that extends with different heights due to the step. 3. The battery block of claim 1, wherein the main body includes: a mounting space that is open downwardly; a cantilever lance elastically deformably provided in the mounting space and configured to hold an end of a wire terminal by catching the end of the wire terminal; and a front holder selectively mounted to the mounting space so as to prevent or allow elastic deformation of the lance. 4. The battery block of claim 3, wherein one side of the lance is provided with an inclined rib by protruding, the inclined rib corresponding to a pushing part of the front holder, wherein the inclined rib is configured to be inclined toward the pushing part of the front holder such that when the front holder is mounted to the mounting space, an outer surface of an inclined rib of the front holder comes into close contact with an outer surface of the inclined rib of the lance. 5. The battery block of claim 3, wherein the installation space of the main body is provided with a plurality of terminal seats, wherein shapes of the terminal seats are different from each other depending on shapes of power supply terminals that are seated in the respective terminal seats. 6. The battery block of claim 5, wherein a partition fence is provided between each of the terminal seats and a neighboring terminal seat by protruding, with a distinction guide being provided on one end of the partition fence by protruding, wherein the terminal seats have respective distinction guides different from each other in shapes and numbers such that the shapes of the plurality of the terminal seats are different from each other. 7. The battery block of claim 1, wherein the main body includes: a locking protrusion, the locking protrusion being inserted into a locking hole on a bus bar; a pair of locking fingers elastically deformably provided on the locking protrusion in such a manner that the locking fingers are moved in opposed or opposite directions to be closed to or remote from each other; and a reinforcing rib provided by protruding on an outer surface of each locking finger along a longitudinal direction thereof. 8. The battery block of claim 7, wherein an edge of the locking hole that is provided on the bus bar and is engaged with the locking protrusion has a chamfer that makes a sloping edge. 9. The battery block of claim 5, wherein a wire locking piece is provided on the main body by protruding at a location adjacent to a location where each of the power supply terminals or the wire terminal is mounted, an evasion space is provided on each of opposite sides of the wire locking piece so as to form an opening for allowing a locking means to pass therethrough, and a protruding rib is provided on a rear surface of the wire locking piece along a longitudinal direction of the wire locking piece. | 1,700 |
3,984 | 15,120,946 | 1,785 | The present invention relates packaging webs having at least one surface comprising a product-release coating composition which is capable of easily separating from a food product without tearing the web or changing the appearance of the food product, where the product-release coating composition includes a compound of the following formula (I): | 1. A packaging web having a first side edge and an opposing second side edge, a third side edge and opposing fourth side edge, comprising:
a. an inner surface comprising a sealing border positioned adjacent to the first, second, third and fourth side edges and comprising a cold-seal adhesive coating; and b. a product-release coating applied in an area circumscribed by the sealing border, wherein the product-release coating comprises a compound of formula: 2. A packaging web according to claim 1, wherein the product-release composition comprises a sulfosuccinate compound. 3. A packaging web according to claim 1, wherein the metal cation is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium. 4. A packaging web according to claim 1, wherein the product-release composition comprises a sodium sulfosuccinate compound. 5. A packaging web according to claim 1 wherein the product-release composition is selected from the group consisting of sodium 1,4-dicyclohexyl sulfosuccinate, sodium 1,4 dihexyl sulfosuccinate, sodium 1,4-diisobutyl sulfosuccinate, sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, sodium 1,4-dipentyl sulfosuccinate, sodium 1,4-ditridecyl sulfosuccinate and blends thereof. 6. A packaging web according to claim 1, wherein the product-release composition comprises sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate. 7. A packaging web according to claim 1, wherein the outer surface comprises a cold-seal release composition. 8. A packaging web according to claim 7, wherein the cold-seal release composition is a coating. 9. A packaging web according to claim 1, wherein the sealing border is a contiguous strip of cold-seal adhesive coating. 10. A packaging web according to claim 1, wherein the sealing border is a non-contiguous pattern of cold-seal adhesive coating. 11. A packaging web according to claim 1, wherein the product-release coating is applied as a contiguous coating in the area circumscribed by the sealing border. 12. A packaging web according to claim 1, wherein the product-release coating is applied as a non-contiguous pattern in the area circumscribed by the sealing border. 13. A packaging web according to claim 10, wherein the contiguous strip has a width of between 0.5 in and 0.63 in (12.7 mm and 15.88 mm). 14. A packaging web according to claim 1, wherein the inner surface is formed from a polymer layer of polyamide, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate or polypropylene. 15. A packaging web according to claim 14, wherein the polymer layer is an oriented polyamide, an oriented polyethylene terephthalate or an oriented polypropylene. 16. A packaging web according to claim 1, wherein the web is a multilayer film. 17. A packaging web according to claim 1, wherein the product-release coating is present on the inner surface in an amount of between 0.02 lb/ream and 0.50 lb/ream (9 gram/ream and 227 gram/ream). 18. A packaging web according to claim 1, wherein the web has a thickness of at least 1 mil (25.4 μm). 19. A packaging web according to claim 1, wherein the inner surface comprises a first adhesive-free margin separating the sealing border from the product-release coating. 20. A packaging web according to claim 19, where the inner surface comprises a second adhesive-free margin separating the first side edge and the sealing border, and a third adhesive-free margin separating the second side edge and the sealing border. | The present invention relates packaging webs having at least one surface comprising a product-release coating composition which is capable of easily separating from a food product without tearing the web or changing the appearance of the food product, where the product-release coating composition includes a compound of the following formula (I):1. A packaging web having a first side edge and an opposing second side edge, a third side edge and opposing fourth side edge, comprising:
a. an inner surface comprising a sealing border positioned adjacent to the first, second, third and fourth side edges and comprising a cold-seal adhesive coating; and b. a product-release coating applied in an area circumscribed by the sealing border, wherein the product-release coating comprises a compound of formula: 2. A packaging web according to claim 1, wherein the product-release composition comprises a sulfosuccinate compound. 3. A packaging web according to claim 1, wherein the metal cation is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium. 4. A packaging web according to claim 1, wherein the product-release composition comprises a sodium sulfosuccinate compound. 5. A packaging web according to claim 1 wherein the product-release composition is selected from the group consisting of sodium 1,4-dicyclohexyl sulfosuccinate, sodium 1,4 dihexyl sulfosuccinate, sodium 1,4-diisobutyl sulfosuccinate, sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, sodium 1,4-dipentyl sulfosuccinate, sodium 1,4-ditridecyl sulfosuccinate and blends thereof. 6. A packaging web according to claim 1, wherein the product-release composition comprises sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate. 7. A packaging web according to claim 1, wherein the outer surface comprises a cold-seal release composition. 8. A packaging web according to claim 7, wherein the cold-seal release composition is a coating. 9. A packaging web according to claim 1, wherein the sealing border is a contiguous strip of cold-seal adhesive coating. 10. A packaging web according to claim 1, wherein the sealing border is a non-contiguous pattern of cold-seal adhesive coating. 11. A packaging web according to claim 1, wherein the product-release coating is applied as a contiguous coating in the area circumscribed by the sealing border. 12. A packaging web according to claim 1, wherein the product-release coating is applied as a non-contiguous pattern in the area circumscribed by the sealing border. 13. A packaging web according to claim 10, wherein the contiguous strip has a width of between 0.5 in and 0.63 in (12.7 mm and 15.88 mm). 14. A packaging web according to claim 1, wherein the inner surface is formed from a polymer layer of polyamide, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate or polypropylene. 15. A packaging web according to claim 14, wherein the polymer layer is an oriented polyamide, an oriented polyethylene terephthalate or an oriented polypropylene. 16. A packaging web according to claim 1, wherein the web is a multilayer film. 17. A packaging web according to claim 1, wherein the product-release coating is present on the inner surface in an amount of between 0.02 lb/ream and 0.50 lb/ream (9 gram/ream and 227 gram/ream). 18. A packaging web according to claim 1, wherein the web has a thickness of at least 1 mil (25.4 μm). 19. A packaging web according to claim 1, wherein the inner surface comprises a first adhesive-free margin separating the sealing border from the product-release coating. 20. A packaging web according to claim 19, where the inner surface comprises a second adhesive-free margin separating the first side edge and the sealing border, and a third adhesive-free margin separating the second side edge and the sealing border. | 1,700 |
3,985 | 15,571,863 | 1,774 | A disc-shaped stirring element ( 100 A) includes at least one projecting portion ( 102 ) at a position on a lower surface ( 103 a ) separated from a rotation center, the projecting portion ( 102 ) projecting toward a bottom surface ( 51 a ) of a stirring container ( 51 ), and an upper surface ( 103 b ) of the stirring element ( 100 A) is planar. | 1: A stirring element that is shaped like a disc and that is to be placed on a bottom portion of a stirring container for stirring a liquid,
wherein the stirring element is configured to perform rotational motion about a rotation center that is a center of the disc due to a magnetically acting force from outside, wherein the stirring element comprises at least one projecting portion at a position on a lower surface of the stirring element separated from the rotation center, the lower surface facing the bottom portion of the stirring container and the projecting portion projecting toward the bottom portion of the stirring container, and wherein an upper surface of the stirring element, which is opposite to the lower surface, is planar. 2: The stirring element according to claim 1, wherein a peripheral portion of the upper surface has a shape that is inclined downward toward an outer side. 3: The stirring element according to claim 2, wherein a central portion of the upper surface has a flat shape. 4: The stirring element according to claim 1, wherein the number of the projecting portions on the lower surface is three or more, and the projecting portions are disposed concentrically with respect to the rotation center. 5: The stirring element according to claim 1, wherein the projecting portion on the lower surface has an annular shape centered around the rotation center. 6: The stirring element according to claim 1, wherein the lower surface gradually bulges from an edge portion toward the projecting portion. 7: The stirring element according to claim 1, further comprising a magnet for receiving the magnetically acting force, at least a part of the magnet being disposed in the projecting portion. 8: The stirring element according to claim 1, wherein the upper surface gradually bulges from an edge portion toward the rotation center. 9: A stirring device comprising:
the stirring element according to claim 1; and a stirring container in which the stirring element is placed. 10: The stirring device according to claim 9, wherein the stirring container includes a container-side protruding portion at a position on the bottom portion corresponding to the rotation center, the container-side protruding portion protruding toward the stirring element. 11: The stirring device according to claim 10, wherein the container-side protruding portion includes a container-side top recessed portion whose top is recessed,
wherein the stirring element includes a stirring-element-side protruding portion at a position facing the container-side protruding portion, the stirring-element-side protruding portion protruding toward the bottom portion of the stirring container, and wherein a tip of the stirring-element-side protruding portion contacts an inner wall of the container-side top recessed portion. 12: The stirring device according to claim 10, wherein the stirring element includes a first ring-shaped projecting portion that projects from the lower surface toward the bottom portion of the stirring container so as to surround the container-side protruding portion of the stirring container. 13: The stirring device according to claim 12, wherein the stirring element includes at least one dot-shaped projecting portion on the lower surface at a position outside of the first ring-shaped projecting portion, the dot-shaped projecting portion projecting toward the bottom portion of the stirring container. 14: The stirring device according to claim 13, wherein the stirring element includes a second ring-shaped projecting portion that projects from the lower surface toward the bottom portion of the stirring container so as to surround the first ring-shaped projecting portion and the dot-shaped projecting portion. 15: The stirring device according to claim 9, wherein the stirring device has a placement surface on which the stirring container is placed, and the stirring device further comprises a rotary drive unit for rotating the stirring element by using the magnetically acting force. | A disc-shaped stirring element ( 100 A) includes at least one projecting portion ( 102 ) at a position on a lower surface ( 103 a ) separated from a rotation center, the projecting portion ( 102 ) projecting toward a bottom surface ( 51 a ) of a stirring container ( 51 ), and an upper surface ( 103 b ) of the stirring element ( 100 A) is planar.1: A stirring element that is shaped like a disc and that is to be placed on a bottom portion of a stirring container for stirring a liquid,
wherein the stirring element is configured to perform rotational motion about a rotation center that is a center of the disc due to a magnetically acting force from outside, wherein the stirring element comprises at least one projecting portion at a position on a lower surface of the stirring element separated from the rotation center, the lower surface facing the bottom portion of the stirring container and the projecting portion projecting toward the bottom portion of the stirring container, and wherein an upper surface of the stirring element, which is opposite to the lower surface, is planar. 2: The stirring element according to claim 1, wherein a peripheral portion of the upper surface has a shape that is inclined downward toward an outer side. 3: The stirring element according to claim 2, wherein a central portion of the upper surface has a flat shape. 4: The stirring element according to claim 1, wherein the number of the projecting portions on the lower surface is three or more, and the projecting portions are disposed concentrically with respect to the rotation center. 5: The stirring element according to claim 1, wherein the projecting portion on the lower surface has an annular shape centered around the rotation center. 6: The stirring element according to claim 1, wherein the lower surface gradually bulges from an edge portion toward the projecting portion. 7: The stirring element according to claim 1, further comprising a magnet for receiving the magnetically acting force, at least a part of the magnet being disposed in the projecting portion. 8: The stirring element according to claim 1, wherein the upper surface gradually bulges from an edge portion toward the rotation center. 9: A stirring device comprising:
the stirring element according to claim 1; and a stirring container in which the stirring element is placed. 10: The stirring device according to claim 9, wherein the stirring container includes a container-side protruding portion at a position on the bottom portion corresponding to the rotation center, the container-side protruding portion protruding toward the stirring element. 11: The stirring device according to claim 10, wherein the container-side protruding portion includes a container-side top recessed portion whose top is recessed,
wherein the stirring element includes a stirring-element-side protruding portion at a position facing the container-side protruding portion, the stirring-element-side protruding portion protruding toward the bottom portion of the stirring container, and wherein a tip of the stirring-element-side protruding portion contacts an inner wall of the container-side top recessed portion. 12: The stirring device according to claim 10, wherein the stirring element includes a first ring-shaped projecting portion that projects from the lower surface toward the bottom portion of the stirring container so as to surround the container-side protruding portion of the stirring container. 13: The stirring device according to claim 12, wherein the stirring element includes at least one dot-shaped projecting portion on the lower surface at a position outside of the first ring-shaped projecting portion, the dot-shaped projecting portion projecting toward the bottom portion of the stirring container. 14: The stirring device according to claim 13, wherein the stirring element includes a second ring-shaped projecting portion that projects from the lower surface toward the bottom portion of the stirring container so as to surround the first ring-shaped projecting portion and the dot-shaped projecting portion. 15: The stirring device according to claim 9, wherein the stirring device has a placement surface on which the stirring container is placed, and the stirring device further comprises a rotary drive unit for rotating the stirring element by using the magnetically acting force. | 1,700 |
3,986 | 15,726,172 | 1,781 | An assembly includes an upper substrate, a lower substrate, and a self-piercing rivet. The lower substrate defines a preformed interior cavity and a preformed exterior profile adjacent the interior cavity to define a variable thickness wall. The self-piercing rivet extends through the upper substrate and into the preformed interior cavity of the lower substrate. | 1. An assembly comprising:
an upper substrate; a lower substrate defining a preformed interior cavity and a preformed exterior profile adjacent the interior cavity to define a variable thickness wall; and a self-piercing rivet extending through the upper substrate and into the preformed interior cavity of the lower substrate. 2. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein the preformed interior cavity of the lower substrate is not plastically deformed after installation of the self-piercing rivet. 3. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein the preformed interior cavity of the lower substrate is plastically deformed after installation of the self-piercing rivet. 4. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein the lower substrate is an aluminum casting or an aluminum extrusion. 5. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein the lower substrate is a composite material. 6. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein the preformed interior cavity defines a circular trench having a raised central region. 7. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein the preformed exterior profile defines a closed cylinder. 8. The assembly according to claim 7, wherein the preformed exterior profile further defines a radiused area extending between a lower surface of the lower substrate and the cylinder. 9. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein the preformed interior cavity is configured to direct flaring of the self-piercing rivet. 10. A dimpled substrate for use in an assembly having joined substrates, the dimpled substrate defining at least one preformed interior cavity and at least one preformed exterior profile adjacent the interior cavity to define a variable thickness wall, wherein the preformed interior cavity is configured to receive a fastening system that plastically deforms at least one of the substrates during joining. 11. The substrate according to claim 10, wherein the dimpled substrate defines a plurality of preformed interior cavities and a corresponding plurality of preformed exterior profiles, the plurality of preformed interior cavities being evenly spaced. 12. The substrate according to claim 10, wherein the lower substrate is an aluminum casting or an aluminum extrusion. 13. The substrate according to claim 10, wherein the lower substrate is a composite material. 14. The substrate according to claim 10, wherein the preformed interior cavity defines a circular trench having a raised central region. 15. The substrate according to claim 10, wherein preformed exterior profile defines a closed cylinder. 16. An assembly comprising:
an upper substrate; a lower substrate defining a plurality of preformed interior cavities and a corresponding plurality of preformed exterior profiles adjacent the interior cavities to define variable thickness walls therebetween; and a plurality of self-piercing rivets extending through the upper substrate and into the preformed interior cavities of the lower substrate, wherein the preformed interior cavities are configured to direct flaring of the self-piercing rivets. 17. The assembly according to claim 16, wherein the lower substrate is an aluminum casting or an aluminum extrusion. 18. The assembly according to claim 16, wherein the lower substrate is a composite material. 19. The assembly according to claim 16, wherein preformed exterior profiles define closed cylinders. 20. A motor vehicle having the assembly according to claim 16. | An assembly includes an upper substrate, a lower substrate, and a self-piercing rivet. The lower substrate defines a preformed interior cavity and a preformed exterior profile adjacent the interior cavity to define a variable thickness wall. The self-piercing rivet extends through the upper substrate and into the preformed interior cavity of the lower substrate.1. An assembly comprising:
an upper substrate; a lower substrate defining a preformed interior cavity and a preformed exterior profile adjacent the interior cavity to define a variable thickness wall; and a self-piercing rivet extending through the upper substrate and into the preformed interior cavity of the lower substrate. 2. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein the preformed interior cavity of the lower substrate is not plastically deformed after installation of the self-piercing rivet. 3. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein the preformed interior cavity of the lower substrate is plastically deformed after installation of the self-piercing rivet. 4. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein the lower substrate is an aluminum casting or an aluminum extrusion. 5. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein the lower substrate is a composite material. 6. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein the preformed interior cavity defines a circular trench having a raised central region. 7. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein the preformed exterior profile defines a closed cylinder. 8. The assembly according to claim 7, wherein the preformed exterior profile further defines a radiused area extending between a lower surface of the lower substrate and the cylinder. 9. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein the preformed interior cavity is configured to direct flaring of the self-piercing rivet. 10. A dimpled substrate for use in an assembly having joined substrates, the dimpled substrate defining at least one preformed interior cavity and at least one preformed exterior profile adjacent the interior cavity to define a variable thickness wall, wherein the preformed interior cavity is configured to receive a fastening system that plastically deforms at least one of the substrates during joining. 11. The substrate according to claim 10, wherein the dimpled substrate defines a plurality of preformed interior cavities and a corresponding plurality of preformed exterior profiles, the plurality of preformed interior cavities being evenly spaced. 12. The substrate according to claim 10, wherein the lower substrate is an aluminum casting or an aluminum extrusion. 13. The substrate according to claim 10, wherein the lower substrate is a composite material. 14. The substrate according to claim 10, wherein the preformed interior cavity defines a circular trench having a raised central region. 15. The substrate according to claim 10, wherein preformed exterior profile defines a closed cylinder. 16. An assembly comprising:
an upper substrate; a lower substrate defining a plurality of preformed interior cavities and a corresponding plurality of preformed exterior profiles adjacent the interior cavities to define variable thickness walls therebetween; and a plurality of self-piercing rivets extending through the upper substrate and into the preformed interior cavities of the lower substrate, wherein the preformed interior cavities are configured to direct flaring of the self-piercing rivets. 17. The assembly according to claim 16, wherein the lower substrate is an aluminum casting or an aluminum extrusion. 18. The assembly according to claim 16, wherein the lower substrate is a composite material. 19. The assembly according to claim 16, wherein preformed exterior profiles define closed cylinders. 20. A motor vehicle having the assembly according to claim 16. | 1,700 |
3,987 | 15,287,079 | 1,717 | A machine for coating an optical article with an anti-soiling coating composition, includes a vacuum chamber ( 8 ) configured to receive the optical article, a vacuum pump ( 20 ) connected to the vacuum chamber ( 8 ), a plasma generator ( 11 ) configured to carry out a vacuum plasma treatment of the optical article, an evaporation device ( 10 ) configured to carry out a vacuum evaporation treatment of the composition for depositing it on the optical article, a control unit ( 2 ) controlling the plasma generator for removing an initial outermost anti-soiling coating of the article, controlling the evaporation device for recoating the article with the anti-soiling coating composition, being configured to causes the vacuum pump ( 20 ) to suck gases from the chamber ( 8 ) during vacuum plasma treatment and being further configured to causes the vacuum pump ( 20 ) not to suck gases from the chamber ( 8 ) during vacuum evaporation treatment. | 1. A method for using a machine for coating an optical article with an anti-soiling coating composition, the machine including a vacuum chamber having an interior space configured to receive the optical article, a vacuum pump connected to the vacuum chamber, a plasma generator configured to carry out a vacuum plasma treatment of the optical article in the vacuum chamber, an evaporation device configured to carry out a vacuum evaporation treatment of the anti-soiling coating composition for depositing the anti-soiling coating composition on the optical article in the vacuum chamber, and a control unit configured to control both the plasma generator and the evaporation device, the method comprising:
selecting the optical article having an initial outermost anti-soiling coating; loading the optical article into the vacuum chamber of the machine; loading the anti-soiling coating composition into the vacuum chamber; starting operation of the vacuum pump of the machine and controlling the vacuum pump with the control unit to cause the vacuum pump to suck gases from the vacuum chamber; carrying out the vacuum plasma treatment with the plasma generator and controlling the plasma generator with the control unit to remove the initial outermost anti-soiling coating of the optical article; controlling the vacuum pump with the control unit to cause the vacuum pump not to suck gases from the vacuum chamber; carrying out the vacuum evaporation treatment with the evaporation device and controlling the evaporation device with the control unit to recoat the optical article with the anti-soiling coating composition; and unloading the optical article from the vacuum chamber. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the machine further includes a vacuum valve disposed between the vacuum chamber and the vacuum pump, and
the method further comprises opening and closing the vacuum valve to cause the vacuum pump to respectively suck and not suck. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the machine includes a filtering device connected to the vacuum chamber, and
the method further comprises filtering the gases before exhausting the gases to the atmosphere when the vacuum pump is controlled to suck the gases from the vacuum chamber. 4. The method according to claim 3, further comprising sucking the gases from the vacuum chamber before the filtering of the gases; and
causing the vacuum pump not to suck gases from the vacuum chamber after the filtering of the gases. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the machine includes a gas inlet valve connected to the vacuum chamber, and
the method further comprises, before the carrying out the vacuum plasma treatment, opening the gas inlet valve. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the carrying out the vacuum evaporation treatment comprises heating the anti-soiling coating composition for a predetermined time. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the machine includes a crucible configured to receive the anti-soiling coating composition, and
the heating of the anti-soiling coating composition is carried out by heating the crucible. 8. A method for recoating an optical article with an anti-soiling coating composition, the method comprising:
selecting an optical article having an initial outermost anti-soiling coating; loading the optical article into a vacuum chamber of a machine for coating; loading the anti-soiling coating composition into the vacuum chamber; starting operation of a vacuum pump of the machine and causing the vacuum pump to suck gases from the vacuum chamber; carrying out a vacuum plasma treatment with a plasma generator and controlling the plasma generator to remove the initial outermost anti-soiling coating of the optical article; causing the vacuum pump not to suck gases from the vacuum chamber; carrying out a vacuum evaporation treatment with an evaporation device and controlling the evaporation device to recoat the optical article with the anti-soiling coating composition; and unloading the optical article from the vacuum chamber. 9. The method according to claim 2, wherein the machine includes a filtering device connected to the vacuum chamber, and
the method further comprises filtering the gases before exhausting the gases to the atmosphere when the vacuum pump is controlled to suck the gases from the vacuum chamber. 10. The method according to claim 2, wherein the machine includes a gas inlet valve connected to the vacuum chamber, and
the method further comprises, before the carrying out the vacuum plasma treatment, opening the gas inlet valve. 11. The method according to claim 2, wherein the carrying out the vacuum evaporation treatment comprises heating the anti-soiling coating composition for a predetermined time. | A machine for coating an optical article with an anti-soiling coating composition, includes a vacuum chamber ( 8 ) configured to receive the optical article, a vacuum pump ( 20 ) connected to the vacuum chamber ( 8 ), a plasma generator ( 11 ) configured to carry out a vacuum plasma treatment of the optical article, an evaporation device ( 10 ) configured to carry out a vacuum evaporation treatment of the composition for depositing it on the optical article, a control unit ( 2 ) controlling the plasma generator for removing an initial outermost anti-soiling coating of the article, controlling the evaporation device for recoating the article with the anti-soiling coating composition, being configured to causes the vacuum pump ( 20 ) to suck gases from the chamber ( 8 ) during vacuum plasma treatment and being further configured to causes the vacuum pump ( 20 ) not to suck gases from the chamber ( 8 ) during vacuum evaporation treatment.1. A method for using a machine for coating an optical article with an anti-soiling coating composition, the machine including a vacuum chamber having an interior space configured to receive the optical article, a vacuum pump connected to the vacuum chamber, a plasma generator configured to carry out a vacuum plasma treatment of the optical article in the vacuum chamber, an evaporation device configured to carry out a vacuum evaporation treatment of the anti-soiling coating composition for depositing the anti-soiling coating composition on the optical article in the vacuum chamber, and a control unit configured to control both the plasma generator and the evaporation device, the method comprising:
selecting the optical article having an initial outermost anti-soiling coating; loading the optical article into the vacuum chamber of the machine; loading the anti-soiling coating composition into the vacuum chamber; starting operation of the vacuum pump of the machine and controlling the vacuum pump with the control unit to cause the vacuum pump to suck gases from the vacuum chamber; carrying out the vacuum plasma treatment with the plasma generator and controlling the plasma generator with the control unit to remove the initial outermost anti-soiling coating of the optical article; controlling the vacuum pump with the control unit to cause the vacuum pump not to suck gases from the vacuum chamber; carrying out the vacuum evaporation treatment with the evaporation device and controlling the evaporation device with the control unit to recoat the optical article with the anti-soiling coating composition; and unloading the optical article from the vacuum chamber. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the machine further includes a vacuum valve disposed between the vacuum chamber and the vacuum pump, and
the method further comprises opening and closing the vacuum valve to cause the vacuum pump to respectively suck and not suck. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the machine includes a filtering device connected to the vacuum chamber, and
the method further comprises filtering the gases before exhausting the gases to the atmosphere when the vacuum pump is controlled to suck the gases from the vacuum chamber. 4. The method according to claim 3, further comprising sucking the gases from the vacuum chamber before the filtering of the gases; and
causing the vacuum pump not to suck gases from the vacuum chamber after the filtering of the gases. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the machine includes a gas inlet valve connected to the vacuum chamber, and
the method further comprises, before the carrying out the vacuum plasma treatment, opening the gas inlet valve. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the carrying out the vacuum evaporation treatment comprises heating the anti-soiling coating composition for a predetermined time. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the machine includes a crucible configured to receive the anti-soiling coating composition, and
the heating of the anti-soiling coating composition is carried out by heating the crucible. 8. A method for recoating an optical article with an anti-soiling coating composition, the method comprising:
selecting an optical article having an initial outermost anti-soiling coating; loading the optical article into a vacuum chamber of a machine for coating; loading the anti-soiling coating composition into the vacuum chamber; starting operation of a vacuum pump of the machine and causing the vacuum pump to suck gases from the vacuum chamber; carrying out a vacuum plasma treatment with a plasma generator and controlling the plasma generator to remove the initial outermost anti-soiling coating of the optical article; causing the vacuum pump not to suck gases from the vacuum chamber; carrying out a vacuum evaporation treatment with an evaporation device and controlling the evaporation device to recoat the optical article with the anti-soiling coating composition; and unloading the optical article from the vacuum chamber. 9. The method according to claim 2, wherein the machine includes a filtering device connected to the vacuum chamber, and
the method further comprises filtering the gases before exhausting the gases to the atmosphere when the vacuum pump is controlled to suck the gases from the vacuum chamber. 10. The method according to claim 2, wherein the machine includes a gas inlet valve connected to the vacuum chamber, and
the method further comprises, before the carrying out the vacuum plasma treatment, opening the gas inlet valve. 11. The method according to claim 2, wherein the carrying out the vacuum evaporation treatment comprises heating the anti-soiling coating composition for a predetermined time. | 1,700 |
3,988 | 15,575,999 | 1,763 | A polyacetal resin composition containing 100 parts by weight of a polyacetal resin; from 0.01 part by weight to 0.5 part by weight (inclusive) of a hindered phenolic antioxidant; from 0.002 part by weight to 0.02 part by weight (inclusive) of an aliphatic carboxylic acid containing 2 or more carboxyl groups and having 4 or more carbon atoms; and from 0.01 part by weight to 0.1 part by weight (inclusive) of a fatty acid calcium salt. The molar ratio of the fatty acid calcium salt to the aliphatic carboxylic acid may be from 0.5 to 5 (inclusive). | 1. A polyacetal resin composition, comprising: 100 parts by weight of a polyacetal resin (A);
0.01 parts by mass to 0.5 part by mass of a hindered phenolic antioxidant (B); 0.002 parts by weight to 0.02 parts by weight of an aliphatic carboxylic acid (C) having a carbon number of 4 or more and having 2 or more carboxyl groups; and 0.01 parts by weight to 0.1 parts by weight of a fatty acid calcium salt (D). 2. The polyacetal resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the molar content of the fatty acid calcium salt (D)/the molar content of the aliphatic carboxylic acid (C) as the molar ratio of the fatty acid calcium salt (D) relative to the aliphatic carboxylic acid (C) is 0.5 to 5. | A polyacetal resin composition containing 100 parts by weight of a polyacetal resin; from 0.01 part by weight to 0.5 part by weight (inclusive) of a hindered phenolic antioxidant; from 0.002 part by weight to 0.02 part by weight (inclusive) of an aliphatic carboxylic acid containing 2 or more carboxyl groups and having 4 or more carbon atoms; and from 0.01 part by weight to 0.1 part by weight (inclusive) of a fatty acid calcium salt. The molar ratio of the fatty acid calcium salt to the aliphatic carboxylic acid may be from 0.5 to 5 (inclusive).1. A polyacetal resin composition, comprising: 100 parts by weight of a polyacetal resin (A);
0.01 parts by mass to 0.5 part by mass of a hindered phenolic antioxidant (B); 0.002 parts by weight to 0.02 parts by weight of an aliphatic carboxylic acid (C) having a carbon number of 4 or more and having 2 or more carboxyl groups; and 0.01 parts by weight to 0.1 parts by weight of a fatty acid calcium salt (D). 2. The polyacetal resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the molar content of the fatty acid calcium salt (D)/the molar content of the aliphatic carboxylic acid (C) as the molar ratio of the fatty acid calcium salt (D) relative to the aliphatic carboxylic acid (C) is 0.5 to 5. | 1,700 |
3,989 | 15,629,162 | 1,799 | Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a multistage procedure for treatment of biological samples (e.g., living cells with membranes, and the like) with a substance (e.g., a drug, DNA, RNA, plasmids, and other biomolecules or materials) to achieve more efficacious intracellular delivery and transfection. | 1. A system for delivering a substance into a living cell having a cell membrane, comprising:
a) a permeabilization system configured for permeabilization of the cell membrane to form pores in the membrane of a cell in suspension, and b) an insertion system configured to actively transport and incorporate a substance into one or more of the cell interior, a vesicle, a nanostructure defined by a membrane, and a microstructure defined by a membrane. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the permeabilization system is further configured for permeabilization of the cell membrane using a technique selected from the group consisting of: mechanical poration, electrical poration, thermal poration, and a combination of two or more of these techniques. 3. The system of clam 2, wherein the mechanical poration includes poration using an acoustic field, an action of a shear field, an action of a tension field, or a combination thereof. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the transporting and incorporating a substance is conducted using an active insertion technique selected from the group consisting of: an electrophoretic technique, a magnetophoretic technique, an acoustophoretic technique, and a combination of two or more of these techniques. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the transporting and incorporating includes delivering the substance to one or more of the cell interior, the vesicle, the nanostructure defined by a membrane, and the microstructure defined by a membrane. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the transporting and incorporating includes delivering the substance to a sub-cellular target. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein delivery includes delivering the substance to the nucleus, mitochondria, or vesicle. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein permeabilization is conducted on a cell suspension that does not include the substance. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the substance is added to the cell suspension during step b). 10. The system of claim 1, wherein steps a) and b) are performed sequentially in a single chamber. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein steps a) and b) are performed separately. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein the substance is selected from the group consisting of: a charged substance, a magnetic substance, a substance that moves under the action of an acoustic field, and a combination of two or more of these. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the charged substance is selected from the group consisting of: a drug, a polynucleotide, an antigen, a polypeptide, an antibody, an antigen, a hapten, and an enzyme. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the magnetic substance is a magnetic nanoparticle. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the magnetic nanoparticle is attached to a substance selected from the group consisting of: a drug, a polynucleotide, an antigen, a polypeptide, an antibody, an antigen, a hapten, and an enzyme. 16. The system of claim 1, wherein transporting and incorporating step includes applying an electric field of about 0.001 volts to 1 kilovolt per centimeter to the suspension. 17. The system of claim 1, wherein transporting and incorporating step includes applying an electric field of about 50 volts to 100 volt per centimeter to the suspension. 18. A system for delivering a substance into a living cell having a cell membrane, comprising:
a) a permeabilization system configured for permeabilization of the cell membrane to form pores in the membrane of a cell in suspension,
wherein the permeabilization system comprises a lumen configured for microliter volumes and an orifice, and the permeabilization system is further configured to provide a mechanical shear force that induces a tension in the cell membrane upon ejection of the cell from the orifice; and
b) an insertion system configured to actively transport and incorporate a substance into the cell interior. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the system is configured for continuous flow of a suspension of one or more cells or drop-wise flow of a suspension of one or more cells. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the system is self-pumping. 21. The system of claim 18, wherein the system is configured to perform (a) and (b) sequentially. 22. The system of claim 18, wherein the system is configured to perform (a) and (b) simultaneously. 23. A system for delivering a substance into a living cell having a cell membrane, comprising:
a) a permeabilization system configured for permeabilization of the cell membrane by providing a mechanical shear force that induces a tension in the cell membrane to form pores in the membrane of a cell in suspension; and b) an insertion system configured to actively transport and incorporate a substance into one or more of the cell interior, a vesicle, a nanostructure defined by a membrane, and a microstructure defined by a membrane. 24. The system of claim 23, wherein the system is configured for continuous flow of a suspension of one or more cells or drop-wise flow of a suspension of one or more cells. 25. The system of claim 23, wherein the system is self-pumping. 26. The system of claim 23, wherein the system is configured to perform (a) and (b) sequentially. 27. The system of claim 23, wherein the system is configured to perform (a) and (b) simultaneously. | Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a multistage procedure for treatment of biological samples (e.g., living cells with membranes, and the like) with a substance (e.g., a drug, DNA, RNA, plasmids, and other biomolecules or materials) to achieve more efficacious intracellular delivery and transfection.1. A system for delivering a substance into a living cell having a cell membrane, comprising:
a) a permeabilization system configured for permeabilization of the cell membrane to form pores in the membrane of a cell in suspension, and b) an insertion system configured to actively transport and incorporate a substance into one or more of the cell interior, a vesicle, a nanostructure defined by a membrane, and a microstructure defined by a membrane. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the permeabilization system is further configured for permeabilization of the cell membrane using a technique selected from the group consisting of: mechanical poration, electrical poration, thermal poration, and a combination of two or more of these techniques. 3. The system of clam 2, wherein the mechanical poration includes poration using an acoustic field, an action of a shear field, an action of a tension field, or a combination thereof. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the transporting and incorporating a substance is conducted using an active insertion technique selected from the group consisting of: an electrophoretic technique, a magnetophoretic technique, an acoustophoretic technique, and a combination of two or more of these techniques. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the transporting and incorporating includes delivering the substance to one or more of the cell interior, the vesicle, the nanostructure defined by a membrane, and the microstructure defined by a membrane. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the transporting and incorporating includes delivering the substance to a sub-cellular target. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein delivery includes delivering the substance to the nucleus, mitochondria, or vesicle. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein permeabilization is conducted on a cell suspension that does not include the substance. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the substance is added to the cell suspension during step b). 10. The system of claim 1, wherein steps a) and b) are performed sequentially in a single chamber. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein steps a) and b) are performed separately. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein the substance is selected from the group consisting of: a charged substance, a magnetic substance, a substance that moves under the action of an acoustic field, and a combination of two or more of these. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the charged substance is selected from the group consisting of: a drug, a polynucleotide, an antigen, a polypeptide, an antibody, an antigen, a hapten, and an enzyme. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the magnetic substance is a magnetic nanoparticle. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the magnetic nanoparticle is attached to a substance selected from the group consisting of: a drug, a polynucleotide, an antigen, a polypeptide, an antibody, an antigen, a hapten, and an enzyme. 16. The system of claim 1, wherein transporting and incorporating step includes applying an electric field of about 0.001 volts to 1 kilovolt per centimeter to the suspension. 17. The system of claim 1, wherein transporting and incorporating step includes applying an electric field of about 50 volts to 100 volt per centimeter to the suspension. 18. A system for delivering a substance into a living cell having a cell membrane, comprising:
a) a permeabilization system configured for permeabilization of the cell membrane to form pores in the membrane of a cell in suspension,
wherein the permeabilization system comprises a lumen configured for microliter volumes and an orifice, and the permeabilization system is further configured to provide a mechanical shear force that induces a tension in the cell membrane upon ejection of the cell from the orifice; and
b) an insertion system configured to actively transport and incorporate a substance into the cell interior. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the system is configured for continuous flow of a suspension of one or more cells or drop-wise flow of a suspension of one or more cells. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the system is self-pumping. 21. The system of claim 18, wherein the system is configured to perform (a) and (b) sequentially. 22. The system of claim 18, wherein the system is configured to perform (a) and (b) simultaneously. 23. A system for delivering a substance into a living cell having a cell membrane, comprising:
a) a permeabilization system configured for permeabilization of the cell membrane by providing a mechanical shear force that induces a tension in the cell membrane to form pores in the membrane of a cell in suspension; and b) an insertion system configured to actively transport and incorporate a substance into one or more of the cell interior, a vesicle, a nanostructure defined by a membrane, and a microstructure defined by a membrane. 24. The system of claim 23, wherein the system is configured for continuous flow of a suspension of one or more cells or drop-wise flow of a suspension of one or more cells. 25. The system of claim 23, wherein the system is self-pumping. 26. The system of claim 23, wherein the system is configured to perform (a) and (b) sequentially. 27. The system of claim 23, wherein the system is configured to perform (a) and (b) simultaneously. | 1,700 |
3,990 | 15,570,491 | 1,742 | A method of making an elongate reinforcing structure, such as a shear web, for a wind turbine blade is described. The reinforcing structure comprises a longitudinally-extending web and a longitudinally-extending flange. The flange extends along a longitudinal edge of the web and is arranged transversely to the web. The method involves providing a flange structure comprising a flange portion, and a projecting portion that extends along the length of the flange portion and projects transversely from a surface of the flange portion. The projecting portion is bonded between laminate layers of the web. The flange structure is preferably a pultruded component having a T-shaped cross-section. The method allows a simple, inexpensive and reconfigurable mould tool to be used. In preferred embodiments the mould tool has a flat surface without sidewalls. | 1. A method of making an elongate reinforcing structure for a wind turbine blade, the reinforcing structure comprising a longitudinally-extending web and a longitudinally-extending flange, the flange extending along a longitudinal edge of the web and being arranged transversely to the web, and the method comprising:
providing a longitudinally-extending mould tool having a mould surface bound by a first longitudinal edge of the mould tool, the mould surface being shaped to define the web of the reinforcing structure; providing a flange structure comprising a flange portion and a projecting portion that extends along the length of the flange portion and projects transversely from a surface of the flange portion; supporting one or more first laminate layers of the web on the mould surface; positioning the flange structure adjacent to the first longitudinal edge of the mould tool such that the projecting portion of the flange structure overlies a first longitudinal edge region of the one or more laminate layers and such that the flange portion is transverse to the mould surface; arranging one or more second laminate layers on top of the one or more first laminate layers such that the one or more second laminate layers at least partially cover the projecting portion of the flange structure; and integrating the one or more first laminate layers, the one or more second laminate layers and the projecting portion of the flange structure in the mould by means of a matrix material and thereby bonding the projecting portion between the one or more first laminate layers and the one or more second laminate layers. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the flange structure has a substantially constant cross section along its length. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the flange structure is a pultrusion. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the flange structure is substantially T-shaped or L-shaped in cross-section. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the flange portion is in the form of a substantially flat strip. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the flange portion is wedge-shaped. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the flange portion has a substantially V-shaped or curved outer surface. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the projecting portion forms an angle of approximately 90 degrees with an inner surface of the flange portion. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the flange portion has a substantially flat inner surface from which the projecting portion projects. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises:
arranging a packing element adjacent to the first longitudinal edge of the mould tool, between the mould tool and the flange portion of the flange structure, the packing element having an upper surface defining an extension of the mould surface; arranging the one or more first laminate layers, the projecting portion of the flange structure and the one or more second laminate layers such that they at least partially overlie the upper surface of the packing element; and selecting the dimensions of the packing element according to a required height of the reinforcing structure in a direction transverse to a direction of longitudinal extension of the reinforcing structure. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the mould tool comprises a depth stop provided at the first longitudinal edge of the mould tool, the depth stop being arranged to extend beyond the mould surface and abut the flange portion of the flange structure to set the extent to which the projecting portion of the flange structure extends between the one or more first laminate layers and the one or more second laminate layers, and thereby to set the height of the reinforcing structure in a direction transverse to a direction of longitudinal extension of the reinforcing structure. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the depth stop is adjustable and the method comprises varying the extent to which the depth stop extend beyond the mould surface thereby to select a required height of the reinforcing structure in a direction transverse to a direction of longitudinal extension of the reinforcing structure. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the mould surface is substantially flat. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the mould surface comprises a kink resulting in the web portion of the reinforcing structure having a kink. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises positioning a wedge-shaped element on the mould surface to form a kink and arranging the one or more first laminate layers over the wedge-shaped element. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more first laminate layers and/or the one or more second laminate layers comprise fibrous material, such as carbon or glass fibre fabric. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises arranging core material between the one or more first laminate layers and the one or more second laminate layers. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the matrix material is resin. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises:
arranging a vacuum film over the mould tool to form a sealed region encapsulating the laminate layers and the projecting portion of the flange structure; evacuating the sealed region; optionally admitting matrix material into the sealed region; and applying heat to cure the matrix material. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the method comprises arranging the vacuum film over the flange portions of the reinforcing flange structures such that substantially the entire flange structure is encapsulated within the sealed region. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises providing a further flange structure comprising a flange portion and a projecting portion that extends along the length of the flange portion and projects transversely from a surface of the flange portion;
positioning the further flange structure adjacent to a second longitudinal edge of the mould tool such that the projecting portion of the further flange structure overlies a second longitudinal edge region of the one or more laminate layers and such that the flange portion is transverse to the mould surface; arranging the one or more second laminate layers on top of the one or more first laminate layers such that the one or more second laminate layers additionally at least partially cover the projecting portion of the further flange structure; and bonding the projecting portion of the further flange structure between the one or more first laminate layers and the one or more second laminate layers. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the respective flange structures are substantially identical. 23. A shear web manufactured according to the method of claim 1. 24. A wind turbine blade comprising the shear web of claim 23. 25. An elongate reinforcing structure for a wind turbine blade, the reinforcing structure comprising:
a longitudinally-extending web of composite construction and formed of a plurality of laminate layers; and a first longitudinally-extending flange extending along a first longitudinal edge of the web and arranged transversely to the web, wherein the first flange comprises a projecting portion that projects transversely to the flange and which is integrated between laminate layers of the web portion. 26. The elongate reinforcing structure of claim 25, further comprising a second longitudinally-extending flange extending along a second longitudinal edge of the web and arranged transversely to the web,
wherein the second flange comprises a projecting portion that projects transversely to the second flange and which is integrated between laminate layers of the web portion. 27. The elongate reinforcing structure of claim 25, wherein the elongate reinforcing structure is a shear web. 28. A wind turbine blade comprising the reinforcing structure of claim 25. 29. A wind turbine comprising the wind turbine blade of claim 24. | A method of making an elongate reinforcing structure, such as a shear web, for a wind turbine blade is described. The reinforcing structure comprises a longitudinally-extending web and a longitudinally-extending flange. The flange extends along a longitudinal edge of the web and is arranged transversely to the web. The method involves providing a flange structure comprising a flange portion, and a projecting portion that extends along the length of the flange portion and projects transversely from a surface of the flange portion. The projecting portion is bonded between laminate layers of the web. The flange structure is preferably a pultruded component having a T-shaped cross-section. The method allows a simple, inexpensive and reconfigurable mould tool to be used. In preferred embodiments the mould tool has a flat surface without sidewalls.1. A method of making an elongate reinforcing structure for a wind turbine blade, the reinforcing structure comprising a longitudinally-extending web and a longitudinally-extending flange, the flange extending along a longitudinal edge of the web and being arranged transversely to the web, and the method comprising:
providing a longitudinally-extending mould tool having a mould surface bound by a first longitudinal edge of the mould tool, the mould surface being shaped to define the web of the reinforcing structure; providing a flange structure comprising a flange portion and a projecting portion that extends along the length of the flange portion and projects transversely from a surface of the flange portion; supporting one or more first laminate layers of the web on the mould surface; positioning the flange structure adjacent to the first longitudinal edge of the mould tool such that the projecting portion of the flange structure overlies a first longitudinal edge region of the one or more laminate layers and such that the flange portion is transverse to the mould surface; arranging one or more second laminate layers on top of the one or more first laminate layers such that the one or more second laminate layers at least partially cover the projecting portion of the flange structure; and integrating the one or more first laminate layers, the one or more second laminate layers and the projecting portion of the flange structure in the mould by means of a matrix material and thereby bonding the projecting portion between the one or more first laminate layers and the one or more second laminate layers. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the flange structure has a substantially constant cross section along its length. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the flange structure is a pultrusion. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the flange structure is substantially T-shaped or L-shaped in cross-section. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the flange portion is in the form of a substantially flat strip. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the flange portion is wedge-shaped. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the flange portion has a substantially V-shaped or curved outer surface. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the projecting portion forms an angle of approximately 90 degrees with an inner surface of the flange portion. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the flange portion has a substantially flat inner surface from which the projecting portion projects. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises:
arranging a packing element adjacent to the first longitudinal edge of the mould tool, between the mould tool and the flange portion of the flange structure, the packing element having an upper surface defining an extension of the mould surface; arranging the one or more first laminate layers, the projecting portion of the flange structure and the one or more second laminate layers such that they at least partially overlie the upper surface of the packing element; and selecting the dimensions of the packing element according to a required height of the reinforcing structure in a direction transverse to a direction of longitudinal extension of the reinforcing structure. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the mould tool comprises a depth stop provided at the first longitudinal edge of the mould tool, the depth stop being arranged to extend beyond the mould surface and abut the flange portion of the flange structure to set the extent to which the projecting portion of the flange structure extends between the one or more first laminate layers and the one or more second laminate layers, and thereby to set the height of the reinforcing structure in a direction transverse to a direction of longitudinal extension of the reinforcing structure. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the depth stop is adjustable and the method comprises varying the extent to which the depth stop extend beyond the mould surface thereby to select a required height of the reinforcing structure in a direction transverse to a direction of longitudinal extension of the reinforcing structure. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the mould surface is substantially flat. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the mould surface comprises a kink resulting in the web portion of the reinforcing structure having a kink. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises positioning a wedge-shaped element on the mould surface to form a kink and arranging the one or more first laminate layers over the wedge-shaped element. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more first laminate layers and/or the one or more second laminate layers comprise fibrous material, such as carbon or glass fibre fabric. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises arranging core material between the one or more first laminate layers and the one or more second laminate layers. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the matrix material is resin. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises:
arranging a vacuum film over the mould tool to form a sealed region encapsulating the laminate layers and the projecting portion of the flange structure; evacuating the sealed region; optionally admitting matrix material into the sealed region; and applying heat to cure the matrix material. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the method comprises arranging the vacuum film over the flange portions of the reinforcing flange structures such that substantially the entire flange structure is encapsulated within the sealed region. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises providing a further flange structure comprising a flange portion and a projecting portion that extends along the length of the flange portion and projects transversely from a surface of the flange portion;
positioning the further flange structure adjacent to a second longitudinal edge of the mould tool such that the projecting portion of the further flange structure overlies a second longitudinal edge region of the one or more laminate layers and such that the flange portion is transverse to the mould surface; arranging the one or more second laminate layers on top of the one or more first laminate layers such that the one or more second laminate layers additionally at least partially cover the projecting portion of the further flange structure; and bonding the projecting portion of the further flange structure between the one or more first laminate layers and the one or more second laminate layers. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the respective flange structures are substantially identical. 23. A shear web manufactured according to the method of claim 1. 24. A wind turbine blade comprising the shear web of claim 23. 25. An elongate reinforcing structure for a wind turbine blade, the reinforcing structure comprising:
a longitudinally-extending web of composite construction and formed of a plurality of laminate layers; and a first longitudinally-extending flange extending along a first longitudinal edge of the web and arranged transversely to the web, wherein the first flange comprises a projecting portion that projects transversely to the flange and which is integrated between laminate layers of the web portion. 26. The elongate reinforcing structure of claim 25, further comprising a second longitudinally-extending flange extending along a second longitudinal edge of the web and arranged transversely to the web,
wherein the second flange comprises a projecting portion that projects transversely to the second flange and which is integrated between laminate layers of the web portion. 27. The elongate reinforcing structure of claim 25, wherein the elongate reinforcing structure is a shear web. 28. A wind turbine blade comprising the reinforcing structure of claim 25. 29. A wind turbine comprising the wind turbine blade of claim 24. | 1,700 |
3,991 | 14,130,987 | 1,717 | An atomic layer deposition method for forming metal films on a substrate comprises a deposition cycle including:
a) contacting a substrate with a vapor of a metal-containing compound described by formula 1 for a first predetermined pulse time to form a first modified surface:
ML n (1)
wherein:
n is 1 to 8;
M is a transition metal;
L is a ligand;
b) contacting the first modified surface with an acid for a second predetermined pulse time to form a second modified surface; and c) contacting the second modified surface with a reducing agent for a third predetermined pulse time to form a metal layer. | 1. A method of forming a metal film on a substrate, the method comprising a deposition cycle including:
a) contacting a substrate with a vapor of a metal-containing compound described by formula 1 for a first predetermined pulse time to form a first modified surface:
MLn (1)
wherein:
n is 1 to 8;
M is a transition metal;
L is a ligand;
b) contacting the first modified surface with an acid for a second predetermined pulse time to form a second modified surface; and
c) contacting the second modified surface with a reducing agent for a third predetermined pulse time to form a metal layer. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein M is a transition metal in the +2 oxidation state. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein M is silver, palladium, platinum, rhodium, iridium, cobalt, ruthenium, manganese, nickel, or copper. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein M is copper. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the acid is formic acid. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the acid comprises a component selected from the group consisting of:
R is hydrogen, C1-4 alkyl, C6-12 aryl, Si(R3)3, or vinyl; R3 is C1-8 alkyl; and n is an integer from 1 to 6. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the pKa of the conjugate acid to L is larger than the pKa of the acid used in step b). 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the acid comprises a component selected from the group consisting of: HX, H3PO4, and H3PO2; and X is N3 −, NO3 −, and halide. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the reducing agent is selected from the group consisting of hydrazine, hydrazine hydrate, alkyl hydrazines, 1,1-dialkylhydrazines, 1,2-dialkylhydrazines, H2, H2 plasma, ammonia, ammonia plasma, silanes, disilanes, trisilanes, germanes, diborane, formalin, amine borane, dialkyl zinc, alkyl aluminum, alkyl gallium, alkyl indium complexes, and other plasma-based gases, and combinations thereof. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein each L independently comprises a component selected from the group consisting of a two electron ligand, a multidentate ligand, charged ligand (e.g., −1 charged), a neutral ligand, and combinations thereof. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein two L ligands are combined together as part of a bidentate ligand. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the bidentate ligand is dimethylamino-2-propoxide. 13. The method of claim 1 wherein L is selected from the group consisting of:
R, R1, R2 are each independently hydrogen, C1-4 alkyl, C6-12 aryl, Si(R3)3, or vinyl; and R3 is C1-8 alkyl. 14. The method of claim 1 wherein L is selected from the group consisting of:
R, R1, R2 are each independently hydrogen, C1-4 alkyl, C6-12 aryl, Si(R3)3, or vinyl; and R3 is C1-8 alkyl. 15. The method of claim 1 wherein L is selected from the group consisting of:
and H: ⊖; R, R1, R2 are each independently hydrogen, C1-4 alkyl, C6-12 aryl, Si(R3)3, or vinyl; and R3 is C1-8 alkyl. 16. The method of claim 1 wherein L is:
R is hydrogen, C1-4 alkyl, C6-12 aryl, Si(R3)3, or vinyl; and R3 is C1-8 alkyl. 17. The method of claim 1 wherein the deposition cycle is repeated a plurality of times to form a predetermined thickness of the metal film. 18. The method of claim 1 wherein the deposition cycle is repeated a plurality of times to form a metal film having a thickness from about 5 nanometers to about 300 nanometers. 19. A method of forming a metal film on a substrate, the method comprising a deposition cycle including:
a) contacting a substrate with a vapor of a metal-containing compound described by formula 1 for a first predetermined pulse time to form a first modified surface:
MLn (1)
wherein:
n is 1 to 8;
M is a transition metal;
L is a ligand;
b) contacting the first modified surface with an acid for a second predetermined pulse time to form a second modified surface, the pKa of the conjugate acid to L is larger than the pKa of the acid used in this step; and
c) contacting the second modified surface with a reducing agent for a third predetermined pulse time to form a metal layer, the deposition cycle being repeated a plurality of times to form a metal film having a thickness from about 5 nanometers to about 300 nanometers. 20. The method of claim 19 wherein L is selected from the group consisting of: dimethylamino-2-propoxide,
hydride, and
R, R1, R2 are each independently hydrogen, C1-4 alkyl, C6-12aryl, Si(R3)3, or vinyl; and R3 is C1-8 alkyl;
the acid in step b) is selected from the group consisting of: formic acid,
HX, H3PO4, and H3PO2;
X is N3 −, NO3 −, and halide; R is hydrogen, C1-4 alkyl, C6-12 aryl, Si(R3)3, or vinyl; R3 is C1-8 alkyl. and n is an integer from 1 to 6; and
the reducing agent is selected from the group consisting of hydrazine, hydrazine hydrate, alkyl hydrazines, 1,1-dialkylhydrazines, 1,2-dialkylhydrazines, H2, H2 plasma, ammonia, ammonia plasma, silanes, disilanes, trisilanes, germanes, diborane, formalin, amine borane, dialkyl zinc, alkyl aluminum, alkyl gallium, alkyl indium complexes, and other plasma-based gases, and combinations thereof. | An atomic layer deposition method for forming metal films on a substrate comprises a deposition cycle including:
a) contacting a substrate with a vapor of a metal-containing compound described by formula 1 for a first predetermined pulse time to form a first modified surface:
ML n (1)
wherein:
n is 1 to 8;
M is a transition metal;
L is a ligand;
b) contacting the first modified surface with an acid for a second predetermined pulse time to form a second modified surface; and c) contacting the second modified surface with a reducing agent for a third predetermined pulse time to form a metal layer.1. A method of forming a metal film on a substrate, the method comprising a deposition cycle including:
a) contacting a substrate with a vapor of a metal-containing compound described by formula 1 for a first predetermined pulse time to form a first modified surface:
MLn (1)
wherein:
n is 1 to 8;
M is a transition metal;
L is a ligand;
b) contacting the first modified surface with an acid for a second predetermined pulse time to form a second modified surface; and
c) contacting the second modified surface with a reducing agent for a third predetermined pulse time to form a metal layer. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein M is a transition metal in the +2 oxidation state. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein M is silver, palladium, platinum, rhodium, iridium, cobalt, ruthenium, manganese, nickel, or copper. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein M is copper. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the acid is formic acid. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the acid comprises a component selected from the group consisting of:
R is hydrogen, C1-4 alkyl, C6-12 aryl, Si(R3)3, or vinyl; R3 is C1-8 alkyl; and n is an integer from 1 to 6. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the pKa of the conjugate acid to L is larger than the pKa of the acid used in step b). 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the acid comprises a component selected from the group consisting of: HX, H3PO4, and H3PO2; and X is N3 −, NO3 −, and halide. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the reducing agent is selected from the group consisting of hydrazine, hydrazine hydrate, alkyl hydrazines, 1,1-dialkylhydrazines, 1,2-dialkylhydrazines, H2, H2 plasma, ammonia, ammonia plasma, silanes, disilanes, trisilanes, germanes, diborane, formalin, amine borane, dialkyl zinc, alkyl aluminum, alkyl gallium, alkyl indium complexes, and other plasma-based gases, and combinations thereof. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein each L independently comprises a component selected from the group consisting of a two electron ligand, a multidentate ligand, charged ligand (e.g., −1 charged), a neutral ligand, and combinations thereof. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein two L ligands are combined together as part of a bidentate ligand. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the bidentate ligand is dimethylamino-2-propoxide. 13. The method of claim 1 wherein L is selected from the group consisting of:
R, R1, R2 are each independently hydrogen, C1-4 alkyl, C6-12 aryl, Si(R3)3, or vinyl; and R3 is C1-8 alkyl. 14. The method of claim 1 wherein L is selected from the group consisting of:
R, R1, R2 are each independently hydrogen, C1-4 alkyl, C6-12 aryl, Si(R3)3, or vinyl; and R3 is C1-8 alkyl. 15. The method of claim 1 wherein L is selected from the group consisting of:
and H: ⊖; R, R1, R2 are each independently hydrogen, C1-4 alkyl, C6-12 aryl, Si(R3)3, or vinyl; and R3 is C1-8 alkyl. 16. The method of claim 1 wherein L is:
R is hydrogen, C1-4 alkyl, C6-12 aryl, Si(R3)3, or vinyl; and R3 is C1-8 alkyl. 17. The method of claim 1 wherein the deposition cycle is repeated a plurality of times to form a predetermined thickness of the metal film. 18. The method of claim 1 wherein the deposition cycle is repeated a plurality of times to form a metal film having a thickness from about 5 nanometers to about 300 nanometers. 19. A method of forming a metal film on a substrate, the method comprising a deposition cycle including:
a) contacting a substrate with a vapor of a metal-containing compound described by formula 1 for a first predetermined pulse time to form a first modified surface:
MLn (1)
wherein:
n is 1 to 8;
M is a transition metal;
L is a ligand;
b) contacting the first modified surface with an acid for a second predetermined pulse time to form a second modified surface, the pKa of the conjugate acid to L is larger than the pKa of the acid used in this step; and
c) contacting the second modified surface with a reducing agent for a third predetermined pulse time to form a metal layer, the deposition cycle being repeated a plurality of times to form a metal film having a thickness from about 5 nanometers to about 300 nanometers. 20. The method of claim 19 wherein L is selected from the group consisting of: dimethylamino-2-propoxide,
hydride, and
R, R1, R2 are each independently hydrogen, C1-4 alkyl, C6-12aryl, Si(R3)3, or vinyl; and R3 is C1-8 alkyl;
the acid in step b) is selected from the group consisting of: formic acid,
HX, H3PO4, and H3PO2;
X is N3 −, NO3 −, and halide; R is hydrogen, C1-4 alkyl, C6-12 aryl, Si(R3)3, or vinyl; R3 is C1-8 alkyl. and n is an integer from 1 to 6; and
the reducing agent is selected from the group consisting of hydrazine, hydrazine hydrate, alkyl hydrazines, 1,1-dialkylhydrazines, 1,2-dialkylhydrazines, H2, H2 plasma, ammonia, ammonia plasma, silanes, disilanes, trisilanes, germanes, diborane, formalin, amine borane, dialkyl zinc, alkyl aluminum, alkyl gallium, alkyl indium complexes, and other plasma-based gases, and combinations thereof. | 1,700 |
3,992 | 15,543,677 | 1,787 | A thermoplastic resin composition of the present invention includes a polycarbonate resin; a rubber-modified aromatic vinyl graft copolymer; a polyester resin; a glycol-modified polyester resin having about 10 mol % to about 60 mol % of a cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) content based on a total amount of a diol component; and a vinyl copolymer including an epoxy group. The thermoplastic resin composition has good impact resistance, flowability, external appearance and the like. | 1. A thermoplastic resin composition comprising:
a polycarbonate resin; a rubber-modified aromatic vinyl graft copolymer; a polyester resin; a glycol-modified polyester resin having about 10 mol % to about 60 mol % of a cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) content based on a total amount of a diol component; and a vinyl copolymer comprising an epoxy group. 2. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic resin composition comprises: about 100 parts by weight of the polycarbonate resin; about 1 to about 30 parts by weight of the rubber-modified aromatic vinyl graft copolymer; about 1 to about 30 parts by weight of the polyester resin; about 1 to about 20 parts by weight of the glycol-modified polyester resin; and about 0.5 to about 15 parts by weight of the vinyl copolymer comprising an epoxy group. 3. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein a weight ratio of the polyester resin to the glycol-modified polyester resin ranges from about 1:0.1 to about 1:1. 4. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the rubber-modified aromatic vinyl graft copolymer is obtained by graft copolymerization of an aromatic vinyl monomer and a monomer copolymerizable with the aromatic vinyl monomer onto a rubbery polymer. 5. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the polyester resin comprises at least one of polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polytrimethylene terephthalate, and polycyclohexylene terephthalate. 6. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the polyester resin comprises a recycled polyester resin. 7. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the glycol-modified polyester resin has about 30 mol % to about 60 mol % of a cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) content based on a total amount of a diol component. 8. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the vinyl copolymer comprising an epoxy group is obtained by copolymerization of (meth)acrylate comprising an epoxy group, an aromatic vinyl monomer, and a monomer copolymerizable with the aromatic vinyl monomer. 9. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the vinyl copolymer comprising an epoxy group comprises about 0.01 mol % to about 10 mol % of (meth)acrylate comprising an epoxy group. 10. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, further comprising at least one of an inorganic filler, a flame retardant, a flame retardant aid, a release agent, a lubricant, a plasticizer, a heat stabilizer, a dripping inhibitor, an antioxidant, a light stabilizer, a pigment, and a dye. 11. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic resin composition has a notched Izod impact strength of about 40 kgf·cm/cm to about 80 kgf·cm/cm as measured on an about ⅛″ thick specimen in accordance with ASTM D256, and a melt flow index (MI) of about 10 g/10 min to about 25 g/10 min as measured at about 260° C. under a load of about 2.16 kg in accordance with ASTM D1238. 12. An electronic device housing comprising:
a metal frame; and a plastic member facing at least one face of the metal frame, wherein the plastic member is produced from the thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1. | A thermoplastic resin composition of the present invention includes a polycarbonate resin; a rubber-modified aromatic vinyl graft copolymer; a polyester resin; a glycol-modified polyester resin having about 10 mol % to about 60 mol % of a cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) content based on a total amount of a diol component; and a vinyl copolymer including an epoxy group. The thermoplastic resin composition has good impact resistance, flowability, external appearance and the like.1. A thermoplastic resin composition comprising:
a polycarbonate resin; a rubber-modified aromatic vinyl graft copolymer; a polyester resin; a glycol-modified polyester resin having about 10 mol % to about 60 mol % of a cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) content based on a total amount of a diol component; and a vinyl copolymer comprising an epoxy group. 2. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic resin composition comprises: about 100 parts by weight of the polycarbonate resin; about 1 to about 30 parts by weight of the rubber-modified aromatic vinyl graft copolymer; about 1 to about 30 parts by weight of the polyester resin; about 1 to about 20 parts by weight of the glycol-modified polyester resin; and about 0.5 to about 15 parts by weight of the vinyl copolymer comprising an epoxy group. 3. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein a weight ratio of the polyester resin to the glycol-modified polyester resin ranges from about 1:0.1 to about 1:1. 4. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the rubber-modified aromatic vinyl graft copolymer is obtained by graft copolymerization of an aromatic vinyl monomer and a monomer copolymerizable with the aromatic vinyl monomer onto a rubbery polymer. 5. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the polyester resin comprises at least one of polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polytrimethylene terephthalate, and polycyclohexylene terephthalate. 6. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the polyester resin comprises a recycled polyester resin. 7. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the glycol-modified polyester resin has about 30 mol % to about 60 mol % of a cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) content based on a total amount of a diol component. 8. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the vinyl copolymer comprising an epoxy group is obtained by copolymerization of (meth)acrylate comprising an epoxy group, an aromatic vinyl monomer, and a monomer copolymerizable with the aromatic vinyl monomer. 9. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the vinyl copolymer comprising an epoxy group comprises about 0.01 mol % to about 10 mol % of (meth)acrylate comprising an epoxy group. 10. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, further comprising at least one of an inorganic filler, a flame retardant, a flame retardant aid, a release agent, a lubricant, a plasticizer, a heat stabilizer, a dripping inhibitor, an antioxidant, a light stabilizer, a pigment, and a dye. 11. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic resin composition has a notched Izod impact strength of about 40 kgf·cm/cm to about 80 kgf·cm/cm as measured on an about ⅛″ thick specimen in accordance with ASTM D256, and a melt flow index (MI) of about 10 g/10 min to about 25 g/10 min as measured at about 260° C. under a load of about 2.16 kg in accordance with ASTM D1238. 12. An electronic device housing comprising:
a metal frame; and a plastic member facing at least one face of the metal frame, wherein the plastic member is produced from the thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
3,993 | 15,368,290 | 1,715 | Improved manufacturing using a printer that deposits a liquid to fabricate a layer having specified thickness includes automated adjustment or print parameters based on ink or substrate characteristics which have been specifically measured or estimated. In one embodiment, ink spreading characteristics are used to select droplet size used to produce a particular layer, and/or to select a specific baseline volume/area or droplet density that is then scaled and/or adjusted to provide for layer homogeneity. In a second embodiment, expected per-droplet particulars are used to interleave droplets in order to carefully control melding of deposited droplets, and so assist with layer homogeneity. The liquid layer is then cured or baked to provide for a permanent structure. | 1. A method of fabricating a permanent layer of an electronic device on a substrate surface, the layer to be formed using a printer to print a liquid onto the substrate surface in the form of discrete droplets, the droplets to spread and meld to form a continuous liquid coat, the droplets characterized by a spreading characteristic on the substrate surface, the method comprising:
receiving data representing the spreading characteristic; dependent on the data, calculating a volume of the liquid per unit area of the substrate surface, the volume of the liquid per unit area representing an amount necessary to produce the continuous liquid coat on the substrate surface in a manner not having voids within the unit area of the substrate surface; receiving a desired thickness for the permanent layer; and dependent on a number of the discrete droplets per the unit area necessary to produce the volume per unit area, and dependent on a relationship between the desired thickness and a thickness produced by the volume of liquid, assigning nozzle firing decisions to respective nozzles of a print head in the printer, to cause the printer to deposit corresponding ones of the discrete droplets, so as to produce therefrom the desired thickness of the permanent layer; using the printer to print the droplets of according to assigned nozzle firing decisions; and processing the continuous liquid coat to form the permanent layer therefrom. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises selecting the number in a manner so as to represent a greater volume per unit area than the amount, by at least a threshold amount. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein:
each of the nozzles is to generate a selective size of discrete alternative droplet sizes dependent on a respective nozzle control signal; the number is a first number; the method further comprises
for each of at least two of the discrete alternative droplet sizes, selecting a corresponding number of droplets per unit area of the substrate surface, the corresponding number of droplets necessary to produce the amount, the numbers of droplets for the corresponding at least two including the first number, and
choosing one droplet size of the at least two according to which to print the droplets onto the substrate surface, the chosen one selected dependent on which one of the at least two satisfies a criterion that the droplet size is sufficiently small to produce the permanent layer following processing so as to have a thickness that is no greater than the desired thickness, given the spreading characteristic; and
using the printer comprises printing the droplets according to the chosen droplet size. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein choosing comprises selecting the largest droplet size of the at least two. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein:
the discrete alternative droplet sizes represent sizes that are multiples of a smallest size of the discrete alternative droplet sizes; and using the printer to print comprises generating the nozzle control signals in a manner so as to convey chosen droplet size as a function of the smallest size. 6. The method of claim 3, wherein:
assigning comprises calling a software routine to assign the nozzle firing decisions, in a manner that identifies the chosen droplet size to the software; and using the printer comprises printing the droplets according the nozzle firing decisions to the deposit droplets of the chosen size. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein:
the desired film thickness is less than or equal to 4.0 microns; and the chosen droplet size has an expected volume that is less than or equal to 7.0 picoliters. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the printer is to print the droplets at nodes of a print grid, a cross-scan spacing between the nodes of the print grid defining a minimum spacing between adjacent ones of the droplets in a cross-scan direction, and an in-scan spacing between the nodes of the print grid defining a minimum spacing between adjacent ones of the droplets in an in-scan direction, and wherein:
assigning the nozzle firing comprises selectively varying at least one of the cross-scan spacing or the in-scan spacing, in dependence on the desired thickness. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the printer includes a mechanism for selectively rotating at least one of the substrate or the print head relative to the in-scan direction, and wherein:
selectively varying includes causing the mechanism to rotate the at least one of the substrate or the print head relative to the in-scan direction, to vary the spacing between the nodes of the print grid in the cross-scan direction; and using the printer comprises printing onto the substrate according to the varied spacing. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the printer comprises circuitry to generate a timing signal to trigger firing of each of the nozzles according to the respective nozzle firing decisions, and wherein selective varying includes controlling the circuitry to vary frequency of the timing signal, to vary the spacing between the nodes of the print grid in the in-scan direction, given the scanning velocity. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises using the printer to print a test pattern onto a substrate, optically measuring the printed test pattern, and identifying the spreading characteristic dependent on optically measuring of the printed test pattern. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the printer is to print the discrete droplets using a selective one of at least two selective droplet sizes, and wherein:
assigning the nozzle firing comprises selectively varying size of at least some of the discrete droplets, in dependence on the desired thickness. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the selective one is a selective one of at least four predetermined droplet sizes, 14. The method of claim 1, wherein processing the continuous liquid coat comprises at least one of curing the continuous liquid coat with ultraviolet light or baking the continuous liquid coat. 15. The method of claim 1, further comprising, if the permanent layer cannot be produced to be less than or equal to the desired thickness, performing at least one of (a) selecting a different droplet size for use in printing, or (b) changing at least one spacing of a print grid according to which the droplets are printed. 16. An apparatus for fabricating a permanent layer of an electronic device on a substrate surface, the layer to be formed using a printer to print a liquid onto the substrate surface in the form of discrete droplets, the droplets to spread and meld to form a continuous liquid coat, the droplets characterized by a spreading characteristic on the substrate surface, the apparatus comprising at least one processor and instructions stored in non-transitory storage, the instructions, when executed, to cause the at least one processor to:
receive data representing the spreading characteristic; dependent on the data, calculate a volume of the liquid per unit area of the substrate surface, the volume of the liquid per unit area representing an amount necessary to produce the continuous liquid coat on the substrate surface in a manner not having voids within the unit area of the substrate surface; receive a desired thickness for the permanent layer; and dependent on a number of the discrete droplets per the unit area necessary to produce the volume per unit area, and dependent on a relationship between the desired thickness and a thickness produced by the volume of liquid, assign nozzle firing decisions to respective nozzles of a print head in the printer, to cause the printer to deposit corresponding ones of the discrete droplets, so as to produce therefrom the desired thickness of the permanent layer; cause the printer to print the discrete droplets of according to assigned nozzle firing decisions; and cause the continuous liquid coat to be processed so as to form the permanent layer therefrom. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the instructions, when executed, are to cause the at least one processor to select the number in a manner so as to represent a greater volume per unit area than the amount, by at least a threshold amount. 18. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein:
each of the nozzles is to generate a selective size of discrete alternative droplet sizes dependent on a respective nozzle control signal; the number is a first number; the instructions, when executed, are to cause the at least one processor to
for each of at least two of the discrete alternative droplet sizes, select a corresponding number of droplets per unit area of the substrate surface, the corresponding number of droplets necessary to produce the amount, the numbers of droplets for the corresponding at least two including the first number, and
choose one droplet size of the at least two according to which to print the droplets onto the substrate surface, the chosen one selected dependent on which one of the at least two satisfies a criterion that the droplet size is sufficiently small to produce the permanent layer following processing so as to have a thickness that is no greater than the desired thickness, given the spreading characteristic; and
the printer is to print the droplets according to the chosen droplet size. 19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the instructions, when executed, are to cause the at least one processor to select the largest droplet size of the at least two. 20. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein:
the discrete alternative droplet sizes represent sizes that are multiples of a smallest size of the discrete alternative droplet sizes; and the instructions, when executed, are to cause the at least one processor to generate the nozzle control signals in a manner so as to convey chosen droplet size as a function of the smallest size. 21. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein:
the instructions, when executed, are to cause the at least one processor to call a software routine to assign the nozzle firing decisions, in a manner that identifies the chosen droplet size to the software; and the printer is responsive to the nozzle firing decisions to deposit droplets of the chosen size. 22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein:
the desired film thickness is less than or equal to 4.0 microns; and the chosen droplet size has an expected volume that is less than or equal to 7.0 picoliters. 23. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the printer is to print the droplets at nodes of a print grid, a cross-scan spacing between the nodes of the print grid defining a minimum spacing between adjacent ones of the droplets in a cross-scan direction, and an in-scan spacing between the nodes of the print grid defining a minimum spacing between adjacent ones of the droplets in an in-scan direction, and wherein the instructions, when executed, are to cause the at least one processor to:
selectively vary at least one of the cross-scan spacing or the in-scan spacing, in dependence on the desired thickness. 24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the printer includes a mechanism for selectively rotating at least one of the substrate or the print head relative to the in-scan direction, and wherein the instructions, when executed, are to cause the at least one processor to:
cause the mechanism to rotate the at least one of the substrate or the print head relative to the in-scan direction, to vary the spacing between the nodes of the print grid in the cross-scan direction; and the printer is to print the discrete droplets onto the substrate according to varied spacing. 25. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the printer comprises circuitry to generate a timing signal to trigger firing of each of the nozzles according to the respective nozzle firing decisions, and wherein the instructions, when executed, are to cause the at least one processor to control the circuitry to vary frequency of the timing signal, to vary the spacing between the nodes of the print grid in the in-scan direction, given the scanning velocity. 26. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the instructions, when executed, are to cause the printer to print a test pattern onto a substrate, wherein the data representing the spreading characteristic received by the at least one processor is dependent on an optical measurement of the printed test pattern. 27. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the printer is to print the discrete droplets using a selective one of at least two selective droplet sizes, and wherein the instructions, when executed, are to cause the at least one processor to:
selectively vary size of at least some of the discrete droplets, in dependence on the desired thickness. 28. The apparatus of claim 27, wherein the selective one is a selective one of at least four predetermined droplet sizes. 29. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the instructions, when executed, are to cause the continuous liquid coat is to processed in a manner comprising at least one of curing the continuous liquid with ultraviolet light or baking the continuous liquid coat. 30. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the instructions, when executed, are to cause the at least one processor to, if the permanent layer cannot be produced to be less than or equal to the desired thickness, perform at least one of (a) selection of a different droplet size for use in printing, or (b) change of at least one spacing of a print grid according to which the droplets are printed by the printer. | Improved manufacturing using a printer that deposits a liquid to fabricate a layer having specified thickness includes automated adjustment or print parameters based on ink or substrate characteristics which have been specifically measured or estimated. In one embodiment, ink spreading characteristics are used to select droplet size used to produce a particular layer, and/or to select a specific baseline volume/area or droplet density that is then scaled and/or adjusted to provide for layer homogeneity. In a second embodiment, expected per-droplet particulars are used to interleave droplets in order to carefully control melding of deposited droplets, and so assist with layer homogeneity. The liquid layer is then cured or baked to provide for a permanent structure.1. A method of fabricating a permanent layer of an electronic device on a substrate surface, the layer to be formed using a printer to print a liquid onto the substrate surface in the form of discrete droplets, the droplets to spread and meld to form a continuous liquid coat, the droplets characterized by a spreading characteristic on the substrate surface, the method comprising:
receiving data representing the spreading characteristic; dependent on the data, calculating a volume of the liquid per unit area of the substrate surface, the volume of the liquid per unit area representing an amount necessary to produce the continuous liquid coat on the substrate surface in a manner not having voids within the unit area of the substrate surface; receiving a desired thickness for the permanent layer; and dependent on a number of the discrete droplets per the unit area necessary to produce the volume per unit area, and dependent on a relationship between the desired thickness and a thickness produced by the volume of liquid, assigning nozzle firing decisions to respective nozzles of a print head in the printer, to cause the printer to deposit corresponding ones of the discrete droplets, so as to produce therefrom the desired thickness of the permanent layer; using the printer to print the droplets of according to assigned nozzle firing decisions; and processing the continuous liquid coat to form the permanent layer therefrom. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises selecting the number in a manner so as to represent a greater volume per unit area than the amount, by at least a threshold amount. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein:
each of the nozzles is to generate a selective size of discrete alternative droplet sizes dependent on a respective nozzle control signal; the number is a first number; the method further comprises
for each of at least two of the discrete alternative droplet sizes, selecting a corresponding number of droplets per unit area of the substrate surface, the corresponding number of droplets necessary to produce the amount, the numbers of droplets for the corresponding at least two including the first number, and
choosing one droplet size of the at least two according to which to print the droplets onto the substrate surface, the chosen one selected dependent on which one of the at least two satisfies a criterion that the droplet size is sufficiently small to produce the permanent layer following processing so as to have a thickness that is no greater than the desired thickness, given the spreading characteristic; and
using the printer comprises printing the droplets according to the chosen droplet size. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein choosing comprises selecting the largest droplet size of the at least two. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein:
the discrete alternative droplet sizes represent sizes that are multiples of a smallest size of the discrete alternative droplet sizes; and using the printer to print comprises generating the nozzle control signals in a manner so as to convey chosen droplet size as a function of the smallest size. 6. The method of claim 3, wherein:
assigning comprises calling a software routine to assign the nozzle firing decisions, in a manner that identifies the chosen droplet size to the software; and using the printer comprises printing the droplets according the nozzle firing decisions to the deposit droplets of the chosen size. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein:
the desired film thickness is less than or equal to 4.0 microns; and the chosen droplet size has an expected volume that is less than or equal to 7.0 picoliters. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the printer is to print the droplets at nodes of a print grid, a cross-scan spacing between the nodes of the print grid defining a minimum spacing between adjacent ones of the droplets in a cross-scan direction, and an in-scan spacing between the nodes of the print grid defining a minimum spacing between adjacent ones of the droplets in an in-scan direction, and wherein:
assigning the nozzle firing comprises selectively varying at least one of the cross-scan spacing or the in-scan spacing, in dependence on the desired thickness. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the printer includes a mechanism for selectively rotating at least one of the substrate or the print head relative to the in-scan direction, and wherein:
selectively varying includes causing the mechanism to rotate the at least one of the substrate or the print head relative to the in-scan direction, to vary the spacing between the nodes of the print grid in the cross-scan direction; and using the printer comprises printing onto the substrate according to the varied spacing. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the printer comprises circuitry to generate a timing signal to trigger firing of each of the nozzles according to the respective nozzle firing decisions, and wherein selective varying includes controlling the circuitry to vary frequency of the timing signal, to vary the spacing between the nodes of the print grid in the in-scan direction, given the scanning velocity. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises using the printer to print a test pattern onto a substrate, optically measuring the printed test pattern, and identifying the spreading characteristic dependent on optically measuring of the printed test pattern. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the printer is to print the discrete droplets using a selective one of at least two selective droplet sizes, and wherein:
assigning the nozzle firing comprises selectively varying size of at least some of the discrete droplets, in dependence on the desired thickness. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the selective one is a selective one of at least four predetermined droplet sizes, 14. The method of claim 1, wherein processing the continuous liquid coat comprises at least one of curing the continuous liquid coat with ultraviolet light or baking the continuous liquid coat. 15. The method of claim 1, further comprising, if the permanent layer cannot be produced to be less than or equal to the desired thickness, performing at least one of (a) selecting a different droplet size for use in printing, or (b) changing at least one spacing of a print grid according to which the droplets are printed. 16. An apparatus for fabricating a permanent layer of an electronic device on a substrate surface, the layer to be formed using a printer to print a liquid onto the substrate surface in the form of discrete droplets, the droplets to spread and meld to form a continuous liquid coat, the droplets characterized by a spreading characteristic on the substrate surface, the apparatus comprising at least one processor and instructions stored in non-transitory storage, the instructions, when executed, to cause the at least one processor to:
receive data representing the spreading characteristic; dependent on the data, calculate a volume of the liquid per unit area of the substrate surface, the volume of the liquid per unit area representing an amount necessary to produce the continuous liquid coat on the substrate surface in a manner not having voids within the unit area of the substrate surface; receive a desired thickness for the permanent layer; and dependent on a number of the discrete droplets per the unit area necessary to produce the volume per unit area, and dependent on a relationship between the desired thickness and a thickness produced by the volume of liquid, assign nozzle firing decisions to respective nozzles of a print head in the printer, to cause the printer to deposit corresponding ones of the discrete droplets, so as to produce therefrom the desired thickness of the permanent layer; cause the printer to print the discrete droplets of according to assigned nozzle firing decisions; and cause the continuous liquid coat to be processed so as to form the permanent layer therefrom. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the instructions, when executed, are to cause the at least one processor to select the number in a manner so as to represent a greater volume per unit area than the amount, by at least a threshold amount. 18. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein:
each of the nozzles is to generate a selective size of discrete alternative droplet sizes dependent on a respective nozzle control signal; the number is a first number; the instructions, when executed, are to cause the at least one processor to
for each of at least two of the discrete alternative droplet sizes, select a corresponding number of droplets per unit area of the substrate surface, the corresponding number of droplets necessary to produce the amount, the numbers of droplets for the corresponding at least two including the first number, and
choose one droplet size of the at least two according to which to print the droplets onto the substrate surface, the chosen one selected dependent on which one of the at least two satisfies a criterion that the droplet size is sufficiently small to produce the permanent layer following processing so as to have a thickness that is no greater than the desired thickness, given the spreading characteristic; and
the printer is to print the droplets according to the chosen droplet size. 19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the instructions, when executed, are to cause the at least one processor to select the largest droplet size of the at least two. 20. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein:
the discrete alternative droplet sizes represent sizes that are multiples of a smallest size of the discrete alternative droplet sizes; and the instructions, when executed, are to cause the at least one processor to generate the nozzle control signals in a manner so as to convey chosen droplet size as a function of the smallest size. 21. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein:
the instructions, when executed, are to cause the at least one processor to call a software routine to assign the nozzle firing decisions, in a manner that identifies the chosen droplet size to the software; and the printer is responsive to the nozzle firing decisions to deposit droplets of the chosen size. 22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein:
the desired film thickness is less than or equal to 4.0 microns; and the chosen droplet size has an expected volume that is less than or equal to 7.0 picoliters. 23. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the printer is to print the droplets at nodes of a print grid, a cross-scan spacing between the nodes of the print grid defining a minimum spacing between adjacent ones of the droplets in a cross-scan direction, and an in-scan spacing between the nodes of the print grid defining a minimum spacing between adjacent ones of the droplets in an in-scan direction, and wherein the instructions, when executed, are to cause the at least one processor to:
selectively vary at least one of the cross-scan spacing or the in-scan spacing, in dependence on the desired thickness. 24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the printer includes a mechanism for selectively rotating at least one of the substrate or the print head relative to the in-scan direction, and wherein the instructions, when executed, are to cause the at least one processor to:
cause the mechanism to rotate the at least one of the substrate or the print head relative to the in-scan direction, to vary the spacing between the nodes of the print grid in the cross-scan direction; and the printer is to print the discrete droplets onto the substrate according to varied spacing. 25. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the printer comprises circuitry to generate a timing signal to trigger firing of each of the nozzles according to the respective nozzle firing decisions, and wherein the instructions, when executed, are to cause the at least one processor to control the circuitry to vary frequency of the timing signal, to vary the spacing between the nodes of the print grid in the in-scan direction, given the scanning velocity. 26. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the instructions, when executed, are to cause the printer to print a test pattern onto a substrate, wherein the data representing the spreading characteristic received by the at least one processor is dependent on an optical measurement of the printed test pattern. 27. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the printer is to print the discrete droplets using a selective one of at least two selective droplet sizes, and wherein the instructions, when executed, are to cause the at least one processor to:
selectively vary size of at least some of the discrete droplets, in dependence on the desired thickness. 28. The apparatus of claim 27, wherein the selective one is a selective one of at least four predetermined droplet sizes. 29. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the instructions, when executed, are to cause the continuous liquid coat is to processed in a manner comprising at least one of curing the continuous liquid with ultraviolet light or baking the continuous liquid coat. 30. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the instructions, when executed, are to cause the at least one processor to, if the permanent layer cannot be produced to be less than or equal to the desired thickness, perform at least one of (a) selection of a different droplet size for use in printing, or (b) change of at least one spacing of a print grid according to which the droplets are printed by the printer. | 1,700 |
3,994 | 15,409,791 | 1,798 | This identification apparatus is for identifying the degree of degradation of oil and includes a sensor that detects a substance arising from oil contained in an oil tank and a controller that determines the degree of degradation of the oil based on information related to the substance detected by the sensor and the distance from the oil tank containing the oil to the sensor. | 1. An identification apparatus for identifying a degree of degradation of oil, the identification apparatus comprising:
a sensor configured to detect a substance arising from oil contained in an oil tank; and a controller configured to determine a degree of degradation of the oil based on information related to the substance detected by the sensor and a distance from the oil tank containing the oil to the sensor. 2. The identification apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:
a memory; wherein the memory stores data that, based on the distance, indicate a correlation between the substance and the degree of degradation of the oil; and the controller determines the degree of degradation of the oil by checking the information against the data. 3. The identification apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:
a notification interface; wherein the controller, upon making a determination that the degree of degradation of the oil exceeds a predetermined threshold, provides notification of the determination via the notification interface. 4. The identification apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sensor is disposed in or near an exhaust fan installed above the oil tank. 5. An identification system comprising:
a detection apparatus; and an identification apparatus; wherein the detection apparatus comprises a sensor configured to detect a substance arising from oil contained in an oil tank and a communication interface configured to transmit information related to the substance detected by the sensor; and the identification apparatus comprises a communication interface configured to receive the information over a network and a controller configured to determine a degree of degradation of the oil based on the information and a distance from the oil tank to the sensor. 6. The identification system of claim 5, wherein
the identification apparatus further comprises a memory; the memory stores data that, based on the distance, indicate a correlation between the substance and the degree of degradation of the oil; and the controller determines the degree of degradation of the oil by checking the information against the data. | This identification apparatus is for identifying the degree of degradation of oil and includes a sensor that detects a substance arising from oil contained in an oil tank and a controller that determines the degree of degradation of the oil based on information related to the substance detected by the sensor and the distance from the oil tank containing the oil to the sensor.1. An identification apparatus for identifying a degree of degradation of oil, the identification apparatus comprising:
a sensor configured to detect a substance arising from oil contained in an oil tank; and a controller configured to determine a degree of degradation of the oil based on information related to the substance detected by the sensor and a distance from the oil tank containing the oil to the sensor. 2. The identification apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:
a memory; wherein the memory stores data that, based on the distance, indicate a correlation between the substance and the degree of degradation of the oil; and the controller determines the degree of degradation of the oil by checking the information against the data. 3. The identification apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:
a notification interface; wherein the controller, upon making a determination that the degree of degradation of the oil exceeds a predetermined threshold, provides notification of the determination via the notification interface. 4. The identification apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sensor is disposed in or near an exhaust fan installed above the oil tank. 5. An identification system comprising:
a detection apparatus; and an identification apparatus; wherein the detection apparatus comprises a sensor configured to detect a substance arising from oil contained in an oil tank and a communication interface configured to transmit information related to the substance detected by the sensor; and the identification apparatus comprises a communication interface configured to receive the information over a network and a controller configured to determine a degree of degradation of the oil based on the information and a distance from the oil tank to the sensor. 6. The identification system of claim 5, wherein
the identification apparatus further comprises a memory; the memory stores data that, based on the distance, indicate a correlation between the substance and the degree of degradation of the oil; and the controller determines the degree of degradation of the oil by checking the information against the data. | 1,700 |
3,995 | 14,600,751 | 1,798 | A portable cryogenic workstation includes a housing having an internal cavity configured to hold one or more samples, a lid for sealing the internal cavity such that the portable cryogenic workstation is configured for transporting samples between about room temperature environments to about ultra-cold environments, at least one automation interface disposed on one or more of the housing and lid and configured for engagement with automated handling equipment, and a process data capture unit coupled to the housing and configured to capture process or ephemeral data corresponding to a predetermined processing characteristic(s) of at least one of the samples coincident with presence inside the portable cryogenic workstation. | 1. A portable cryogenic workstation comprising:
a housing having an internal cavity configured to hold one or more samples; a lid for sealing the internal cavity such that the portable cryogenic workstation is configured for transporting samples between about room temperature environments to about ultra-cold environments; at least one automation interface disposed on one or more of the housing and lid and configured for engagement with automated handling equipment; and a process data capture unit coupled to the housing and configured to capture process or ephemeral data corresponding to a predetermined processing characteristic(s) of at least one of the samples coincident with presence inside the portable cryogenic workstation. 2. The portable cryogenic workstation of claim 1, wherein the process data capture unit is configured so that the process or ephemeral data captured define process history and enables analysis of the predetermined processing characteristic(s) of at least one of the samples. 3. The portable cryogenic workstation of claim 1, wherein the process data capture unit is communicably coupled to a controller and at least one sensor connected to the controller where the at least one sensor is configured to provide one or more of sample location data, sample identification data, temperature data and a physical state of the lid relative to the housing. 4. The portable cryogenic workstation of claim 1, wherein the portable cryogenic workstation includes a consumable media level detector. 5. A portable cryogenic workstation comprising:
a housing having an opening forming an interior cavity configured to hold one or more racks of cryogenic samples, a workstation interface and a lid interface disposed around a periphery of the opening; and a lid configured to close the opening and substantially seal the interior cavity, the lid having a housing interface configured to engage the lid interface so that the lid effects sealing of the interior cavity and to disengage the lid interface and unseal the interior cavity with a single axis movement of the lid relative to the housing; wherein the housing is configured to engage a closable input/output port of a workstation. 6. The portable cryogenic workstation of claim 5, wherein engagement of the housing with the input/output port effects a seal between the input/output port and the workstation interface so that when the lid is opened the interior cavity is in sealed communication with an interior of the workstation. 7. The portable cryogenic workstation of claim 5, wherein the housing is configured to effect a seal between the input/output port and the workstation interface with the lid separated from the housing. 8. The portable cryogenic workstation of claim 6, wherein the housing is configured to effect the seal between the input/output port and the workstation interface with the lid engaged to the housing and separated from the housing. 9. The portable cryogenic workstation of claim 6, wherein the seal between the input/output port and the portable cryogenic workstation seals the interior of a loading module of the workstation from an external atmosphere. 10. The portable cryogenic workstation of claim 6, wherein the seal between the input/output port and the portable cryogenic workstation seals the interior of the portable cryogenic workstation from an outside atmosphere. 11. The portable cryogenic workstation of claim 6, wherein the housing is configured to effect the seal between the input/output port and the workstation interface with the lid engaged to the housing. 12. The portable cryogenic workstation of claim 5, wherein the portable cryogenic workstation includes a consumable media level detector. 13. The portable cryogenic workstation of claim 5, wherein the portable cryogenic workstation is configured to record process data related to predetermined characteristics of one or more of the samples, the housing and the lid. 14. The portable cryogenic workstation of claim 5, further comprising a controller, a memory and at least one sensor, the memory and the at least one sensor each being connected to the controller, the controller being configured to effect a recordation of process tracking data in the memory based on signals from the at least one sensor. 15. The portable cryogenic workstation of claim 12, wherein the controller is configured to effect the recordation of process tracking data in response to a triggering event. 16. The portable cryogenic workstation of claim 12, wherein the controller is configured to allow analysis of the process tracking data. 17. The portable cryogenic workstation of claim 12, wherein the controller, memory and at least one sensor are integral with the one or more of the housing and the lid. 18. The portable cryogenic workstation of claim 5, wherein the portable cryogenic workstation effects a thermal block to heat load entry into the cryogenic portion of the workstation through the input/output port. 19. A cryogenic workstation comprising:
a storage module having an ultra-cold storage vault configured to store racks of cryogenic samples; a loading module disposed external to the storage module and including a load port and a closeable opening, the closeable opening communicably connecting the loading module to the storage module where the cryogenic samples are transferred between the storage module and the loading module through the closeable opening, and the load port including a closeable input/output port; and a portable cryogenic workstation module configured to engage the closeable input/output port. 20. The cryogenic workstation of claim 19, wherein engagement of the portable cryogenic workstation with the closeable input/output port effects a seal between the load port and the portable cryogenic workstation so that when the load port is opened an interior of the loading module is in sealed communication with an interior of the portable cryogenic workstation. 21. The cryogenic workstation of claim 20, wherein the seal between the load port and the portable cryogenic workstation module seals the interior of the loading module from an external atmosphere. 22. The cryogenic workstation of claim 20, wherein the seal between the load port and the portable cryogenic workstation seals the interior of the portable cryogenic workstation module from an outside atmosphere. 23. The cryogenic workstation of claim 19, wherein the portable cryogenic workstation module includes a housing configured to close the closeable input/output port when the load port is opened. 24. The cryogenic workstation of claim 19, further comprising an interface device for a portable cryogenic workstation, the interface device includes a housing forming an internal chamber and at least one portable cryogenic workstation interface disposed at least partly within the internal chamber, the at least one portable cryogenic workstation interface being configured to access an interior of the portable cryogenic workstation and load and unload samples from the interior, where the portable cryogenic workstation is configured for porting in and out of the interface device housing while maintaining a cryogenic atmosphere within the portable cryogenic workstation. 25. The cryogenic workstation of claim 24, wherein the interface device is configured to isolate a human operator from the interior. 26. The cryogenic workstation of claim 24, wherein the interface device is configured as a stand alone device for bench top placement. 27. The cryogenic workstation of claim 24, wherein the interface device may be integrated with an automated material handling system or refrigerant replenishment station. 28. The cryogenic workstation of claim 24, wherein the at least one portable cryogenic workstation interface is configured for manual operation. 29. The cryogenic workstation of claim 24, wherein the at least one portable cryogenic workstation interface is configured for automated operation. 30. The cryogenic workstation of claim 24, wherein the interface device includes a display and processor for communicating process or ephemeral data to and from the portable cryogenic workstation. 31. The cryogenic workstation of claim 19, wherein the at least one portable cryogenic workstation interface device includes one or more kinematic locating features for deterministically locating the portable cryogenic workstation with respect to a predetermined reference frame of the interface device. 32. An automated material handling system for transporting portable cryogenic workstations comprising:
a first cryogenic workstation location and a second cryogenic workstation location that is different than the first cryogenic workstation location; an automated transport configured to travel between the first and second cryogenic workstation locations, the automated transport having an effector for transporting at least one portable cryogenic workstation; and the at least one portable cryogenic workstation includes a housing configured to hold a cryogenic environment within an openable cavity of the housing through a removable closure, the housing including a first interface configured to engage the automated transport and a second interface configured to deterministically position the at least one portable cryogenic workstation at an interface station at one of the first and second cryogenic workstation locations; and an automated workpiece transport configured to automatically pick or place at least one workpiece within the at least one portable cryogenic workstation. 33. The automated material handling system of claim 32, wherein the automated workpiece transport comprises a robotic arm with an end effector configured for picking workpieces. 34. The automated material handling system of claim 32, wherein the automated transport comprises an overhead transport system. 35. The automated material handling system of claim 32, wherein the automated transport comprises an automated guided vehicle. 36. The automated material handling system of claim 32, wherein the automated transport comprises a conveyor. 37. The automated material handling system of claim 32, wherein the automated transport comprises two different types of transport configured to transfer the at least one portable cryogenic workstation between the two different types of transports. 38. An automated material handling system comprising:
a portable cryogenic workstation transport unit having an effector configured to engage and transport a portable cryogenic workstation, where the portable cryogenic workstation includes a housing forming an internal cavity and a lid configured to substantially seal the internal cavity; and an automated sample handling system configured to transport samples to and from the internal cavity, at least one of the automated sample handling system and the transport unit having a lid removal system configured to engage kinematic coupling features of the lid for deterministically locating the lid relative to the lid removal system. 39. The automated material handling system of claim 38, wherein the effector is configured to engage kinematic coupling features of the housing to deterministically locate the housing relative to the automated sample handling system. 40. A consumable media replenishment station comprising:
a fill port configured to communicate a consumable media to an interior of a portable cryogenic workstation; and kinematic locating features configured to interface with the portable cryogenic workstation for deterministically locating the portable cryogenic workstation relative to the fill port. 41. The consumable media replenishment station of claim 40, wherein the consumable media replenishment station is disposed at a load port of an automated cryogenic sample handling station. 42. The consumable media replenishment station of claim 40, wherein the consumable media replenishment station is a stand alone replenishment station. 43. The consumable media replenishment station of claim 40, wherein the fill port comprises a manifold configured to interface with two or more portable cryogenic workstations. | A portable cryogenic workstation includes a housing having an internal cavity configured to hold one or more samples, a lid for sealing the internal cavity such that the portable cryogenic workstation is configured for transporting samples between about room temperature environments to about ultra-cold environments, at least one automation interface disposed on one or more of the housing and lid and configured for engagement with automated handling equipment, and a process data capture unit coupled to the housing and configured to capture process or ephemeral data corresponding to a predetermined processing characteristic(s) of at least one of the samples coincident with presence inside the portable cryogenic workstation.1. A portable cryogenic workstation comprising:
a housing having an internal cavity configured to hold one or more samples; a lid for sealing the internal cavity such that the portable cryogenic workstation is configured for transporting samples between about room temperature environments to about ultra-cold environments; at least one automation interface disposed on one or more of the housing and lid and configured for engagement with automated handling equipment; and a process data capture unit coupled to the housing and configured to capture process or ephemeral data corresponding to a predetermined processing characteristic(s) of at least one of the samples coincident with presence inside the portable cryogenic workstation. 2. The portable cryogenic workstation of claim 1, wherein the process data capture unit is configured so that the process or ephemeral data captured define process history and enables analysis of the predetermined processing characteristic(s) of at least one of the samples. 3. The portable cryogenic workstation of claim 1, wherein the process data capture unit is communicably coupled to a controller and at least one sensor connected to the controller where the at least one sensor is configured to provide one or more of sample location data, sample identification data, temperature data and a physical state of the lid relative to the housing. 4. The portable cryogenic workstation of claim 1, wherein the portable cryogenic workstation includes a consumable media level detector. 5. A portable cryogenic workstation comprising:
a housing having an opening forming an interior cavity configured to hold one or more racks of cryogenic samples, a workstation interface and a lid interface disposed around a periphery of the opening; and a lid configured to close the opening and substantially seal the interior cavity, the lid having a housing interface configured to engage the lid interface so that the lid effects sealing of the interior cavity and to disengage the lid interface and unseal the interior cavity with a single axis movement of the lid relative to the housing; wherein the housing is configured to engage a closable input/output port of a workstation. 6. The portable cryogenic workstation of claim 5, wherein engagement of the housing with the input/output port effects a seal between the input/output port and the workstation interface so that when the lid is opened the interior cavity is in sealed communication with an interior of the workstation. 7. The portable cryogenic workstation of claim 5, wherein the housing is configured to effect a seal between the input/output port and the workstation interface with the lid separated from the housing. 8. The portable cryogenic workstation of claim 6, wherein the housing is configured to effect the seal between the input/output port and the workstation interface with the lid engaged to the housing and separated from the housing. 9. The portable cryogenic workstation of claim 6, wherein the seal between the input/output port and the portable cryogenic workstation seals the interior of a loading module of the workstation from an external atmosphere. 10. The portable cryogenic workstation of claim 6, wherein the seal between the input/output port and the portable cryogenic workstation seals the interior of the portable cryogenic workstation from an outside atmosphere. 11. The portable cryogenic workstation of claim 6, wherein the housing is configured to effect the seal between the input/output port and the workstation interface with the lid engaged to the housing. 12. The portable cryogenic workstation of claim 5, wherein the portable cryogenic workstation includes a consumable media level detector. 13. The portable cryogenic workstation of claim 5, wherein the portable cryogenic workstation is configured to record process data related to predetermined characteristics of one or more of the samples, the housing and the lid. 14. The portable cryogenic workstation of claim 5, further comprising a controller, a memory and at least one sensor, the memory and the at least one sensor each being connected to the controller, the controller being configured to effect a recordation of process tracking data in the memory based on signals from the at least one sensor. 15. The portable cryogenic workstation of claim 12, wherein the controller is configured to effect the recordation of process tracking data in response to a triggering event. 16. The portable cryogenic workstation of claim 12, wherein the controller is configured to allow analysis of the process tracking data. 17. The portable cryogenic workstation of claim 12, wherein the controller, memory and at least one sensor are integral with the one or more of the housing and the lid. 18. The portable cryogenic workstation of claim 5, wherein the portable cryogenic workstation effects a thermal block to heat load entry into the cryogenic portion of the workstation through the input/output port. 19. A cryogenic workstation comprising:
a storage module having an ultra-cold storage vault configured to store racks of cryogenic samples; a loading module disposed external to the storage module and including a load port and a closeable opening, the closeable opening communicably connecting the loading module to the storage module where the cryogenic samples are transferred between the storage module and the loading module through the closeable opening, and the load port including a closeable input/output port; and a portable cryogenic workstation module configured to engage the closeable input/output port. 20. The cryogenic workstation of claim 19, wherein engagement of the portable cryogenic workstation with the closeable input/output port effects a seal between the load port and the portable cryogenic workstation so that when the load port is opened an interior of the loading module is in sealed communication with an interior of the portable cryogenic workstation. 21. The cryogenic workstation of claim 20, wherein the seal between the load port and the portable cryogenic workstation module seals the interior of the loading module from an external atmosphere. 22. The cryogenic workstation of claim 20, wherein the seal between the load port and the portable cryogenic workstation seals the interior of the portable cryogenic workstation module from an outside atmosphere. 23. The cryogenic workstation of claim 19, wherein the portable cryogenic workstation module includes a housing configured to close the closeable input/output port when the load port is opened. 24. The cryogenic workstation of claim 19, further comprising an interface device for a portable cryogenic workstation, the interface device includes a housing forming an internal chamber and at least one portable cryogenic workstation interface disposed at least partly within the internal chamber, the at least one portable cryogenic workstation interface being configured to access an interior of the portable cryogenic workstation and load and unload samples from the interior, where the portable cryogenic workstation is configured for porting in and out of the interface device housing while maintaining a cryogenic atmosphere within the portable cryogenic workstation. 25. The cryogenic workstation of claim 24, wherein the interface device is configured to isolate a human operator from the interior. 26. The cryogenic workstation of claim 24, wherein the interface device is configured as a stand alone device for bench top placement. 27. The cryogenic workstation of claim 24, wherein the interface device may be integrated with an automated material handling system or refrigerant replenishment station. 28. The cryogenic workstation of claim 24, wherein the at least one portable cryogenic workstation interface is configured for manual operation. 29. The cryogenic workstation of claim 24, wherein the at least one portable cryogenic workstation interface is configured for automated operation. 30. The cryogenic workstation of claim 24, wherein the interface device includes a display and processor for communicating process or ephemeral data to and from the portable cryogenic workstation. 31. The cryogenic workstation of claim 19, wherein the at least one portable cryogenic workstation interface device includes one or more kinematic locating features for deterministically locating the portable cryogenic workstation with respect to a predetermined reference frame of the interface device. 32. An automated material handling system for transporting portable cryogenic workstations comprising:
a first cryogenic workstation location and a second cryogenic workstation location that is different than the first cryogenic workstation location; an automated transport configured to travel between the first and second cryogenic workstation locations, the automated transport having an effector for transporting at least one portable cryogenic workstation; and the at least one portable cryogenic workstation includes a housing configured to hold a cryogenic environment within an openable cavity of the housing through a removable closure, the housing including a first interface configured to engage the automated transport and a second interface configured to deterministically position the at least one portable cryogenic workstation at an interface station at one of the first and second cryogenic workstation locations; and an automated workpiece transport configured to automatically pick or place at least one workpiece within the at least one portable cryogenic workstation. 33. The automated material handling system of claim 32, wherein the automated workpiece transport comprises a robotic arm with an end effector configured for picking workpieces. 34. The automated material handling system of claim 32, wherein the automated transport comprises an overhead transport system. 35. The automated material handling system of claim 32, wherein the automated transport comprises an automated guided vehicle. 36. The automated material handling system of claim 32, wherein the automated transport comprises a conveyor. 37. The automated material handling system of claim 32, wherein the automated transport comprises two different types of transport configured to transfer the at least one portable cryogenic workstation between the two different types of transports. 38. An automated material handling system comprising:
a portable cryogenic workstation transport unit having an effector configured to engage and transport a portable cryogenic workstation, where the portable cryogenic workstation includes a housing forming an internal cavity and a lid configured to substantially seal the internal cavity; and an automated sample handling system configured to transport samples to and from the internal cavity, at least one of the automated sample handling system and the transport unit having a lid removal system configured to engage kinematic coupling features of the lid for deterministically locating the lid relative to the lid removal system. 39. The automated material handling system of claim 38, wherein the effector is configured to engage kinematic coupling features of the housing to deterministically locate the housing relative to the automated sample handling system. 40. A consumable media replenishment station comprising:
a fill port configured to communicate a consumable media to an interior of a portable cryogenic workstation; and kinematic locating features configured to interface with the portable cryogenic workstation for deterministically locating the portable cryogenic workstation relative to the fill port. 41. The consumable media replenishment station of claim 40, wherein the consumable media replenishment station is disposed at a load port of an automated cryogenic sample handling station. 42. The consumable media replenishment station of claim 40, wherein the consumable media replenishment station is a stand alone replenishment station. 43. The consumable media replenishment station of claim 40, wherein the fill port comprises a manifold configured to interface with two or more portable cryogenic workstations. | 1,700 |
3,996 | 15,223,562 | 1,796 | In a reactor I a catalyst support impregnated with a solution of cobalt nitrate is oxidized at a calcining temperature comprised between 400° C. and 450° C. in order to produce a catalyst precursor comprising cobalt oxides. This catalyst precursor is contacted in reduction reactor A with reducing gas rich in hydrogen and with a low water content, by circulating the flow of reducing gas, so as to reduce the cobalt oxides to Co and to produce water. Water content is reduced to 200 ppmvol of the flow of reducing gas laden with water recovered at the outlet of the reactor A, and at least a part of the flow of reducing gas is recycled to the reactor A. In the process, the reducing gas is maintained at a water content less than 10,000 ppmvol in reactor A. | 1. Process for the preparation of a catalyst intended for utilization in a Fischer-Tropsch reaction, in which the following successive stages are carried out:
a) A support impregnated with a solution of cobalt nitrate is provided, b) said support impregnated with a cobalt nitrate solution is oxidized at a calcining temperature comprised between 400° C. and 450° C. in order to produce a catalyst precursor comprising cobalt oxides, c) a reducing gas is provided, comprising at least 99% by volume of hydrogen and less than 200 ppmvol of water, d) said catalyst precursor is brought into contact with the reducing gas by circulating the flow of reducing gas over a bed of said catalyst precursor, so as to reduce the cobalt oxides to metallic cobalt in order to produce a reduced catalyst and a flow of reducing gas laden with water, e) the water content of the flow of reducing gas laden with water recovered in stage d) is reduced, so as to produce a flow of reducing gas comprising less than 200 ppmvol of water, then f) at least a part of the flow of reducing gas is recycled to stage d), process in which in staged) the reducing gas is maintained at a water content of less than 10,000 ppmvol. 2. Process according to claim 1 in which, in stage d), the flow rate of reducing gas is comprised between 1 Nm3/h/kg of catalyst precursor and 6 Nm3/h/kg of catalyst precursor and preferably between 2 Nm3/h/kg of catalyst precursor and 5 Nm3/h/kg of catalyst precursor. 3. Process according to claim 1, in which stage d) is carried out at a pressure comprised between 0 and 1.5 MPa g, preferably between 0.3 and 1 MPa g and at a final reduction temperature comprised between 350° C. and 500° C. and preferably between 400° C. and 450° C. 4. Process according to claim 3, in which stage d) is carried out at a final reduction temperature less than the calcining temperature. 5. Process according to claim 3, in which in stage d), the temperature of the reducing gas is progressively increased, according to a temperature gradient comprised between 0.5° C./min and 4° C./min, preferably between 0.5° C./min and 3° C./min, or even between 0.5° C./min and 2° C./min. 6. Process according to claim 1, in which in stage b), the impregnated support is maintained at the calcining temperature for a duration greater than 2 h, preferably comprised between 2 h and 10 h. 7. Process according to claim 1, in which in stage e), a cooling of the reducing gas is carried out, and water condensed by the cooling is eliminated. 8. Process according to claim 7, in which in stage e), moreover, the reducing gas is brought into contact with at least one molecular sieve which captures the water. 9. Process according to claim 8, in which the molecular sieve is regenerated by bringing the molecular sieve into contact with a portion of the flow of water-laden reducing gas recovered in stage d), said portion then being introduced with the reducing gas at the inlet of stage e). 10. Process according to claim 1, in which in stage d), the catalyst precursor is maintained at a final reduction temperature for a duration comprised between 5 hours and 24 hours. 11. Process according to claim 1, in which, when at least a part of the cobalt oxides are reduced to metallic cobalt, the reduced catalyst is removed from stage d). 12. Process according to claim 1, in which the support is a porous support having a specific surface area comprised between 100 m2/g and 500 m2/g, preferably between 150 m2/g and 300 m2/g and a pore volume measured by mercury porosimetry comprised between 0.4 ml/g and 1.2 ml/g. 13. Process according to claim 1, in which the support is selected from the supports composed of alumina, a mixture of silica and alumina, silica, titanium oxide, zinc oxide. 14. Catalyst prepared according to claim 1. 15. Process for the production of hydrocarbon compounds, in which the catalyst according to claim 14, is brought into contact with a gaseous mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. | In a reactor I a catalyst support impregnated with a solution of cobalt nitrate is oxidized at a calcining temperature comprised between 400° C. and 450° C. in order to produce a catalyst precursor comprising cobalt oxides. This catalyst precursor is contacted in reduction reactor A with reducing gas rich in hydrogen and with a low water content, by circulating the flow of reducing gas, so as to reduce the cobalt oxides to Co and to produce water. Water content is reduced to 200 ppmvol of the flow of reducing gas laden with water recovered at the outlet of the reactor A, and at least a part of the flow of reducing gas is recycled to the reactor A. In the process, the reducing gas is maintained at a water content less than 10,000 ppmvol in reactor A.1. Process for the preparation of a catalyst intended for utilization in a Fischer-Tropsch reaction, in which the following successive stages are carried out:
a) A support impregnated with a solution of cobalt nitrate is provided, b) said support impregnated with a cobalt nitrate solution is oxidized at a calcining temperature comprised between 400° C. and 450° C. in order to produce a catalyst precursor comprising cobalt oxides, c) a reducing gas is provided, comprising at least 99% by volume of hydrogen and less than 200 ppmvol of water, d) said catalyst precursor is brought into contact with the reducing gas by circulating the flow of reducing gas over a bed of said catalyst precursor, so as to reduce the cobalt oxides to metallic cobalt in order to produce a reduced catalyst and a flow of reducing gas laden with water, e) the water content of the flow of reducing gas laden with water recovered in stage d) is reduced, so as to produce a flow of reducing gas comprising less than 200 ppmvol of water, then f) at least a part of the flow of reducing gas is recycled to stage d), process in which in staged) the reducing gas is maintained at a water content of less than 10,000 ppmvol. 2. Process according to claim 1 in which, in stage d), the flow rate of reducing gas is comprised between 1 Nm3/h/kg of catalyst precursor and 6 Nm3/h/kg of catalyst precursor and preferably between 2 Nm3/h/kg of catalyst precursor and 5 Nm3/h/kg of catalyst precursor. 3. Process according to claim 1, in which stage d) is carried out at a pressure comprised between 0 and 1.5 MPa g, preferably between 0.3 and 1 MPa g and at a final reduction temperature comprised between 350° C. and 500° C. and preferably between 400° C. and 450° C. 4. Process according to claim 3, in which stage d) is carried out at a final reduction temperature less than the calcining temperature. 5. Process according to claim 3, in which in stage d), the temperature of the reducing gas is progressively increased, according to a temperature gradient comprised between 0.5° C./min and 4° C./min, preferably between 0.5° C./min and 3° C./min, or even between 0.5° C./min and 2° C./min. 6. Process according to claim 1, in which in stage b), the impregnated support is maintained at the calcining temperature for a duration greater than 2 h, preferably comprised between 2 h and 10 h. 7. Process according to claim 1, in which in stage e), a cooling of the reducing gas is carried out, and water condensed by the cooling is eliminated. 8. Process according to claim 7, in which in stage e), moreover, the reducing gas is brought into contact with at least one molecular sieve which captures the water. 9. Process according to claim 8, in which the molecular sieve is regenerated by bringing the molecular sieve into contact with a portion of the flow of water-laden reducing gas recovered in stage d), said portion then being introduced with the reducing gas at the inlet of stage e). 10. Process according to claim 1, in which in stage d), the catalyst precursor is maintained at a final reduction temperature for a duration comprised between 5 hours and 24 hours. 11. Process according to claim 1, in which, when at least a part of the cobalt oxides are reduced to metallic cobalt, the reduced catalyst is removed from stage d). 12. Process according to claim 1, in which the support is a porous support having a specific surface area comprised between 100 m2/g and 500 m2/g, preferably between 150 m2/g and 300 m2/g and a pore volume measured by mercury porosimetry comprised between 0.4 ml/g and 1.2 ml/g. 13. Process according to claim 1, in which the support is selected from the supports composed of alumina, a mixture of silica and alumina, silica, titanium oxide, zinc oxide. 14. Catalyst prepared according to claim 1. 15. Process for the production of hydrocarbon compounds, in which the catalyst according to claim 14, is brought into contact with a gaseous mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. | 1,700 |
3,997 | 13,958,705 | 1,782 | A medical/technical device comprised of at least two materials. The materials are connected at least partially to each other permanently by a manufacturing process. | 1. A medical/technical device comprised of at least two materials, wherein the materials are connected at least partially to each other permanently by a manufacturing process. 2. The device according to claim 1, comprised of at least two materials, wherein each material is processed by a manufacturing process and the materials are at least partially connected to each other permanently by one of these manufacturing processes and/or another manufacturing process. 3. The device according to claim 1, wherein the first material has at a first location after a first manufacturing process a first radius and a second material has after a second manufacturing process a second radius, wherein, the second radius is located at the same first location and/or in the area of the first location. 4. The device according to claim 3, wherein the first radius is smaller than the second radius. 5. The device according to claim 1, wherein the second radius is a corner radius of at least approximately 4 mm. 6. The device according to claim 1, wherein the second radius is an edge radius of at least about 2 mm, and wherein the second radius is a corner radius of at least approximately 4 mm. 7. The device according to claim 1, wherein the corner radius and the edge radius are arranged on an inner side, and wherein the second radius is an edge radius of at least about 2 mm. 8. The device according to claim 1, wherein the first material has a greater hardness than the second material. 9. The device according to claim 1, wherein outer surfaces of the materials are flush with each other. 10. The device according to claim 1, wherein a transition between the two materials has a maximum offset relative to each other of about 0.5 mm. 11. The device according to claim 1, wherein the second material at least partially surrounds the first material. 12. The device according to claim 1, wherein the materials are connected to each other chemically, or by positive engagement, or physically, or by fractional engagement, or by material engagement, or by adhesive surfaces. 13. The device according to claim 1, wherein the second material reduces the dead space of the medical/technical device. 14. The device according to claim 1, wherein the second material fills out at least partially a free space of the first material. 15. The device according to claim 14, wherein the medical/technical device is a patient interface. 16. The device according to claim 1, wherein the second material is unloaded in a first state and is compressed and/or expanded and/or torsioned in another state, and a restoring force is directed to at least one functional element of the first material. 17. The device according to claim 1, wherein the two materials are at least partially connected to each other by gluing, welding, riveting, or injection molding. 18. The device according to claim 1, wherein one of the materials is a softer material, and the softer material is at least partially a sealing element. 19. The device according to claim 1, wherein the two materials are connected to each other by a third material. 20. A process for manufacturing a medical/technical device composed of at least two different hard materials, wherein the improvement comprises that the materials are connected to each other at least partially and permanently by at least one manufacturing process. | A medical/technical device comprised of at least two materials. The materials are connected at least partially to each other permanently by a manufacturing process.1. A medical/technical device comprised of at least two materials, wherein the materials are connected at least partially to each other permanently by a manufacturing process. 2. The device according to claim 1, comprised of at least two materials, wherein each material is processed by a manufacturing process and the materials are at least partially connected to each other permanently by one of these manufacturing processes and/or another manufacturing process. 3. The device according to claim 1, wherein the first material has at a first location after a first manufacturing process a first radius and a second material has after a second manufacturing process a second radius, wherein, the second radius is located at the same first location and/or in the area of the first location. 4. The device according to claim 3, wherein the first radius is smaller than the second radius. 5. The device according to claim 1, wherein the second radius is a corner radius of at least approximately 4 mm. 6. The device according to claim 1, wherein the second radius is an edge radius of at least about 2 mm, and wherein the second radius is a corner radius of at least approximately 4 mm. 7. The device according to claim 1, wherein the corner radius and the edge radius are arranged on an inner side, and wherein the second radius is an edge radius of at least about 2 mm. 8. The device according to claim 1, wherein the first material has a greater hardness than the second material. 9. The device according to claim 1, wherein outer surfaces of the materials are flush with each other. 10. The device according to claim 1, wherein a transition between the two materials has a maximum offset relative to each other of about 0.5 mm. 11. The device according to claim 1, wherein the second material at least partially surrounds the first material. 12. The device according to claim 1, wherein the materials are connected to each other chemically, or by positive engagement, or physically, or by fractional engagement, or by material engagement, or by adhesive surfaces. 13. The device according to claim 1, wherein the second material reduces the dead space of the medical/technical device. 14. The device according to claim 1, wherein the second material fills out at least partially a free space of the first material. 15. The device according to claim 14, wherein the medical/technical device is a patient interface. 16. The device according to claim 1, wherein the second material is unloaded in a first state and is compressed and/or expanded and/or torsioned in another state, and a restoring force is directed to at least one functional element of the first material. 17. The device according to claim 1, wherein the two materials are at least partially connected to each other by gluing, welding, riveting, or injection molding. 18. The device according to claim 1, wherein one of the materials is a softer material, and the softer material is at least partially a sealing element. 19. The device according to claim 1, wherein the two materials are connected to each other by a third material. 20. A process for manufacturing a medical/technical device composed of at least two different hard materials, wherein the improvement comprises that the materials are connected to each other at least partially and permanently by at least one manufacturing process. | 1,700 |
3,998 | 15,410,320 | 1,784 | A coated glass article and of a system and method for forming a coated glass article are provided. The process includes applying a first coating precursor material to the first surface of the glass article and supporting the glass article via a gas bearing. The process includes heating the glass article and the coating precursor material to above a glass transition temperature of the glass article while the glass article is supported by the gas bearing such that during heating, a property of the first coating precursor material changes forming a coating layer on the first surface of the glass article from the first precursor material. The high temperature and/or non-contact coating formation may form a coating layer with one or more new physical properties, such as a deep diffusion layer within the glass, and may form highly consistent coatings on multiple sides of the glass. | 1. A process for applying a coating layer to glass, comprising:
providing a glass article having a first surface and a second surface opposing the first surface; applying a first coating precursor material to the first surface of the glass article; supporting the glass article via a gas bearing; and heating the glass article and the coating precursor material to above a glass transition temperature of the glass article while the glass article is supported by the gas bearing; wherein during heating, a property of the first coating precursor material changes, such that a first coating layer is formed on the first surface of the glass article from the first precursor material. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the first coating precursor is applied to the first surface of the glass article when the temperature of the glass article is above the glass transition temperature and while the glass article is supported by the gas bearing. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the property of the first coating precursor that changes during heating to form the first coating layer is at least one of a chemical composition, an oxidation state, a shape, a diffusion depth and diffusion profile. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the first coating precursor is applied to the first surface via gas delivered by the gas bearing during heating of the glass article. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the first coating layer includes a diffusion zone located within the material of the glass article extending from an interface between the first coating layer and the glass article toward the center of the glass article, wherein, within the diffusion zone, a concentration of a component of the coating layer decreases as the depth into the glass article increases. 6. The process of claim 5, wherein the depth of the diffusion zone is greater than 50 nm. 7. The process of claim 6, further comprising applying a second coating precursor material to the second surface of the glass article, wherein during heating, a property of the second coating precursor material changes, such that a second coating layer is formed on the second surface of the glass article from the second precursor material. 8. The process of claim 7, wherein the first coating precursor material is the same as the second coating precursor material, wherein the second coating layer includes a second diffusion zone located within the material of the glass article extending from an interface between the second coating layer and the glass article toward the center of the glass article, wherein within the second diffusion zone a concentration of a component of the second coating layer decreases as the depth into the glass article increases. 9. The process of claim 8, wherein the depth of the second diffusion zone is greater than 50 nm, wherein the depth of the diffusion zone of the first coating layer and the depth of the second diffusion zone of the second coating layer are within 10% of each other. 10. The process of claim 8, wherein a measured property of the first coating layer is within 10% of a measured physical property of the second coating layer, wherein the measured properties of the first and second coating layers are at least one of electrical resistance, refractive index, optical transmission, reflectance, hardness and modulus of elasticity. 11. The process of claim 1, further comprising cooling the glass article and the first coating layer to below the glass transition temperature of the glass article while the glass article is supported by the gas bearing. 12. The process of claim 11, wherein during the heating step the article is heated to a temperature above the glass transition temperature and below a softening point of the glass material, wherein, during cooling, a heat transfer rate from the article during cooling is greater than 450 kW/m2 for an area of the first surface. 13. The process of claim 12, wherein cooling occurs in a cooling station comprising a heat sink, wherein the glass article is supported by gas from the gas bearing and spaced from the heat sink such that a gap is located between the first surface of the glass article and an opposing heat sink surface, wherein the gap is less than 200 μm, wherein the glass article is cooled by transferring thermal energy from the heated glass article to the heat sink by conduction across the gap such that more than 20% of the thermal energy leaving the heated article crosses the gap and is received by the heat sink. 14. The process of claim 13, wherein during cooling, surface compressive stresses and central tensile stresses are created within the glass article, wherein the surface compressive stress is greater than 150 MPa. 15. The process of claim 1, wherein the first coating precursor material is different from a glass material of the glass article, wherein the first coating precursor material comprises at least one of SiO2, an Ag salt, a Cu salt, an Na salt, BN, TiO2, ZnO, MgF2, aluminum-doped ZnO, lithium salt, Cu, Au, Ag, Al, Sn, C, an oxide, a nitride, a carbide, a sulfide, a selenide, fluoride, aluminum oxynitride, TiN, TiSi2, an organometallic material, amorphous silicon, polycrystalline silicon and fluorine doped SnO2, wherein the glass article is at least 50% silicon dioxide by weight, wherein the first coating layer is at least one of a continuous, contiguous coating covering the first surface of a glass article and a patterned coating layer covering less than all of the first surface of the glass article. 16. A coated glass article comprising:
a glass article comprising:
a first major surface;
a second major surface opposite the first major surface; and
glass material of at least 50% silicon dioxide by weight; and
a first coating layer located on the first major surface, the first coating layer formed from a material different than the glass material of the glass article, the first coating layer including a first diffusion zone located within the material of the glass article extending from an interface between the first coating layer and the glass article toward the center of the glass article, wherein within the first diffusion zone a concentration of a material of the first coating layer decreases as the depth into the glass article increases; wherein the diffusion zone has a depth greater than 50 nm. 17. The coated glass article of claim 16, further comprising a second coating layer located on the second major surface, the second coating layer formed from a material different than the glass material of the glass article, the second coating layer including a second diffusion zone located within the material of the glass article extending from the interface between the second coating layer and the glass article toward the center of the glass article, wherein within the second diffusion zone a concentration of a material of the second coating layer decreases as the depth into the glass article increases. 18. The coated glass article of claim 17, wherein the first and second coating layers each have a thickness that is between 0.001% and 10% of an average thickness of the glass article measured between the first and second major surfaces. 19. The coated glass article of claim 17, wherein second diffusion zone has a depth greater than 50 nm, wherein the depth of the second diffusion zone is within 1% of the depth of the first diffusion zone. 20. The coated glass article of claim 16, wherein the first coating layer comprises at least one of SiO2, an Ag salt, a Cu salt, an Na salt, BN, TiO2, ZnO, MgF2, aluminum-doped ZnO, lithium salt, Cu, Au, Ag, Al, Sn, C, an oxide, a nitride, a carbide, a sulfide, a selenide, fluoride, aluminum oxynitride, TiN, TiSi2, an organometallic material, amorphous silicon, polycrystalline silicon and fluorine doped SnO2. 21. The coated glass article of claim 16, wherein the first and second major surfaces are flat to at least 50 μm total indicator run-out along a 50 mm profile of the first and second major surfaces. 22. The coated glass article of claim 16, wherein a surface fictive temperature measured on the first major surface is at least 50° C. above a glass transition temperature of the glass article. 23. The coated glass article of claim 16, wherein a compressive stress of the first major surface and of the second major surface is greater than 150 MPa. 24. The coated glass article of claim 16, wherein the first coating layer is at least one of a low emissivity coating, an anti-static coating, an anti-glare coating, anti-glare, an anti-reflective coating, a low friction coating, an anti-microbial coating, a glass tint, an abrasion or scratch resistant coating, a water resistant coating, a water soluble coating and a coating to increase surface compressive stresses. 25. A system for coating a glass sheet comprising:
a heating station including a heating element delivering heat to the glass sheet, the heating station defining a first channel such that during heating the glass sheet is located within the first channel, the glass sheet including a first major surface, a second major surface and a thickness between the first and second major surfaces; a cooling station including opposing first and second heat sink surfaces defining a second channel therebetween such that during cooling the glass sheet is located within the second channel; a gas bearing delivering pressurized gas to the first and second channels such that the glass sheet is supported by the gas within the first channel without touching a surface of the heating station during heating and such that the glass sheet is supported by the gas within the second channel without touching the first and second heat sink surfaces during cooling; and a supply of glass coating precursor material in communication with the gas bearing such that glass coating precursor material is delivered via the pressurized gas to at least one of the first major surface and the second major surface of the glass sheet while the glass sheet is supported by the gas. 26. A coated glass article, comprising:
a glass article formed from glass material at least primarily including a glass and/or glass-ceramic, the glass article comprising a first major surface; a diffusion zone comprising a coating material extending into the glass material of the glass article from the first major surface of the glass article and toward a center of the glass article; wherein, within the diffusion zone, concentration of the coating material decreases as depth into the glass article increases, wherein the diffusion zone has a depth from the first major surface of the glass article toward a widthwise center of the glass article of greater than 50 nm; and wherein an exterior surface of the coated glass article facing away from the first major surface of the glass article is flat to at least 50 μm total indicator run-out along a 50 mm profile and/or along a profile fully across the exterior surface facing away from the first major surface. 27. The coated glass article of claim 26, wherein the coating material and the glass material are such that diffusion of the coating material into the glass material to a depth of greater than 50 nm, without cracking the glass material, requires heating the glass material to at least a glass transition temperature of the glass. 28. The coated glass article of claim 26, wherein the coating material comprises lithium or copper and the glass material comprises a soda lime glass. 29. A coated glass article, comprising:
a glass article formed from glass material at least primarily including a glass and/or glass-ceramic, the glass article comprising a first major surface; a diffusion zone comprising a coating material extending into the glass material of the glass article from the first major surface of the glass article and toward a center of the glass article; wherein, within the diffusion zone, concentration of the coating material decreases as depth into the glass article increases, wherein the diffusion zone has a depth from the first major surface of the glass article toward a widthwise center of the glass article of greater than 50 nm; and wherein an exterior surface of the coated glass article facing away from the first major surface of the glass article is flat to at least 50 μm total indicator run-out along a 50 mm profile of the second major surface and/or along a profile fully across exterior surface; wherein an exterior surface of the coated glass article facing away from the first major surface of the glass article has at least a square centimeter of area and/or all of the area thereof having fewer than ten surface defects from adhesion or abrasion with a dimension greater than five micrometers and maximum depth of at least 50 nm relative to adjoining portions the exterior surface facing away from the first major surface. 30. The coated glass article of claim 29, wherein the coating material and the glass material are such that diffusion of the coating material into the glass material to a depth of greater than 50 nm, without cracking the glass material, requires heating the glass material to at least a glass transition temperature of the glass. 31. The coated glass article of claim 29, wherein the coating material comprises lithium or copper and the glass material comprises a soda lime glass. 32. A coated glass article comprising:
a glass article comprising a first major surface and a second major surface opposite the first major surface; a first coating layer located on the first major surface, the first coating layer formed from a material different than material of the glass article, the first coating layer including a first diffusion zone located within the material of the glass article extending from an interface between the first coating layer and the glass article toward a center of the glass article; and wherein, within the first diffusion zone, a concentration of a material of the first coating layer decreases as the depth into the glass article increases; a second coating layer located on the second major surface, the second coating layer formed from a material different than the glass material of the glass article, the second coating layer including a second diffusion zone located within the material of the glass article extending from an interface between the second coating layer and the glass article toward the center of the glass article; and wherein, within the second diffusion zone, a concentration of a material of the second coating layer decreases as the depth into the glass article increases; wherein the first and second diffusion zones each have a depth greater than 50 nm, and wherein the depth of the second diffusion zone is within 30% of the depth of the first diffusion zone. | A coated glass article and of a system and method for forming a coated glass article are provided. The process includes applying a first coating precursor material to the first surface of the glass article and supporting the glass article via a gas bearing. The process includes heating the glass article and the coating precursor material to above a glass transition temperature of the glass article while the glass article is supported by the gas bearing such that during heating, a property of the first coating precursor material changes forming a coating layer on the first surface of the glass article from the first precursor material. The high temperature and/or non-contact coating formation may form a coating layer with one or more new physical properties, such as a deep diffusion layer within the glass, and may form highly consistent coatings on multiple sides of the glass.1. A process for applying a coating layer to glass, comprising:
providing a glass article having a first surface and a second surface opposing the first surface; applying a first coating precursor material to the first surface of the glass article; supporting the glass article via a gas bearing; and heating the glass article and the coating precursor material to above a glass transition temperature of the glass article while the glass article is supported by the gas bearing; wherein during heating, a property of the first coating precursor material changes, such that a first coating layer is formed on the first surface of the glass article from the first precursor material. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the first coating precursor is applied to the first surface of the glass article when the temperature of the glass article is above the glass transition temperature and while the glass article is supported by the gas bearing. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the property of the first coating precursor that changes during heating to form the first coating layer is at least one of a chemical composition, an oxidation state, a shape, a diffusion depth and diffusion profile. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the first coating precursor is applied to the first surface via gas delivered by the gas bearing during heating of the glass article. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the first coating layer includes a diffusion zone located within the material of the glass article extending from an interface between the first coating layer and the glass article toward the center of the glass article, wherein, within the diffusion zone, a concentration of a component of the coating layer decreases as the depth into the glass article increases. 6. The process of claim 5, wherein the depth of the diffusion zone is greater than 50 nm. 7. The process of claim 6, further comprising applying a second coating precursor material to the second surface of the glass article, wherein during heating, a property of the second coating precursor material changes, such that a second coating layer is formed on the second surface of the glass article from the second precursor material. 8. The process of claim 7, wherein the first coating precursor material is the same as the second coating precursor material, wherein the second coating layer includes a second diffusion zone located within the material of the glass article extending from an interface between the second coating layer and the glass article toward the center of the glass article, wherein within the second diffusion zone a concentration of a component of the second coating layer decreases as the depth into the glass article increases. 9. The process of claim 8, wherein the depth of the second diffusion zone is greater than 50 nm, wherein the depth of the diffusion zone of the first coating layer and the depth of the second diffusion zone of the second coating layer are within 10% of each other. 10. The process of claim 8, wherein a measured property of the first coating layer is within 10% of a measured physical property of the second coating layer, wherein the measured properties of the first and second coating layers are at least one of electrical resistance, refractive index, optical transmission, reflectance, hardness and modulus of elasticity. 11. The process of claim 1, further comprising cooling the glass article and the first coating layer to below the glass transition temperature of the glass article while the glass article is supported by the gas bearing. 12. The process of claim 11, wherein during the heating step the article is heated to a temperature above the glass transition temperature and below a softening point of the glass material, wherein, during cooling, a heat transfer rate from the article during cooling is greater than 450 kW/m2 for an area of the first surface. 13. The process of claim 12, wherein cooling occurs in a cooling station comprising a heat sink, wherein the glass article is supported by gas from the gas bearing and spaced from the heat sink such that a gap is located between the first surface of the glass article and an opposing heat sink surface, wherein the gap is less than 200 μm, wherein the glass article is cooled by transferring thermal energy from the heated glass article to the heat sink by conduction across the gap such that more than 20% of the thermal energy leaving the heated article crosses the gap and is received by the heat sink. 14. The process of claim 13, wherein during cooling, surface compressive stresses and central tensile stresses are created within the glass article, wherein the surface compressive stress is greater than 150 MPa. 15. The process of claim 1, wherein the first coating precursor material is different from a glass material of the glass article, wherein the first coating precursor material comprises at least one of SiO2, an Ag salt, a Cu salt, an Na salt, BN, TiO2, ZnO, MgF2, aluminum-doped ZnO, lithium salt, Cu, Au, Ag, Al, Sn, C, an oxide, a nitride, a carbide, a sulfide, a selenide, fluoride, aluminum oxynitride, TiN, TiSi2, an organometallic material, amorphous silicon, polycrystalline silicon and fluorine doped SnO2, wherein the glass article is at least 50% silicon dioxide by weight, wherein the first coating layer is at least one of a continuous, contiguous coating covering the first surface of a glass article and a patterned coating layer covering less than all of the first surface of the glass article. 16. A coated glass article comprising:
a glass article comprising:
a first major surface;
a second major surface opposite the first major surface; and
glass material of at least 50% silicon dioxide by weight; and
a first coating layer located on the first major surface, the first coating layer formed from a material different than the glass material of the glass article, the first coating layer including a first diffusion zone located within the material of the glass article extending from an interface between the first coating layer and the glass article toward the center of the glass article, wherein within the first diffusion zone a concentration of a material of the first coating layer decreases as the depth into the glass article increases; wherein the diffusion zone has a depth greater than 50 nm. 17. The coated glass article of claim 16, further comprising a second coating layer located on the second major surface, the second coating layer formed from a material different than the glass material of the glass article, the second coating layer including a second diffusion zone located within the material of the glass article extending from the interface between the second coating layer and the glass article toward the center of the glass article, wherein within the second diffusion zone a concentration of a material of the second coating layer decreases as the depth into the glass article increases. 18. The coated glass article of claim 17, wherein the first and second coating layers each have a thickness that is between 0.001% and 10% of an average thickness of the glass article measured between the first and second major surfaces. 19. The coated glass article of claim 17, wherein second diffusion zone has a depth greater than 50 nm, wherein the depth of the second diffusion zone is within 1% of the depth of the first diffusion zone. 20. The coated glass article of claim 16, wherein the first coating layer comprises at least one of SiO2, an Ag salt, a Cu salt, an Na salt, BN, TiO2, ZnO, MgF2, aluminum-doped ZnO, lithium salt, Cu, Au, Ag, Al, Sn, C, an oxide, a nitride, a carbide, a sulfide, a selenide, fluoride, aluminum oxynitride, TiN, TiSi2, an organometallic material, amorphous silicon, polycrystalline silicon and fluorine doped SnO2. 21. The coated glass article of claim 16, wherein the first and second major surfaces are flat to at least 50 μm total indicator run-out along a 50 mm profile of the first and second major surfaces. 22. The coated glass article of claim 16, wherein a surface fictive temperature measured on the first major surface is at least 50° C. above a glass transition temperature of the glass article. 23. The coated glass article of claim 16, wherein a compressive stress of the first major surface and of the second major surface is greater than 150 MPa. 24. The coated glass article of claim 16, wherein the first coating layer is at least one of a low emissivity coating, an anti-static coating, an anti-glare coating, anti-glare, an anti-reflective coating, a low friction coating, an anti-microbial coating, a glass tint, an abrasion or scratch resistant coating, a water resistant coating, a water soluble coating and a coating to increase surface compressive stresses. 25. A system for coating a glass sheet comprising:
a heating station including a heating element delivering heat to the glass sheet, the heating station defining a first channel such that during heating the glass sheet is located within the first channel, the glass sheet including a first major surface, a second major surface and a thickness between the first and second major surfaces; a cooling station including opposing first and second heat sink surfaces defining a second channel therebetween such that during cooling the glass sheet is located within the second channel; a gas bearing delivering pressurized gas to the first and second channels such that the glass sheet is supported by the gas within the first channel without touching a surface of the heating station during heating and such that the glass sheet is supported by the gas within the second channel without touching the first and second heat sink surfaces during cooling; and a supply of glass coating precursor material in communication with the gas bearing such that glass coating precursor material is delivered via the pressurized gas to at least one of the first major surface and the second major surface of the glass sheet while the glass sheet is supported by the gas. 26. A coated glass article, comprising:
a glass article formed from glass material at least primarily including a glass and/or glass-ceramic, the glass article comprising a first major surface; a diffusion zone comprising a coating material extending into the glass material of the glass article from the first major surface of the glass article and toward a center of the glass article; wherein, within the diffusion zone, concentration of the coating material decreases as depth into the glass article increases, wherein the diffusion zone has a depth from the first major surface of the glass article toward a widthwise center of the glass article of greater than 50 nm; and wherein an exterior surface of the coated glass article facing away from the first major surface of the glass article is flat to at least 50 μm total indicator run-out along a 50 mm profile and/or along a profile fully across the exterior surface facing away from the first major surface. 27. The coated glass article of claim 26, wherein the coating material and the glass material are such that diffusion of the coating material into the glass material to a depth of greater than 50 nm, without cracking the glass material, requires heating the glass material to at least a glass transition temperature of the glass. 28. The coated glass article of claim 26, wherein the coating material comprises lithium or copper and the glass material comprises a soda lime glass. 29. A coated glass article, comprising:
a glass article formed from glass material at least primarily including a glass and/or glass-ceramic, the glass article comprising a first major surface; a diffusion zone comprising a coating material extending into the glass material of the glass article from the first major surface of the glass article and toward a center of the glass article; wherein, within the diffusion zone, concentration of the coating material decreases as depth into the glass article increases, wherein the diffusion zone has a depth from the first major surface of the glass article toward a widthwise center of the glass article of greater than 50 nm; and wherein an exterior surface of the coated glass article facing away from the first major surface of the glass article is flat to at least 50 μm total indicator run-out along a 50 mm profile of the second major surface and/or along a profile fully across exterior surface; wherein an exterior surface of the coated glass article facing away from the first major surface of the glass article has at least a square centimeter of area and/or all of the area thereof having fewer than ten surface defects from adhesion or abrasion with a dimension greater than five micrometers and maximum depth of at least 50 nm relative to adjoining portions the exterior surface facing away from the first major surface. 30. The coated glass article of claim 29, wherein the coating material and the glass material are such that diffusion of the coating material into the glass material to a depth of greater than 50 nm, without cracking the glass material, requires heating the glass material to at least a glass transition temperature of the glass. 31. The coated glass article of claim 29, wherein the coating material comprises lithium or copper and the glass material comprises a soda lime glass. 32. A coated glass article comprising:
a glass article comprising a first major surface and a second major surface opposite the first major surface; a first coating layer located on the first major surface, the first coating layer formed from a material different than material of the glass article, the first coating layer including a first diffusion zone located within the material of the glass article extending from an interface between the first coating layer and the glass article toward a center of the glass article; and wherein, within the first diffusion zone, a concentration of a material of the first coating layer decreases as the depth into the glass article increases; a second coating layer located on the second major surface, the second coating layer formed from a material different than the glass material of the glass article, the second coating layer including a second diffusion zone located within the material of the glass article extending from an interface between the second coating layer and the glass article toward the center of the glass article; and wherein, within the second diffusion zone, a concentration of a material of the second coating layer decreases as the depth into the glass article increases; wherein the first and second diffusion zones each have a depth greater than 50 nm, and wherein the depth of the second diffusion zone is within 30% of the depth of the first diffusion zone. | 1,700 |
3,999 | 15,364,024 | 1,715 | Methods are provided herein for deposition of oxide films. Oxide films may be deposited, including selective deposition of oxide thin films on a first surface of a substrate relative to a second, different surface of the same substrate. For example, an oxide thin film such as an insulating metal oxide thin film may be selectively deposited on a first surface of a substrate relative to a second, different surface of the same substrate. The second, different surface may be an organic passivation layer. | 1. A method for selectively depositing a thin film on a first surface of a substrate relative to a second surface, the method comprising:
contacting the first and second surfaces of the substrate with a first vapor phase precursor; exposing the substrate to a purge gas or vacuum after contacting the first and second surfaces of the substrate with the first vapor phase precursor; and contacting the first and second surfaces of the substrate with a second vapor phase precursor comprising molecular oxygen (O2) after exposing the substrate to the purge gas or vacuum; wherein the thin film is thereby selectively deposited on the first surface of the substrate relative to the second surface; wherein the thin film comprises an insulating metal oxide; and wherein the second surface comprises organic species. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first surface is a substantially different material from the second surface. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising exposing the substrate to a purge gas or vacuum after contacting the substrate with the second vapor phase precursor comprising molecular oxygen. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the second surface comprises a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). 5. The method of claim 1, wherein a thickness or amount of the thin film deposited on the second surface is less than about 50% of a thickness or amount of the thin film selectively deposited on the first surface of the substrate. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the first vapor phase precursor comprises an organometallic compound. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the first vapor phase precursor comprises magnesium, lanthanum, hafnium, zirconium, aluminum, yttrium, scandium, a lanthanide, or a transition metal. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the first vapor phase precursor comprises bis(cyclopentadienyl)magnesium (Mg(Cp)2). 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the first vapor phase precursor comprises lanthanum formamidinate (La(FAMD)3). 10. The method of claim 7, wherein the first vapor phase precursor comprises tetramethylethyl alkylamide hafnium (TEMAH). 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the second vapor phase precursor comprising molecular oxygen does not comprise an additional compound comprising oxygen. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein contacting the substrate with the second vapor phase precursor comprising molecular oxygen does not degrade or oxidize the second surface. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the thin film is deposited at a temperature of from about 100° C. to about 500° C. 14. A method for depositing a magnesium oxide, lanthanum oxide, or hafnium oxide thin film on a surface of a substrate comprising:
contacting the substrate with a first vapor phase precursor comprising magnesium, lanthanum, or hafnium; exposing the substrate to a purge gas or vacuum after contacting the substrate with the first vapor phase precursor comprising magnesium, lanthanum, or hafnium; and contacting the substrate with a second vapor phase precursor comprising molecular oxygen (O2) after exposing the substrate to the purge gas or vacuum:, wherein the magnesium oxide, lanthanum oxide, or hafnium oxide thin film is thereby deposited on a surface of the substrate. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising exposing the substrate to a purge gas or vacuum after contacting the substrate with the second vapor phase precursor. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the substrate comprises a first surface and a second, substantially different surface and wherein the magnesium oxide, lanthanum oxide, or hafnium oxide thin film is selectively deposited on the first surface of the substrate relative to the second, substantially different surface. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the second surface of the substrate comprises organic species. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the first vapor phase precursor comprising magnesium, lanthanum, or hafnium comprises at least one cyclopentadienyl (Cp) ligand. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the second vapor phase precursor comprising molecular oxygen does not comprise any other compounds comprising oxygen. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the magnesium oxide, lanthanum oxide, or hafnium oxide thin film is selectively deposited on a first surface of the substrate relative to a second surface of the substrate, wherein the second surface comprises organic material. | Methods are provided herein for deposition of oxide films. Oxide films may be deposited, including selective deposition of oxide thin films on a first surface of a substrate relative to a second, different surface of the same substrate. For example, an oxide thin film such as an insulating metal oxide thin film may be selectively deposited on a first surface of a substrate relative to a second, different surface of the same substrate. The second, different surface may be an organic passivation layer.1. A method for selectively depositing a thin film on a first surface of a substrate relative to a second surface, the method comprising:
contacting the first and second surfaces of the substrate with a first vapor phase precursor; exposing the substrate to a purge gas or vacuum after contacting the first and second surfaces of the substrate with the first vapor phase precursor; and contacting the first and second surfaces of the substrate with a second vapor phase precursor comprising molecular oxygen (O2) after exposing the substrate to the purge gas or vacuum; wherein the thin film is thereby selectively deposited on the first surface of the substrate relative to the second surface; wherein the thin film comprises an insulating metal oxide; and wherein the second surface comprises organic species. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first surface is a substantially different material from the second surface. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising exposing the substrate to a purge gas or vacuum after contacting the substrate with the second vapor phase precursor comprising molecular oxygen. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the second surface comprises a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). 5. The method of claim 1, wherein a thickness or amount of the thin film deposited on the second surface is less than about 50% of a thickness or amount of the thin film selectively deposited on the first surface of the substrate. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the first vapor phase precursor comprises an organometallic compound. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the first vapor phase precursor comprises magnesium, lanthanum, hafnium, zirconium, aluminum, yttrium, scandium, a lanthanide, or a transition metal. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the first vapor phase precursor comprises bis(cyclopentadienyl)magnesium (Mg(Cp)2). 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the first vapor phase precursor comprises lanthanum formamidinate (La(FAMD)3). 10. The method of claim 7, wherein the first vapor phase precursor comprises tetramethylethyl alkylamide hafnium (TEMAH). 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the second vapor phase precursor comprising molecular oxygen does not comprise an additional compound comprising oxygen. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein contacting the substrate with the second vapor phase precursor comprising molecular oxygen does not degrade or oxidize the second surface. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the thin film is deposited at a temperature of from about 100° C. to about 500° C. 14. A method for depositing a magnesium oxide, lanthanum oxide, or hafnium oxide thin film on a surface of a substrate comprising:
contacting the substrate with a first vapor phase precursor comprising magnesium, lanthanum, or hafnium; exposing the substrate to a purge gas or vacuum after contacting the substrate with the first vapor phase precursor comprising magnesium, lanthanum, or hafnium; and contacting the substrate with a second vapor phase precursor comprising molecular oxygen (O2) after exposing the substrate to the purge gas or vacuum:, wherein the magnesium oxide, lanthanum oxide, or hafnium oxide thin film is thereby deposited on a surface of the substrate. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising exposing the substrate to a purge gas or vacuum after contacting the substrate with the second vapor phase precursor. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the substrate comprises a first surface and a second, substantially different surface and wherein the magnesium oxide, lanthanum oxide, or hafnium oxide thin film is selectively deposited on the first surface of the substrate relative to the second, substantially different surface. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the second surface of the substrate comprises organic species. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the first vapor phase precursor comprising magnesium, lanthanum, or hafnium comprises at least one cyclopentadienyl (Cp) ligand. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the second vapor phase precursor comprising molecular oxygen does not comprise any other compounds comprising oxygen. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the magnesium oxide, lanthanum oxide, or hafnium oxide thin film is selectively deposited on a first surface of the substrate relative to a second surface of the substrate, wherein the second surface comprises organic material. | 1,700 |
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