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3,800 | 14,784,663 | 1,797 | A reaction carrier ( 14 ), a measuring device ( 12 ) and a measuring method for measuring a concentration of gaseous/aerosol components of a gas mixture uses reaction material ( 48 ) which reacts in an optically detectable manner with at least one component to be measured or with a reaction product of the component to be measured. The reaction carrier includes a flow channel ( 42 ) with sections ( 43 ) and extends between connecting elements ( 44 ). A gas treatment element ( 47 ), in each of the sections, changes chemical or physical properties of the gas mixture flowing therethrough or reacts, depending on the chemical or physical properties. The sections are separated from each other in a gas-tight manner by a separating element ( 49 ). A coupling element ( 45 ) opens the separating element and establishes a connection between the sections when the coupling element is activated. The measuring device includes an activation element ( 25 ) to activate the coupling element. | 1. A reaction carrier for a measuring device for the measurement of a concentration of gaseous and/or aerosol components of a gas mixture by means of a reactant, which reacts, with at least one component to be measured in the gas mixture or with a reaction product of the component to be measured, in an optically detectable manner, the reaction carrier comprising:
two connection elements; at least one flow channel, which is split into at least two partial sections and which extends between the two connection elements; at least one gas treatment element provided in each of the at least two partial sections, which changes the chemical or physical properties of the gas mixture flowing through or reacts as a function of the chemical or physical properties; a separating element separating the at least two partial sections of the at least one flow channel from one another in a gas-tight manner; and at least one coupling element opening the separating element upon an activation of the coupling element to establish a connection between the partial sections. 2. A reaction carrier in accordance with claim 1, wherein the partial sections are formed by tubes and the separating element is formed by at least one closed tube end, and the coupling element is configured to open the separating element by breaking off the tube end. 3. A reaction carrier in accordance with claim 2, further comprising a housing, wherein:
the at least one closed tube end is arranged in a cavity in the housing of the reaction carrier; and the coupling element has a sealing element, which closes the cavity in a gas-tight manner and which can be deformed upon activation of the coupling element in order to break off the at least one closed tube end arranged in the cavity. 4. A reaction carrier in accordance with claim 1, wherein the reaction carrier has an axial direction, which corresponds to a movement direction of the reaction carrier in the measuring device, and wherein the two connection elements are arranged on the same position in the axial direction. 5. A reaction carrier in accordance with claim 1, wherein at least one partial section of the flow channel crosses the other partial section of the same or of a different flow channel. 6. A reaction carrier in accordance with claim 1, wherein the gas treatment elements comprise at least two of the following:
desiccants, reactants for producing a chemical intermediate product, chemical or physical filters, temperature- and/or moisture-sensitive substances, reactants for optically detectable reactions. 7. A measuring device for measuring a concentration of gaseous and/or aerosol components of a gas mixture for a reaction carrier comprising connection elements, at least one flow channel, split into at least two partial sections, which extends between the connection elements, at least one gas treatment element provided in each of the at least two partial sections, which changes the chemical or physical properties of the gas mixture flowing through or reacts as a function of the chemical or physical properties, a separating element separating the at least two partial sections of the at least one flow channel from one another in a gas-tight manner and at least one coupling element designed to open opening the separating element upon an activation of the coupling element to establish a connection between the partial sections, the measuring device comprising:
a gas inlet channel and a gas outlet channel with each a gas port for the gas- and/or aerosol-carrying connection with the connection elements of the flow channel of the reaction carrier; and at least one activation element, which is configured to activate the at least one coupling element of the reaction carrier. 8. A measuring device in accordance with claim 7, further comprising an optical sensor configured to detect at least two different optically detectable reactions in at least two different partial sections at the same time. 9. A measuring device in accordance with claim 7, wherein the at least one activation element has a bridging channel, which establishes a gas- and/or aerosol-carrying connection of the partial sections of the flow channel of the reaction carrier upon activation of the coupling element. 10. A measuring method for measuring a concentration of gaseous and/or aerosol components of a gas mixture with
a reaction carrier, which has a flow channel extending between two connection elements, wherein the flow channel is split into two partial sections, which are separated from one another in a gas-tight manner by a separating element and in each of which a gas treatment element is provided, which changes the chemical or physical properties of the gas mixture flowing through or reacts as a function of the chemical or physical properties, and a measuring device, which comprises a gas delivery device (28) and gas ports (22, 28), the method comprising the steps of: establishing a gas- and/or aerosol-carrying connection between the partial sections of the flow channel by opening the separating element; establishing a gas- and/or aerosol-carrying connection of the gas ports of the measuring device with the connection elements of the flow channel of the reaction carrier; delivering gas mixture to be measured through the flow channel of the reaction carrier, and determining a concentration of the at least one component by means of an optically detectable reaction in at least one of the partial sections of the flow channel. 11. A gas-measuring system for measuring the concentration of gaseous or aerosol components of a gas mixture, the system comprising:
a reaction carrier comprising a flow channel extending between two connection elements , wherein the flow channel is split into two partial sections, which are separated from one another in a gas-tight manner by a separating element and in each of which a gas treatment element is provided, which changes the chemical or physical properties of the gas mixture flowing through or reacts as a function of the chemical or physical properties, and a measuring device comprising a gas delivery device, a gas inlet channel and a gas outlet channel each with a gas port for fluid connection with the connection elements of the flow channel of the reaction carrier and at least one activation element to activate the at least one coupling element of the reaction carrier. 12. A gas-measuring system in accordance with claim 11, further comprising a control unit controlling the gas-measuring system by:
establishing a gas- and/or aerosol-carrying connection between the partial sections of the flow channel by opening the separating element; establishing a gas- and/or aerosol-carrying connection of the gas ports of the measuring device with the connection elements of the flow channel of the reaction carrier; delivering gas mixture to be measured through the flow channel of the reaction carrier, and determining a concentration of the at least one component by means of an optically detectable reaction in at least one of the partial sections of the flow channel. 13. A gas-measuring system in accordance with claim 12, wherein the partial sections are formed by tubes and the separating element is formed by at least one closed tube end, and the coupling element is configured to open the separating element by breaking off the tube end. 14. A gas-measuring system in accordance with claim 13, further comprising a housing, wherein:
the at least one closed tube end is arranged in a cavity in the housing of the reaction carrier; and the coupling element has a sealing element, which closes the cavity in a gas-tight manner and which can be deformed upon activation of the coupling element in order to break off the at least one closed tube end arranged in the cavity. 15. A gas-measuring system in accordance with claim 12, wherein the reaction carrier has an axial direction, which corresponds to a movement direction of the reaction carrier in the measuring device, and wherein the two connection elements are arranged on the same position in the axial direction. 16. A gas-measuring system in accordance with claim 12, wherein at least one partial section of the flow channel crosses the other partial section of the same or of a different flow channel. 17. A gas-measuring system in accordance with claim 12, wherein the gas treatment elements comprise at least two of the following:
desiccants, reactants for producing a chemical intermediate product, chemical or physical filters, temperature- and/or moisture-sensitive substances, reactants for optically detectable reactions. 18. A gas-measuring system in accordance with claim 12, further comprising an optical sensor configured to detect at least two different optically detectable reactions in at least two different partial sections at the same time. 19. A gas-measuring system in accordance with claim 12, wherein the at least one activation element has abridging channel, which establishes a gas- and/or aerosol-carrying connection of the partial sections of the flow channel of the reaction carrier upon activation of the coupling element. | A reaction carrier ( 14 ), a measuring device ( 12 ) and a measuring method for measuring a concentration of gaseous/aerosol components of a gas mixture uses reaction material ( 48 ) which reacts in an optically detectable manner with at least one component to be measured or with a reaction product of the component to be measured. The reaction carrier includes a flow channel ( 42 ) with sections ( 43 ) and extends between connecting elements ( 44 ). A gas treatment element ( 47 ), in each of the sections, changes chemical or physical properties of the gas mixture flowing therethrough or reacts, depending on the chemical or physical properties. The sections are separated from each other in a gas-tight manner by a separating element ( 49 ). A coupling element ( 45 ) opens the separating element and establishes a connection between the sections when the coupling element is activated. The measuring device includes an activation element ( 25 ) to activate the coupling element.1. A reaction carrier for a measuring device for the measurement of a concentration of gaseous and/or aerosol components of a gas mixture by means of a reactant, which reacts, with at least one component to be measured in the gas mixture or with a reaction product of the component to be measured, in an optically detectable manner, the reaction carrier comprising:
two connection elements; at least one flow channel, which is split into at least two partial sections and which extends between the two connection elements; at least one gas treatment element provided in each of the at least two partial sections, which changes the chemical or physical properties of the gas mixture flowing through or reacts as a function of the chemical or physical properties; a separating element separating the at least two partial sections of the at least one flow channel from one another in a gas-tight manner; and at least one coupling element opening the separating element upon an activation of the coupling element to establish a connection between the partial sections. 2. A reaction carrier in accordance with claim 1, wherein the partial sections are formed by tubes and the separating element is formed by at least one closed tube end, and the coupling element is configured to open the separating element by breaking off the tube end. 3. A reaction carrier in accordance with claim 2, further comprising a housing, wherein:
the at least one closed tube end is arranged in a cavity in the housing of the reaction carrier; and the coupling element has a sealing element, which closes the cavity in a gas-tight manner and which can be deformed upon activation of the coupling element in order to break off the at least one closed tube end arranged in the cavity. 4. A reaction carrier in accordance with claim 1, wherein the reaction carrier has an axial direction, which corresponds to a movement direction of the reaction carrier in the measuring device, and wherein the two connection elements are arranged on the same position in the axial direction. 5. A reaction carrier in accordance with claim 1, wherein at least one partial section of the flow channel crosses the other partial section of the same or of a different flow channel. 6. A reaction carrier in accordance with claim 1, wherein the gas treatment elements comprise at least two of the following:
desiccants, reactants for producing a chemical intermediate product, chemical or physical filters, temperature- and/or moisture-sensitive substances, reactants for optically detectable reactions. 7. A measuring device for measuring a concentration of gaseous and/or aerosol components of a gas mixture for a reaction carrier comprising connection elements, at least one flow channel, split into at least two partial sections, which extends between the connection elements, at least one gas treatment element provided in each of the at least two partial sections, which changes the chemical or physical properties of the gas mixture flowing through or reacts as a function of the chemical or physical properties, a separating element separating the at least two partial sections of the at least one flow channel from one another in a gas-tight manner and at least one coupling element designed to open opening the separating element upon an activation of the coupling element to establish a connection between the partial sections, the measuring device comprising:
a gas inlet channel and a gas outlet channel with each a gas port for the gas- and/or aerosol-carrying connection with the connection elements of the flow channel of the reaction carrier; and at least one activation element, which is configured to activate the at least one coupling element of the reaction carrier. 8. A measuring device in accordance with claim 7, further comprising an optical sensor configured to detect at least two different optically detectable reactions in at least two different partial sections at the same time. 9. A measuring device in accordance with claim 7, wherein the at least one activation element has a bridging channel, which establishes a gas- and/or aerosol-carrying connection of the partial sections of the flow channel of the reaction carrier upon activation of the coupling element. 10. A measuring method for measuring a concentration of gaseous and/or aerosol components of a gas mixture with
a reaction carrier, which has a flow channel extending between two connection elements, wherein the flow channel is split into two partial sections, which are separated from one another in a gas-tight manner by a separating element and in each of which a gas treatment element is provided, which changes the chemical or physical properties of the gas mixture flowing through or reacts as a function of the chemical or physical properties, and a measuring device, which comprises a gas delivery device (28) and gas ports (22, 28), the method comprising the steps of: establishing a gas- and/or aerosol-carrying connection between the partial sections of the flow channel by opening the separating element; establishing a gas- and/or aerosol-carrying connection of the gas ports of the measuring device with the connection elements of the flow channel of the reaction carrier; delivering gas mixture to be measured through the flow channel of the reaction carrier, and determining a concentration of the at least one component by means of an optically detectable reaction in at least one of the partial sections of the flow channel. 11. A gas-measuring system for measuring the concentration of gaseous or aerosol components of a gas mixture, the system comprising:
a reaction carrier comprising a flow channel extending between two connection elements , wherein the flow channel is split into two partial sections, which are separated from one another in a gas-tight manner by a separating element and in each of which a gas treatment element is provided, which changes the chemical or physical properties of the gas mixture flowing through or reacts as a function of the chemical or physical properties, and a measuring device comprising a gas delivery device, a gas inlet channel and a gas outlet channel each with a gas port for fluid connection with the connection elements of the flow channel of the reaction carrier and at least one activation element to activate the at least one coupling element of the reaction carrier. 12. A gas-measuring system in accordance with claim 11, further comprising a control unit controlling the gas-measuring system by:
establishing a gas- and/or aerosol-carrying connection between the partial sections of the flow channel by opening the separating element; establishing a gas- and/or aerosol-carrying connection of the gas ports of the measuring device with the connection elements of the flow channel of the reaction carrier; delivering gas mixture to be measured through the flow channel of the reaction carrier, and determining a concentration of the at least one component by means of an optically detectable reaction in at least one of the partial sections of the flow channel. 13. A gas-measuring system in accordance with claim 12, wherein the partial sections are formed by tubes and the separating element is formed by at least one closed tube end, and the coupling element is configured to open the separating element by breaking off the tube end. 14. A gas-measuring system in accordance with claim 13, further comprising a housing, wherein:
the at least one closed tube end is arranged in a cavity in the housing of the reaction carrier; and the coupling element has a sealing element, which closes the cavity in a gas-tight manner and which can be deformed upon activation of the coupling element in order to break off the at least one closed tube end arranged in the cavity. 15. A gas-measuring system in accordance with claim 12, wherein the reaction carrier has an axial direction, which corresponds to a movement direction of the reaction carrier in the measuring device, and wherein the two connection elements are arranged on the same position in the axial direction. 16. A gas-measuring system in accordance with claim 12, wherein at least one partial section of the flow channel crosses the other partial section of the same or of a different flow channel. 17. A gas-measuring system in accordance with claim 12, wherein the gas treatment elements comprise at least two of the following:
desiccants, reactants for producing a chemical intermediate product, chemical or physical filters, temperature- and/or moisture-sensitive substances, reactants for optically detectable reactions. 18. A gas-measuring system in accordance with claim 12, further comprising an optical sensor configured to detect at least two different optically detectable reactions in at least two different partial sections at the same time. 19. A gas-measuring system in accordance with claim 12, wherein the at least one activation element has abridging channel, which establishes a gas- and/or aerosol-carrying connection of the partial sections of the flow channel of the reaction carrier upon activation of the coupling element. | 1,700 |
3,801 | 15,158,469 | 1,791 | The invention provides novel microalgal food compositions comprising microalgal biomass that have been processed into flakes, powders and flours. The microalgal biomass of the invention is low in saturated fats, high in monounsaturated triglyceride oil and can be a good source of fiber. The invention also comprises microalgal biomass that is suitable as a vegetarian protein source and also as a good source of fiber. Novel methods of formulating food compositions with the microalgal biomass of the invention are also disclosed herein including beverages, baked goods, egg products, reduced fat foods and gluten-free foods. The provision of food compositions incorporating the microalgal biomass of the invention to a human have the further benefit of providing healthful ingredients while achieving levels of satiety sufficient to reduce further caloric intake. The invention also provides novel strains of microalgae that have been subject to non-transgenic methods of mutation sufficient to reduce the coloration of the biomass produced by the strains. Oil from the microalgal biomass can be extracted and is an edible oil that is heart-healthy. The novel microalgal biomass and oil therefrom can be manufactured from edible and inedible heterotrophic fermentation feedstocks, including corn starch, sugar cane, glycerol, and depolymerized cellulose that are purpose-grown or byproducts of existing agricultural processes from an extremely broad diversity of geographic regions. | 1-181. (canceled) 182. A baked food product with improved shelf life, the baked food product comprising lysed Chlorella protothecoides biomass, and at least one edible ingredient, wherein the water activity (Aw) of the baked food product is between 0.3 and 0.95, the shelf life of the baked food product is improved as compared to a conventional recipe baked food product that does not contain lysed Chlorella protothecoides biomass. 183. The baked food product of claim 182, wherein the baked food product is a bar, bread, brownie, cereal, chip, cookie, cracker, pie, cake, muffin, pasta, pastry, quick bread. 184. The baked food product of claim 183, wherein the food product is a bar, brioche or cookie. 185. The baked food product of claim 182, wherein the food product is gluten-free. 186. The baked food product of claim 182, wherein the Aw is at least 0.65. 187. A method of making a baked food product with improved shelf life, the baked food product comprising lysed Chlorella protothecoides biomass, wherein the water activity (Aw) of the baked food product is between 0.3 and 0.95, the shelf life of the baked food product is improved as compared to a conventional recipe baked food product that does not contain lysed Chlorella protothecoides biomass, the method comprising:
a. combining the lysed Chlorella protothecoides biomass with at least one other edible ingredient to form a mixture; and b. baking the mixture. 188. The method of claim 187, wherein the baked food product is a bar, bread, brownie, cereal, chip, cookie, cracker, pie, cake, muffin, pasta, pastry, quick bread. 189. The method of claim 188, wherein the food product is a bar, brioche or cookie. 190. The method of claim 187, wherein the food product is gluten-free. 191. The method of claim 187, wherein the Aw is at least 0.65. | The invention provides novel microalgal food compositions comprising microalgal biomass that have been processed into flakes, powders and flours. The microalgal biomass of the invention is low in saturated fats, high in monounsaturated triglyceride oil and can be a good source of fiber. The invention also comprises microalgal biomass that is suitable as a vegetarian protein source and also as a good source of fiber. Novel methods of formulating food compositions with the microalgal biomass of the invention are also disclosed herein including beverages, baked goods, egg products, reduced fat foods and gluten-free foods. The provision of food compositions incorporating the microalgal biomass of the invention to a human have the further benefit of providing healthful ingredients while achieving levels of satiety sufficient to reduce further caloric intake. The invention also provides novel strains of microalgae that have been subject to non-transgenic methods of mutation sufficient to reduce the coloration of the biomass produced by the strains. Oil from the microalgal biomass can be extracted and is an edible oil that is heart-healthy. The novel microalgal biomass and oil therefrom can be manufactured from edible and inedible heterotrophic fermentation feedstocks, including corn starch, sugar cane, glycerol, and depolymerized cellulose that are purpose-grown or byproducts of existing agricultural processes from an extremely broad diversity of geographic regions.1-181. (canceled) 182. A baked food product with improved shelf life, the baked food product comprising lysed Chlorella protothecoides biomass, and at least one edible ingredient, wherein the water activity (Aw) of the baked food product is between 0.3 and 0.95, the shelf life of the baked food product is improved as compared to a conventional recipe baked food product that does not contain lysed Chlorella protothecoides biomass. 183. The baked food product of claim 182, wherein the baked food product is a bar, bread, brownie, cereal, chip, cookie, cracker, pie, cake, muffin, pasta, pastry, quick bread. 184. The baked food product of claim 183, wherein the food product is a bar, brioche or cookie. 185. The baked food product of claim 182, wherein the food product is gluten-free. 186. The baked food product of claim 182, wherein the Aw is at least 0.65. 187. A method of making a baked food product with improved shelf life, the baked food product comprising lysed Chlorella protothecoides biomass, wherein the water activity (Aw) of the baked food product is between 0.3 and 0.95, the shelf life of the baked food product is improved as compared to a conventional recipe baked food product that does not contain lysed Chlorella protothecoides biomass, the method comprising:
a. combining the lysed Chlorella protothecoides biomass with at least one other edible ingredient to form a mixture; and b. baking the mixture. 188. The method of claim 187, wherein the baked food product is a bar, bread, brownie, cereal, chip, cookie, cracker, pie, cake, muffin, pasta, pastry, quick bread. 189. The method of claim 188, wherein the food product is a bar, brioche or cookie. 190. The method of claim 187, wherein the food product is gluten-free. 191. The method of claim 187, wherein the Aw is at least 0.65. | 1,700 |
3,802 | 14,315,483 | 1,761 | A compliant personal care composition can include i) from about 20% to about 80%, by weight of the composition, of a surfactant; and ii) from about 3% to about 40%, by weight of the composition, of a water insoluble hygroscopic fiber, fine, or filament; wherein the composition has a compliance value of about 0.01 kg/mm to about 1.5 kg/mm or before a simulated use. The composition may also be at least partially surrounded by a substrate and in the form of an article. | 1) A compliant personal care composition, comprising:
a) from about 20% to about 80%, by weight of the composition, of a surfactant; b) from about 3% to about 40%, by weight of the composition, of a water insoluble hygroscopic fiber, fine, or filament; and c) a solvent;
wherein the composition has a compliance value of about 0.01 kg/mm to about 1.5 kg/mm before a simulated use. 2) The compliant personal care composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a compliance value of about 0.10 kg/mm to about 0.3 kg/mm before a simulated use. 3) The compliant personal care composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises a filament comprising fibers and fines and the fibers have a length weighted average of about 6.0 cm or less. 4) The compliant personal care composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises a filament comprising fibers and fines and the fibers have an aspect ratio of about 9 to about 1,000. 5) The compliant personal care composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises a filament comprising fibers and fines and the fibers have an average diameter of about 15 μm to about 40 μm. 6) The compliant personal care composition of claim 1, wherein the hygroscopic fine, fiber, or filament, comprises cellulose. 7) The compliant personal care composition of claim 1, wherein the surfactant comprises isethionate, cocoamide monoethanolamine, cocoamidopropyl betaine, decyl glucoside, lauryl glucoside, an alkyl sulfate, or a combination thereof. 8) The compliant personal care composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a compliance value of 0.01 mm/kg to about 1.5 mm/kg after 48 hours of drying after one simulated use. 9) A compliant personal care article, comprising:
a) a composition comprising:
i) from about 20% to about 80%, by weight of the composition, of a surfactant; and
ii) from about 3% to about 40%, by weight of the composition, of a water insoluble hygroscopic filament comprising a fiber and a fine; and
iii) a solvent; and
b) a water insoluble substrate;
wherein the composition is at least partially surrounded by the substrate and the article has a compliance value of about 0.01 kg/mm to about 1.5 kg/mm before a simulated use. 10) The compliant personal care article of claim 9, wherein the article has a compliance value before a simulated use of about 0.10 kg/mm to about 0.75 kg/mm. 11) The compliant personal care article of claim 9, wherein the article has a compliance value of about 0.01 kg/mm to about 1.5 kg/mm after 15 minutes of drying after one simulated use. 12) The compliant personal care article of claim 9, wherein the article has a compliance value after drying for 12 hours after 10 simulated uses of about 0.10 kg/mm to about 0.75 kg/mm. 13) The compliant personal care article of claim 9, wherein the composition is in the form of a soft solid. 14) The compliant personal care article of claim 9, wherein the composition comprises from about 5% to about 50%, by weight of the composition, of the solvent. 15) The compliant personal care article of claim 9, wherein the substrate is a multiplanar film. 16) A compliant personal cleansing article, comprising:
a) from about 40% to about 99.6%, by weight of the article, of a cleansing composition, comprising;
i) from about 20% to about 80%, by weight of the composition, of a surfactant;
ii) from about 3% to about 40%, by weight of the composition, of a fine, fiber, or filament, comprising cellulose; and
iii) a solvent; and
b) a multiplanar film at least partially surrounding the composition;
wherein the article has a compliance value of about 0.01 kg/mm to about 1.5 kg/mm before a simulated use. 17) The compliant personal cleansing article of claim 16, wherein the surfactant comprises cocoamide monoethanolamine, cocoamidopropyl betaine, decyl glucoside, lauryl glucoside, an alkyl sulfate, or a combination thereof. 18) The compliant personal cleansing article of claim 17, wherein the composition comprises the filament and the filament comprises from about 1% to about 95%, by weight of the filament, of fines, and from about 5% to about 99%, by weight of the filament, of fibers. 19) The compliant personal cleansing article of claim 18, wherein the article has a compliance value of 0.01 kg/mm to about 1.5 kg/mm after 12 hours of drying after 15 simulated uses. 20) The compliant personal cleansing article of claim 19, wherein the composition is in the form of a soft solid. 21) The compliant personal cleansing article of claim 20, wherein the composition comprises from about 5% to about 50%, by weight of the composition, of the solvent. 22) The compliant personal cleansing article of claim 21, wherein the film comprises a surface aberration. 23) The compliant personal cleansing article of claim 22, wherein the surface aberration comprises a pore. | A compliant personal care composition can include i) from about 20% to about 80%, by weight of the composition, of a surfactant; and ii) from about 3% to about 40%, by weight of the composition, of a water insoluble hygroscopic fiber, fine, or filament; wherein the composition has a compliance value of about 0.01 kg/mm to about 1.5 kg/mm or before a simulated use. The composition may also be at least partially surrounded by a substrate and in the form of an article.1) A compliant personal care composition, comprising:
a) from about 20% to about 80%, by weight of the composition, of a surfactant; b) from about 3% to about 40%, by weight of the composition, of a water insoluble hygroscopic fiber, fine, or filament; and c) a solvent;
wherein the composition has a compliance value of about 0.01 kg/mm to about 1.5 kg/mm before a simulated use. 2) The compliant personal care composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a compliance value of about 0.10 kg/mm to about 0.3 kg/mm before a simulated use. 3) The compliant personal care composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises a filament comprising fibers and fines and the fibers have a length weighted average of about 6.0 cm or less. 4) The compliant personal care composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises a filament comprising fibers and fines and the fibers have an aspect ratio of about 9 to about 1,000. 5) The compliant personal care composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises a filament comprising fibers and fines and the fibers have an average diameter of about 15 μm to about 40 μm. 6) The compliant personal care composition of claim 1, wherein the hygroscopic fine, fiber, or filament, comprises cellulose. 7) The compliant personal care composition of claim 1, wherein the surfactant comprises isethionate, cocoamide monoethanolamine, cocoamidopropyl betaine, decyl glucoside, lauryl glucoside, an alkyl sulfate, or a combination thereof. 8) The compliant personal care composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a compliance value of 0.01 mm/kg to about 1.5 mm/kg after 48 hours of drying after one simulated use. 9) A compliant personal care article, comprising:
a) a composition comprising:
i) from about 20% to about 80%, by weight of the composition, of a surfactant; and
ii) from about 3% to about 40%, by weight of the composition, of a water insoluble hygroscopic filament comprising a fiber and a fine; and
iii) a solvent; and
b) a water insoluble substrate;
wherein the composition is at least partially surrounded by the substrate and the article has a compliance value of about 0.01 kg/mm to about 1.5 kg/mm before a simulated use. 10) The compliant personal care article of claim 9, wherein the article has a compliance value before a simulated use of about 0.10 kg/mm to about 0.75 kg/mm. 11) The compliant personal care article of claim 9, wherein the article has a compliance value of about 0.01 kg/mm to about 1.5 kg/mm after 15 minutes of drying after one simulated use. 12) The compliant personal care article of claim 9, wherein the article has a compliance value after drying for 12 hours after 10 simulated uses of about 0.10 kg/mm to about 0.75 kg/mm. 13) The compliant personal care article of claim 9, wherein the composition is in the form of a soft solid. 14) The compliant personal care article of claim 9, wherein the composition comprises from about 5% to about 50%, by weight of the composition, of the solvent. 15) The compliant personal care article of claim 9, wherein the substrate is a multiplanar film. 16) A compliant personal cleansing article, comprising:
a) from about 40% to about 99.6%, by weight of the article, of a cleansing composition, comprising;
i) from about 20% to about 80%, by weight of the composition, of a surfactant;
ii) from about 3% to about 40%, by weight of the composition, of a fine, fiber, or filament, comprising cellulose; and
iii) a solvent; and
b) a multiplanar film at least partially surrounding the composition;
wherein the article has a compliance value of about 0.01 kg/mm to about 1.5 kg/mm before a simulated use. 17) The compliant personal cleansing article of claim 16, wherein the surfactant comprises cocoamide monoethanolamine, cocoamidopropyl betaine, decyl glucoside, lauryl glucoside, an alkyl sulfate, or a combination thereof. 18) The compliant personal cleansing article of claim 17, wherein the composition comprises the filament and the filament comprises from about 1% to about 95%, by weight of the filament, of fines, and from about 5% to about 99%, by weight of the filament, of fibers. 19) The compliant personal cleansing article of claim 18, wherein the article has a compliance value of 0.01 kg/mm to about 1.5 kg/mm after 12 hours of drying after 15 simulated uses. 20) The compliant personal cleansing article of claim 19, wherein the composition is in the form of a soft solid. 21) The compliant personal cleansing article of claim 20, wherein the composition comprises from about 5% to about 50%, by weight of the composition, of the solvent. 22) The compliant personal cleansing article of claim 21, wherein the film comprises a surface aberration. 23) The compliant personal cleansing article of claim 22, wherein the surface aberration comprises a pore. | 1,700 |
3,803 | 15,388,319 | 1,766 | A formulation includes a base resin, a nucleating agent, and a blowing agent. The formulation can be used to form a container. | 1. An insulative material comprising a primary base resin, a slip agent, a chemical blowing agent, and a nucleating agent, wherein the primary base resin is a first homopolymeric polypropylene that is about 50-99.9 wt % of the insulative material,
the slip agent is up to about 10 wt % of the insulative material, the chemical blowing agent is up to about 10 wt % of the insulative material, and the nucleating agent is about 0.5-10 wt % of the insulative material, wherein the insulative material is non-aromatic, cellular, and has a density of about 0.01 g/cm3 to about 0.19 g/cm3. 2. The insulative material of claim 1, further comprising a secondary base resin, different from the first homopolymeric polypropylene, that is up to about 15 wt % of the insulative material. 3. The insulative material of claim 2, wherein the secondary base resin is a polypropylene copolymer. 4. The insulative material of claim 3, wherein the secondary base resin is an impact polypropylene copolymer. 5. The insulative material of claim 2, wherein the insulative material does not comprise an ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer. 6. The insulative material of claim 2, wherein the primary and secondary base resins combined are about 95 to 98 wt % of the insulative material. 7. The insulative material of claim 2, wherein the primary and secondary base resins combined are about 96 wt % to about 97 wt % of the insulative material. 8. The insulative material of claim 7, wherein the secondary base resin is up to about 10 wt % of the insulative material. 9. The insulative material of claim 2, wherein the secondary base resin is a high crystallinity polypropylene. 10. The insulative material of claim 9, wherein the crystalline phase of the secondary base resin exceeds 51% at 10° C./min cooling rate as tested using differential scanning calorimetry. 11. The insulative material of claim 1, wherein the insulative material has a density of about 0.05 g/cm3 to about 0.19 g/cm3. 12. The insulative material of claim 1, wherein the insulative material has a density of about 0.155 g/cm3 to about 0.19 g/cm3. 13. The insulative material of claim 1, wherein the insulative material has a density of about 0.1902 g/cm3. 14. The insulative material of claim 1, wherein the slip agent is about 1 to 3 wt % of the insulative material. 15. The insulative material of claim 1, wherein the nucleating agent is about 0.5 to 5 wt % of the insulative material. 16. The insulative material of claim 1, wherein the nucleating agent is selected from the group consisting of a chemical nucleating agent, a physical nucleating agent, and a combination of a chemical nucleating agent and a physical nucleating agent. 17. The insulative material of claim 1, wherein the first homopolymeric polypropylene comprises long chain branching. 18. The insulative material of claim 1, further comprising a colorant. 19. The insulative container of claim 18, wherein the colorant is about 0 to 10 wt % of the insulative material. 20. The insulative material of claim 1, wherein the insulative material does not comprise an ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer. | A formulation includes a base resin, a nucleating agent, and a blowing agent. The formulation can be used to form a container.1. An insulative material comprising a primary base resin, a slip agent, a chemical blowing agent, and a nucleating agent, wherein the primary base resin is a first homopolymeric polypropylene that is about 50-99.9 wt % of the insulative material,
the slip agent is up to about 10 wt % of the insulative material, the chemical blowing agent is up to about 10 wt % of the insulative material, and the nucleating agent is about 0.5-10 wt % of the insulative material, wherein the insulative material is non-aromatic, cellular, and has a density of about 0.01 g/cm3 to about 0.19 g/cm3. 2. The insulative material of claim 1, further comprising a secondary base resin, different from the first homopolymeric polypropylene, that is up to about 15 wt % of the insulative material. 3. The insulative material of claim 2, wherein the secondary base resin is a polypropylene copolymer. 4. The insulative material of claim 3, wherein the secondary base resin is an impact polypropylene copolymer. 5. The insulative material of claim 2, wherein the insulative material does not comprise an ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer. 6. The insulative material of claim 2, wherein the primary and secondary base resins combined are about 95 to 98 wt % of the insulative material. 7. The insulative material of claim 2, wherein the primary and secondary base resins combined are about 96 wt % to about 97 wt % of the insulative material. 8. The insulative material of claim 7, wherein the secondary base resin is up to about 10 wt % of the insulative material. 9. The insulative material of claim 2, wherein the secondary base resin is a high crystallinity polypropylene. 10. The insulative material of claim 9, wherein the crystalline phase of the secondary base resin exceeds 51% at 10° C./min cooling rate as tested using differential scanning calorimetry. 11. The insulative material of claim 1, wherein the insulative material has a density of about 0.05 g/cm3 to about 0.19 g/cm3. 12. The insulative material of claim 1, wherein the insulative material has a density of about 0.155 g/cm3 to about 0.19 g/cm3. 13. The insulative material of claim 1, wherein the insulative material has a density of about 0.1902 g/cm3. 14. The insulative material of claim 1, wherein the slip agent is about 1 to 3 wt % of the insulative material. 15. The insulative material of claim 1, wherein the nucleating agent is about 0.5 to 5 wt % of the insulative material. 16. The insulative material of claim 1, wherein the nucleating agent is selected from the group consisting of a chemical nucleating agent, a physical nucleating agent, and a combination of a chemical nucleating agent and a physical nucleating agent. 17. The insulative material of claim 1, wherein the first homopolymeric polypropylene comprises long chain branching. 18. The insulative material of claim 1, further comprising a colorant. 19. The insulative container of claim 18, wherein the colorant is about 0 to 10 wt % of the insulative material. 20. The insulative material of claim 1, wherein the insulative material does not comprise an ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer. | 1,700 |
3,804 | 15,113,412 | 1,742 | The pneumatic tire of the present technology includes: a tread portion; sidewall portions; and bead portions. A pattern of grooves is formed on the tread portion, and a strip-shaped sound-absorbing member is bonded along the tire circumferential direction to a region of the tire inner surface corresponding to the tread portion via an adhesive layer. A first ground contact region is defined between the tire ground contact edge on one side in the tire width direction and the tire equatorial plane, and a second ground contact region is defined between the tire ground contact edge on the other side in the tire width direction and the tire equatorial plane. The sound-absorbing member is offset with respect to the tire width direction so that the centroid of a cross-section of the sound-absorbing member in a plane that includes a tire axis is located within the first ground contact region. | 1. A pneumatic tire, comprising:
an annular tread portion extending in a tire circumferential direction; a pair of sidewall portions disposed on two sides of the tread portion; a pair of bead portions disposed on an inner side in a tire radial direction of the sidewall portions; a pattern of grooves formed on the tread portion; and a strip-shaped sound-absorbing member bonded along the tire circumferential direction to a region of an tire inner surface corresponding to the tread portion via an adhesive layer, wherein when a first ground contact region is specified between a tire ground contact edge on one side in a tire width direction and a tire equatorial plane, and a second ground contact region is defined between a tire ground contact edge on the other side in the tire width direction and the tire equatorial plane, a groove area ratio of the first ground contact region is greater than a groove area ratio of the second ground contact region, and the sound-absorbing member is disposed in a position offset with respect to the tire width direction so that a centroid of a cross-section of the sound-absorbing member in a plane that includes a tire axis is located within the first ground contact region. 2. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein a total groove area of the second ground contact region is from 70 to 90% of a total groove area of the first ground contact region, and a distance from the centroid of the sound-absorbing member to the tire equatorial plane is from 5 to 30% of a ground contact width of the tread portion. 3. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein
the pneumatic tire has a designated mounting orientation with respect to a vehicle, the first ground contact region is disposed on a vehicle inner side, and the second ground contact region is disposed on a vehicle outer side. 4. The pneumatic tire according to claim 3, wherein
the groove area ratio of the first ground contact region is from 30 to 43%, and the groove area ratio of the second ground contact region is from 25 to 35%. 5. The pneumatic tire according to claim 3, wherein
a belt layer, an inside belt edge cover layer that locally covers an edge of the belt layer on the vehicle inner side, and an outside belt edge cover layer that locally covers an edge of the belt layer on the vehicle outer side are embedded in the tread portion, and a stiffness of the inside belt edge cover layer is greater than a stiffness of the outside belt edge cover layer. 6. The pneumatic tire according to claim 3, wherein
a belt layer, an inside belt edge cover layer that locally covers an edge of the belt layer on the vehicle inner side, and an outside belt edge cover layer that locally covers an edge of the belt layer on the vehicle outer side are embedded in the tread portion, and a width of the inside belt edge cover layer is greater than a width of the outside belt edge cover layer. 7. The pneumatic tire according to claim 3, wherein
a belt layer, an inside belt edge cover layer that locally covers an edge of the belt layer on the vehicle inner side, and an outside belt edge cover layer that locally covers an edge of the belt layer on the vehicle outer side are embedded in the tread portion, and the number of layers of the inside belt edge cover layer is greater than the number of layers of the outside belt edge cover layer. 8. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein
the sound-absorbing member is a single sound-absorbing member extending in the tire circumferential direction, having a constant thickness at least in a region corresponding to an adhesive surface in a cross-section orthogonal to a longitudinal direction of the sound-absorbing member, and a cross-sectional shape thereof is constant along the longitudinal direction. 9. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein
a volume of the sound-absorbing member as a percentage of a volume of a cavity formed within the tire when the tire is assembled on a rim is more than 20%. 10. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein
a hardness of the sound-absorbing member is from 60 to 170 N, and a tensile strength of the sound-absorbing member is from 60 to 180 kPa. 11. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein
the adhesive layer is made from double-sided adhesive tape, with a peeling adhesive strength in the range of 8 to 40 N/20 mm. 12. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein
the sound-absorbing member is configured from a porous material having open cells. 13. The pneumatic tire according to claim 12, wherein
the sound-absorbing member is polyurethane foam. | The pneumatic tire of the present technology includes: a tread portion; sidewall portions; and bead portions. A pattern of grooves is formed on the tread portion, and a strip-shaped sound-absorbing member is bonded along the tire circumferential direction to a region of the tire inner surface corresponding to the tread portion via an adhesive layer. A first ground contact region is defined between the tire ground contact edge on one side in the tire width direction and the tire equatorial plane, and a second ground contact region is defined between the tire ground contact edge on the other side in the tire width direction and the tire equatorial plane. The sound-absorbing member is offset with respect to the tire width direction so that the centroid of a cross-section of the sound-absorbing member in a plane that includes a tire axis is located within the first ground contact region.1. A pneumatic tire, comprising:
an annular tread portion extending in a tire circumferential direction; a pair of sidewall portions disposed on two sides of the tread portion; a pair of bead portions disposed on an inner side in a tire radial direction of the sidewall portions; a pattern of grooves formed on the tread portion; and a strip-shaped sound-absorbing member bonded along the tire circumferential direction to a region of an tire inner surface corresponding to the tread portion via an adhesive layer, wherein when a first ground contact region is specified between a tire ground contact edge on one side in a tire width direction and a tire equatorial plane, and a second ground contact region is defined between a tire ground contact edge on the other side in the tire width direction and the tire equatorial plane, a groove area ratio of the first ground contact region is greater than a groove area ratio of the second ground contact region, and the sound-absorbing member is disposed in a position offset with respect to the tire width direction so that a centroid of a cross-section of the sound-absorbing member in a plane that includes a tire axis is located within the first ground contact region. 2. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein a total groove area of the second ground contact region is from 70 to 90% of a total groove area of the first ground contact region, and a distance from the centroid of the sound-absorbing member to the tire equatorial plane is from 5 to 30% of a ground contact width of the tread portion. 3. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein
the pneumatic tire has a designated mounting orientation with respect to a vehicle, the first ground contact region is disposed on a vehicle inner side, and the second ground contact region is disposed on a vehicle outer side. 4. The pneumatic tire according to claim 3, wherein
the groove area ratio of the first ground contact region is from 30 to 43%, and the groove area ratio of the second ground contact region is from 25 to 35%. 5. The pneumatic tire according to claim 3, wherein
a belt layer, an inside belt edge cover layer that locally covers an edge of the belt layer on the vehicle inner side, and an outside belt edge cover layer that locally covers an edge of the belt layer on the vehicle outer side are embedded in the tread portion, and a stiffness of the inside belt edge cover layer is greater than a stiffness of the outside belt edge cover layer. 6. The pneumatic tire according to claim 3, wherein
a belt layer, an inside belt edge cover layer that locally covers an edge of the belt layer on the vehicle inner side, and an outside belt edge cover layer that locally covers an edge of the belt layer on the vehicle outer side are embedded in the tread portion, and a width of the inside belt edge cover layer is greater than a width of the outside belt edge cover layer. 7. The pneumatic tire according to claim 3, wherein
a belt layer, an inside belt edge cover layer that locally covers an edge of the belt layer on the vehicle inner side, and an outside belt edge cover layer that locally covers an edge of the belt layer on the vehicle outer side are embedded in the tread portion, and the number of layers of the inside belt edge cover layer is greater than the number of layers of the outside belt edge cover layer. 8. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein
the sound-absorbing member is a single sound-absorbing member extending in the tire circumferential direction, having a constant thickness at least in a region corresponding to an adhesive surface in a cross-section orthogonal to a longitudinal direction of the sound-absorbing member, and a cross-sectional shape thereof is constant along the longitudinal direction. 9. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein
a volume of the sound-absorbing member as a percentage of a volume of a cavity formed within the tire when the tire is assembled on a rim is more than 20%. 10. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein
a hardness of the sound-absorbing member is from 60 to 170 N, and a tensile strength of the sound-absorbing member is from 60 to 180 kPa. 11. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein
the adhesive layer is made from double-sided adhesive tape, with a peeling adhesive strength in the range of 8 to 40 N/20 mm. 12. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein
the sound-absorbing member is configured from a porous material having open cells. 13. The pneumatic tire according to claim 12, wherein
the sound-absorbing member is polyurethane foam. | 1,700 |
3,805 | 13,146,022 | 1,787 | A multicoat paint system comprising, lying atop one another in this order,
(1) at least one first basecoat comprising basecoat material (A),
(2) a second, color and/or effect basecoat comprising basecoat material (B), and
(3) at least one transparent coating comprising clearcoat material (C).
The basecoat material (A) of the first basecoat comprises at least one binder (a.1), at least one color and/or effect pigment (a.2), and a corrosion-inhibiting component (a.3) having an aromatic parent structure (GK), which has at least two unidentate, potentially anionic ligands (L1) and (L2) with electron donor function attached covalently to (GK), and/or which possesses substituents (SU) which are attached covalently on the aromatic parent structure (GK), and which have at least two covalently attached, unidentate, potentially anionic ligands (L1) and (L2) with electron donor function, the ligands (L1) and (L2) capable of complex formation after the multicoat paint system has been thermally cured. | 1. A multicoat color and/or effect paint system comprising, lying atop one another in this order,
(1) at least one first basecoat comprising basecoat material (A), (2) a second, color and/or effect basecoat comprising basecoat material (B), and (3) at least one transparent coating comprising clearcoat material (C), wherein the basecoat material (A) that forms the first basecoat comprises (a.1.) at least one binder, (a.2) at least one color or effect pigment, and (a.3) at least one corrosion-inhibiting component comprising
an aromatic parent structure (GK),
at least two unidentate, potentially anionic ligands (L1) and (L2) with electron donor function attached covalently to the aromatic parent structure (GK), and/or
substituents (SU) attached covalently on the aromatic parent structure (GK), the substituents (SU) comprising at least two covalently attached, unidentate, potentially anionic ligands (L1) and (L2) with electron donor function,
wherein the ligands (L1) and (L2) are capable of complex formation after the multicoat paint system has been thermally cured. 2. The multicoat paint system of claim 1, wherein the ligands (L1) and (L2) in component (a.3) are located on the aromatic parent structure (GK) 1,2, 1,3 or 1,4 position, and/or wherein the ligands (L1) and (L2) on the substituent (SU), with electron donor function, are located in 1,2, 1,3 or 1,4 position to one another. 3. The multicoat paint system of claim 1, wherein the parent structure (GK) for component (a.3) is selected from the group consisting of C6 to C14 aromatics, wherein a first parent structure (GK1) may comprise one or further parent structure(s) (GKn) as substituents. 4. The multicoat paint system of claim 1, wherein the ligands (L1) are selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl groups, thiol groups, amino groups, ether groups, thioether groups, and combinations of two or more of the foregoing; and ligands (L2), comprise further groups having free electron pairs, selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl groups, thiol groups, amino groups, carbonyl groups, thiocarbonyl groups, imino groups, heteroatoms on the parent structure (GK), carbene groups, acetylene groups, and combinations of two or more of the foregoing. 5. The multicoat paint system of claim 1, wherein the basecoat material (A) is an aqueous basecoat material. 6. The multicoat paint system of claim 1, wherein binder (a.1) comprises at least 2 components selected from water-dilutable polyester resins (a.1.1), water-dilutable polyurethane resins (a.1.2), water-dilutable polyacrylate resins (a.1.3), and combinations of two or more of the foregoing. 7. A process for producing a multicoat paint system comprising
(1) at least one first basecoat comprising the basecoat material (A) of claim 1, (2) a second, color and/or effect basecoat comprising basecoat material (B), and (3) at least one transparent coating comprising clearcoat material (C), the process comprising
applying the basecoat materials (A) and (B) and where appropriate the clearcoat (C) to at least one substrate selected from the group consisting of
(i) an unprimed substrate, (ii) a substrate coated with at least one uncured or partly cured primer (G), and (iii) a substrate coated with at least one fully cured primer (G) and
jointly curing the wet films, comprising basecoat material (A) and basecoat material (B), and optionally, one or more of clearcoat material (C) and uncured primer (G). 8. The process of claim 7, wherein the basecoat materials (A) and (B) are applied at a wet film thickness such that curing results in a joint dry film thickness of the basecoat material (A) and of the basecoat material (B) of in total 10 to 50 μm. 9. The process of claim 7, wherein the basecoat material (A) is applied with a wet film thickness such that curing results in a dry film thickness of the basecoat material (A) of 6 to 25 μm. 10. The process of claim 7, wherein the basecoat material (B) is applied with a wet film thickness such that curing results in a dry film thickness of the basecoat material (B) of 4 to 25 μm. 11. The multicoat paint system of claim 3, wherein the parent structure (GK) for component (a.3) is selected from the group consisting of benzenes, naphthalenes, heteroaromatics having 5 to 10 atoms in the aromatic system, pyridines, pyrimidines, pyrazoles, pyrroles, thiophenes, furans, benzimidazoles, benzothiazoles, benzotriazoles, benzoxazoles, quinolines, isoquinolines, indanes, indenes, benzopyrones, and triazines. 12. The multicoat paint system of claim 4 wherein the corrosion-inhibiting component (a.3) comprises covalently bonded substituents (SU) on aromatic parent structure (GK), the covalently bonded substituents (SU) comprising
ligands (L1) selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl groups, thiol groups, amino groups, ether groups, thioether groups, and combinations of two or more of the foregoing; and
ligands (L2) comprising further groups having free electron pairs, selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl groups, thiol groups, amino groups, carbonyl groups, thiocarbonyl groups, imino groups,
wherein the ligands (L1) and (L2) are located in 1,2, 1, 3 or 1,4 position on the substituent (SU). 13. The multicoat paint system of claim 4, wherein the ligands (L2), comprise heteroatoms on the parent structure (GK) which are selected from the group consisting of nitrogen atoms and oxygen atoms. | A multicoat paint system comprising, lying atop one another in this order,
(1) at least one first basecoat comprising basecoat material (A),
(2) a second, color and/or effect basecoat comprising basecoat material (B), and
(3) at least one transparent coating comprising clearcoat material (C).
The basecoat material (A) of the first basecoat comprises at least one binder (a.1), at least one color and/or effect pigment (a.2), and a corrosion-inhibiting component (a.3) having an aromatic parent structure (GK), which has at least two unidentate, potentially anionic ligands (L1) and (L2) with electron donor function attached covalently to (GK), and/or which possesses substituents (SU) which are attached covalently on the aromatic parent structure (GK), and which have at least two covalently attached, unidentate, potentially anionic ligands (L1) and (L2) with electron donor function, the ligands (L1) and (L2) capable of complex formation after the multicoat paint system has been thermally cured.1. A multicoat color and/or effect paint system comprising, lying atop one another in this order,
(1) at least one first basecoat comprising basecoat material (A), (2) a second, color and/or effect basecoat comprising basecoat material (B), and (3) at least one transparent coating comprising clearcoat material (C), wherein the basecoat material (A) that forms the first basecoat comprises (a.1.) at least one binder, (a.2) at least one color or effect pigment, and (a.3) at least one corrosion-inhibiting component comprising
an aromatic parent structure (GK),
at least two unidentate, potentially anionic ligands (L1) and (L2) with electron donor function attached covalently to the aromatic parent structure (GK), and/or
substituents (SU) attached covalently on the aromatic parent structure (GK), the substituents (SU) comprising at least two covalently attached, unidentate, potentially anionic ligands (L1) and (L2) with electron donor function,
wherein the ligands (L1) and (L2) are capable of complex formation after the multicoat paint system has been thermally cured. 2. The multicoat paint system of claim 1, wherein the ligands (L1) and (L2) in component (a.3) are located on the aromatic parent structure (GK) 1,2, 1,3 or 1,4 position, and/or wherein the ligands (L1) and (L2) on the substituent (SU), with electron donor function, are located in 1,2, 1,3 or 1,4 position to one another. 3. The multicoat paint system of claim 1, wherein the parent structure (GK) for component (a.3) is selected from the group consisting of C6 to C14 aromatics, wherein a first parent structure (GK1) may comprise one or further parent structure(s) (GKn) as substituents. 4. The multicoat paint system of claim 1, wherein the ligands (L1) are selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl groups, thiol groups, amino groups, ether groups, thioether groups, and combinations of two or more of the foregoing; and ligands (L2), comprise further groups having free electron pairs, selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl groups, thiol groups, amino groups, carbonyl groups, thiocarbonyl groups, imino groups, heteroatoms on the parent structure (GK), carbene groups, acetylene groups, and combinations of two or more of the foregoing. 5. The multicoat paint system of claim 1, wherein the basecoat material (A) is an aqueous basecoat material. 6. The multicoat paint system of claim 1, wherein binder (a.1) comprises at least 2 components selected from water-dilutable polyester resins (a.1.1), water-dilutable polyurethane resins (a.1.2), water-dilutable polyacrylate resins (a.1.3), and combinations of two or more of the foregoing. 7. A process for producing a multicoat paint system comprising
(1) at least one first basecoat comprising the basecoat material (A) of claim 1, (2) a second, color and/or effect basecoat comprising basecoat material (B), and (3) at least one transparent coating comprising clearcoat material (C), the process comprising
applying the basecoat materials (A) and (B) and where appropriate the clearcoat (C) to at least one substrate selected from the group consisting of
(i) an unprimed substrate, (ii) a substrate coated with at least one uncured or partly cured primer (G), and (iii) a substrate coated with at least one fully cured primer (G) and
jointly curing the wet films, comprising basecoat material (A) and basecoat material (B), and optionally, one or more of clearcoat material (C) and uncured primer (G). 8. The process of claim 7, wherein the basecoat materials (A) and (B) are applied at a wet film thickness such that curing results in a joint dry film thickness of the basecoat material (A) and of the basecoat material (B) of in total 10 to 50 μm. 9. The process of claim 7, wherein the basecoat material (A) is applied with a wet film thickness such that curing results in a dry film thickness of the basecoat material (A) of 6 to 25 μm. 10. The process of claim 7, wherein the basecoat material (B) is applied with a wet film thickness such that curing results in a dry film thickness of the basecoat material (B) of 4 to 25 μm. 11. The multicoat paint system of claim 3, wherein the parent structure (GK) for component (a.3) is selected from the group consisting of benzenes, naphthalenes, heteroaromatics having 5 to 10 atoms in the aromatic system, pyridines, pyrimidines, pyrazoles, pyrroles, thiophenes, furans, benzimidazoles, benzothiazoles, benzotriazoles, benzoxazoles, quinolines, isoquinolines, indanes, indenes, benzopyrones, and triazines. 12. The multicoat paint system of claim 4 wherein the corrosion-inhibiting component (a.3) comprises covalently bonded substituents (SU) on aromatic parent structure (GK), the covalently bonded substituents (SU) comprising
ligands (L1) selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl groups, thiol groups, amino groups, ether groups, thioether groups, and combinations of two or more of the foregoing; and
ligands (L2) comprising further groups having free electron pairs, selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl groups, thiol groups, amino groups, carbonyl groups, thiocarbonyl groups, imino groups,
wherein the ligands (L1) and (L2) are located in 1,2, 1, 3 or 1,4 position on the substituent (SU). 13. The multicoat paint system of claim 4, wherein the ligands (L2), comprise heteroatoms on the parent structure (GK) which are selected from the group consisting of nitrogen atoms and oxygen atoms. | 1,700 |
3,806 | 14,996,388 | 1,791 | A method of filling an aluminium container with wine, and a filled aluminium container containing a wine characterised in that the maximum oxygen content of the head space is 1% v/v and the wine prior to filling is micro filtered and dissolved oxygen levels throughout the aluminium container filling process are maintained up to 0.5 mg/L. and final levels of dissolved CO 2 are from 50 ppm for white and sparkling wines and from 50 ppm to 400 ppm for red wines, prior to filling the container. | 1. A filled aluminium container containing a wine characterised in that the maximum oxygen content of the head space is 1% v/v and the wine prior to filling is micro filtered and dissolved oxygen levels throughout the aluminium container filling process are maintained up to 0.5 mg/L. and final levels of dissolved CO2 are from 50 ppm for white and sparkling wines and from 50 ppm to 400 ppm for red wines, prior to filling the container. 2. A filled aluminium container as defined in claim 1 wherein the filled aluminium container of wine has a molecular sulphur dioxide content of between 0.4 and 0.8 mg/L. 3. A filled Aluminium container as claimed in claim 1 in which the levels for Total Plate Count, Yeasts and Moulds and Lactobacillus are all <1 CFU. 4. A filled aluminium container as defined in claims 1 to 3 wherein for still white wines the dissolved CO2 level is from 50 ppm to 1200 ppm. 5. A filled aluminium container as defined in any one of claims 1 to 4 wherein a multi stage microfiltration treatment, in particular a two stage microfiltration treatment was used. 6. A filled aluminium container as defined in claim 5 wherein the filter pore diameters are 1.0 μm or less, preferably at least 0.60 μm in a first filter housing and 0.20 μm to 0.45 μm in at least one subsequent stage filter housing. 7. A filled aluminium container as defined in any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein the head space in the can is less than 1% of the volume of the sealed container and preferably comprises the composition nitrogen 80-97% v/v and carbon dioxide 2-20% v/v. 8. A filled aluminium container as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5 in which the alcohol content is below 9% v/v wherein sorbic acid is added at a level greater than 90 mg/L. 9. A method of filling an aluminium container with wine characterized in that the wine prior to filling is micro filtered and dissolved Oxygen levels throughout the container filling process are maintained up to 0.5 mg/L. and final levels of dissolved CO2 are from 50 ppm for white and Sparkling wines and from 50 ppm to 400 ppm for red wines, prior to filling the container. 10. A method of filling an aluminium container with wine as claimed in claim 9 wherein a multi stage microfiltration treatment, in particular a two stage microfiltration treatment is used. 11. A method of filling an aluminium container with wine as claimed in claim 10 wherein the filter pore diameters are 1.0 μm or less, preferably at least 0.60 μm in a first filter housing and 0.30 μm to 0.45 μm in at least one subsequent stage filter housing. 12. A method of filling an aluminium container with wine as claimed in any one of claims 9 to 11 in which the alcohol content is below 9% v/v wherein sorbic acid is added at a level greater than 90 mg/L. 13. A method of filling an aluminium container with wine as claimed in any one of claims 9 to 12 wherein for still white wines the dissolved CO2 level is from 50 ppm to 1200 ppm. | A method of filling an aluminium container with wine, and a filled aluminium container containing a wine characterised in that the maximum oxygen content of the head space is 1% v/v and the wine prior to filling is micro filtered and dissolved oxygen levels throughout the aluminium container filling process are maintained up to 0.5 mg/L. and final levels of dissolved CO 2 are from 50 ppm for white and sparkling wines and from 50 ppm to 400 ppm for red wines, prior to filling the container.1. A filled aluminium container containing a wine characterised in that the maximum oxygen content of the head space is 1% v/v and the wine prior to filling is micro filtered and dissolved oxygen levels throughout the aluminium container filling process are maintained up to 0.5 mg/L. and final levels of dissolved CO2 are from 50 ppm for white and sparkling wines and from 50 ppm to 400 ppm for red wines, prior to filling the container. 2. A filled aluminium container as defined in claim 1 wherein the filled aluminium container of wine has a molecular sulphur dioxide content of between 0.4 and 0.8 mg/L. 3. A filled Aluminium container as claimed in claim 1 in which the levels for Total Plate Count, Yeasts and Moulds and Lactobacillus are all <1 CFU. 4. A filled aluminium container as defined in claims 1 to 3 wherein for still white wines the dissolved CO2 level is from 50 ppm to 1200 ppm. 5. A filled aluminium container as defined in any one of claims 1 to 4 wherein a multi stage microfiltration treatment, in particular a two stage microfiltration treatment was used. 6. A filled aluminium container as defined in claim 5 wherein the filter pore diameters are 1.0 μm or less, preferably at least 0.60 μm in a first filter housing and 0.20 μm to 0.45 μm in at least one subsequent stage filter housing. 7. A filled aluminium container as defined in any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein the head space in the can is less than 1% of the volume of the sealed container and preferably comprises the composition nitrogen 80-97% v/v and carbon dioxide 2-20% v/v. 8. A filled aluminium container as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5 in which the alcohol content is below 9% v/v wherein sorbic acid is added at a level greater than 90 mg/L. 9. A method of filling an aluminium container with wine characterized in that the wine prior to filling is micro filtered and dissolved Oxygen levels throughout the container filling process are maintained up to 0.5 mg/L. and final levels of dissolved CO2 are from 50 ppm for white and Sparkling wines and from 50 ppm to 400 ppm for red wines, prior to filling the container. 10. A method of filling an aluminium container with wine as claimed in claim 9 wherein a multi stage microfiltration treatment, in particular a two stage microfiltration treatment is used. 11. A method of filling an aluminium container with wine as claimed in claim 10 wherein the filter pore diameters are 1.0 μm or less, preferably at least 0.60 μm in a first filter housing and 0.30 μm to 0.45 μm in at least one subsequent stage filter housing. 12. A method of filling an aluminium container with wine as claimed in any one of claims 9 to 11 in which the alcohol content is below 9% v/v wherein sorbic acid is added at a level greater than 90 mg/L. 13. A method of filling an aluminium container with wine as claimed in any one of claims 9 to 12 wherein for still white wines the dissolved CO2 level is from 50 ppm to 1200 ppm. | 1,700 |
3,807 | 14,733,519 | 1,734 | Embodiments of an alloy that can be resistant to cracking. In some embodiments, the alloy can be advantageous for use as a hardfacing alloys, in both a diluted and undiluted state. Certain microstructural, thermodynamic, and performance criteria can be met by embodiments of the alloys that may make them advantageous for hardfacing. | 1. A metal alloy composition, comprising:
an Fe-based alloy comprising alloying elements of:
boron;
carbon;
chromium; and
niobium, titanium and/or vanadium;
wherein the maximum eutectic carbide/boride phase fraction of the alloy is about 15 mole %; wherein the maximum grain boundary formation temperature gap of the alloy is about 80K; wherein the minimum carbon level in the liquid is about 0.5 wt. %; and wherein the alloy comprises both carbides and borides, and the carbides are thermodynamically stable at a temperature equal to or greater than about 80K below the liquid temperature of the austenite or ferrite matrix phase. 2. The metal alloy composition of claim 1, wherein the alloy is primarily martensitic. 3. The metal alloy composition of claim 1, wherein carbide and boride precipitates do not exceed about 15 volume %. 4. The metal alloy composition of claim 1, wherein the alloy is provided as a hardfacing weld overlay. 5. The metal alloy composition of claim 4, wherein the alloy is provided as a single layer onto a component. 6. The metal alloy composition of claim 4, wherein the alloy is provided as multiple layers over a worn hardfacing layer. 7. A work piece having at least a portion of its surface covered by a layer, wherein the layer comprises:
an alloy having a macro-hardness of 50 HRC or greater, the alloy containing both carbides and borides; and wherein the alloy comprises a volume fraction of less than 10% eutectic carbides and/or borides. 8. The work piece of claim 7, wherein the volume fraction of eutectic carbide and/or borides is greater than 0%. 9. The work piece of claim 7, wherein a microstructure of the alloy comprises primary Nb and/or Ti rich carbides. 10. The work piece of claim 7, wherein a microstructure of the alloy comprises eutectic Cr rich borides. 11. The work piece of claim 7, wherein the alloy has high abrasion resistance as characterized by an ASTM G65A mass loss of less than 0.5 grams. 12. The work piece of claim 7, wherein the alloy comprises Fe and, in wt. %:
B: 0.6-0.9; C: 0.75-1.25; Cr: 14.25-26; and Nb+Ti+V: 3.5-4.5. 13. The work piece of claim 12, wherein the alloy further comprises, in wt. %:
Mn: about 1.1; Mo: about 1; and Si: about 0.5. 14. A method of forming a coated workpiece comprising:
depositing an alloy layer on at least a portion of the workpiece wherein the alloy layer comprises the following thermodynamic features:
less than 10 mole fraction carbides and/or borides at 1300K;
at least one carbide and one boride phase at 1300K; and
eutectic carbides and/or borides at no less than 80K below the liquidus temperature of the ferritic or austenitic iron matrix phase. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein a minimum carbon content in a liquid phase of the alloy layer is 0.5 wt. %. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the alloy layer comprises eutectic carbides and/or borides at no less than 80K below the liquidus temperature of a ferritic or austenitic iron matrix phase of the alloy layer in a fully diluted state. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the alloy layer has high abrasion resistance as characterized by a ASTM G65A mass loss of less than 0.5 grams. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the alloy layer comprises Fe and, in wt. %:
B: about 0.1 to about 1.1; C: about 0.6 to about 2; Cr: about 0.5 to about 22; Mn: about 0 to about 1.15; Mo: about 0 to about 1; Nb: about 0 to about 8; Si: about 0 to about 0.65; Ti: about 0 to about 8; V: about 0 to about 10; W: about 0 to about 4; and Zr: about 0 to about 8. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the alloy layer comprises Fe and, in wt. %:
B: 0.6-0.9; C: 0.75-1.25; Cr: 14.25-26; and Nb+Ti+V: 3.5-4.5. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the alloy layer further comprises, in wt. %:
Mn: about 1.1; Mo: about 1; and Si: about 0.5. | Embodiments of an alloy that can be resistant to cracking. In some embodiments, the alloy can be advantageous for use as a hardfacing alloys, in both a diluted and undiluted state. Certain microstructural, thermodynamic, and performance criteria can be met by embodiments of the alloys that may make them advantageous for hardfacing.1. A metal alloy composition, comprising:
an Fe-based alloy comprising alloying elements of:
boron;
carbon;
chromium; and
niobium, titanium and/or vanadium;
wherein the maximum eutectic carbide/boride phase fraction of the alloy is about 15 mole %; wherein the maximum grain boundary formation temperature gap of the alloy is about 80K; wherein the minimum carbon level in the liquid is about 0.5 wt. %; and wherein the alloy comprises both carbides and borides, and the carbides are thermodynamically stable at a temperature equal to or greater than about 80K below the liquid temperature of the austenite or ferrite matrix phase. 2. The metal alloy composition of claim 1, wherein the alloy is primarily martensitic. 3. The metal alloy composition of claim 1, wherein carbide and boride precipitates do not exceed about 15 volume %. 4. The metal alloy composition of claim 1, wherein the alloy is provided as a hardfacing weld overlay. 5. The metal alloy composition of claim 4, wherein the alloy is provided as a single layer onto a component. 6. The metal alloy composition of claim 4, wherein the alloy is provided as multiple layers over a worn hardfacing layer. 7. A work piece having at least a portion of its surface covered by a layer, wherein the layer comprises:
an alloy having a macro-hardness of 50 HRC or greater, the alloy containing both carbides and borides; and wherein the alloy comprises a volume fraction of less than 10% eutectic carbides and/or borides. 8. The work piece of claim 7, wherein the volume fraction of eutectic carbide and/or borides is greater than 0%. 9. The work piece of claim 7, wherein a microstructure of the alloy comprises primary Nb and/or Ti rich carbides. 10. The work piece of claim 7, wherein a microstructure of the alloy comprises eutectic Cr rich borides. 11. The work piece of claim 7, wherein the alloy has high abrasion resistance as characterized by an ASTM G65A mass loss of less than 0.5 grams. 12. The work piece of claim 7, wherein the alloy comprises Fe and, in wt. %:
B: 0.6-0.9; C: 0.75-1.25; Cr: 14.25-26; and Nb+Ti+V: 3.5-4.5. 13. The work piece of claim 12, wherein the alloy further comprises, in wt. %:
Mn: about 1.1; Mo: about 1; and Si: about 0.5. 14. A method of forming a coated workpiece comprising:
depositing an alloy layer on at least a portion of the workpiece wherein the alloy layer comprises the following thermodynamic features:
less than 10 mole fraction carbides and/or borides at 1300K;
at least one carbide and one boride phase at 1300K; and
eutectic carbides and/or borides at no less than 80K below the liquidus temperature of the ferritic or austenitic iron matrix phase. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein a minimum carbon content in a liquid phase of the alloy layer is 0.5 wt. %. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the alloy layer comprises eutectic carbides and/or borides at no less than 80K below the liquidus temperature of a ferritic or austenitic iron matrix phase of the alloy layer in a fully diluted state. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the alloy layer has high abrasion resistance as characterized by a ASTM G65A mass loss of less than 0.5 grams. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the alloy layer comprises Fe and, in wt. %:
B: about 0.1 to about 1.1; C: about 0.6 to about 2; Cr: about 0.5 to about 22; Mn: about 0 to about 1.15; Mo: about 0 to about 1; Nb: about 0 to about 8; Si: about 0 to about 0.65; Ti: about 0 to about 8; V: about 0 to about 10; W: about 0 to about 4; and Zr: about 0 to about 8. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the alloy layer comprises Fe and, in wt. %:
B: 0.6-0.9; C: 0.75-1.25; Cr: 14.25-26; and Nb+Ti+V: 3.5-4.5. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the alloy layer further comprises, in wt. %:
Mn: about 1.1; Mo: about 1; and Si: about 0.5. | 1,700 |
3,808 | 15,255,648 | 1,795 | A device and a method for producing a blade airfoil from a workpiece which comprises at least two gaps and at least one blank arranged between the two gaps, wherein the blank comprises two opposite lateral faces which are bounded by a base, a top and a first and a second edge. The method comprises:
(a) arranging the first and second electrodes in the first and second gaps, the surface of the workpiece forming an annular space surface at the gaps, (b) applying a positive voltage to the blank and applying a negative voltage to the first and second electrodes, (c) moving the first and second electrode in the direction of the first and second lateral faces.
Step (b) is preceded by passing electrolyte between the two electrodes over the top toward the base. | 1. A method for producing a blade airfoil from a workpiece, wherein the workpiece comprises at least a first gap and a second gap, and at least one blank arranged between the first and second gaps of the workpiece, the at least one blank having first and second opposite lateral faces which are bounded by a base, by a top and by a first edge and a second edge, and wherein the method comprises:
(a) arranging a first electrode in the first gap and arranging a second electrode in the second gap, a surface of the workpiece forming an annular space surface at the first and second gaps, (b) applying a positive voltage to the blank and applying a negative voltage to the first electrode and to the second electrode, (c) moving the first electrode in a direction of the first lateral face and/or moving the second electrode in a direction of the second lateral face, (b) being preceded by (d), passing electrolyte between the first and second electrodes over the top toward the base. 2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first and second gaps of the annular space surface are produced by mechanical and/or electrochemical machining. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein by carrying out (a) to (d), an intermediate blade is created from the blank, said intermediate blade having substantially a regular oversize in at least one region of the blade airfoil compared with a nominal contour of the blade airfoil. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the region which has the regular oversize in at least one region of the blade airfoil compared with a nominal contour of the blade airfoil represents the first lateral face and/or the second lateral face of the blade airfoil. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the region which has the regular oversize in at least one region of the blade airfoil compared with a nominal contour of the blade airfoil represents the first edge and/or the second edge of the blade airfoil. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the region which has the regular oversize in at least one region of the blade airfoil compared with a nominal contour of the blade airfoil represents the first edge and/or the second edge of the blade airfoil. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein by carrying out (a) to (d), a nominal contour of the blade airfoil and/or a nominal contour of an annular space is created from an intermediate part in a vicinity of the base. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the intermediate part represents the blank and/or an intermediate blade. 9. The method of claims 7, wherein (c) is followed by (e), moving the first electrode away from the first lateral face and/or moving the second electrode away from the second lateral face. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein (c) and (e) are repeated at least 30 times per second. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein (c) and (e) are repeated at east 50 times per second. 12. A device for producing a blade airfoil from a workpiece, wherein the device comprises:
a first electrode, a second electrode, a voltage source, a negative pole of which is attached to the first and second electrodes, at least one of the first and second electrodes comprising a receptacle for a blank, the receptacle being bounded by a front receptacle edge and a rear receptacle edge, at least one of the first and second electrodes comprising at its upper end a filling face which leads into the receptacle and extends at least from the front receptacle edge to the rear receptacle edge. 13. The device of claim 12, wherein the first electrode is guided through a first element and/or the second electrode is guided through a second element, each of the first and second elements being arranged laterally with respect to a guiding direction of a corresponding electrode. 14. The device of claim 13, wherein at least one of the first and second electrodes forms, with its corresponding first or second element, at least one flushing channel extending parallel to the receptacle edge, said flushing channel being arranged outside the receptacle. 15. The device of claim 12, wherein the device further comprises at least one isolator which is arranged on that side of the first or second electrode that faces away from the receptacle. 16. The device of claim 13, wherein the device further comprises at least one isolator which is arranged on that side of the first or second electrode that faces away from the receptacle and/or extends from one of the first and second electrodes to the element of the other electrode. 17. The device of claim 12, wherein a lower end of the first or second electrode is formed such that it produces a nominal contour of an annular space. 18. A device which is suitable for producing a blade airfoil from a workpiece by the method of claim 1, wherein the device comprises:
the first electrode, the second electrode, a voltage source, a negative pole of which is attached to the first and second electrodes, at least one of the first and second electrodes comprising a receptacle for a blank, the receptacle being bounded by a front receptacle edge and a rear receptacle edge, at least one of the first and second electrodes comprising at its upper end a filling face which leads into the receptacle and extends at least from the front receptacle edge to the rear receptacle edge. 19. A blade airfoil of a turbomachine, wherein the blade airfoil is produced by the method of claim 1. | A device and a method for producing a blade airfoil from a workpiece which comprises at least two gaps and at least one blank arranged between the two gaps, wherein the blank comprises two opposite lateral faces which are bounded by a base, a top and a first and a second edge. The method comprises:
(a) arranging the first and second electrodes in the first and second gaps, the surface of the workpiece forming an annular space surface at the gaps, (b) applying a positive voltage to the blank and applying a negative voltage to the first and second electrodes, (c) moving the first and second electrode in the direction of the first and second lateral faces.
Step (b) is preceded by passing electrolyte between the two electrodes over the top toward the base.1. A method for producing a blade airfoil from a workpiece, wherein the workpiece comprises at least a first gap and a second gap, and at least one blank arranged between the first and second gaps of the workpiece, the at least one blank having first and second opposite lateral faces which are bounded by a base, by a top and by a first edge and a second edge, and wherein the method comprises:
(a) arranging a first electrode in the first gap and arranging a second electrode in the second gap, a surface of the workpiece forming an annular space surface at the first and second gaps, (b) applying a positive voltage to the blank and applying a negative voltage to the first electrode and to the second electrode, (c) moving the first electrode in a direction of the first lateral face and/or moving the second electrode in a direction of the second lateral face, (b) being preceded by (d), passing electrolyte between the first and second electrodes over the top toward the base. 2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first and second gaps of the annular space surface are produced by mechanical and/or electrochemical machining. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein by carrying out (a) to (d), an intermediate blade is created from the blank, said intermediate blade having substantially a regular oversize in at least one region of the blade airfoil compared with a nominal contour of the blade airfoil. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the region which has the regular oversize in at least one region of the blade airfoil compared with a nominal contour of the blade airfoil represents the first lateral face and/or the second lateral face of the blade airfoil. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the region which has the regular oversize in at least one region of the blade airfoil compared with a nominal contour of the blade airfoil represents the first edge and/or the second edge of the blade airfoil. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the region which has the regular oversize in at least one region of the blade airfoil compared with a nominal contour of the blade airfoil represents the first edge and/or the second edge of the blade airfoil. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein by carrying out (a) to (d), a nominal contour of the blade airfoil and/or a nominal contour of an annular space is created from an intermediate part in a vicinity of the base. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the intermediate part represents the blank and/or an intermediate blade. 9. The method of claims 7, wherein (c) is followed by (e), moving the first electrode away from the first lateral face and/or moving the second electrode away from the second lateral face. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein (c) and (e) are repeated at least 30 times per second. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein (c) and (e) are repeated at east 50 times per second. 12. A device for producing a blade airfoil from a workpiece, wherein the device comprises:
a first electrode, a second electrode, a voltage source, a negative pole of which is attached to the first and second electrodes, at least one of the first and second electrodes comprising a receptacle for a blank, the receptacle being bounded by a front receptacle edge and a rear receptacle edge, at least one of the first and second electrodes comprising at its upper end a filling face which leads into the receptacle and extends at least from the front receptacle edge to the rear receptacle edge. 13. The device of claim 12, wherein the first electrode is guided through a first element and/or the second electrode is guided through a second element, each of the first and second elements being arranged laterally with respect to a guiding direction of a corresponding electrode. 14. The device of claim 13, wherein at least one of the first and second electrodes forms, with its corresponding first or second element, at least one flushing channel extending parallel to the receptacle edge, said flushing channel being arranged outside the receptacle. 15. The device of claim 12, wherein the device further comprises at least one isolator which is arranged on that side of the first or second electrode that faces away from the receptacle. 16. The device of claim 13, wherein the device further comprises at least one isolator which is arranged on that side of the first or second electrode that faces away from the receptacle and/or extends from one of the first and second electrodes to the element of the other electrode. 17. The device of claim 12, wherein a lower end of the first or second electrode is formed such that it produces a nominal contour of an annular space. 18. A device which is suitable for producing a blade airfoil from a workpiece by the method of claim 1, wherein the device comprises:
the first electrode, the second electrode, a voltage source, a negative pole of which is attached to the first and second electrodes, at least one of the first and second electrodes comprising a receptacle for a blank, the receptacle being bounded by a front receptacle edge and a rear receptacle edge, at least one of the first and second electrodes comprising at its upper end a filling face which leads into the receptacle and extends at least from the front receptacle edge to the rear receptacle edge. 19. A blade airfoil of a turbomachine, wherein the blade airfoil is produced by the method of claim 1. | 1,700 |
3,809 | 15,105,416 | 1,718 | A method is provided for treating a metal substrate. The method comprises applying a metal layer to the substrate using a thermal spray process and electrochemically treating the metal layer to form a coating. | 1. A method of treating a metal substrate to form a coating, the method comprising
applying a metal layer on the substrate, the metal layer applied by a thermal spray process, and electrochemically treating the metal layer. 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the metal substrate comprises aluminium, magnesium, titanium, niobium, lithium, zinc or alloys thereof. 3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the thermal spray process comprises one of plasma spraying, detonation spraying, wire arc spraying, flame spraying or high velocity oxy-fuel coating spraying. 4. A method according to claim 1, wherein after electrochemically treating the metal layer, baking the substrate. 5. A method according to claim 1, wherein electrochemically treating the metal layer comprises anodizing, micro-arc oxidation or electrophoretic deposition. 6. A method of applying a coating to a casing for a device, the method comprising
heating a metal feedstock to form molten metal particles, accelerating the molten metal particles towards the casing to form a metal layer on the casing, and electrochemically treating the metal layer. 7. A method according to claim 6 wherein the metal feedstock is in powder or wire form. 8. A method according to claim 6 wherein heating the metal feedstock is achieved by electrical or chemical means. 9. A method according to claim 6, wherein the metal casing is formed of aluminium, magnesium, titanium, niobium, lithium, sine or alloys thereof, 10. A method according to claim 6, wherein the metal layer has a thickness of 5-50 μm. 11. A method according to claim 6, wherein the molten metal particles have a diameter of 3-200 nm. 12. A casing for a device having a coating, the casing comprising
a metal substrata, a first metal layer on the metal substrate, the first metal layer applied by a thermal spray process, and a second layer termed by electrochemical treatment of the first metal layer. 13. A casing according to claim 11, wherein he metal substrate comprises aluminium, magnesium, titanium, niobium, lithium, tine or alloys thereof. 14. A casing according to claim 11, wherein the thermal spray process comprises one of plasma spraying, detonation spraying, wire arc spraying, flame spraying or high velocity oxy-fuel coating spraying. 15. A casing according to claim 1, wherein electrochemically treating the metal layer comprises anodizing, electrophoretic deposition or micro-arc oxidation. | A method is provided for treating a metal substrate. The method comprises applying a metal layer to the substrate using a thermal spray process and electrochemically treating the metal layer to form a coating.1. A method of treating a metal substrate to form a coating, the method comprising
applying a metal layer on the substrate, the metal layer applied by a thermal spray process, and electrochemically treating the metal layer. 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the metal substrate comprises aluminium, magnesium, titanium, niobium, lithium, zinc or alloys thereof. 3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the thermal spray process comprises one of plasma spraying, detonation spraying, wire arc spraying, flame spraying or high velocity oxy-fuel coating spraying. 4. A method according to claim 1, wherein after electrochemically treating the metal layer, baking the substrate. 5. A method according to claim 1, wherein electrochemically treating the metal layer comprises anodizing, micro-arc oxidation or electrophoretic deposition. 6. A method of applying a coating to a casing for a device, the method comprising
heating a metal feedstock to form molten metal particles, accelerating the molten metal particles towards the casing to form a metal layer on the casing, and electrochemically treating the metal layer. 7. A method according to claim 6 wherein the metal feedstock is in powder or wire form. 8. A method according to claim 6 wherein heating the metal feedstock is achieved by electrical or chemical means. 9. A method according to claim 6, wherein the metal casing is formed of aluminium, magnesium, titanium, niobium, lithium, sine or alloys thereof, 10. A method according to claim 6, wherein the metal layer has a thickness of 5-50 μm. 11. A method according to claim 6, wherein the molten metal particles have a diameter of 3-200 nm. 12. A casing for a device having a coating, the casing comprising
a metal substrata, a first metal layer on the metal substrate, the first metal layer applied by a thermal spray process, and a second layer termed by electrochemical treatment of the first metal layer. 13. A casing according to claim 11, wherein he metal substrate comprises aluminium, magnesium, titanium, niobium, lithium, tine or alloys thereof. 14. A casing according to claim 11, wherein the thermal spray process comprises one of plasma spraying, detonation spraying, wire arc spraying, flame spraying or high velocity oxy-fuel coating spraying. 15. A casing according to claim 1, wherein electrochemically treating the metal layer comprises anodizing, electrophoretic deposition or micro-arc oxidation. | 1,700 |
3,810 | 15,654,372 | 1,791 | Described are Pichia kluyveri yeast strains with advantageous properties useful in cacao fermentation processes, and related methods and products, including fermented cocoa beans having a ratio of isobutyl acetate/isobutanol higher than 1 and/or a ratio of isoamyl acetate/isoamyl alcohol higher than 0.005, and cocoa-based products prepared therefrom, as well as methods for the fermentation of cocoa beans comprising using at least one Pichia kluyveri yeast strain, fermented cocoa beans obtainable thereby, and cocoa-based products prepared therefrom and obtainable thereby. | 1-3. (canceled) 4. A method for the fermentation of cocoa beans comprising:
(a) adding at least one Pichia kluyveri yeast strain to a plant material comprising beans and/or pulp derived from fruit pods of the species Theobroma cacao; and (b) fermenting the plant material to obtain fermented cocoa beans. 5. The method according to claim 4 further comprising:
(c) drying the fermented cocoa beans. 6. The method according to claim 4, wherein the Pichia kluyveri strain is selected from Pichia kluyveri PK-KR1 and Pichia kluyveri PK-KR2 as deposited on 24 Aug. 2006 at the National Measurement Institute, 541-65 Clarke Street, South Melbourne, Victoria 3205, Australia, by University of Auckland, School of Biological Sciences, Auckland 1142, New Zealand, under accession numbers V06/022711 and V06/022712, respectively, and mutant and variant strains thereof, wherein the mutant and variant strains thereof have retained or further improved flavoring properties as compared to V06/022711 and V06/022712, respectively. 7. The method according to claim 4, wherein step (a) is carried out at the start of fermentation. 8. The method according to claim 4, wherein the plant material is fermented with the at least one Pichia kluyveri strain for at least 12 hours. 9. The method according to claim 4, further comprising adding to the plant material at least one lactic acid bacterial strain. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the at least one lactic acid bacterial strain is a Lactobacillus plantarum bacterial strain. 11. The method according to claim 9, wherein the at least one lactic acid bacterial strain is a Lactobacillus paracasei bacterial strain. 12. Fermented cocoa beans obtained by the method according to claim 4. 13. A method of preparing a cocoa-based product comprising providing fermented cocoa beans obtained by the method according to claim 4 and preparing thereof a cocoa-based product. 14. A cocoa-based product obtained by the method according to claim 13. 15-16. (canceled) 17. The method according to claim 4, wherein the fermented cocoa beans have a ratio of isobutyl acetate to isobutanol of greater than 1. 18. The method according to claim 4, wherein the fermented cocoa beans have a ratio of isobutyl acetate to isobutanol of greater than 1.2. 19. The method according to claim 4, wherein the fermented cocoa beans have a ratio of isoamyl acetate to isoamyl alcohol of greater than 0.005. 20. The method according to claim 4, wherein the fermented cocoa beans have a ratio of isoamyl acetate to isoamyl alcohol of greater than 0.006. 21. The method according to claim 4, wherein the fermented cocoa beans have (i) enhanced fruity flavors, (ii) enhanced floral flavors, and (iii) reduced off-flavors, as compared to fermented cocoa beans produced from comparable cocoa beans by spontaneous fermentation, but without inoculating the cocoa beans with the at least one Pichia kluyveri yeast strain. 22. The method according to claim 4, wherein the fermented cocoa beans are of the variety Forastero. 23. The method according to claim 13, wherein the cocoa-based product is selected from chocolate, cocoa powder, and cocoa butter. | Described are Pichia kluyveri yeast strains with advantageous properties useful in cacao fermentation processes, and related methods and products, including fermented cocoa beans having a ratio of isobutyl acetate/isobutanol higher than 1 and/or a ratio of isoamyl acetate/isoamyl alcohol higher than 0.005, and cocoa-based products prepared therefrom, as well as methods for the fermentation of cocoa beans comprising using at least one Pichia kluyveri yeast strain, fermented cocoa beans obtainable thereby, and cocoa-based products prepared therefrom and obtainable thereby.1-3. (canceled) 4. A method for the fermentation of cocoa beans comprising:
(a) adding at least one Pichia kluyveri yeast strain to a plant material comprising beans and/or pulp derived from fruit pods of the species Theobroma cacao; and (b) fermenting the plant material to obtain fermented cocoa beans. 5. The method according to claim 4 further comprising:
(c) drying the fermented cocoa beans. 6. The method according to claim 4, wherein the Pichia kluyveri strain is selected from Pichia kluyveri PK-KR1 and Pichia kluyveri PK-KR2 as deposited on 24 Aug. 2006 at the National Measurement Institute, 541-65 Clarke Street, South Melbourne, Victoria 3205, Australia, by University of Auckland, School of Biological Sciences, Auckland 1142, New Zealand, under accession numbers V06/022711 and V06/022712, respectively, and mutant and variant strains thereof, wherein the mutant and variant strains thereof have retained or further improved flavoring properties as compared to V06/022711 and V06/022712, respectively. 7. The method according to claim 4, wherein step (a) is carried out at the start of fermentation. 8. The method according to claim 4, wherein the plant material is fermented with the at least one Pichia kluyveri strain for at least 12 hours. 9. The method according to claim 4, further comprising adding to the plant material at least one lactic acid bacterial strain. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the at least one lactic acid bacterial strain is a Lactobacillus plantarum bacterial strain. 11. The method according to claim 9, wherein the at least one lactic acid bacterial strain is a Lactobacillus paracasei bacterial strain. 12. Fermented cocoa beans obtained by the method according to claim 4. 13. A method of preparing a cocoa-based product comprising providing fermented cocoa beans obtained by the method according to claim 4 and preparing thereof a cocoa-based product. 14. A cocoa-based product obtained by the method according to claim 13. 15-16. (canceled) 17. The method according to claim 4, wherein the fermented cocoa beans have a ratio of isobutyl acetate to isobutanol of greater than 1. 18. The method according to claim 4, wherein the fermented cocoa beans have a ratio of isobutyl acetate to isobutanol of greater than 1.2. 19. The method according to claim 4, wherein the fermented cocoa beans have a ratio of isoamyl acetate to isoamyl alcohol of greater than 0.005. 20. The method according to claim 4, wherein the fermented cocoa beans have a ratio of isoamyl acetate to isoamyl alcohol of greater than 0.006. 21. The method according to claim 4, wherein the fermented cocoa beans have (i) enhanced fruity flavors, (ii) enhanced floral flavors, and (iii) reduced off-flavors, as compared to fermented cocoa beans produced from comparable cocoa beans by spontaneous fermentation, but without inoculating the cocoa beans with the at least one Pichia kluyveri yeast strain. 22. The method according to claim 4, wherein the fermented cocoa beans are of the variety Forastero. 23. The method according to claim 13, wherein the cocoa-based product is selected from chocolate, cocoa powder, and cocoa butter. | 1,700 |
3,811 | 14,628,600 | 1,733 | A component according to an example embodiment of the present disclosure includes first and second layers, the first and second layers each including ceramic-based fibers arranged in a ceramic-based matrix material, and nanofibers arranged between the first and second layers. An alternate component and a method of forming a component are also disclosed. | 1. A component, comprising:
first and second layers, the first and second layers each including ceramic-based fibers arranged in a ceramic-based matrix material; and nanofibers arranged between the first and second layers. 2. The component of claim 1, wherein the nanofibers include at least one of a carbide, a nitride, an oxycarbide, an oxynitride, a carbonitride, a silicate, a boride, a phosphide, and an oxide. 3. The component of claim 2, wherein the nanofibers are silicon carbide nanofibers. 4. The component of claim 1, wherein the nanofibers have diameters between approximately 10 and 500 nanometers and the nanofibers have lengths between approximately 50 and 1,000,000 nanometers. 5. The component of claim 1, wherein a ratio of the amount of ceramic-based fibers to the amount of nanofibers by volume fraction is between 1.5% and 280%. 6. The component of claim 1, wherein the nanofibers cover greater than approximately 20% of a surface area of the first layer. 7. The component of claim 1, wherein the nanofibers have a random orientation with respect to one another. 8. The component of claim 1, wherein the nanofibers have a unidirectional orientation. 9. A component, comprising:
a plurality of layers, each layer of the plurality of layers including a first plurality of fibers arranged in a ceramic-based matrix material, the first plurality of fibers being ceramic-based fibers; and a second plurality of fibers disposed exclusively at interlaminar regions between each of the plurality of layers, the second plurality of fibers being nanofibers. 10. The component of claim 9, wherein the nanofibers include at least one of a carbide, a nitride, an oxycarbide, an oxynitride, a carbonitride, a silicate, a boride, a phosphide, and an oxide. 11. The component of claim 9, where in the nanofibers have diameters between approximately 10 and 500 nanometers and the nanofibers have lengths between approximately 50 and 1,000,000 nanometers. 12. The component of claim 9, wherein a ratio of the amount of ceramic-based fibers to the amount of nanofibers by volume fraction is between 1.5% and 280%. 13. The component of claim 9, wherein the nanofibers cover greater than approximately 20% of a surface area of the first layer. 14. A method of forming a component, comprising:
depositing nanofibers onto at least one of first and second layers, the first and second layers each including ceramic-based fibers arranged in a ceramic-based matrix material; and bonding the first and second layers and the nanofibers to form a component. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising arranging the first and second layers in an alternating manner with the nanofibers. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein subsequent the depositing step, the nanofibers in the third layer cover greater than approximately 20% of a surface area of the first or second layers. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the depositing step includes depositing nanofibers directly onto at least one of the first and second layers. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the depositing step includes electrospinning or centrifugal spinning. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the depositing step includes forming a fibrous mat of nanofibers independent of the first and second layers and applying the mat to at least one of the first and second layers. 20. The method of claim 14, further comprising densifying the component by at least one of chemical vapor infiltration, preceramic polymer infiltration (PIP), and glass transfer molding (GTM). | A component according to an example embodiment of the present disclosure includes first and second layers, the first and second layers each including ceramic-based fibers arranged in a ceramic-based matrix material, and nanofibers arranged between the first and second layers. An alternate component and a method of forming a component are also disclosed.1. A component, comprising:
first and second layers, the first and second layers each including ceramic-based fibers arranged in a ceramic-based matrix material; and nanofibers arranged between the first and second layers. 2. The component of claim 1, wherein the nanofibers include at least one of a carbide, a nitride, an oxycarbide, an oxynitride, a carbonitride, a silicate, a boride, a phosphide, and an oxide. 3. The component of claim 2, wherein the nanofibers are silicon carbide nanofibers. 4. The component of claim 1, wherein the nanofibers have diameters between approximately 10 and 500 nanometers and the nanofibers have lengths between approximately 50 and 1,000,000 nanometers. 5. The component of claim 1, wherein a ratio of the amount of ceramic-based fibers to the amount of nanofibers by volume fraction is between 1.5% and 280%. 6. The component of claim 1, wherein the nanofibers cover greater than approximately 20% of a surface area of the first layer. 7. The component of claim 1, wherein the nanofibers have a random orientation with respect to one another. 8. The component of claim 1, wherein the nanofibers have a unidirectional orientation. 9. A component, comprising:
a plurality of layers, each layer of the plurality of layers including a first plurality of fibers arranged in a ceramic-based matrix material, the first plurality of fibers being ceramic-based fibers; and a second plurality of fibers disposed exclusively at interlaminar regions between each of the plurality of layers, the second plurality of fibers being nanofibers. 10. The component of claim 9, wherein the nanofibers include at least one of a carbide, a nitride, an oxycarbide, an oxynitride, a carbonitride, a silicate, a boride, a phosphide, and an oxide. 11. The component of claim 9, where in the nanofibers have diameters between approximately 10 and 500 nanometers and the nanofibers have lengths between approximately 50 and 1,000,000 nanometers. 12. The component of claim 9, wherein a ratio of the amount of ceramic-based fibers to the amount of nanofibers by volume fraction is between 1.5% and 280%. 13. The component of claim 9, wherein the nanofibers cover greater than approximately 20% of a surface area of the first layer. 14. A method of forming a component, comprising:
depositing nanofibers onto at least one of first and second layers, the first and second layers each including ceramic-based fibers arranged in a ceramic-based matrix material; and bonding the first and second layers and the nanofibers to form a component. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising arranging the first and second layers in an alternating manner with the nanofibers. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein subsequent the depositing step, the nanofibers in the third layer cover greater than approximately 20% of a surface area of the first or second layers. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the depositing step includes depositing nanofibers directly onto at least one of the first and second layers. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the depositing step includes electrospinning or centrifugal spinning. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the depositing step includes forming a fibrous mat of nanofibers independent of the first and second layers and applying the mat to at least one of the first and second layers. 20. The method of claim 14, further comprising densifying the component by at least one of chemical vapor infiltration, preceramic polymer infiltration (PIP), and glass transfer molding (GTM). | 1,700 |
3,812 | 14,186,915 | 1,721 | Described herein is an apparatus for controlling an actuator made from a shape-memory alloy includes a first layer made from a thermally conductive material and a second layer. The second layer is made from a thermally conductive material. The apparatus also includes at least one thermoelectric heater positioned between the first and second layers. Additionally, the apparatus includes at least one thermoelectric cooler positioned between the first and second layers. | 1. An apparatus for controlling an actuator made from a shape-memory alloy, comprising:
a first layer made from a thermally conductive material; a second layer made from a thermally conductive material; at least one thermoelectric heater positioned between the first and second layers; and at least one thermoelectric cooler positioned between the first and second layers. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising an electrical power source selectively transmitting electrical power to the thermoelectric heater and thermoelectric cooler. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein electrical power is asynchronously transmitted to the thermoelectric heater and thermoelectric cooler. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising first electrical connections positioned between the first layer and the thermoelectric heater and cooler, and second electrical connections positioned between the second layer and the thermoelectric heater and cooler, the first and second electrical connections being electrically coupled to an electrical power source. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each of the thermoelectric heater and cooler comprises a P-element made from a P-type semiconductor material and an N-element made from an N-type semiconductor material. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the P-element and N-element of the thermoelectric heater and cooler have first and second ends opposing each other, the first ends being proximate the first layer and the second end being proximate the second layer, wherein the first ends of the P-element and N-element of the thermoelectric heater are electrically coupled and the second ends of the P-element and N-element of the thermoelectric heater are electrically isolated from each other, and wherein the first ends of the P-element and N-element of the thermoelectric cooler are electrically isolated from each other and the second ends of the P-element and N-element of the thermoelectric cooler are electrically coupled to each other. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, further comprising a first electrical power source having a negative terminal electrically coupled to the second end of the N-element of the thermoelectric heater and a positive terminal electrically coupled to the second end of the P-element of the thermoelectric heater, and a second electrical power source having a negative terminal electrically coupled to the first end of the N-element of the thermoelectric cooler and a positive terminal electrically coupled to the first end of the P-element of the thermoelectric cooler. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of thermoelectric heaters positioned between the first and second layers, and a plurality of thermoelectric coolers positioned between the first and second layers. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein at least one of the plurality of thermoelectric heaters are evenly distributed between the first and second layers, and the plurality of thermoelectric coolers are evenly distributed between the first and second layers. 10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein at least one of (i) the plurality of thermoelectric heaters are unevenly distributed between the first and second layers; and (ii) the plurality of thermoelectric coolers are unevenly distributed between the first and second layers. 11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein each of the plurality of thermoelectric heaters is independently controllable, and each of the plurality of thermoelectric coolers is independently controllable. 12. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the plurality of thermoelectric heaters and coolers are arranged side-by-side in an alternating pattern. 13. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a control module configured to selectively activate the thermoelectric heater to actuate the actuator into an engaged position, and selectively activate the thermoelectric cooler to actuate the actuator into a disengaged position. 14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is flexible. 15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus has a generally hollow cylindrical shape. 16. An apparatus, comprising:
an adjustable element; an actuator coupled to the adjustable element, the actuator comprising a shape-memory alloy, wherein modulating a temperature of the shape-memory alloy actuates the actuator; and a temperature modulation device in heat transfer communication with the actuator, the temperature modulation device comprising an array of p-type semiconductors and n-type semiconductors. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the temperature modulation device comprises a plurality of heaters and a plurality of coolers, and wherein each heater comprises a pair of p-type and n-type semiconductors in a first orientation and each cooler comprises a pair of p-type and n-type semiconductors in a second orientation. 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the plurality of heaters and plurality of coolers are separately controllable to respectively heat and cool the actuator. 19. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein each of the plurality of heaters is separately controllable relative to other heaters, and each of the plurality of coolers is separately controllable relative to other coolers. 20. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the apparatus is an aircraft and the adjustable element comprises an aerodynamic surface. 21. A method for controlling actuation of an actuator made from a shape-memory alloy, comprising:
transmitting an electrical current through a first P-N element set to heat the actuator; and transmitting an electrical current through a second P-N element set to cool the actuator. | Described herein is an apparatus for controlling an actuator made from a shape-memory alloy includes a first layer made from a thermally conductive material and a second layer. The second layer is made from a thermally conductive material. The apparatus also includes at least one thermoelectric heater positioned between the first and second layers. Additionally, the apparatus includes at least one thermoelectric cooler positioned between the first and second layers.1. An apparatus for controlling an actuator made from a shape-memory alloy, comprising:
a first layer made from a thermally conductive material; a second layer made from a thermally conductive material; at least one thermoelectric heater positioned between the first and second layers; and at least one thermoelectric cooler positioned between the first and second layers. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising an electrical power source selectively transmitting electrical power to the thermoelectric heater and thermoelectric cooler. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein electrical power is asynchronously transmitted to the thermoelectric heater and thermoelectric cooler. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising first electrical connections positioned between the first layer and the thermoelectric heater and cooler, and second electrical connections positioned between the second layer and the thermoelectric heater and cooler, the first and second electrical connections being electrically coupled to an electrical power source. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each of the thermoelectric heater and cooler comprises a P-element made from a P-type semiconductor material and an N-element made from an N-type semiconductor material. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the P-element and N-element of the thermoelectric heater and cooler have first and second ends opposing each other, the first ends being proximate the first layer and the second end being proximate the second layer, wherein the first ends of the P-element and N-element of the thermoelectric heater are electrically coupled and the second ends of the P-element and N-element of the thermoelectric heater are electrically isolated from each other, and wherein the first ends of the P-element and N-element of the thermoelectric cooler are electrically isolated from each other and the second ends of the P-element and N-element of the thermoelectric cooler are electrically coupled to each other. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, further comprising a first electrical power source having a negative terminal electrically coupled to the second end of the N-element of the thermoelectric heater and a positive terminal electrically coupled to the second end of the P-element of the thermoelectric heater, and a second electrical power source having a negative terminal electrically coupled to the first end of the N-element of the thermoelectric cooler and a positive terminal electrically coupled to the first end of the P-element of the thermoelectric cooler. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of thermoelectric heaters positioned between the first and second layers, and a plurality of thermoelectric coolers positioned between the first and second layers. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein at least one of the plurality of thermoelectric heaters are evenly distributed between the first and second layers, and the plurality of thermoelectric coolers are evenly distributed between the first and second layers. 10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein at least one of (i) the plurality of thermoelectric heaters are unevenly distributed between the first and second layers; and (ii) the plurality of thermoelectric coolers are unevenly distributed between the first and second layers. 11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein each of the plurality of thermoelectric heaters is independently controllable, and each of the plurality of thermoelectric coolers is independently controllable. 12. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the plurality of thermoelectric heaters and coolers are arranged side-by-side in an alternating pattern. 13. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a control module configured to selectively activate the thermoelectric heater to actuate the actuator into an engaged position, and selectively activate the thermoelectric cooler to actuate the actuator into a disengaged position. 14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is flexible. 15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus has a generally hollow cylindrical shape. 16. An apparatus, comprising:
an adjustable element; an actuator coupled to the adjustable element, the actuator comprising a shape-memory alloy, wherein modulating a temperature of the shape-memory alloy actuates the actuator; and a temperature modulation device in heat transfer communication with the actuator, the temperature modulation device comprising an array of p-type semiconductors and n-type semiconductors. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the temperature modulation device comprises a plurality of heaters and a plurality of coolers, and wherein each heater comprises a pair of p-type and n-type semiconductors in a first orientation and each cooler comprises a pair of p-type and n-type semiconductors in a second orientation. 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the plurality of heaters and plurality of coolers are separately controllable to respectively heat and cool the actuator. 19. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein each of the plurality of heaters is separately controllable relative to other heaters, and each of the plurality of coolers is separately controllable relative to other coolers. 20. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the apparatus is an aircraft and the adjustable element comprises an aerodynamic surface. 21. A method for controlling actuation of an actuator made from a shape-memory alloy, comprising:
transmitting an electrical current through a first P-N element set to heat the actuator; and transmitting an electrical current through a second P-N element set to cool the actuator. | 1,700 |
3,813 | 14,903,699 | 1,763 | The problem addressed by the present invention is to provide a novel separating medium for hydrophilic interaction chromatography useful in separating hydrophilic compounds. The hydrophilic interaction chromatography separating medium, which is formed from a support and a ligand carried by the support, is a separating medium wherein the ligand is a (meth)acrylic polymer having a constituent unit derived from the compound indicated by formula (I).
(In formula (I): there are one or two double bonds between atoms configuring a heterocycle; X1 is selected from the group consisting of S, SCH 3+ , O, NH, NCH 3 , CH 2 , CHR, and CR 1 R 2 ; and X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are each selected from the group consisting of N, NH, NCH 3 , CH 2 , CHR, NCH 3+ , CH, CR, and CR 1 R 2 ; R 1 and R 2 are each a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl having 1-18 carbon atoms, an aryl having 6-18 carbon atoms, an alkenyl having 2-18 carbon atoms, an alkynyl having 2-18 carbon atoms, an aralkyl having 7-18 carbon atoms, an acyl having 2-18 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl having 3-18 carbon atoms, a carboxyl, an amino, an aryloxy having 6-18 carbon atoms, an alkoxy having 1-18 carbon atoms, a halo, a hydroxy, a nitro, or a cyano. R is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl having 1-18 carbon atoms, an aryl having 6-18 carbon atoms, an alkenyl having 2-18 carbon atoms, an alkynyl having 2-18 carbon atoms, an aralkyl having 7-18 carbon atoms, an acyl having 2-18 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl having 3-18 carbon atoms, a carboxyl, an amino, an aryloxy having 6-18 carbon atoms, an alkoxy having 1-18 carbon atoms, a halo, a hydroxy, a nitro, or a cyano. At least two of X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are not CH 2 , CH, CR, or CR 1 R 2 , and R 3 is H or CH 3 .) | 1. A separating medium for hydrophilic interaction chromatography, being formed from a support and a ligand supported on the support, wherein the ligand is a (meth)acrylic polymer having a constituent unit derived from a compound represented by Formula (I) below:
in Formula (I), there are one or two double bonds between atoms making up a heterocyclic ring, X1 is selected from the group consisting of S, SCH3 +, O, NH, NCH3, CH2, CHR and CR1R2, each of X2, X3 and X4 is selected from the group consisting of N, NH, NCH3, CH2, CHR, NCH3 +, CH, CR and CR1R2 (in which each of R1 and R2 is an optionally substituted C1-18 alkyl, C6-18 aryl, C2-18 alkenyl, C2-18 alkynyl, C7-18 aralkyl, C2-18 acyl, C3-18 cycloalkyl, carboxyl, amino, C6-18 aryloxy or C1-18 alkoxy, halo, hydroxyl, nitro or cyano group, while R is a substituted or non-substituted C1-18 alkyl, C6-18 aryl, C2-18 alkenyl, C2-18 alkynyl, C7-18 aralkyl, C2-18 acyl, C3-18 cycloalkyl, carboxyl, amino, C6-18 aryloxy or C1-18 alkoxy, halo, hydroxyl, nitro or cyano group), at least two of X1, X2, X3 and X4 are not CH2, CH, CR or CR1R2, and R3 is H or CH3. 2. The separating medium according to claim 1, wherein the ligand is a (meth)acrylic polymer having a constituent unit derived from a compound selected from the group consisting of aminoimidazole, aminoimidazoline, aminothiazole, aminotriazole, aminotetrazole, aminothiadiazole and aminomethylimidazole. 3. The separating medium according to claim 1, wherein the ligand is a (meth)acrylic polymer having a constituent unit derived from aminotetrazole. 4. The separating medium according to claim 1, wherein the ligand is a methacrylic polymer having a constituent unit derived from aminotetrazole. 5. The separating medium according to claim 1, wherein the support is a silica gel or silica monolith. | The problem addressed by the present invention is to provide a novel separating medium for hydrophilic interaction chromatography useful in separating hydrophilic compounds. The hydrophilic interaction chromatography separating medium, which is formed from a support and a ligand carried by the support, is a separating medium wherein the ligand is a (meth)acrylic polymer having a constituent unit derived from the compound indicated by formula (I).
(In formula (I): there are one or two double bonds between atoms configuring a heterocycle; X1 is selected from the group consisting of S, SCH 3+ , O, NH, NCH 3 , CH 2 , CHR, and CR 1 R 2 ; and X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are each selected from the group consisting of N, NH, NCH 3 , CH 2 , CHR, NCH 3+ , CH, CR, and CR 1 R 2 ; R 1 and R 2 are each a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl having 1-18 carbon atoms, an aryl having 6-18 carbon atoms, an alkenyl having 2-18 carbon atoms, an alkynyl having 2-18 carbon atoms, an aralkyl having 7-18 carbon atoms, an acyl having 2-18 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl having 3-18 carbon atoms, a carboxyl, an amino, an aryloxy having 6-18 carbon atoms, an alkoxy having 1-18 carbon atoms, a halo, a hydroxy, a nitro, or a cyano. R is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl having 1-18 carbon atoms, an aryl having 6-18 carbon atoms, an alkenyl having 2-18 carbon atoms, an alkynyl having 2-18 carbon atoms, an aralkyl having 7-18 carbon atoms, an acyl having 2-18 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl having 3-18 carbon atoms, a carboxyl, an amino, an aryloxy having 6-18 carbon atoms, an alkoxy having 1-18 carbon atoms, a halo, a hydroxy, a nitro, or a cyano. At least two of X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are not CH 2 , CH, CR, or CR 1 R 2 , and R 3 is H or CH 3 .)1. A separating medium for hydrophilic interaction chromatography, being formed from a support and a ligand supported on the support, wherein the ligand is a (meth)acrylic polymer having a constituent unit derived from a compound represented by Formula (I) below:
in Formula (I), there are one or two double bonds between atoms making up a heterocyclic ring, X1 is selected from the group consisting of S, SCH3 +, O, NH, NCH3, CH2, CHR and CR1R2, each of X2, X3 and X4 is selected from the group consisting of N, NH, NCH3, CH2, CHR, NCH3 +, CH, CR and CR1R2 (in which each of R1 and R2 is an optionally substituted C1-18 alkyl, C6-18 aryl, C2-18 alkenyl, C2-18 alkynyl, C7-18 aralkyl, C2-18 acyl, C3-18 cycloalkyl, carboxyl, amino, C6-18 aryloxy or C1-18 alkoxy, halo, hydroxyl, nitro or cyano group, while R is a substituted or non-substituted C1-18 alkyl, C6-18 aryl, C2-18 alkenyl, C2-18 alkynyl, C7-18 aralkyl, C2-18 acyl, C3-18 cycloalkyl, carboxyl, amino, C6-18 aryloxy or C1-18 alkoxy, halo, hydroxyl, nitro or cyano group), at least two of X1, X2, X3 and X4 are not CH2, CH, CR or CR1R2, and R3 is H or CH3. 2. The separating medium according to claim 1, wherein the ligand is a (meth)acrylic polymer having a constituent unit derived from a compound selected from the group consisting of aminoimidazole, aminoimidazoline, aminothiazole, aminotriazole, aminotetrazole, aminothiadiazole and aminomethylimidazole. 3. The separating medium according to claim 1, wherein the ligand is a (meth)acrylic polymer having a constituent unit derived from aminotetrazole. 4. The separating medium according to claim 1, wherein the ligand is a methacrylic polymer having a constituent unit derived from aminotetrazole. 5. The separating medium according to claim 1, wherein the support is a silica gel or silica monolith. | 1,700 |
3,814 | 14,677,719 | 1,777 | The invention relates to poly-amide bonded hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) stationary phases and novel HILIC methods for use in the characterization of large biological molecules modified with polar groups, known to those skilled in the art as glycans. The invention particularly provides novel, poly-amide bonded materials designed for efficient separation of large biomolecules, e.g. materials having a large percentage of larger pores (i.e. wide pores). Furthermore, the invention advantageously provides novel HILIC methods that can be used in combination with the stationary phase materials described herein to effectively separate protein and peptide glycoforms by eliminating previously unsolved problems, such as on-column aggregation of protein samples, low sensitivity of chromatographic detection of the glycan moieties, and low resolution of peaks due to restricted pore diffusion and long intra/inter-particle diffusion distances. | 1. A method for assaying the occupancy isoforms of a sample having hydrophilic modification occupancy isoforms comprising contacting the sample with a chromatographic material to thereby assay the occupancy isoforms. 2. The method for assaying the occupancy isoforms according to claim 1, wherein the chromatographic material is a porous material which comprises at least one hydrophilic monomer and a poly-amide bonded phase. 3. The method for assaying the occupancy isoforms according to claim 1, wherein the hydrophilic modification occupancy isoform is a glycan occupancy isoform or a saccharide occupancy isoform. 4. The method for assaying the occupancy isoforms according to claim 1, wherein the sample is an intact glycoprotein. 5. The method for assaying the occupancy isoforms according to claim 3, wherein occupancy isoform is a glycan occupancy isoform and the sample is an intact glycoprotein, the further comprising one or more of the steps of
a. denaturing an intact glycoprotein at a temperature 80° C. or greater; and b. deglycosylating the denatured glycoprotein. 6. The method for assaying the glycan occupancy isoforms according to claim 5, wherein the denaturing step is performed in the presence of a surfactant. 7. The method for assaying the glycan occupancy isoforms according to claim 5, wherein the denaturing step is performed at a temperature of 85° C. or greater. 8. The method for assaying the glycan occupancy isoforms according to claim 1, wherein the contacting step is performed in the presence of a mobile phase additive. 9. The method for assaying the glycan occupancy isoforms according to claim 2, wherein the average pore diameter of the porous material is greater than or equal to about 200 Å. 10. The method for assaying the glycan occupancy isoforms according to claim 9, wherein the porous material has a median pore diameter of about 300 Å. 11. The method for assaying the glycan occupancy isoforms according to claim 2, wherein the nitrogen content of the porous material is from about 0.5% N to about 20% N. 12. The method for assaying the glycan occupancy isoforms according to claim 11, wherein the nitrogen content of the porous material is from about 4% N to about 10% N. 13. The method for assaying the glycan occupancy isoforms according to claim 2, wherein the porous material is a poly(divinylbenzene-co-N-vinylcaprolactam) copolymer. 14. The method for assaying the glycan occupancy isoforms according to claim 8, wherein the mobile phase additive is hexafluoroisopropanol. 15. A method for analyzing a glycosylated proteinaceuous sample, comprising
contacting the sample with a chromatographic material to thereby analyze the sample. 16. The method for analyzing a glycosylated proteinaceuous sample according to claim 15, wherein the chromatographic material is a porous material which comprises at least one hydrophilic monomer and a poly-amide bonded phase. 17. The method for analyzing a glycosylated proteinaceuous sample according to claim 15, further comprising the steps of
a. denaturing the glycosylated proteinaceuous sample at a temperature 80° C. or greater; and b. deglycosylating the denatured sample. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein said glycosylated proteinaceuous sample is derived from a glycoprotein or a glycosylated monoclonal antibody. 19. The method of claim 15 further comprises a step of preparing said sample in a sample diluent. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the denaturant is guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl). 21. The method of claim 15, wherein a mobile phase eluent for the chromatography is a high organic eluent. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the mobile phase eluent for chromatography is one or more selected from the group consisting of acetonitrile, isopropanol, n-propanol, methanol, ethanol, butanol, water and a mixture thereof. 23. The method of claim 15 further comprises a step of adding an ion pairing agent to the mobile phase eluent. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the ion pairing agent is selected from the group consisting of trifluoroacetic acid, heptafluorobutyric acid, pentafluoropropionic acid, nonafluoropentanoic acid, acetic acid, propanoic acid, and butanoic acid. 25. The method of claim 15, wherein a column pressure when contacting the sample with the stationary phase material in the chromatography column is no less than about 3,000 psi. 26. The method of claim 15 further comprising a step of identifying the glycosylated proteinaceuous sample. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the step of identifying the glycosylated proteinaceuous sample is achieved by ultraviolet detection, ESI-MS, evaporative light scattering, fluorescence, mass spectrometry, MALDI-MS, ESI-MS, MALDI MS/MS, ESI MS/MS, MSn, MSe, nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared analysis or a combination thereof. 28. A method of performing hydrophilic chromatography (HILIC) for assaying the hydrophilic modification occupancy of an intact protein comprising steps of:
a) preparing a sample containing the intact protein in a sample diluent, b) providing a column having an inlet and an outlet; and a stationary phase material in the said column, c) loading the sample on said stationary phase material at a column inlet pressure of no less than about 3,000 psi and flowing the sample with a mobile phase eluent through said column, d) separating the sample from the outlet into one or more fractions, e) identifying the fractions. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the hydrophilic modification occupancy isoform is a glycan occupancy isoform or a saccharide occupancy isoform. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the occupancy isoform is a glycan occupancy isoform further comprising the steps of
b1) denaturing the sample at a temperature 80° C. or greater; b2) deglycosylating the denatured sample; prior to the loading step. 31. The method of claim 29, an average diameter of said pores is greater than or equal to about 200 Å. 32. The method of claim 29, the average diameter of said pores is from about 1 to about 50 Å. 33. The method of claim 29, wherein the stationary phase material comprises stationary phase material comprises at least one hydrophilic monomer and a poly-amide bonded phase with a plurality of pores. 34. The method of claim 32, wherein the stationary phase material comprises an organic-inorganic hybrid core comprising an aliphatic bridged silane. 35. The method of claim 29, wherein the denaturant is guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl). 36. The method of claim 29, wherein the mobile phase eluent is a high organic eluent. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein the mobile phase eluent is one or more selected from the group consisting of acetonitrile, isopropanol, n-propanol, methanol, ethanol, butanol, water and a mixture thereof. 38. The method of claim 29, further comprises a step of adding an ion pairing agent to the mobile phase eluent. 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the ion pairing agent is selected from the group consisting of trifluoroacetic acid, heptafluorobutyric acid, pentafluoropropionic acid, nonafluoropentanoic acid, acetic acid, propanoic acid, and butanoic acid. 40. A method of performing hydrophilic chromatography (HILIC) for characterizing a glycopeptide comprising steps of:
a) preparing a sample containing the glycopeptide in a sample diluent, b) denaturing the sample at a temperature 80° C. or greater; c) deglycosylating the denatured sample; d) providing a column having an inlet and an outlet; and a stationary phase material in the said column wherein said stationary phase material comprises at least one hydrophilic monomer and a poly-amide bonded phase with a plurality of pores, e) loading the dematired sample on said stationary phase material at a column inlet pressure of no less than about 3,000 psi and flowing the sample with a mobile phase eluent through said column, f) separating the sample from the outlet into one or more fractions, g) identifying the fractions. 41. The method of claim 40, wherein said glycopeptide is derived from a glycoprotein or a glycosylated monoclonal antibody. 42. The method of claim 40, an average diameter of said pores is greater than or equal to about 200 Å. 43. The method of claim 40, the average diameter of said pores is from about 1 to about 50 Å. 44. The method of claim 40, wherein the stationary phase material comprises an organic-inorganic hybrid core comprising an aliphatic bridged silane. 45. The method of claim 40, wherein the denaturant is guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl). 46. The method of claim 40, wherein the mobile phase eluent is a high organic eluent. 47. The method of claim 40 further comprises a step of adding an ion pairing agent to the mobile phase eluent. 48. The method of claim 40 further comprises a step of identifying the glycopeptide. 49. The method of claim 48, wherein the step of identifying the glycopeptide is achieved by ultraviolet detection, ESI-MS, evaporative light scattering, fluorescence, mass spectrometry, MALDI-MS, ESI-MS, MALDI MS/MS, ESI MS/MS, MSn, MSe, nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared analysis or a combination thereof. | The invention relates to poly-amide bonded hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) stationary phases and novel HILIC methods for use in the characterization of large biological molecules modified with polar groups, known to those skilled in the art as glycans. The invention particularly provides novel, poly-amide bonded materials designed for efficient separation of large biomolecules, e.g. materials having a large percentage of larger pores (i.e. wide pores). Furthermore, the invention advantageously provides novel HILIC methods that can be used in combination with the stationary phase materials described herein to effectively separate protein and peptide glycoforms by eliminating previously unsolved problems, such as on-column aggregation of protein samples, low sensitivity of chromatographic detection of the glycan moieties, and low resolution of peaks due to restricted pore diffusion and long intra/inter-particle diffusion distances.1. A method for assaying the occupancy isoforms of a sample having hydrophilic modification occupancy isoforms comprising contacting the sample with a chromatographic material to thereby assay the occupancy isoforms. 2. The method for assaying the occupancy isoforms according to claim 1, wherein the chromatographic material is a porous material which comprises at least one hydrophilic monomer and a poly-amide bonded phase. 3. The method for assaying the occupancy isoforms according to claim 1, wherein the hydrophilic modification occupancy isoform is a glycan occupancy isoform or a saccharide occupancy isoform. 4. The method for assaying the occupancy isoforms according to claim 1, wherein the sample is an intact glycoprotein. 5. The method for assaying the occupancy isoforms according to claim 3, wherein occupancy isoform is a glycan occupancy isoform and the sample is an intact glycoprotein, the further comprising one or more of the steps of
a. denaturing an intact glycoprotein at a temperature 80° C. or greater; and b. deglycosylating the denatured glycoprotein. 6. The method for assaying the glycan occupancy isoforms according to claim 5, wherein the denaturing step is performed in the presence of a surfactant. 7. The method for assaying the glycan occupancy isoforms according to claim 5, wherein the denaturing step is performed at a temperature of 85° C. or greater. 8. The method for assaying the glycan occupancy isoforms according to claim 1, wherein the contacting step is performed in the presence of a mobile phase additive. 9. The method for assaying the glycan occupancy isoforms according to claim 2, wherein the average pore diameter of the porous material is greater than or equal to about 200 Å. 10. The method for assaying the glycan occupancy isoforms according to claim 9, wherein the porous material has a median pore diameter of about 300 Å. 11. The method for assaying the glycan occupancy isoforms according to claim 2, wherein the nitrogen content of the porous material is from about 0.5% N to about 20% N. 12. The method for assaying the glycan occupancy isoforms according to claim 11, wherein the nitrogen content of the porous material is from about 4% N to about 10% N. 13. The method for assaying the glycan occupancy isoforms according to claim 2, wherein the porous material is a poly(divinylbenzene-co-N-vinylcaprolactam) copolymer. 14. The method for assaying the glycan occupancy isoforms according to claim 8, wherein the mobile phase additive is hexafluoroisopropanol. 15. A method for analyzing a glycosylated proteinaceuous sample, comprising
contacting the sample with a chromatographic material to thereby analyze the sample. 16. The method for analyzing a glycosylated proteinaceuous sample according to claim 15, wherein the chromatographic material is a porous material which comprises at least one hydrophilic monomer and a poly-amide bonded phase. 17. The method for analyzing a glycosylated proteinaceuous sample according to claim 15, further comprising the steps of
a. denaturing the glycosylated proteinaceuous sample at a temperature 80° C. or greater; and b. deglycosylating the denatured sample. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein said glycosylated proteinaceuous sample is derived from a glycoprotein or a glycosylated monoclonal antibody. 19. The method of claim 15 further comprises a step of preparing said sample in a sample diluent. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the denaturant is guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl). 21. The method of claim 15, wherein a mobile phase eluent for the chromatography is a high organic eluent. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the mobile phase eluent for chromatography is one or more selected from the group consisting of acetonitrile, isopropanol, n-propanol, methanol, ethanol, butanol, water and a mixture thereof. 23. The method of claim 15 further comprises a step of adding an ion pairing agent to the mobile phase eluent. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the ion pairing agent is selected from the group consisting of trifluoroacetic acid, heptafluorobutyric acid, pentafluoropropionic acid, nonafluoropentanoic acid, acetic acid, propanoic acid, and butanoic acid. 25. The method of claim 15, wherein a column pressure when contacting the sample with the stationary phase material in the chromatography column is no less than about 3,000 psi. 26. The method of claim 15 further comprising a step of identifying the glycosylated proteinaceuous sample. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the step of identifying the glycosylated proteinaceuous sample is achieved by ultraviolet detection, ESI-MS, evaporative light scattering, fluorescence, mass spectrometry, MALDI-MS, ESI-MS, MALDI MS/MS, ESI MS/MS, MSn, MSe, nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared analysis or a combination thereof. 28. A method of performing hydrophilic chromatography (HILIC) for assaying the hydrophilic modification occupancy of an intact protein comprising steps of:
a) preparing a sample containing the intact protein in a sample diluent, b) providing a column having an inlet and an outlet; and a stationary phase material in the said column, c) loading the sample on said stationary phase material at a column inlet pressure of no less than about 3,000 psi and flowing the sample with a mobile phase eluent through said column, d) separating the sample from the outlet into one or more fractions, e) identifying the fractions. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the hydrophilic modification occupancy isoform is a glycan occupancy isoform or a saccharide occupancy isoform. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the occupancy isoform is a glycan occupancy isoform further comprising the steps of
b1) denaturing the sample at a temperature 80° C. or greater; b2) deglycosylating the denatured sample; prior to the loading step. 31. The method of claim 29, an average diameter of said pores is greater than or equal to about 200 Å. 32. The method of claim 29, the average diameter of said pores is from about 1 to about 50 Å. 33. The method of claim 29, wherein the stationary phase material comprises stationary phase material comprises at least one hydrophilic monomer and a poly-amide bonded phase with a plurality of pores. 34. The method of claim 32, wherein the stationary phase material comprises an organic-inorganic hybrid core comprising an aliphatic bridged silane. 35. The method of claim 29, wherein the denaturant is guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl). 36. The method of claim 29, wherein the mobile phase eluent is a high organic eluent. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein the mobile phase eluent is one or more selected from the group consisting of acetonitrile, isopropanol, n-propanol, methanol, ethanol, butanol, water and a mixture thereof. 38. The method of claim 29, further comprises a step of adding an ion pairing agent to the mobile phase eluent. 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the ion pairing agent is selected from the group consisting of trifluoroacetic acid, heptafluorobutyric acid, pentafluoropropionic acid, nonafluoropentanoic acid, acetic acid, propanoic acid, and butanoic acid. 40. A method of performing hydrophilic chromatography (HILIC) for characterizing a glycopeptide comprising steps of:
a) preparing a sample containing the glycopeptide in a sample diluent, b) denaturing the sample at a temperature 80° C. or greater; c) deglycosylating the denatured sample; d) providing a column having an inlet and an outlet; and a stationary phase material in the said column wherein said stationary phase material comprises at least one hydrophilic monomer and a poly-amide bonded phase with a plurality of pores, e) loading the dematired sample on said stationary phase material at a column inlet pressure of no less than about 3,000 psi and flowing the sample with a mobile phase eluent through said column, f) separating the sample from the outlet into one or more fractions, g) identifying the fractions. 41. The method of claim 40, wherein said glycopeptide is derived from a glycoprotein or a glycosylated monoclonal antibody. 42. The method of claim 40, an average diameter of said pores is greater than or equal to about 200 Å. 43. The method of claim 40, the average diameter of said pores is from about 1 to about 50 Å. 44. The method of claim 40, wherein the stationary phase material comprises an organic-inorganic hybrid core comprising an aliphatic bridged silane. 45. The method of claim 40, wherein the denaturant is guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl). 46. The method of claim 40, wherein the mobile phase eluent is a high organic eluent. 47. The method of claim 40 further comprises a step of adding an ion pairing agent to the mobile phase eluent. 48. The method of claim 40 further comprises a step of identifying the glycopeptide. 49. The method of claim 48, wherein the step of identifying the glycopeptide is achieved by ultraviolet detection, ESI-MS, evaporative light scattering, fluorescence, mass spectrometry, MALDI-MS, ESI-MS, MALDI MS/MS, ESI MS/MS, MSn, MSe, nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared analysis or a combination thereof. | 1,700 |
3,815 | 15,612,948 | 1,774 | A device for generating and dispersing chlorine dioxide which includes a housing, at least one removeable tray having a plurality of compartments contained within an interior of the housing, and a fan in communication with the interior of the housing and the exterior of the housing for directing a current of chlorine dioxide gas that is generated from chemicals that are positioned within the removeable tray(s). | 1. A device for generating chlorine dioxide comprising:
a housing having a top, a bottom, a front, and a back; at least one tray having a plurality of compartments contained therein wherein the tray is capable of being retained with an interior of the housing; and a fan in communication with the interior of the housing located at the front of the housing. 2. The device of claim 1 wherein the back of the housing includes at least one opening therethrough for enabling air to be drawn into the interior of the housing. 3. The device of claim 1 wherein at least a portion of the back of the housing is moveable to enable access into the interior of the housing. 4. The device of claim 3 wherein the moveable portion of the hack of the housing comprises a door. 5. The device of claim 1 wherein the plurality of compartments in said at least one tray are suspended above a bottom of the tray and each of the plurality of compartments have an open top and an open bottom. 6. The device of claim 5 wherein said at least one tray includes an open area that is separate from the plurality of compartments and larger than each individual compartment. 7. The device of claim 1 wherein said at least one tray has a handle. 8. The device of claim 1 wherein said at least one tray has a lid. 9. The device of claim 1 further comprising a handle on the top of said housing. 10. The device of claim 1 wherein the fan is positioned at an upward angle relative to the front of the housing. 11. The device of claim 1 wherein the fan lies adjacent to an opening in the front of the housing through which a current generated by the fan can be directed. 12. The device of claim 11 wherein the opening includes un indentation that can function as a pour spout for liquid that may be retained within an interior of the housing. 13. The device of claim 11 wherein the opening is circular in shape to enable a tubular shaped ducting to be attached thereto for directing the current exiting the fan. 14. A device for generating chlorine gas comprising:
a housing having a front, a hack, and an interior chamber wherein the back of the housing has an opening therethrough and at least a portion of the back of the housing is moveable to provide access to the interior chamber; at least one removeable tray having a plurality of compartments contained within the interior chamber of the housing, and a fan in communication with the interior chamber located at the front of the housing. 15. The device of claim 14 wherein the moveable portion of the back of the housing comprises a door. 16. The device of claim 14 wherein said at least one tray has a handle. 17. The device of claim 14 wherein said at least one tray has a lid. 18. The device of claim 14 wherein the plurality of compartments in said at least one tray are suspended above a bottom of the tray and each of the plurality of compartments have an open top and an open bottom. 19. The device of claim 14 wherein the fan is positioned at an upward angle relative to the front of the housing. 20. The device of claim 14 further comprising a handle on a top of said housing. 21. The device of claim 14 wherein the fan lies adjacent to an opening in the front of the housing through which a current generated by the fan can be directed. 22. The device of claim 21 wherein the opening includes an indentation that can function as a pour spout for liquid that may be retained within an interior of the housing. 23. The device of claim 21 wherein the opening is circular in shape to enable a tubular shaped ducting to be attached thereto for directing the current exiting the fan. | A device for generating and dispersing chlorine dioxide which includes a housing, at least one removeable tray having a plurality of compartments contained within an interior of the housing, and a fan in communication with the interior of the housing and the exterior of the housing for directing a current of chlorine dioxide gas that is generated from chemicals that are positioned within the removeable tray(s).1. A device for generating chlorine dioxide comprising:
a housing having a top, a bottom, a front, and a back; at least one tray having a plurality of compartments contained therein wherein the tray is capable of being retained with an interior of the housing; and a fan in communication with the interior of the housing located at the front of the housing. 2. The device of claim 1 wherein the back of the housing includes at least one opening therethrough for enabling air to be drawn into the interior of the housing. 3. The device of claim 1 wherein at least a portion of the back of the housing is moveable to enable access into the interior of the housing. 4. The device of claim 3 wherein the moveable portion of the hack of the housing comprises a door. 5. The device of claim 1 wherein the plurality of compartments in said at least one tray are suspended above a bottom of the tray and each of the plurality of compartments have an open top and an open bottom. 6. The device of claim 5 wherein said at least one tray includes an open area that is separate from the plurality of compartments and larger than each individual compartment. 7. The device of claim 1 wherein said at least one tray has a handle. 8. The device of claim 1 wherein said at least one tray has a lid. 9. The device of claim 1 further comprising a handle on the top of said housing. 10. The device of claim 1 wherein the fan is positioned at an upward angle relative to the front of the housing. 11. The device of claim 1 wherein the fan lies adjacent to an opening in the front of the housing through which a current generated by the fan can be directed. 12. The device of claim 11 wherein the opening includes un indentation that can function as a pour spout for liquid that may be retained within an interior of the housing. 13. The device of claim 11 wherein the opening is circular in shape to enable a tubular shaped ducting to be attached thereto for directing the current exiting the fan. 14. A device for generating chlorine gas comprising:
a housing having a front, a hack, and an interior chamber wherein the back of the housing has an opening therethrough and at least a portion of the back of the housing is moveable to provide access to the interior chamber; at least one removeable tray having a plurality of compartments contained within the interior chamber of the housing, and a fan in communication with the interior chamber located at the front of the housing. 15. The device of claim 14 wherein the moveable portion of the back of the housing comprises a door. 16. The device of claim 14 wherein said at least one tray has a handle. 17. The device of claim 14 wherein said at least one tray has a lid. 18. The device of claim 14 wherein the plurality of compartments in said at least one tray are suspended above a bottom of the tray and each of the plurality of compartments have an open top and an open bottom. 19. The device of claim 14 wherein the fan is positioned at an upward angle relative to the front of the housing. 20. The device of claim 14 further comprising a handle on a top of said housing. 21. The device of claim 14 wherein the fan lies adjacent to an opening in the front of the housing through which a current generated by the fan can be directed. 22. The device of claim 21 wherein the opening includes an indentation that can function as a pour spout for liquid that may be retained within an interior of the housing. 23. The device of claim 21 wherein the opening is circular in shape to enable a tubular shaped ducting to be attached thereto for directing the current exiting the fan. | 1,700 |
3,816 | 14,883,677 | 1,712 | A method for producing a composite oxide-coated metal powder that includes a first step of coating a metal powder with a metal oxide by a hydrolysis reaction of a water-soluble metal compound in an aqueous solvent, and a second step of turning the metal oxide into a composite oxide. In the first step, the water-soluble metal compound containing a tetravalent metal element dissolved in a solvent including at least water is added to a slurry including the metal powder dispersed in the solvent to deposit the metal oxide containing the tetravalent metal element and produce a metal oxide-coated metal powder slurry. In the second step, a solution or powder containing at least one divalent element is added to the metal oxide-coated metal powder slurry to react the metal oxide present on the surface of the metal powder with the divalent element, thereby providing the composite oxide-coated metal powder. | 1. A method for producing a composite oxide-coated metal powder, the method comprising:
adding a water-soluble metal compound containing a tetravalent metal element to a first slurry including a metal powder having a metal element dispersed in a solvent including at least water so as to deposit a metal oxide containing the tetravalent metal element at least partially on a surface of the metal powder thereby providing a second slurry containing a metal oxide-coated metal powder; and adding a solution or a powder containing at least one divalent element to the second slurry to react the metal oxide on the surface of the metal powder with the divalent element so as to produce the composite oxide-coated metal powder. 2. The method for producing a composite oxide-coated metal powder according to claim 1, wherein the metal powder has a ratio of the metal element in a hydroxide state within a range of 30% to 100%, the ratio being obtained by peak separation of the metal element in a metal state, the metal element in an oxide state, and the metal element in the hydroxide state in an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. 3. The method for producing a composite oxide-coated metal powder according to claim 1, wherein the water-soluble metal compound is a chelate complex. 4. The method for producing a composite oxide-coated metal powder according to claim 1, wherein the water-soluble metal compound is a metal compound with at least one of a hydroxycarboxylic acid, an aminoalcohol, and an aminocarboxylic acid coordinate. 5. The method for producing a composite oxide-coated metal powder according to claim 1, wherein a temperature for reacting the metal oxide on the surface of the metal powder with the divalent element is 60° C. or higher. 6. The method for producing a composite oxide-coated metal powder according to claim 1, wherein the tetravalent metal element is Zr and/or Ti. 7. The method for producing a composite oxide-coated metal powder according to claim 1, wherein the divalent element contained in the solution or the powder includes at least one of Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba. 8. The method for producing a composite oxide-coated metal powder according to claim 1, further comprising adding a second solution or a second powder containing at least one element of rare-earth elements, Mn, Si, and V to the metal powder to cause the at least one element of the rare-earth elements, the Mn, the Si, and the V to be contained in a composite oxide layer of the composite oxide-coated metal powder. 9. The method for producing a composite oxide-coated metal powder according to claim 1, wherein the step of adding the water-soluble metal compound containing the tetravalent metal element to the first slurry is carried out in a first step, and after the first step is completed, the step of adding the solution or the powder containing the at least one divalent element to the second slurry is carried out in a second step. 10. The method for producing a composite oxide-coated metal powder according to claim 9, wherein in at least one of the first step, the second step, and another step between the first step and the second step, the method further comprises adding a second solution or a second powder containing at least one element of rare-earth elements, Mn, Si, and V to the metal powder to cause the at least one element of the rare-earth elements, the Mn, the Si, and the V to be contained in a composite oxide layer of the composite oxide-coated metal powder. 11. The method for producing a composite oxide-coated metal powder according to claim 1, wherein a constituent ratio of a composite oxide of the composite oxide-coated metal powder is 0.5 mol % to 10 mol % when the metal powder is regarded as 100 mol %. 12. The method for producing a composite oxide-coated metal powder according to claim 1, wherein the metal powder is 0.01 μm to 1 μm in particle size. 13. The method for producing a composite oxide-coated metal powder according to claim 1, wherein the metal element in the metal powder includes at least one of Ni, Ag, Cu, and Pd. 14. The method for producing a composite oxide-coated metal powder according to claim 1, wherein the water-soluble metal compound containing the tetravalent metal element is in a second solution that is added to the first slurry. 15. The method for producing a composite oxide-coated metal powder according to claim 14, wherein the second solution contains 1 wt % to 40 wt % of the water-soluble metal compound. 16. The method for producing a composite oxide-coated metal powder according to claim 14, wherein the second solution is added in stages to the first slurry. 17. The method for producing a composite oxide-coated metal powder according to claim 16, wherein a concentration of the water-soluble metal compound in the second solution is different in each of the stages. 18. A composite oxide-coated metal powder produced by the production method according to claim 1. 19. A conductive paste comprising:
the composite oxide-coated metal powder according to claim 18; and an organic vehicle. 20. A multilayer ceramic electronic component comprising a plurality of ceramic layers and internal electrode layers provided between the respective layers from the plurality of ceramic layers, wherein the internal electrode layers are obtained by sintering the conductive paste according to claim 19. | A method for producing a composite oxide-coated metal powder that includes a first step of coating a metal powder with a metal oxide by a hydrolysis reaction of a water-soluble metal compound in an aqueous solvent, and a second step of turning the metal oxide into a composite oxide. In the first step, the water-soluble metal compound containing a tetravalent metal element dissolved in a solvent including at least water is added to a slurry including the metal powder dispersed in the solvent to deposit the metal oxide containing the tetravalent metal element and produce a metal oxide-coated metal powder slurry. In the second step, a solution or powder containing at least one divalent element is added to the metal oxide-coated metal powder slurry to react the metal oxide present on the surface of the metal powder with the divalent element, thereby providing the composite oxide-coated metal powder.1. A method for producing a composite oxide-coated metal powder, the method comprising:
adding a water-soluble metal compound containing a tetravalent metal element to a first slurry including a metal powder having a metal element dispersed in a solvent including at least water so as to deposit a metal oxide containing the tetravalent metal element at least partially on a surface of the metal powder thereby providing a second slurry containing a metal oxide-coated metal powder; and adding a solution or a powder containing at least one divalent element to the second slurry to react the metal oxide on the surface of the metal powder with the divalent element so as to produce the composite oxide-coated metal powder. 2. The method for producing a composite oxide-coated metal powder according to claim 1, wherein the metal powder has a ratio of the metal element in a hydroxide state within a range of 30% to 100%, the ratio being obtained by peak separation of the metal element in a metal state, the metal element in an oxide state, and the metal element in the hydroxide state in an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. 3. The method for producing a composite oxide-coated metal powder according to claim 1, wherein the water-soluble metal compound is a chelate complex. 4. The method for producing a composite oxide-coated metal powder according to claim 1, wherein the water-soluble metal compound is a metal compound with at least one of a hydroxycarboxylic acid, an aminoalcohol, and an aminocarboxylic acid coordinate. 5. The method for producing a composite oxide-coated metal powder according to claim 1, wherein a temperature for reacting the metal oxide on the surface of the metal powder with the divalent element is 60° C. or higher. 6. The method for producing a composite oxide-coated metal powder according to claim 1, wherein the tetravalent metal element is Zr and/or Ti. 7. The method for producing a composite oxide-coated metal powder according to claim 1, wherein the divalent element contained in the solution or the powder includes at least one of Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba. 8. The method for producing a composite oxide-coated metal powder according to claim 1, further comprising adding a second solution or a second powder containing at least one element of rare-earth elements, Mn, Si, and V to the metal powder to cause the at least one element of the rare-earth elements, the Mn, the Si, and the V to be contained in a composite oxide layer of the composite oxide-coated metal powder. 9. The method for producing a composite oxide-coated metal powder according to claim 1, wherein the step of adding the water-soluble metal compound containing the tetravalent metal element to the first slurry is carried out in a first step, and after the first step is completed, the step of adding the solution or the powder containing the at least one divalent element to the second slurry is carried out in a second step. 10. The method for producing a composite oxide-coated metal powder according to claim 9, wherein in at least one of the first step, the second step, and another step between the first step and the second step, the method further comprises adding a second solution or a second powder containing at least one element of rare-earth elements, Mn, Si, and V to the metal powder to cause the at least one element of the rare-earth elements, the Mn, the Si, and the V to be contained in a composite oxide layer of the composite oxide-coated metal powder. 11. The method for producing a composite oxide-coated metal powder according to claim 1, wherein a constituent ratio of a composite oxide of the composite oxide-coated metal powder is 0.5 mol % to 10 mol % when the metal powder is regarded as 100 mol %. 12. The method for producing a composite oxide-coated metal powder according to claim 1, wherein the metal powder is 0.01 μm to 1 μm in particle size. 13. The method for producing a composite oxide-coated metal powder according to claim 1, wherein the metal element in the metal powder includes at least one of Ni, Ag, Cu, and Pd. 14. The method for producing a composite oxide-coated metal powder according to claim 1, wherein the water-soluble metal compound containing the tetravalent metal element is in a second solution that is added to the first slurry. 15. The method for producing a composite oxide-coated metal powder according to claim 14, wherein the second solution contains 1 wt % to 40 wt % of the water-soluble metal compound. 16. The method for producing a composite oxide-coated metal powder according to claim 14, wherein the second solution is added in stages to the first slurry. 17. The method for producing a composite oxide-coated metal powder according to claim 16, wherein a concentration of the water-soluble metal compound in the second solution is different in each of the stages. 18. A composite oxide-coated metal powder produced by the production method according to claim 1. 19. A conductive paste comprising:
the composite oxide-coated metal powder according to claim 18; and an organic vehicle. 20. A multilayer ceramic electronic component comprising a plurality of ceramic layers and internal electrode layers provided between the respective layers from the plurality of ceramic layers, wherein the internal electrode layers are obtained by sintering the conductive paste according to claim 19. | 1,700 |
3,817 | 15,977,829 | 1,797 | An improved electronic diagnostic device for detecting the presence of an analyte in a fluid sample comprises a casing having a display, a test strip mounted in the casing, a processor mounted in the casing, and a first sensor mounted in the casing and operatively coupled to the processor. The processor is configured to receive a signal from the first sensor when the device is exposed to ambient light thereby causing the device to become activated. The device includes a light shield that exerts pressure across a width of the test strip to prevent fluid channeling along the length of the test strip. The processor is configured to present an early positive test result reading when a measured value exceeds a predetermined early reading threshold value at any time after a predetermined early testing time period. | 1. A method of making a diagnostic device, said diagnostic device comprising a casing, a processor mounted in said casing, and a first sensor operatively coupled to said processor, wherein said first sensor is configured to provide a signal to said processor when said first sensor detects ambient light, and said diagnostic device is capable of detecting the presence of an analyte in a fluid sample once activated, said method comprising covering said first sensor of said diagnostic device so as to prevent said first sensor from sensing ambient light thereby preventing said diagnostic device from activating. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the device receives power from a power source when said first sensor senses ambient light. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the power source is internal to the device. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of covering said diagnostic device further comprises sealing said diagnostic device in a light impervious material. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein said light impervious material is a wrapper. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said diagnostic device comprises a light port for directing ambient light to said first sensor, wherein the step of covering comprises covering said light port. 7. An apparatus for detecting the presence of an analyte in a fluid sample, said apparatus comprising:
a casing having a display; a processor mounted in said casing;
a first sensor operatively coupled to said processor, wherein said first sensor is configured to provide a signal to said processor when said first sensor detects ambient light; and
a removable cover installed on the diagnostic device so as to prevent said first sensor from sensing ambient light thereby preventing said diagnostic device from activating. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, further comprising a light shield placed in contact with said test strip, wherein said light shield minimizes the effect of fluid channeling along the length of said test strip by providing pressure across the width of said test strip. 9. The apparatus of claim 7, further comprising a power source internal to the device. 10. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said removable cover is a light impervious material. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein said light impervious material is a wrapper. 12. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said processor is configured to activate said diagnostic device based on said signal provided by said first sensor when said first sensor detects ambient light. 13. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said processor is configured to perform a diagnostic self-test upon activation to ensure said device is operating within one or more pre-established parameters. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein said diagnostic device is configured to signal that said device is operating within the one or more pre-established parameters. 15. The apparatus of claim 7, further comprising a light source mounted in said casing and operatively coupled to said processor, wherein said light source is configured to illuminate a portion of said test strip. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein said light source is configured to normalize the effect of ambient light within said casing. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein said light source is a light emitting diode. 18. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising a second sensor mounted in said casing and operatively coupled to said processor, wherein said second sensor is positioned proximate said test strip so as to sense an area corresponding to a test result site. 19. The apparatus of claim 18, further comprising a third sensor mounted in said casing and operatively coupled to said processor, wherein said third sensor is positioned proximate said test strip so as to sense an area adjacent to said test result site. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein said processor is further configured to perform a comparison of a reading from said second sensor and a reading from said third sensor. 21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein said comparison comprises said processor calculating a difference value by subtracting the said second sensor reading from said third sensor reading. 22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein said processor is further configured to display a positive test result message on said display based on results of said comparison. 23. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein said processor is further configured to display said positive test result when said difference value is greater than an early positive result threshold value at any time after a predetermined time period. 24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein said early positive result threshold value is greater than a normal predetermined threshold value and said predetermined time period is less than a standard time period. | An improved electronic diagnostic device for detecting the presence of an analyte in a fluid sample comprises a casing having a display, a test strip mounted in the casing, a processor mounted in the casing, and a first sensor mounted in the casing and operatively coupled to the processor. The processor is configured to receive a signal from the first sensor when the device is exposed to ambient light thereby causing the device to become activated. The device includes a light shield that exerts pressure across a width of the test strip to prevent fluid channeling along the length of the test strip. The processor is configured to present an early positive test result reading when a measured value exceeds a predetermined early reading threshold value at any time after a predetermined early testing time period.1. A method of making a diagnostic device, said diagnostic device comprising a casing, a processor mounted in said casing, and a first sensor operatively coupled to said processor, wherein said first sensor is configured to provide a signal to said processor when said first sensor detects ambient light, and said diagnostic device is capable of detecting the presence of an analyte in a fluid sample once activated, said method comprising covering said first sensor of said diagnostic device so as to prevent said first sensor from sensing ambient light thereby preventing said diagnostic device from activating. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the device receives power from a power source when said first sensor senses ambient light. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the power source is internal to the device. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of covering said diagnostic device further comprises sealing said diagnostic device in a light impervious material. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein said light impervious material is a wrapper. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said diagnostic device comprises a light port for directing ambient light to said first sensor, wherein the step of covering comprises covering said light port. 7. An apparatus for detecting the presence of an analyte in a fluid sample, said apparatus comprising:
a casing having a display; a processor mounted in said casing;
a first sensor operatively coupled to said processor, wherein said first sensor is configured to provide a signal to said processor when said first sensor detects ambient light; and
a removable cover installed on the diagnostic device so as to prevent said first sensor from sensing ambient light thereby preventing said diagnostic device from activating. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, further comprising a light shield placed in contact with said test strip, wherein said light shield minimizes the effect of fluid channeling along the length of said test strip by providing pressure across the width of said test strip. 9. The apparatus of claim 7, further comprising a power source internal to the device. 10. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said removable cover is a light impervious material. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein said light impervious material is a wrapper. 12. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said processor is configured to activate said diagnostic device based on said signal provided by said first sensor when said first sensor detects ambient light. 13. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said processor is configured to perform a diagnostic self-test upon activation to ensure said device is operating within one or more pre-established parameters. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein said diagnostic device is configured to signal that said device is operating within the one or more pre-established parameters. 15. The apparatus of claim 7, further comprising a light source mounted in said casing and operatively coupled to said processor, wherein said light source is configured to illuminate a portion of said test strip. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein said light source is configured to normalize the effect of ambient light within said casing. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein said light source is a light emitting diode. 18. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising a second sensor mounted in said casing and operatively coupled to said processor, wherein said second sensor is positioned proximate said test strip so as to sense an area corresponding to a test result site. 19. The apparatus of claim 18, further comprising a third sensor mounted in said casing and operatively coupled to said processor, wherein said third sensor is positioned proximate said test strip so as to sense an area adjacent to said test result site. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein said processor is further configured to perform a comparison of a reading from said second sensor and a reading from said third sensor. 21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein said comparison comprises said processor calculating a difference value by subtracting the said second sensor reading from said third sensor reading. 22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein said processor is further configured to display a positive test result message on said display based on results of said comparison. 23. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein said processor is further configured to display said positive test result when said difference value is greater than an early positive result threshold value at any time after a predetermined time period. 24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein said early positive result threshold value is greater than a normal predetermined threshold value and said predetermined time period is less than a standard time period. | 1,700 |
3,818 | 13,835,278 | 1,796 | Certain example embodiments involve the production of a broadband and at least quasi-omnidirectional antireflective (AR) coating. The concept underlying certain example embodiments is based on well-established and applied mathematical tools, and involves the creation of nanostructures that facilitate these and/or other features. Finite element (FDTD) simulations are performed to validate the concept and develop design guidelines for the nanostructures, e.g., with a view towards improving visible transmission. Certain example embodiments provide such structures on or in glass, and other materials (e.g., semiconductor materials that are used to convert light or EM waves to electricity) alternatively or additionally may have such structures formed directly or indirectly thereon. | 1. A method of making a coated article comprising an antireflective (AR) coating supported by a glass substrate, the method comprising:
dispensing a solution onto at least one major surface of the glass substrate; drying the solution at a first temperature; forming Benard cells and/or allowing Benard cells to form during the dispensing and/or drying, the Benard cells causing nanostructures to self-assemble on the at least one major surface of the glass substrate in accordance with a desired template, the desired template exhibiting waveguide modes that approximate: (a) a transverse magnetic (TMz) mode in which
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where a0=f/∈2−(1−f)/∈1, ∈0=∈2f−∈1(1−f), and a=2R/λ0; and
curing at least a part of the solution at a second temperature that is higher than the first temperature in forming the AR coating. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the solution asymmetrically phase separates into first and second phases. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the first phase is removed prior to the curing, the curing being performed with respect to the second phase. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the curing is performed once a substantial portion of the nanostructures have self-assembled. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the curing is performed once the first and second phases have substantially separated from one another. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the first temperature is less than 200 degrees C. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the second temperature is less than 500 degrees C. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the second temperature is less than 500 degrees C. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the solution includes titanium isopropoxide, nitric acid, deionized water, and isopropanol. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the solution includes a metal and/or Si inclusive alkoxide. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the solution includes alkoxides mixed with a high index of refraction material. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the high index of refraction material comprises Ti, Si, and/or Ce. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the nanostructures are primarily formed from the high index of refraction material. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the AR coating provides an average transmission gain of 2-3% achieved over a wavelength range of 400-1200 nm. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the AR coating provides an average transmission gain of 3-4% achieved over a wavelength range of 400-1200 nm. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the average transmission gain is present for substantially all incidence angles. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the dispensing of the solution is practiced in cooperation with a slot die coater. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the solution asymmetrically separates into first and second phases, the first phase being removed prior to the curing, the curing being performed with respect to the second phase once the first and second phase substantially separate from one another. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein surface tensions, relative viscosities, and relative densities of materials used to form the first and second phases are balanced to promote self-assembly of the nanostructures. 20. The method of claim 17, further comprising applying a voltage to a slot of the slot die coater to balance viscosity, gravity, thermocapillary action, and/or inertial forces, in dispensing the solution on the glass substrate. 21. A coated article, comprising:
a glass substrate; and an antireflective (AR) coating formed on at least one major surface of the substrate, wherein the AR coating is patterned so as to exhibit waveguide modes that approximate: (a) a transverse magnetic (TMz) mode in which
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and
(b) a transverse electric (TEz) mode in which
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where
a 0 =f/∈ 2−(1−f)/∈1, ∈0=∈2 f−∈ 1(1−f), and a=2R/λ 0,
wherein the AR coating provides an average transmission gain of at least 2% achieved over a wavelength range of 400-1200 nm at substantially all angles of incidence. 22. The coated article of claim 21, wherein the nanostructures are generally conical in shape. 23. The coated article of claim 21, wherein the nanostructures comprise a material that, if coated separately, would have an index of refraction of at least 1.8. 24. The coated article of claim 21, wherein the nanostructures comprise Ti, Si, and/or Ce. 25. The coated article of claim 21, wherein the nanostructures comprise anatase TiO2. 26. The coated article of claim 21, wherein the AR coating provides an average transmission gain of at least 3% achieved over a wavelength range of 400-1200 nm at substantially all angles of incidence. 27. The coated article of claim 21, wherein the AR coating is provided on first and second major surfaces of the substrate. 28. A method of making a photovoltaic device, the method comprising:
providing a coated article made according to the method of claim 1; and on a surface opposite the AR coating, forming at least the following layers, in order, moving away from the substrate:
a first transparent conductive coating;
a first semiconductor layer;
one or more absorbing layers;
a second semiconductor layer; and
a second transparent conductive coating. 29. An electronic device comprising the coated article of claim 21. 30. A window comprising the coated article of claim 21. | Certain example embodiments involve the production of a broadband and at least quasi-omnidirectional antireflective (AR) coating. The concept underlying certain example embodiments is based on well-established and applied mathematical tools, and involves the creation of nanostructures that facilitate these and/or other features. Finite element (FDTD) simulations are performed to validate the concept and develop design guidelines for the nanostructures, e.g., with a view towards improving visible transmission. Certain example embodiments provide such structures on or in glass, and other materials (e.g., semiconductor materials that are used to convert light or EM waves to electricity) alternatively or additionally may have such structures formed directly or indirectly thereon.1. A method of making a coated article comprising an antireflective (AR) coating supported by a glass substrate, the method comprising:
dispensing a solution onto at least one major surface of the glass substrate; drying the solution at a first temperature; forming Benard cells and/or allowing Benard cells to form during the dispensing and/or drying, the Benard cells causing nanostructures to self-assemble on the at least one major surface of the glass substrate in accordance with a desired template, the desired template exhibiting waveguide modes that approximate: (a) a transverse magnetic (TMz) mode in which
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and/or
(b) a transverse electric (TEz) mode in which
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where a0=f/∈2−(1−f)/∈1, ∈0=∈2f−∈1(1−f), and a=2R/λ0; and
curing at least a part of the solution at a second temperature that is higher than the first temperature in forming the AR coating. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the solution asymmetrically phase separates into first and second phases. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the first phase is removed prior to the curing, the curing being performed with respect to the second phase. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the curing is performed once a substantial portion of the nanostructures have self-assembled. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the curing is performed once the first and second phases have substantially separated from one another. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the first temperature is less than 200 degrees C. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the second temperature is less than 500 degrees C. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the second temperature is less than 500 degrees C. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the solution includes titanium isopropoxide, nitric acid, deionized water, and isopropanol. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the solution includes a metal and/or Si inclusive alkoxide. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the solution includes alkoxides mixed with a high index of refraction material. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the high index of refraction material comprises Ti, Si, and/or Ce. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the nanostructures are primarily formed from the high index of refraction material. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the AR coating provides an average transmission gain of 2-3% achieved over a wavelength range of 400-1200 nm. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the AR coating provides an average transmission gain of 3-4% achieved over a wavelength range of 400-1200 nm. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the average transmission gain is present for substantially all incidence angles. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the dispensing of the solution is practiced in cooperation with a slot die coater. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the solution asymmetrically separates into first and second phases, the first phase being removed prior to the curing, the curing being performed with respect to the second phase once the first and second phase substantially separate from one another. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein surface tensions, relative viscosities, and relative densities of materials used to form the first and second phases are balanced to promote self-assembly of the nanostructures. 20. The method of claim 17, further comprising applying a voltage to a slot of the slot die coater to balance viscosity, gravity, thermocapillary action, and/or inertial forces, in dispensing the solution on the glass substrate. 21. A coated article, comprising:
a glass substrate; and an antireflective (AR) coating formed on at least one major surface of the substrate, wherein the AR coating is patterned so as to exhibit waveguide modes that approximate: (a) a transverse magnetic (TMz) mode in which
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eff
=
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+
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2
3
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and
(b) a transverse electric (TEz) mode in which
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where
a 0 =f/∈ 2−(1−f)/∈1, ∈0=∈2 f−∈ 1(1−f), and a=2R/λ 0,
wherein the AR coating provides an average transmission gain of at least 2% achieved over a wavelength range of 400-1200 nm at substantially all angles of incidence. 22. The coated article of claim 21, wherein the nanostructures are generally conical in shape. 23. The coated article of claim 21, wherein the nanostructures comprise a material that, if coated separately, would have an index of refraction of at least 1.8. 24. The coated article of claim 21, wherein the nanostructures comprise Ti, Si, and/or Ce. 25. The coated article of claim 21, wherein the nanostructures comprise anatase TiO2. 26. The coated article of claim 21, wherein the AR coating provides an average transmission gain of at least 3% achieved over a wavelength range of 400-1200 nm at substantially all angles of incidence. 27. The coated article of claim 21, wherein the AR coating is provided on first and second major surfaces of the substrate. 28. A method of making a photovoltaic device, the method comprising:
providing a coated article made according to the method of claim 1; and on a surface opposite the AR coating, forming at least the following layers, in order, moving away from the substrate:
a first transparent conductive coating;
a first semiconductor layer;
one or more absorbing layers;
a second semiconductor layer; and
a second transparent conductive coating. 29. An electronic device comprising the coated article of claim 21. 30. A window comprising the coated article of claim 21. | 1,700 |
3,819 | 14,844,351 | 1,791 | A process of making a caramel color comprising a) mixing a carbohydrate with an ammonia compound and a sulfite compound and at pH from just greater than about 4.0 to about 6.0; and b) heating of the mixture from step a) in a sealed vessel to a temperature of from about 120° C. to about 137° C. and maintaining a temperature in said range for at least about 2 hours, said time and temperature being sufficient to yield a product having a color level of at least about double strength and a level of 4-MeI of less than about 20 ppm, is provided. Also provided is a process of ramped heating which results in a similar caramel color product. | 1. A process of making a caramel color comprising:
a) mixing a carbohydrate with an ammonia compound and a sulfite compound and at pH from just greater than about 5.0 to about 6.0; and b) heating the mixture from step a) in a sealed vessel to a temperature of from about 120° C. to about 137° C. and maintaining a temperature in said range for at least about 1.5 hours, wherein said time and temperature are sufficient to yield a product having a color level of at least about double strength and a level of 4-MeI of less than about 20 ppm. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the temperature is from about 125° C. to about 135° C. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the temperature is from about 128° C. to about 133° C. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the time of heating and maintaining is at least about 2 hours. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the time of heating and maintaining is from about 2.5 hours to about 7 hours. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the time of heating and maintaining is from about 3 hours to about 5 hours. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the pH is from about 5.1 to about 5.7. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the pH is from about 5.1 to about 5.5. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the caramel color at 0.1% w/v measured at 610 to is at least about 0.2 Uabs. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the caramel color at 0.1% w/v measured at 610 nm and in another embodiment is at least about 0.21 Uabs. 11, The process of claim 1, wherein the caramel color at 0.1% w/v measured at 610 nm is at least about 0.23 Uabs. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein the 4-MeI content is less than about 15 ppm. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein the 4-MeI content is less than 10 ppm. 14. A process of making a caramel color comprising:
a) mixing a carbohydrate with an ammonia compound and a sulfite compound and at pH from just greater than about 4.0 to about 6.0; b) heating the mixture from step a) in a sealed vessel to a first temperature of from about 80° C. and about 110° C. and holding at about that first temperature for a first hold time of at least about 30 minutes; c) heating the product from step b) in a sealed vessel to a second temperature higher than the first temperature and less than about 130° C. and maintaining a temperature below about 130° C. for a second hold time of at least about 15 minutes; d) heating the product from step c) in a sealed vessel to a third temperature higher than the second temperature and less than about 145° C. and for a third hold time of at least about 30 minutes. 15. The process of claim 14, wherein said first hold time is at least about twice as long as said third hold time and said third hold time is at least about twice as long as said second hold time. 16. The process of claim 14, wherein said pH is from about 4.5 to about 6.0. 17. The process of claim 14, wherein said pH is from about 5.1 to about 6.0. 18. The process of claim 14, wherein said pH is from about 5.1 to about 5.5. 19. A process of making a caramel color comprising:
a) mixing a carbohydrate with an ammonia compound and a sulfite compound and at pH from just greater than about 4.0 to about 6.0; b) heating the mixture from step a) in a sealed vessel to a first temperature of from about 45° C. to about 75° C. and maintaining a temperature below about 75° C. for at least about 15 minutes; c) heating the product from step b) in a sealed vessel to a second temperature higher than the first temperature and less than about 85° C. and maintaining a temperature below about 85° C. for at least about 15 minutes; d) heating the product from step c) in a sealed vessel to a third temperature higher than the second temperature and less than about 100° C. and for at least about 30 minutes; e) heating the product from step d) in a sealed vessel to a fourth temperature higher than the third temperature and less than about 130° C. and maintaining a temperature below about 130° C. for at least about 15 minutes; and f) heating the product from step e) in a sealed vessel to a fifth temperature higher than the fourth temperature and maintaining the mixture of step d) at a temperature from about 130° C. to about 145° C. over a time from about 15 minutes to about 2 hours, wherein said times and temperatures are sufficient to produce a product having a color level of at least about double strength and a level of 4-MeI of less than about 20 ppm. 20. The process of claim 19, wherein said pH is from about 5.0 to about 6.0. | A process of making a caramel color comprising a) mixing a carbohydrate with an ammonia compound and a sulfite compound and at pH from just greater than about 4.0 to about 6.0; and b) heating of the mixture from step a) in a sealed vessel to a temperature of from about 120° C. to about 137° C. and maintaining a temperature in said range for at least about 2 hours, said time and temperature being sufficient to yield a product having a color level of at least about double strength and a level of 4-MeI of less than about 20 ppm, is provided. Also provided is a process of ramped heating which results in a similar caramel color product.1. A process of making a caramel color comprising:
a) mixing a carbohydrate with an ammonia compound and a sulfite compound and at pH from just greater than about 5.0 to about 6.0; and b) heating the mixture from step a) in a sealed vessel to a temperature of from about 120° C. to about 137° C. and maintaining a temperature in said range for at least about 1.5 hours, wherein said time and temperature are sufficient to yield a product having a color level of at least about double strength and a level of 4-MeI of less than about 20 ppm. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the temperature is from about 125° C. to about 135° C. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the temperature is from about 128° C. to about 133° C. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the time of heating and maintaining is at least about 2 hours. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the time of heating and maintaining is from about 2.5 hours to about 7 hours. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the time of heating and maintaining is from about 3 hours to about 5 hours. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the pH is from about 5.1 to about 5.7. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the pH is from about 5.1 to about 5.5. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the caramel color at 0.1% w/v measured at 610 to is at least about 0.2 Uabs. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the caramel color at 0.1% w/v measured at 610 nm and in another embodiment is at least about 0.21 Uabs. 11, The process of claim 1, wherein the caramel color at 0.1% w/v measured at 610 nm is at least about 0.23 Uabs. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein the 4-MeI content is less than about 15 ppm. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein the 4-MeI content is less than 10 ppm. 14. A process of making a caramel color comprising:
a) mixing a carbohydrate with an ammonia compound and a sulfite compound and at pH from just greater than about 4.0 to about 6.0; b) heating the mixture from step a) in a sealed vessel to a first temperature of from about 80° C. and about 110° C. and holding at about that first temperature for a first hold time of at least about 30 minutes; c) heating the product from step b) in a sealed vessel to a second temperature higher than the first temperature and less than about 130° C. and maintaining a temperature below about 130° C. for a second hold time of at least about 15 minutes; d) heating the product from step c) in a sealed vessel to a third temperature higher than the second temperature and less than about 145° C. and for a third hold time of at least about 30 minutes. 15. The process of claim 14, wherein said first hold time is at least about twice as long as said third hold time and said third hold time is at least about twice as long as said second hold time. 16. The process of claim 14, wherein said pH is from about 4.5 to about 6.0. 17. The process of claim 14, wherein said pH is from about 5.1 to about 6.0. 18. The process of claim 14, wherein said pH is from about 5.1 to about 5.5. 19. A process of making a caramel color comprising:
a) mixing a carbohydrate with an ammonia compound and a sulfite compound and at pH from just greater than about 4.0 to about 6.0; b) heating the mixture from step a) in a sealed vessel to a first temperature of from about 45° C. to about 75° C. and maintaining a temperature below about 75° C. for at least about 15 minutes; c) heating the product from step b) in a sealed vessel to a second temperature higher than the first temperature and less than about 85° C. and maintaining a temperature below about 85° C. for at least about 15 minutes; d) heating the product from step c) in a sealed vessel to a third temperature higher than the second temperature and less than about 100° C. and for at least about 30 minutes; e) heating the product from step d) in a sealed vessel to a fourth temperature higher than the third temperature and less than about 130° C. and maintaining a temperature below about 130° C. for at least about 15 minutes; and f) heating the product from step e) in a sealed vessel to a fifth temperature higher than the fourth temperature and maintaining the mixture of step d) at a temperature from about 130° C. to about 145° C. over a time from about 15 minutes to about 2 hours, wherein said times and temperatures are sufficient to produce a product having a color level of at least about double strength and a level of 4-MeI of less than about 20 ppm. 20. The process of claim 19, wherein said pH is from about 5.0 to about 6.0. | 1,700 |
3,820 | 15,701,716 | 1,777 | A silica membrane filter 10 includes an ultrafiltration membrane 15 , which is disposed on a support body 14 and which contains an element 14 as a primary component, and a silica membrane 18 which is disposed on the ultrafiltration membrane 15 and which has an aryl group. The ultrafiltration membrane 15 has a structure infiltrated by Si of the silica membrane 18 , the atomic ratio A (=Si/M) of Si to the element M in a membrane-side region 16 , which is a region corresponding to 25% of the ultrafiltration membrane 15 from the silica membrane 18 , satisfies 0.01≦A≦0.5, and the ratio A/B of the atomic ratio A to the atomic ratio B (=Si/M) in a base-material-side region 17 , which is a region corresponding to 25% from the support body 14 , is within the range of 1.1 or more. | 1. A silica membrane filter comprising:
an ultrafiltration membrane which is disposed on a support body and which contains an element M as a primary component; and a silica membrane which is disposed on the ultrafiltration membrane and which has an aryl group, wherein the ultrafiltration membrane has a structure infiltrated by Si of the silica membrane, the atomic ratio A (=Si/M) of Si to the element M in a membrane-side region, which is a region corresponding to 25% of the ultrafiltration membrane from the silica membrane, satisfies 0.01≦A≦0.5, and the ratio A/B of the atomic ratio A to the atomic ratio B (=Si/M) in a base-material-side region, which is a region corresponding to 25% of the ultrafiltration membrane from the support body, is within the range of 1.1 or more. 2. The silica membrane filter according to claim 1, wherein the silica membrane has at least one of a p-tolyl group and a phenyl group. 3. The silica membrane filter according to claim 1, wherein the atomic ratio A of the ultrafiltration membrane satisfies 0.1≦A≦0.5. 4. The silica membrane filter according to claim 1, wherein the ratio A/B of the ultrafiltration membrane satisfies 1.2≦A/B. 5. The silica membrane filter according to claim 1, wherein the atomic ratio B of the ultrafiltration membrane satisfies 0.01≦B≦0.4. 6. The silica membrane filter according to claim 1, wherein the average pore diameter of the ultra filtration membrane is within the range of 2 nm or more and 20 nm or less. 7. The silica membrane filter according to claim 1, wherein the membrane thickness of the ultrafiltration membrane is within the range of 0.3 μm or more and 5 μm or less. 8. The silica membrane filter according to claim 1, wherein the element M that is a primary component of the ultrafiltration membrane is Ti. 9. The silica membrane filter according to claim 1, wherein the membrane thickness of the silica membrane is within the range of 30 nm or more and 200 nm or less. | A silica membrane filter 10 includes an ultrafiltration membrane 15 , which is disposed on a support body 14 and which contains an element 14 as a primary component, and a silica membrane 18 which is disposed on the ultrafiltration membrane 15 and which has an aryl group. The ultrafiltration membrane 15 has a structure infiltrated by Si of the silica membrane 18 , the atomic ratio A (=Si/M) of Si to the element M in a membrane-side region 16 , which is a region corresponding to 25% of the ultrafiltration membrane 15 from the silica membrane 18 , satisfies 0.01≦A≦0.5, and the ratio A/B of the atomic ratio A to the atomic ratio B (=Si/M) in a base-material-side region 17 , which is a region corresponding to 25% from the support body 14 , is within the range of 1.1 or more.1. A silica membrane filter comprising:
an ultrafiltration membrane which is disposed on a support body and which contains an element M as a primary component; and a silica membrane which is disposed on the ultrafiltration membrane and which has an aryl group, wherein the ultrafiltration membrane has a structure infiltrated by Si of the silica membrane, the atomic ratio A (=Si/M) of Si to the element M in a membrane-side region, which is a region corresponding to 25% of the ultrafiltration membrane from the silica membrane, satisfies 0.01≦A≦0.5, and the ratio A/B of the atomic ratio A to the atomic ratio B (=Si/M) in a base-material-side region, which is a region corresponding to 25% of the ultrafiltration membrane from the support body, is within the range of 1.1 or more. 2. The silica membrane filter according to claim 1, wherein the silica membrane has at least one of a p-tolyl group and a phenyl group. 3. The silica membrane filter according to claim 1, wherein the atomic ratio A of the ultrafiltration membrane satisfies 0.1≦A≦0.5. 4. The silica membrane filter according to claim 1, wherein the ratio A/B of the ultrafiltration membrane satisfies 1.2≦A/B. 5. The silica membrane filter according to claim 1, wherein the atomic ratio B of the ultrafiltration membrane satisfies 0.01≦B≦0.4. 6. The silica membrane filter according to claim 1, wherein the average pore diameter of the ultra filtration membrane is within the range of 2 nm or more and 20 nm or less. 7. The silica membrane filter according to claim 1, wherein the membrane thickness of the ultrafiltration membrane is within the range of 0.3 μm or more and 5 μm or less. 8. The silica membrane filter according to claim 1, wherein the element M that is a primary component of the ultrafiltration membrane is Ti. 9. The silica membrane filter according to claim 1, wherein the membrane thickness of the silica membrane is within the range of 30 nm or more and 200 nm or less. | 1,700 |
3,821 | 13,261,770 | 1,773 | A filtering apparatus with a plurality of filtering elements ( 11 ) which can be accommodated in a filter housing ( 1 ) having a filter inlet ( 7 ) for fluid to be filtered and a filter outlet ( 9 ) for the filtered fluid, wherein during the filtration operation, at least one of the filtering elements ( 11 ) can be back-flushed by means of a back-flushing device ( 45, 49 ) in order to dedust the effective filtering surface of said filtering element, the back-flushing device comprising a pressure control device ( 19 ) for assisting the back-flushing operation, is characterized in that the pressure control device comprises a hydraulic accumulator ( 19 ), the one fluid chamber ( 47 ) of which can be filled during the filtration operation with a quantity of dedusted fluid and can be connected for a back-flushing operation via a back-flushing guide ( 45 ) to the clean side ( 29 ) of the filtering element ( 11 ) to be dedusted, and in that, for a back-flushing operation, a further fluid chamber ( 48 ) of the hydraulic accumulator ( 19 ) can be subjected to a gas pressure in order, by means of a resultant movement of the separating element ( 59 ) of the hydraulic accumulator ( 19 ), to at least partially again dispense the filling amount of the dedusted fluid for the back-flushing operation from the first fluid chamber ( 47 ). | 1. A filtering apparatus having a plurality of filter elements (11), which can be accommodated in a filter housing (1) having a filter inlet (7) for fluid to be filtered and a filter outlet (9) for the filtered fluid, where at least one of the filter elements (11) can be backwashed for cleaning its effective filter surface by means of a backwashing device (45, 49) during the filtration operation, said unit containing a pressure control device (19) for supporting the backwashing, characterized in that the pressure control device includes a hydraulic accumulator (19) whose one fluid chamber (47) can be filled with a quantity of cleaned fluid during the filtration operation and can be connected to the clean side (29) of the filter element (11) to be cleaned for a backwashing operation by means of a backwashing guide (45), and an additional fluid chamber (48) of the hydraulic accumulator (19) can be acted upon by a gas pressure for a backwashing operation to dispense the quantity of fluid of the cleaned fluid at least partially from the first fluid chamber (47) for the backwashing operation by means of a movement of the separation element (59) of the hydraulic accumulator (19) thereby induced. 2. The filtering apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that the additional fluid chamber (48) of the hydraulic accumulator (19) can be connected to a compressed gas source (13) by means of a valve control device (15) for the backwashing operation. 3. The filtering apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that a flushing gas tank (13) situated outside of the filter housing (1) is provided as the compressed gas source. 4. The filtering apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the valve control device has a fast-opening valve (15) in a flushing gas line (65) leading from the compressed gas source (13) to the hydraulic accumulator (19). 5. The filtering apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a pneumatically operable diaphragm valve (15) is provided in the flushing gas line (65). 6. The filtering apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the hydraulic accumulator (19) and the backwashing guide (45) are connected to one another and are arranged rotatably in the filter housing (1) and can be rotated by means of a rotational drive (5) for adjustment movements between filtration operation and backwashing. 7. The filtering apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a piston accumulator (19), which can rotate about the cylinder axis together with the backwashing guide (45) arranged on one end of the cylinder, is provided as the hydraulic accumulator. 8. The filtering apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the filter elements (11) can be accommodated each in its own element chamber (3), these being arranged in the filter housing (1) on a circular line concentrically surrounding the cylinder axis. 9. The filtering apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the hydraulic accumulator (19) is arranged between the element chambers (3) surrounding it so that the fluid chambers (47, 48) of the hydraulic accumulator (19) are situated between the chamber connections (25, 29) of the element chambers (3) situated at the ends of the filter elements (11). 10. The filtering apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that an input space (21) having the filter inlet (7) and forming the crude side in the filtration operation and an output space (23) which forms the clean side in the filtration operation and is connected to the filter outlet (9) are both situated in the filter housing (1) between the hydraulic accumulator (19) and the surrounding element chambers (3), the first space (21) thereof being connected to the chamber connection (29) on the crude side and the second space (47) being connected to the chamber connection (29) on the clean side of the element chambers (3) which are in filtration operation. 11. The filtering apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that an overflow space (27) which is connected to the output space (23) and out of which the first fluid chamber (47) of the hydraulic accumulator (19) can be filled with cleaned fluid through a filling hole (46) situated in the wall of the backwashing guide (45) can be connected to the chamber connections (29) of the element chambers (3) and is situated in the filter housing (1). 12. The filtering apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the backwashing guide (45) is connected to the chamber connection (29) on the clean side of the element chambers (3) to be backwashed in the rotational positions of the hydraulic accumulator (19) which correspond to the backwashing of an element chamber (3); and a backwashing arm (49) rotatable together with the hydraulic accumulator (19) is situated on the end of the cylinder of the hydraulic accumulator (19) opposite the backwashing guide (45), said backwashing arm the chamber connection (25) on the crude side of the element chambers (3) to be backwashed to a backwashing line (57) for the outflow of a backwashing quantity. 13. The filtering apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the backwashing arm (49) can be connected to the backwashing line (57) by means of a motor-operated backwashing valve (71). 14. The filtering apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a backwashing valve in the form of a ball valve (71) is provided. | A filtering apparatus with a plurality of filtering elements ( 11 ) which can be accommodated in a filter housing ( 1 ) having a filter inlet ( 7 ) for fluid to be filtered and a filter outlet ( 9 ) for the filtered fluid, wherein during the filtration operation, at least one of the filtering elements ( 11 ) can be back-flushed by means of a back-flushing device ( 45, 49 ) in order to dedust the effective filtering surface of said filtering element, the back-flushing device comprising a pressure control device ( 19 ) for assisting the back-flushing operation, is characterized in that the pressure control device comprises a hydraulic accumulator ( 19 ), the one fluid chamber ( 47 ) of which can be filled during the filtration operation with a quantity of dedusted fluid and can be connected for a back-flushing operation via a back-flushing guide ( 45 ) to the clean side ( 29 ) of the filtering element ( 11 ) to be dedusted, and in that, for a back-flushing operation, a further fluid chamber ( 48 ) of the hydraulic accumulator ( 19 ) can be subjected to a gas pressure in order, by means of a resultant movement of the separating element ( 59 ) of the hydraulic accumulator ( 19 ), to at least partially again dispense the filling amount of the dedusted fluid for the back-flushing operation from the first fluid chamber ( 47 ).1. A filtering apparatus having a plurality of filter elements (11), which can be accommodated in a filter housing (1) having a filter inlet (7) for fluid to be filtered and a filter outlet (9) for the filtered fluid, where at least one of the filter elements (11) can be backwashed for cleaning its effective filter surface by means of a backwashing device (45, 49) during the filtration operation, said unit containing a pressure control device (19) for supporting the backwashing, characterized in that the pressure control device includes a hydraulic accumulator (19) whose one fluid chamber (47) can be filled with a quantity of cleaned fluid during the filtration operation and can be connected to the clean side (29) of the filter element (11) to be cleaned for a backwashing operation by means of a backwashing guide (45), and an additional fluid chamber (48) of the hydraulic accumulator (19) can be acted upon by a gas pressure for a backwashing operation to dispense the quantity of fluid of the cleaned fluid at least partially from the first fluid chamber (47) for the backwashing operation by means of a movement of the separation element (59) of the hydraulic accumulator (19) thereby induced. 2. The filtering apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that the additional fluid chamber (48) of the hydraulic accumulator (19) can be connected to a compressed gas source (13) by means of a valve control device (15) for the backwashing operation. 3. The filtering apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that a flushing gas tank (13) situated outside of the filter housing (1) is provided as the compressed gas source. 4. The filtering apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the valve control device has a fast-opening valve (15) in a flushing gas line (65) leading from the compressed gas source (13) to the hydraulic accumulator (19). 5. The filtering apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a pneumatically operable diaphragm valve (15) is provided in the flushing gas line (65). 6. The filtering apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the hydraulic accumulator (19) and the backwashing guide (45) are connected to one another and are arranged rotatably in the filter housing (1) and can be rotated by means of a rotational drive (5) for adjustment movements between filtration operation and backwashing. 7. The filtering apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a piston accumulator (19), which can rotate about the cylinder axis together with the backwashing guide (45) arranged on one end of the cylinder, is provided as the hydraulic accumulator. 8. The filtering apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the filter elements (11) can be accommodated each in its own element chamber (3), these being arranged in the filter housing (1) on a circular line concentrically surrounding the cylinder axis. 9. The filtering apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the hydraulic accumulator (19) is arranged between the element chambers (3) surrounding it so that the fluid chambers (47, 48) of the hydraulic accumulator (19) are situated between the chamber connections (25, 29) of the element chambers (3) situated at the ends of the filter elements (11). 10. The filtering apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that an input space (21) having the filter inlet (7) and forming the crude side in the filtration operation and an output space (23) which forms the clean side in the filtration operation and is connected to the filter outlet (9) are both situated in the filter housing (1) between the hydraulic accumulator (19) and the surrounding element chambers (3), the first space (21) thereof being connected to the chamber connection (29) on the crude side and the second space (47) being connected to the chamber connection (29) on the clean side of the element chambers (3) which are in filtration operation. 11. The filtering apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that an overflow space (27) which is connected to the output space (23) and out of which the first fluid chamber (47) of the hydraulic accumulator (19) can be filled with cleaned fluid through a filling hole (46) situated in the wall of the backwashing guide (45) can be connected to the chamber connections (29) of the element chambers (3) and is situated in the filter housing (1). 12. The filtering apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the backwashing guide (45) is connected to the chamber connection (29) on the clean side of the element chambers (3) to be backwashed in the rotational positions of the hydraulic accumulator (19) which correspond to the backwashing of an element chamber (3); and a backwashing arm (49) rotatable together with the hydraulic accumulator (19) is situated on the end of the cylinder of the hydraulic accumulator (19) opposite the backwashing guide (45), said backwashing arm the chamber connection (25) on the crude side of the element chambers (3) to be backwashed to a backwashing line (57) for the outflow of a backwashing quantity. 13. The filtering apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the backwashing arm (49) can be connected to the backwashing line (57) by means of a motor-operated backwashing valve (71). 14. The filtering apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a backwashing valve in the form of a ball valve (71) is provided. | 1,700 |
3,822 | 14,523,358 | 1,736 | Biomass combustion processes may be controlled to intentionally generate a carbon-containing ash, from which activated carbon is produced according to the methods disclosed. Some variations provide an economically attractive process for producing an activated carbon product, the process comprising combusting a carbon-containing feedstock to generate energy, combustion products, and ash, wherein the ash contains at least 10 wt % carbon; separating and recovering carbon contained in said ash; and further activating or treating the separated carbon, to generate an activated carbon product. Many process variations are disclosed, and uses for the activated carbon product are disclosed. | 1. A process for producing an activated carbon product, said process comprising:
(a) providing a carbon-containing feedstock; (b) combusting, in a combustion unit, said feedstock with an oxidant comprising oxygen, to generate energy, combustion products, and ash, wherein said ash contains at least about 10 wt % carbon and is associated with a carbon activation value; and (c) further processing said ash to increase the carbon content and/or the carbon activation value, thereby generating an activated carbon product. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein said feedstock comprises biomass. 3. The process of claim 2, wherein said feedstock comprises biomass and coal. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein said feedstock is a wet feedstock. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein said ash contains at least about 20 wt % carbon. 6. The process of claim 5, wherein said ash contains at least about 30 wt % carbon. 7. The process of claim 6, wherein said ash contains at least about 40 wt % carbon. 8. The process of claim 7, wherein said ash contains at least about 50 wt % carbon. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein said ash contains at least about 2 wt % oxygen. 10. The process of claim 9, wherein said ash contains at least about 4 wt % oxygen. 11. The process of claim 10, wherein said ash contains at least about 6 wt % oxygen. 12. The process of claim 11, wherein said ash contains at least about 8 wt % oxygen. 13. The process of claim 12, wherein said ash contains at least about 10 wt % oxygen. 14. The process of claim 13, wherein said ash contains at least about 12 wt % oxygen. 15. The process of claim 1, wherein said process is controlled to intentionally achieve high carbon content of said ash. 16. The process of claim 1, wherein step (b) includes combusting at an oxygen/carbon ratio that is lower than the stoichiometric ratio for combustion. 17. The process of claim 1, wherein step (b) includes overloading of said feedstock to said combustion unit. 18. The process of claim 1, wherein step (b) includes restricting air flow to said combustion unit. 19. The process of claim 1, wherein step (b) includes combusting feedstock in an atmosphere comprising at least a portion of a gas stream produced by combustion of said feedstock in step (b). 20. The process of claim 1, wherein step (b) includes combusting at a combustion temperature that is lower than an optimal combustion temperature for said feedstock. 21. The process of claim 1, wherein step (b) includes combusting at a feedstock residence time that is lower than an optimal residence time for said feedstock. 22. The process of claim 1, wherein said process includes introducing water to said feedstock or to said combustion unit prior to or during step (b). 23. The process of claim 1, wherein step (c) includes separating and recovering at least a portion of said carbon contained in said ash. 24. The process of claim 23, wherein said separating is a dry separation process. 25. The process of claim 23, wherein said separating is a wet separation process. 26. The process of claim 1, wherein step (c) includes chemical, thermal, mechanical, physical, and/or gravimetric separation or treatment to said ash. 27. The process of claim 1, wherein step (c) includes further activating said carbon contained in said ash. 28. The process of claim 1, wherein step (c) includes separating and recovering at least a portion of said carbon contained in said ash, said process further comprising activating the separated and recovered carbon from said ash. 29. The process of claim 1, wherein step (c) includes adding an additive to the ash. 30. The process of claim 29, wherein the additive adjusts the pH of said ash. 31. The process of claim 30, wherein the additive comprises one or more organic or inorganic acids. 32. The process of claim 1, wherein step (c) includes separating and recovering at least a portion of said carbon contained in said ash, said process further comprising introducing one or more additives to said carbon. 33. The process of claim 1, wherein step (c) includes blending said ash with another source of carbon, to generate said activated carbon product. 34. The process of claim 1, wherein step (c) includes separating and recovering at least a portion of said carbon contained in said ash, and wherein said portion of said carbon is blended with another source of carbon, to generate said activated carbon product. 35. The process of either one of claims 33 or 34, wherein said another source of carbon includes carbon that is derived from said combustion products that are separately processed to recover and recycle carbon. 36. The process of claim 1, wherein said combustion products include carbon monoxide, said process further comprising utilizing said carbon monoxide as a fuel within said process or for another process. 37-78. (canceled) | Biomass combustion processes may be controlled to intentionally generate a carbon-containing ash, from which activated carbon is produced according to the methods disclosed. Some variations provide an economically attractive process for producing an activated carbon product, the process comprising combusting a carbon-containing feedstock to generate energy, combustion products, and ash, wherein the ash contains at least 10 wt % carbon; separating and recovering carbon contained in said ash; and further activating or treating the separated carbon, to generate an activated carbon product. Many process variations are disclosed, and uses for the activated carbon product are disclosed.1. A process for producing an activated carbon product, said process comprising:
(a) providing a carbon-containing feedstock; (b) combusting, in a combustion unit, said feedstock with an oxidant comprising oxygen, to generate energy, combustion products, and ash, wherein said ash contains at least about 10 wt % carbon and is associated with a carbon activation value; and (c) further processing said ash to increase the carbon content and/or the carbon activation value, thereby generating an activated carbon product. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein said feedstock comprises biomass. 3. The process of claim 2, wherein said feedstock comprises biomass and coal. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein said feedstock is a wet feedstock. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein said ash contains at least about 20 wt % carbon. 6. The process of claim 5, wherein said ash contains at least about 30 wt % carbon. 7. The process of claim 6, wherein said ash contains at least about 40 wt % carbon. 8. The process of claim 7, wherein said ash contains at least about 50 wt % carbon. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein said ash contains at least about 2 wt % oxygen. 10. The process of claim 9, wherein said ash contains at least about 4 wt % oxygen. 11. The process of claim 10, wherein said ash contains at least about 6 wt % oxygen. 12. The process of claim 11, wherein said ash contains at least about 8 wt % oxygen. 13. The process of claim 12, wherein said ash contains at least about 10 wt % oxygen. 14. The process of claim 13, wherein said ash contains at least about 12 wt % oxygen. 15. The process of claim 1, wherein said process is controlled to intentionally achieve high carbon content of said ash. 16. The process of claim 1, wherein step (b) includes combusting at an oxygen/carbon ratio that is lower than the stoichiometric ratio for combustion. 17. The process of claim 1, wherein step (b) includes overloading of said feedstock to said combustion unit. 18. The process of claim 1, wherein step (b) includes restricting air flow to said combustion unit. 19. The process of claim 1, wherein step (b) includes combusting feedstock in an atmosphere comprising at least a portion of a gas stream produced by combustion of said feedstock in step (b). 20. The process of claim 1, wherein step (b) includes combusting at a combustion temperature that is lower than an optimal combustion temperature for said feedstock. 21. The process of claim 1, wherein step (b) includes combusting at a feedstock residence time that is lower than an optimal residence time for said feedstock. 22. The process of claim 1, wherein said process includes introducing water to said feedstock or to said combustion unit prior to or during step (b). 23. The process of claim 1, wherein step (c) includes separating and recovering at least a portion of said carbon contained in said ash. 24. The process of claim 23, wherein said separating is a dry separation process. 25. The process of claim 23, wherein said separating is a wet separation process. 26. The process of claim 1, wherein step (c) includes chemical, thermal, mechanical, physical, and/or gravimetric separation or treatment to said ash. 27. The process of claim 1, wherein step (c) includes further activating said carbon contained in said ash. 28. The process of claim 1, wherein step (c) includes separating and recovering at least a portion of said carbon contained in said ash, said process further comprising activating the separated and recovered carbon from said ash. 29. The process of claim 1, wherein step (c) includes adding an additive to the ash. 30. The process of claim 29, wherein the additive adjusts the pH of said ash. 31. The process of claim 30, wherein the additive comprises one or more organic or inorganic acids. 32. The process of claim 1, wherein step (c) includes separating and recovering at least a portion of said carbon contained in said ash, said process further comprising introducing one or more additives to said carbon. 33. The process of claim 1, wherein step (c) includes blending said ash with another source of carbon, to generate said activated carbon product. 34. The process of claim 1, wherein step (c) includes separating and recovering at least a portion of said carbon contained in said ash, and wherein said portion of said carbon is blended with another source of carbon, to generate said activated carbon product. 35. The process of either one of claims 33 or 34, wherein said another source of carbon includes carbon that is derived from said combustion products that are separately processed to recover and recycle carbon. 36. The process of claim 1, wherein said combustion products include carbon monoxide, said process further comprising utilizing said carbon monoxide as a fuel within said process or for another process. 37-78. (canceled) | 1,700 |
3,823 | 14,755,207 | 1,761 | A composition is provided that is capable of abating combustion of a Li-ion battery, comprising liquid fluoropolyether and at least one combustion abatement agent being other than fluoropolymer, examples of such agent including one or more compounds that exhibit one or more of the following characteristics of being a hydrate, carbonate, bicarbonate or sulfate, or are phosphorus or bromine containing or that form a char and/or exhibit intumescence upon heating. | 1. Composition capable of abating combustion of a Li-ion battery, comprising liquid fluoropolyether and at least one combustion abatement agent being other than fluoropolymer. 2. The composition of claim 1 wherein said composition is in the liquid state. 3. The composition of claim 1 thickened to be in the semi-solid state. 4. The composition of claim 3 wherein said at least one combustion abatement agent thickens said composition to be in said semi-solid state. 5. The composition of claim 3 containing solid fluoropolymer. 6. The composition of claim 5 wherein said solid fluoropolymer thickens said composition to be in said semi-solid state. 7. The composition of claim 5 wherein said solid fluoropolymer and said combustion abatement agent thicken said composition to be in said semi-solid state. 8. The composition of claim 1 wherein said combustion abatement agent upon heating exhibits combustion abatement by (i) heat absorption, (ii) dilution of combustibles, (iii) becoming intumescent, (iv) forming char, and/or (v) depletion of combustibles. 9. The composition of claim 1 wherein said combustion abatement agent, upon thermally-induced decomposition, emits water, nitrogen, nitrogen dioxide, carbon dioxide, or sulfur dioxide. 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein said combustion abatement agent is inorganic hydrate, carbonate, bicarbonate, sulfate, bisulfite, or bisulfate. 11. The composition of claim 1 wherein said combustion abatement agent is bromine containing. 12. The composition of claim 1 wherein said combustion abatement agent is carbon black or graphite. 13. The composition of claim 1 wherein said combustion abatement agent is phosphorus containing. 14. The composition of claim 1 wherein said combustion abatement agent is inorganic. 15. The composition of claim 1 and additionally containing decomposition catalyst. 16. The composition of claim 1 wherein said decomposition catalyst is a Lewis acid. | A composition is provided that is capable of abating combustion of a Li-ion battery, comprising liquid fluoropolyether and at least one combustion abatement agent being other than fluoropolymer, examples of such agent including one or more compounds that exhibit one or more of the following characteristics of being a hydrate, carbonate, bicarbonate or sulfate, or are phosphorus or bromine containing or that form a char and/or exhibit intumescence upon heating.1. Composition capable of abating combustion of a Li-ion battery, comprising liquid fluoropolyether and at least one combustion abatement agent being other than fluoropolymer. 2. The composition of claim 1 wherein said composition is in the liquid state. 3. The composition of claim 1 thickened to be in the semi-solid state. 4. The composition of claim 3 wherein said at least one combustion abatement agent thickens said composition to be in said semi-solid state. 5. The composition of claim 3 containing solid fluoropolymer. 6. The composition of claim 5 wherein said solid fluoropolymer thickens said composition to be in said semi-solid state. 7. The composition of claim 5 wherein said solid fluoropolymer and said combustion abatement agent thicken said composition to be in said semi-solid state. 8. The composition of claim 1 wherein said combustion abatement agent upon heating exhibits combustion abatement by (i) heat absorption, (ii) dilution of combustibles, (iii) becoming intumescent, (iv) forming char, and/or (v) depletion of combustibles. 9. The composition of claim 1 wherein said combustion abatement agent, upon thermally-induced decomposition, emits water, nitrogen, nitrogen dioxide, carbon dioxide, or sulfur dioxide. 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein said combustion abatement agent is inorganic hydrate, carbonate, bicarbonate, sulfate, bisulfite, or bisulfate. 11. The composition of claim 1 wherein said combustion abatement agent is bromine containing. 12. The composition of claim 1 wherein said combustion abatement agent is carbon black or graphite. 13. The composition of claim 1 wherein said combustion abatement agent is phosphorus containing. 14. The composition of claim 1 wherein said combustion abatement agent is inorganic. 15. The composition of claim 1 and additionally containing decomposition catalyst. 16. The composition of claim 1 wherein said decomposition catalyst is a Lewis acid. | 1,700 |
3,824 | 15,941,672 | 1,789 | A belt with a tensile cord embedded in an elastomeric body, having a polyurea-urethane adhesive composition impregnating the cord and coating the fibers. The composition is reaction product of a polyurethane prepolymer and a diamine curative. The prepolymer is a reaction product of a compact, symmetric diisocyanate and a polyester, polyether, or polycarbonate polyol. The belt body may be of cast polyurethane, vulcanized rubber, or thermoplastic elastomer. The cord may have an adhesive overcoat. | 1. A power transmission belt comprising: an elastomeric body, and a tensile cord embedded in the elastomeric body;
with the tensile cord impregnated with a polyurea-urethane composition different from said elastomeric body, said tensile cord comprising the polyurea reaction product of: a polyurethane prepolymer; and a curative selected from the group consisting of diamines and water. 2. The belt of claim 1 wherein said composition is a crosslinked polyurea-urethane composition. 3. The belt of claim 2 wherein said tensile cord is a twisted tensile cord and said curative is a diamine. 4. The belt of claim 1 wherein said prepolymer comprises the reaction product of a diisocyanate and one or more polyols selected from the group consisting of polyester polyols, polycarbonate polyols and polyether polyols. 5. The belt of claim 4 wherein said diisocyanate is selected from the group consisting of para-phenylene diisocyanate, toluene diisocyanate, and 4,4′-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate. 6. The belt of claim 5 wherein said one or more polyols is selected from the group consisting of polyether polyols. 7. The belt of claim 6 wherein said tensile cord comprises a yarn comprising a plurality of carbon fibers with interstices between said carbon fibers, and wherein said composition impregnates from 20% to 100% of the volume of said interstices and coats said carbon fibers. 8. The belt of claim 1 wherein said prepolymer comprises the reaction product of para-phenylene diisocyanate and a polyether polyol. 9. The belt of claim 8 wherein said curative is 4,4′-methylenebis(3-chloro-2,6-diethylaniline). 10. The belt of claim 9 wherein said elastomeric body comprises cast polyurethane elastomer, and said elastomer is in intimate contact with said composition. 11. The belt of claim 10 wherein said tensile cord comprises a yarn comprising a plurality of carbon fibers with interstices between said carbon fibers, and wherein said composition impregnates from 20% to 99% of the volume of said interstices and coats said carbon fibers; and wherein said elastomer impregnates at least a portion of the remainder of said interstices. 12. The belt of claim 1 wherein said elastomeric body comprises vulcanized rubber. 13. The belt of claim 1 wherein said elastomeric body comprises a thermoplastic elastomer and said elastomer is in intimate contact with said polyurea-urethane composition. 14. The belt of claim 13 wherein said elastomer is a thermoplastic polyurethane. 15. The belt of claim 1 wherein the polyurethane prepolymer has isocyanate end groups that are blocked with a blocking agent. 16. The belt of claim 4 wherein said diisocyanate comprises para-phenylene diisocyanate, toluene diisocyanate, or both, and wherein said polyol comprises a polyether polyol. 17. The belt of claim 16, wherein said polyether polyol comprises polytetramethylene ether glycol. 18. The belt of claim 4, wherein said diisocyanate comprises isophorone diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, or both, and wherein said polyol comprises a polyether polyol. 19. The belt of claim 18, wherein said polyether polyol comprises polytetramethylene ether glycol. | A belt with a tensile cord embedded in an elastomeric body, having a polyurea-urethane adhesive composition impregnating the cord and coating the fibers. The composition is reaction product of a polyurethane prepolymer and a diamine curative. The prepolymer is a reaction product of a compact, symmetric diisocyanate and a polyester, polyether, or polycarbonate polyol. The belt body may be of cast polyurethane, vulcanized rubber, or thermoplastic elastomer. The cord may have an adhesive overcoat.1. A power transmission belt comprising: an elastomeric body, and a tensile cord embedded in the elastomeric body;
with the tensile cord impregnated with a polyurea-urethane composition different from said elastomeric body, said tensile cord comprising the polyurea reaction product of: a polyurethane prepolymer; and a curative selected from the group consisting of diamines and water. 2. The belt of claim 1 wherein said composition is a crosslinked polyurea-urethane composition. 3. The belt of claim 2 wherein said tensile cord is a twisted tensile cord and said curative is a diamine. 4. The belt of claim 1 wherein said prepolymer comprises the reaction product of a diisocyanate and one or more polyols selected from the group consisting of polyester polyols, polycarbonate polyols and polyether polyols. 5. The belt of claim 4 wherein said diisocyanate is selected from the group consisting of para-phenylene diisocyanate, toluene diisocyanate, and 4,4′-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate. 6. The belt of claim 5 wherein said one or more polyols is selected from the group consisting of polyether polyols. 7. The belt of claim 6 wherein said tensile cord comprises a yarn comprising a plurality of carbon fibers with interstices between said carbon fibers, and wherein said composition impregnates from 20% to 100% of the volume of said interstices and coats said carbon fibers. 8. The belt of claim 1 wherein said prepolymer comprises the reaction product of para-phenylene diisocyanate and a polyether polyol. 9. The belt of claim 8 wherein said curative is 4,4′-methylenebis(3-chloro-2,6-diethylaniline). 10. The belt of claim 9 wherein said elastomeric body comprises cast polyurethane elastomer, and said elastomer is in intimate contact with said composition. 11. The belt of claim 10 wherein said tensile cord comprises a yarn comprising a plurality of carbon fibers with interstices between said carbon fibers, and wherein said composition impregnates from 20% to 99% of the volume of said interstices and coats said carbon fibers; and wherein said elastomer impregnates at least a portion of the remainder of said interstices. 12. The belt of claim 1 wherein said elastomeric body comprises vulcanized rubber. 13. The belt of claim 1 wherein said elastomeric body comprises a thermoplastic elastomer and said elastomer is in intimate contact with said polyurea-urethane composition. 14. The belt of claim 13 wherein said elastomer is a thermoplastic polyurethane. 15. The belt of claim 1 wherein the polyurethane prepolymer has isocyanate end groups that are blocked with a blocking agent. 16. The belt of claim 4 wherein said diisocyanate comprises para-phenylene diisocyanate, toluene diisocyanate, or both, and wherein said polyol comprises a polyether polyol. 17. The belt of claim 16, wherein said polyether polyol comprises polytetramethylene ether glycol. 18. The belt of claim 4, wherein said diisocyanate comprises isophorone diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, or both, and wherein said polyol comprises a polyether polyol. 19. The belt of claim 18, wherein said polyether polyol comprises polytetramethylene ether glycol. | 1,700 |
3,825 | 15,090,681 | 1,788 | A protective shield includes a rigid base layer, and a flexible outer cushioning layer formed from a flexible film material laminated to an outer surface of the base layer. The outer cushioning layer includes two or more layers of flexible film laminated together via an intermediary adhesive. The protective shield also has a mounting adhesive layer applied on the lower surface of the shield. The mounting adhesive allows the shield to be removably mounted to a display surface, such as a touch screen surface for an electronic device. When the shield is properly mounted to the display surface, the outer layer formed from flexible film material faces away from the display surface. The flexible cushioning layer on the outer surface of the shield allows the shield to protect the display surface such that the display surface can withstand higher levels of impacts without breaking or shattering. | 1. A display surface shield comprising:
a rigid base layer having a shape that corresponds to a shape of a display surface comprising a touch screen; a first adhesive layer applied about a lower surface of the shield, the first adhesive layer configured to removably attach the shield to the display surface; a flexible outer layer forming an upper surface of the shield that is opposite the first adhesive on the lower surface of the shield; and a second adhesive layer adhering the outer layer to the base layer; wherein the shield is configured to attach to the display surface so that, upon removably attaching the shield to the display surface, the flexible outer layer faces away from the display surface, wherein the flexible outer layer is softer than the rigid base layer, and wherein the shield is configured to attach to the display surface so that the touch screen maintains touch sensitivity through the attached shield. 2. The shield of claim 1, wherein the flexible outer layer of an attached shield increases the impact resistance of the shield. 3. The shield of claim 1, wherein the rigid base layer is formed from a material that comprises glass. 4. The shield of claim 1, wherein the flexible outer layer comprises at least two film layers laminated together via a third adhesive layer, wherein the at least two film layers comprise a flexible film material. 5. The shield of claim 1, wherein the flexible outer layer comprises PET. 6. The shield of claim 1, wherein the flexible outer layer comprises a lower flexible film layer laminated to the base layer via the second adhesive layer, and an upper flexible film layer laminated to the lower flexible film layer via a third adhesive layer, wherein the upper flexible film layer comprises a hard coating on an upper surface of the upper flexible film layer, and wherein the upper and lower flexible film materials have a thickness between about 3 mils and about 5 mils. 7. The shield of claim 6, wherein the second adhesive layer forms a permanent bond between the lower flexible film layer and the base layer, and the and the third adhesive layer forms a permanent bond between the upper flexible film layer and the lower film layer via the third adhesive layer. 8. The shield of claim 1, wherein the base layer has a thickness of between about 10 mils and about 15 mils. 9. The shield of claim 1, wherein the first adhesive layer is applied about an outer periphery of the shield and surrounds a central portion of the shield so that the shield is configured to attach to the display surface without the central portion of the shield adhering to a central portion of the display surface. 10. The shield of claim 9, further comprising an annular layer positioned between the first adhesive layer and the base layer, the annular layer surrounding a central portion of the base layer. 11. The shield of claim 10, wherein the annular layer and the first adhesive layer have a combined thickness sufficient to lift at least a portion of the base layer off the central portion of the display surface. 12. The shield of claim 11, wherein the base layer is sufficiently stiff to maintain a minimum separation between the base layer and the central portion of the display surface in a resting configuration, wherein the minimum separation distance is large enough to inhibit the formation of optical artifacts. 13. A display surface shield comprising:
a rigid base layer having a shape that corresponds to a shape of a display surface; a first adhesive layer applied to a lower surface of the shield, the first adhesive configured to removably attach the shield to the display surface; and a flexible outer layer laminated to an upper surface of the shield that is opposite the lower surface of the shield; a second adhesive layer adhering the outer layer to the base layer; and an annular layer positioned between the first adhesive layer and the base layer, the annular layer surrounding a central portion of the base layer; wherein the shield is configured to attach to the display surface with the outer layer facing away from the display surface, wherein the first adhesive layer is applied about an outer periphery of the shield and surrounds a central portion of the shield so that the shield is configured to attach to the display surface without the central portion of the shield adhering to a central portion of the display surface. wherein the annular layer and the first adhesive layer have a combined thickness sufficient to lift at least a portion of the base layer off the central portion of the display surface, wherein the base layer is sufficiently stiff to maintain a minimum separation between the base layer and the central portion of the display surface in a resting configuration, wherein the minimum separation distance is large enough to inhibit the formation of optical artifacts wherein the shield is pre-formed with a convex curvature, wherein the convex curvature facilitates maintaining the minimum separation between the base layer and the central portion of the display surface in the resting configuration. 14. The shield of claim 1, wherein the first adhesive layer is applied to a majority of the lower surface of the shield so that the shield is configured to attach to the display surface without forming a gap there between. 15. The shield of claim 1, wherein the display surface is a glass surface. 16. (canceled) 17. A touch screen protector comprising:
a base layer having an upper surface, a lower surface opposite the upper surface, and a shape that corresponds to a shape of a touch screen of an electronic device, the base layer comprising a glass material; a mounting adhesive layer applied about a lower surface of the shield configured to attach the protector to the touch screen; and an outer cushioning layer laminated to the upper surface of the base layer opposite the mounting adhesive, the outer cushioning layer comprising at least two flexible film layers laminated together, wherein the protector is configured to attach to the touch screen surface so that, upon attaching the protector to the touch screen surface, the flexible outer layer faces away from the touch screen surface, wherein the cushioning layer is more flexible than the base layer, wherein the attached protector increases the impact resistance of the touch screen, and wherein the protector is configured so that the touch screen maintains touch sensitivity through the attached shield. 18. The protector of claim 17, wherein the cushioning layer comprises a lower film layer comprising PET, an upper film layer comprising PET, an intermediary adhesive layer forming a permanent bond between the upper and lower film layers, and a bonding adhesive layer forming a permanent bond between the cushioning layer and the base layer, wherein the upper flexible film layer comprises a hard coating on an upper surface, and wherein the upper and lower flexible film materials have a thickness of between about 3 mils and about 5 mils. 19. The protector of claim 17, further comprising an annular layer applied between the lower surface of the base layer and the mounting adhesive layer, the annular layer surrounding a central portion of the base layer, wherein the mounting adhesive layer is applied to the annular layer so that the protector attaches to the touch screen surface without the central portion of the protector adhering to a central portion of the display surface, and wherein the annular layer and the mounting adhesive layer have a combined thickness sufficient to lift at least a portion of the base layer off the central portion of the display surface. 20. A combination electronic device and touch screen protector, the combination comprising:
a touch operable electronic device having a touch screen display, the touch screen display providing an interface for operating the electronic device; and a protector mounted to the touch screen display of the electronic device via a first adhesive layer, the protector having a shape that corresponds to a shape of the touch screen display, the protector comprising:
a base layer formed from glass, the base layer having an inward surface that faces the touch screen display and an outward surface that faces away from the touch screen display; and
and flexible outer layer laminated to the outer surface of the base layer via a second adhesive layer, the flexible outer layer comprising at least two flexible film layers laminated together via a third adhesive layer;
wherein the flexible outer layer is softer than the base layer, and wherein the touch screen display maintains touch sensitivity through the mounted protector. 21. The protector of claim 17, wherein the mounting adhesive layer is configured to removably attach the protector to the touch screen. | A protective shield includes a rigid base layer, and a flexible outer cushioning layer formed from a flexible film material laminated to an outer surface of the base layer. The outer cushioning layer includes two or more layers of flexible film laminated together via an intermediary adhesive. The protective shield also has a mounting adhesive layer applied on the lower surface of the shield. The mounting adhesive allows the shield to be removably mounted to a display surface, such as a touch screen surface for an electronic device. When the shield is properly mounted to the display surface, the outer layer formed from flexible film material faces away from the display surface. The flexible cushioning layer on the outer surface of the shield allows the shield to protect the display surface such that the display surface can withstand higher levels of impacts without breaking or shattering.1. A display surface shield comprising:
a rigid base layer having a shape that corresponds to a shape of a display surface comprising a touch screen; a first adhesive layer applied about a lower surface of the shield, the first adhesive layer configured to removably attach the shield to the display surface; a flexible outer layer forming an upper surface of the shield that is opposite the first adhesive on the lower surface of the shield; and a second adhesive layer adhering the outer layer to the base layer; wherein the shield is configured to attach to the display surface so that, upon removably attaching the shield to the display surface, the flexible outer layer faces away from the display surface, wherein the flexible outer layer is softer than the rigid base layer, and wherein the shield is configured to attach to the display surface so that the touch screen maintains touch sensitivity through the attached shield. 2. The shield of claim 1, wherein the flexible outer layer of an attached shield increases the impact resistance of the shield. 3. The shield of claim 1, wherein the rigid base layer is formed from a material that comprises glass. 4. The shield of claim 1, wherein the flexible outer layer comprises at least two film layers laminated together via a third adhesive layer, wherein the at least two film layers comprise a flexible film material. 5. The shield of claim 1, wherein the flexible outer layer comprises PET. 6. The shield of claim 1, wherein the flexible outer layer comprises a lower flexible film layer laminated to the base layer via the second adhesive layer, and an upper flexible film layer laminated to the lower flexible film layer via a third adhesive layer, wherein the upper flexible film layer comprises a hard coating on an upper surface of the upper flexible film layer, and wherein the upper and lower flexible film materials have a thickness between about 3 mils and about 5 mils. 7. The shield of claim 6, wherein the second adhesive layer forms a permanent bond between the lower flexible film layer and the base layer, and the and the third adhesive layer forms a permanent bond between the upper flexible film layer and the lower film layer via the third adhesive layer. 8. The shield of claim 1, wherein the base layer has a thickness of between about 10 mils and about 15 mils. 9. The shield of claim 1, wherein the first adhesive layer is applied about an outer periphery of the shield and surrounds a central portion of the shield so that the shield is configured to attach to the display surface without the central portion of the shield adhering to a central portion of the display surface. 10. The shield of claim 9, further comprising an annular layer positioned between the first adhesive layer and the base layer, the annular layer surrounding a central portion of the base layer. 11. The shield of claim 10, wherein the annular layer and the first adhesive layer have a combined thickness sufficient to lift at least a portion of the base layer off the central portion of the display surface. 12. The shield of claim 11, wherein the base layer is sufficiently stiff to maintain a minimum separation between the base layer and the central portion of the display surface in a resting configuration, wherein the minimum separation distance is large enough to inhibit the formation of optical artifacts. 13. A display surface shield comprising:
a rigid base layer having a shape that corresponds to a shape of a display surface; a first adhesive layer applied to a lower surface of the shield, the first adhesive configured to removably attach the shield to the display surface; and a flexible outer layer laminated to an upper surface of the shield that is opposite the lower surface of the shield; a second adhesive layer adhering the outer layer to the base layer; and an annular layer positioned between the first adhesive layer and the base layer, the annular layer surrounding a central portion of the base layer; wherein the shield is configured to attach to the display surface with the outer layer facing away from the display surface, wherein the first adhesive layer is applied about an outer periphery of the shield and surrounds a central portion of the shield so that the shield is configured to attach to the display surface without the central portion of the shield adhering to a central portion of the display surface. wherein the annular layer and the first adhesive layer have a combined thickness sufficient to lift at least a portion of the base layer off the central portion of the display surface, wherein the base layer is sufficiently stiff to maintain a minimum separation between the base layer and the central portion of the display surface in a resting configuration, wherein the minimum separation distance is large enough to inhibit the formation of optical artifacts wherein the shield is pre-formed with a convex curvature, wherein the convex curvature facilitates maintaining the minimum separation between the base layer and the central portion of the display surface in the resting configuration. 14. The shield of claim 1, wherein the first adhesive layer is applied to a majority of the lower surface of the shield so that the shield is configured to attach to the display surface without forming a gap there between. 15. The shield of claim 1, wherein the display surface is a glass surface. 16. (canceled) 17. A touch screen protector comprising:
a base layer having an upper surface, a lower surface opposite the upper surface, and a shape that corresponds to a shape of a touch screen of an electronic device, the base layer comprising a glass material; a mounting adhesive layer applied about a lower surface of the shield configured to attach the protector to the touch screen; and an outer cushioning layer laminated to the upper surface of the base layer opposite the mounting adhesive, the outer cushioning layer comprising at least two flexible film layers laminated together, wherein the protector is configured to attach to the touch screen surface so that, upon attaching the protector to the touch screen surface, the flexible outer layer faces away from the touch screen surface, wherein the cushioning layer is more flexible than the base layer, wherein the attached protector increases the impact resistance of the touch screen, and wherein the protector is configured so that the touch screen maintains touch sensitivity through the attached shield. 18. The protector of claim 17, wherein the cushioning layer comprises a lower film layer comprising PET, an upper film layer comprising PET, an intermediary adhesive layer forming a permanent bond between the upper and lower film layers, and a bonding adhesive layer forming a permanent bond between the cushioning layer and the base layer, wherein the upper flexible film layer comprises a hard coating on an upper surface, and wherein the upper and lower flexible film materials have a thickness of between about 3 mils and about 5 mils. 19. The protector of claim 17, further comprising an annular layer applied between the lower surface of the base layer and the mounting adhesive layer, the annular layer surrounding a central portion of the base layer, wherein the mounting adhesive layer is applied to the annular layer so that the protector attaches to the touch screen surface without the central portion of the protector adhering to a central portion of the display surface, and wherein the annular layer and the mounting adhesive layer have a combined thickness sufficient to lift at least a portion of the base layer off the central portion of the display surface. 20. A combination electronic device and touch screen protector, the combination comprising:
a touch operable electronic device having a touch screen display, the touch screen display providing an interface for operating the electronic device; and a protector mounted to the touch screen display of the electronic device via a first adhesive layer, the protector having a shape that corresponds to a shape of the touch screen display, the protector comprising:
a base layer formed from glass, the base layer having an inward surface that faces the touch screen display and an outward surface that faces away from the touch screen display; and
and flexible outer layer laminated to the outer surface of the base layer via a second adhesive layer, the flexible outer layer comprising at least two flexible film layers laminated together via a third adhesive layer;
wherein the flexible outer layer is softer than the base layer, and wherein the touch screen display maintains touch sensitivity through the mounted protector. 21. The protector of claim 17, wherein the mounting adhesive layer is configured to removably attach the protector to the touch screen. | 1,700 |
3,826 | 14,108,865 | 1,763 | This invention relates to polyurethane/polyureas with improved catalysis and to a process for the preparation of these polyurethane/polyureas. These materials comprise the reaction product of (A) a (cyclo)aliphatic polyisocyanate or (cyclo)aliphatic polyisocyanate prepolymer, with (B) an isocyanate-reactive component comprising at least one aromatic diamine compound containing from 1 to 8 thiomethyl groups, in the presence of (C) one or more catalysts selected from the group consisting of tin (II) catalysts, bismuth (III) catalysts and mixtures thereof. Preferably, the materials are optically clear. | 1. A polyurethane/polyurea material that comprises the reaction product of:
(A) a (cyclo)aliphatic polyisocyanate or (cyclo)aliphatic polyisocyanate prepolymer having an NCO group content of about 4 to 60%, and an average functionality of 1.8 to 6; with (B) an isocyanate-reactive component comprising at least one aromatic diamine compound which contains from 1 to 8 thiomethyl groups, and has a molecular weight of from 150 to 1000; in the presence of (C) one or more catalysts selected from the group consisting of tin (II) catalysts, bismuth (III) catalysts and mixtures thereof;
wherein the relative quantities of (A) and (B) are such that the Isocyanate Index is from about 70 to about 130. 2. The polyurethane/polyurea material of claim 1, wherein (B) said aromatic diamine compound is selected from the group consisting of 3,5-dimethylthiotoluene-2,4-diamine, 3,5-dimethylthiotoluene-2,6-diamine and mixtures thereof. 3. The polyurethane/polyurea material of claim 1, wherein (C) said tin (II) catalysts are selected from the group consisting of tin(II) bromide, tin(II) oxide, tin(II) acetate, tin(II) octoates and mixtures thereof, 4. The polyurethane/polyurea material of claim 1, wherein (C) said bismuth (III) catalysts comprise one or more bismuth carboxylates. 5. The polyurethane/polyurea material of claim 1, wherein (A) said (cyclo)aliphatic polyisocyanate or (cyclo)aliphatic polyisocyanate prepolymer comprises dicyclohexylmethane-4,4′-diisocyanate. 6. The polyurethane/polyurea material of claim 1, which is optically clear. 7. A process for the preparation of an polyurethane/polyurea material, comprising reacting:
(A) a (cyclo)aliphatic polyisocyanate or (cyclo)aliphatic polyisocyanate prepolymer having an NCO group content of about 4 to 60%, and an average functionality of 1.8 to 6; with (B) an isocyanate-reactive component comprising at least one aromatic diamine compound which contains from 1 to 8 thiomethyl groups, and has a molecular weight of from 150 to 1000; in the presence of (C) one or more catalysts selected from the group consisting of tin (II) catalysts, bismuth (III) catalysts and mixtures thereof;
wherein the relative quantities of (A) and (B) are such that the Isocyanate Index is from about 70 to about 130. 8. The process of claim 7, wherein (B) said aromatic diamine compound is selected from the group consisting of 3,5-dimethylthiotoluene-2,4-diamine, 3,5-dimethylthiotoluene-2,6-diamine and mixtures thereof. 9. The process of claim 7, wherein (C) said tin (II) catalysts are selected from the group consisting of tin(II) bromide, tin(II) oxide, tin(II) acetate, tin(II) octoates and mixtures thereof. 10. The process of claim 7, wherein (C) said bismuth (III) catalysts comprise one or more bismuth carboxylates. 11. The process of claim 7, wherein (A) said (cyclo)aliphatic polyisocyanate or (cyclo)aliphatic polyisocyanate prepolymer comprises dicyclohexylmethane-4,4′-diisocyanate. 12. The process of claim 7, wherein the resultant polyurethane/polyurea is optically clear. | This invention relates to polyurethane/polyureas with improved catalysis and to a process for the preparation of these polyurethane/polyureas. These materials comprise the reaction product of (A) a (cyclo)aliphatic polyisocyanate or (cyclo)aliphatic polyisocyanate prepolymer, with (B) an isocyanate-reactive component comprising at least one aromatic diamine compound containing from 1 to 8 thiomethyl groups, in the presence of (C) one or more catalysts selected from the group consisting of tin (II) catalysts, bismuth (III) catalysts and mixtures thereof. Preferably, the materials are optically clear.1. A polyurethane/polyurea material that comprises the reaction product of:
(A) a (cyclo)aliphatic polyisocyanate or (cyclo)aliphatic polyisocyanate prepolymer having an NCO group content of about 4 to 60%, and an average functionality of 1.8 to 6; with (B) an isocyanate-reactive component comprising at least one aromatic diamine compound which contains from 1 to 8 thiomethyl groups, and has a molecular weight of from 150 to 1000; in the presence of (C) one or more catalysts selected from the group consisting of tin (II) catalysts, bismuth (III) catalysts and mixtures thereof;
wherein the relative quantities of (A) and (B) are such that the Isocyanate Index is from about 70 to about 130. 2. The polyurethane/polyurea material of claim 1, wherein (B) said aromatic diamine compound is selected from the group consisting of 3,5-dimethylthiotoluene-2,4-diamine, 3,5-dimethylthiotoluene-2,6-diamine and mixtures thereof. 3. The polyurethane/polyurea material of claim 1, wherein (C) said tin (II) catalysts are selected from the group consisting of tin(II) bromide, tin(II) oxide, tin(II) acetate, tin(II) octoates and mixtures thereof, 4. The polyurethane/polyurea material of claim 1, wherein (C) said bismuth (III) catalysts comprise one or more bismuth carboxylates. 5. The polyurethane/polyurea material of claim 1, wherein (A) said (cyclo)aliphatic polyisocyanate or (cyclo)aliphatic polyisocyanate prepolymer comprises dicyclohexylmethane-4,4′-diisocyanate. 6. The polyurethane/polyurea material of claim 1, which is optically clear. 7. A process for the preparation of an polyurethane/polyurea material, comprising reacting:
(A) a (cyclo)aliphatic polyisocyanate or (cyclo)aliphatic polyisocyanate prepolymer having an NCO group content of about 4 to 60%, and an average functionality of 1.8 to 6; with (B) an isocyanate-reactive component comprising at least one aromatic diamine compound which contains from 1 to 8 thiomethyl groups, and has a molecular weight of from 150 to 1000; in the presence of (C) one or more catalysts selected from the group consisting of tin (II) catalysts, bismuth (III) catalysts and mixtures thereof;
wherein the relative quantities of (A) and (B) are such that the Isocyanate Index is from about 70 to about 130. 8. The process of claim 7, wherein (B) said aromatic diamine compound is selected from the group consisting of 3,5-dimethylthiotoluene-2,4-diamine, 3,5-dimethylthiotoluene-2,6-diamine and mixtures thereof. 9. The process of claim 7, wherein (C) said tin (II) catalysts are selected from the group consisting of tin(II) bromide, tin(II) oxide, tin(II) acetate, tin(II) octoates and mixtures thereof. 10. The process of claim 7, wherein (C) said bismuth (III) catalysts comprise one or more bismuth carboxylates. 11. The process of claim 7, wherein (A) said (cyclo)aliphatic polyisocyanate or (cyclo)aliphatic polyisocyanate prepolymer comprises dicyclohexylmethane-4,4′-diisocyanate. 12. The process of claim 7, wherein the resultant polyurethane/polyurea is optically clear. | 1,700 |
3,827 | 13,858,834 | 1,716 | A multi-segment electrode assembly having a plurality of electrode segments for modifying a plasma in a plasma processing chamber is disclosed. There is included a first powered electrode segment having a first plasma-facing surface, the first powered electrode segment configured to be powered by a first RE signal. There is also included a second powered electrode segment having a second plasma-facing surface, the second powered electrode segment configured to be powered by a second RE signal. The second powered electrode segment is electrically insulated from the first powered electrode segment, while at least one of the first plasma-facing surface and the second plasma-facing surface is non-planar. | 1. A multi-segment electrode assembly having a plurality of electrode segments for modifying a plasma in a plasma processing chamber, comprising:
a first powered electrode segment having a first plasma-facing surface, said first powered electrode segment configured to be powered by a first RF signal; and a second powered electrode segment having a second plasma-facing surface, said second powered electrode segment configured to be powered by a second RE signal, said second powered electrode segment being electrically insulated from said first powered electrode segment, at least one of said first plasma-facing surface and said second plasma-facing surface is non-planar. 2. The multi-segment electrode assembly of claim 1 wherein one of said first plasma-facing surface and said second plasma-facing surface includes at least a convex surface portion. 3. The multi-segment electrode assembly of claim 2 wherein the other of said first plasma-facing surface and said second plasma-facing surface includes at least a concave surface portion. 4. The multi-segment electrode assembly of claim 2 wherein the other of said first plasma-facing surface and said second plasma-facing surface is planar. 5. The multi-segment electrode assembly of claim 1 wherein one of said first plasma-facing surface and said second plasma-facing surface includes at least a concave surface portion. 6. The multi-segment electrode assembly of claim 5 wherein the other of said first plasma-facing surface and said second plasma-facing surface is planar. 7. The multi-segment electrode assembly of claim 1 wherein said first powered electrode segment and said second powered electrode segment are concentric relative to one another. 8. The multi-segment electrode assembly of claim 1 wherein said first plasma facing surface and said second plasma facing surface are both opposite a plasma-facing surface. of a substrate when said substrate is disposed in said plasma processing chamber for processing. 9. The multi-segment electrode assembly of claim 1 wherein said plasma processing chamber represents an adjustable-gap plasma processing chamber wherein a gap between said substrate and said multi-segment electrode assembly is adjustable. 10. The multi-segment electrode assembly of claim 1 wherein said gap between said substrate and said multi-segment electrode assembly is adjustable in-situ. 11. A plasma processing system having at least a plasma processing chamber for processing a substrate, comprising:
a substrate holder configured for supporting said substrate during said processing; a multi-segment electrode assembly disposed in a spaced-apart manner opposite said substrate holder, wherein a plasma generating volume exists in a gap between said multi-segment electrode and said substrate during said processing, said multi-segment electrode assembly including
a first powered electrode segment having a first substrate holder-facing surface, said first powered electrode segment configured to be powered by a first RF signal, and
a second powered electrode segment having a second substrate holder-facing surface, said second powered electrode segment configured to be powered by a second RF signal, said second powered electrode segment being electrically insulated from said first powered electrode segment, at least one of said first substrate holder-facing surface and said second substrate holder-facing surface is non-planar. 12. The plasma processing system of claim 11 wherein one of said first substrate holder-facing surface and said second substrate holder-facing surface includes at least a convex surface portion. 13. The plasma processing system of claim 12 wherein the other of said first substrate holder-facing surface and said second substrate holder-facing surface includes at least a concave surface portion. 14. The plasma processing system of claim 12 wherein the other of said first substrate holder-facing surface and said second substrate holder-facing surface is planar. 15. The plasma processing system of claim 11 wherein one of said first substrate holder-facing surface and said second substrate holder-facing surface includes at least a concave surface portion. 16. The plasma processing system of claim 15 wherein the other of said first substrate holder-facing surface and said second substrate holder-facing surface is planar. 17. The plasma processing system of claim 11 wherein said first powered electrode segment and said second powered electrode segment are concentric relative to one another. 18. The plasma processing system of claim 11 wherein said gap is adjustable. 19. The plasma processing system of claim 11 wherein said gap is adjustable in-situ. 20. The plasma processing system of claim 11 wherein said first powered electrode segment and said second powered electrode segment are not co-planar relative to one another. 21. The plasma processing system of claim 11 wherein said first powered electrode segment and said second powered electrode segment are co-planar relative to one another. | A multi-segment electrode assembly having a plurality of electrode segments for modifying a plasma in a plasma processing chamber is disclosed. There is included a first powered electrode segment having a first plasma-facing surface, the first powered electrode segment configured to be powered by a first RE signal. There is also included a second powered electrode segment having a second plasma-facing surface, the second powered electrode segment configured to be powered by a second RE signal. The second powered electrode segment is electrically insulated from the first powered electrode segment, while at least one of the first plasma-facing surface and the second plasma-facing surface is non-planar.1. A multi-segment electrode assembly having a plurality of electrode segments for modifying a plasma in a plasma processing chamber, comprising:
a first powered electrode segment having a first plasma-facing surface, said first powered electrode segment configured to be powered by a first RF signal; and a second powered electrode segment having a second plasma-facing surface, said second powered electrode segment configured to be powered by a second RE signal, said second powered electrode segment being electrically insulated from said first powered electrode segment, at least one of said first plasma-facing surface and said second plasma-facing surface is non-planar. 2. The multi-segment electrode assembly of claim 1 wherein one of said first plasma-facing surface and said second plasma-facing surface includes at least a convex surface portion. 3. The multi-segment electrode assembly of claim 2 wherein the other of said first plasma-facing surface and said second plasma-facing surface includes at least a concave surface portion. 4. The multi-segment electrode assembly of claim 2 wherein the other of said first plasma-facing surface and said second plasma-facing surface is planar. 5. The multi-segment electrode assembly of claim 1 wherein one of said first plasma-facing surface and said second plasma-facing surface includes at least a concave surface portion. 6. The multi-segment electrode assembly of claim 5 wherein the other of said first plasma-facing surface and said second plasma-facing surface is planar. 7. The multi-segment electrode assembly of claim 1 wherein said first powered electrode segment and said second powered electrode segment are concentric relative to one another. 8. The multi-segment electrode assembly of claim 1 wherein said first plasma facing surface and said second plasma facing surface are both opposite a plasma-facing surface. of a substrate when said substrate is disposed in said plasma processing chamber for processing. 9. The multi-segment electrode assembly of claim 1 wherein said plasma processing chamber represents an adjustable-gap plasma processing chamber wherein a gap between said substrate and said multi-segment electrode assembly is adjustable. 10. The multi-segment electrode assembly of claim 1 wherein said gap between said substrate and said multi-segment electrode assembly is adjustable in-situ. 11. A plasma processing system having at least a plasma processing chamber for processing a substrate, comprising:
a substrate holder configured for supporting said substrate during said processing; a multi-segment electrode assembly disposed in a spaced-apart manner opposite said substrate holder, wherein a plasma generating volume exists in a gap between said multi-segment electrode and said substrate during said processing, said multi-segment electrode assembly including
a first powered electrode segment having a first substrate holder-facing surface, said first powered electrode segment configured to be powered by a first RF signal, and
a second powered electrode segment having a second substrate holder-facing surface, said second powered electrode segment configured to be powered by a second RF signal, said second powered electrode segment being electrically insulated from said first powered electrode segment, at least one of said first substrate holder-facing surface and said second substrate holder-facing surface is non-planar. 12. The plasma processing system of claim 11 wherein one of said first substrate holder-facing surface and said second substrate holder-facing surface includes at least a convex surface portion. 13. The plasma processing system of claim 12 wherein the other of said first substrate holder-facing surface and said second substrate holder-facing surface includes at least a concave surface portion. 14. The plasma processing system of claim 12 wherein the other of said first substrate holder-facing surface and said second substrate holder-facing surface is planar. 15. The plasma processing system of claim 11 wherein one of said first substrate holder-facing surface and said second substrate holder-facing surface includes at least a concave surface portion. 16. The plasma processing system of claim 15 wherein the other of said first substrate holder-facing surface and said second substrate holder-facing surface is planar. 17. The plasma processing system of claim 11 wherein said first powered electrode segment and said second powered electrode segment are concentric relative to one another. 18. The plasma processing system of claim 11 wherein said gap is adjustable. 19. The plasma processing system of claim 11 wherein said gap is adjustable in-situ. 20. The plasma processing system of claim 11 wherein said first powered electrode segment and said second powered electrode segment are not co-planar relative to one another. 21. The plasma processing system of claim 11 wherein said first powered electrode segment and said second powered electrode segment are co-planar relative to one another. | 1,700 |
3,828 | 15,038,020 | 1,742 | Provided is a pneumatic tire comprising a tread section, a side wall section, and a bead section. A tire constituent member is provided in at least the tread section, extending along the tire circumferential direction and spliced at any positions in the tire circumferential direction. A belt-shaped sound-absorbing member is adhered to a region corresponding to the tread section in the tire inner surface, along the tire circumferential direction and via an adhesive layer. The sound-absorbing member is arranged intermittently along the tire circumferential direction. Sections where the sound-absorbing member is missing are arranged at positions corresponding to the splice portions of the tire constituent member and the sound-absorbing member is arranged so as to not overlap the splice portions. | 1. A pneumatic tire comprising:
a tread section forming an annular shape extending in a tire circumferential direction; a pair of side wall sections arranged on both sides of the tread section; and a pair of bead sections arranged inside in a tire radial direction of the side wall sections, wherein a tire constituent member is provided in at least the tread section, extending in the tire circumferential direction and spliced at any position in the tire circumferential direction, a belt-shaped sound-absorbing member is adhered to a region corresponding to the tread section in a tire inner surface, along the tire circumferential direction and via an adhesive layer, the sound-absorbing member is arranged intermittently along the tire circumferential direction, sections where the sound-absorbing member is missing are arranged at positions corresponding to a splice portion of the tire constituent member, and the sound-absorbing member is arranged so as to not overlap the splice portion. 2. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein
the tire constituent member is an inner liner layer and sections where the sound-absorbing member is missing are arranged at positions corresponding to the splice portion of the inner liner layer. 3. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein
the tire constituent member is a carcass layer and sections where the sound-absorbing member is missing are arranged at positions corresponding to the splice portion of the carcass layer. 4. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein
the tire constituent member is a carcass layer and an inner liner layer, and sections where the sound-absorbing member is missing are each arranged at positions corresponding to the splice portion of the carcass layer and the inner liner layer. 5. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein,
when a splice-peripheral region is defined to be 20 mm or less from the splice portion in the tire circumferential direction and splice-adjacent regions are defined to be from 20 to 120 mm from the splice portion in the tire circumferential direction, end sections of the sound-absorbing member in the tire circumferential direction are excluded from the splice-peripheral region to be arranged inside the splice-adjacent regions. 6. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein
the sound-absorbing member is a single sound-absorbing member extending in the tire circumferential direction and has a uniform thickness in at least a range corresponding to the adhering surface in a cross-section orthogonal to a longitudinal direction of the sound-absorbing member, and a cross-sectional shape is constant in the longitudinal direction. 7. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein
a ratio of a volume of the sound-absorbing member with respect to a volume of a cavity formed inside the tire during rim assembly is greater than 20%. 8. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein
a hardness of the sound-absorbing member is from 60 to 170 N and a tensile strength of the sound-absorbing member is from 60 to 180 kPa. 9. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein
the adhesive layer is formed of double-sided adhesive tape and a peeling adhesive strength of the adhesive layer is in a range of 8 to 40 N/20 mm. 10. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the sound-absorbing member is formed of a porous material having open cells. 11. The pneumatic tire according to claim 10, wherein the porous material is a foamed polyurethane. 12. The pneumatic tire according to claim 4, wherein,
when a splice-peripheral region is defined to be 20 mm or less from the splice portion in the tire circumferential direction and splice-adjacent regions are defined to be from 20 to 120 mm from the splice portion in the tire circumferential direction, end sections of the sound-absorbing member in the tire circumferential direction are excluded from the splice-peripheral region to be arranged inside the splice-adjacent regions. 13. The pneumatic tire according to claim 12, wherein
the sound-absorbing member is a single sound-absorbing member extending in the tire circumferential direction and has a uniform thickness in at least a range corresponding to the adhering surface in a cross-section orthogonal to a longitudinal direction of the sound-absorbing member, and a cross-sectional shape is constant in the longitudinal direction. 14. The pneumatic tire according to claim 13, wherein
a ratio of a volume of the sound-absorbing member with respect to a volume of a cavity formed inside the tire during rim assembly is greater than 20%. 15. The pneumatic tire according to claim 14, wherein
a hardness of the sound-absorbing member is from 60 to 170 N and a tensile strength of the sound-absorbing member is from 60 to 180 kPa. 16. The pneumatic tire according to claim 15, wherein
the adhesive layer is formed of double-sided adhesive tape and a peeling adhesive strength of the adhesive layer is in a range of 8 to 40 N/20 mm. 17. The pneumatic tire according to claim 16, wherein the sound-absorbing member is formed of a porous material having open cells. 18. The pneumatic tire according to claim 17, wherein the porous material is a foamed polyurethane. | Provided is a pneumatic tire comprising a tread section, a side wall section, and a bead section. A tire constituent member is provided in at least the tread section, extending along the tire circumferential direction and spliced at any positions in the tire circumferential direction. A belt-shaped sound-absorbing member is adhered to a region corresponding to the tread section in the tire inner surface, along the tire circumferential direction and via an adhesive layer. The sound-absorbing member is arranged intermittently along the tire circumferential direction. Sections where the sound-absorbing member is missing are arranged at positions corresponding to the splice portions of the tire constituent member and the sound-absorbing member is arranged so as to not overlap the splice portions.1. A pneumatic tire comprising:
a tread section forming an annular shape extending in a tire circumferential direction; a pair of side wall sections arranged on both sides of the tread section; and a pair of bead sections arranged inside in a tire radial direction of the side wall sections, wherein a tire constituent member is provided in at least the tread section, extending in the tire circumferential direction and spliced at any position in the tire circumferential direction, a belt-shaped sound-absorbing member is adhered to a region corresponding to the tread section in a tire inner surface, along the tire circumferential direction and via an adhesive layer, the sound-absorbing member is arranged intermittently along the tire circumferential direction, sections where the sound-absorbing member is missing are arranged at positions corresponding to a splice portion of the tire constituent member, and the sound-absorbing member is arranged so as to not overlap the splice portion. 2. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein
the tire constituent member is an inner liner layer and sections where the sound-absorbing member is missing are arranged at positions corresponding to the splice portion of the inner liner layer. 3. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein
the tire constituent member is a carcass layer and sections where the sound-absorbing member is missing are arranged at positions corresponding to the splice portion of the carcass layer. 4. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein
the tire constituent member is a carcass layer and an inner liner layer, and sections where the sound-absorbing member is missing are each arranged at positions corresponding to the splice portion of the carcass layer and the inner liner layer. 5. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein,
when a splice-peripheral region is defined to be 20 mm or less from the splice portion in the tire circumferential direction and splice-adjacent regions are defined to be from 20 to 120 mm from the splice portion in the tire circumferential direction, end sections of the sound-absorbing member in the tire circumferential direction are excluded from the splice-peripheral region to be arranged inside the splice-adjacent regions. 6. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein
the sound-absorbing member is a single sound-absorbing member extending in the tire circumferential direction and has a uniform thickness in at least a range corresponding to the adhering surface in a cross-section orthogonal to a longitudinal direction of the sound-absorbing member, and a cross-sectional shape is constant in the longitudinal direction. 7. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein
a ratio of a volume of the sound-absorbing member with respect to a volume of a cavity formed inside the tire during rim assembly is greater than 20%. 8. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein
a hardness of the sound-absorbing member is from 60 to 170 N and a tensile strength of the sound-absorbing member is from 60 to 180 kPa. 9. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein
the adhesive layer is formed of double-sided adhesive tape and a peeling adhesive strength of the adhesive layer is in a range of 8 to 40 N/20 mm. 10. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the sound-absorbing member is formed of a porous material having open cells. 11. The pneumatic tire according to claim 10, wherein the porous material is a foamed polyurethane. 12. The pneumatic tire according to claim 4, wherein,
when a splice-peripheral region is defined to be 20 mm or less from the splice portion in the tire circumferential direction and splice-adjacent regions are defined to be from 20 to 120 mm from the splice portion in the tire circumferential direction, end sections of the sound-absorbing member in the tire circumferential direction are excluded from the splice-peripheral region to be arranged inside the splice-adjacent regions. 13. The pneumatic tire according to claim 12, wherein
the sound-absorbing member is a single sound-absorbing member extending in the tire circumferential direction and has a uniform thickness in at least a range corresponding to the adhering surface in a cross-section orthogonal to a longitudinal direction of the sound-absorbing member, and a cross-sectional shape is constant in the longitudinal direction. 14. The pneumatic tire according to claim 13, wherein
a ratio of a volume of the sound-absorbing member with respect to a volume of a cavity formed inside the tire during rim assembly is greater than 20%. 15. The pneumatic tire according to claim 14, wherein
a hardness of the sound-absorbing member is from 60 to 170 N and a tensile strength of the sound-absorbing member is from 60 to 180 kPa. 16. The pneumatic tire according to claim 15, wherein
the adhesive layer is formed of double-sided adhesive tape and a peeling adhesive strength of the adhesive layer is in a range of 8 to 40 N/20 mm. 17. The pneumatic tire according to claim 16, wherein the sound-absorbing member is formed of a porous material having open cells. 18. The pneumatic tire according to claim 17, wherein the porous material is a foamed polyurethane. | 1,700 |
3,829 | 15,344,718 | 1,715 | A method for coating plastic components of a motor vehicle. A modular coating unit is provided having a first coating module for coating at least one workpiece composed of plastic. A second module for the preparation of the coating material may be provided in the coating unit. The completed coating material to be applied is mixed from a base material composed of non-volatile components from a first container, to which solvent or water from a second container and concentrated colour pigments and/or effect pigments from third containers may be admixed in the module for the preparation of the coating materials. | 1. A modular coating unit, comprising:
at least one module including a coating module for coating at least one workpiece composed of plastic, and a mixer to admix a coating material that includes a base material composed of non-volatile components from a first container, a solvent or water from a second container, and concentrated colour pigments and/or effect pigments from at least one third container. 2. The modular coating unit of claim 1, wherein the base material from the first container and the solvent or water from the second container are present in a quantitative volume fraction of at least 80% in the coating material to be applied. 3. The modular coating unit of claim 1, wherein the coating material to be applied comprises 10-20% base material. 4. The modular coating unit of claim 3, wherein the coating material to be applied comprises 60-70% solvent/water. 5. The modular coating unit of claim 4, wherein the coating material to be applied comprises 10-30% concentrated colour pigments and/or effect pigments. 6. The modular coating unit of claim 5, wherein the effect pigments comprises metal pigments. 7. The modular coating unit of claim 1, wherein the mixer is configured to access the first container, accesses the second container, and access the at least one third container. 8. The modular coating unit of claim 1, wherein the mixer is in fluidic communication with the coating module. 9. The modular coating unit of claim 1, wherein the mixer is integrated in the coating module. 10. A method for coating a plastic component of a motor vehicle, the method comprising:
providing a modular coating unit that includes at least one module including a coating module for coating at least one workpiece composed of plastic, and a mixer to admix a coating material that includes a base material composed of non-volatile components from a first container, a solvent or water from a second container, and concentrated colour pigments and/or effect pigments from at least one third container; producing a completed coating material by mixing in situ, using the mixer, a base material, a solvent or water, and concentrated colour pigments and/or effect pigments. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising transporting the completed coating material to the coating module. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein mixing in situ, using the mixer, is conducted in the coating module. 13. The method of claim 10, further comprising mixing the completed coating material in a spray mist of the coating module, and simultaneously supplying the completed coating material in a predetermined mixing ratio to at least one spraying head. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein producing the completed coating material comprises admixing paint residues from the at least one third container. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein producing the completed coating material comprises mixing the base material, the solvent or water, and the concentrated colour pigments and/or effect pigments in the coating unit. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising supplying, in a predetermined mixing ratio, the base material, the solvent or water, and the concentrated colour pigments and/or effect pigments to at least one spraying head. | A method for coating plastic components of a motor vehicle. A modular coating unit is provided having a first coating module for coating at least one workpiece composed of plastic. A second module for the preparation of the coating material may be provided in the coating unit. The completed coating material to be applied is mixed from a base material composed of non-volatile components from a first container, to which solvent or water from a second container and concentrated colour pigments and/or effect pigments from third containers may be admixed in the module for the preparation of the coating materials.1. A modular coating unit, comprising:
at least one module including a coating module for coating at least one workpiece composed of plastic, and a mixer to admix a coating material that includes a base material composed of non-volatile components from a first container, a solvent or water from a second container, and concentrated colour pigments and/or effect pigments from at least one third container. 2. The modular coating unit of claim 1, wherein the base material from the first container and the solvent or water from the second container are present in a quantitative volume fraction of at least 80% in the coating material to be applied. 3. The modular coating unit of claim 1, wherein the coating material to be applied comprises 10-20% base material. 4. The modular coating unit of claim 3, wherein the coating material to be applied comprises 60-70% solvent/water. 5. The modular coating unit of claim 4, wherein the coating material to be applied comprises 10-30% concentrated colour pigments and/or effect pigments. 6. The modular coating unit of claim 5, wherein the effect pigments comprises metal pigments. 7. The modular coating unit of claim 1, wherein the mixer is configured to access the first container, accesses the second container, and access the at least one third container. 8. The modular coating unit of claim 1, wherein the mixer is in fluidic communication with the coating module. 9. The modular coating unit of claim 1, wherein the mixer is integrated in the coating module. 10. A method for coating a plastic component of a motor vehicle, the method comprising:
providing a modular coating unit that includes at least one module including a coating module for coating at least one workpiece composed of plastic, and a mixer to admix a coating material that includes a base material composed of non-volatile components from a first container, a solvent or water from a second container, and concentrated colour pigments and/or effect pigments from at least one third container; producing a completed coating material by mixing in situ, using the mixer, a base material, a solvent or water, and concentrated colour pigments and/or effect pigments. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising transporting the completed coating material to the coating module. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein mixing in situ, using the mixer, is conducted in the coating module. 13. The method of claim 10, further comprising mixing the completed coating material in a spray mist of the coating module, and simultaneously supplying the completed coating material in a predetermined mixing ratio to at least one spraying head. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein producing the completed coating material comprises admixing paint residues from the at least one third container. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein producing the completed coating material comprises mixing the base material, the solvent or water, and the concentrated colour pigments and/or effect pigments in the coating unit. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising supplying, in a predetermined mixing ratio, the base material, the solvent or water, and the concentrated colour pigments and/or effect pigments to at least one spraying head. | 1,700 |
3,830 | 15,863,172 | 1,718 | A process for coating a gas turbine blade with an abrasive. The process includes positioning the gas turbine blade in a nest, the gas turbine blade comprising a tip having a top surface; prepositioning a metal powder material on the top surface; fusing the metal powder material to the top surface by use of a laser to form a base layer on the top surface; prepositioning an abrasive composite material on the base layer opposite the top surface; fusing the abrasive composite material to the base layer by use of the laser to form an abrasive coating on the base layer; and removing the gas turbine blade from the nest. | 1. A process for coating a gas turbine blade with an abrasive, said process comprising:
positioning said gas turbine blade in a nest, said gas turbine blade comprising a tip having a top surface, prepositioning a metal powder material on said top surface; fusing said metal powder material to said top surface by use of a laser to form a base layer on said top surface; prepositioning an abrasive composite material on said base layer opposite said top surface; fusing said abrasive composite material to said base layer by use of said laser to form an abrasive coating on said base layer; and removing said gas turbine blade from said nest. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein said abrasive composite material comprises a corrosion resistant metal powder material and an abrasive material. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein said abrasive coating comprises a metal matrix surrounding said abrasive material. 4. The process of claim 1, further comprising:
using a binding agent to fix said metal powder material in place prior to said fusing. 5. The process of claim 1, further comprising:
using a force of gravity to fix said metal powder material in place prior to said fusing. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein said fusing of said metal powder material to said top surface comprises passing a laser beam over said metal powder material and fusing said metal powder material and bonding said metal powder material to said top surface. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein said fusing said abrasive composite material to said base layer comprises passing a laser beam over said abrasive composite material fusing a metal powder material into a matrix surrounding an abrasive material. 8. The process of claim 1, further comprising:
prepositioning an additional predetermined quantity of said metal powder material on said abrasive coating; and fusing said additional predetermined quantity of metal powder material to said abrasive coating by use of said laser to form an encapsulation layer on said abrasive coating. | A process for coating a gas turbine blade with an abrasive. The process includes positioning the gas turbine blade in a nest, the gas turbine blade comprising a tip having a top surface; prepositioning a metal powder material on the top surface; fusing the metal powder material to the top surface by use of a laser to form a base layer on the top surface; prepositioning an abrasive composite material on the base layer opposite the top surface; fusing the abrasive composite material to the base layer by use of the laser to form an abrasive coating on the base layer; and removing the gas turbine blade from the nest.1. A process for coating a gas turbine blade with an abrasive, said process comprising:
positioning said gas turbine blade in a nest, said gas turbine blade comprising a tip having a top surface, prepositioning a metal powder material on said top surface; fusing said metal powder material to said top surface by use of a laser to form a base layer on said top surface; prepositioning an abrasive composite material on said base layer opposite said top surface; fusing said abrasive composite material to said base layer by use of said laser to form an abrasive coating on said base layer; and removing said gas turbine blade from said nest. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein said abrasive composite material comprises a corrosion resistant metal powder material and an abrasive material. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein said abrasive coating comprises a metal matrix surrounding said abrasive material. 4. The process of claim 1, further comprising:
using a binding agent to fix said metal powder material in place prior to said fusing. 5. The process of claim 1, further comprising:
using a force of gravity to fix said metal powder material in place prior to said fusing. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein said fusing of said metal powder material to said top surface comprises passing a laser beam over said metal powder material and fusing said metal powder material and bonding said metal powder material to said top surface. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein said fusing said abrasive composite material to said base layer comprises passing a laser beam over said abrasive composite material fusing a metal powder material into a matrix surrounding an abrasive material. 8. The process of claim 1, further comprising:
prepositioning an additional predetermined quantity of said metal powder material on said abrasive coating; and fusing said additional predetermined quantity of metal powder material to said abrasive coating by use of said laser to form an encapsulation layer on said abrasive coating. | 1,700 |
3,831 | 15,301,645 | 1,718 | The present invention relates to a method of preparing an at least partially transparent and conductive layer ( 22 ) comprising graphene, the method comprising the steps of: (a) applying a dispersion comprising graphene oxide onto a substrate to form a layer comprising graphene oxide on the substrate, and (b) heating at least part of the layer obtained in step (a) by laser irradiation ( 34 ) at a laser output power of at least 0.036 W, thereby chemically reducing at least a part of the graphene oxide to graphene ( 33 ) and physically reducing the thickness of the layer by ablation. An advantage of the present invention is that it provides a simplified method of preparing a layer comprising graphene. The layer thus prepared has desirable transparency and conductivity. | 1. A method of preparing an at least partially transparent and conductive layer comprising graphene, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) applying a dispersion comprising graphene oxide onto a substrate to form a layer comprising graphene oxide on the substrate, wherein the thickness of the layer obtained in step (a) is at least 10 μm and (b) heating at least part of the layer obtained in step (a) by laser irradiation at a laser output power of at least 0.036 W, thereby chemically reducing at least a part of the graphene oxide to graphene and physically reducing the thickness of the layer by ablation, wherein the heating in step (b) is adapted to provide an energy density of less than 6.4 J/mm2. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the layer comprising graphene oxide is heated by laser irradiation at a laser output power of at least 0.04 W. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the layer comprising graphene oxide is heated by laser irradiation at a laser output power of at least 0.058 W. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heating in step (b) is carried out at a beam speed 0.1 m/s or less. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heating in step (b) is carried out at a beam speed of 0.04 m/s or less. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heating in step (b) provides a laser output power of at least 0.036 W and is carried out at a beam speed of 0.01 m/s or less. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heating in step (b) provides a laser output power of at least 0.05 W and is carried out at a beam speed of 0.02 m/s or less. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the layer is exposed to heating in step (b) of an exposure time of less than 15 ms. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the layer obtained in step (a) is in the range of from 10 μm to 100 μm. 10. (canceled) 11. (canceled) 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least a region of the layer comprising graphene resulting from step (b) has a thickness in the range of from 1 to 10 nm. 13. A graphene layer obtainable by the method according to claim 12. 14. An optoelectronic device comprising a conductive graphene layer obtainable by the method according to claim 12. 15. An electronic device comprising a conductive graphene layer obtainable by the method according claim 12. | The present invention relates to a method of preparing an at least partially transparent and conductive layer ( 22 ) comprising graphene, the method comprising the steps of: (a) applying a dispersion comprising graphene oxide onto a substrate to form a layer comprising graphene oxide on the substrate, and (b) heating at least part of the layer obtained in step (a) by laser irradiation ( 34 ) at a laser output power of at least 0.036 W, thereby chemically reducing at least a part of the graphene oxide to graphene ( 33 ) and physically reducing the thickness of the layer by ablation. An advantage of the present invention is that it provides a simplified method of preparing a layer comprising graphene. The layer thus prepared has desirable transparency and conductivity.1. A method of preparing an at least partially transparent and conductive layer comprising graphene, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) applying a dispersion comprising graphene oxide onto a substrate to form a layer comprising graphene oxide on the substrate, wherein the thickness of the layer obtained in step (a) is at least 10 μm and (b) heating at least part of the layer obtained in step (a) by laser irradiation at a laser output power of at least 0.036 W, thereby chemically reducing at least a part of the graphene oxide to graphene and physically reducing the thickness of the layer by ablation, wherein the heating in step (b) is adapted to provide an energy density of less than 6.4 J/mm2. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the layer comprising graphene oxide is heated by laser irradiation at a laser output power of at least 0.04 W. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the layer comprising graphene oxide is heated by laser irradiation at a laser output power of at least 0.058 W. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heating in step (b) is carried out at a beam speed 0.1 m/s or less. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heating in step (b) is carried out at a beam speed of 0.04 m/s or less. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heating in step (b) provides a laser output power of at least 0.036 W and is carried out at a beam speed of 0.01 m/s or less. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heating in step (b) provides a laser output power of at least 0.05 W and is carried out at a beam speed of 0.02 m/s or less. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the layer is exposed to heating in step (b) of an exposure time of less than 15 ms. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the layer obtained in step (a) is in the range of from 10 μm to 100 μm. 10. (canceled) 11. (canceled) 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least a region of the layer comprising graphene resulting from step (b) has a thickness in the range of from 1 to 10 nm. 13. A graphene layer obtainable by the method according to claim 12. 14. An optoelectronic device comprising a conductive graphene layer obtainable by the method according to claim 12. 15. An electronic device comprising a conductive graphene layer obtainable by the method according claim 12. | 1,700 |
3,832 | 14,824,615 | 1,747 | An apparatus and method for forming a smoking article rod is provided. A forming device is configured to engage a continuous stream of a smokable filler material with a first surface of a longitudinally-continuous web of a wrapping material, the web having first and second edge portions extending along the web, and a second surface opposing the first surface. A wrapping device is configured to longitudinally overlap the first and second edge portions such that the first surface about the first edge portion extends over the second surface about the second edge portion, to contain the smokable filler material within the web. An adhesive applicator device is configured to apply an adhesive material to the second surface about and longitudinally along the second edge portion, between the overlapped edge portions, prior to the wrapping device engaging the overlapped edge portions, with the adhesive material therebetween, to form a sealed seam. | 1. A method for forming a smoking article rod, comprising:
engaging a continuous stream of a smokable filler material with a first surface of a longitudinally-continuous web of a wrapping material, the web having laterally-opposed first and second edge portions extending along the longitudinally-continuous web, and having a second surface opposing the first surface; longitudinally overlapping the first and second edge portions such that the first surface about the first edge portion extends over the second surface about the second edge portion, and so as to contain the smokable filler material within the longitudinally-continuous web; and applying an adhesive material to at least the second surface about and longitudinally along the second edge portion, between the longitudinally-overlapped first and second edge portions, prior to engaging the longitudinally-overlapped first and second edge portions, with the adhesive material therebetween, to form a sealed seam and produce a longitudinally-continuous smoking article rod. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein engaging a continuous stream of a smokable filler material comprises engaging a continuous stream of a tobacco material with the first surface of the longitudinally-continuous web of the wrapping material. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein engaging a continuous stream of a smokable filler material with a first surface of a longitudinally-continuous web of a wrapping material comprises engaging the continuous stream of the smokable filler material with a wire-side surface comprising the first surface of a longitudinally-continuous web of a cigarette wrapping paper, the cigarette wrapping paper further including a felt-side surface comprising the second surface. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein longitudinally overlapping the first and second edge portions comprises longitudinally overlapping the first and second edge portions such that the wire-side surface of the cigarette wrapping paper about the first edge portion extends over the felt-side surface about the second edge portion. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein applying an adhesive material to at least the second surface about the second edge portion comprises applying an adhesive material to the felt-side surface about and longitudinally along the second edge portion, between the longitudinally-overlapped first and second edge portions, prior to engaging the longitudinally-overlapped wire-side surface of the first edge portion and felt-side surface of the second edge portions, with the adhesive material therebetween, to form the sealed seam. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein applying an adhesive material to at least the second surface about and longitudinally along the second edge portion comprises applying an adhesive material to the wire-side surface about and longitudinally along the first edge portion and to the felt-side surface about and longitudinally along the second edge portion, between the longitudinally-overlapped first and second edge portions, prior to engaging the longitudinally-overlapped wire-side surface of the first edge portion and felt-side surface of the second edge portions, with the adhesive material therebetween, to form the sealed seam. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein applying an adhesive material to the wire-side surface about and longitudinally along the first edge portion and to the felt-side surface about and longitudinally along the second edge portion comprises applying an adhesive material to the wire-side surface about and longitudinally along the first edge portion and to the felt-side surface about and longitudinally along the second edge portion so as to form parallel adhesive beads extending along the longitudinally continuous web, upon engaging the longitudinally-overlapped wire-side surface of the first edge portion and felt-side surface of the second edge portions, with the parallel adhesive beads forming the sealed seam between and with the first and second edge portions. 8. The method of claim 1, comprising heating or cooling the adhesive material prior to applying the adhesive material to at least the second surface. 9. The method of claim 1, comprising roughing the first or second surface prior to applying the adhesive material to at least the second surface. 10. The method of claim 1, comprising increasing porosity of the first or second surface prior to applying the adhesive material to at least the second surface. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein increasing porosity of the first or second surface comprises laser perforating or electrostatically perforating the first or second surface prior to applying the adhesive material to at least the second surface. 12. An apparatus for forming a smoking article rod, comprising:
a forming device configured to engage a continuous stream of a smokable filler material with a first surface of a longitudinally-continuous web of a wrapping material, the web having laterally-opposed first and second edge portions extending along the longitudinally-continuous web, and having a second surface opposing the first surface; a wrapping device configured to longitudinally overlap the first and second edge portions such that the first surface about the first edge portion extends over the second surface about the second edge portion, and so as to contain the smokable filler material within the longitudinally-continuous web; and an adhesive applicator device configured to apply an adhesive material to at least the second surface about and longitudinally along the second edge portion, between the longitudinally-overlapped first and second edge portions, prior to the wrapping device engaging the longitudinally-overlapped first and second edge portions, with the adhesive material therebetween, to form a sealed seam and produce a longitudinally-continuous smoking article rod. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the forming device is configured to engage a continuous stream of a tobacco material with the first surface of the longitudinally-continuous web of the wrapping material. 14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the forming device is configured to engage the continuous stream of the smokable filler material with a wire-side surface comprising the first surface of a longitudinally-continuous web of a cigarette wrapping paper, the cigarette wrapping paper further including a felt-side surface comprising the second surface. 15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the wrapping device is configured to longitudinally overlap the first and second edge portions such that the wire-side surface of the cigarette wrapping paper about the first edge portion extends over the felt-side surface about the second edge portion. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the adhesive applicator device is configured to apply an adhesive material to the felt-side surface about and longitudinally along the second edge portion, between the longitudinally-overlapped first and second edge portions, prior to the wrapping device engaging the longitudinally-overlapped wire-side surface of the first edge portion and felt-side surface of the second edge portions, with the adhesive material therebetween, to form the sealed seam. 17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the adhesive applicator device is configured to apply an adhesive material to the wire-side surface about and longitudinally along the first edge portion and to the felt-side surface about and longitudinally along the second edge portion, between the longitudinally-overlapped first and second edge portions, prior to the wrapping device engaging the longitudinally-overlapped wire-side surface of the first edge portion and felt-side surface of the second edge portions, with the adhesive material therebetween, to form the sealed seam. 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the adhesive applicator device is configured to apply an adhesive material to the wire-side surface about and longitudinally along the first edge portion and to the felt-side surface about and longitudinally along the second edge portion, so as to form parallel adhesive beads extending along the longitudinally continuous web, upon engaging the longitudinally-overlapped wire-side surface of the first edge portion and felt-side surface of the second edge portions, with the parallel adhesive beads forming the sealed seam between and with the first and second edge portions. 19. The apparatus of claim 12, comprising a temperature control arrangement configured to heat or cool the adhesive material prior to the adhesive material being applied by the adhesive applicator device to at least the second surface. 20. The apparatus of claim 12, comprising a seam preparation device configured to roughen the first or second surface prior to the adhesive material being applied by the adhesive applicator device to at least the second surface. 21. The apparatus of claim 12, comprising a seam preparation device configured to increase porosity of the first or second surface prior to the adhesive material being applied by the adhesive applicator device to at least the second surface. 22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the seam preparation device comprises a laser perforation device or an electrostatic perforation device configured to perforate the first or second surface. 23. A method for forming a smoking article rod, comprising:
longitudinally overlapping laterally-opposed first and second edge portions of a longitudinally-continuous web of a wrapping material, a first surface of the longitudinally-continuous web of the wrapping material having a continuous stream of a smokable filler material engaged therewith, such that the first surface about the first edge portion extends over a second surface of the longitudinally-continuous web of the wrapping material about the second edge portion, the second surface opposing the first surface, and so as to contain the smokable filler material within the longitudinally-continuous web; and applying an adhesive material to at least the second surface about and longitudinally along the second edge portion, between the longitudinally-overlapped first and second edge portions, prior to engaging the longitudinally-overlapped first and second edge portions, with the adhesive material therebetween, to form a sealed seam and produce a longitudinally-continuous smoking article rod. 24. An apparatus for forming a smoking article rod, comprising:
a wrapping device configured to longitudinally overlap laterally-opposed first and second edge portions of a longitudinally-continuous web of a wrapping material, a first surface of the longitudinally-continuous web of the wrapping material having a continuous stream of a smokable filler material engaged therewith, such that the first surface about the first edge portion extends over a second surface of the longitudinally-continuous web of the wrapping material about the second edge portion, the second surface opposing the first surface, and so as to contain the smokable filler material within the longitudinally-continuous web; and an adhesive applicator device configured to apply an adhesive material to at least the second surface about and longitudinally along the second edge portion, between the longitudinally-overlapped first and second edge portions, prior to wrapping device engaging the longitudinally-overlapped first and second edge portions, with the adhesive material therebetween, to form a sealed seam and produce a longitudinally-continuous smoking article rod. | An apparatus and method for forming a smoking article rod is provided. A forming device is configured to engage a continuous stream of a smokable filler material with a first surface of a longitudinally-continuous web of a wrapping material, the web having first and second edge portions extending along the web, and a second surface opposing the first surface. A wrapping device is configured to longitudinally overlap the first and second edge portions such that the first surface about the first edge portion extends over the second surface about the second edge portion, to contain the smokable filler material within the web. An adhesive applicator device is configured to apply an adhesive material to the second surface about and longitudinally along the second edge portion, between the overlapped edge portions, prior to the wrapping device engaging the overlapped edge portions, with the adhesive material therebetween, to form a sealed seam.1. A method for forming a smoking article rod, comprising:
engaging a continuous stream of a smokable filler material with a first surface of a longitudinally-continuous web of a wrapping material, the web having laterally-opposed first and second edge portions extending along the longitudinally-continuous web, and having a second surface opposing the first surface; longitudinally overlapping the first and second edge portions such that the first surface about the first edge portion extends over the second surface about the second edge portion, and so as to contain the smokable filler material within the longitudinally-continuous web; and applying an adhesive material to at least the second surface about and longitudinally along the second edge portion, between the longitudinally-overlapped first and second edge portions, prior to engaging the longitudinally-overlapped first and second edge portions, with the adhesive material therebetween, to form a sealed seam and produce a longitudinally-continuous smoking article rod. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein engaging a continuous stream of a smokable filler material comprises engaging a continuous stream of a tobacco material with the first surface of the longitudinally-continuous web of the wrapping material. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein engaging a continuous stream of a smokable filler material with a first surface of a longitudinally-continuous web of a wrapping material comprises engaging the continuous stream of the smokable filler material with a wire-side surface comprising the first surface of a longitudinally-continuous web of a cigarette wrapping paper, the cigarette wrapping paper further including a felt-side surface comprising the second surface. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein longitudinally overlapping the first and second edge portions comprises longitudinally overlapping the first and second edge portions such that the wire-side surface of the cigarette wrapping paper about the first edge portion extends over the felt-side surface about the second edge portion. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein applying an adhesive material to at least the second surface about the second edge portion comprises applying an adhesive material to the felt-side surface about and longitudinally along the second edge portion, between the longitudinally-overlapped first and second edge portions, prior to engaging the longitudinally-overlapped wire-side surface of the first edge portion and felt-side surface of the second edge portions, with the adhesive material therebetween, to form the sealed seam. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein applying an adhesive material to at least the second surface about and longitudinally along the second edge portion comprises applying an adhesive material to the wire-side surface about and longitudinally along the first edge portion and to the felt-side surface about and longitudinally along the second edge portion, between the longitudinally-overlapped first and second edge portions, prior to engaging the longitudinally-overlapped wire-side surface of the first edge portion and felt-side surface of the second edge portions, with the adhesive material therebetween, to form the sealed seam. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein applying an adhesive material to the wire-side surface about and longitudinally along the first edge portion and to the felt-side surface about and longitudinally along the second edge portion comprises applying an adhesive material to the wire-side surface about and longitudinally along the first edge portion and to the felt-side surface about and longitudinally along the second edge portion so as to form parallel adhesive beads extending along the longitudinally continuous web, upon engaging the longitudinally-overlapped wire-side surface of the first edge portion and felt-side surface of the second edge portions, with the parallel adhesive beads forming the sealed seam between and with the first and second edge portions. 8. The method of claim 1, comprising heating or cooling the adhesive material prior to applying the adhesive material to at least the second surface. 9. The method of claim 1, comprising roughing the first or second surface prior to applying the adhesive material to at least the second surface. 10. The method of claim 1, comprising increasing porosity of the first or second surface prior to applying the adhesive material to at least the second surface. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein increasing porosity of the first or second surface comprises laser perforating or electrostatically perforating the first or second surface prior to applying the adhesive material to at least the second surface. 12. An apparatus for forming a smoking article rod, comprising:
a forming device configured to engage a continuous stream of a smokable filler material with a first surface of a longitudinally-continuous web of a wrapping material, the web having laterally-opposed first and second edge portions extending along the longitudinally-continuous web, and having a second surface opposing the first surface; a wrapping device configured to longitudinally overlap the first and second edge portions such that the first surface about the first edge portion extends over the second surface about the second edge portion, and so as to contain the smokable filler material within the longitudinally-continuous web; and an adhesive applicator device configured to apply an adhesive material to at least the second surface about and longitudinally along the second edge portion, between the longitudinally-overlapped first and second edge portions, prior to the wrapping device engaging the longitudinally-overlapped first and second edge portions, with the adhesive material therebetween, to form a sealed seam and produce a longitudinally-continuous smoking article rod. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the forming device is configured to engage a continuous stream of a tobacco material with the first surface of the longitudinally-continuous web of the wrapping material. 14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the forming device is configured to engage the continuous stream of the smokable filler material with a wire-side surface comprising the first surface of a longitudinally-continuous web of a cigarette wrapping paper, the cigarette wrapping paper further including a felt-side surface comprising the second surface. 15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the wrapping device is configured to longitudinally overlap the first and second edge portions such that the wire-side surface of the cigarette wrapping paper about the first edge portion extends over the felt-side surface about the second edge portion. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the adhesive applicator device is configured to apply an adhesive material to the felt-side surface about and longitudinally along the second edge portion, between the longitudinally-overlapped first and second edge portions, prior to the wrapping device engaging the longitudinally-overlapped wire-side surface of the first edge portion and felt-side surface of the second edge portions, with the adhesive material therebetween, to form the sealed seam. 17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the adhesive applicator device is configured to apply an adhesive material to the wire-side surface about and longitudinally along the first edge portion and to the felt-side surface about and longitudinally along the second edge portion, between the longitudinally-overlapped first and second edge portions, prior to the wrapping device engaging the longitudinally-overlapped wire-side surface of the first edge portion and felt-side surface of the second edge portions, with the adhesive material therebetween, to form the sealed seam. 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the adhesive applicator device is configured to apply an adhesive material to the wire-side surface about and longitudinally along the first edge portion and to the felt-side surface about and longitudinally along the second edge portion, so as to form parallel adhesive beads extending along the longitudinally continuous web, upon engaging the longitudinally-overlapped wire-side surface of the first edge portion and felt-side surface of the second edge portions, with the parallel adhesive beads forming the sealed seam between and with the first and second edge portions. 19. The apparatus of claim 12, comprising a temperature control arrangement configured to heat or cool the adhesive material prior to the adhesive material being applied by the adhesive applicator device to at least the second surface. 20. The apparatus of claim 12, comprising a seam preparation device configured to roughen the first or second surface prior to the adhesive material being applied by the adhesive applicator device to at least the second surface. 21. The apparatus of claim 12, comprising a seam preparation device configured to increase porosity of the first or second surface prior to the adhesive material being applied by the adhesive applicator device to at least the second surface. 22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the seam preparation device comprises a laser perforation device or an electrostatic perforation device configured to perforate the first or second surface. 23. A method for forming a smoking article rod, comprising:
longitudinally overlapping laterally-opposed first and second edge portions of a longitudinally-continuous web of a wrapping material, a first surface of the longitudinally-continuous web of the wrapping material having a continuous stream of a smokable filler material engaged therewith, such that the first surface about the first edge portion extends over a second surface of the longitudinally-continuous web of the wrapping material about the second edge portion, the second surface opposing the first surface, and so as to contain the smokable filler material within the longitudinally-continuous web; and applying an adhesive material to at least the second surface about and longitudinally along the second edge portion, between the longitudinally-overlapped first and second edge portions, prior to engaging the longitudinally-overlapped first and second edge portions, with the adhesive material therebetween, to form a sealed seam and produce a longitudinally-continuous smoking article rod. 24. An apparatus for forming a smoking article rod, comprising:
a wrapping device configured to longitudinally overlap laterally-opposed first and second edge portions of a longitudinally-continuous web of a wrapping material, a first surface of the longitudinally-continuous web of the wrapping material having a continuous stream of a smokable filler material engaged therewith, such that the first surface about the first edge portion extends over a second surface of the longitudinally-continuous web of the wrapping material about the second edge portion, the second surface opposing the first surface, and so as to contain the smokable filler material within the longitudinally-continuous web; and an adhesive applicator device configured to apply an adhesive material to at least the second surface about and longitudinally along the second edge portion, between the longitudinally-overlapped first and second edge portions, prior to wrapping device engaging the longitudinally-overlapped first and second edge portions, with the adhesive material therebetween, to form a sealed seam and produce a longitudinally-continuous smoking article rod. | 1,700 |
3,833 | 15,072,180 | 1,712 | A method for depositing a functional material on a substrate is disclosed. An optically transparent plate having a first surface and a second surface with one or more wells is provided. After coating the second surface with a thin layer of light-absorbing material, the wells are filled with a functional material. The plate is then irradiated with a pulsed light to heat the layer of light-absorbing material in order to generate gas at an interface between the layer of light-absorbing material and the functional material to release the functional material from the wells onto a receiving substrate located adjacent to the plate. | 1. A method for depositing a functional material on a substrate, said method comprising:
providing a plate having a first surface and a second surface, wherein said second surface includes at least one well within said second surface; applying a layer of light-absorbing material onto said second surface of said plate; filling said at least one well within said second surface of said plate with a functional material after said application of said light-absorbing material layer; and irradiating said plate with a pulsed light from a non-collimated light source to heat said light-absorbing material in order to generate gas at an interface between said light-absorbing material and said functional material to release said functional material from said at least one well onto a receiving substrate. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said plate is optically transparent. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said plate is made of quartz. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said light-absorbing material is tungsten. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said non-collimated light source is a flashlamp. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said non-collimated light source is a laser and a waveguide. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein an intensity of said pulsed light is greater than 10 KW/cm2. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein a pulse width of said pulsed light is less than 0.2 ms. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein said method further includes applying a reflective layer on said second surface of said plate before the application of said light-absorbing material layer. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein said method further includes selectively removing said reflective layer from said second surface of said plate before the application of said light-absorbing material layer. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein said applying further includes applying a release layer onto said second surface of said plate after said application of said light-absorbing material and before said filling of said functional material. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein said release layer includes pores. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein said pores within said release layer contain a solvent. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein said release layer has a boiling point lower than any solvents in said functional material. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein said applying further includes applying a thermal buffer layer onto said second surface of said plate before said application of said light-absorbing material. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein said thermal buffer layer is made of polyimide. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein said second surface is substantially flat. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein said second surface is curved. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein said receiving substrate is curved. | A method for depositing a functional material on a substrate is disclosed. An optically transparent plate having a first surface and a second surface with one or more wells is provided. After coating the second surface with a thin layer of light-absorbing material, the wells are filled with a functional material. The plate is then irradiated with a pulsed light to heat the layer of light-absorbing material in order to generate gas at an interface between the layer of light-absorbing material and the functional material to release the functional material from the wells onto a receiving substrate located adjacent to the plate.1. A method for depositing a functional material on a substrate, said method comprising:
providing a plate having a first surface and a second surface, wherein said second surface includes at least one well within said second surface; applying a layer of light-absorbing material onto said second surface of said plate; filling said at least one well within said second surface of said plate with a functional material after said application of said light-absorbing material layer; and irradiating said plate with a pulsed light from a non-collimated light source to heat said light-absorbing material in order to generate gas at an interface between said light-absorbing material and said functional material to release said functional material from said at least one well onto a receiving substrate. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said plate is optically transparent. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said plate is made of quartz. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said light-absorbing material is tungsten. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said non-collimated light source is a flashlamp. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said non-collimated light source is a laser and a waveguide. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein an intensity of said pulsed light is greater than 10 KW/cm2. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein a pulse width of said pulsed light is less than 0.2 ms. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein said method further includes applying a reflective layer on said second surface of said plate before the application of said light-absorbing material layer. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein said method further includes selectively removing said reflective layer from said second surface of said plate before the application of said light-absorbing material layer. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein said applying further includes applying a release layer onto said second surface of said plate after said application of said light-absorbing material and before said filling of said functional material. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein said release layer includes pores. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein said pores within said release layer contain a solvent. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein said release layer has a boiling point lower than any solvents in said functional material. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein said applying further includes applying a thermal buffer layer onto said second surface of said plate before said application of said light-absorbing material. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein said thermal buffer layer is made of polyimide. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein said second surface is substantially flat. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein said second surface is curved. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein said receiving substrate is curved. | 1,700 |
3,834 | 15,481,332 | 1,793 | The present invention relates a process of production of beadlets comprising probiotic compounds in a matrix comprising at least one starch and/or starch derivative, to such beadlets and to the use of such specific beadlets in food (for humans and animals) as well as in premixes. | 1. A process for preparing beadlets containing a high content of at least one probiotic, wherein the process comprises the steps of:
(a) forming an aqueous probiotic-containing solution consisting of:
(i) at least one probiotic in an amount of 40 wt. %-85 wt. %, based on the total weight of the beadlets, and
(ii) at least one starch and/or starch derivative, and thereafter
(b) converting the aqueous probiotic-containing solution into a dry powder by spray drying the solution into a fluidized bed of a collecting powder to form beadlets comprising the at least one probiotic, wherein step (b) is practiced by the steps of:
(b1) dehumidifying hot atomizing air to a water content of less than about 3 g/kg to obtain hot dehumidified atomizing air;
(b2) atomizing the aqueous probiotic-containing solution into a spray zone of a spraying tower at a solution temperature of from about 15° C. to about 80° C. with the hot dehumidified atomizing air at a temperature sufficient to provide a spray zone temperature of about 60° C. to about 120° C.; while
(b3) fluidizing the fluidized bed of powder within a bottom of the spraying tower with cold fluidizing air at a temperature of between 5° C. to 20° C. at a ratio of hot atomizing air flow to cold fluidizing air flow in a range of 1:8 to 1:4 to achieve a temperature of the fluidized bed of powder of between about 5° C. to 20° C.,
(b4) controlling the temperature of the fluidized bed by controlling the supply and temperature of the cold fluidizing air, and
(b5) covering the beadlets by a powder coating layer comprised of at least one coating material selected from the group consisting of starches, calcium silicate, calcium aluminum silicate and tri-calcium phosphate so that the beadlets comprise at least 5 wt. %, based on the total weight of the beadlets, of the powder coating layer. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the probiotic is selected from the group consisting of Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Pediococcus and Propionibacterium. 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the probiotic is selected from the group consisting of Propionibacterium Acidipropionici and jensenii strains P169, P170, P179, P195, and P261. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the starch and/or starch derivative is selected from the group consisting of corn starch, sorghum starch, wheat starch, rice starch, tapioca starch, arrowroot starch, sago starch, potato starch, quinoa starch and amaranth starch, pregelatinised starches, acidic modified starches, oxidized starches, cross-linked starches, starch esters, starch ethers, dextrins and cationic starches. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the starch and/or starch derivative is selected from the group consisting of amylopectin, OSA starches, maltodextrin and pregelatinised starches. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein the starch and/or starch derivatives comprise a maltodextrin and at least one further starch and/or starch derivative. 7. (canceled) 8. The process according to claim 1, wherein the beadlets comprise up to 70 wt. %, based on the total weight of the beadlets, of the at least one probiotic. 9. The process according to claim 1, wherein the beadlets comprise up to 80 wt. %, based on the total weight of the beadlets, of the at least one probiotic. 10. The process according to claim 1, wherein the beadlets comprise at least 5 wt-%, based on the total weight of the beadlets, of the at least one starch and/or at least one starch derivative. 11. (canceled) | The present invention relates a process of production of beadlets comprising probiotic compounds in a matrix comprising at least one starch and/or starch derivative, to such beadlets and to the use of such specific beadlets in food (for humans and animals) as well as in premixes.1. A process for preparing beadlets containing a high content of at least one probiotic, wherein the process comprises the steps of:
(a) forming an aqueous probiotic-containing solution consisting of:
(i) at least one probiotic in an amount of 40 wt. %-85 wt. %, based on the total weight of the beadlets, and
(ii) at least one starch and/or starch derivative, and thereafter
(b) converting the aqueous probiotic-containing solution into a dry powder by spray drying the solution into a fluidized bed of a collecting powder to form beadlets comprising the at least one probiotic, wherein step (b) is practiced by the steps of:
(b1) dehumidifying hot atomizing air to a water content of less than about 3 g/kg to obtain hot dehumidified atomizing air;
(b2) atomizing the aqueous probiotic-containing solution into a spray zone of a spraying tower at a solution temperature of from about 15° C. to about 80° C. with the hot dehumidified atomizing air at a temperature sufficient to provide a spray zone temperature of about 60° C. to about 120° C.; while
(b3) fluidizing the fluidized bed of powder within a bottom of the spraying tower with cold fluidizing air at a temperature of between 5° C. to 20° C. at a ratio of hot atomizing air flow to cold fluidizing air flow in a range of 1:8 to 1:4 to achieve a temperature of the fluidized bed of powder of between about 5° C. to 20° C.,
(b4) controlling the temperature of the fluidized bed by controlling the supply and temperature of the cold fluidizing air, and
(b5) covering the beadlets by a powder coating layer comprised of at least one coating material selected from the group consisting of starches, calcium silicate, calcium aluminum silicate and tri-calcium phosphate so that the beadlets comprise at least 5 wt. %, based on the total weight of the beadlets, of the powder coating layer. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the probiotic is selected from the group consisting of Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Pediococcus and Propionibacterium. 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the probiotic is selected from the group consisting of Propionibacterium Acidipropionici and jensenii strains P169, P170, P179, P195, and P261. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the starch and/or starch derivative is selected from the group consisting of corn starch, sorghum starch, wheat starch, rice starch, tapioca starch, arrowroot starch, sago starch, potato starch, quinoa starch and amaranth starch, pregelatinised starches, acidic modified starches, oxidized starches, cross-linked starches, starch esters, starch ethers, dextrins and cationic starches. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the starch and/or starch derivative is selected from the group consisting of amylopectin, OSA starches, maltodextrin and pregelatinised starches. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein the starch and/or starch derivatives comprise a maltodextrin and at least one further starch and/or starch derivative. 7. (canceled) 8. The process according to claim 1, wherein the beadlets comprise up to 70 wt. %, based on the total weight of the beadlets, of the at least one probiotic. 9. The process according to claim 1, wherein the beadlets comprise up to 80 wt. %, based on the total weight of the beadlets, of the at least one probiotic. 10. The process according to claim 1, wherein the beadlets comprise at least 5 wt-%, based on the total weight of the beadlets, of the at least one starch and/or at least one starch derivative. 11. (canceled) | 1,700 |
3,835 | 15,325,350 | 1,764 | The invention is directed to polyethylene having a multimodal molar mass distribution, having a density in the range from 940 to 948 kg/m 3 , having an MFI 190/5 in the range from 1.0 to 3.5 g/10 min and comprising from 45 to 47% by weight of an ethylene copolymer A and from 53 to 55% by weight of an ethylene copolymer B, where all percentages are based on the total weight of the composition wherein ethylene-1-butene copolymer A has a viscosity number in the range between 70 and 110 cm 3 /g and a density between 960 and 973 kg/m 3 . The polyethylene is suitable to be applied in pipe coating applications. | 1. Polyethylene having a bimodal molar mass distribution, having a density in the range from 940 to 948 kg/m3, having an MFI 190/5 in the range from 1.0 to 3.5 g/10 min and comprising from 45 to 47% by weight of ethylene-1-butene copolymer A and from 53 to 55% by weight of an ethylene copolymer B, where all percentages are based on the total weight of the composition;
wherein ethylene-1-butene copolymer A has a viscosity number in the range between 70 and 110 cm3/g and a density between 960 and 973 kg/m3. 2. Polyethylene according to claim 1, characterized in that ethylene-1-butene copolymer A has a viscosity number in the range between 90 and 100 cm3/g. 3. Polyethylene according to claim 1, characterized in that ethylene-1-butene copolymer A has a density between 963 and 967 kg/m3. 4. Polyethylene according to claim 1, having a density in the range from 943 to 947 kg/m3 and having an MFI 190/5 in the range from 2.0 to 2.5 g/10 min. 5. A process for the preparation of polyethylene according to claim 1, with a two-step slurry polymerisation process in the presence of a catalyst system comprising
(I) the solid reaction product obtained from the reaction of: a) a hydrocarbon solution containing 1) an organic oxygen containing magnesium compound or a halogen containing magnesium compound and 2) an organic oxygen containing titanium compound and b) an aluminium halogenide having the formula AlRnX3-n in which R is a hydrocarbon moiety containing 1-10 carbon atoms, atoms X is halogen and 0<n<3 and (II) an aluminium compound having the formula AlR3 in which R is a hydrocarbon moiety containing 1-10 carbon atoms. 6. A process according to claim 5, characterised in that the organic oxygen containing magnesium compound is a magnesium alkoxide, the organic oxygen containing titanium compound is a titanium alkoxide and the aluminium halogenide is an alkyl aluminium chloride. 7. A process according to claim 5, characterised in that the molar ratio of Al from I b):Ti from I a) 2 ranges between 6:1 and 10:1. 8. Steel pipe coating composition comprising polyethylene according to claim 1, or polyethylene obtained with the process according to any one of claims 5-7 as top layer. 9. A pipe coated with the steel pipe coating composition according to claim 8. 10. Steel pipe coating composition comprising polyethylene obtained with the process according to claim 5 as top layer. | The invention is directed to polyethylene having a multimodal molar mass distribution, having a density in the range from 940 to 948 kg/m 3 , having an MFI 190/5 in the range from 1.0 to 3.5 g/10 min and comprising from 45 to 47% by weight of an ethylene copolymer A and from 53 to 55% by weight of an ethylene copolymer B, where all percentages are based on the total weight of the composition wherein ethylene-1-butene copolymer A has a viscosity number in the range between 70 and 110 cm 3 /g and a density between 960 and 973 kg/m 3 . The polyethylene is suitable to be applied in pipe coating applications.1. Polyethylene having a bimodal molar mass distribution, having a density in the range from 940 to 948 kg/m3, having an MFI 190/5 in the range from 1.0 to 3.5 g/10 min and comprising from 45 to 47% by weight of ethylene-1-butene copolymer A and from 53 to 55% by weight of an ethylene copolymer B, where all percentages are based on the total weight of the composition;
wherein ethylene-1-butene copolymer A has a viscosity number in the range between 70 and 110 cm3/g and a density between 960 and 973 kg/m3. 2. Polyethylene according to claim 1, characterized in that ethylene-1-butene copolymer A has a viscosity number in the range between 90 and 100 cm3/g. 3. Polyethylene according to claim 1, characterized in that ethylene-1-butene copolymer A has a density between 963 and 967 kg/m3. 4. Polyethylene according to claim 1, having a density in the range from 943 to 947 kg/m3 and having an MFI 190/5 in the range from 2.0 to 2.5 g/10 min. 5. A process for the preparation of polyethylene according to claim 1, with a two-step slurry polymerisation process in the presence of a catalyst system comprising
(I) the solid reaction product obtained from the reaction of: a) a hydrocarbon solution containing 1) an organic oxygen containing magnesium compound or a halogen containing magnesium compound and 2) an organic oxygen containing titanium compound and b) an aluminium halogenide having the formula AlRnX3-n in which R is a hydrocarbon moiety containing 1-10 carbon atoms, atoms X is halogen and 0<n<3 and (II) an aluminium compound having the formula AlR3 in which R is a hydrocarbon moiety containing 1-10 carbon atoms. 6. A process according to claim 5, characterised in that the organic oxygen containing magnesium compound is a magnesium alkoxide, the organic oxygen containing titanium compound is a titanium alkoxide and the aluminium halogenide is an alkyl aluminium chloride. 7. A process according to claim 5, characterised in that the molar ratio of Al from I b):Ti from I a) 2 ranges between 6:1 and 10:1. 8. Steel pipe coating composition comprising polyethylene according to claim 1, or polyethylene obtained with the process according to any one of claims 5-7 as top layer. 9. A pipe coated with the steel pipe coating composition according to claim 8. 10. Steel pipe coating composition comprising polyethylene obtained with the process according to claim 5 as top layer. | 1,700 |
3,836 | 11,695,419 | 1,723 | A battery pack is disclosed. The battery pack includes one or more battery assemblies and a circuit board connected to the battery assemblies. The battery assembly includes first and second battery cells having the predetermined surfaces overlaid on each other. The first and second battery cells each have battery elements accommodated in a container thereof, and cathode terminals and anode terminals are provided at a same height as the predetermined surfaces at a same side. The cathode terminal and anode terminal of the first battery cell are adjacent respectively to the cathode terminal and anode terminal of the second battery cell. | 1. A battery pack comprising:
one or more battery assemblies; and a circuit board connected to the battery assemblies, wherein the battery assembly includes first and second battery cells having the predetermined surface overlaid on each other, the first and second battery cells each have battery elements accommodated in a container thereof, cathode terminals and anode terminals of which are provided at a same height as the predetermined surface at a same side, and the cathode terminal and anode terminal of the first battery cell are adjacent respectively to the cathode terminal and anode terminal of the second battery cell. 2. The battery pack according to claim 1,
wherein the battery elements of the second battery cell are accommodated in the container such that the cathode terminal and anode terminal thereof are in an inverted position with respect to the cathode terminal and anode terminal of the battery elements of the first battery cell. | A battery pack is disclosed. The battery pack includes one or more battery assemblies and a circuit board connected to the battery assemblies. The battery assembly includes first and second battery cells having the predetermined surfaces overlaid on each other. The first and second battery cells each have battery elements accommodated in a container thereof, and cathode terminals and anode terminals are provided at a same height as the predetermined surfaces at a same side. The cathode terminal and anode terminal of the first battery cell are adjacent respectively to the cathode terminal and anode terminal of the second battery cell.1. A battery pack comprising:
one or more battery assemblies; and a circuit board connected to the battery assemblies, wherein the battery assembly includes first and second battery cells having the predetermined surface overlaid on each other, the first and second battery cells each have battery elements accommodated in a container thereof, cathode terminals and anode terminals of which are provided at a same height as the predetermined surface at a same side, and the cathode terminal and anode terminal of the first battery cell are adjacent respectively to the cathode terminal and anode terminal of the second battery cell. 2. The battery pack according to claim 1,
wherein the battery elements of the second battery cell are accommodated in the container such that the cathode terminal and anode terminal thereof are in an inverted position with respect to the cathode terminal and anode terminal of the battery elements of the first battery cell. | 1,700 |
3,837 | 14,485,119 | 1,726 | Systems and methods for presenting nucleic acid molecules for analysis are provided. The nucleic acid molecules have a central portion that is contained within a nanoslit. The nanoslit contains an ionic buffer. The nucleic acid molecule has a contour length that is greater than a nanoslit length of the nanoslit. An ionic strength of the ionic buffer and electrostatic or hydrodynamic properties of the nanoslit and the nucleic acid molecule combining to provide a summed Debye length that is greater than or equal to the smallest physical dimension of the nanoslit. | 1. A micro-fluidic device comprising:
a first microchannel; a second microchannel; a nanoslit extending between the first and second micro channels, the nanoslit providing a fluid path between the first and the second microchannels; a nucleic acid molecule having a first end portion, a second end portion, and a central portion positioned between the first end portion and the second end portion; and an ionic buffer within the nanoslit and the first and second microchannel; the first microchannel including a first cluster region adjacent to a first end of the nanoslit and the second microchannel including a second cluster region adjacent to a second end of the nanoslit, the first cluster region containing the first end portion, the second cluster region containing the second end portion, and the nanoslit containing the central portion, the nucleic acid molecule having a contour length that is greater than a nanoslit length of the nanoslit, and an ionic strength of the ionic buffer and electrostatic or hydrodynamic properties of the nanoslit and the nucleic acid molecule combining to provide a summed Debye length that is greater than or equal to a nanoslit height or a nanoslit width, wherein the nanoslit height or nanoslit width is the smallest physical dimension of the nanoslit. 2. The micro-fluidic device of claim 1, wherein the nanoslit has a nanoslit width of less than or equal to 1 μm or a nanoslit height of less than or equal to 100 nm. 3. The micro-fluidic device of claim 1, wherein the nanoslit length is less than or equal to half a contour length of the nucleic acid molecule. 4. The micro-fluidic device of claim 1, wherein at least one of the microchannels has one or more of the following: a microchannel width of about 20 μm, a microchannel length of about 10 mm, and a microchannel height of about 1.66 μm. 5. The micro-fluidic device of claim 1, the device further comprising a temperature adjustment module. 6. The micro-fluidic device of claim 1, wherein the ionic buffer has a temperature of less than or equal to 20° C. 7. The micro-fluidic device of claim 1, wherein the ionic buffer further comprises a viscosity modifier. 8. The micro-fluidic device of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid molecule has a relaxation time of at least about 30 seconds. 9. The micro-fluidic device of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid molecule is a DNA molecule. 10. The micro-fluidic device of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid molecule has a contour length that is at least two times greater than the nanoslit length of the nanoslit. 11. A method of stretching a nucleic acid molecule in an ionic buffer, the method comprising:
positioning the nucleic acid molecule such that a central portion of the nucleic acid molecule occupies a nanoslit, a first end portion of the nucleic acid molecule occupies a first cluster region adjacent to a first end of the nanoslit, and a second end portion of the nucleic acid molecule occupies a second cluster region adjacent to a second end of the nanoslit, the nanoslit, the first cluster region, and the second cluster region including the ionic buffer, the nucleic acid molecule having a contour length that is greater than a length of the nanoslit, and an ionic strength of the ionic buffer and electrostatic or hydrodynamic properties of the nanoslit and the nucleic acid molecule combining to provide a summed Debye length that is greater than or equal to a nanoslit height or a nanoslit width, wherein the nanoslit height or nanoslit width is the smallest physical dimension of the nanoslit. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein positioning the nucleic acid molecule includes threading the nucleic acid molecule through the nanoslit. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein positioning the nucleic acid molecule includes electrokinetically driving the central portion of the nucleic acid molecule into the nanoslit. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the nanoslit has a nanoslit width of less than or equal to 1 μm or a nanoslit height of less than or equal to 100 nm. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the nanoslit length is less than or equal to half a contour length of the nucleic acid molecule. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein at least one of the microchannels has one or more of the following: a microchannel width of about 20 μm, a microchannel length of about 10 mm, and a microchannel height of about 1.66 μm. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the ionic buffer has a temperature of less than or equal to 20° C. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the ionic buffer further comprises a viscosity modifier. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the nucleic acid molecule has a relaxation time of at least about 30 seconds. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the nucleic acid molecule is a DNA molecule. 21. The method of claim 11, the method further comprising imaging at least a portion of the central portion. | Systems and methods for presenting nucleic acid molecules for analysis are provided. The nucleic acid molecules have a central portion that is contained within a nanoslit. The nanoslit contains an ionic buffer. The nucleic acid molecule has a contour length that is greater than a nanoslit length of the nanoslit. An ionic strength of the ionic buffer and electrostatic or hydrodynamic properties of the nanoslit and the nucleic acid molecule combining to provide a summed Debye length that is greater than or equal to the smallest physical dimension of the nanoslit.1. A micro-fluidic device comprising:
a first microchannel; a second microchannel; a nanoslit extending between the first and second micro channels, the nanoslit providing a fluid path between the first and the second microchannels; a nucleic acid molecule having a first end portion, a second end portion, and a central portion positioned between the first end portion and the second end portion; and an ionic buffer within the nanoslit and the first and second microchannel; the first microchannel including a first cluster region adjacent to a first end of the nanoslit and the second microchannel including a second cluster region adjacent to a second end of the nanoslit, the first cluster region containing the first end portion, the second cluster region containing the second end portion, and the nanoslit containing the central portion, the nucleic acid molecule having a contour length that is greater than a nanoslit length of the nanoslit, and an ionic strength of the ionic buffer and electrostatic or hydrodynamic properties of the nanoslit and the nucleic acid molecule combining to provide a summed Debye length that is greater than or equal to a nanoslit height or a nanoslit width, wherein the nanoslit height or nanoslit width is the smallest physical dimension of the nanoslit. 2. The micro-fluidic device of claim 1, wherein the nanoslit has a nanoslit width of less than or equal to 1 μm or a nanoslit height of less than or equal to 100 nm. 3. The micro-fluidic device of claim 1, wherein the nanoslit length is less than or equal to half a contour length of the nucleic acid molecule. 4. The micro-fluidic device of claim 1, wherein at least one of the microchannels has one or more of the following: a microchannel width of about 20 μm, a microchannel length of about 10 mm, and a microchannel height of about 1.66 μm. 5. The micro-fluidic device of claim 1, the device further comprising a temperature adjustment module. 6. The micro-fluidic device of claim 1, wherein the ionic buffer has a temperature of less than or equal to 20° C. 7. The micro-fluidic device of claim 1, wherein the ionic buffer further comprises a viscosity modifier. 8. The micro-fluidic device of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid molecule has a relaxation time of at least about 30 seconds. 9. The micro-fluidic device of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid molecule is a DNA molecule. 10. The micro-fluidic device of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid molecule has a contour length that is at least two times greater than the nanoslit length of the nanoslit. 11. A method of stretching a nucleic acid molecule in an ionic buffer, the method comprising:
positioning the nucleic acid molecule such that a central portion of the nucleic acid molecule occupies a nanoslit, a first end portion of the nucleic acid molecule occupies a first cluster region adjacent to a first end of the nanoslit, and a second end portion of the nucleic acid molecule occupies a second cluster region adjacent to a second end of the nanoslit, the nanoslit, the first cluster region, and the second cluster region including the ionic buffer, the nucleic acid molecule having a contour length that is greater than a length of the nanoslit, and an ionic strength of the ionic buffer and electrostatic or hydrodynamic properties of the nanoslit and the nucleic acid molecule combining to provide a summed Debye length that is greater than or equal to a nanoslit height or a nanoslit width, wherein the nanoslit height or nanoslit width is the smallest physical dimension of the nanoslit. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein positioning the nucleic acid molecule includes threading the nucleic acid molecule through the nanoslit. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein positioning the nucleic acid molecule includes electrokinetically driving the central portion of the nucleic acid molecule into the nanoslit. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the nanoslit has a nanoslit width of less than or equal to 1 μm or a nanoslit height of less than or equal to 100 nm. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the nanoslit length is less than or equal to half a contour length of the nucleic acid molecule. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein at least one of the microchannels has one or more of the following: a microchannel width of about 20 μm, a microchannel length of about 10 mm, and a microchannel height of about 1.66 μm. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the ionic buffer has a temperature of less than or equal to 20° C. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the ionic buffer further comprises a viscosity modifier. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the nucleic acid molecule has a relaxation time of at least about 30 seconds. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the nucleic acid molecule is a DNA molecule. 21. The method of claim 11, the method further comprising imaging at least a portion of the central portion. | 1,700 |
3,838 | 16,347,288 | 1,791 | Making a salt substitute includes forming a salt substitute precursor, providing the salt substitute precursor to a centrifuge, and centrifuging the salt substitute precursor to yield a salt substitute in the form of a solid and a centrate. The salt substitute precursor includes water, a chloride salt, a food grade acid, and an anticaking agent. The chloride salt includes potassium chloride. A pH of the salt substitute precursor is between 2 and 4, and the salt substitute precursor is a saturated or supersaturated solution, a suspension, or a slurry. The salt substitute includes a chloride salt, a food grade acid, and an anticaking agent. The salt substitute includes potassium chloride and is in the form of a crystalline solid including at least 95 wt % of the chloride salt, up to 1 wt % of the food grade acid, and up to 1 wt % of the anticaking agent. | 1. A salt substitute precursor comprising:
water; a chloride salt, wherein the chloride salt comprises potassium chloride; a food grade acid; and an anticaking agent, wherein a pH of the salt substitute precursor is between 2 and 4, and the salt substitute precursor is a saturated or supersaturated solution, a suspension, or a slurry. 2. The salt substitute precursor of claim 1, wherein the food grade acid comprises at least one of acetic acid, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, lemon juice, hydrochloric acid, and phosphoric acid. 3. The salt substitute precursor of claim 1, wherein the anticaking agent comprises at least one of sodium aluminosilicate, sodium ferrocyanide, potassium ferrocyanide, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, tricalcium phosphate, and silicon dioxide. 4. The salt substitute precursor of claim 1, wherein the chloride salt further comprises sodium chloride. 5. The salt substitute precursor of claim 1, wherein the salt substitute precursor is free of a carrier. 6. The salt substitute precursor of claim 1, wherein a pH of the salt substitute precursor is between 3 and 4. 7. The salt substitute precursor of claim 1, wherein the salt substitute precursor is a homogeneous solution. 8. The salt substitute precursor of claim 1, wherein the water comprises less than 80 wt % of the salt substitute precursor. 9. The salt substitute precursor of claim 8, wherein the water comprises less than 70 wt % of the salt substitute precursor. 10. The salt substitute precursor of claim 9, wherein the water comprises less than 50 wt % of the salt substitute precursor. 11. The salt substitute precursor of claim 10, wherein the water comprises less than 25 wt % of the salt substitute precursor. 12. A salt substitute comprising:
a chloride salt, wherein the chloride salt comprises potassium chloride; a food grade acid; and an anticaking agent, wherein the salt substitute is in the form of a crystalline solid comprising:
at least 95 wt % of the chloride salt;
up to 1 wt % of the food grade acid; and
up to 1 wt % of the anticaking agent, 13. The salt substitute of claim 12, wherein the salt substitute comprises:
at least 98 wt % of the chloride salt; up to 1 wt % of the food grade acid; and up to 1 wt % of the anticaking agent. 14. The salt substitute of claim 12, wherein the salt substitute comprises:
at least 99 wt % of the chloride salt; up to 0.1 wt % of the food grade acid; and up to 0.1 wt % of the anticaking agent. 15. The salt substitute of claim 12, wherein the chloride salt comprises at least 99 wt % potassium chloride. 16. The salt substitute of claim 12, wherein the chloride salt further comprises sodium chloride, and the salt substitute is in the form of a combined crystalline solid comprising particles, wherein each particle of the combined crystalline solid comprises a region consisting essentially of potassium chloride in direct contact with a region consisting essentially of sodium chloride. 17. The salt substitute of claim 16, wherein the chloride salt comprises:
1 wt % to 90 wt % sodium chloride; and 10 wt % to 99 wt % potassium chloride. 18. The salt substitute of claim 12, wherein the food grade acid comprises at least one of acetic acid, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, lemon juice, hydrochloric acid, and phosphoric acid. 19. The salt substitute of claim 12, wherein the salt substitute comprises at least 0.01 wt % of the food grade acid. 20. The salt substitute of claim 19, wherein the salt substitute comprises 0.01 wt % to 0.5 wt % of the food grade acid. 21. The salt substitute of claim 20, wherein the salt substitute comprises 0.01 wt % to 0.1 wt % of the food grade acid. 22. The salt substitute of claim 12, wherein the anticaking agent comprises at least one of sodium aluminosilicate, sodium ferrocyanide, potassium ferrocyanide, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, tricalcium phosphate, and silicon dioxide. 23. The salt substitute of claim 12, wherein the salt substitute comprises at least 0.001 wt % of the anticaking agent. 24. The salt substitute of claim 12, wherein the salt substitute comprises at least 0.01 wt % of the anticaking agent. 25. The salt substitute of claim 12, wherein an aqueous solution formed by dissolving the salt substitute in water having a pH of 7 yields a solution having a pH between 4 and 5. 26. The salt substitute of claim 12, wherein the salt substitute is substantially free of a metallic taste. 27. A method of making a salt substitute, the method comprising:
forming a salt substitute precursor comprising a mixture of:
water;
a chloride salt, wherein the chloride salt comprises potassium chloride;
a food grade acid; and
an anticaking agent,
wherein a pH of the salt substitute precursor is between 2 and 5, the salt substitute precursor is a saturated or supersaturated solution, a suspension, or a slurry,
providing the salt substitute precursor to a centrifuge; and centrifuging the salt substitute precursor to yield a salt substitute in the form of a solid and a centrate. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein a temperature of the salt substitute precursor provided to the centrifuge is less than 240° F. 29. The method of claim 27, further comprising washing the salt substitute with the centrate. 30. The method of claim 27, wherein a pH of the salt substitute precursor is between 2 and 4. 31. The method of claim 27, wherein the chloride salt further comprises sodium chloride, and the salt substitute is in the form of a combined crystalline solid comprising particles, wherein each particle of the combined crystalline solid comprises a region consisting essentially of potassium chloride in direct contact with a region consisting essentially of sodium chloride. | Making a salt substitute includes forming a salt substitute precursor, providing the salt substitute precursor to a centrifuge, and centrifuging the salt substitute precursor to yield a salt substitute in the form of a solid and a centrate. The salt substitute precursor includes water, a chloride salt, a food grade acid, and an anticaking agent. The chloride salt includes potassium chloride. A pH of the salt substitute precursor is between 2 and 4, and the salt substitute precursor is a saturated or supersaturated solution, a suspension, or a slurry. The salt substitute includes a chloride salt, a food grade acid, and an anticaking agent. The salt substitute includes potassium chloride and is in the form of a crystalline solid including at least 95 wt % of the chloride salt, up to 1 wt % of the food grade acid, and up to 1 wt % of the anticaking agent.1. A salt substitute precursor comprising:
water; a chloride salt, wherein the chloride salt comprises potassium chloride; a food grade acid; and an anticaking agent, wherein a pH of the salt substitute precursor is between 2 and 4, and the salt substitute precursor is a saturated or supersaturated solution, a suspension, or a slurry. 2. The salt substitute precursor of claim 1, wherein the food grade acid comprises at least one of acetic acid, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, lemon juice, hydrochloric acid, and phosphoric acid. 3. The salt substitute precursor of claim 1, wherein the anticaking agent comprises at least one of sodium aluminosilicate, sodium ferrocyanide, potassium ferrocyanide, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, tricalcium phosphate, and silicon dioxide. 4. The salt substitute precursor of claim 1, wherein the chloride salt further comprises sodium chloride. 5. The salt substitute precursor of claim 1, wherein the salt substitute precursor is free of a carrier. 6. The salt substitute precursor of claim 1, wherein a pH of the salt substitute precursor is between 3 and 4. 7. The salt substitute precursor of claim 1, wherein the salt substitute precursor is a homogeneous solution. 8. The salt substitute precursor of claim 1, wherein the water comprises less than 80 wt % of the salt substitute precursor. 9. The salt substitute precursor of claim 8, wherein the water comprises less than 70 wt % of the salt substitute precursor. 10. The salt substitute precursor of claim 9, wherein the water comprises less than 50 wt % of the salt substitute precursor. 11. The salt substitute precursor of claim 10, wherein the water comprises less than 25 wt % of the salt substitute precursor. 12. A salt substitute comprising:
a chloride salt, wherein the chloride salt comprises potassium chloride; a food grade acid; and an anticaking agent, wherein the salt substitute is in the form of a crystalline solid comprising:
at least 95 wt % of the chloride salt;
up to 1 wt % of the food grade acid; and
up to 1 wt % of the anticaking agent, 13. The salt substitute of claim 12, wherein the salt substitute comprises:
at least 98 wt % of the chloride salt; up to 1 wt % of the food grade acid; and up to 1 wt % of the anticaking agent. 14. The salt substitute of claim 12, wherein the salt substitute comprises:
at least 99 wt % of the chloride salt; up to 0.1 wt % of the food grade acid; and up to 0.1 wt % of the anticaking agent. 15. The salt substitute of claim 12, wherein the chloride salt comprises at least 99 wt % potassium chloride. 16. The salt substitute of claim 12, wherein the chloride salt further comprises sodium chloride, and the salt substitute is in the form of a combined crystalline solid comprising particles, wherein each particle of the combined crystalline solid comprises a region consisting essentially of potassium chloride in direct contact with a region consisting essentially of sodium chloride. 17. The salt substitute of claim 16, wherein the chloride salt comprises:
1 wt % to 90 wt % sodium chloride; and 10 wt % to 99 wt % potassium chloride. 18. The salt substitute of claim 12, wherein the food grade acid comprises at least one of acetic acid, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, lemon juice, hydrochloric acid, and phosphoric acid. 19. The salt substitute of claim 12, wherein the salt substitute comprises at least 0.01 wt % of the food grade acid. 20. The salt substitute of claim 19, wherein the salt substitute comprises 0.01 wt % to 0.5 wt % of the food grade acid. 21. The salt substitute of claim 20, wherein the salt substitute comprises 0.01 wt % to 0.1 wt % of the food grade acid. 22. The salt substitute of claim 12, wherein the anticaking agent comprises at least one of sodium aluminosilicate, sodium ferrocyanide, potassium ferrocyanide, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, tricalcium phosphate, and silicon dioxide. 23. The salt substitute of claim 12, wherein the salt substitute comprises at least 0.001 wt % of the anticaking agent. 24. The salt substitute of claim 12, wherein the salt substitute comprises at least 0.01 wt % of the anticaking agent. 25. The salt substitute of claim 12, wherein an aqueous solution formed by dissolving the salt substitute in water having a pH of 7 yields a solution having a pH between 4 and 5. 26. The salt substitute of claim 12, wherein the salt substitute is substantially free of a metallic taste. 27. A method of making a salt substitute, the method comprising:
forming a salt substitute precursor comprising a mixture of:
water;
a chloride salt, wherein the chloride salt comprises potassium chloride;
a food grade acid; and
an anticaking agent,
wherein a pH of the salt substitute precursor is between 2 and 5, the salt substitute precursor is a saturated or supersaturated solution, a suspension, or a slurry,
providing the salt substitute precursor to a centrifuge; and centrifuging the salt substitute precursor to yield a salt substitute in the form of a solid and a centrate. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein a temperature of the salt substitute precursor provided to the centrifuge is less than 240° F. 29. The method of claim 27, further comprising washing the salt substitute with the centrate. 30. The method of claim 27, wherein a pH of the salt substitute precursor is between 2 and 4. 31. The method of claim 27, wherein the chloride salt further comprises sodium chloride, and the salt substitute is in the form of a combined crystalline solid comprising particles, wherein each particle of the combined crystalline solid comprises a region consisting essentially of potassium chloride in direct contact with a region consisting essentially of sodium chloride. | 1,700 |
3,839 | 15,033,153 | 1,718 | A method of manufacturing a fiber reinforced coating. The method includes providing a substrate and plasma spraying a ceramic matrix having fibers encapsulated in a precursor material onto the substrate. | 1. A method of manufacturing a fiber reinforced coating, the method comprising:
providing a substrate; and plasma spraying a ceramic matrix having fibers encapsulated in a precursor material onto the substrate. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the substrate is a metallic substrate. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the metallic substrate is a nickel superalloy. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the plasma spraying is air plasma spraying. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the plasma spraying is suspension plasma spraying. 6. The method according to claim 1, comprising the step of applying a bond coating onto the substrate prior to performing the plasma spraying step, the plasma spraying step includes adhering the ceramic matrix to the bond coat. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the precursor material contains zirconium. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the precursor material is at least one of zirconium sulfate, zirconium acetate and zirconia salts. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the precursor material is an organic polymer. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the precursor material is at least one of polyvinyl acetate, acrylic, an organo-metallic material and an organic binder. 11. The method according to claim 1, comprising the step of plasma spraying additional ceramic matrix with fibers encapsulated in a precursor material onto a prior ceramic matrix layer. 12. The method according to claim 11, comprising the step of heat treating the coating prior to the additional ceramic matrix plasma spraying step. 13. The method according to claim 11, comprising the step of heat treating the coating subsequent to the additional ceramic matrix plasma spraying step. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the plasma sprayed ceramic matrix provides a thermal barrier coating, and comprising the step of heat treating the thermal barrier coating to provide a ceramic matrix composite. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the heat treating step includes pyrolyzing the precursor material. 16. The method according to claim 14, wherein the heat treating step includes calcinating the precursor material. 17. The method according to claim 14, wherein the heat treating step includes reducing at least a number or size of voids in the thermal barrier coating. 18. The method according to claim 1, wherein the fibers have an aspect ratio of greater than 10:1. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the fibers are ceramic. 20. The method according to claim 18, wherein the fibers are carbon. | A method of manufacturing a fiber reinforced coating. The method includes providing a substrate and plasma spraying a ceramic matrix having fibers encapsulated in a precursor material onto the substrate.1. A method of manufacturing a fiber reinforced coating, the method comprising:
providing a substrate; and plasma spraying a ceramic matrix having fibers encapsulated in a precursor material onto the substrate. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the substrate is a metallic substrate. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the metallic substrate is a nickel superalloy. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the plasma spraying is air plasma spraying. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the plasma spraying is suspension plasma spraying. 6. The method according to claim 1, comprising the step of applying a bond coating onto the substrate prior to performing the plasma spraying step, the plasma spraying step includes adhering the ceramic matrix to the bond coat. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the precursor material contains zirconium. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the precursor material is at least one of zirconium sulfate, zirconium acetate and zirconia salts. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the precursor material is an organic polymer. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the precursor material is at least one of polyvinyl acetate, acrylic, an organo-metallic material and an organic binder. 11. The method according to claim 1, comprising the step of plasma spraying additional ceramic matrix with fibers encapsulated in a precursor material onto a prior ceramic matrix layer. 12. The method according to claim 11, comprising the step of heat treating the coating prior to the additional ceramic matrix plasma spraying step. 13. The method according to claim 11, comprising the step of heat treating the coating subsequent to the additional ceramic matrix plasma spraying step. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the plasma sprayed ceramic matrix provides a thermal barrier coating, and comprising the step of heat treating the thermal barrier coating to provide a ceramic matrix composite. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the heat treating step includes pyrolyzing the precursor material. 16. The method according to claim 14, wherein the heat treating step includes calcinating the precursor material. 17. The method according to claim 14, wherein the heat treating step includes reducing at least a number or size of voids in the thermal barrier coating. 18. The method according to claim 1, wherein the fibers have an aspect ratio of greater than 10:1. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the fibers are ceramic. 20. The method according to claim 18, wherein the fibers are carbon. | 1,700 |
3,840 | 15,755,563 | 1,783 | Provided is a display cover member that enables realization of a display having less reflection of the background and excellent anti-sparkle properties. The display cover member has a feature that: one of principal surfaces is formed of an uneven surface; a mean width of roughness profile elements (RSm) of the uneven surface defined by JIS B 0601-2013 is not less than 1 μm and not more than 30 μm; and a ratio θ/Rku between an average inclined angle (θ) of the roughness profile of the uneven surface and a kurtosis of the roughness profile (Rku) of the uneven surface defined by JIS B 0601-2013 is not less than 0.40° and not more than 1.08°. | 1. A display cover member in which: one of principal surfaces is formed of an uneven surface; a mean width of roughness profile elements (RSm) of the uneven surface defined by JIS B 0601-2013 is not less than 1 μm and not more than 30 μm; and a ratio θ/Rku between an average inclined angle (θ) of the roughness profile of the uneven surface and a kurtosis of the roughness profile (Rku) of the uneven surface defined by JIS B 0601-2013 is not less than 0.40° and not more than 1.08°. 2. A display cover member in which: one of principal surfaces is formed of an uneven surface; a mean width of roughness profile elements (RSm) of the uneven surface defined by JIS B 0601-2013 is not less than 1 μm and not more than 30 μm; an average inclined angle (θ) of the roughness profile of the uneven surface is not less than 1.2° and not more than 7°; and a kurtosis of the roughness profile (Rku) of the uneven surface defined by JIS B 0601-2013 is not less than 2.2 and not more than 10. 3. The display cover member according to claim 1, having a haze of not less than 1% and not more than 50. 4. The display cover member according to claim 1, wherein an arithmetic mean roughness (Ra) of the uneven surface defined by JIS B 0601-2013 is not less than 0.04 μm and not more than 0.25 μm. 5. The display cover member according to claim 1, wherein an absolute value |Rsk| of a skewness of the roughness profile (Rsk) of the uneven surface defined by JIS B 0601-2013 is 2 or less. 6. The display cover member according to any one of claim 1, comprising a light-transmissive plate and a coating film that covers at least a portion of a principal surface of the light-transmissive plate and forms the uneven surface. 7. The display cover member according to claim 6, wherein the coating film covers a whole of the principal surface of the light-transmissive plate. 8. The display cover member according to claim 6, wherein the coating film is formed of an inorganic film. 9. The display cover member according to claim 6, wherein a pencil hardness of the coating film defined by JIS K 5600-5-4-1999 is 6H or more. 10. The display cover member according to claim 6, wherein the light-transmissive plate is formed of a glass plate. 11. The display cover member according to claim 10, wherein the glass plate is formed of a strengthened glass plate. 12. A method for producing the display cover member according to claim 1, the method comprising forming, by spraying on a light-transmissive plate, a coating film forming the uneven surface. 13. The method for producing the display cover member according to claim 12, wherein
the light-transmissive plate is formed of a glass plate, and after the coating film is formed on the glass plate, the glass plate is chemically strengthened. 14. The method for producing the display cover member according to claim 12, wherein a strengthened glass plate is used as the light-transmissive plate. | Provided is a display cover member that enables realization of a display having less reflection of the background and excellent anti-sparkle properties. The display cover member has a feature that: one of principal surfaces is formed of an uneven surface; a mean width of roughness profile elements (RSm) of the uneven surface defined by JIS B 0601-2013 is not less than 1 μm and not more than 30 μm; and a ratio θ/Rku between an average inclined angle (θ) of the roughness profile of the uneven surface and a kurtosis of the roughness profile (Rku) of the uneven surface defined by JIS B 0601-2013 is not less than 0.40° and not more than 1.08°.1. A display cover member in which: one of principal surfaces is formed of an uneven surface; a mean width of roughness profile elements (RSm) of the uneven surface defined by JIS B 0601-2013 is not less than 1 μm and not more than 30 μm; and a ratio θ/Rku between an average inclined angle (θ) of the roughness profile of the uneven surface and a kurtosis of the roughness profile (Rku) of the uneven surface defined by JIS B 0601-2013 is not less than 0.40° and not more than 1.08°. 2. A display cover member in which: one of principal surfaces is formed of an uneven surface; a mean width of roughness profile elements (RSm) of the uneven surface defined by JIS B 0601-2013 is not less than 1 μm and not more than 30 μm; an average inclined angle (θ) of the roughness profile of the uneven surface is not less than 1.2° and not more than 7°; and a kurtosis of the roughness profile (Rku) of the uneven surface defined by JIS B 0601-2013 is not less than 2.2 and not more than 10. 3. The display cover member according to claim 1, having a haze of not less than 1% and not more than 50. 4. The display cover member according to claim 1, wherein an arithmetic mean roughness (Ra) of the uneven surface defined by JIS B 0601-2013 is not less than 0.04 μm and not more than 0.25 μm. 5. The display cover member according to claim 1, wherein an absolute value |Rsk| of a skewness of the roughness profile (Rsk) of the uneven surface defined by JIS B 0601-2013 is 2 or less. 6. The display cover member according to any one of claim 1, comprising a light-transmissive plate and a coating film that covers at least a portion of a principal surface of the light-transmissive plate and forms the uneven surface. 7. The display cover member according to claim 6, wherein the coating film covers a whole of the principal surface of the light-transmissive plate. 8. The display cover member according to claim 6, wherein the coating film is formed of an inorganic film. 9. The display cover member according to claim 6, wherein a pencil hardness of the coating film defined by JIS K 5600-5-4-1999 is 6H or more. 10. The display cover member according to claim 6, wherein the light-transmissive plate is formed of a glass plate. 11. The display cover member according to claim 10, wherein the glass plate is formed of a strengthened glass plate. 12. A method for producing the display cover member according to claim 1, the method comprising forming, by spraying on a light-transmissive plate, a coating film forming the uneven surface. 13. The method for producing the display cover member according to claim 12, wherein
the light-transmissive plate is formed of a glass plate, and after the coating film is formed on the glass plate, the glass plate is chemically strengthened. 14. The method for producing the display cover member according to claim 12, wherein a strengthened glass plate is used as the light-transmissive plate. | 1,700 |
3,841 | 14,940,242 | 1,744 | A method includes receiving torque data of a powder recoater operatively connected to an additive manufacturing system. The torque data includes torque data of the recoater when the recoater traverses a build area. The method also includes determining a quality of one or more of an additive manufacturing process and/or product based on the torque data. | 1. A method, comprising:
receiving torque data of a powder recoater operatively connected to an additive manufacturing system, wherein the torque data includes torque data of the recoater when the recoater traverses a build area; and determining a quality of one or more of an additive manufacturing process and/or product based on the torque data. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the quality includes comparing the torque data with reference data to determine whether the torque data is within a predetermined range of the reference data. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the quality includes determining if a powder recoat on the build area is incomplete. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising one or more of alerting a user and/or prompting the user to recoat the build area. 5. The method of claim 3, further comprising causing the powder recoater to recoat the build area. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the quality includes determining if an additively manufactured product in the build area has part swell if a predetermined swell torque is received. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein determining if an additively manufactured product in the build area has part swell further includes determining if the part swell is recoverable part swell or irrecoverable part swell based on received torque data. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein determining the quality includes correlating the torque data with recoater location data and/or reference build location data for the additively manufactured product, such that the location of one or more specific additively manufactured products can be determined if the one or more of the additively manufactured products has part swell. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein if the part swell is determined to be recoverable, the method further includes lowering a laser power on and/or at a region of the one or more of the additively manufactured products that have recoverable part swell. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein if the part swell is determined to be irrecoverable, the method further includes alerting a user and/or shutting off a laser power to the additively manufactured products that have irrecoverable part swell. 11. A non-transitory computer readable medium, comprising computer readable instructions for a controller that is configured to control an additive manufacturing process, the computer readable instructions including:
receiving torque data of a powder recoater operatively connected to an additive manufacturing system, wherein the torque data includes torque data of the recoater when the recoater traverses a build area; and determining a quality of one or more of an additive manufacturing process and/or product based on the torque data. 12. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 11, wherein determining the quality includes comparing the torque data with reference data to determine whether the torque data is within a predetermined range of the reference data. 13. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 11, wherein determining the quality includes determining if a powder recoat on the build area is incomplete. 14. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 13, wherein the computer readable instructions further include one or more of alerting a user and/or prompting the user to recoat the build area. 15. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 13, wherein the computer readable instructions further include causing the powder recoater to recoat the build area. 16. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 11, wherein determining the quality includes determining if an additively manufactured product in the build area has part swell if a predetermined swell torque is received. 17. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 16, wherein determining if an additively manufactured product in the build area has part swell further includes determining if the part swell is recoverable part swell or irrecoverable part swell based on received torque data. 18. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 17, wherein determining the quality includes correlating the torque data with recoater location data and/or reference build location data for the additively manufactured product, such that the location of one or more specific additively manufactured products can be determined if the one or more of the additively manufactured products has part swell. 19. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 18, wherein if the part swell is determined to be recoverable, the computer readable instructions further include lowering a laser power on and/or at a region of the one or more of the additively manufactured products that have recoverable part swell. 20. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 18, wherein if the part swell is determined to be irrecoverable, wherein the computer readable instructions further include alerting a user and/or shutting off a laser power to the additively manufactured products that have irrecoverable part swell. | A method includes receiving torque data of a powder recoater operatively connected to an additive manufacturing system. The torque data includes torque data of the recoater when the recoater traverses a build area. The method also includes determining a quality of one or more of an additive manufacturing process and/or product based on the torque data.1. A method, comprising:
receiving torque data of a powder recoater operatively connected to an additive manufacturing system, wherein the torque data includes torque data of the recoater when the recoater traverses a build area; and determining a quality of one or more of an additive manufacturing process and/or product based on the torque data. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the quality includes comparing the torque data with reference data to determine whether the torque data is within a predetermined range of the reference data. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the quality includes determining if a powder recoat on the build area is incomplete. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising one or more of alerting a user and/or prompting the user to recoat the build area. 5. The method of claim 3, further comprising causing the powder recoater to recoat the build area. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the quality includes determining if an additively manufactured product in the build area has part swell if a predetermined swell torque is received. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein determining if an additively manufactured product in the build area has part swell further includes determining if the part swell is recoverable part swell or irrecoverable part swell based on received torque data. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein determining the quality includes correlating the torque data with recoater location data and/or reference build location data for the additively manufactured product, such that the location of one or more specific additively manufactured products can be determined if the one or more of the additively manufactured products has part swell. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein if the part swell is determined to be recoverable, the method further includes lowering a laser power on and/or at a region of the one or more of the additively manufactured products that have recoverable part swell. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein if the part swell is determined to be irrecoverable, the method further includes alerting a user and/or shutting off a laser power to the additively manufactured products that have irrecoverable part swell. 11. A non-transitory computer readable medium, comprising computer readable instructions for a controller that is configured to control an additive manufacturing process, the computer readable instructions including:
receiving torque data of a powder recoater operatively connected to an additive manufacturing system, wherein the torque data includes torque data of the recoater when the recoater traverses a build area; and determining a quality of one or more of an additive manufacturing process and/or product based on the torque data. 12. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 11, wherein determining the quality includes comparing the torque data with reference data to determine whether the torque data is within a predetermined range of the reference data. 13. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 11, wherein determining the quality includes determining if a powder recoat on the build area is incomplete. 14. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 13, wherein the computer readable instructions further include one or more of alerting a user and/or prompting the user to recoat the build area. 15. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 13, wherein the computer readable instructions further include causing the powder recoater to recoat the build area. 16. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 11, wherein determining the quality includes determining if an additively manufactured product in the build area has part swell if a predetermined swell torque is received. 17. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 16, wherein determining if an additively manufactured product in the build area has part swell further includes determining if the part swell is recoverable part swell or irrecoverable part swell based on received torque data. 18. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 17, wherein determining the quality includes correlating the torque data with recoater location data and/or reference build location data for the additively manufactured product, such that the location of one or more specific additively manufactured products can be determined if the one or more of the additively manufactured products has part swell. 19. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 18, wherein if the part swell is determined to be recoverable, the computer readable instructions further include lowering a laser power on and/or at a region of the one or more of the additively manufactured products that have recoverable part swell. 20. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 18, wherein if the part swell is determined to be irrecoverable, wherein the computer readable instructions further include alerting a user and/or shutting off a laser power to the additively manufactured products that have irrecoverable part swell. | 1,700 |
3,842 | 14,162,866 | 1,761 | A positive electroactive material is described, including: a lithium iron manganese phosphate compound having a composition of Li a Fe 1-x-y Mn x D y (PO 4 ) z , wherein 1.0<a≦1.10, 0<x≦0.5, 0≦y≦0.10, 1.0<z≦1.10 and D is selected from the group consisting of Co, Ni, V, Nb and combinations thereof; and a lithium metal oxide, wherein the lithium iron manganese phosphate compound is optionally doped with Ti, Zr, Nb, Al, Ta, W, Mg or F. A battery containing the positive electroactive material is also described. | 1. A positive electroactive material, comprising:
a lithium iron manganese phosphate compound having a composition of LiaFe1-x-yMnxDy(PO4)z, wherein 1.0<a≦1.10, 0<x≦0.5, 0≦y≦0.10, 1.0<z≦1.10 and D is selected from the group consisting of Co, Ni, V, Nb and combinations thereof; and a lithium metal oxide, wherein the lithium iron manganese phosphate compound is optionally doped with Ti, Zr, Nb, Al, Ta, W, Mg or F. 2. The positive electrode active material of claim 1, wherein the nanoscale lithium iron manganese phosphate compound is LiFe1-xMnxPO4 and 0.400<x<0.500. 3. The positive electrode active material of claim 1, wherein the nanoscale lithium iron manganese phosphate compound is LiFe1-xMnxPO4 and x≦0.450. 4. The positive electrode active material of claim 1, wherein the nanoscale lithium iron manganese phosphate compound is LiaFe1-x-yMnxDyPO4 and x<0.500 and 0.001<y<0.100. 5. The positive electrode active material of claim 1, wherein the nanoscale lithium iron manganese phosphate compound is LiaFe1-x-yMnxDyPO4 and x<0.500 and 0.001<y<0.050. 6. The positive electrode active material of claim 1, wherein the nanoscale lithium iron manganese phosphate compound is LiaFe1-x-yMnxCoyPO4 and x<0.500 and 0.001<y<0.050. 7. The positive electrode active material of claim 1, wherein the nanoscale lithium iron manganese phosphate compound is LiaFe1-x-yMnxNiyPO4 and x<0.500 and 0.001<y<0.050. 8. The positive electrode active material of claim 1, wherein the nanoscale lithium iron manganese phosphate compound is LiaFe1-x-yMnxVyPO4 and x<0.500 and 0.001<y<0.050. 9. The positive electrode active material of claim 1, wherein the nanoscale lithium iron manganese phosphate compound is one or more electroactive materials selected from the group consisting of
Li1.025Fe0.580Mn0.400Co0.020PO45 Li1.025Fe0.530Mn0.450Co0.020PO4, Li1.025Fe0.480Mn0.500Co0.010Ni0.010PO4, Li1.050Fe0.500Mn0.450Co0.010Ni0.010V0.030(PO4)1.025, Li1.040Fe0.560Mn0.400Co0.010Ni0.010V0.020(PO4)1.015, Li1.040Fe0.510Mn0.450Co0.010Ni0.010V0.020(PO4)1.015, Li1.030Fe0.520Mn0.450Co0.010Ni0.010V0.010(PO4)1.005, Li1.040Fe0.510Mn0.450Co0.010Ni0.010V0.030(PO4)1.010F0.015, Li1.000Fe0.460Mn0.500Co0.040PO4, Li1.000Fe0.460Mn0.500Co0.040PO4, Li1.000Fe0.530Mn0.450Co0.010Ni0.010PO4, Li1.050Fe0.510Mn0.450Co0.0100Ni0.005V0.020(PO4)1.020, Li1.050Fe0.500Mn0.450Co0.010Nb0.010V0.030(PO4)1.025, Li1.040Fe0.560Mn0.400Co0.010Nb0.010V0.020(PO4)1.015, Li1.040Fe0.510Mn0.450Co0.010Nb0.010V0.020(PO4)1.015, Li1.030Fe0.520Mn0.450Co0.010Nb0.010V0.010(PO4)1.005, Li1.040Fe0.510Mn0.450Co0.010Nb0.010V0.030(PO4)1.010F0.015, and Li1.050Fe0.510Mn0.450Co0.0100Nb0.005V0.025(PO4)1.020. 10. The positive electrode active material of claim 1, wherein the lithium metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA), lithium nickel cobalt magnesium oxide (NCMg), lithium nickel cobalt, manganese oxide (NCM), lithium nickel cobalt rare earth oxide (NCRE), spinel lithium manganese oxide (LMO), layered layered oxide cathode (LLC), lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), layered Mn oxide, and combinations thereof. 11. The positive electrode active material of claim 1, wherein the lithium metal oxide is a lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM). 12. The positive electrode active material of claim 1, wherein the lithium metal oxide is a lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA). 13. The positive electrode active material of claim 1, wherein the lithium metal oxide is lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM) and the lithium iron manganese phosphate is LiFe1-xMnxPO4 wherein 0.400<x≦0.450. 14. The positive electrode active material of claim 1, further comprising additional lithium transition metal polyanion compounds. 15. The positive electrode active material of claim 1, wherein positive electrode active material comprises from about 10-90% of the lithium iron manganese phosphate compound. 16. The positive electrode active material of claim 1, wherein positive electrode active material comprises from about 40-70% of the lithium iron manganese phosphate compound. 17. The positive electrode active material of claim 1, wherein the lithium iron manganese phosphate compound is in the form of particulates having a size of about 100 nm or less. 18. The positive electrode active material of claim 1, wherein the lithium iron manganese phosphate compound is in the form of particulates having a specific surface area greater than about 5 m2/g. 19. The positive electrode active material of claim 1,
wherein the lithium iron manganese phosphate compound is in the form of particulate; the lithium metal oxide is in the form of particulate; and the ratio of specific surface areas between the lithium iron manganese phosphate compound and the lithium metal oxide is between 0.5 to 500. 20. A lithium ion battery comprising a positive electrode comprising the positive electrode active material of claim 1. 21. The lithium ion battery of claim 19, further comprising a graphite anode. | A positive electroactive material is described, including: a lithium iron manganese phosphate compound having a composition of Li a Fe 1-x-y Mn x D y (PO 4 ) z , wherein 1.0<a≦1.10, 0<x≦0.5, 0≦y≦0.10, 1.0<z≦1.10 and D is selected from the group consisting of Co, Ni, V, Nb and combinations thereof; and a lithium metal oxide, wherein the lithium iron manganese phosphate compound is optionally doped with Ti, Zr, Nb, Al, Ta, W, Mg or F. A battery containing the positive electroactive material is also described.1. A positive electroactive material, comprising:
a lithium iron manganese phosphate compound having a composition of LiaFe1-x-yMnxDy(PO4)z, wherein 1.0<a≦1.10, 0<x≦0.5, 0≦y≦0.10, 1.0<z≦1.10 and D is selected from the group consisting of Co, Ni, V, Nb and combinations thereof; and a lithium metal oxide, wherein the lithium iron manganese phosphate compound is optionally doped with Ti, Zr, Nb, Al, Ta, W, Mg or F. 2. The positive electrode active material of claim 1, wherein the nanoscale lithium iron manganese phosphate compound is LiFe1-xMnxPO4 and 0.400<x<0.500. 3. The positive electrode active material of claim 1, wherein the nanoscale lithium iron manganese phosphate compound is LiFe1-xMnxPO4 and x≦0.450. 4. The positive electrode active material of claim 1, wherein the nanoscale lithium iron manganese phosphate compound is LiaFe1-x-yMnxDyPO4 and x<0.500 and 0.001<y<0.100. 5. The positive electrode active material of claim 1, wherein the nanoscale lithium iron manganese phosphate compound is LiaFe1-x-yMnxDyPO4 and x<0.500 and 0.001<y<0.050. 6. The positive electrode active material of claim 1, wherein the nanoscale lithium iron manganese phosphate compound is LiaFe1-x-yMnxCoyPO4 and x<0.500 and 0.001<y<0.050. 7. The positive electrode active material of claim 1, wherein the nanoscale lithium iron manganese phosphate compound is LiaFe1-x-yMnxNiyPO4 and x<0.500 and 0.001<y<0.050. 8. The positive electrode active material of claim 1, wherein the nanoscale lithium iron manganese phosphate compound is LiaFe1-x-yMnxVyPO4 and x<0.500 and 0.001<y<0.050. 9. The positive electrode active material of claim 1, wherein the nanoscale lithium iron manganese phosphate compound is one or more electroactive materials selected from the group consisting of
Li1.025Fe0.580Mn0.400Co0.020PO45 Li1.025Fe0.530Mn0.450Co0.020PO4, Li1.025Fe0.480Mn0.500Co0.010Ni0.010PO4, Li1.050Fe0.500Mn0.450Co0.010Ni0.010V0.030(PO4)1.025, Li1.040Fe0.560Mn0.400Co0.010Ni0.010V0.020(PO4)1.015, Li1.040Fe0.510Mn0.450Co0.010Ni0.010V0.020(PO4)1.015, Li1.030Fe0.520Mn0.450Co0.010Ni0.010V0.010(PO4)1.005, Li1.040Fe0.510Mn0.450Co0.010Ni0.010V0.030(PO4)1.010F0.015, Li1.000Fe0.460Mn0.500Co0.040PO4, Li1.000Fe0.460Mn0.500Co0.040PO4, Li1.000Fe0.530Mn0.450Co0.010Ni0.010PO4, Li1.050Fe0.510Mn0.450Co0.0100Ni0.005V0.020(PO4)1.020, Li1.050Fe0.500Mn0.450Co0.010Nb0.010V0.030(PO4)1.025, Li1.040Fe0.560Mn0.400Co0.010Nb0.010V0.020(PO4)1.015, Li1.040Fe0.510Mn0.450Co0.010Nb0.010V0.020(PO4)1.015, Li1.030Fe0.520Mn0.450Co0.010Nb0.010V0.010(PO4)1.005, Li1.040Fe0.510Mn0.450Co0.010Nb0.010V0.030(PO4)1.010F0.015, and Li1.050Fe0.510Mn0.450Co0.0100Nb0.005V0.025(PO4)1.020. 10. The positive electrode active material of claim 1, wherein the lithium metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA), lithium nickel cobalt magnesium oxide (NCMg), lithium nickel cobalt, manganese oxide (NCM), lithium nickel cobalt rare earth oxide (NCRE), spinel lithium manganese oxide (LMO), layered layered oxide cathode (LLC), lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), layered Mn oxide, and combinations thereof. 11. The positive electrode active material of claim 1, wherein the lithium metal oxide is a lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM). 12. The positive electrode active material of claim 1, wherein the lithium metal oxide is a lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA). 13. The positive electrode active material of claim 1, wherein the lithium metal oxide is lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM) and the lithium iron manganese phosphate is LiFe1-xMnxPO4 wherein 0.400<x≦0.450. 14. The positive electrode active material of claim 1, further comprising additional lithium transition metal polyanion compounds. 15. The positive electrode active material of claim 1, wherein positive electrode active material comprises from about 10-90% of the lithium iron manganese phosphate compound. 16. The positive electrode active material of claim 1, wherein positive electrode active material comprises from about 40-70% of the lithium iron manganese phosphate compound. 17. The positive electrode active material of claim 1, wherein the lithium iron manganese phosphate compound is in the form of particulates having a size of about 100 nm or less. 18. The positive electrode active material of claim 1, wherein the lithium iron manganese phosphate compound is in the form of particulates having a specific surface area greater than about 5 m2/g. 19. The positive electrode active material of claim 1,
wherein the lithium iron manganese phosphate compound is in the form of particulate; the lithium metal oxide is in the form of particulate; and the ratio of specific surface areas between the lithium iron manganese phosphate compound and the lithium metal oxide is between 0.5 to 500. 20. A lithium ion battery comprising a positive electrode comprising the positive electrode active material of claim 1. 21. The lithium ion battery of claim 19, further comprising a graphite anode. | 1,700 |
3,843 | 14,599,059 | 1,716 | A substrate processing apparatus that can appropriately carry out desired plasma processing on a substrate. The substrate is accommodated in an accommodating chamber. An ion trap partitions the accommodating chamber into a plasma producing chamber and a substrate processing chamber. High-frequency antennas are disposed in the plasma producing chamber. A process gas is introduced into the plasma producing chamber. The substrate is mounted on a mounting stage disposed in the substrate processing chamber, and a bias voltage is applied to the mounting stage. The ion trap has grounded conductors and insulating materials covering surfaces of the conductors. | 1. A substrate processing method executed by a substrate processing apparatus comprising an accommodating chamber in which a substrate is accommodated, a partition member that partitions the accommodating chamber into a plasma producing chamber and a substrate processing chamber, high-frequency antennas disposed in the plasma producing chamber, a process gas introducing unit that introduces a process gas into the plasma producing chamber, and a mounting stage that is disposed in the substrate processing chamber, and on which the substrate is mounted and to which a bias voltage is applied, the partition member comprising grounded conductors and insulating materials covering surfaces of the conductors, the substrate including an NiSi layer, a PMD layer, and a photoresist layer from which the PMD layer is partially exposed being laminated on the substrate in this order, the substrate processing method comprising:
a contact hole formation step of etching the partially exposed PMD layer so as to form a contact hole in which the Nisi layer is partially exposed; and a plasma producing step in which the process gas introducing unit introduces hydrogen gas into the plasma producing chamber, and the high-frequency antennas produce plasma from the hydrogen gas, wherein in said contact hole formation step, foreign matter is deposited on a surface of the NiSi layer partially exposed in the contact hole. 2. A substrate processing method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising an ashing step of removing the photoresist layer by ashing, said ashing step being executed between said contact hole formation step and said plasma producing step. | A substrate processing apparatus that can appropriately carry out desired plasma processing on a substrate. The substrate is accommodated in an accommodating chamber. An ion trap partitions the accommodating chamber into a plasma producing chamber and a substrate processing chamber. High-frequency antennas are disposed in the plasma producing chamber. A process gas is introduced into the plasma producing chamber. The substrate is mounted on a mounting stage disposed in the substrate processing chamber, and a bias voltage is applied to the mounting stage. The ion trap has grounded conductors and insulating materials covering surfaces of the conductors.1. A substrate processing method executed by a substrate processing apparatus comprising an accommodating chamber in which a substrate is accommodated, a partition member that partitions the accommodating chamber into a plasma producing chamber and a substrate processing chamber, high-frequency antennas disposed in the plasma producing chamber, a process gas introducing unit that introduces a process gas into the plasma producing chamber, and a mounting stage that is disposed in the substrate processing chamber, and on which the substrate is mounted and to which a bias voltage is applied, the partition member comprising grounded conductors and insulating materials covering surfaces of the conductors, the substrate including an NiSi layer, a PMD layer, and a photoresist layer from which the PMD layer is partially exposed being laminated on the substrate in this order, the substrate processing method comprising:
a contact hole formation step of etching the partially exposed PMD layer so as to form a contact hole in which the Nisi layer is partially exposed; and a plasma producing step in which the process gas introducing unit introduces hydrogen gas into the plasma producing chamber, and the high-frequency antennas produce plasma from the hydrogen gas, wherein in said contact hole formation step, foreign matter is deposited on a surface of the NiSi layer partially exposed in the contact hole. 2. A substrate processing method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising an ashing step of removing the photoresist layer by ashing, said ashing step being executed between said contact hole formation step and said plasma producing step. | 1,700 |
3,844 | 14,922,829 | 1,736 | This disclosure provides a halogenated activated carbon composition comprising carbon, a halogenated compound and a salt. In some embodiments, the halogenated compound and the salt comprise a naturally occurring salt mixture, as may be obtained from ocean water, salt lake water, rock salt, salt brine wells, for example. In some embodiments, the naturally occurring salt mixture comprises Dead Sea salt. | 1. A halogenated activated carbon composition, said composition comprising, on a dry basis, at least 85 wt % carbon; a halogenated compound; and a salt, wherein the halogenated compound and the salt are present in a total amount of about 0.1 wt % to about 15 wt %. 2. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 1, wherein said composition comprises at least 90 wt % carbon. 3. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 2, wherein said composition comprises at least 95 wt % carbon. 4. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 1, wherein said carbon is biogenic carbon derived from biomass. 5. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 1, wherein said halogenated compound and said salt are present in a total amount of about 1 wt % to about 10 wt %. 6. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 1, wherein said halogenated compound comprises at least one of magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, and calcium chloride; and wherein said salt comprises at least one of magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, and calcium chloride that is different than said halogenated compound. 7. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 1, wherein said halogenated compound and/or said salt comprise at least one anion selected from the group consisting of chloride, bromide, iodide, fluoride, sulfate, nitrate, and phosphate. 8. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 7, wherein said halogenated compound and/or said salt comprise at least two anions selected from the group consisting of chloride, bromide, iodide, fluoride, sulfate, nitrate, and phosphate. 9. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 1, wherein said halogenated compound and/or said salt comprise at least one cation selected from the group consisting of magnesium, potassium, calcium, sodium, ammonium, copper, cobalt, nickel, manganese, iron, zinc, molybdenum, and tungsten. 10. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 9, wherein said halogenated compound and/or the salt comprise at least two cations selected from the group consisting of magnesium, potassium, calcium, sodium, ammonium, copper, cobalt, nickel, manganese, iron, zinc, molybdenum, and tungsten. 11. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 1, wherein said halogenated compound and/or the salt is derived from a naturally occurring salt mixture. 12. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 11, wherein said naturally occurring salt mixture is derived from a source selected from the group consisting of ocean water, salt lake water, rock salt, salt brine wells, and combinations thereof. 13. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 11, wherein said naturally occurring salt mixture comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of Dead Sea salt. 14. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 11, wherein said naturally occurring salt mixture comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of Dead Sea salt and Great Salt Lake salt. 15. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 11, wherein said naturally occurring salt mixture comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of Dead Sea salt and sea salt derived from ocean water. 16. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 1, wherein said halogenated compound and/or said salt includes about 10 wt % to about 90 wt % magnesium chloride. 17. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 16, wherein said halogenated compound and/or said salt includes about 25 wt % to about 40 wt % magnesium chloride. 18. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 1, wherein said halogenated compound and/or said salt includes about 5 wt % to about 75 wt % potassium chloride. 19. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 18, wherein said halogenated compound and/or said salt includes from about 15 wt % to about 35 wt % potassium chloride. 20. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 1, wherein said halogenated compound and/or said salt includes about 1 wt % to about 25 wt % sodium chloride. 21. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 20, wherein said halogenated compound and/or said salt includes about 2 wt % to about 10 wt % sodium chloride. 22. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 1, wherein said halogenated compound and/or said salt includes magnesium chloride (MgCl2), potassium chloride (KCl), and sodium chloride (NaCl), and wherein the weight ratio of (MgCl2+KCl)/NaCl is at least 5. 23. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 22, wherein said weight ratio of (MgCl2+KCl)/NaCl is at least 10. 24. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 1, wherein said halogenated compound and/or said salt includes about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt % bromide ions. 25. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 24, wherein said halogenated compound and/or said salt includes about 0.2 wt % to about 2 wt % bromide ions. 26. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 1, wherein said halogenated compound and/or said salt includes about 0.01 wt % to about 1 wt % sulfate ions. 27. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 26, wherein said halogenated compound and/or said salt includes about 0.01 wt % to about 0.5 wt % sulfate ions. 28. A biogenic activated carbon composition comprising, on a dry basis:
80 wt % or more total carbon; 10 wt % or less hydrogen; and a first salt comprising a halogenated compound selected from the group consisting of magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, and combinations thereof; and a second salt, wherein said halogenated compound and said second salt are present in a total amount of about 0.2 wt % to about 20 wt %, and wherein the second salt is optionally halogenated. 29. The biogenic activated carbon composition of claim 28, wherein the first salt and the second salt are present in a total amount of about 1 wt % to about 15 wt %. 30. The biogenic activated carbon composition of claim 28, wherein said halogenated compound includes about 10 wt % to about 90 wt % magnesium chloride. 31. The biogenic activated carbon composition of claim 28, wherein said halogenated compound includes about 5 wt % to about 75 wt % potassium chloride. 32. The biogenic activated carbon composition of claim 28, wherein said halogenated compound includes about 1 wt % to about 25 wt % sodium chloride. 33. The biogenic activated carbon composition of claim 28, wherein said halogenated compound contains magnesium chloride (MgCl2), potassium chloride (KCl), and sodium chloride (NaCl), and wherein the weight ratio of (MgCl2+KCl)/NaCl is at least 5. 34. The biogenic activated carbon composition of claim 28, wherein said halogenated compound includes about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt % bromide ions. 35. The biogenic activated carbon composition of claim 28, wherein said halogenated compound includes about 0.01 wt % to about 1 wt % sulfate ions. 36. The biogenic activated carbon composition of claim 28, wherein said first salt and/or the second salt are derived from a naturally occurring salt mixture. 37. The biogenic activated carbon composition of claim 36, wherein said naturally occurring salt mixture is derived from a source selected from the group consisting of ocean water, salt lake water, rock salt, salt brine wells, and combinations thereof. 38. The biogenic activated carbon composition of claim 37, wherein said naturally occurring salt mixture comprises Dead Sea salt. 39. The biogenic activated carbon composition of claim 37, wherein said naturally occurring salt mixture comprises Dead Sea salt and Great Salt Lake salt. 40. The biogenic activated carbon composition of claim 37, wherein said naturally occurring salt mixture is a mixture of Dead Sea salt and sea salt derived from ocean water. 41. An activated carbon product comprising biogenic activated carbon and Dead Sea salt. 42. The activated carbon product of claim 41, wherein the activated carbon product consists essentially of biogenic activated carbon and Dead Sea salt. 43. The activated carbon product of claim 41 further comprising Great Salt Lake salt. | This disclosure provides a halogenated activated carbon composition comprising carbon, a halogenated compound and a salt. In some embodiments, the halogenated compound and the salt comprise a naturally occurring salt mixture, as may be obtained from ocean water, salt lake water, rock salt, salt brine wells, for example. In some embodiments, the naturally occurring salt mixture comprises Dead Sea salt.1. A halogenated activated carbon composition, said composition comprising, on a dry basis, at least 85 wt % carbon; a halogenated compound; and a salt, wherein the halogenated compound and the salt are present in a total amount of about 0.1 wt % to about 15 wt %. 2. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 1, wherein said composition comprises at least 90 wt % carbon. 3. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 2, wherein said composition comprises at least 95 wt % carbon. 4. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 1, wherein said carbon is biogenic carbon derived from biomass. 5. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 1, wherein said halogenated compound and said salt are present in a total amount of about 1 wt % to about 10 wt %. 6. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 1, wherein said halogenated compound comprises at least one of magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, and calcium chloride; and wherein said salt comprises at least one of magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, and calcium chloride that is different than said halogenated compound. 7. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 1, wherein said halogenated compound and/or said salt comprise at least one anion selected from the group consisting of chloride, bromide, iodide, fluoride, sulfate, nitrate, and phosphate. 8. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 7, wherein said halogenated compound and/or said salt comprise at least two anions selected from the group consisting of chloride, bromide, iodide, fluoride, sulfate, nitrate, and phosphate. 9. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 1, wherein said halogenated compound and/or said salt comprise at least one cation selected from the group consisting of magnesium, potassium, calcium, sodium, ammonium, copper, cobalt, nickel, manganese, iron, zinc, molybdenum, and tungsten. 10. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 9, wherein said halogenated compound and/or the salt comprise at least two cations selected from the group consisting of magnesium, potassium, calcium, sodium, ammonium, copper, cobalt, nickel, manganese, iron, zinc, molybdenum, and tungsten. 11. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 1, wherein said halogenated compound and/or the salt is derived from a naturally occurring salt mixture. 12. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 11, wherein said naturally occurring salt mixture is derived from a source selected from the group consisting of ocean water, salt lake water, rock salt, salt brine wells, and combinations thereof. 13. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 11, wherein said naturally occurring salt mixture comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of Dead Sea salt. 14. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 11, wherein said naturally occurring salt mixture comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of Dead Sea salt and Great Salt Lake salt. 15. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 11, wherein said naturally occurring salt mixture comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of Dead Sea salt and sea salt derived from ocean water. 16. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 1, wherein said halogenated compound and/or said salt includes about 10 wt % to about 90 wt % magnesium chloride. 17. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 16, wherein said halogenated compound and/or said salt includes about 25 wt % to about 40 wt % magnesium chloride. 18. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 1, wherein said halogenated compound and/or said salt includes about 5 wt % to about 75 wt % potassium chloride. 19. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 18, wherein said halogenated compound and/or said salt includes from about 15 wt % to about 35 wt % potassium chloride. 20. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 1, wherein said halogenated compound and/or said salt includes about 1 wt % to about 25 wt % sodium chloride. 21. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 20, wherein said halogenated compound and/or said salt includes about 2 wt % to about 10 wt % sodium chloride. 22. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 1, wherein said halogenated compound and/or said salt includes magnesium chloride (MgCl2), potassium chloride (KCl), and sodium chloride (NaCl), and wherein the weight ratio of (MgCl2+KCl)/NaCl is at least 5. 23. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 22, wherein said weight ratio of (MgCl2+KCl)/NaCl is at least 10. 24. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 1, wherein said halogenated compound and/or said salt includes about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt % bromide ions. 25. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 24, wherein said halogenated compound and/or said salt includes about 0.2 wt % to about 2 wt % bromide ions. 26. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 1, wherein said halogenated compound and/or said salt includes about 0.01 wt % to about 1 wt % sulfate ions. 27. The halogenated activated carbon composition of claim 26, wherein said halogenated compound and/or said salt includes about 0.01 wt % to about 0.5 wt % sulfate ions. 28. A biogenic activated carbon composition comprising, on a dry basis:
80 wt % or more total carbon; 10 wt % or less hydrogen; and a first salt comprising a halogenated compound selected from the group consisting of magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, and combinations thereof; and a second salt, wherein said halogenated compound and said second salt are present in a total amount of about 0.2 wt % to about 20 wt %, and wherein the second salt is optionally halogenated. 29. The biogenic activated carbon composition of claim 28, wherein the first salt and the second salt are present in a total amount of about 1 wt % to about 15 wt %. 30. The biogenic activated carbon composition of claim 28, wherein said halogenated compound includes about 10 wt % to about 90 wt % magnesium chloride. 31. The biogenic activated carbon composition of claim 28, wherein said halogenated compound includes about 5 wt % to about 75 wt % potassium chloride. 32. The biogenic activated carbon composition of claim 28, wherein said halogenated compound includes about 1 wt % to about 25 wt % sodium chloride. 33. The biogenic activated carbon composition of claim 28, wherein said halogenated compound contains magnesium chloride (MgCl2), potassium chloride (KCl), and sodium chloride (NaCl), and wherein the weight ratio of (MgCl2+KCl)/NaCl is at least 5. 34. The biogenic activated carbon composition of claim 28, wherein said halogenated compound includes about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt % bromide ions. 35. The biogenic activated carbon composition of claim 28, wherein said halogenated compound includes about 0.01 wt % to about 1 wt % sulfate ions. 36. The biogenic activated carbon composition of claim 28, wherein said first salt and/or the second salt are derived from a naturally occurring salt mixture. 37. The biogenic activated carbon composition of claim 36, wherein said naturally occurring salt mixture is derived from a source selected from the group consisting of ocean water, salt lake water, rock salt, salt brine wells, and combinations thereof. 38. The biogenic activated carbon composition of claim 37, wherein said naturally occurring salt mixture comprises Dead Sea salt. 39. The biogenic activated carbon composition of claim 37, wherein said naturally occurring salt mixture comprises Dead Sea salt and Great Salt Lake salt. 40. The biogenic activated carbon composition of claim 37, wherein said naturally occurring salt mixture is a mixture of Dead Sea salt and sea salt derived from ocean water. 41. An activated carbon product comprising biogenic activated carbon and Dead Sea salt. 42. The activated carbon product of claim 41, wherein the activated carbon product consists essentially of biogenic activated carbon and Dead Sea salt. 43. The activated carbon product of claim 41 further comprising Great Salt Lake salt. | 1,700 |
3,845 | 15,593,054 | 1,778 | The present invention is for a nitration/anammox (NIT-ANM) process for removal of wastewater nitrogen in a saturated porous media biofilter. The oxygen is supplied through a plurality of tubes having permeable membrane walls for bleeding the oxygen into the wastewater surrounding the tube. The nitritation and anammox bioreaction takes place in the wastewater submerged around granular media. Oxygen is supplied through the tubes and bled through the submerged permeable membrane tube walls at a limited rate to support nitritation of a portion of wastewater ammonia to nitrite, followed by an anammox conversion of nitrite and wastewater ammonium to nitrogen gas (N2). | 1. A process for removing nitrogen from wastewater comprising:
selecting a generally anaerobic vault chamber for the collection of wastewater therein, said chamber having a wastewater inlet and a wastewater outlet; attaching a plurality of hollow oxygen permeation tubes in said tank for the transmission of oxygen therethrough and for feeding oxygen through the walls of said tubes; adding a granular media supporting anammox bacteria to said chamber surrounding said tubes; passing wastewater into said tank surrounding said media and tubes; and passing oxygen through said tube walls to cause a limited aerobic nitritation of wastewater adjacent said tube walls to support nitritation of a portion of wastewater ammonium to nitrite followed by an anammox conversion of the produced nitrite and a wastewater ammonium to N2 gas. 2. The process for removing nitrogen from wastewater in accordance with claim 1 in which said plurality of hollow oxygen permeation tubes is composed of porous membranes. 3. The process for removing nitrogen from wastewater in accordance with claim 1 in which said plurality of hollow oxygen permeation tubes is composed of a dense, non-porous membrane. 4. The process for removing nitrogen from wastewater in accordance with claim 1 in which said granular media includes a zeolite with ionic exchange properties. 5. The process for removing nitrogen from wastewater in accordance with claim 1 in which said granular media includes clinoptilolite. 6. The process for removing nitrogen from wastewater in accordance with claim 1 in which said granular media includes chabazite. 7. The process for removing nitrogen from wastewater in accordance with claim 1 in which said granular media includes expanded shale. 8. The process for removing nitrogen from wastewater in accordance with claim 1 in which said granular media includes expanded clay. 9. The process for removing nitrogen from wastewater in accordance with claim 1 in which said granular media includes mixtures of zeolites, expanded clay and expanded shale. 10. An apparatus for removing nitrogen from wastewater comprising:
a wastewater collection vault having a generally anaerobic vault chamber having a wastewater inlet and a wastewater outlet, said vault chamber being charged with ammonia oxidizing bacteria and with anammox bacteria; a plurality of hollow oxygen permeation tubes mounted in said vault chamber, said hollow oxygen permeation tubes being coupled to a source of oxygen for the transmission of oxygen therethrough and for bleeding oxygen through the walls thereof; and granular media at least partially filling said vault chamber surrounding said hollow oxygen permeation tubes mounted therein; whereby wastewater entering said vault chamber converts ammonium to nitrite and ammonium and nitrite are converted to nitrogen gas in said vault chamber. 11. The apparatus for removing nitrogen from wastewater in accordance with claim 10 in which each of said plurality of hollow oxygen permeation tubes is composed of a dense, non-porous membrane. 12. The apparatus for removing nitrogen from wastewater in accordance with claim 10 in which each of said plurality of hollow oxygen permeation tubes is composed of a porous membrane. 13. The apparatus for removing nitrogen from wastewater in accordance with claim 10 in which said granular media includes a zeolite with ionic exchange properties. 14. The apparatus for removing nitrogen from wastewater in accordance with claim 10 in which said granular media includes clinoptilolite. 15. The apparatus for removing nitrogen from wastewater in accordance with claim 10 in which said granular media includes chabazite. 16. The apparatus for removing nitrogen from wastewater in accordance with claim 10 in which said granular media includes expanded shale. 17. The apparatus for removing nitrogen from wastewater in accordance with claim 10 in which said granular media includes expanded clay. 18. The apparatus for removing nitrogen from wastewater in accordance with claim 10 in which said granular media includes a mixture of zeolite, expanded clay and expanded shale. 19. The apparatus for removing nitrogen from wastewater in accordance with claim 10 having an air circulator providing air under pressure to said hollow oxygen permeation tubes mounted in said vault chamber. 20. The apparatus for removing nitrogen from wastewater in accordance with claim 10 in which oxygen supply is by passive means through said hollow oxygen permeation tubes mounted in said vault chamber without forced air circulator. | The present invention is for a nitration/anammox (NIT-ANM) process for removal of wastewater nitrogen in a saturated porous media biofilter. The oxygen is supplied through a plurality of tubes having permeable membrane walls for bleeding the oxygen into the wastewater surrounding the tube. The nitritation and anammox bioreaction takes place in the wastewater submerged around granular media. Oxygen is supplied through the tubes and bled through the submerged permeable membrane tube walls at a limited rate to support nitritation of a portion of wastewater ammonia to nitrite, followed by an anammox conversion of nitrite and wastewater ammonium to nitrogen gas (N2).1. A process for removing nitrogen from wastewater comprising:
selecting a generally anaerobic vault chamber for the collection of wastewater therein, said chamber having a wastewater inlet and a wastewater outlet; attaching a plurality of hollow oxygen permeation tubes in said tank for the transmission of oxygen therethrough and for feeding oxygen through the walls of said tubes; adding a granular media supporting anammox bacteria to said chamber surrounding said tubes; passing wastewater into said tank surrounding said media and tubes; and passing oxygen through said tube walls to cause a limited aerobic nitritation of wastewater adjacent said tube walls to support nitritation of a portion of wastewater ammonium to nitrite followed by an anammox conversion of the produced nitrite and a wastewater ammonium to N2 gas. 2. The process for removing nitrogen from wastewater in accordance with claim 1 in which said plurality of hollow oxygen permeation tubes is composed of porous membranes. 3. The process for removing nitrogen from wastewater in accordance with claim 1 in which said plurality of hollow oxygen permeation tubes is composed of a dense, non-porous membrane. 4. The process for removing nitrogen from wastewater in accordance with claim 1 in which said granular media includes a zeolite with ionic exchange properties. 5. The process for removing nitrogen from wastewater in accordance with claim 1 in which said granular media includes clinoptilolite. 6. The process for removing nitrogen from wastewater in accordance with claim 1 in which said granular media includes chabazite. 7. The process for removing nitrogen from wastewater in accordance with claim 1 in which said granular media includes expanded shale. 8. The process for removing nitrogen from wastewater in accordance with claim 1 in which said granular media includes expanded clay. 9. The process for removing nitrogen from wastewater in accordance with claim 1 in which said granular media includes mixtures of zeolites, expanded clay and expanded shale. 10. An apparatus for removing nitrogen from wastewater comprising:
a wastewater collection vault having a generally anaerobic vault chamber having a wastewater inlet and a wastewater outlet, said vault chamber being charged with ammonia oxidizing bacteria and with anammox bacteria; a plurality of hollow oxygen permeation tubes mounted in said vault chamber, said hollow oxygen permeation tubes being coupled to a source of oxygen for the transmission of oxygen therethrough and for bleeding oxygen through the walls thereof; and granular media at least partially filling said vault chamber surrounding said hollow oxygen permeation tubes mounted therein; whereby wastewater entering said vault chamber converts ammonium to nitrite and ammonium and nitrite are converted to nitrogen gas in said vault chamber. 11. The apparatus for removing nitrogen from wastewater in accordance with claim 10 in which each of said plurality of hollow oxygen permeation tubes is composed of a dense, non-porous membrane. 12. The apparatus for removing nitrogen from wastewater in accordance with claim 10 in which each of said plurality of hollow oxygen permeation tubes is composed of a porous membrane. 13. The apparatus for removing nitrogen from wastewater in accordance with claim 10 in which said granular media includes a zeolite with ionic exchange properties. 14. The apparatus for removing nitrogen from wastewater in accordance with claim 10 in which said granular media includes clinoptilolite. 15. The apparatus for removing nitrogen from wastewater in accordance with claim 10 in which said granular media includes chabazite. 16. The apparatus for removing nitrogen from wastewater in accordance with claim 10 in which said granular media includes expanded shale. 17. The apparatus for removing nitrogen from wastewater in accordance with claim 10 in which said granular media includes expanded clay. 18. The apparatus for removing nitrogen from wastewater in accordance with claim 10 in which said granular media includes a mixture of zeolite, expanded clay and expanded shale. 19. The apparatus for removing nitrogen from wastewater in accordance with claim 10 having an air circulator providing air under pressure to said hollow oxygen permeation tubes mounted in said vault chamber. 20. The apparatus for removing nitrogen from wastewater in accordance with claim 10 in which oxygen supply is by passive means through said hollow oxygen permeation tubes mounted in said vault chamber without forced air circulator. | 1,700 |
3,846 | 15,159,296 | 1,735 | An investment casting system includes a core having at least one fine detail, a shell positioned relative to said core, and a strengthening coating applied at least to the at least one fine detail. | 1. An investment casting system comprising:
a core having at least one fine detail; a shell positioned relative to said core; and a strengthening coating applied at least to said at least one fine detail. 2. The investment casting system of claim 1, wherein said strengthening coating is applied to an entirety of said core. 3. The investment casting system of claim 1, wherein said strengthening coating is applied to at least a portion of said shell. 4. The investment casting system of claim 1, wherein said core comprises at least two distinct core components and wherein said strengthening coating maintains a relative position of the at least two distinct cores. 5. The investment casting system of claim 1, wherein said strengthening coating is a non-reactive material. 6. The investment casting system of claim 1, wherein the at least one fine detail includes a negative space of at least one film cooling hole. 7. The investment casting system of claim 1, wherein the core includes at least one additively manufactured component. 8. The investment casting system of claim 7, wherein an exterior surface roughness of the strengthening coating is less than a surface roughness of the core. 9. The investment casting system of claim 1, wherein the core is an investment casting core of at least one of an airfoil, a blade outer air seal (BOAS), and a combustor liner. 10. The investment casting system of claim 1, wherein the strengthening coating is at least one of a metal oxide, a nitride, a carbide and a silicide coating. 11. The investment coating system of claim 1, wherein the strengthening coating is one of a vapor deposition coating and a spray coating. 12. A method of providing a casting system for an investment casting process comprising the step of:
coating at least a fine detail of a core for use in the investment casting process using a strengthening coating. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein coating at least a fine detail of a core comprises coating an entire exterior surface of the core with the strengthening coating. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the core includes multiple components, and wherein the strengthening coating maintains a relative position of the multiple components. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein coating at least a fine detail of the core further comprises smoothing an additively manufactured surface of the core using the strengthening coating. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the step of coating at least the fine detail of the core for use in a strengthening coating is preformed using a vapor deposition process. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the vapor deposition process applies a coating to at least a portion of a shell simultaneous with application of the coating to the at least one fine detail of the core. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising a step of finishing a cast component by removing at least one artifact of a vapor deposition port in said shell. 19. The method of claim 12, wherein the step of coating at least the fine detail of the core for use in a strengthening coating is preformed using a spray coating process. 20. The method of claim 12, wherein coating at least the fine detail of the core includes the coating at least partially infiltrating the core material. | An investment casting system includes a core having at least one fine detail, a shell positioned relative to said core, and a strengthening coating applied at least to the at least one fine detail.1. An investment casting system comprising:
a core having at least one fine detail; a shell positioned relative to said core; and a strengthening coating applied at least to said at least one fine detail. 2. The investment casting system of claim 1, wherein said strengthening coating is applied to an entirety of said core. 3. The investment casting system of claim 1, wherein said strengthening coating is applied to at least a portion of said shell. 4. The investment casting system of claim 1, wherein said core comprises at least two distinct core components and wherein said strengthening coating maintains a relative position of the at least two distinct cores. 5. The investment casting system of claim 1, wherein said strengthening coating is a non-reactive material. 6. The investment casting system of claim 1, wherein the at least one fine detail includes a negative space of at least one film cooling hole. 7. The investment casting system of claim 1, wherein the core includes at least one additively manufactured component. 8. The investment casting system of claim 7, wherein an exterior surface roughness of the strengthening coating is less than a surface roughness of the core. 9. The investment casting system of claim 1, wherein the core is an investment casting core of at least one of an airfoil, a blade outer air seal (BOAS), and a combustor liner. 10. The investment casting system of claim 1, wherein the strengthening coating is at least one of a metal oxide, a nitride, a carbide and a silicide coating. 11. The investment coating system of claim 1, wherein the strengthening coating is one of a vapor deposition coating and a spray coating. 12. A method of providing a casting system for an investment casting process comprising the step of:
coating at least a fine detail of a core for use in the investment casting process using a strengthening coating. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein coating at least a fine detail of a core comprises coating an entire exterior surface of the core with the strengthening coating. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the core includes multiple components, and wherein the strengthening coating maintains a relative position of the multiple components. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein coating at least a fine detail of the core further comprises smoothing an additively manufactured surface of the core using the strengthening coating. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the step of coating at least the fine detail of the core for use in a strengthening coating is preformed using a vapor deposition process. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the vapor deposition process applies a coating to at least a portion of a shell simultaneous with application of the coating to the at least one fine detail of the core. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising a step of finishing a cast component by removing at least one artifact of a vapor deposition port in said shell. 19. The method of claim 12, wherein the step of coating at least the fine detail of the core for use in a strengthening coating is preformed using a spray coating process. 20. The method of claim 12, wherein coating at least the fine detail of the core includes the coating at least partially infiltrating the core material. | 1,700 |
3,847 | 14,272,900 | 1,792 | The invention is rooted in the food industry and relates to a composition which provides a physiologically cooling effect for imparting freshness in the used preparations and comprises 2 to 10% cooling agent (A), 0 to 35% alcohol (6), 55 to 95% hydrophobic compound (C). Furthermore, the invention relates to the production and use of the composition according to the invention in oral preparations, in particular chewing gums and sweets. | 1. A cooling composition which, in used oral preparations, provides a physiological cooling effect for imparting freshness, comprising
(A) about 2 to about 15 wt.-% cooling agent, (B) 0 to about 90 wt.-% alcohol, and (C) about 55 to about 95 wt.-% hydrophobic compound wherein (i) said cooling agent (a) is selected from the group consisting of acyclic carboxamide compounds and menthol compounds or mixtures thereof; (ii) said alcohol (B) is selected from the group consisting of a C1 to C3 alcohol or mixtures thereof; and (iii) said hydrophobic compound (C) is selected from the group consisting of essential oil, neutral oils, vegetable oils or mixtures thereof. 2. (canceled) 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the cooling agent (A) is selected from the group consisting of menthone glyceryl acetal (FEMA GRAS 3807), menthone glyceryl ketal (FEMA GRAS 3808), menthyl lactate (FEMA GRAS 3748), menthol ethylene glycol carbonate (FEMA GRAS 3805), menthol propylene glycol carbonate (FEMA GRAS 3806), menthyl-N-ethyloxamate, monomethyl succinate (FEMA GRAS 3810), monomenthyl glutamate (FEMA GRAS 4006), menthoxy-1,2-propanediol (FEMA GRAS 3784), menthoxy-2-methyl-1,2-propanediol (FEMA GRAS 3849) and the menthane carboxylic acid esters and amides WS-3, WS-4, WS-5, WS-12, WS-14 and WS-23 and WS-30 or acyclic carboxamides of the formula (I)
wherein R′ and R″ may be, irrespective of each other, hydrogen, a hydroxyl group or a branched, unbranched or cyclic alkyl radical having up to 25 C-atoms, an aryl group having up to 10 C-atoms, selected from substituted and unsubstituted phenyl-, phenylalkyl-, naphthyl- and pyridyl radicals or mixtures thereof. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the cooling agent (A) is (1R,2S,5R)-N-(4-methoxyphenyl-5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-cyclohexane-carboxamide (FEMA 4681). 5-6. (canceled) 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic compound (C) is selected from the group consisting of peppermint oil (menthol), carvone, eucalyptus oil, grapefruit, orange oil, citrus oil, oil of turpentine, tea tree- and clove oil, camphor, rose oil, lavender oil or methyl salicylate, sunflower-, olive-, safflower oil, sesame and almond oil, alginic oil, apricot kernel oil, argan oil, avocado oil, borage oil or borage seed oil, cashew skin oil, rosehip kernel oil, hazelnut oil, jojoba oil, coffee bean oil, camomile oil, macadamia oil, almond oil, papaya seed oil, pistachio oil, castor oil, sandthorn oil, sandthorn seed oil, walnut oil or neutral oil having a content of 50-65% caprylic acid, 30-45% capric acid and a low content of caproic acid, lauric acid and myristic acid or mixtures thereof. 8. An oral preparation comprising a composition according to claim 1. 9. The oral preparation according to claim 8, wherein the oral preparation is a chewing gum or a sweet. 10. An oral preparation, comprising
a) about 5 to about 95 wt.-% chewing gum base, b) about 5 to about 95 wt. % filler and sweetener, c) about 0.1 to about 15 wt. % flavouring agents, and d) about 0.4 to about 2 wt. % of the composition according to claim 1, which, in the preparations used, brings about a physiologically cooling effect for imparting long-lasting freshness. 11. (canceled) 12. A method for producing a cooling composition according to claim 1, wherein
the cooling composition is encapsulated in a spray-granulation process, the cooling agent (A) is completely dissolved in an upstream step in (B) the alcohol and (C) the hydrophobic compound, so that a homogeneous mixture is produced, the temperature being kept at 40° C. to 100° C., for complete dissolution of (A) the cooling agent, in the additional spray-granulation treatment process, the temperature being kept at about 35° C. to about 65° C. to prevent the cooling agent (A) from recrystallising, and the granulate particles obtained from the spray granulation having an average particle size of 0.3 mm to 0.9 mm. 13. (canceled) 14. A process for producing a chewing gum with long-lasting freshness, comprising:
(a) producing a chewing gum composition having 5-95 wt. % chewing gum base, 5-95 wt. % filler and sweetener, 0.1-15 wt. % flavouring agents; and (b) adding 0.2-3 wt. % of a cooling composition according to claim 1 and which provides a physiological cooling effect for imparting freshness. 15. A granulate obtained according to the method of claim 12. | The invention is rooted in the food industry and relates to a composition which provides a physiologically cooling effect for imparting freshness in the used preparations and comprises 2 to 10% cooling agent (A), 0 to 35% alcohol (6), 55 to 95% hydrophobic compound (C). Furthermore, the invention relates to the production and use of the composition according to the invention in oral preparations, in particular chewing gums and sweets.1. A cooling composition which, in used oral preparations, provides a physiological cooling effect for imparting freshness, comprising
(A) about 2 to about 15 wt.-% cooling agent, (B) 0 to about 90 wt.-% alcohol, and (C) about 55 to about 95 wt.-% hydrophobic compound wherein (i) said cooling agent (a) is selected from the group consisting of acyclic carboxamide compounds and menthol compounds or mixtures thereof; (ii) said alcohol (B) is selected from the group consisting of a C1 to C3 alcohol or mixtures thereof; and (iii) said hydrophobic compound (C) is selected from the group consisting of essential oil, neutral oils, vegetable oils or mixtures thereof. 2. (canceled) 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the cooling agent (A) is selected from the group consisting of menthone glyceryl acetal (FEMA GRAS 3807), menthone glyceryl ketal (FEMA GRAS 3808), menthyl lactate (FEMA GRAS 3748), menthol ethylene glycol carbonate (FEMA GRAS 3805), menthol propylene glycol carbonate (FEMA GRAS 3806), menthyl-N-ethyloxamate, monomethyl succinate (FEMA GRAS 3810), monomenthyl glutamate (FEMA GRAS 4006), menthoxy-1,2-propanediol (FEMA GRAS 3784), menthoxy-2-methyl-1,2-propanediol (FEMA GRAS 3849) and the menthane carboxylic acid esters and amides WS-3, WS-4, WS-5, WS-12, WS-14 and WS-23 and WS-30 or acyclic carboxamides of the formula (I)
wherein R′ and R″ may be, irrespective of each other, hydrogen, a hydroxyl group or a branched, unbranched or cyclic alkyl radical having up to 25 C-atoms, an aryl group having up to 10 C-atoms, selected from substituted and unsubstituted phenyl-, phenylalkyl-, naphthyl- and pyridyl radicals or mixtures thereof. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the cooling agent (A) is (1R,2S,5R)-N-(4-methoxyphenyl-5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-cyclohexane-carboxamide (FEMA 4681). 5-6. (canceled) 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic compound (C) is selected from the group consisting of peppermint oil (menthol), carvone, eucalyptus oil, grapefruit, orange oil, citrus oil, oil of turpentine, tea tree- and clove oil, camphor, rose oil, lavender oil or methyl salicylate, sunflower-, olive-, safflower oil, sesame and almond oil, alginic oil, apricot kernel oil, argan oil, avocado oil, borage oil or borage seed oil, cashew skin oil, rosehip kernel oil, hazelnut oil, jojoba oil, coffee bean oil, camomile oil, macadamia oil, almond oil, papaya seed oil, pistachio oil, castor oil, sandthorn oil, sandthorn seed oil, walnut oil or neutral oil having a content of 50-65% caprylic acid, 30-45% capric acid and a low content of caproic acid, lauric acid and myristic acid or mixtures thereof. 8. An oral preparation comprising a composition according to claim 1. 9. The oral preparation according to claim 8, wherein the oral preparation is a chewing gum or a sweet. 10. An oral preparation, comprising
a) about 5 to about 95 wt.-% chewing gum base, b) about 5 to about 95 wt. % filler and sweetener, c) about 0.1 to about 15 wt. % flavouring agents, and d) about 0.4 to about 2 wt. % of the composition according to claim 1, which, in the preparations used, brings about a physiologically cooling effect for imparting long-lasting freshness. 11. (canceled) 12. A method for producing a cooling composition according to claim 1, wherein
the cooling composition is encapsulated in a spray-granulation process, the cooling agent (A) is completely dissolved in an upstream step in (B) the alcohol and (C) the hydrophobic compound, so that a homogeneous mixture is produced, the temperature being kept at 40° C. to 100° C., for complete dissolution of (A) the cooling agent, in the additional spray-granulation treatment process, the temperature being kept at about 35° C. to about 65° C. to prevent the cooling agent (A) from recrystallising, and the granulate particles obtained from the spray granulation having an average particle size of 0.3 mm to 0.9 mm. 13. (canceled) 14. A process for producing a chewing gum with long-lasting freshness, comprising:
(a) producing a chewing gum composition having 5-95 wt. % chewing gum base, 5-95 wt. % filler and sweetener, 0.1-15 wt. % flavouring agents; and (b) adding 0.2-3 wt. % of a cooling composition according to claim 1 and which provides a physiological cooling effect for imparting freshness. 15. A granulate obtained according to the method of claim 12. | 1,700 |
3,848 | 13,956,869 | 1,793 | The invention relates to improved Brassica species, including Brassica juncea , improved oil and meal from Brassica juncea , methods for generation of such improved Brassica species, and methods for selection of Brassica lines. Further embodiments relate to seeds of Brassica juncea comprising an endogenous oil having increased oleic acid content and decreased linolenic acid content relative to presently existing commercial cultivars of Brassica juncea , seeds of Brassica juncea having traits for increased oleic acid content and decreased linolenic acid content in seed oil stably incorporated therein, and one or more generations of progeny plants produced from said seeds. | 1. An endogenous oil extracted from the seeds of Brassica juncea plant according to claim 1, said seeds having a fatty acid content comprising at least 70.0% oleic acid and less than 5.0% linolenic acid by weight. 2. The oil of claim 1 having a fatty acid content comprising 70.0% to 85.0% oleic acid. 3. The oil of claim 1 having an endogenous fatty acid content comprising less than 3.0% linolenic acid by weight. 4. The oil of claim 1 having an endogenous fatty acid content comprising 70.0% to 85.0% oleic acid by weight. 5. The oil of claim 1 having an endogenous fatty acid content comprising 70.0% to 85.0% oleic acid by weight and less than 3.0% linolenic acid by weight. 6. A seed oil produced in seeds of a crop of non-transgenic Brassica juncea plants, said seed oil having a fatty acid content comprising at least 70.0% oleic acid by weight and less than 5.0% linolenic acid by weight. 7. The seed oil of claim 6 having an endogenous fatty acid content comprising less than 3.0% linolenic acid by weight. 8. The seed oil of claim 6 having an endogenous fatty acid content comprising 70.0% to 85.0% oleic acid by weight. 9. The seed oil of claim 6 having an endogenous fatty acid content comprising 70.0% to 85.0% oleic acid by weight and less than 3.0% linolenic acid by weight. 10. A crop of Brassica juncea producing seeds having an endogenous oil content which averages, across the crop, at least 70.0% oleic acid by weight and less than 5.0% linolenic acid by weight. 11. The crop of claim 10, wherein the seeds have an endogenous fatty acid content comprising less than 3.0% linolenic acid by weight. 12. The crop of claim 10, wherein the seeds have an endogenous fatty acid content comprising 70.0% to 85.0% oleic acid by weight. 13. The crop of claim 10, wherein the seeds have an endogenous fatty acid content comprising 70.0% to 85.0% oleic acid by weight and less than 3.0% linolenic acid by weight. 14. One or more generations of progeny crops resulting from at least one of the seeds of the crop of claim 10. 15. The progeny crops of claim 14, wherein the crops produce seeds have an endogenous oil content which averages, across the crop, at least 70.0% oleic acid by weight and less than 5.0% linolenic acid by weight. 16. The crop of claim 14, wherein the seeds have an endogenous fatty acid content comprising less than 3.0% linolenic acid by weight. 17. The crop of claim 14, wherein the seeds have an endogenous fatty acid content comprising 70.0% to 85.0% oleic acid by weight. 18. The crop of claim 14, wherein the seeds have an endogenous fatty acid content comprising 70.0% to 85.0% oleic acid by weight and less than 3.0% linolenic acid by weight. | The invention relates to improved Brassica species, including Brassica juncea , improved oil and meal from Brassica juncea , methods for generation of such improved Brassica species, and methods for selection of Brassica lines. Further embodiments relate to seeds of Brassica juncea comprising an endogenous oil having increased oleic acid content and decreased linolenic acid content relative to presently existing commercial cultivars of Brassica juncea , seeds of Brassica juncea having traits for increased oleic acid content and decreased linolenic acid content in seed oil stably incorporated therein, and one or more generations of progeny plants produced from said seeds.1. An endogenous oil extracted from the seeds of Brassica juncea plant according to claim 1, said seeds having a fatty acid content comprising at least 70.0% oleic acid and less than 5.0% linolenic acid by weight. 2. The oil of claim 1 having a fatty acid content comprising 70.0% to 85.0% oleic acid. 3. The oil of claim 1 having an endogenous fatty acid content comprising less than 3.0% linolenic acid by weight. 4. The oil of claim 1 having an endogenous fatty acid content comprising 70.0% to 85.0% oleic acid by weight. 5. The oil of claim 1 having an endogenous fatty acid content comprising 70.0% to 85.0% oleic acid by weight and less than 3.0% linolenic acid by weight. 6. A seed oil produced in seeds of a crop of non-transgenic Brassica juncea plants, said seed oil having a fatty acid content comprising at least 70.0% oleic acid by weight and less than 5.0% linolenic acid by weight. 7. The seed oil of claim 6 having an endogenous fatty acid content comprising less than 3.0% linolenic acid by weight. 8. The seed oil of claim 6 having an endogenous fatty acid content comprising 70.0% to 85.0% oleic acid by weight. 9. The seed oil of claim 6 having an endogenous fatty acid content comprising 70.0% to 85.0% oleic acid by weight and less than 3.0% linolenic acid by weight. 10. A crop of Brassica juncea producing seeds having an endogenous oil content which averages, across the crop, at least 70.0% oleic acid by weight and less than 5.0% linolenic acid by weight. 11. The crop of claim 10, wherein the seeds have an endogenous fatty acid content comprising less than 3.0% linolenic acid by weight. 12. The crop of claim 10, wherein the seeds have an endogenous fatty acid content comprising 70.0% to 85.0% oleic acid by weight. 13. The crop of claim 10, wherein the seeds have an endogenous fatty acid content comprising 70.0% to 85.0% oleic acid by weight and less than 3.0% linolenic acid by weight. 14. One or more generations of progeny crops resulting from at least one of the seeds of the crop of claim 10. 15. The progeny crops of claim 14, wherein the crops produce seeds have an endogenous oil content which averages, across the crop, at least 70.0% oleic acid by weight and less than 5.0% linolenic acid by weight. 16. The crop of claim 14, wherein the seeds have an endogenous fatty acid content comprising less than 3.0% linolenic acid by weight. 17. The crop of claim 14, wherein the seeds have an endogenous fatty acid content comprising 70.0% to 85.0% oleic acid by weight. 18. The crop of claim 14, wherein the seeds have an endogenous fatty acid content comprising 70.0% to 85.0% oleic acid by weight and less than 3.0% linolenic acid by weight. | 1,700 |
3,849 | 15,967,333 | 1,767 | Compositions useful for power transmission belts or hose which utilize environmentally friendly cellulosic reinforcing fibers. The elastomeric or rubber compositions include a base elastomer, polyvinylpyrrolidone, a cellulosic fiber, and a curative. The base elastomer may be one or more selected from ethylene elastomers, nitrile elastomers, and polychloroprene elastomers. The elastomer may be an ethylene-alpha-olefin elastomer. The polyvinylpyrrolidone may be present in an amount of 5 to 50 parts weight per hundred parts of the elastomer. The cellulosic fiber may be one or more selected from kenaf, jute, hemp, flax, ramie, sisal, wood, rayon, acetate, triacetate, and cotton. The cellulosic fiber may be a bast fiber. The cellulosic fiber is present in an amount of 1 to 50 parts weight per hundred parts of the elastomer. | 1. A rubber composition comprising a base elastomer, polyvinylpyrrolidone, a cellulosic fiber, and a curative. 2. The rubber composition of claim 1 wherein the base elastomer is one or more selected from the group consisting of ethylene elastomers, nitrile elastomers, and polychloroprene elastomer. 3. The rubber composition of claim 1 wherein the base elastomer is an ethylene-alpha-olefin elastomer. 4. The rubber composition of claim 1 wherein the base elastomer is a polychloroprene elastomer. 5. The rubber composition of claim 1 wherein the cellulosic fiber is one or more natural fiber selected from the group consisting of kenaf, jute, hemp, flax, ramie, sisal, wood and cotton. 6. The rubber composition of claim 1 wherein the cellulosic fiber is one or more selected from the group consisting of kenaf, jute, hemp, and flax. 7. The rubber composition of claim 1 wherein the cellulosic fiber is one or more bast fiber selected from the group consisting of kenaf, jute, hemp, flax, and ramie. 8. The rubber composition of claim 1 wherein the cellulosic fiber is one or more bast fiber selected from the group consisting of kenaf, jute, and flax. 9. The rubber composition of claim 1 wherein the cellulosic fiber is a man-made material. 10. The rubber composition of claim 1 wherein the polyvinylpyrrolidone is present in an amount of 5 to 50 parts weight per hundred parts of the base elastomer. 11. The rubber composition of claim 1 wherein the cellulosic fiber is present in an amount of 1 to 50 parts weight per hundred parts of the base elastomer. 12. A power transmission belt comprising a reaction product of the rubber composition of claim 1. 13. The rubber composition of claim 1 after having been vulcanized or cured. 14. A rubber composition comprising: an ethylene-alpha-olefin elastomer; polyvinylpyrrolidone; a cellulosic bast fiber selected from the group consisting of flax, jute, and kenaf; and a curative. 15. The rubber composition of claim 14 wherein the polyvinylpyrrolidone is present in an amount of 5 to 50 parts weight per hundred parts of the elastomer. 16. The rubber composition of claim 15 wherein the cellulosic fiber is present in an amount of 1 to 50 parts weight per hundred parts of the elastomer. 17. A power transmission belt comprising a reaction product of the rubber composition of claim 16. 18. A dry, vulcanizable, rubber composition comprising a base elastomer, polyvinylpyrrolidone, a cellulosic fiber, a filler, and a curative. | Compositions useful for power transmission belts or hose which utilize environmentally friendly cellulosic reinforcing fibers. The elastomeric or rubber compositions include a base elastomer, polyvinylpyrrolidone, a cellulosic fiber, and a curative. The base elastomer may be one or more selected from ethylene elastomers, nitrile elastomers, and polychloroprene elastomers. The elastomer may be an ethylene-alpha-olefin elastomer. The polyvinylpyrrolidone may be present in an amount of 5 to 50 parts weight per hundred parts of the elastomer. The cellulosic fiber may be one or more selected from kenaf, jute, hemp, flax, ramie, sisal, wood, rayon, acetate, triacetate, and cotton. The cellulosic fiber may be a bast fiber. The cellulosic fiber is present in an amount of 1 to 50 parts weight per hundred parts of the elastomer.1. A rubber composition comprising a base elastomer, polyvinylpyrrolidone, a cellulosic fiber, and a curative. 2. The rubber composition of claim 1 wherein the base elastomer is one or more selected from the group consisting of ethylene elastomers, nitrile elastomers, and polychloroprene elastomer. 3. The rubber composition of claim 1 wherein the base elastomer is an ethylene-alpha-olefin elastomer. 4. The rubber composition of claim 1 wherein the base elastomer is a polychloroprene elastomer. 5. The rubber composition of claim 1 wherein the cellulosic fiber is one or more natural fiber selected from the group consisting of kenaf, jute, hemp, flax, ramie, sisal, wood and cotton. 6. The rubber composition of claim 1 wherein the cellulosic fiber is one or more selected from the group consisting of kenaf, jute, hemp, and flax. 7. The rubber composition of claim 1 wherein the cellulosic fiber is one or more bast fiber selected from the group consisting of kenaf, jute, hemp, flax, and ramie. 8. The rubber composition of claim 1 wherein the cellulosic fiber is one or more bast fiber selected from the group consisting of kenaf, jute, and flax. 9. The rubber composition of claim 1 wherein the cellulosic fiber is a man-made material. 10. The rubber composition of claim 1 wherein the polyvinylpyrrolidone is present in an amount of 5 to 50 parts weight per hundred parts of the base elastomer. 11. The rubber composition of claim 1 wherein the cellulosic fiber is present in an amount of 1 to 50 parts weight per hundred parts of the base elastomer. 12. A power transmission belt comprising a reaction product of the rubber composition of claim 1. 13. The rubber composition of claim 1 after having been vulcanized or cured. 14. A rubber composition comprising: an ethylene-alpha-olefin elastomer; polyvinylpyrrolidone; a cellulosic bast fiber selected from the group consisting of flax, jute, and kenaf; and a curative. 15. The rubber composition of claim 14 wherein the polyvinylpyrrolidone is present in an amount of 5 to 50 parts weight per hundred parts of the elastomer. 16. The rubber composition of claim 15 wherein the cellulosic fiber is present in an amount of 1 to 50 parts weight per hundred parts of the elastomer. 17. A power transmission belt comprising a reaction product of the rubber composition of claim 16. 18. A dry, vulcanizable, rubber composition comprising a base elastomer, polyvinylpyrrolidone, a cellulosic fiber, a filler, and a curative. | 1,700 |
3,850 | 15,569,648 | 1,785 | The present invention is directed to an energy curable ink or coating composition comprising at least one multifunctional hybrid monomer having a polymerizable (meth)acrylate group and a polymerizable vinylether group and electrically insulating dielectric layers for use in printed electronic devices formed upon curing the ink or coating composition. | 1. An energy curable ink or coating composition comprising
a) at least one multifunctional hybrid monomer having a polymerizable (meth)acrylate group and a polymerizable vinyl ether group; b) between 0.1 to 15.0% by weight of photoinitiator wherein at least 50% by weight of the photoinitatior is a low migration photoinitiator; and wherein the ink or coating composition comprises less than 30% by weight of a monofunctional monomer and less than 10% by weight of solvent. 2. The ink or coating composition according claim 1, wherein the hybrid monomer is 2-(2-vinyloxyethoxy) ethyl acrylate or 2-(2-vinyloxyethoxy) ethyl methacrylate. 3. (canceled) 4. The ink or coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the low migration photoinitiator is a polymeric, and/or multifunctional, and/or polymerizable photoinitatior. 5. (canceled) 6. (canceled) 7. The ink or coating composition according to claim 1, comprising less than 3% by weight of free radical photoinitiator. 8. The ink or coating composition according to claim 7, wherein the free radical photoinitiator is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone. 9. (canceled) 10. (canceled) 11. The ink or coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of the multifunctional hybrid monomer to monofunctional monomer is greater than 1:1, or greater than 2:1, or greater than 5:1, or greater than 10:1. 12. (canceled) 13. (canceled) 14. (canceled) 15. The ink or coating composition according to claim 1, comprising between 10 to 60% by weight of multifunctional hybrid monomer. 16. (canceled) 17. The ink or coating composition according to claim 1, further comprising one or more of: at least one difunctional monomer; at least one trifunctional monomer; at least one acrylated amine; at least one inert resin; at least one silane material; or at least one silica material. 18. The ink or coating composition according to claim 17, comprising between 20 to 60% by weight of difunctional monomer and/or between 10 to 60% by weight of trifunctional monomer. 19. A The ink or coating composition according to claim 17, wherein the difunctional monomer is a diacrylate. 20. The ink or coating composition according to claim 19, wherein the diacrylate is 3-methylpentane diol diacrylate or polyethylene glycol diacrylate. 21. (canceled) 22. (canceled) 23. (canceled) 24. The ink or coating composition according to claim 17, wherein the trifunctional monomer is a triacrylate. 25. The ink or coating composition according to claim 24, wherein the triacrylate is ethoxylated trimethylol propane triacrylate. 26. (canceled) 27. (canceled) 28. The ink or coating composition according to claim 17, wherein the inert resin is an inert acrylic polymer. 29. The ink or coating composition according to claim 28, wherein the acrylic polymer has an average molecular weight of less than 20000 amu. 30. (canceled) 31. The ink or coating composition according to claim 17, wherein the silane material is a mixture of alkoxy-silane functional compounds. 32. The ink or coating composition according to anyone claim 31, wherein the alkoxy-silane functional compound is selected from 3-(meth)acryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane, 3-(meth)acryloxypropyltriethoxysilane, glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane, aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, aminopropyltriethoxysilane, tetramethylorthosilicate, tetraethylorthosilicate, triethoxymethylsilane, and/or vinyltrimethoxysilane. 33. (canceled) 34. The ink or coating composition according to claim 17, wherein the silica material comprises silica, alumina, titania, zirconia, ceria, zinc oxide, iron oxide, and/or a colloidal nanosilica. 35. (canceled) 36. The ink or coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the ink or coating composition is an inkjet ink, and/or wherein the ink or coating composition is a sprayable fluid. 37. (canceled) 38. The ink or coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the ink or coating composition has a viscosity of less than 25 mPa·s, at 50° C. 39. An electrically insulating dielectric layer printed onto a substrate comprising a cured ink or coating composition according to claim 1. 40. The electrically insulating dielectric layer according to claim 39, wherein the layer evolves less than 10% (w/w) volatile material at 150° C., and/or wherein the layer when immersed in water increases in weight by less than 10% (w/w). 41. (canceled) 42. A process for providing an electrically insulating dielectric layer on a substrate comprising:
a) printing the ink or coating composition according to anyone of claim 1, onto a substrate; and b) curing the ink or coating composition. 43. A The process according to claim 42, wherein the ink or coating composition is inkjet printed onto the substrate, and/or wherein the ink or coating composition is cured using ultra-violet radiation. 44. (canceled) 45. A substrate comprising an electrically insulating dielectric layer printed thereon produced by the process according to claim 42. 46. A printed electronic device comprising at least one an electrically insulating dielectric layer according to claim 39. 47. A printed electronic device comprising at least one electrically insulating dielectric layer produced by the process of claim 42. | The present invention is directed to an energy curable ink or coating composition comprising at least one multifunctional hybrid monomer having a polymerizable (meth)acrylate group and a polymerizable vinylether group and electrically insulating dielectric layers for use in printed electronic devices formed upon curing the ink or coating composition.1. An energy curable ink or coating composition comprising
a) at least one multifunctional hybrid monomer having a polymerizable (meth)acrylate group and a polymerizable vinyl ether group; b) between 0.1 to 15.0% by weight of photoinitiator wherein at least 50% by weight of the photoinitatior is a low migration photoinitiator; and wherein the ink or coating composition comprises less than 30% by weight of a monofunctional monomer and less than 10% by weight of solvent. 2. The ink or coating composition according claim 1, wherein the hybrid monomer is 2-(2-vinyloxyethoxy) ethyl acrylate or 2-(2-vinyloxyethoxy) ethyl methacrylate. 3. (canceled) 4. The ink or coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the low migration photoinitiator is a polymeric, and/or multifunctional, and/or polymerizable photoinitatior. 5. (canceled) 6. (canceled) 7. The ink or coating composition according to claim 1, comprising less than 3% by weight of free radical photoinitiator. 8. The ink or coating composition according to claim 7, wherein the free radical photoinitiator is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone. 9. (canceled) 10. (canceled) 11. The ink or coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of the multifunctional hybrid monomer to monofunctional monomer is greater than 1:1, or greater than 2:1, or greater than 5:1, or greater than 10:1. 12. (canceled) 13. (canceled) 14. (canceled) 15. The ink or coating composition according to claim 1, comprising between 10 to 60% by weight of multifunctional hybrid monomer. 16. (canceled) 17. The ink or coating composition according to claim 1, further comprising one or more of: at least one difunctional monomer; at least one trifunctional monomer; at least one acrylated amine; at least one inert resin; at least one silane material; or at least one silica material. 18. The ink or coating composition according to claim 17, comprising between 20 to 60% by weight of difunctional monomer and/or between 10 to 60% by weight of trifunctional monomer. 19. A The ink or coating composition according to claim 17, wherein the difunctional monomer is a diacrylate. 20. The ink or coating composition according to claim 19, wherein the diacrylate is 3-methylpentane diol diacrylate or polyethylene glycol diacrylate. 21. (canceled) 22. (canceled) 23. (canceled) 24. The ink or coating composition according to claim 17, wherein the trifunctional monomer is a triacrylate. 25. The ink or coating composition according to claim 24, wherein the triacrylate is ethoxylated trimethylol propane triacrylate. 26. (canceled) 27. (canceled) 28. The ink or coating composition according to claim 17, wherein the inert resin is an inert acrylic polymer. 29. The ink or coating composition according to claim 28, wherein the acrylic polymer has an average molecular weight of less than 20000 amu. 30. (canceled) 31. The ink or coating composition according to claim 17, wherein the silane material is a mixture of alkoxy-silane functional compounds. 32. The ink or coating composition according to anyone claim 31, wherein the alkoxy-silane functional compound is selected from 3-(meth)acryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane, 3-(meth)acryloxypropyltriethoxysilane, glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane, aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, aminopropyltriethoxysilane, tetramethylorthosilicate, tetraethylorthosilicate, triethoxymethylsilane, and/or vinyltrimethoxysilane. 33. (canceled) 34. The ink or coating composition according to claim 17, wherein the silica material comprises silica, alumina, titania, zirconia, ceria, zinc oxide, iron oxide, and/or a colloidal nanosilica. 35. (canceled) 36. The ink or coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the ink or coating composition is an inkjet ink, and/or wherein the ink or coating composition is a sprayable fluid. 37. (canceled) 38. The ink or coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the ink or coating composition has a viscosity of less than 25 mPa·s, at 50° C. 39. An electrically insulating dielectric layer printed onto a substrate comprising a cured ink or coating composition according to claim 1. 40. The electrically insulating dielectric layer according to claim 39, wherein the layer evolves less than 10% (w/w) volatile material at 150° C., and/or wherein the layer when immersed in water increases in weight by less than 10% (w/w). 41. (canceled) 42. A process for providing an electrically insulating dielectric layer on a substrate comprising:
a) printing the ink or coating composition according to anyone of claim 1, onto a substrate; and b) curing the ink or coating composition. 43. A The process according to claim 42, wherein the ink or coating composition is inkjet printed onto the substrate, and/or wherein the ink or coating composition is cured using ultra-violet radiation. 44. (canceled) 45. A substrate comprising an electrically insulating dielectric layer printed thereon produced by the process according to claim 42. 46. A printed electronic device comprising at least one an electrically insulating dielectric layer according to claim 39. 47. A printed electronic device comprising at least one electrically insulating dielectric layer produced by the process of claim 42. | 1,700 |
3,851 | 15,187,838 | 1,712 | Embodiments disclosed herein generally relate to plasma abatement processes and apparatuses. A plasma abatement process takes effluent from a foreline of a processing chamber, such as an implant chamber, and reacts the effluent with a reagent. The effluent contains a pyrophoric byproduct. A plasma generator placed within the foreline path may ionize the effluent and the reagent to facilitate a reaction between the effluent and the reagent. The ionized species react to form compounds which remain in a gaseous phase at conditions within the exhaust stream path. In another embodiment, the ionized species may react to form compounds which condense out of the gaseous phase. The condensed particulate matter is then removed from the effluent by a trap. The apparatuses may include an implant chamber, a plasma generator, one or more pumps, and a scrubber. | 1. A method, comprising:
flowing an effluent from a processing chamber into a plasma generator, wherein the effluent comprises a pyrophoric material; flowing a reagent into the plasma generator; ionizing one or more of the pyrophoric material and the reagent; after the ionizing, reacting the pyrophoric material with the reagent to generate a gas phase effluent material; and abating the gas phase effluent material. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the processing chamber comprises an ion implant chamber. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the pyrophoric material comprises one or more of P, B, As, PH3, BF3, and AsH3. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the reagent comprises NF3. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the reagent has a flow rate within a range of about 10 sccm to about 20 sccm for a 200 mm substrate. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the reacting occurs prior to introducing the pyrophoric material to a roughing pump. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising introducing the gas phase effluent material to a scrubber. 8. A method of abating effluent from a processing chamber, comprising:
flowing an effluent from a processing chamber into a plasma generator, wherein the effluent comprises a pyrophoric material; flowing a reagent into the plasma generator; ionizing one or more of the pyrophoric material and the reagent; after the ionizing, reacting the pyrophoric material with the reagent to generate condensed particulate matter; and trapping the condensed particulate matter. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the reagent is an oxidizing source. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the reagent comprises one or more of oxygen and water vapor. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the reagent is oxygen, and wherein the reagent has a flow rate within a range of about 10 sccm to about 30 sccm for a 200 mm substrate. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the pyrophoric material comprises one or more of P, B, As, PH3, BF3, AsH3. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the processing chamber is an ion implant chamber. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the trapping occurs prior to introducing the pyrophoric material to a roughing pump. 15. An apparatus for abating effluent from a processing chamber, comprising:
an ion implant chamber; a foreline coupled to the ion implant chamber for exhausting effluent from the ion implant chamber; a plasma generator for generating ionized gases within the foreline; a vacuum source coupled to the foreline downstream of the plasma generator; and a scrubber fluidly coupled to the vacuum source. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising a reagent source coupled to the foreline, the reagent source comprising an oxidizing agent. 17. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising a reagent source coupled to the foreline, the reagent source comprising NF3. 18. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising a trap positioned downstream of the plasma generator and upstream of the vacuum source. 19. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the plasma generator is an inductively coupled plasma generator. 20. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising a reagent source coupled to the foreline upstream of the plasma generator, wherein the reagent source is a water vapor generator. | Embodiments disclosed herein generally relate to plasma abatement processes and apparatuses. A plasma abatement process takes effluent from a foreline of a processing chamber, such as an implant chamber, and reacts the effluent with a reagent. The effluent contains a pyrophoric byproduct. A plasma generator placed within the foreline path may ionize the effluent and the reagent to facilitate a reaction between the effluent and the reagent. The ionized species react to form compounds which remain in a gaseous phase at conditions within the exhaust stream path. In another embodiment, the ionized species may react to form compounds which condense out of the gaseous phase. The condensed particulate matter is then removed from the effluent by a trap. The apparatuses may include an implant chamber, a plasma generator, one or more pumps, and a scrubber.1. A method, comprising:
flowing an effluent from a processing chamber into a plasma generator, wherein the effluent comprises a pyrophoric material; flowing a reagent into the plasma generator; ionizing one or more of the pyrophoric material and the reagent; after the ionizing, reacting the pyrophoric material with the reagent to generate a gas phase effluent material; and abating the gas phase effluent material. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the processing chamber comprises an ion implant chamber. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the pyrophoric material comprises one or more of P, B, As, PH3, BF3, and AsH3. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the reagent comprises NF3. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the reagent has a flow rate within a range of about 10 sccm to about 20 sccm for a 200 mm substrate. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the reacting occurs prior to introducing the pyrophoric material to a roughing pump. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising introducing the gas phase effluent material to a scrubber. 8. A method of abating effluent from a processing chamber, comprising:
flowing an effluent from a processing chamber into a plasma generator, wherein the effluent comprises a pyrophoric material; flowing a reagent into the plasma generator; ionizing one or more of the pyrophoric material and the reagent; after the ionizing, reacting the pyrophoric material with the reagent to generate condensed particulate matter; and trapping the condensed particulate matter. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the reagent is an oxidizing source. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the reagent comprises one or more of oxygen and water vapor. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the reagent is oxygen, and wherein the reagent has a flow rate within a range of about 10 sccm to about 30 sccm for a 200 mm substrate. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the pyrophoric material comprises one or more of P, B, As, PH3, BF3, AsH3. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the processing chamber is an ion implant chamber. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the trapping occurs prior to introducing the pyrophoric material to a roughing pump. 15. An apparatus for abating effluent from a processing chamber, comprising:
an ion implant chamber; a foreline coupled to the ion implant chamber for exhausting effluent from the ion implant chamber; a plasma generator for generating ionized gases within the foreline; a vacuum source coupled to the foreline downstream of the plasma generator; and a scrubber fluidly coupled to the vacuum source. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising a reagent source coupled to the foreline, the reagent source comprising an oxidizing agent. 17. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising a reagent source coupled to the foreline, the reagent source comprising NF3. 18. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising a trap positioned downstream of the plasma generator and upstream of the vacuum source. 19. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the plasma generator is an inductively coupled plasma generator. 20. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising a reagent source coupled to the foreline upstream of the plasma generator, wherein the reagent source is a water vapor generator. | 1,700 |
3,852 | 13,477,473 | 1,779 | The present invention relates to a method of treating anemia especially in an EPO resistant hemodialysis patient, comprising hemodialysis with a high cut-off dialysis membrane, wherein the hemodialysis membrane is characterized in that it has a molecular weight cut-off in water, based on dextran sieving coefficients, of between 90 and 200 kD and a molecular weight retention onset in water, based on dextran sieving coefficients, of between 10 and 20 kD, and a ΔMW of between 90 and 170 kD. The invention further relates to a high cut-off hemodialysis membrane for the treatment of anemia in hemodialysis patients, especially EPO resistant hemodialysis patients. | 1. A method of treating anemia in a hemodialysis patient, comprising withdrawing and bypassing the blood from the patient in a continuous flow into contact with one face of a hemodialysis membrane, simultaneously passing dialysate solution in a continuous flow on an opposite face of the hemodialysis membrane to the side of the hemodialysis membrane in contact with the blood, the flow of the dialysate solution being countercurrent to the direction of flow of blood, and returning the blood into the patient, wherein the hemodialysis membrane has a molecular weight cut-off in water, based on dextran sieving coefficients, of between 90 and 200 kD and a molecular weight retention onset in water, based on dextran sieving coefficients, of between 10 and 20 kD, and a ΔMW of between 90 and 170 kD. 2. A method according to claim 1 further comprising reducing the amount of EPO which is administered per kg body weight per week to the hemodialysis patient by at least 10% relative to the EPO dose needed in the course of a hemodialysis treatment not according to the method of claim 1 to maintain a target hemoglobin value. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the blood of the hemodialysis patient has a ferritin concentration of at least 100 ng/ml. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the hemodialysis treatment is performed from 2 to 4 times per week for a period of from 2 to 6 hours. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein three haemodialysis treatments are performed per week, one for a period of 2 to 6 hours with the membrane according to claim 1, and two with a standard high-flux hemodialysis membrane. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the hemodialysis membrane permits passage of substances having a molecular weight of up to 45 kD with a sieving coefficient measured in whole blood of between 0.1 and 1.0. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the hemodialysis patient suffers from EPO hypo-responsiveness. 8. A dialysis membrane comprising at least one hydrophobic polymer and at least one hydrophilic polymer, wherein the membrane has a molecular weight cut-off in water, based on dextran sieving coefficients, of between 90 and 200 kD and a molecular weight retention onset in water, based on dextran sieving coefficients, of between 10 and 20 kD, and a ΔMW of between 90 and 170 kD, for treating anemia in hemodialysis patients. 9. The dialysis membrane of claim 8, wherein the membrane permits the passage of molecules having a molecular weight of up to 45 kDa with a sieving coefficient of from 0.1 to 1.0 in presence of whole blood. 10. The dialysis membrane of claim 8 for treating a hemodialyis patient whose blood has a ferritin concentration of at least 100 ng/ml. 11. The dialysis membrane of claim 8 having an average pore size of above 7 nm. 12. The dialysis membrane of claim 8 for performing haemodialysis treatment from 2 to 4 times per week for a period of from 2 to 6 hours each. 13. The dialysis membrane of claim 8, for performing one haemodialysis treatment on the patient per week for a period of 2 to 6 hours, two additional hemodialysis treatments per week being performed on the patient with a standard high-flux hemodialysis membrane. 14. The dialysis membrane of claim 8, for treating a hemodialysis patient who suffers from EPO hypo-responsiveness. 15. The method of claim 2 wherein the blood of the hemodialysis patient has a ferritin concentration of at least 100 ng/ml. 16. The method of claim 2 wherein the hemodialysis treatment is performed from 2 to 4 times per week for a period of from 2 to 6 hours. 17. The method of claim 3 wherein the hemodialysis treatment is performed from 2 to 4 times per week for a period of from 2 to 6 hours. 18. The dialysis membrane of claim 9 for treating anemia in a hemodialysis patient wherein the patient's blood has a ferritin concentration of at least 100 ng/ml. 19. The dialysis membrane of claim 9 for treating anemia in hemodialysis patients wherein the membrane has an average pore size of above 7 nm. 20. The dialysis membrane of claim 10 for treating anemia in hemodialysis patients wherein the membrane has an average pore size of above 7 nm. | The present invention relates to a method of treating anemia especially in an EPO resistant hemodialysis patient, comprising hemodialysis with a high cut-off dialysis membrane, wherein the hemodialysis membrane is characterized in that it has a molecular weight cut-off in water, based on dextran sieving coefficients, of between 90 and 200 kD and a molecular weight retention onset in water, based on dextran sieving coefficients, of between 10 and 20 kD, and a ΔMW of between 90 and 170 kD. The invention further relates to a high cut-off hemodialysis membrane for the treatment of anemia in hemodialysis patients, especially EPO resistant hemodialysis patients.1. A method of treating anemia in a hemodialysis patient, comprising withdrawing and bypassing the blood from the patient in a continuous flow into contact with one face of a hemodialysis membrane, simultaneously passing dialysate solution in a continuous flow on an opposite face of the hemodialysis membrane to the side of the hemodialysis membrane in contact with the blood, the flow of the dialysate solution being countercurrent to the direction of flow of blood, and returning the blood into the patient, wherein the hemodialysis membrane has a molecular weight cut-off in water, based on dextran sieving coefficients, of between 90 and 200 kD and a molecular weight retention onset in water, based on dextran sieving coefficients, of between 10 and 20 kD, and a ΔMW of between 90 and 170 kD. 2. A method according to claim 1 further comprising reducing the amount of EPO which is administered per kg body weight per week to the hemodialysis patient by at least 10% relative to the EPO dose needed in the course of a hemodialysis treatment not according to the method of claim 1 to maintain a target hemoglobin value. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the blood of the hemodialysis patient has a ferritin concentration of at least 100 ng/ml. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the hemodialysis treatment is performed from 2 to 4 times per week for a period of from 2 to 6 hours. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein three haemodialysis treatments are performed per week, one for a period of 2 to 6 hours with the membrane according to claim 1, and two with a standard high-flux hemodialysis membrane. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the hemodialysis membrane permits passage of substances having a molecular weight of up to 45 kD with a sieving coefficient measured in whole blood of between 0.1 and 1.0. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the hemodialysis patient suffers from EPO hypo-responsiveness. 8. A dialysis membrane comprising at least one hydrophobic polymer and at least one hydrophilic polymer, wherein the membrane has a molecular weight cut-off in water, based on dextran sieving coefficients, of between 90 and 200 kD and a molecular weight retention onset in water, based on dextran sieving coefficients, of between 10 and 20 kD, and a ΔMW of between 90 and 170 kD, for treating anemia in hemodialysis patients. 9. The dialysis membrane of claim 8, wherein the membrane permits the passage of molecules having a molecular weight of up to 45 kDa with a sieving coefficient of from 0.1 to 1.0 in presence of whole blood. 10. The dialysis membrane of claim 8 for treating a hemodialyis patient whose blood has a ferritin concentration of at least 100 ng/ml. 11. The dialysis membrane of claim 8 having an average pore size of above 7 nm. 12. The dialysis membrane of claim 8 for performing haemodialysis treatment from 2 to 4 times per week for a period of from 2 to 6 hours each. 13. The dialysis membrane of claim 8, for performing one haemodialysis treatment on the patient per week for a period of 2 to 6 hours, two additional hemodialysis treatments per week being performed on the patient with a standard high-flux hemodialysis membrane. 14. The dialysis membrane of claim 8, for treating a hemodialysis patient who suffers from EPO hypo-responsiveness. 15. The method of claim 2 wherein the blood of the hemodialysis patient has a ferritin concentration of at least 100 ng/ml. 16. The method of claim 2 wherein the hemodialysis treatment is performed from 2 to 4 times per week for a period of from 2 to 6 hours. 17. The method of claim 3 wherein the hemodialysis treatment is performed from 2 to 4 times per week for a period of from 2 to 6 hours. 18. The dialysis membrane of claim 9 for treating anemia in a hemodialysis patient wherein the patient's blood has a ferritin concentration of at least 100 ng/ml. 19. The dialysis membrane of claim 9 for treating anemia in hemodialysis patients wherein the membrane has an average pore size of above 7 nm. 20. The dialysis membrane of claim 10 for treating anemia in hemodialysis patients wherein the membrane has an average pore size of above 7 nm. | 1,700 |
3,853 | 15,801,401 | 1,741 | Certain example embodiments of this invention relate to edge sealing techniques for vacuum insulating glass (VIG) units. More particularly, certain example embodiments relate to techniques for providing localized heating to edge seals of units, and/or unitized ovens for accomplishing the same. In certain example embodiments, infrared (IR) heating elements are controllable to emit IR radiation at a peak wavelength in the near infrared (NIR) and/or short wave infrared (SWIR) band(s), and the peak wavelength may be varied by adjusting the voltage applied to the IR heating elements. The peak wavelength may be selected so as to preferentially heat the frit material used to form a VIG edge seal while reducing the amount of heat provided to substrates of the VIG unit. In certain example embodiments, the substrates of the VIG unit do not reach a temperature of 325 degrees C. for more than 1 minute. | 1. An apparatus for forming an edge seal in a vacuum insulated glass (VIG) unit, comprising:
a plurality of infrared (IR) heating elements controllable to emit IR radiation at a peak wavelength in the near infrared (NIR) and/or short wave infrared (SWIR) band(s), the plurality of IR heating elements being spaced apart from one another so as to have a 2-6″ center-to-center distance, the plurality of IR heating elements being vertically positioned 2-10″ above an upper surface and/or below a lower surface of a VIG subassembly insertable therein; a controller operable to adjust an amount of voltage supplied to the plurality of IR heating elements to vary the peak wavelength produced by the plurality of IR heating elements; inner walls comprising a material having characteristics suitable for causing a reduced amount of IR radiation from the IR heating elements impinging thereon to be reflected, the reflected IR radiation being reflected in a generally diffuse or undirected pattern; and insulation provided around the inner walls. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the peak wavelength is between 1300-1700 nm. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the peak wavelength is selected so that at least about three times as much energy is absorbable by a frit material of the VIG subassembly as compared to glass substrates of the VIG subassembly. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the position of the plurality of IR heating elements is vertically adjustable. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising one or more jack screws for adjusting the vertical position of the plurality of IR heating elements, collectively or individually, relative to the upper surface of the VIG subassembly. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the IR heating elements are oriented at approximately 90 degree angles relative to a surface on which they are mounted. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the IR heating elements are oriented at approximately 45 degree angles relative to a surface on which they are mounted. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the IR heating elements are operable to maintain a stable heating environment in which the temperature across the VIG subassembly would vary by no more than ±5 degrees C. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the IR heating elements are operable to maintain a stable heating environment in which the temperature across the VIG subassembly would vary by no more than ±2 degrees C. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the inner walls comprise a hardened batt material. 11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the IR heating elements are operable to maintain an interior thereof at a first elevated temperature without the use of any further heating elements, the first elevated temperature being lower than a temperature needed to form the edge seal. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the IR heating elements are controllable via voltage changes to move from the first elevated temperature to the temperature needed to form the edge seal. 13-23. (canceled) 24. An apparatus for forming an edge seal in a vacuum insulated glass (VIG) unit, comprising:
a plurality of infrared (IR) heating elements controllable to emit IR radiation at a peak wavelength in the near infrared (NIR) and/or short wave infrared (SWIR) band(s), a controller operable to adjust an amount of voltage supplied to the plurality of IR heating elements to vary the peak wavelength produced by the plurality of IR heating elements; wherein the controller is operable in first and second modes, the first mode being a preheat mode at which the IR heating elements operate at approximately half power density and 45-55% voltage and the second mode being a frit sealing mode at which the IR heating elements operate at a half power density and at 75-85% voltage. 25. (canceled) | Certain example embodiments of this invention relate to edge sealing techniques for vacuum insulating glass (VIG) units. More particularly, certain example embodiments relate to techniques for providing localized heating to edge seals of units, and/or unitized ovens for accomplishing the same. In certain example embodiments, infrared (IR) heating elements are controllable to emit IR radiation at a peak wavelength in the near infrared (NIR) and/or short wave infrared (SWIR) band(s), and the peak wavelength may be varied by adjusting the voltage applied to the IR heating elements. The peak wavelength may be selected so as to preferentially heat the frit material used to form a VIG edge seal while reducing the amount of heat provided to substrates of the VIG unit. In certain example embodiments, the substrates of the VIG unit do not reach a temperature of 325 degrees C. for more than 1 minute.1. An apparatus for forming an edge seal in a vacuum insulated glass (VIG) unit, comprising:
a plurality of infrared (IR) heating elements controllable to emit IR radiation at a peak wavelength in the near infrared (NIR) and/or short wave infrared (SWIR) band(s), the plurality of IR heating elements being spaced apart from one another so as to have a 2-6″ center-to-center distance, the plurality of IR heating elements being vertically positioned 2-10″ above an upper surface and/or below a lower surface of a VIG subassembly insertable therein; a controller operable to adjust an amount of voltage supplied to the plurality of IR heating elements to vary the peak wavelength produced by the plurality of IR heating elements; inner walls comprising a material having characteristics suitable for causing a reduced amount of IR radiation from the IR heating elements impinging thereon to be reflected, the reflected IR radiation being reflected in a generally diffuse or undirected pattern; and insulation provided around the inner walls. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the peak wavelength is between 1300-1700 nm. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the peak wavelength is selected so that at least about three times as much energy is absorbable by a frit material of the VIG subassembly as compared to glass substrates of the VIG subassembly. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the position of the plurality of IR heating elements is vertically adjustable. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising one or more jack screws for adjusting the vertical position of the plurality of IR heating elements, collectively or individually, relative to the upper surface of the VIG subassembly. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the IR heating elements are oriented at approximately 90 degree angles relative to a surface on which they are mounted. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the IR heating elements are oriented at approximately 45 degree angles relative to a surface on which they are mounted. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the IR heating elements are operable to maintain a stable heating environment in which the temperature across the VIG subassembly would vary by no more than ±5 degrees C. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the IR heating elements are operable to maintain a stable heating environment in which the temperature across the VIG subassembly would vary by no more than ±2 degrees C. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the inner walls comprise a hardened batt material. 11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the IR heating elements are operable to maintain an interior thereof at a first elevated temperature without the use of any further heating elements, the first elevated temperature being lower than a temperature needed to form the edge seal. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the IR heating elements are controllable via voltage changes to move from the first elevated temperature to the temperature needed to form the edge seal. 13-23. (canceled) 24. An apparatus for forming an edge seal in a vacuum insulated glass (VIG) unit, comprising:
a plurality of infrared (IR) heating elements controllable to emit IR radiation at a peak wavelength in the near infrared (NIR) and/or short wave infrared (SWIR) band(s), a controller operable to adjust an amount of voltage supplied to the plurality of IR heating elements to vary the peak wavelength produced by the plurality of IR heating elements; wherein the controller is operable in first and second modes, the first mode being a preheat mode at which the IR heating elements operate at approximately half power density and 45-55% voltage and the second mode being a frit sealing mode at which the IR heating elements operate at a half power density and at 75-85% voltage. 25. (canceled) | 1,700 |
3,854 | 15,088,999 | 1,783 | A system and method for producing a board product characterized by having at least one corrugated medium and at least one embossed medium in the board product. The board product may further include one or more facings that are adhesively coupled to either the corrugated medium, the embossed medium, or both. Generally speaking, a corrugated medium may be characterized as a paper product that exhibits flutes induced by a cross-corrugating process such that the induced flutes are perpendicular (or at least not congruent) with the machine direction of the paper product. An embossed medium may be characterized as a paper product that exhibits flutes induced by a linear-embossing process such that the induced flutes are aligned with the machine direction of the paper product. A resultant board product is stronger and more efficiently produced because of the linearly-embossed medium harnessing the natural strength of the paper in the machine direction. | 1. A board product, comprising:
a first medium formed from a first paper having a machine direction and cross direction, the first medium having one or more flutes aligned with the machine direction of the first paper; and a second medium formed from a second paper having a machine direction and a cross direction, the second medium affixed with respect to the first medium and having one or more flutes aligned with the cross direction of the second paper. 2. The board product of claim 1, further comprising a facing adhered to the first medium. 3. The board product of claim 1, further comprising a facing adhered to the second medium. 4. The board product of claim 1, wherein the first medium is adhered directly to the second medium. 5. The board product of claim 1, further comprising a facing adhered to the first medium and adhered to the second medium such that the facing is affixed between the first medium and the second medium. 6. The board product of claim 1, wherein the first medium further comprises flutes induced through embossing. 7. The board product of claim 1, wherein the first medium further comprises flutes induced through scoring. 8. The board product of claim 1, wherein the second medium further comprises flutes induced through corrugating. 9. The board product of claim 1, wherein the first medium further comprises flutes having a size corresponding to an E-flute profile. 10. The board product of claim 1, wherein the second medium further comprises flutes having a size corresponding to a C-flute profile. 11. The board product of claim 1, wherein the flutes in the first medium are not congruent with the flutes in the second medium. 12. A method for making a board product with improved structure, the method comprising:
embossing a first paper in a machine direction, the embossing resulting in an embossed medium having flutes induced in the machine direction; corrugating a second paper in a cross direction, the corrugating resulting in a corrugated medium having flutes induced in the cross direction; and affixing the embossed medium with respect to the corrugated medium. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising adhering the embossed medium directly to the corrugated medium. 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising adhering the embossed medium to a first side of a facing and adhering the corrugated medium to a second side of a facing. 15. The method of claim 12, further comprising adhering a facing to the embossed medium such that the facing is disposed apart from the corrugated medium. 16. The method of claim 12, further comprising adhering a facing to the corrugated medium such that the facing is disposed apart from the embossed medium. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the embossed medium comprises flutes having an E-flute profile and the corrugated medium comprises flutes having a C-flute profile. 18. A machine, comprising:
a first paper feed roll configured to feed paper to a corrugating stage; a second paper feed roll configured to feed paper to an embossing stage; at least one pair of corrugating rolls configured to cross corrugate the paper fed to the corrugating stage to produce a cross-corrugated medium; at least one pair of embossing rolls configured to linearly emboss the paper fed to the embossing stage to produce a linearly-embossed medium; a stage for combining the cross-corrugated medium with the linearly-embossed medium. 19. The machine of claim 18, further comprising:
a third paper feed roll configured to feed a first facing to the stage for combining such that the first facing is adhered to one of the cross-corrugated medium and the linearly-embossed medium for combining a facing with the combination of the corrugated medium and the embossed medium; and a fourth paper feed roll configured to feed a second facing to the stage for combining such that the second facing is adhered to the other of the cross-corrugated medium and the linearly-embossed medium. 20. The machine of claim 18, further comprising a third paper feed roll configured to feed a facing to the stage for combining such that the facing is adhered to the cross-corrugated medium and adhered to the linearly-embossed medium. | A system and method for producing a board product characterized by having at least one corrugated medium and at least one embossed medium in the board product. The board product may further include one or more facings that are adhesively coupled to either the corrugated medium, the embossed medium, or both. Generally speaking, a corrugated medium may be characterized as a paper product that exhibits flutes induced by a cross-corrugating process such that the induced flutes are perpendicular (or at least not congruent) with the machine direction of the paper product. An embossed medium may be characterized as a paper product that exhibits flutes induced by a linear-embossing process such that the induced flutes are aligned with the machine direction of the paper product. A resultant board product is stronger and more efficiently produced because of the linearly-embossed medium harnessing the natural strength of the paper in the machine direction.1. A board product, comprising:
a first medium formed from a first paper having a machine direction and cross direction, the first medium having one or more flutes aligned with the machine direction of the first paper; and a second medium formed from a second paper having a machine direction and a cross direction, the second medium affixed with respect to the first medium and having one or more flutes aligned with the cross direction of the second paper. 2. The board product of claim 1, further comprising a facing adhered to the first medium. 3. The board product of claim 1, further comprising a facing adhered to the second medium. 4. The board product of claim 1, wherein the first medium is adhered directly to the second medium. 5. The board product of claim 1, further comprising a facing adhered to the first medium and adhered to the second medium such that the facing is affixed between the first medium and the second medium. 6. The board product of claim 1, wherein the first medium further comprises flutes induced through embossing. 7. The board product of claim 1, wherein the first medium further comprises flutes induced through scoring. 8. The board product of claim 1, wherein the second medium further comprises flutes induced through corrugating. 9. The board product of claim 1, wherein the first medium further comprises flutes having a size corresponding to an E-flute profile. 10. The board product of claim 1, wherein the second medium further comprises flutes having a size corresponding to a C-flute profile. 11. The board product of claim 1, wherein the flutes in the first medium are not congruent with the flutes in the second medium. 12. A method for making a board product with improved structure, the method comprising:
embossing a first paper in a machine direction, the embossing resulting in an embossed medium having flutes induced in the machine direction; corrugating a second paper in a cross direction, the corrugating resulting in a corrugated medium having flutes induced in the cross direction; and affixing the embossed medium with respect to the corrugated medium. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising adhering the embossed medium directly to the corrugated medium. 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising adhering the embossed medium to a first side of a facing and adhering the corrugated medium to a second side of a facing. 15. The method of claim 12, further comprising adhering a facing to the embossed medium such that the facing is disposed apart from the corrugated medium. 16. The method of claim 12, further comprising adhering a facing to the corrugated medium such that the facing is disposed apart from the embossed medium. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the embossed medium comprises flutes having an E-flute profile and the corrugated medium comprises flutes having a C-flute profile. 18. A machine, comprising:
a first paper feed roll configured to feed paper to a corrugating stage; a second paper feed roll configured to feed paper to an embossing stage; at least one pair of corrugating rolls configured to cross corrugate the paper fed to the corrugating stage to produce a cross-corrugated medium; at least one pair of embossing rolls configured to linearly emboss the paper fed to the embossing stage to produce a linearly-embossed medium; a stage for combining the cross-corrugated medium with the linearly-embossed medium. 19. The machine of claim 18, further comprising:
a third paper feed roll configured to feed a first facing to the stage for combining such that the first facing is adhered to one of the cross-corrugated medium and the linearly-embossed medium for combining a facing with the combination of the corrugated medium and the embossed medium; and a fourth paper feed roll configured to feed a second facing to the stage for combining such that the second facing is adhered to the other of the cross-corrugated medium and the linearly-embossed medium. 20. The machine of claim 18, further comprising a third paper feed roll configured to feed a facing to the stage for combining such that the facing is adhered to the cross-corrugated medium and adhered to the linearly-embossed medium. | 1,700 |
3,855 | 12,157,125 | 1,745 | Process for manufacturing a sound-absorbing panel comprising the steps of lamination of a front sheet, assembly of an intermediate honeycomb sheet on the front sheet, lamination of a back sheet, polymerisation of such assembled panel and acoustic perforation of the front sheet. | 1. Process for manufacturing a sound-absorbing panel characterised in that it comprises the following steps:
Lamination of a front sheet, Assembly of an intermediate honeycomb sheet on the front sheet, Lamination of a back sheet, Polymerisation of such assembled panel, Acoustic perforation of the front sheet. 2. Process according to claim 1 can further comprise the step of trimming of the assembled panel. 3. Process according to claim 1 can further comprise the step of sticking a surface finishing film on such perforated front sheet. 4. Process according to claim 1, further comprising the step of lamination of an adhesive sheet positioned between honeycomb and back sheet. 5. Process according to claim 1, further comprising lamination of an adhesive sheet positioned on the front sheet. 6. Process according to claim 1, further comprising the steps of lamination of an adhesive sheet positioned between honeycomb and back sheet and of an adhesive sheet positioned on the front sheet. | Process for manufacturing a sound-absorbing panel comprising the steps of lamination of a front sheet, assembly of an intermediate honeycomb sheet on the front sheet, lamination of a back sheet, polymerisation of such assembled panel and acoustic perforation of the front sheet.1. Process for manufacturing a sound-absorbing panel characterised in that it comprises the following steps:
Lamination of a front sheet, Assembly of an intermediate honeycomb sheet on the front sheet, Lamination of a back sheet, Polymerisation of such assembled panel, Acoustic perforation of the front sheet. 2. Process according to claim 1 can further comprise the step of trimming of the assembled panel. 3. Process according to claim 1 can further comprise the step of sticking a surface finishing film on such perforated front sheet. 4. Process according to claim 1, further comprising the step of lamination of an adhesive sheet positioned between honeycomb and back sheet. 5. Process according to claim 1, further comprising lamination of an adhesive sheet positioned on the front sheet. 6. Process according to claim 1, further comprising the steps of lamination of an adhesive sheet positioned between honeycomb and back sheet and of an adhesive sheet positioned on the front sheet. | 1,700 |
3,856 | 14,766,459 | 1,715 | Applying a coating medium may include: emission of a coating medium jet from an application device and positioning the application device relative to the component with a particular application distance between the application device and the component, so that the coating medium jet impacts on the component and coats the component. The application distance (d) can be smaller than the disintegration distance of the coating medium jet, so that the coating medium jet impacts with its continuous region on the component. | 1-19. (canceled) 20. A method for the application of a coating medium onto a component, comprising:
emitting a coating medium jet from an application device, wherein, after emerging from the application device, the coating medium jet has a continuous region in the jet direction until said jet reaches a disintegration distance, whereupon, after the disintegration distance, the coating medium jet then disintegrates into droplets that are separate from one another in the jet direction; and positioning the application device at a specified application distance from the component so that the coating medium jet impacts on the component and coats the component; wherein the application distance is smaller than the disintegration distance of the coating medium jet, so that the coating medium jet impacts on the component with its continuous region. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein
the coating medium jet applies a pattern on the component; and the pattern is sharp-edged with maximum deviations from a pre-defined edge shape of a maximum of three millimetres and without coating medium splashes outside the pattern. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the coating medium jet is moved over the component a plurality of times to generate the pattern, a coating medium stripe being applied in each of the times. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein, following the application, the adjacent coating medium stripes merge into one another thereby forming a uniform stripe. 24. The method of claim 22, wherein following the application, the adjacent coating medium stripes do not merge into one another thereby forming two or more separate stripes. 25. The method of claim 20, wherein
the pattern comprises a stripe of the coating medium; the stripe has a width of at least 100 micrometres; and the stripe has a width of a maximum of one meter. 26. The method of claim 20, wherein
a plurality of coating medium jets that are directed to be substantially parallel to one another are emitted from the application device; distances between directly adjacent coating medium jets are large enough such that the adjacent coating medium jets do not merge between the application device and the component; and for emission of the coating medium jets, a plurality of application nozzles with a specified nozzle internal diameter and a specified nozzle spacing are provided, wherein the nozzle spacing is at least equal to three times the nozzle internal diameter. 27. The method of claim 20, wherein
the application device comprises a plurality of application nozzles of which at least some can be controlled independently of one another; and at least one of the following operating variables is independently controllable:
the emission velocity of the coating medium from the application nozzles,
the type of coating medium, and
the volume flow rate of the coating medium through the application nozzles. 28. The method of claim 20, wherein the application device is moved relative to the component during the application of the coating medium. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein
the application device is arranged stationary, whereas the component is moved; the component is moved during the application of the coating medium at a speed of at least ten centimeters per second; and the component is moved during the application of the coating medium at a speed of a maximum of ten meters per second. 30. The method of claim 28, wherein
the component is arranged stationary, whereas the application device is moved; the application device is moved during the application of the coating medium at a speed of at least ten centimeters per second; and the application device is moved during the application of the coating medium at a speed of a maximum of 250 centimeters per second. 31. The method of claim 20, wherein
the application device is moved relative to the component over the component surface, so that the impact point of the coating medium jet on the component surface moves along a strip; during the travel along the strip on the component surface, the coating medium jet is switched off and then on again; and the coating medium jet is moved so slowly over the component surface, and is switched on and off so rapidly, that a spatial resolution of finer than five millimeters is achieved on the component. 32. The method of claim 20, further comprising:
moving the application device toward an edge of the component to be coated with the coating medium jet switched off; switching on the coating medium jet when the application device is located over the component; moving the application device over the component to be coated along the component surface to be coated; and switching off the coating medium jet when the application device is no longer located over the component surface to be coated. 33. The method of claim 20, further comprising:
detecting a spatial position of the component to be coated; detecting a spatial position of the application device; switching on the coating medium jet depending on the detected positions of the component and of the application device; and switching off the coating medium jet depending on the detected positions of the component and of the application device. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein position detection is performed by a device selected from a group consisting of:
a camera, an ultrasonic sensor, an inductive sensor, a capacitive sensor, a laser sensor, and a robot control system from which the position is read out. 35. The method of claim 20, wherein the application method comprises at least one of:
a high application efficiency of at least eighty percent, so that substantially a whole of the applied coating medium is entirely deposited on the component without overspray occurring; an area coating output of at least 0.5 square meters per minute; a volume flow rate of the coating agent applied and thus the emergence velocity of the coating medium are set so that the coating medium does not rebound from the component after impacting on the component; an emergence velocity of the coating medium from the application device is at least five meters per second; the emergence velocity of the coating medium from the application device is a maximum of thirty meters per second; the application distance is at least four millimeters; the application distance is a maximum of two-hundred millimeters; the application device is moved by a machine, the coating medium is a water-based paint or a solvent-based paint; and the coating medium jet can be switched on or off with a switch-over duration of less than fifty milliseconds. 36. A system for application of a coating medium onto a component, comprising:
an application device arranged to emit a coating medium jet, wherein, after emerging from the application device, the coating medium jet has a continuous region in the jet direction until said jet reaches a disintegration distance, whereupon, after the disintegration distance, the coating medium jet then disintegrates into droplets that are separate from one another in the jet direction; and a positioning device to position the application device with respect to the component at a specified application distance between the application device and the component, so that the coating medium jet impacts on the component and coats the component; wherein the application distance is smaller than the disintegration distance of the coating medium jet, so that the coating medium jet impacts on the component with its continuous region. 37. The system of claim 36, further comprising:
a nozzle plate, included in the application device, in which a plurality of application nozzles are arranged, each of which emits a coating medium jet, wherein the coating medium jets together generate a stripe on the component, 38. The system of claim 37, wherein the stripe has a width of at least one-hundred micrometers, and the stripe has a width of a maximum of one meter. 39. The system of claim 37, wherein
the application device emits a plurality of coating medium jets which are oriented substantially parallel to one another; distances between directly adjacent coating medium jets is large enough such that the adjacent coating medium jets do not merge between the application device and the component; for emission of the coating medium jets, the application device has a plurality of application nozzles with a specified nozzle internal diameter and a specified nozzle spacing, wherein the nozzle spacing is at least equal to three times the nozzle internal diameter. | Applying a coating medium may include: emission of a coating medium jet from an application device and positioning the application device relative to the component with a particular application distance between the application device and the component, so that the coating medium jet impacts on the component and coats the component. The application distance (d) can be smaller than the disintegration distance of the coating medium jet, so that the coating medium jet impacts with its continuous region on the component.1-19. (canceled) 20. A method for the application of a coating medium onto a component, comprising:
emitting a coating medium jet from an application device, wherein, after emerging from the application device, the coating medium jet has a continuous region in the jet direction until said jet reaches a disintegration distance, whereupon, after the disintegration distance, the coating medium jet then disintegrates into droplets that are separate from one another in the jet direction; and positioning the application device at a specified application distance from the component so that the coating medium jet impacts on the component and coats the component; wherein the application distance is smaller than the disintegration distance of the coating medium jet, so that the coating medium jet impacts on the component with its continuous region. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein
the coating medium jet applies a pattern on the component; and the pattern is sharp-edged with maximum deviations from a pre-defined edge shape of a maximum of three millimetres and without coating medium splashes outside the pattern. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the coating medium jet is moved over the component a plurality of times to generate the pattern, a coating medium stripe being applied in each of the times. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein, following the application, the adjacent coating medium stripes merge into one another thereby forming a uniform stripe. 24. The method of claim 22, wherein following the application, the adjacent coating medium stripes do not merge into one another thereby forming two or more separate stripes. 25. The method of claim 20, wherein
the pattern comprises a stripe of the coating medium; the stripe has a width of at least 100 micrometres; and the stripe has a width of a maximum of one meter. 26. The method of claim 20, wherein
a plurality of coating medium jets that are directed to be substantially parallel to one another are emitted from the application device; distances between directly adjacent coating medium jets are large enough such that the adjacent coating medium jets do not merge between the application device and the component; and for emission of the coating medium jets, a plurality of application nozzles with a specified nozzle internal diameter and a specified nozzle spacing are provided, wherein the nozzle spacing is at least equal to three times the nozzle internal diameter. 27. The method of claim 20, wherein
the application device comprises a plurality of application nozzles of which at least some can be controlled independently of one another; and at least one of the following operating variables is independently controllable:
the emission velocity of the coating medium from the application nozzles,
the type of coating medium, and
the volume flow rate of the coating medium through the application nozzles. 28. The method of claim 20, wherein the application device is moved relative to the component during the application of the coating medium. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein
the application device is arranged stationary, whereas the component is moved; the component is moved during the application of the coating medium at a speed of at least ten centimeters per second; and the component is moved during the application of the coating medium at a speed of a maximum of ten meters per second. 30. The method of claim 28, wherein
the component is arranged stationary, whereas the application device is moved; the application device is moved during the application of the coating medium at a speed of at least ten centimeters per second; and the application device is moved during the application of the coating medium at a speed of a maximum of 250 centimeters per second. 31. The method of claim 20, wherein
the application device is moved relative to the component over the component surface, so that the impact point of the coating medium jet on the component surface moves along a strip; during the travel along the strip on the component surface, the coating medium jet is switched off and then on again; and the coating medium jet is moved so slowly over the component surface, and is switched on and off so rapidly, that a spatial resolution of finer than five millimeters is achieved on the component. 32. The method of claim 20, further comprising:
moving the application device toward an edge of the component to be coated with the coating medium jet switched off; switching on the coating medium jet when the application device is located over the component; moving the application device over the component to be coated along the component surface to be coated; and switching off the coating medium jet when the application device is no longer located over the component surface to be coated. 33. The method of claim 20, further comprising:
detecting a spatial position of the component to be coated; detecting a spatial position of the application device; switching on the coating medium jet depending on the detected positions of the component and of the application device; and switching off the coating medium jet depending on the detected positions of the component and of the application device. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein position detection is performed by a device selected from a group consisting of:
a camera, an ultrasonic sensor, an inductive sensor, a capacitive sensor, a laser sensor, and a robot control system from which the position is read out. 35. The method of claim 20, wherein the application method comprises at least one of:
a high application efficiency of at least eighty percent, so that substantially a whole of the applied coating medium is entirely deposited on the component without overspray occurring; an area coating output of at least 0.5 square meters per minute; a volume flow rate of the coating agent applied and thus the emergence velocity of the coating medium are set so that the coating medium does not rebound from the component after impacting on the component; an emergence velocity of the coating medium from the application device is at least five meters per second; the emergence velocity of the coating medium from the application device is a maximum of thirty meters per second; the application distance is at least four millimeters; the application distance is a maximum of two-hundred millimeters; the application device is moved by a machine, the coating medium is a water-based paint or a solvent-based paint; and the coating medium jet can be switched on or off with a switch-over duration of less than fifty milliseconds. 36. A system for application of a coating medium onto a component, comprising:
an application device arranged to emit a coating medium jet, wherein, after emerging from the application device, the coating medium jet has a continuous region in the jet direction until said jet reaches a disintegration distance, whereupon, after the disintegration distance, the coating medium jet then disintegrates into droplets that are separate from one another in the jet direction; and a positioning device to position the application device with respect to the component at a specified application distance between the application device and the component, so that the coating medium jet impacts on the component and coats the component; wherein the application distance is smaller than the disintegration distance of the coating medium jet, so that the coating medium jet impacts on the component with its continuous region. 37. The system of claim 36, further comprising:
a nozzle plate, included in the application device, in which a plurality of application nozzles are arranged, each of which emits a coating medium jet, wherein the coating medium jets together generate a stripe on the component, 38. The system of claim 37, wherein the stripe has a width of at least one-hundred micrometers, and the stripe has a width of a maximum of one meter. 39. The system of claim 37, wherein
the application device emits a plurality of coating medium jets which are oriented substantially parallel to one another; distances between directly adjacent coating medium jets is large enough such that the adjacent coating medium jets do not merge between the application device and the component; for emission of the coating medium jets, the application device has a plurality of application nozzles with a specified nozzle internal diameter and a specified nozzle spacing, wherein the nozzle spacing is at least equal to three times the nozzle internal diameter. | 1,700 |
3,857 | 15,443,098 | 1,778 | The present disclosure relates to method and system for dynamically managing waste water treatment process in a water treatment plant. Operational data related to water treatment process are collected from various data sources and operational parameters are identified at various levels using the operational data. Historical and real-time threshold values of operational parameters are identified based on historic and real-time operational data and real-time operational data respectively. Degrees of significance of operational parameters on the water treatment processes are calculated at each level. Further, plurality of inflection points, indicating optimal range of operational data, are identified based on degrees of significance, historical and real-time thresholds. Finally, water treatment processes are optimized based on inflection points, thereby optimizing power consumption for the water treatment plant. The above method enables large-scale management of the water treatment processes, without actually visiting a water treatment plant, thereby reducing dependency on expertise and skilled resources. | 1. A method for dynamically managing waste water treatment process in a waste water treatment plant, the method comprising:
collecting, by a waste water treatment system (103), operational data from one or more data sources (101); identifying, by the waste water treatment system (103), one or more operational parameters at one or more levels based on the operational data, wherein the one or more operational parameters are used for managing one or more waste water treatment processes; identifying, by the waste water treatment system (103), one or more historical threshold values (123) for each of the one or more operational parameters at the one or more levels based on historic operational data (123 1) associated with each of the one or more operational parameters; calculating, by the waste water treatment system (103), one or more degrees of influence for each of the one or more operational parameters at the one or more levels based on historic operational data (123 1) associated with each of the one or more operational parameters; determining, by the waste water treatment system (103), one or more real-time threshold values (125) for each of the one or more operational parameters based on at least one of real-time operational data, historical threshold values (123) and degrees of freedom related to each of the one or more operational parameters; identifying, by the waste water treatment system (103), one or more inflection points for each of the one or more operational parameters based on the one or more historical threshold values (123), the one or more real-time threshold values (125) and the one or more degrees of significance; and optimizing, by the waste water treatment system (103), one or more control mechanisms (321) based on the one or more inflection points thereby, optimizing power consumption for the waste water treatment plant. 2. The method as claimed in 1, wherein the operational data comprises at least one of static data (117) and dynamic data (119). 3. The method as claimed in claim 1 further comprising validating the operational data for improving quality of the operational data related to each of the one or more operational parameters. 4. The method as claimed in claim 2 wherein identifying one or more operational parameters further comprises:
decoding the static data (117) associated with the one or more waste water treatment processes;
mapping the dynamic data (119) associated with the one or more operational parameters to the static data (117);
converting the dynamic data (119) into a predefined data format and associating the dynamic data (119) with a time period; and
aggregating the dynamic data (119) into groups of the predefined data format and common time period. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the one or more levels of the one or more waste water treatment processes includes enterprise level, site level, section level, sub-section level, asset level, sub-asset level, process level, sub-process level and equipment level. 6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein one or more variations in each of the one or more operational parameters are identified based on the one or more historical threshold values (123), the one or more real-time threshold values (125) and one or more plant diagnostics associated with the one or more waste water treatment processes. 7. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the one or more plant diagnostics comprises design parameters, asset parameters, policy norms and one or more control mechanisms (321). 8. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein determining the one or more inflection points further comprises identifying an optimal range for operating each of the one or more operational parameters at each of the one or more levels. 9. The method as claimed in claim 1 further comprises identifying the one or more operational parameters for determining optimal range by performing steps of:
determining a degree of influence of each of the one or more operational parameters, in a sequential order, at each of the one or more levels of the waste water treatment process; and
identifying the one or more operational parameters having greater degree of significance than a predefined degree of significance. 10. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein optimizing the one or more control mechanisms (321) comprises:
modifying the one or more control mechanisms (321) for one or more operations of one or more equipments associated with the one or more waste water treatment processes; and evaluating performance of the one or more control mechanisms (321) based on predefined performance standards. 11. The method as claimed in claim 10, wherein evaluating the performance of the one or more control mechanisms (321) further comprises:
detecting a deviation in implementation of the one or more control mechanisms (321) through a feedback loop; detecting a deviation in the performance of the one or more implemented control mechanism (321); performing one or more changes to the one or more control mechanisms (321) on detecting the deviation until the one or more operational parameters operate in the optimal range. 12. The method as claimed in claim 1 further comprises generating one or more performance reports of the waste water treatment process at each of the one or more levels of the waste water treatment process. 13. A waste water treatment system (103) for dynamically managing waste water treatment process in a waste water treatment plant, the waste water treatment system (103) comprising:
a processor (109); and a memory (107) communicatively coupled to the processor (109), wherein the memory (107) stores processor-executable instructions, which, on execution, causes the processor (109) to:
collect operational data from one or more data sources (101);
identify one or more operational parameters at one or more levels based on the operational data, wherein the one or more operational parameters are used for managing one or more waste water treatment processes;
identify one or more historical threshold values (123) for each of the one or more operational parameters at the one or more levels based on historic operational data (123 1) associated with each of the one or more operational parameters;
calculate one or more degrees of influence for each of the one or more operational parameters at the one or more levels based on historic operational data (123 1) associated with each of the one or more operational parameters;
determine one or more real-time threshold values (125) for each of the one or more operational parameters based on at least one of real-time operational data, historical threshold values (123) and degree of freedom related to each of the one or more operational parameters;
identify one or more inflection points for each of the one or more operational parameters based on the one or more historical threshold values (123), the one or more real-time threshold values (125) and the one or more degrees of significance; and
optimize one or more control mechanisms (321) based on the one or more inflection points, thereby optimizing power consumption for the waste water treatment plan. 14. The waste water treatment system (103) as claimed in claim 13, wherein the operational data comprises at least one of static data (117) and dynamic data (119). 15. The waste water treatment system (103) as claimed in claim 13, wherein the instructions further causes the processor (109) to validate the operational data for improving quality of the operational data related to each of the one or more operational parameters. 16. The waste water treatment system (103) as claimed in claim 14, wherein to identify one or more operational parameters, instructions further causes the processor (109) to:
decode the static data (117) associated with the one or more waste water treatment processes; map the dynamic data (119) associated with the one or more operational parameters to the static data (117); convert the dynamic data (119) mapping the dynamic data (119) into a predefined data format and associating the dynamic data (119) with a time period; and aggregate the dynamic data (119) into groups of the predefined data format and common time period. 17. The waste water treatment system (103) as claimed in claim 13, wherein the one or more levels of the one or more waste water treatment processes includes enterprise level, site level, section level, sub-section level, asset level, sub-asset level, process level, sub-process level and equipment level. 18. The waste water treatment system (103) as claimed in claim 13, wherein the processor (109) identifies one or more variations in each of the one or more operational parameters based on the one or more historical threshold values (123), the one or more real-time threshold values (125) and one or more plant diagnostics associated with the one or more waste water treatment processes. 19. The waste water treatment system (103) as claimed in claim 18, wherein the one or more plant diagnostics comprises design parameters, asset parameters, policy norms and control mechanisms (321). 20. The waste water treatment system (103) as claimed in claim 13, wherein the instructions further causes the processor (109) to identify an optimal range to operate each of the one or more operational parameters at each of the one or more levels. 21. The waste water treatment system (103) as claimed in claim 13, wherein to determine optimal range the instructions further causes the processor (109) to:
determine a degree of influence of each of the one or more operational parameters, in a sequential order, at each of the one or more levels of the waste water treatment process; and identify the one or more operational parameters having greater degree of significance than a predefined degree of significance. 22. The waste water treatment system (103) as claimed in claim 13, wherein to optimize the one or more control mechanisms (321) the instructions causes the processor (109) to:
modify the one or more control mechanisms (321) for one or more operations of one or more equipments associated with the one or more waste water treatment processes; and evaluate performance of the one or more control mechanisms (321) based on predefined performance standards. 23. The waste water treatment system (103) as claimed in claim 22, wherein to evaluate the performance of the one or more control mechanisms (321) the instructions further causes the processor (109) to:
detect a deviation in implementation of the one or more control mechanisms (321) through a feedback loop; detect a deviation in the performance of the one or more implemented control mechanism (321); and perform one or more changes to the one or more control mechanisms (321) on detecting the deviation until the one or more operational parameters operate in the optimal range. 24. The waste water treatment system (103) as claimed in claim 13, wherein the processor (109) generates one or more performance reports of the waste water treatment process at each of the one or more levels of the waste water treatment process. | The present disclosure relates to method and system for dynamically managing waste water treatment process in a water treatment plant. Operational data related to water treatment process are collected from various data sources and operational parameters are identified at various levels using the operational data. Historical and real-time threshold values of operational parameters are identified based on historic and real-time operational data and real-time operational data respectively. Degrees of significance of operational parameters on the water treatment processes are calculated at each level. Further, plurality of inflection points, indicating optimal range of operational data, are identified based on degrees of significance, historical and real-time thresholds. Finally, water treatment processes are optimized based on inflection points, thereby optimizing power consumption for the water treatment plant. The above method enables large-scale management of the water treatment processes, without actually visiting a water treatment plant, thereby reducing dependency on expertise and skilled resources.1. A method for dynamically managing waste water treatment process in a waste water treatment plant, the method comprising:
collecting, by a waste water treatment system (103), operational data from one or more data sources (101); identifying, by the waste water treatment system (103), one or more operational parameters at one or more levels based on the operational data, wherein the one or more operational parameters are used for managing one or more waste water treatment processes; identifying, by the waste water treatment system (103), one or more historical threshold values (123) for each of the one or more operational parameters at the one or more levels based on historic operational data (123 1) associated with each of the one or more operational parameters; calculating, by the waste water treatment system (103), one or more degrees of influence for each of the one or more operational parameters at the one or more levels based on historic operational data (123 1) associated with each of the one or more operational parameters; determining, by the waste water treatment system (103), one or more real-time threshold values (125) for each of the one or more operational parameters based on at least one of real-time operational data, historical threshold values (123) and degrees of freedom related to each of the one or more operational parameters; identifying, by the waste water treatment system (103), one or more inflection points for each of the one or more operational parameters based on the one or more historical threshold values (123), the one or more real-time threshold values (125) and the one or more degrees of significance; and optimizing, by the waste water treatment system (103), one or more control mechanisms (321) based on the one or more inflection points thereby, optimizing power consumption for the waste water treatment plant. 2. The method as claimed in 1, wherein the operational data comprises at least one of static data (117) and dynamic data (119). 3. The method as claimed in claim 1 further comprising validating the operational data for improving quality of the operational data related to each of the one or more operational parameters. 4. The method as claimed in claim 2 wherein identifying one or more operational parameters further comprises:
decoding the static data (117) associated with the one or more waste water treatment processes;
mapping the dynamic data (119) associated with the one or more operational parameters to the static data (117);
converting the dynamic data (119) into a predefined data format and associating the dynamic data (119) with a time period; and
aggregating the dynamic data (119) into groups of the predefined data format and common time period. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the one or more levels of the one or more waste water treatment processes includes enterprise level, site level, section level, sub-section level, asset level, sub-asset level, process level, sub-process level and equipment level. 6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein one or more variations in each of the one or more operational parameters are identified based on the one or more historical threshold values (123), the one or more real-time threshold values (125) and one or more plant diagnostics associated with the one or more waste water treatment processes. 7. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the one or more plant diagnostics comprises design parameters, asset parameters, policy norms and one or more control mechanisms (321). 8. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein determining the one or more inflection points further comprises identifying an optimal range for operating each of the one or more operational parameters at each of the one or more levels. 9. The method as claimed in claim 1 further comprises identifying the one or more operational parameters for determining optimal range by performing steps of:
determining a degree of influence of each of the one or more operational parameters, in a sequential order, at each of the one or more levels of the waste water treatment process; and
identifying the one or more operational parameters having greater degree of significance than a predefined degree of significance. 10. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein optimizing the one or more control mechanisms (321) comprises:
modifying the one or more control mechanisms (321) for one or more operations of one or more equipments associated with the one or more waste water treatment processes; and evaluating performance of the one or more control mechanisms (321) based on predefined performance standards. 11. The method as claimed in claim 10, wherein evaluating the performance of the one or more control mechanisms (321) further comprises:
detecting a deviation in implementation of the one or more control mechanisms (321) through a feedback loop; detecting a deviation in the performance of the one or more implemented control mechanism (321); performing one or more changes to the one or more control mechanisms (321) on detecting the deviation until the one or more operational parameters operate in the optimal range. 12. The method as claimed in claim 1 further comprises generating one or more performance reports of the waste water treatment process at each of the one or more levels of the waste water treatment process. 13. A waste water treatment system (103) for dynamically managing waste water treatment process in a waste water treatment plant, the waste water treatment system (103) comprising:
a processor (109); and a memory (107) communicatively coupled to the processor (109), wherein the memory (107) stores processor-executable instructions, which, on execution, causes the processor (109) to:
collect operational data from one or more data sources (101);
identify one or more operational parameters at one or more levels based on the operational data, wherein the one or more operational parameters are used for managing one or more waste water treatment processes;
identify one or more historical threshold values (123) for each of the one or more operational parameters at the one or more levels based on historic operational data (123 1) associated with each of the one or more operational parameters;
calculate one or more degrees of influence for each of the one or more operational parameters at the one or more levels based on historic operational data (123 1) associated with each of the one or more operational parameters;
determine one or more real-time threshold values (125) for each of the one or more operational parameters based on at least one of real-time operational data, historical threshold values (123) and degree of freedom related to each of the one or more operational parameters;
identify one or more inflection points for each of the one or more operational parameters based on the one or more historical threshold values (123), the one or more real-time threshold values (125) and the one or more degrees of significance; and
optimize one or more control mechanisms (321) based on the one or more inflection points, thereby optimizing power consumption for the waste water treatment plan. 14. The waste water treatment system (103) as claimed in claim 13, wherein the operational data comprises at least one of static data (117) and dynamic data (119). 15. The waste water treatment system (103) as claimed in claim 13, wherein the instructions further causes the processor (109) to validate the operational data for improving quality of the operational data related to each of the one or more operational parameters. 16. The waste water treatment system (103) as claimed in claim 14, wherein to identify one or more operational parameters, instructions further causes the processor (109) to:
decode the static data (117) associated with the one or more waste water treatment processes; map the dynamic data (119) associated with the one or more operational parameters to the static data (117); convert the dynamic data (119) mapping the dynamic data (119) into a predefined data format and associating the dynamic data (119) with a time period; and aggregate the dynamic data (119) into groups of the predefined data format and common time period. 17. The waste water treatment system (103) as claimed in claim 13, wherein the one or more levels of the one or more waste water treatment processes includes enterprise level, site level, section level, sub-section level, asset level, sub-asset level, process level, sub-process level and equipment level. 18. The waste water treatment system (103) as claimed in claim 13, wherein the processor (109) identifies one or more variations in each of the one or more operational parameters based on the one or more historical threshold values (123), the one or more real-time threshold values (125) and one or more plant diagnostics associated with the one or more waste water treatment processes. 19. The waste water treatment system (103) as claimed in claim 18, wherein the one or more plant diagnostics comprises design parameters, asset parameters, policy norms and control mechanisms (321). 20. The waste water treatment system (103) as claimed in claim 13, wherein the instructions further causes the processor (109) to identify an optimal range to operate each of the one or more operational parameters at each of the one or more levels. 21. The waste water treatment system (103) as claimed in claim 13, wherein to determine optimal range the instructions further causes the processor (109) to:
determine a degree of influence of each of the one or more operational parameters, in a sequential order, at each of the one or more levels of the waste water treatment process; and identify the one or more operational parameters having greater degree of significance than a predefined degree of significance. 22. The waste water treatment system (103) as claimed in claim 13, wherein to optimize the one or more control mechanisms (321) the instructions causes the processor (109) to:
modify the one or more control mechanisms (321) for one or more operations of one or more equipments associated with the one or more waste water treatment processes; and evaluate performance of the one or more control mechanisms (321) based on predefined performance standards. 23. The waste water treatment system (103) as claimed in claim 22, wherein to evaluate the performance of the one or more control mechanisms (321) the instructions further causes the processor (109) to:
detect a deviation in implementation of the one or more control mechanisms (321) through a feedback loop; detect a deviation in the performance of the one or more implemented control mechanism (321); and perform one or more changes to the one or more control mechanisms (321) on detecting the deviation until the one or more operational parameters operate in the optimal range. 24. The waste water treatment system (103) as claimed in claim 13, wherein the processor (109) generates one or more performance reports of the waste water treatment process at each of the one or more levels of the waste water treatment process. | 1,700 |
3,858 | 16,143,981 | 1,727 | A cathode material for a lithium ion secondary battery enabling diffusion of lithium ions in a two-dimensional direction or a three-dimensional direction in crystals. The cathode material for the lithium ion secondary battery is formed by coating a surface of a central particle represented by General Formula LixFe1-y-zAyMzPO 4 with a carbonaceous film, in which a content of a carbon atom is 0.3% by mass or more and 3.4% by mass or less, and, in a Moessbauer spectrum obtained by Moessbauer spectroscopy, when an area intensity of a spectrum having an isomer shift value in a range of 1.0 mm/sec or more and 1.4 mm/sec or less is represented by α, and an area intensity of a spectrum having an isomer shift value in a range of 0.3 mm/sec or more and 0.7 mm/sec or less is represented by β, {β/(β+α)×(1-y-z)} is 0.01 or more and 0.1 or less. | 1. An electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery comprising:
a carbonaceous coated electrode active material having primary particles of an electrode active material, secondary particles that are aggregates of the primary particles, and a carbonaceous film that coats the primary particles of the electrode active material and the secondary particles that are the aggregates of the primary particles, wherein a ratio A/B of an average primary particle diameter A (nm) that is estimated from a specific surface area of the carbonaceous coated electrode active material obtained by a BET method to a crystallite diameter B (nm) of the electrode active material is 1 or more and 2.5 or less, wherein the crystallite diameter of the electrode active material is 30 nm or more and 150 nm or less, and wherein a content of carbon in the carbonaceous coated electrode active material is 0.5% by mass or more and 2.5% by mass or less, a coating ratio of the carbonaceous film is 80% or more, and a film thickness of the carbonaceous film is 0.8 nm or more and 5.0 nm or less. 2. The electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to claim 1,
wherein the electrode active material is represented by General Formula LixAyDzPO4 (here, A represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Co, Mn, Ni, Fe, Cu, and Cr, D represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ti, Zn, B, Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sc, and Y, 0.9<x<1.1, 0<y≤1.0, 0≤z<1.0, and 0.9<y+z<1.1). 3. The electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to claim 1,
wherein the specific surface area of the carbonaceous coated electrode active material obtained by the BET method is 6 m2/g or more and 25 m2/g or less. 4. The electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to claim 1,
wherein an average particle diameter of the secondary particles of the carbonaceous coated electrode active material is 0.5 μm or more and 60 μm or less. 5. The electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to claim 1,
wherein an oil absorption amount of the carbonaceous coated electrode active material using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is 50 ml/100 g or less. 6. An electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery formed using the electrode material according to claim 1. 7. A lithium ion secondary battery using the electrode according to claim 6. 8. (canceled) | A cathode material for a lithium ion secondary battery enabling diffusion of lithium ions in a two-dimensional direction or a three-dimensional direction in crystals. The cathode material for the lithium ion secondary battery is formed by coating a surface of a central particle represented by General Formula LixFe1-y-zAyMzPO 4 with a carbonaceous film, in which a content of a carbon atom is 0.3% by mass or more and 3.4% by mass or less, and, in a Moessbauer spectrum obtained by Moessbauer spectroscopy, when an area intensity of a spectrum having an isomer shift value in a range of 1.0 mm/sec or more and 1.4 mm/sec or less is represented by α, and an area intensity of a spectrum having an isomer shift value in a range of 0.3 mm/sec or more and 0.7 mm/sec or less is represented by β, {β/(β+α)×(1-y-z)} is 0.01 or more and 0.1 or less.1. An electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery comprising:
a carbonaceous coated electrode active material having primary particles of an electrode active material, secondary particles that are aggregates of the primary particles, and a carbonaceous film that coats the primary particles of the electrode active material and the secondary particles that are the aggregates of the primary particles, wherein a ratio A/B of an average primary particle diameter A (nm) that is estimated from a specific surface area of the carbonaceous coated electrode active material obtained by a BET method to a crystallite diameter B (nm) of the electrode active material is 1 or more and 2.5 or less, wherein the crystallite diameter of the electrode active material is 30 nm or more and 150 nm or less, and wherein a content of carbon in the carbonaceous coated electrode active material is 0.5% by mass or more and 2.5% by mass or less, a coating ratio of the carbonaceous film is 80% or more, and a film thickness of the carbonaceous film is 0.8 nm or more and 5.0 nm or less. 2. The electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to claim 1,
wherein the electrode active material is represented by General Formula LixAyDzPO4 (here, A represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Co, Mn, Ni, Fe, Cu, and Cr, D represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ti, Zn, B, Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sc, and Y, 0.9<x<1.1, 0<y≤1.0, 0≤z<1.0, and 0.9<y+z<1.1). 3. The electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to claim 1,
wherein the specific surface area of the carbonaceous coated electrode active material obtained by the BET method is 6 m2/g or more and 25 m2/g or less. 4. The electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to claim 1,
wherein an average particle diameter of the secondary particles of the carbonaceous coated electrode active material is 0.5 μm or more and 60 μm or less. 5. The electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to claim 1,
wherein an oil absorption amount of the carbonaceous coated electrode active material using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is 50 ml/100 g or less. 6. An electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery formed using the electrode material according to claim 1. 7. A lithium ion secondary battery using the electrode according to claim 6. 8. (canceled) | 1,700 |
3,859 | 16,136,728 | 1,783 | A shingle includes a substrate having an asphalt coating on a top surface of the substrate and on a bottom surface of the substrate. A surface layer of granules is embedded in the asphalt on the top surface of the substrate. A backdust layer of particles is embedded in the asphalt on the bottom surface of the substrate. A sealant is disposed on the backdust. A hydrophobic material is applied to the sealant. | 1. A method of manufacturing a shingle, the method comprising:
coating a substrate with asphalt to form an asphalt coated substrate; applying granules to a top surface of the asphalt coated substrate; applying backdust to a bottom surface of the asphalt coated substrate; applying a sealant to the backdust; and applying a hydrophobic material to the sealant. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic material is an oil. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic material is a wax. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic material is a wax emulsion. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic material is a silicone. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic material is a siloxane. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic material is a silane solution. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the hydrophobic material is a methyl silane solution. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic material is an acrylic resin. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic material comprises titanium mineral particles. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising applying the hydrophobic material to at least a portion of the backdust. 12. A shingle, comprising:
a substrate having a first asphalt coating on a top surface of the substrate and a bottom surface of the substrate; a surface layer of granules embedded in the asphalt on the top surface of the substrate; a backdust layer of particles embedded in the asphalt on the bottom surface of the substrate; a sealant disposed on the backdust; and a hydrophobic material applied to the sealant. 13. The shingle of claim 12, wherein the hydrophobic material is an oil. 14. The shingle of claim 12, wherein the hydrophobic material is a wax. 15. The shingle of claim 12, wherein the hydrophobic material is a wax emulsion. 16. The shingle of claim 12, wherein the hydrophobic material is a silicone. 17. The shingle of claim 12, wherein the hydrophobic material is a siloxane. 18. The shingle of claim 12, wherein the hydrophobic material is a silane solution. 19. The shingle of claim 12, wherein the hydrophobic material is a methyl silane solution. 20. The shingle of claim 12, wherein the hydrophobic material is an acrylic resin. 21. The shingle of claim 12, wherein the hydrophobic material is applied to both the backdust and the sealant. 22. The shingle of claim 12, wherein the hydrophobic material is applied to the backdust and the sealant around a perimeter of the shingle. 23. The shingle of claim 12, wherein the contact angle of the sealant with the hydrophobic material is greater than 70 degrees. 24. The shingle of claim 12, wherein the hydrophobic material comprises Titanium mineral particles. | A shingle includes a substrate having an asphalt coating on a top surface of the substrate and on a bottom surface of the substrate. A surface layer of granules is embedded in the asphalt on the top surface of the substrate. A backdust layer of particles is embedded in the asphalt on the bottom surface of the substrate. A sealant is disposed on the backdust. A hydrophobic material is applied to the sealant.1. A method of manufacturing a shingle, the method comprising:
coating a substrate with asphalt to form an asphalt coated substrate; applying granules to a top surface of the asphalt coated substrate; applying backdust to a bottom surface of the asphalt coated substrate; applying a sealant to the backdust; and applying a hydrophobic material to the sealant. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic material is an oil. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic material is a wax. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic material is a wax emulsion. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic material is a silicone. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic material is a siloxane. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic material is a silane solution. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the hydrophobic material is a methyl silane solution. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic material is an acrylic resin. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic material comprises titanium mineral particles. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising applying the hydrophobic material to at least a portion of the backdust. 12. A shingle, comprising:
a substrate having a first asphalt coating on a top surface of the substrate and a bottom surface of the substrate; a surface layer of granules embedded in the asphalt on the top surface of the substrate; a backdust layer of particles embedded in the asphalt on the bottom surface of the substrate; a sealant disposed on the backdust; and a hydrophobic material applied to the sealant. 13. The shingle of claim 12, wherein the hydrophobic material is an oil. 14. The shingle of claim 12, wherein the hydrophobic material is a wax. 15. The shingle of claim 12, wherein the hydrophobic material is a wax emulsion. 16. The shingle of claim 12, wherein the hydrophobic material is a silicone. 17. The shingle of claim 12, wherein the hydrophobic material is a siloxane. 18. The shingle of claim 12, wherein the hydrophobic material is a silane solution. 19. The shingle of claim 12, wherein the hydrophobic material is a methyl silane solution. 20. The shingle of claim 12, wherein the hydrophobic material is an acrylic resin. 21. The shingle of claim 12, wherein the hydrophobic material is applied to both the backdust and the sealant. 22. The shingle of claim 12, wherein the hydrophobic material is applied to the backdust and the sealant around a perimeter of the shingle. 23. The shingle of claim 12, wherein the contact angle of the sealant with the hydrophobic material is greater than 70 degrees. 24. The shingle of claim 12, wherein the hydrophobic material comprises Titanium mineral particles. | 1,700 |
3,860 | 14,205,759 | 1,772 | A process for the coupling of hydrocarbons and utilizing the heat energy produced by the reaction is disclosed. In one embodiment the process can include reacting methane with oxygen to form a product stream containing ethane and further processing the ethane to ethylene in an existing ethylene production facility while using the heat energy produced by the reaction within the facility. | 1-21. (canceled) 22. A process comprising:
an oxidative coupling reaction of hydrocarbons, wherein the oxidative coupling reaction includes the reaction of methane and toluene, isobutylene, t-butyltoluene, or trimethylbenzene; wherein the oxidative coupling reaction is exothermic and generates heat energy; wherein at least a portion of the heat energy generated by the oxidative coupling reaction is recovered and utilized in a facility. 23. The process of claim 22, wherein at least a portion of the heat energy produced by the oxidative coupling reaction is recovered as steam and utilized in the facility. 24. The process of claim 23, wherein the facility is an ethylene production facility. 25. The process of claim 22, wherein the facility is an ethylene production facility. | A process for the coupling of hydrocarbons and utilizing the heat energy produced by the reaction is disclosed. In one embodiment the process can include reacting methane with oxygen to form a product stream containing ethane and further processing the ethane to ethylene in an existing ethylene production facility while using the heat energy produced by the reaction within the facility.1-21. (canceled) 22. A process comprising:
an oxidative coupling reaction of hydrocarbons, wherein the oxidative coupling reaction includes the reaction of methane and toluene, isobutylene, t-butyltoluene, or trimethylbenzene; wherein the oxidative coupling reaction is exothermic and generates heat energy; wherein at least a portion of the heat energy generated by the oxidative coupling reaction is recovered and utilized in a facility. 23. The process of claim 22, wherein at least a portion of the heat energy produced by the oxidative coupling reaction is recovered as steam and utilized in the facility. 24. The process of claim 23, wherein the facility is an ethylene production facility. 25. The process of claim 22, wherein the facility is an ethylene production facility. | 1,700 |
3,861 | 15,944,883 | 1,717 | A process including providing a substantially flat printed image on a substrate; disposing a curable gellant composition onto the printed image in registration with the printed image, successively depositing additional amounts of the gellant composition to create a raised image in registration with the printed image; and curing the deposited raised image. A process including providing a printed image on a substrate; disposing a curable non-gellant composition onto the printed image in registration with the printed image; and disposing a curable gellant composition onto the printed image in registration with the printed image; to create a raised image in registration with the printed image; and curing the deposited raised image. An ultraviolet curable phase change gellant composition including a radiation curable monomer or prepolymer, a photoinitiator, a silicone polymer or pre-polymer, and a gellant. | 1. A process comprising:
providing a substantially flat printed image on a substrate; disposing a curable gellant composition onto the printed image in registration with the printed image, wherein the curable gellant composition comprises a radiation curable monomer or prepolymer, a photoinitiator, and a gellant; successively depositing additional amounts of the gellant composition to create a raised image in registration with the printed image; and curing the deposited raised image. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the printed image is a xerographic image. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the process comprises an in-line process. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the cured raised image has a height of greater than 30 micrometers. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the raised image has a height of from about 40 micrometers to about 60 micrometers. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein curing the deposited curable gellant composition comprises curing after the last of the successive additional amounts of the curable gellant composition are deposited. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the curable gellant is free of colorant. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one curable monomer or prepolymer is a multifunctional acrylate or methacrylate compound. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the photoinitiator is selected from the group consisting of benzyl ketones, monomeric hydroxyl ketones, α-alkoxy benzyl ketones, α-amino ketones, acyl phosphine oxides, metallocenes, benzophenone, benzophenone derivatives, isopropyl thioxanthenones, arylsulphonium salts and aryl iodonium salts. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the curable gellant composition further comprises a silicone polymer or pre-polymer. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a member of the group consisting of plain paper, ruled notebook paper, bond paper, silica coated paper, glossy coated paper, transparency materials, fabrics, textile products, plastics, polymeric films, metal, wood, wax, and salts. 12. A process comprising:
providing a substantially flat printed image on a substrate; disposing a curable gellant composition onto the printed image in registration with the printed image; and disposing a curable non-gellant composition onto the printed image in registration with the printed image to create a raised image in registration with the printed image; and curing the deposited raised image. 13. The process of claim 12, wherein the printed image is a xerographic image. 14. The process of claim 12, wherein the raised image has a height of from about 40 micrometers to about 60 micrometers. 15. The process of claim 12, wherein curing the deposited raised image comprises curing after the last of successive additional amounts of the curable non-gellant composition and curable gellant composition are deposited. 16. The process of claim 12, wherein the raised image created is a Braille image. 17. The process of claim 12, wherein the curable gellant composition and the curable non-gellant composition are disposed sequentially onto the substantially flat printed image;
wherein the curable gellant composition is disposed first and the curable non-gellant composition is disposed second. 18. The process of claim 12, wherein the curable non-gellant composition comprises a radiation curable monomer or prepolymer, a photoinitiator, and an optional silicone polymer or pre-polymer; and
wherein the curable gellant composition comprises a radiation curable monomer or prepolymer, a photoinitiator, an optional silicone polymer or pre-polymer, and a gellant. 19. (canceled) 20. (canceled) | A process including providing a substantially flat printed image on a substrate; disposing a curable gellant composition onto the printed image in registration with the printed image, successively depositing additional amounts of the gellant composition to create a raised image in registration with the printed image; and curing the deposited raised image. A process including providing a printed image on a substrate; disposing a curable non-gellant composition onto the printed image in registration with the printed image; and disposing a curable gellant composition onto the printed image in registration with the printed image; to create a raised image in registration with the printed image; and curing the deposited raised image. An ultraviolet curable phase change gellant composition including a radiation curable monomer or prepolymer, a photoinitiator, a silicone polymer or pre-polymer, and a gellant.1. A process comprising:
providing a substantially flat printed image on a substrate; disposing a curable gellant composition onto the printed image in registration with the printed image, wherein the curable gellant composition comprises a radiation curable monomer or prepolymer, a photoinitiator, and a gellant; successively depositing additional amounts of the gellant composition to create a raised image in registration with the printed image; and curing the deposited raised image. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the printed image is a xerographic image. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the process comprises an in-line process. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the cured raised image has a height of greater than 30 micrometers. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the raised image has a height of from about 40 micrometers to about 60 micrometers. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein curing the deposited curable gellant composition comprises curing after the last of the successive additional amounts of the curable gellant composition are deposited. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the curable gellant is free of colorant. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one curable monomer or prepolymer is a multifunctional acrylate or methacrylate compound. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the photoinitiator is selected from the group consisting of benzyl ketones, monomeric hydroxyl ketones, α-alkoxy benzyl ketones, α-amino ketones, acyl phosphine oxides, metallocenes, benzophenone, benzophenone derivatives, isopropyl thioxanthenones, arylsulphonium salts and aryl iodonium salts. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the curable gellant composition further comprises a silicone polymer or pre-polymer. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a member of the group consisting of plain paper, ruled notebook paper, bond paper, silica coated paper, glossy coated paper, transparency materials, fabrics, textile products, plastics, polymeric films, metal, wood, wax, and salts. 12. A process comprising:
providing a substantially flat printed image on a substrate; disposing a curable gellant composition onto the printed image in registration with the printed image; and disposing a curable non-gellant composition onto the printed image in registration with the printed image to create a raised image in registration with the printed image; and curing the deposited raised image. 13. The process of claim 12, wherein the printed image is a xerographic image. 14. The process of claim 12, wherein the raised image has a height of from about 40 micrometers to about 60 micrometers. 15. The process of claim 12, wherein curing the deposited raised image comprises curing after the last of successive additional amounts of the curable non-gellant composition and curable gellant composition are deposited. 16. The process of claim 12, wherein the raised image created is a Braille image. 17. The process of claim 12, wherein the curable gellant composition and the curable non-gellant composition are disposed sequentially onto the substantially flat printed image;
wherein the curable gellant composition is disposed first and the curable non-gellant composition is disposed second. 18. The process of claim 12, wherein the curable non-gellant composition comprises a radiation curable monomer or prepolymer, a photoinitiator, and an optional silicone polymer or pre-polymer; and
wherein the curable gellant composition comprises a radiation curable monomer or prepolymer, a photoinitiator, an optional silicone polymer or pre-polymer, and a gellant. 19. (canceled) 20. (canceled) | 1,700 |
3,862 | 13,900,248 | 1,785 | Aspects relate to patterned nanostructures having a feature size not including film thickness of below 5 microns. The patterned nanostructures are made up of nanoparticles having an average particle size of less than 100 nm. A nanoparticle composition, which, in some cases, includes a binder material, is applied to a substrate. A patterned mold used in concert with electromagnetic radiation function to manipulate the nanoparticle composition in forming the patterned nanostructure. In some embodiments, the patterned mold nanoimprints a suitable pattern on to the nanoparticle composition and the composition is cured through UV or thermal energy. Three-dimensional patterned nanostructures may be formed. A number of patterned nanostructure layers may be prepared and suitably joined together. In some cases, a patterned nanostructure may be formed as a layer that is releasable from the substrate upon which it is initially formed. Such releasable layers may, in turn, be arranged to form a three-dimensional patterned nanostructure in accordance with suitable applications. | 1. A material comprising a plurality of nanoparticles formed as a patterned nanostructure having a feature size not including film thickness of below 5 microns, wherein the plurality of nanoparticles have an average particle size of less than 100 nm. 2. (canceled) 3. The material of claim 1, wherein the plurality of nanoparticles are in contact with a binder material. 4. (canceled) 5. The material of claim 1, wherein the plurality of nanoparticles comprise at least one of metal, metal oxide, semiconductor, insulator, carbonaceous material, and combinations thereof. 6. The material of claim 1, wherein the plurality of nanoparticles comprise at least one of RuO2, TiO2, In2O3, ZrO2, Y2O3, CeO2, YSZ, Al2O3, SnO2, ZnO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, ITO, and combinations thereof. 7. The material of claim 1, wherein the plurality of nanoparticles are crystalline. 8. (canceled) 9. The material of claim 1, wherein the plurality of nanoparticles are amorphous. 10. The material of claim 1, wherein the plurality of nanoparticles have an average particle size of less than 100 nm. 11. The material of claim 1, wherein the plurality of nanoparticles have surfaces that are unmodified. 12. (canceled) 13. The material of claim 1, wherein the plurality of nanoparticles have surfaces modified by a covalently bound ligand. 14-15. (canceled) 16. The material of claim 3, wherein the binder material comprises at least one of monomer, oligomer, polymer and combinations thereof. 17. (canceled) 18. The material of claim 3, wherein the binder material comprises a sol-gel precursor material. 19. The material of claim 1, wherein the binder material comprises an insulative material. 20. The material of claim 1, wherein the binder material comprises a conductive material. 21-22. (canceled) 23. The material of claim 1, wherein the binder material comprises less than or equal to 50% by weight of the patterned nanostructure. 24. (canceled) 25. The material of claim 1, wherein the patterned nanostructure has an index of refraction of between 1.0 and 5.0. 26. The material of claim 1, wherein the patterned nanostructure is adapted to manipulate electromagnetic radiation. 27. A method of forming a patterned nanostructure, comprising:
applying a nanoparticie composition to a surface of a substrate, the nanoparticie composition including a plurality of nanoparticles having an average particle size of less than 100 nm; and using a patterned mold to manipulate the nanoparticle composition and form the patterned nanostructure, wherein the patterned nanostructure has a feature size not including film thickness of below 5 microns. 28. The method of claim 27, further comprising using electromagnetic radiation in cooperation with the patterned mold to manipulate the nanoparticle composition, the electromagnetic radiation comprising at least one of heat, ultraviolet radiation, and an electron beam. 29. The method of claim 27, wherein using the patterned mold to manipulate the nanoparticle composition comprises contacting the nanoparticle composition with the patterned mold. 30. The method of claim 27, wherein using the patterned mold to manipulate the nanoparticle composition comprises selective area illumination of the nanoparticle compositions with the patterned mold. 31-33. (canceled) 34. The method of claim 27, wherein manipulating the nanoparticle composition to form the patterned nanostructure comprises curing the nanoparticle composition by exposure to electromagnetic radiation comprising at least one of pulse flash lamp cure and laser cure. 35. The method of claim 27, wherein manipulating the nanoparticle composition to form the patterned nanostructure comprises exposing the nanoparticle composition to a temperature no greater than room temperature, 30 C, 40 C, 50 C, 100 C, 150 C, 200 C, 250 C, 300 C, 350 C and 50 C increments up to 2000 C. 36. The method of claim 27, wherein manipulating the nanoparticle composition to form the patterned nanostructure comprises removing a portion of the nanoparticle composition. 37. (canceled) 38. The method of claim 27, wherein preparing the nanoparticle composition comprises mixing the plurality of nanoparticles with a binder material. 39-41. (canceled) 42. The method of claim 27, wherein the plurality of nanoparticles comprise greater than or equal to 50% by weight of the nanoparticle composition. 43. (canceled) 44. The method of claim 38, wherein the binder material comprises at least one of monomer, oligomer, polymer and combinations thereof. 45-46. (canceled) 47. The method of claim 3, wherein the binder material comprises a sol-gel precursor material. 48-54. (canceled) 55. The method of claim 27, wherein manipulating the nanoparticle composition to form the patterned nanostructure comprises a continuous manufacturing process including a roll-to-roll process or a roll-to-plate process. 56. A method of forming a three-dimensional patterned nanostructure, comprising:
forming a first patterned nanostructure layer having a first feature size not including film thickness below 5 microns, the first patterned nanostructure layer including a first plurality of nanoparticles having an average particle size of less than 100 nm; forming a second patterned nanostructure layer having a second feature size not including film thickness below 5 microns, the second patterned nanostructure layer including a second plurality of nanoparticles having an average particle size of less than 100 nm; and placing the second patterned nanostructure layer over the first patterned nanostructure layer. 57. The method of claim 56, further comprising forming a third patterned nanostructure layer having a third feature size below 5 microns, the third patterned nanostructure layer including a third plurality of nanoparticles having an average width of less than 100 microns; and placing the third patterned nanostructure layer over the second patterned nanostructure layer. 58-61. (canceled) 62. The method of claim 56, wherein forming the first patterned nanostructure layer comprises using a patterned mold to manipulate a nanoparticle composition by contacting the nanoparticle composition with the patterned mold absent exposure to non-ambient electromagnetic radiation. 63-64. (canceled) 65. The method of claim 56, wherein forming the first patterned nanostructure layer comprises curing a nanoparticle composition by exposure to electromagnetic radiation comprising at least one of pulse flash lamp cure and laser cure, or by exposure to an elevated temperature. 66-70. (canceled) 71. The method of claim 27, wherein using the patterned mold to manipulate the nanoparticle composition and form the patterned nanostructure occurs in the absence of non-ambient electromagnetic radiation. | Aspects relate to patterned nanostructures having a feature size not including film thickness of below 5 microns. The patterned nanostructures are made up of nanoparticles having an average particle size of less than 100 nm. A nanoparticle composition, which, in some cases, includes a binder material, is applied to a substrate. A patterned mold used in concert with electromagnetic radiation function to manipulate the nanoparticle composition in forming the patterned nanostructure. In some embodiments, the patterned mold nanoimprints a suitable pattern on to the nanoparticle composition and the composition is cured through UV or thermal energy. Three-dimensional patterned nanostructures may be formed. A number of patterned nanostructure layers may be prepared and suitably joined together. In some cases, a patterned nanostructure may be formed as a layer that is releasable from the substrate upon which it is initially formed. Such releasable layers may, in turn, be arranged to form a three-dimensional patterned nanostructure in accordance with suitable applications.1. A material comprising a plurality of nanoparticles formed as a patterned nanostructure having a feature size not including film thickness of below 5 microns, wherein the plurality of nanoparticles have an average particle size of less than 100 nm. 2. (canceled) 3. The material of claim 1, wherein the plurality of nanoparticles are in contact with a binder material. 4. (canceled) 5. The material of claim 1, wherein the plurality of nanoparticles comprise at least one of metal, metal oxide, semiconductor, insulator, carbonaceous material, and combinations thereof. 6. The material of claim 1, wherein the plurality of nanoparticles comprise at least one of RuO2, TiO2, In2O3, ZrO2, Y2O3, CeO2, YSZ, Al2O3, SnO2, ZnO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, ITO, and combinations thereof. 7. The material of claim 1, wherein the plurality of nanoparticles are crystalline. 8. (canceled) 9. The material of claim 1, wherein the plurality of nanoparticles are amorphous. 10. The material of claim 1, wherein the plurality of nanoparticles have an average particle size of less than 100 nm. 11. The material of claim 1, wherein the plurality of nanoparticles have surfaces that are unmodified. 12. (canceled) 13. The material of claim 1, wherein the plurality of nanoparticles have surfaces modified by a covalently bound ligand. 14-15. (canceled) 16. The material of claim 3, wherein the binder material comprises at least one of monomer, oligomer, polymer and combinations thereof. 17. (canceled) 18. The material of claim 3, wherein the binder material comprises a sol-gel precursor material. 19. The material of claim 1, wherein the binder material comprises an insulative material. 20. The material of claim 1, wherein the binder material comprises a conductive material. 21-22. (canceled) 23. The material of claim 1, wherein the binder material comprises less than or equal to 50% by weight of the patterned nanostructure. 24. (canceled) 25. The material of claim 1, wherein the patterned nanostructure has an index of refraction of between 1.0 and 5.0. 26. The material of claim 1, wherein the patterned nanostructure is adapted to manipulate electromagnetic radiation. 27. A method of forming a patterned nanostructure, comprising:
applying a nanoparticie composition to a surface of a substrate, the nanoparticie composition including a plurality of nanoparticles having an average particle size of less than 100 nm; and using a patterned mold to manipulate the nanoparticle composition and form the patterned nanostructure, wherein the patterned nanostructure has a feature size not including film thickness of below 5 microns. 28. The method of claim 27, further comprising using electromagnetic radiation in cooperation with the patterned mold to manipulate the nanoparticle composition, the electromagnetic radiation comprising at least one of heat, ultraviolet radiation, and an electron beam. 29. The method of claim 27, wherein using the patterned mold to manipulate the nanoparticle composition comprises contacting the nanoparticle composition with the patterned mold. 30. The method of claim 27, wherein using the patterned mold to manipulate the nanoparticle composition comprises selective area illumination of the nanoparticle compositions with the patterned mold. 31-33. (canceled) 34. The method of claim 27, wherein manipulating the nanoparticle composition to form the patterned nanostructure comprises curing the nanoparticle composition by exposure to electromagnetic radiation comprising at least one of pulse flash lamp cure and laser cure. 35. The method of claim 27, wherein manipulating the nanoparticle composition to form the patterned nanostructure comprises exposing the nanoparticle composition to a temperature no greater than room temperature, 30 C, 40 C, 50 C, 100 C, 150 C, 200 C, 250 C, 300 C, 350 C and 50 C increments up to 2000 C. 36. The method of claim 27, wherein manipulating the nanoparticle composition to form the patterned nanostructure comprises removing a portion of the nanoparticle composition. 37. (canceled) 38. The method of claim 27, wherein preparing the nanoparticle composition comprises mixing the plurality of nanoparticles with a binder material. 39-41. (canceled) 42. The method of claim 27, wherein the plurality of nanoparticles comprise greater than or equal to 50% by weight of the nanoparticle composition. 43. (canceled) 44. The method of claim 38, wherein the binder material comprises at least one of monomer, oligomer, polymer and combinations thereof. 45-46. (canceled) 47. The method of claim 3, wherein the binder material comprises a sol-gel precursor material. 48-54. (canceled) 55. The method of claim 27, wherein manipulating the nanoparticle composition to form the patterned nanostructure comprises a continuous manufacturing process including a roll-to-roll process or a roll-to-plate process. 56. A method of forming a three-dimensional patterned nanostructure, comprising:
forming a first patterned nanostructure layer having a first feature size not including film thickness below 5 microns, the first patterned nanostructure layer including a first plurality of nanoparticles having an average particle size of less than 100 nm; forming a second patterned nanostructure layer having a second feature size not including film thickness below 5 microns, the second patterned nanostructure layer including a second plurality of nanoparticles having an average particle size of less than 100 nm; and placing the second patterned nanostructure layer over the first patterned nanostructure layer. 57. The method of claim 56, further comprising forming a third patterned nanostructure layer having a third feature size below 5 microns, the third patterned nanostructure layer including a third plurality of nanoparticles having an average width of less than 100 microns; and placing the third patterned nanostructure layer over the second patterned nanostructure layer. 58-61. (canceled) 62. The method of claim 56, wherein forming the first patterned nanostructure layer comprises using a patterned mold to manipulate a nanoparticle composition by contacting the nanoparticle composition with the patterned mold absent exposure to non-ambient electromagnetic radiation. 63-64. (canceled) 65. The method of claim 56, wherein forming the first patterned nanostructure layer comprises curing a nanoparticle composition by exposure to electromagnetic radiation comprising at least one of pulse flash lamp cure and laser cure, or by exposure to an elevated temperature. 66-70. (canceled) 71. The method of claim 27, wherein using the patterned mold to manipulate the nanoparticle composition and form the patterned nanostructure occurs in the absence of non-ambient electromagnetic radiation. | 1,700 |
3,863 | 12,502,865 | 1,771 | A catalyst composition comprising metal phosphate binder and zeolite can be used to enhance olefin yields during hydrocarbon cracking processes. The composition typically further comprises aluminum phosphate, and the metal of the metal phosphate is a metal other than aluminum. Depending on the metal chosen, enhanced propylene and isobutylene yields in fluid catalytic cracking processes can be obtained compared to catalysts that do not contain such metal phosphate binders. The catalyst can also comprise non-zeolitic molecular sieves, thereby making the composition suitable for use in areas outside of catalytic cracking, e.g., purification and adsorbent applications. | 1. A catalyst composition comprising
(a) zeolite, (b) aluminum phosphate, and (c) metal phosphate present in an amount sufficient for the metal phosphate to at least function as a binder for the zeolite and the metal is other than aluminum. 2. A catalyst composition according to claim 1 wherein the metal of (c) is selected from the group consisting of Group IIA metals, lanthanide series metals, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and transition metals. 3. A catalyst composition according to claim 1 wherein the metal of (c) is selected from the group consisting of iron, lanthanum and calcium. 4. A catalyst composition according to claim 1 comprising at least 5% by weight of the metal phosphate as measured by amount of the metal's corresponding oxide present in the composition. 5. A catalyst composition according to claim 1 comprising about 4% to about 50% by weight of the metal phosphate as measured by amount of the metal's corresponding oxide present in the composition. 6. A catalyst composition according to claim 5 further comprising a member of the group consisting of clay, silica, alumina, silica-alumina, yttria, lanthana, ceria, neodymia, samaria, europia, gadolinia, titania, zirconia, praseodymia and mixtures thereof. 7. A catalyst composition according to claim 1 wherein zeolite (a) is selected from ZSM-5, beta zeolite, mordenite, ferrierite and any other zeolite having a silica to alumina molar ratio of twelve or greater. 8. A catalyst according to claim 1 wherein the zeolite is ZSM-5. 9. A catalyst according to claim 2 wherein the zeolite is ZSM-5. 10. A catalyst according to claim 3 wherein the zeolite is ZSM-5. 11. A catalyst according to claim 4 wherein the zeolite is ZSM-5. 12. A catalyst according to claim 5 wherein the zeolite is ZSM-5. 13. A catalyst according to claim 6 wherein the zeolite is ZSM-5. 14. A catalyst composition according to claim 1 wherein the composition is particulated and fluidizable. 15. A catalyst composition according to claim 14 wherein the catalyst has a mean particle size in the range of 20 to 150 microns. 16. A catalyst composition according to claim 1 wherein the composition is in the form of an extrudate or pellet. 17. A catalyst composition according to claim 1 wherein the composition has a Davison Attrition Index in the range of 0 to about 30. 18. A catalyst composition according to claim 1 wherein the composition has a Davison Attrition Index in the range of 0 to about 20. 19. A catalyst composition comprising
(a) zeolite, (b) metal phosphate present in an amount sufficient for the metal phosphate to at least function as a binder for the zeolite and the metal is other than aluminum, wherein the metal phosphate comprises at least 5% by weight of the catalyst composition as measured by amount of the metal's corresponding oxide. 20. A catalyst composition according to claim 19 wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of Group IIA metals, lanthanide series metals, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and transition metals. 21. A catalyst composition according to claim 19 wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of iron, lanthanum and calcium. 22. A catalyst composition according to claim 19 further comprising a member of the group consisting of clay, silica, alumina, silica-alumina, yttria, lanthana, ceria, neodymia, samaria, europia, gadolinia, titania, zirconia, praseodymia and mixtures thereof. 23. A catalyst composition according to claim 19 wherein the zeolite is selected from ZSM-5, mordenite, ferrierite and any other zeolite having a silica to alumina molar ratio of twelve or greater. 24. A catalyst according to claim 19 wherein the zeolite is ZSM-5. 25. A catalyst according to claim 20 wherein the zeolite is ZSM-5. 26. A catalyst according to claim 21 wherein the zeolite is ZSM-5. 27. A catalyst according to claim 22 wherein the zeolite is ZSM-5. 28. A catalyst composition according to claim 19 comprising about 4% to about 50% by weight of the metal phosphate as measured by amount of the metal's corresponding oxide present in the composition. 29. A catalyst according to claim 28 wherein the zeolite is ZSM-5. 30. A catalyst composition according to claim 19 wherein the composition is particulated and fluidizable. 31. A catalyst composition according to claim 30 wherein the catalyst has a mean particle size in the range of 40 to 150 microns. 32. A catalyst composition according to claim 19 wherein the composition has a Davison Attrition Index in the range of 0 to about 30. 33. A catalyst composition according to claim 19 wherein the composition has a Davison Attrition Index in the range of 0 to about 30. 34. A method for catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons that comprises reacting a hydrocarbon under catalytic cracking conditions in the presence of a catalyst comprising
(a) zeolite, (b) aluminum phosphate, (c) metal phosphate present in an amount sufficient for it to at least function as a binder for the zeolite and the metal is other than aluminum. 35. A method according to claim 34 wherein the metal of (c) is selected from the group consisting of Group IIA metals, lanthanide series and Group VIII metals. 36. A method according to claim 34 wherein the metal of (c) is selected from the group consisting of iron, lanthanum and calcium. 37. A method according to claim 34 wherein the catalyst comprises at least 5% by weight of the metal phosphate as measured by amount of the metal's corresponding oxide present in the composition. 38. A method according to claim 34 wherein the catalyst comprises about 4% to about 50% by weight of the metal phosphate as measured by amount of the metal's corresponding oxide present in the composition. 39. A method according to claim 34 wherein zeolite (a) is selected from ZSM-5, mordenite, ferrierite and any other zeolite having a silica to alumina molar ratio of twelve or greater. 40. A method according to claim 34 wherein the zeolite is ZSM-5. 41. A method according to claim 34 wherein the metal of (c) is selected from the group consisting of iron, lanthanide series and the cracked hydrocarbons produced by the method have enhanced propylene yields as measured by C3/C4 ratio compared to a catalyst composition that does not comprise the metal phosphate binder. 42. A method according to claim 34 wherein the metal of (c) is selected from the group consisting of Group IIA metals and the cracked hydrocarbons produced by the method have enhanced butylene yields as measured by C3/C4 ratio compared to a catalyst composition that does not comprise the metal phosphate binder. 43. A method according to claim 34 wherein the method of catalytic cracking is fluidized and the catalyst composition has a mean particle size in the range of 40 to about 150 microns. 44. A method according claim 34 wherein the method is a fixed bed catalytic cracking process and the catalyst composition is in the form of an extrudate. 45. A method according claim 34 wherein the method is a moving bed catalytic cracking process and the catalyst composition is in the form of an extrudate. 46. A method of making a catalyst composition, the method comprising
(a) combining a source of metal, other than aluminum, with zeolite (b) adding phosphoric acid to (a) (c) processing (b) under conditions sufficient to produce a bound composition comprising zeolite, and a phosphate of the metal from (a) wherein the metal phosphate is present in an amount sufficient to at least function as a binder for the zeolite. 47. A method according to claim 46 wherein the metal of (a) is selected from the group consisting of Group IIA metals, lanthanide series metals, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and transition metals. 48. A method according to claim 46 wherein the catalyst composition comprises at least 5% by weight of the phosphate of the metal from (a) as measured by amount of the metal's corresponding oxide present in the composition. 49. A method according to claim 46 where in the source of metal is in the form of a metal salt. 50. A composition comprising (a) a non-zeolitic molecular sieve, and (b) metal phosphate present in an amount sufficient for the metal phosphate to at least function as a binder for the non-zeolitic sieve and the metal is other than aluminum. 51. A composition according to claim 50 wherein the metal of (b) is selected from the group consisting of Group IIA metals, lanthanide series metals, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and transition metals. 52. A composition according to claim 50 wherein the nonzeolitic molecular sieve (a) is selected from the group consisting of SAPO, AlPO, and MCM-41. | A catalyst composition comprising metal phosphate binder and zeolite can be used to enhance olefin yields during hydrocarbon cracking processes. The composition typically further comprises aluminum phosphate, and the metal of the metal phosphate is a metal other than aluminum. Depending on the metal chosen, enhanced propylene and isobutylene yields in fluid catalytic cracking processes can be obtained compared to catalysts that do not contain such metal phosphate binders. The catalyst can also comprise non-zeolitic molecular sieves, thereby making the composition suitable for use in areas outside of catalytic cracking, e.g., purification and adsorbent applications.1. A catalyst composition comprising
(a) zeolite, (b) aluminum phosphate, and (c) metal phosphate present in an amount sufficient for the metal phosphate to at least function as a binder for the zeolite and the metal is other than aluminum. 2. A catalyst composition according to claim 1 wherein the metal of (c) is selected from the group consisting of Group IIA metals, lanthanide series metals, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and transition metals. 3. A catalyst composition according to claim 1 wherein the metal of (c) is selected from the group consisting of iron, lanthanum and calcium. 4. A catalyst composition according to claim 1 comprising at least 5% by weight of the metal phosphate as measured by amount of the metal's corresponding oxide present in the composition. 5. A catalyst composition according to claim 1 comprising about 4% to about 50% by weight of the metal phosphate as measured by amount of the metal's corresponding oxide present in the composition. 6. A catalyst composition according to claim 5 further comprising a member of the group consisting of clay, silica, alumina, silica-alumina, yttria, lanthana, ceria, neodymia, samaria, europia, gadolinia, titania, zirconia, praseodymia and mixtures thereof. 7. A catalyst composition according to claim 1 wherein zeolite (a) is selected from ZSM-5, beta zeolite, mordenite, ferrierite and any other zeolite having a silica to alumina molar ratio of twelve or greater. 8. A catalyst according to claim 1 wherein the zeolite is ZSM-5. 9. A catalyst according to claim 2 wherein the zeolite is ZSM-5. 10. A catalyst according to claim 3 wherein the zeolite is ZSM-5. 11. A catalyst according to claim 4 wherein the zeolite is ZSM-5. 12. A catalyst according to claim 5 wherein the zeolite is ZSM-5. 13. A catalyst according to claim 6 wherein the zeolite is ZSM-5. 14. A catalyst composition according to claim 1 wherein the composition is particulated and fluidizable. 15. A catalyst composition according to claim 14 wherein the catalyst has a mean particle size in the range of 20 to 150 microns. 16. A catalyst composition according to claim 1 wherein the composition is in the form of an extrudate or pellet. 17. A catalyst composition according to claim 1 wherein the composition has a Davison Attrition Index in the range of 0 to about 30. 18. A catalyst composition according to claim 1 wherein the composition has a Davison Attrition Index in the range of 0 to about 20. 19. A catalyst composition comprising
(a) zeolite, (b) metal phosphate present in an amount sufficient for the metal phosphate to at least function as a binder for the zeolite and the metal is other than aluminum, wherein the metal phosphate comprises at least 5% by weight of the catalyst composition as measured by amount of the metal's corresponding oxide. 20. A catalyst composition according to claim 19 wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of Group IIA metals, lanthanide series metals, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and transition metals. 21. A catalyst composition according to claim 19 wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of iron, lanthanum and calcium. 22. A catalyst composition according to claim 19 further comprising a member of the group consisting of clay, silica, alumina, silica-alumina, yttria, lanthana, ceria, neodymia, samaria, europia, gadolinia, titania, zirconia, praseodymia and mixtures thereof. 23. A catalyst composition according to claim 19 wherein the zeolite is selected from ZSM-5, mordenite, ferrierite and any other zeolite having a silica to alumina molar ratio of twelve or greater. 24. A catalyst according to claim 19 wherein the zeolite is ZSM-5. 25. A catalyst according to claim 20 wherein the zeolite is ZSM-5. 26. A catalyst according to claim 21 wherein the zeolite is ZSM-5. 27. A catalyst according to claim 22 wherein the zeolite is ZSM-5. 28. A catalyst composition according to claim 19 comprising about 4% to about 50% by weight of the metal phosphate as measured by amount of the metal's corresponding oxide present in the composition. 29. A catalyst according to claim 28 wherein the zeolite is ZSM-5. 30. A catalyst composition according to claim 19 wherein the composition is particulated and fluidizable. 31. A catalyst composition according to claim 30 wherein the catalyst has a mean particle size in the range of 40 to 150 microns. 32. A catalyst composition according to claim 19 wherein the composition has a Davison Attrition Index in the range of 0 to about 30. 33. A catalyst composition according to claim 19 wherein the composition has a Davison Attrition Index in the range of 0 to about 30. 34. A method for catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons that comprises reacting a hydrocarbon under catalytic cracking conditions in the presence of a catalyst comprising
(a) zeolite, (b) aluminum phosphate, (c) metal phosphate present in an amount sufficient for it to at least function as a binder for the zeolite and the metal is other than aluminum. 35. A method according to claim 34 wherein the metal of (c) is selected from the group consisting of Group IIA metals, lanthanide series and Group VIII metals. 36. A method according to claim 34 wherein the metal of (c) is selected from the group consisting of iron, lanthanum and calcium. 37. A method according to claim 34 wherein the catalyst comprises at least 5% by weight of the metal phosphate as measured by amount of the metal's corresponding oxide present in the composition. 38. A method according to claim 34 wherein the catalyst comprises about 4% to about 50% by weight of the metal phosphate as measured by amount of the metal's corresponding oxide present in the composition. 39. A method according to claim 34 wherein zeolite (a) is selected from ZSM-5, mordenite, ferrierite and any other zeolite having a silica to alumina molar ratio of twelve or greater. 40. A method according to claim 34 wherein the zeolite is ZSM-5. 41. A method according to claim 34 wherein the metal of (c) is selected from the group consisting of iron, lanthanide series and the cracked hydrocarbons produced by the method have enhanced propylene yields as measured by C3/C4 ratio compared to a catalyst composition that does not comprise the metal phosphate binder. 42. A method according to claim 34 wherein the metal of (c) is selected from the group consisting of Group IIA metals and the cracked hydrocarbons produced by the method have enhanced butylene yields as measured by C3/C4 ratio compared to a catalyst composition that does not comprise the metal phosphate binder. 43. A method according to claim 34 wherein the method of catalytic cracking is fluidized and the catalyst composition has a mean particle size in the range of 40 to about 150 microns. 44. A method according claim 34 wherein the method is a fixed bed catalytic cracking process and the catalyst composition is in the form of an extrudate. 45. A method according claim 34 wherein the method is a moving bed catalytic cracking process and the catalyst composition is in the form of an extrudate. 46. A method of making a catalyst composition, the method comprising
(a) combining a source of metal, other than aluminum, with zeolite (b) adding phosphoric acid to (a) (c) processing (b) under conditions sufficient to produce a bound composition comprising zeolite, and a phosphate of the metal from (a) wherein the metal phosphate is present in an amount sufficient to at least function as a binder for the zeolite. 47. A method according to claim 46 wherein the metal of (a) is selected from the group consisting of Group IIA metals, lanthanide series metals, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and transition metals. 48. A method according to claim 46 wherein the catalyst composition comprises at least 5% by weight of the phosphate of the metal from (a) as measured by amount of the metal's corresponding oxide present in the composition. 49. A method according to claim 46 where in the source of metal is in the form of a metal salt. 50. A composition comprising (a) a non-zeolitic molecular sieve, and (b) metal phosphate present in an amount sufficient for the metal phosphate to at least function as a binder for the non-zeolitic sieve and the metal is other than aluminum. 51. A composition according to claim 50 wherein the metal of (b) is selected from the group consisting of Group IIA metals, lanthanide series metals, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and transition metals. 52. A composition according to claim 50 wherein the nonzeolitic molecular sieve (a) is selected from the group consisting of SAPO, AlPO, and MCM-41. | 1,700 |
3,864 | 15,092,808 | 1,783 | Penetration resistant laminated glass is obtained by laminating at least one film A containing a polyvinyl acetal PA and optionally at least one plasticiser WA and at least one film B containing a polyvinyl acetal PB and at least one plasticiser WB between two glass sheets, where prior to lamination, the amount of plasticiser WA in film A is less than 16% by weight, the amount of plasticiser WB in film B is at least 16% by weight, and film A comprises at least 7 ppm alkali ions. | 1. A laminated glass prepared by laminating at least one film A containing a polyvinyl acetal PA and optionally at least one plasticiser WA, and at least one film B containing a polyvinyl acetal PB and at least one plasticiser WB between two glass sheets, wherein prior to lamination, the amount of plasticiser WA in film A is less than 16% by weight, the amount of plasticiser WB in film B is at least 16% by weight, and film A comprises at least 7 ppm alkali metal ions. 2. The laminated glass according to claim 1, wherein film A further comprises 0-20 ppm alkaline earth metal ions. 3. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein the ratio of alkali metal ions to alkaline earth metal ions in ppm in film A is at least 1. 4. The laminated glass of claim 2, wherein the ratio of alkali metal ions to alkaline earth metal ions in ppm in film A is at least 1. 5. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein film A has an alkaline titer higher than 10. 6. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein the film A comprises a polyvinyl acetal PA with a proportion of vinyl alcohol groups of from 6 to 26% by weight and the film B comprises a polyvinyl acetal B with a proportion of vinyl alcohol groups from 14 to 26% by weight. 7. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein the film B comprises 0.001 to 0.1% by weight alkali metal salts of carboxylic acid(s) and/or alkaline earth metal salts of carboxylic acid(s). 8. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein the film A has a smaller surface area than film B. 9. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein the film A has at least one opening, such that by means of this at least one opening the film B is in direct contact with the glass sheet bearing against film A. 10. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein the film A has at least one opening, to which an additional film layer is provided wherein the thickness of film A differs by less than 50% of the thickness of the additional film layer. 11. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein the film B consists of at least two sub-films B′ and B″, which have different plasticiser contents. 12. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein the film B has a wedge-shaped thickness profile. 11. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein the film B has a coloured region. 14. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein film A has a coloured region. 15. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein the film A ha a thickness of 1-150 μm. 16. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein film A has less than 150 ppm chloride ions and/or nitrate ions and/or sulphate ions. 17. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein film A is provided with heat-shielding particles, a heat-shielding coating, and/or is provided with electrically conductive structures. 18. A method for producing a laminated glass of claim 1, wherein the film A is positioned on a first glass sheet, is then covered by at least one film B, and a second glass sheet is then applied. 19. A method for producing a laminated glass of claim 1, wherein a stack comprising at least one film A and at least one film B is provided, the stack is positioned on a first glass sheet and a second glass sheet is then applied. | Penetration resistant laminated glass is obtained by laminating at least one film A containing a polyvinyl acetal PA and optionally at least one plasticiser WA and at least one film B containing a polyvinyl acetal PB and at least one plasticiser WB between two glass sheets, where prior to lamination, the amount of plasticiser WA in film A is less than 16% by weight, the amount of plasticiser WB in film B is at least 16% by weight, and film A comprises at least 7 ppm alkali ions.1. A laminated glass prepared by laminating at least one film A containing a polyvinyl acetal PA and optionally at least one plasticiser WA, and at least one film B containing a polyvinyl acetal PB and at least one plasticiser WB between two glass sheets, wherein prior to lamination, the amount of plasticiser WA in film A is less than 16% by weight, the amount of plasticiser WB in film B is at least 16% by weight, and film A comprises at least 7 ppm alkali metal ions. 2. The laminated glass according to claim 1, wherein film A further comprises 0-20 ppm alkaline earth metal ions. 3. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein the ratio of alkali metal ions to alkaline earth metal ions in ppm in film A is at least 1. 4. The laminated glass of claim 2, wherein the ratio of alkali metal ions to alkaline earth metal ions in ppm in film A is at least 1. 5. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein film A has an alkaline titer higher than 10. 6. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein the film A comprises a polyvinyl acetal PA with a proportion of vinyl alcohol groups of from 6 to 26% by weight and the film B comprises a polyvinyl acetal B with a proportion of vinyl alcohol groups from 14 to 26% by weight. 7. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein the film B comprises 0.001 to 0.1% by weight alkali metal salts of carboxylic acid(s) and/or alkaline earth metal salts of carboxylic acid(s). 8. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein the film A has a smaller surface area than film B. 9. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein the film A has at least one opening, such that by means of this at least one opening the film B is in direct contact with the glass sheet bearing against film A. 10. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein the film A has at least one opening, to which an additional film layer is provided wherein the thickness of film A differs by less than 50% of the thickness of the additional film layer. 11. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein the film B consists of at least two sub-films B′ and B″, which have different plasticiser contents. 12. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein the film B has a wedge-shaped thickness profile. 11. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein the film B has a coloured region. 14. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein film A has a coloured region. 15. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein the film A ha a thickness of 1-150 μm. 16. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein film A has less than 150 ppm chloride ions and/or nitrate ions and/or sulphate ions. 17. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein film A is provided with heat-shielding particles, a heat-shielding coating, and/or is provided with electrically conductive structures. 18. A method for producing a laminated glass of claim 1, wherein the film A is positioned on a first glass sheet, is then covered by at least one film B, and a second glass sheet is then applied. 19. A method for producing a laminated glass of claim 1, wherein a stack comprising at least one film A and at least one film B is provided, the stack is positioned on a first glass sheet and a second glass sheet is then applied. | 1,700 |
3,865 | 13,745,170 | 1,783 | A graphene nanomesh includes a graphene sheet having a plurality of pores formed therethrough. Each pore has a first diameter defined by an inner edge of the graphene sheet. A plurality of passivation elements are bonded to the inner edge of each pore. The plurality of passivation elements defines a second diameter that is less than the first diameter to decrease an overall diameter of at least one pore among the plurality of pores. | 1. A graphene nanomesh, comprising:
a graphene sheet having a plurality of pores formed therethrough, each pore having a first diameter defined by an inner edge of the graphene sheet; and a plurality of passivation elements bonded to the inner edge of each pore, the plurality of passivation elements defining a second diameter that is less than the first diameter to decrease an overall diameter of at least one pore among the plurality of pores. 2. The graphene nanomesh of claim 1, wherein active carbon sites are formed at the inner edge of each pore, the passivation elements configured to bond to the active carbon sites. 3. The graphene nanomesh of claim 2, wherein the bond is a covalent bond. 4. The graphene nanomesh of claim 3, wherein the passivation elements are chemical molecules selected from a group comprising styrene and ethylene. 5. The graphene nanomesh of claim 3, wherein a first end of the passivation elements is configured to bond to the active carbon sites and an opposite end of the passivation elements is configured to detect a chemical gas. 6. The graphene nanomesh of claim 3, wherein a first end of the passivation elements is configured to bond to the active carbon sites and an opposite end of the passivation elements is configured to detect DNA. 7. The graphene nanomesh of claim 3, wherein a first end of the passivation elements is configured to bond to the active carbon sites and an opposite end of the passivation elements is configured to bond to at least one molecule introduced to the graphene nanomesh to prevent the at least one molecule from traveling through a nanopore. 8. The graphene nanomesh of claim 7, wherein the opposite end of the passivation elements selectively bonds to a first molecule while allowing a second molecule different from the first molecule to travel through the nanopore. 9. The graphene nanomesh of claim 1, wherein the second diameter is less than 1 nanometer. 10-18. (canceled) | A graphene nanomesh includes a graphene sheet having a plurality of pores formed therethrough. Each pore has a first diameter defined by an inner edge of the graphene sheet. A plurality of passivation elements are bonded to the inner edge of each pore. The plurality of passivation elements defines a second diameter that is less than the first diameter to decrease an overall diameter of at least one pore among the plurality of pores.1. A graphene nanomesh, comprising:
a graphene sheet having a plurality of pores formed therethrough, each pore having a first diameter defined by an inner edge of the graphene sheet; and a plurality of passivation elements bonded to the inner edge of each pore, the plurality of passivation elements defining a second diameter that is less than the first diameter to decrease an overall diameter of at least one pore among the plurality of pores. 2. The graphene nanomesh of claim 1, wherein active carbon sites are formed at the inner edge of each pore, the passivation elements configured to bond to the active carbon sites. 3. The graphene nanomesh of claim 2, wherein the bond is a covalent bond. 4. The graphene nanomesh of claim 3, wherein the passivation elements are chemical molecules selected from a group comprising styrene and ethylene. 5. The graphene nanomesh of claim 3, wherein a first end of the passivation elements is configured to bond to the active carbon sites and an opposite end of the passivation elements is configured to detect a chemical gas. 6. The graphene nanomesh of claim 3, wherein a first end of the passivation elements is configured to bond to the active carbon sites and an opposite end of the passivation elements is configured to detect DNA. 7. The graphene nanomesh of claim 3, wherein a first end of the passivation elements is configured to bond to the active carbon sites and an opposite end of the passivation elements is configured to bond to at least one molecule introduced to the graphene nanomesh to prevent the at least one molecule from traveling through a nanopore. 8. The graphene nanomesh of claim 7, wherein the opposite end of the passivation elements selectively bonds to a first molecule while allowing a second molecule different from the first molecule to travel through the nanopore. 9. The graphene nanomesh of claim 1, wherein the second diameter is less than 1 nanometer. 10-18. (canceled) | 1,700 |
3,866 | 15,494,835 | 1,714 | Gas injector units for processing chambers having one or more of scavenging ports, differential pressure ports and variable surfaces for variable injector to substrate gap distances are described. Gas distribution assemblies and processing chambers incorporating the gas injector units are also described. | 1. A gas injector unit comprising:
a first reactive gas port having a depth and width; a first vacuum port surrounding the first reactive gas port, the first vacuum port having a width and depth; a second reactive gas port having a depth and width; a second vacuum port surrounding the second reactive gas port, the vacuum port having a width and depth; a purge gas port between the first vacuum port and the second vacuum port, the purge gas port having a width and depth; and a scavenging vacuum port between the first vacuum port and the purge gas port, the scavenging vacuum port having a width and depth. 2. The gas injector unit of claim 1, wherein the width of the scavenging vacuum port is greater than the width of the first vacuum port. 3. The gas injector unit of claim 2, wherein the width of the first vacuum port is up to about 2°. 4. The gas injector unit of claim 2, wherein the width of the scavenging vacuum port is up to about 15°. 5. The gas injector unit of claim 2, wherein the width of the scavenging vacuum port is greater than or equal to about twice the width of the first vacuum port. 6. The gas injector unit of claim 2, wherein a pressure in the scavenging vacuum port is lower than a pressure in the first vacuum port. 7. The gas injector unit of claim 6, wherein the pressure in the scavenging vacuum port is greater than or equal to about 4% lower than in the first vacuum port. 8. The gas injector unit of claim 1, wherein the depth of the first reactive gas port is greater than the depth of the purge gas port. 9. The gas injector unit of claim 8, wherein a pressure in the first reactive gas port is greater than a pressure in the purge gas port. 10. The gas injector unit of claim 1, further comprising:
a second purge gas port adjacent the second vacuum port on an opposite side of the second reactive gas port than the first reactive gas port; and a second scavenging vacuum port between the second vacuum port and the second purge gas port, the second scavenging vacuum port having a width and depth. 11. The gas injector unit of claim 10, wherein the width of the scavenging vacuum port is greater than the width of the first vacuum port and the width of the second scavenging vacuum port is greater than the width of the second vacuum port. 12. A gas distribution assembly comprising a plurality of gas injector units according to claim 1 arranged to form a circle. 13. A processing chamber comprising:
a gas distribution assembly comprising a plurality of wedge-shaped gas injector units arranged in a circle, at least one of the wedge-shaped gas injector units comprising
a first reactive gas port surrounded by a first vacuum port,
a first scavenging vacuum port adjacent the first vacuum port on an opposite side than the first reactive gas port,
a second reactive gas port surrounded by a second vacuum port,
a second scavenging vacuum port adjacent the second vacuum port on an opposite side than the first reactive gas port,
a purge gas port between the first scavenging port and the second reactive gas port, and
a purge gas port adjacent the second scavenging vacuum port on a side opposite the second reactive gas port; and
a susceptor assembly having a top surface with a plurality of recesses therein, the recesses sized to support a substrate. 14. The processing chamber of claim 13, wherein the first scavenging vacuum port has a width greater than a width of the first vacuum port and the second scavenging vacuum port has a width greater than the second vacuum port. 15. The processing chamber of claim 13, wherein a pressure in the first scavenging vacuum port is lower than a pressure in the first vacuum port and a pressure in the second scavenging vacuum port is lower than a pressure in the second vacuum port. 16. The processing chamber of claim 15, wherein the pressures in the first scavenging vacuum port and the second scavenging vacuum port are greater than or equal to about 1 Torr lower than the pressures in the first vacuum port and the second vacuum port. 17. A processing chamber comprising:
a gas distribution assembly comprising a plurality of wedge-shaped gas injector units arranged in a circle, at least one of the wedge-shaped gas injector units comprising
a front surface;
a first reactive gas port surrounded by a first vacuum port,
a second reactive gas port surrounded by a second vacuum port,
a purge gas port between the first vacuum port and the second vacuum port, and
a purge gas port adjacent the second vacuum port on a side opposite the second reactive gas port; and
a susceptor assembly having a top surface with a plurality of recesses therein, the recesses sized to support a substrate, the susceptor assembly movable to form a gap between the top surface and the front surface, wherein the gaps between the top surface and the front surface adjacent the first vacuum port and the second vacuum port is less than the gap between the top surface and the front surface adjacent the purge gas ports. 18. The processing chamber of claim 17, wherein the gap between the top surface and the front surface adjacent the first vacuum port and the second vacuum port is greater than or equal to about 1 mm less than the gap adjacent the purge gas ports. 19. The processing chamber of claim 17, wherein the first reactive gas port and the second reactive gas port has a depth greater than a depth of the purge gas ports. 20. The processing chamber of claim 19, wherein the first reactive gas port and the second reactive gas port has a pressure greater than the purge gas ports. | Gas injector units for processing chambers having one or more of scavenging ports, differential pressure ports and variable surfaces for variable injector to substrate gap distances are described. Gas distribution assemblies and processing chambers incorporating the gas injector units are also described.1. A gas injector unit comprising:
a first reactive gas port having a depth and width; a first vacuum port surrounding the first reactive gas port, the first vacuum port having a width and depth; a second reactive gas port having a depth and width; a second vacuum port surrounding the second reactive gas port, the vacuum port having a width and depth; a purge gas port between the first vacuum port and the second vacuum port, the purge gas port having a width and depth; and a scavenging vacuum port between the first vacuum port and the purge gas port, the scavenging vacuum port having a width and depth. 2. The gas injector unit of claim 1, wherein the width of the scavenging vacuum port is greater than the width of the first vacuum port. 3. The gas injector unit of claim 2, wherein the width of the first vacuum port is up to about 2°. 4. The gas injector unit of claim 2, wherein the width of the scavenging vacuum port is up to about 15°. 5. The gas injector unit of claim 2, wherein the width of the scavenging vacuum port is greater than or equal to about twice the width of the first vacuum port. 6. The gas injector unit of claim 2, wherein a pressure in the scavenging vacuum port is lower than a pressure in the first vacuum port. 7. The gas injector unit of claim 6, wherein the pressure in the scavenging vacuum port is greater than or equal to about 4% lower than in the first vacuum port. 8. The gas injector unit of claim 1, wherein the depth of the first reactive gas port is greater than the depth of the purge gas port. 9. The gas injector unit of claim 8, wherein a pressure in the first reactive gas port is greater than a pressure in the purge gas port. 10. The gas injector unit of claim 1, further comprising:
a second purge gas port adjacent the second vacuum port on an opposite side of the second reactive gas port than the first reactive gas port; and a second scavenging vacuum port between the second vacuum port and the second purge gas port, the second scavenging vacuum port having a width and depth. 11. The gas injector unit of claim 10, wherein the width of the scavenging vacuum port is greater than the width of the first vacuum port and the width of the second scavenging vacuum port is greater than the width of the second vacuum port. 12. A gas distribution assembly comprising a plurality of gas injector units according to claim 1 arranged to form a circle. 13. A processing chamber comprising:
a gas distribution assembly comprising a plurality of wedge-shaped gas injector units arranged in a circle, at least one of the wedge-shaped gas injector units comprising
a first reactive gas port surrounded by a first vacuum port,
a first scavenging vacuum port adjacent the first vacuum port on an opposite side than the first reactive gas port,
a second reactive gas port surrounded by a second vacuum port,
a second scavenging vacuum port adjacent the second vacuum port on an opposite side than the first reactive gas port,
a purge gas port between the first scavenging port and the second reactive gas port, and
a purge gas port adjacent the second scavenging vacuum port on a side opposite the second reactive gas port; and
a susceptor assembly having a top surface with a plurality of recesses therein, the recesses sized to support a substrate. 14. The processing chamber of claim 13, wherein the first scavenging vacuum port has a width greater than a width of the first vacuum port and the second scavenging vacuum port has a width greater than the second vacuum port. 15. The processing chamber of claim 13, wherein a pressure in the first scavenging vacuum port is lower than a pressure in the first vacuum port and a pressure in the second scavenging vacuum port is lower than a pressure in the second vacuum port. 16. The processing chamber of claim 15, wherein the pressures in the first scavenging vacuum port and the second scavenging vacuum port are greater than or equal to about 1 Torr lower than the pressures in the first vacuum port and the second vacuum port. 17. A processing chamber comprising:
a gas distribution assembly comprising a plurality of wedge-shaped gas injector units arranged in a circle, at least one of the wedge-shaped gas injector units comprising
a front surface;
a first reactive gas port surrounded by a first vacuum port,
a second reactive gas port surrounded by a second vacuum port,
a purge gas port between the first vacuum port and the second vacuum port, and
a purge gas port adjacent the second vacuum port on a side opposite the second reactive gas port; and
a susceptor assembly having a top surface with a plurality of recesses therein, the recesses sized to support a substrate, the susceptor assembly movable to form a gap between the top surface and the front surface, wherein the gaps between the top surface and the front surface adjacent the first vacuum port and the second vacuum port is less than the gap between the top surface and the front surface adjacent the purge gas ports. 18. The processing chamber of claim 17, wherein the gap between the top surface and the front surface adjacent the first vacuum port and the second vacuum port is greater than or equal to about 1 mm less than the gap adjacent the purge gas ports. 19. The processing chamber of claim 17, wherein the first reactive gas port and the second reactive gas port has a depth greater than a depth of the purge gas ports. 20. The processing chamber of claim 19, wherein the first reactive gas port and the second reactive gas port has a pressure greater than the purge gas ports. | 1,700 |
3,867 | 14,954,131 | 1,721 | An optoelectronic device comprising an active layer sandwiched between a first electrode and a second electrode. The active layer comprises a material of the formula A a B b M m X x , wherein A represents a monovalent inorganic cation, a monovalent organic cation, or mixture of different monovalent organic or inorganic cations; B represents a divalent inorganic cation, a divalent organic cation, or mixture of different divalent organic or inorganic cations; M represents Bi 3+ or Sb 3+ ; X represents a monovalent halide anion, or mixture of different monovalent halide anions; and a, b represent 0 or any positive numbers, m, x represent any positive numbers, and a+2b+3m=x. | 1. An optoelectronic solid state thin film device comprising:
a semiconductor active layer deposited between a first electrode and a second electrode, wherein the active layer comprises a material of the formula AaBbMmXx, wherein:
A represents a monovalent inorganic cation, a monovalent organic cation, or mixture of different monovalent organic or inorganic cations;
B represents a divalent inorganic cation, a divalent organic cation, or mixture of different divalent organic or inorganic cations;
M represents Bi3+ or Sb3+;
X represents a monovalent halide anion, or mixture of different monovalent halide anions; and
a, b represent 0 or any positive numbers, m, x represent any positive numbers, and a+2b+3m=x. 2. The device of claim 1, further comprising:
a substrate, wherein the first electrode is deposited on the substrate; an electron conducting layer deposited between the active layer and one of the first or second electrode; and a hole conducting layer deposited between the active layer and the other of the first or second electrode. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein the device is a solar cell device. 4. The device of claim 1, wherein A is selected from the group consisting of H+, H3O+, NH4 +, H3NOH+, Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, Cu+, Ag+, BiO+, methylammonium CH3NH3 +, ethylammonium (C2H5)NH3 +, alkylammonium, formamidinium NH2(CH)NH2 +, guanidinium C(NH2)3 +, imidazolium C3N2H5 +, hydrazinium H2N—NH3 + azetidinium (CH2)3NH2 +, dimethylammonium (CH3)2NH2 +, tetramethylammonium (CH3)4N+, phenylammonium C6H5NH3 +, arylammonium, and heteroarylammonium. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein B is a divalent primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary organic ammonium cation with 1 to 100 carbons and 2 to 30 heteroatoms, wherein two of the heteroatoms are positively charged nitrogen atoms. 6. The device of claim 1, wherein B is selected from the group consisting of Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Ti2+, V2+, Ni2+, Cr2+, Co2+, Fe2+, Sn2+, Cu2+, Ag2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, NH3CH2CH2NH3 2+, NH3(CH2)6NH3 2+, NH3(CH2)8NH3 2+ and NH3C6H4NH3 2+. 7. The device of claim 1, wherein the active layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of MX3, AMX4, A3MX6,A3M2X9 perovskites, A2A′MX6 double perovskites, and An+1A′n/2Mn/2X3n+1 Ruddlesden-Popper phases. 8. The device of claim 1, wherein the active layer is a bismuth halide selected from the group consisting of K3Bi2I9, Rb3Bi2I9, Cs3Bi2I9, (CH3NH3)3Bi2I9, (NH2(CH)NH2)3Bi2I9, and (NH3(CH2)2NH3)2Bi2I10. 9. The device of claim 1, wherein the active layer contains a [MX6] octahedra connected via shared apexes, edges or faces. 10. The device of claim 2, further comprising a mesoporous TiO2 layer between the electron conducting layer and the active layer. 11. The device of claim 2, wherein the electron conducting layer is selected from the group consisting of TiO2, ZnO, ZrO2, Al2O3, BaSnO3, InGaO3, and SrGeO3. 12. The device of claim 2, wherein the hole conducting layer is selected from the group consisting of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT), biscarbazolylbenzene, VOx, NbOx, MoOx, WOx, NiOx, where x is less than 3, and a compound as follows: 13. The device of claim 1, wherein the active layer is selected to have a bandgap no more than 2.1 eV. 14. A method of forming a solid state thin film optoelectronic device, the method comprising:
depositing an active layer between a first electrode and a second electrode, wherein the active layer comprises a semiconducting material of the formula AaBbMmXx, wherein:
A represents a monovalent inorganic cation, a monovalent organic cation, or mixture of different monovalent organic or inorganic cations;
B represents a divalent inorganic cation, a divalent organic cation, or mixture of different divalent organic or inorganic cations;
M represents Bi3+ or Sb3+;
X represents a monovalent halide anion, or mixture of different monovalent halide anions; and
a, b represent 0 or any positive numbers, m, x represent any positive numbers, and a+2b+3m=x. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
depositing the first electrode onto a substrate; depositing an electron conducting layer between the active layer and one of the first or second electrode; and depositing a hole conducting layer between the active layer and the other of the first or second electrode. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein A is selected from the group consisting of H+, H3O+, NH4 +, H3NOH+, Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, Cu+, Ag+, BiO+, methylammonium CH3NH3 +, ethylammonium (C2H5)NH3 +, alkylammonium, formamidinium NH2(CH)NH2 +, guanidinium C(NH2)3 +, imidazolium C3N2H5 +, hydrazinium H2N—NH3 + azetidinium (CH2)3NH2 +, dimethylammonium (CH3)2NH2 +, tetramethylammonium (CH3)4N+, phenylammonium C6H5NH3 +, arylammonium, and heteroarylammonium. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein B is a divalent primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary organic ammonium cation with 1 to 100 carbons and 2 to 30 heteroatoms, wherein two of the heteroatoms are positively charged nitrogen atoms. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein B is selected from the group consisting of Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Ti2+, V2+, Ni2+, Cr2+, Co2+, Fe2+, Sn2+, Cu2+, Ag2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, NH3CH2CH2NH3 2+, NH3(CH2)6NH3 2+, NH3(CH2)8NH3 2+ and NH3C6H4NH3 2+. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the active layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of MX3, AMX4, A3MX6,A3M2X9 perovskites, A2A′MX6 double perovskites, and An+1A′n/2Mn/2X3n+1 Ruddlesden-Popper phases. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the active layer is a bismuth halide selected from the group consisting of K3Bi2I9, Rb3Bi2I9, Cs3Bi2I9, (CH3NH3)3Bi2I9, (NH2(CH)NH2)3Bi2I9, and (NH3(CH2)2NH3)2Bi2I10. 21. The method of claim 14, wherein the active layer contains a [MX6] octahedra connected via shared apexes, edges or faces. 22. The method of claim 15, further comprising depositing a mesoporous TiO2 layer between the electron conducting layer and the active layer. 23. The method of claim 15, wherein the electron conducting layer is selected from the group consisting of TiO2, ZnO, ZrO2, Al2O3, BaSnO3, InGaO3, and SrGeO3. 24. The method of claim 15, wherein the hole conducting layer is selected from the group consisting of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT), biscarbazolylbenzene, VOx, NbOx, MoOx, WOx, NiOx, where x is less than 3, and a compound as follows: 25. The method of claim 14, wherein the active layer is selected to have a bandgap no more than 2.1 eV. | An optoelectronic device comprising an active layer sandwiched between a first electrode and a second electrode. The active layer comprises a material of the formula A a B b M m X x , wherein A represents a monovalent inorganic cation, a monovalent organic cation, or mixture of different monovalent organic or inorganic cations; B represents a divalent inorganic cation, a divalent organic cation, or mixture of different divalent organic or inorganic cations; M represents Bi 3+ or Sb 3+ ; X represents a monovalent halide anion, or mixture of different monovalent halide anions; and a, b represent 0 or any positive numbers, m, x represent any positive numbers, and a+2b+3m=x.1. An optoelectronic solid state thin film device comprising:
a semiconductor active layer deposited between a first electrode and a second electrode, wherein the active layer comprises a material of the formula AaBbMmXx, wherein:
A represents a monovalent inorganic cation, a monovalent organic cation, or mixture of different monovalent organic or inorganic cations;
B represents a divalent inorganic cation, a divalent organic cation, or mixture of different divalent organic or inorganic cations;
M represents Bi3+ or Sb3+;
X represents a monovalent halide anion, or mixture of different monovalent halide anions; and
a, b represent 0 or any positive numbers, m, x represent any positive numbers, and a+2b+3m=x. 2. The device of claim 1, further comprising:
a substrate, wherein the first electrode is deposited on the substrate; an electron conducting layer deposited between the active layer and one of the first or second electrode; and a hole conducting layer deposited between the active layer and the other of the first or second electrode. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein the device is a solar cell device. 4. The device of claim 1, wherein A is selected from the group consisting of H+, H3O+, NH4 +, H3NOH+, Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, Cu+, Ag+, BiO+, methylammonium CH3NH3 +, ethylammonium (C2H5)NH3 +, alkylammonium, formamidinium NH2(CH)NH2 +, guanidinium C(NH2)3 +, imidazolium C3N2H5 +, hydrazinium H2N—NH3 + azetidinium (CH2)3NH2 +, dimethylammonium (CH3)2NH2 +, tetramethylammonium (CH3)4N+, phenylammonium C6H5NH3 +, arylammonium, and heteroarylammonium. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein B is a divalent primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary organic ammonium cation with 1 to 100 carbons and 2 to 30 heteroatoms, wherein two of the heteroatoms are positively charged nitrogen atoms. 6. The device of claim 1, wherein B is selected from the group consisting of Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Ti2+, V2+, Ni2+, Cr2+, Co2+, Fe2+, Sn2+, Cu2+, Ag2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, NH3CH2CH2NH3 2+, NH3(CH2)6NH3 2+, NH3(CH2)8NH3 2+ and NH3C6H4NH3 2+. 7. The device of claim 1, wherein the active layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of MX3, AMX4, A3MX6,A3M2X9 perovskites, A2A′MX6 double perovskites, and An+1A′n/2Mn/2X3n+1 Ruddlesden-Popper phases. 8. The device of claim 1, wherein the active layer is a bismuth halide selected from the group consisting of K3Bi2I9, Rb3Bi2I9, Cs3Bi2I9, (CH3NH3)3Bi2I9, (NH2(CH)NH2)3Bi2I9, and (NH3(CH2)2NH3)2Bi2I10. 9. The device of claim 1, wherein the active layer contains a [MX6] octahedra connected via shared apexes, edges or faces. 10. The device of claim 2, further comprising a mesoporous TiO2 layer between the electron conducting layer and the active layer. 11. The device of claim 2, wherein the electron conducting layer is selected from the group consisting of TiO2, ZnO, ZrO2, Al2O3, BaSnO3, InGaO3, and SrGeO3. 12. The device of claim 2, wherein the hole conducting layer is selected from the group consisting of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT), biscarbazolylbenzene, VOx, NbOx, MoOx, WOx, NiOx, where x is less than 3, and a compound as follows: 13. The device of claim 1, wherein the active layer is selected to have a bandgap no more than 2.1 eV. 14. A method of forming a solid state thin film optoelectronic device, the method comprising:
depositing an active layer between a first electrode and a second electrode, wherein the active layer comprises a semiconducting material of the formula AaBbMmXx, wherein:
A represents a monovalent inorganic cation, a monovalent organic cation, or mixture of different monovalent organic or inorganic cations;
B represents a divalent inorganic cation, a divalent organic cation, or mixture of different divalent organic or inorganic cations;
M represents Bi3+ or Sb3+;
X represents a monovalent halide anion, or mixture of different monovalent halide anions; and
a, b represent 0 or any positive numbers, m, x represent any positive numbers, and a+2b+3m=x. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
depositing the first electrode onto a substrate; depositing an electron conducting layer between the active layer and one of the first or second electrode; and depositing a hole conducting layer between the active layer and the other of the first or second electrode. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein A is selected from the group consisting of H+, H3O+, NH4 +, H3NOH+, Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, Cu+, Ag+, BiO+, methylammonium CH3NH3 +, ethylammonium (C2H5)NH3 +, alkylammonium, formamidinium NH2(CH)NH2 +, guanidinium C(NH2)3 +, imidazolium C3N2H5 +, hydrazinium H2N—NH3 + azetidinium (CH2)3NH2 +, dimethylammonium (CH3)2NH2 +, tetramethylammonium (CH3)4N+, phenylammonium C6H5NH3 +, arylammonium, and heteroarylammonium. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein B is a divalent primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary organic ammonium cation with 1 to 100 carbons and 2 to 30 heteroatoms, wherein two of the heteroatoms are positively charged nitrogen atoms. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein B is selected from the group consisting of Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Ti2+, V2+, Ni2+, Cr2+, Co2+, Fe2+, Sn2+, Cu2+, Ag2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, NH3CH2CH2NH3 2+, NH3(CH2)6NH3 2+, NH3(CH2)8NH3 2+ and NH3C6H4NH3 2+. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the active layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of MX3, AMX4, A3MX6,A3M2X9 perovskites, A2A′MX6 double perovskites, and An+1A′n/2Mn/2X3n+1 Ruddlesden-Popper phases. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the active layer is a bismuth halide selected from the group consisting of K3Bi2I9, Rb3Bi2I9, Cs3Bi2I9, (CH3NH3)3Bi2I9, (NH2(CH)NH2)3Bi2I9, and (NH3(CH2)2NH3)2Bi2I10. 21. The method of claim 14, wherein the active layer contains a [MX6] octahedra connected via shared apexes, edges or faces. 22. The method of claim 15, further comprising depositing a mesoporous TiO2 layer between the electron conducting layer and the active layer. 23. The method of claim 15, wherein the electron conducting layer is selected from the group consisting of TiO2, ZnO, ZrO2, Al2O3, BaSnO3, InGaO3, and SrGeO3. 24. The method of claim 15, wherein the hole conducting layer is selected from the group consisting of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT), biscarbazolylbenzene, VOx, NbOx, MoOx, WOx, NiOx, where x is less than 3, and a compound as follows: 25. The method of claim 14, wherein the active layer is selected to have a bandgap no more than 2.1 eV. | 1,700 |
3,868 | 14,620,781 | 1,711 | An apparatus for removing particles from a substrate contact surface includes parallel electrodes disposed beneath the substrate contact surface; and an alternating current (AC) power supply having a first AC terminal connected to a first parallel electrode and a second AC terminal connected to a second parallel electrode adjacent to the first parallel electrode, wherein an AC output of the first AC terminal has a different phase than an AC output of the second AC terminal. A method of removing particles from a substrate contact surface includes supplying a first alternating current (AC) to a first one of parallel electrodes disposed beneath the substrate contact surface; and supplying a second alternating current to a second one of the parallel electrodes disposed adjacent to the first parallel electrode; wherein the first alternating current has a different phase than the second alternating current. | 1. An apparatus for removing particles from a substrate contact surface, comprising:
a plurality of parallel electrodes disposed beneath the substrate contact surface; and an alternating current (AC) power supply having a first AC terminal connected to a first one of the parallel electrodes and a second AC terminal connected to a second one of the parallel electrodes adjacent to the first one of the parallel electrodes, wherein an AC output of the first AC terminal has a different phase than an AC output of the second AC terminal. 2. The apparatus of the claim 1, wherein a phase difference between the AC outputs of the first and second AC terminals is 180°. 3. The apparatus of the claim 1, wherein the alternating current (AC) power supply includes a third AC terminal connected to a third one of the parallel electrodes adjacent to the first one of the parallel electrodes, and wherein a phase difference between the AC outputs of any two of the first, second, and third AC terminals is 120°. 4. The apparatus of the claim 1, further comprising:
a DC power supply having a DC terminal connected to at least one of the parallel electrodes. 5. The apparatus of the claim 4, wherein the at least one of the parallel electrodes is the first one of the parallel electrodes, and further comprising:
a switch to selectively couple the first one of the parallel electrodes to the DC terminal or the first AC terminal. 6. The apparatus of the claim 4, wherein the DC terminal is connected to each one of the parallel electrodes. 7. The apparatus of the claim 4, wherein the DC terminal is connected to the first one of the parallel electrodes, wherein the DC power supply includes a second DC terminal that is connected to the second one of the parallel electrodes, and wherein the DC terminal and the second DC terminal have different polarities. 8. The apparatus of the claim 1, wherein the substrate contact surface is a surface of a dielectric layer of a substrate support, and wherein the parallel electrodes are disposed within the dielectric layer. 9. The apparatus of the claim 1, wherein the substrate contact surface is a surface of an insulating layer disposed on a dielectric layer of a substrate support, wherein the parallel electrodes are disposed within the insulating layer, and wherein clamping electrodes are disposed within the dielectric layer. 10. The apparatus of the claim 1, wherein substrate contact surface is a surface of one of an electrostatic chuck, a wand, or an end effector. 11. The apparatus of the claim 1, wherein a distance between the first one of the parallel electrodes and the second one of the parallel electrodes is about 0.5 to about 2 mm. 12. The apparatus of the claim 1, wherein the AC power supply supplies alternating current having a voltage of about 400 to about 3,000 volts. 13. The apparatus of the claim 1, wherein the AC power supply supplies alternating current having a frequency of about 5 to about 200 Hz. 14. A substrate support, comprising:
parallel electrodes disposed beneath a support surface of the substrate support; and an alternating current (AC) power supply having a first AC terminal connected to a first one of the parallel electrodes, a second AC terminal connected to a second one of the parallel electrodes adjacent to the first one of the parallel electrodes, and a third AC terminal connected to a third one of the parallel electrodes adjacent to the first one of the parallel electrodes, wherein a phase difference between outputs of any two of the first, second, and third AC terminals is 120°. 15. The substrate support of the claim 14, wherein the substrate support is an electrostatic chuck. 16. A method of removing particles from a substrate contact surface, comprising:
supplying a first alternating current (AC) to a first one of a plurality of parallel electrodes disposed beneath the substrate contact surface; and supplying a second alternating current to a second one of the parallel electrodes disposed adjacent to the first one of the parallel electrodes; and wherein the first alternating current has a different phase than the second alternating current. 17. The method of the claim 16, wherein a difference between the first alternating current and the second alternating current is 180°. 18. The method of the claim 16, further comprising:
supplying a third alternating current to a third one of parallel electrodes disposed adjacent to the first one of the parallel electrodes, wherein a phase difference between any two of the first alternating current, the second alternating current, and the third alternating current is 120°. 19. The method of the claim 16, wherein the alternating current is supplied at a voltage of about 400 to about 3,000 volts. 20. The method of the claim 16, wherein the alternating current is supplied at a frequency of about 5 to about 200 Hz. | An apparatus for removing particles from a substrate contact surface includes parallel electrodes disposed beneath the substrate contact surface; and an alternating current (AC) power supply having a first AC terminal connected to a first parallel electrode and a second AC terminal connected to a second parallel electrode adjacent to the first parallel electrode, wherein an AC output of the first AC terminal has a different phase than an AC output of the second AC terminal. A method of removing particles from a substrate contact surface includes supplying a first alternating current (AC) to a first one of parallel electrodes disposed beneath the substrate contact surface; and supplying a second alternating current to a second one of the parallel electrodes disposed adjacent to the first parallel electrode; wherein the first alternating current has a different phase than the second alternating current.1. An apparatus for removing particles from a substrate contact surface, comprising:
a plurality of parallel electrodes disposed beneath the substrate contact surface; and an alternating current (AC) power supply having a first AC terminal connected to a first one of the parallel electrodes and a second AC terminal connected to a second one of the parallel electrodes adjacent to the first one of the parallel electrodes, wherein an AC output of the first AC terminal has a different phase than an AC output of the second AC terminal. 2. The apparatus of the claim 1, wherein a phase difference between the AC outputs of the first and second AC terminals is 180°. 3. The apparatus of the claim 1, wherein the alternating current (AC) power supply includes a third AC terminal connected to a third one of the parallel electrodes adjacent to the first one of the parallel electrodes, and wherein a phase difference between the AC outputs of any two of the first, second, and third AC terminals is 120°. 4. The apparatus of the claim 1, further comprising:
a DC power supply having a DC terminal connected to at least one of the parallel electrodes. 5. The apparatus of the claim 4, wherein the at least one of the parallel electrodes is the first one of the parallel electrodes, and further comprising:
a switch to selectively couple the first one of the parallel electrodes to the DC terminal or the first AC terminal. 6. The apparatus of the claim 4, wherein the DC terminal is connected to each one of the parallel electrodes. 7. The apparatus of the claim 4, wherein the DC terminal is connected to the first one of the parallel electrodes, wherein the DC power supply includes a second DC terminal that is connected to the second one of the parallel electrodes, and wherein the DC terminal and the second DC terminal have different polarities. 8. The apparatus of the claim 1, wherein the substrate contact surface is a surface of a dielectric layer of a substrate support, and wherein the parallel electrodes are disposed within the dielectric layer. 9. The apparatus of the claim 1, wherein the substrate contact surface is a surface of an insulating layer disposed on a dielectric layer of a substrate support, wherein the parallel electrodes are disposed within the insulating layer, and wherein clamping electrodes are disposed within the dielectric layer. 10. The apparatus of the claim 1, wherein substrate contact surface is a surface of one of an electrostatic chuck, a wand, or an end effector. 11. The apparatus of the claim 1, wherein a distance between the first one of the parallel electrodes and the second one of the parallel electrodes is about 0.5 to about 2 mm. 12. The apparatus of the claim 1, wherein the AC power supply supplies alternating current having a voltage of about 400 to about 3,000 volts. 13. The apparatus of the claim 1, wherein the AC power supply supplies alternating current having a frequency of about 5 to about 200 Hz. 14. A substrate support, comprising:
parallel electrodes disposed beneath a support surface of the substrate support; and an alternating current (AC) power supply having a first AC terminal connected to a first one of the parallel electrodes, a second AC terminal connected to a second one of the parallel electrodes adjacent to the first one of the parallel electrodes, and a third AC terminal connected to a third one of the parallel electrodes adjacent to the first one of the parallel electrodes, wherein a phase difference between outputs of any two of the first, second, and third AC terminals is 120°. 15. The substrate support of the claim 14, wherein the substrate support is an electrostatic chuck. 16. A method of removing particles from a substrate contact surface, comprising:
supplying a first alternating current (AC) to a first one of a plurality of parallel electrodes disposed beneath the substrate contact surface; and supplying a second alternating current to a second one of the parallel electrodes disposed adjacent to the first one of the parallel electrodes; and wherein the first alternating current has a different phase than the second alternating current. 17. The method of the claim 16, wherein a difference between the first alternating current and the second alternating current is 180°. 18. The method of the claim 16, further comprising:
supplying a third alternating current to a third one of parallel electrodes disposed adjacent to the first one of the parallel electrodes, wherein a phase difference between any two of the first alternating current, the second alternating current, and the third alternating current is 120°. 19. The method of the claim 16, wherein the alternating current is supplied at a voltage of about 400 to about 3,000 volts. 20. The method of the claim 16, wherein the alternating current is supplied at a frequency of about 5 to about 200 Hz. | 1,700 |
3,869 | 15,252,567 | 1,713 | Described are materials and methods for processing (polishing or planarizing) a substrate that contains pattern dielectric material using a polishing composition (aka “slurry”) and an abrasive pad, e.g., CMP processing. | 1. A method of polishing a dielectric-containing surface of a substrate, the method comprising:
providing a substrate comprising a surface that includes dielectric material, providing a polishing pad, providing a chemical-mechanical polishing composition comprising:
an aqueous medium,
abrasive particles dispersed in the aqueous medium, and
removal rate accelerator having the formula:
wherein R is selected from: straight or branched alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, alkoxy, straight or branched halogen-substituted alkyl, halogen-substituted aryl, and halogen-substituted alkoxy,
the slurry having a pH of below about 7, contacting the substrate with the polishing pad and the chemical-mechanical polishing composition; and moving the polishing pad and the chemical-mechanical polishing composition relative to the substrate to abrade at least a portion of the dielectric layer on a surface of the substrate to polish the substrate. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the abrasive particles comprise ceria, zirconia, or a mixture thereof. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein particle is zirconia and the slurry pH is about 3.5 to about 6.5. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the zirconia comprises metal-doped zirconia, non-metal-doped zirconia, or a combination thereof. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein R is selected from methyl, phenyl, 2-hydroxyphenyl, methoxy ethoxy, or butoxy. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises a surface that includes pattern dielectric material comprising raised areas of the dielectric material and trench areas of the dielectric material, a difference between a height of the raised areas and a height of the trench areas being step height. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the removal rate accelerator is selected from the group consisting of acetohydroxamic acid, benzhydroxamic acid, salicylhydroxamic acid, N-hydroxyurethane, N-boc hydroxylamine and combinations thereof. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the composition further comprises picolinic acid. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the picolinic acid is in an amount in a range from 5 to 80 weight percent based on the weight of the removal rate accelerator. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the removal rate accelerator is salicylhydroxamic acid. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein removal rate accelerator is present in the polishing composition at a concentration of about 5 to about 3,000 parts per million. 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the pattern dielectric consists of dielectric material selected from silicon oxide, tetraethoxysilane, phosphosilicate glass, or borophosphosilicate glass. 13. A chemical-mechanical polishing composition useful for polishing a dielectric-containing substrate, the composition comprising:
aqueous medium, abrasive particles dispersed in the aqueous medium, and removal rate accelerator having the formula:
wherein R is selected from; a straight or branched alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, alkoxy, straight or branched halogen-substituted alkyl, halogen-substituted aryl, and halogen-substituted alkoxy,
and the slurry has a pH of below about 7. 14. The composition of claim 13 wherein R is methyl, phenyl, 2-hydroxyphenyl, methoxy ethoxy, or butoxy. 15. The composition of claim 13 wherein the removal rate accelerator is selected from the group consisting of acetohydroxamic acid, benzhydroxamic acid, salicylhydroxamic acid, N-hydroxyurethane, and N-boc hydroxylamine, and combinations thereof. 16. The composition of claim 13 further comprising picolinic acid. 17. The composition of claim 16 wherein the picolinic acid is in an amount in a range from 5 to 80 weight percent based on the weight of the removal rate accelerator. 18. The composition of claim 13 wherein the removal rate accelerator is salicylhydroxamic acid. 19. The composition of claim 13 wherein removal rate accelerator is present in the polishing composition at a concentration of about 5 to about 3,000 parts per million, based upon the weight of the composition. 20. The composition of claim 13 wherein the abrasive particles comprise ceria, zirconia, or a mixture thereof. 21. The composition of claim 20 wherein the abrasive particles are wet-process ceria particles, calcined ceria particles, metal-doped ceria particles, zirconia particles, metal-doped zirconia particles, or a combination thereof. 22. The composition of claim 21 wherein the abrasive particles are wet-process ceria particles having a median particle size of about 40 to about 100 nanometers, are present in the polishing composition at a concentration of about 0.005 weight percent to about 2 weight percent, and have a particle size distribution of at least about 300 nanometer. 23. The composition of claim 19 wherein the abrasive particles are present in the polishing composition at a concentration of about 0.1 weight percent to about 15 weight percent. 24. The composition of claim 13 wherein the pH of the polishing composition is about 1 to about 6. 25. The composition of claim 13 further comprising not greater than 0.001 weight percent of a metal passivating agent. | Described are materials and methods for processing (polishing or planarizing) a substrate that contains pattern dielectric material using a polishing composition (aka “slurry”) and an abrasive pad, e.g., CMP processing.1. A method of polishing a dielectric-containing surface of a substrate, the method comprising:
providing a substrate comprising a surface that includes dielectric material, providing a polishing pad, providing a chemical-mechanical polishing composition comprising:
an aqueous medium,
abrasive particles dispersed in the aqueous medium, and
removal rate accelerator having the formula:
wherein R is selected from: straight or branched alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, alkoxy, straight or branched halogen-substituted alkyl, halogen-substituted aryl, and halogen-substituted alkoxy,
the slurry having a pH of below about 7, contacting the substrate with the polishing pad and the chemical-mechanical polishing composition; and moving the polishing pad and the chemical-mechanical polishing composition relative to the substrate to abrade at least a portion of the dielectric layer on a surface of the substrate to polish the substrate. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the abrasive particles comprise ceria, zirconia, or a mixture thereof. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein particle is zirconia and the slurry pH is about 3.5 to about 6.5. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the zirconia comprises metal-doped zirconia, non-metal-doped zirconia, or a combination thereof. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein R is selected from methyl, phenyl, 2-hydroxyphenyl, methoxy ethoxy, or butoxy. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises a surface that includes pattern dielectric material comprising raised areas of the dielectric material and trench areas of the dielectric material, a difference between a height of the raised areas and a height of the trench areas being step height. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the removal rate accelerator is selected from the group consisting of acetohydroxamic acid, benzhydroxamic acid, salicylhydroxamic acid, N-hydroxyurethane, N-boc hydroxylamine and combinations thereof. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the composition further comprises picolinic acid. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the picolinic acid is in an amount in a range from 5 to 80 weight percent based on the weight of the removal rate accelerator. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the removal rate accelerator is salicylhydroxamic acid. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein removal rate accelerator is present in the polishing composition at a concentration of about 5 to about 3,000 parts per million. 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the pattern dielectric consists of dielectric material selected from silicon oxide, tetraethoxysilane, phosphosilicate glass, or borophosphosilicate glass. 13. A chemical-mechanical polishing composition useful for polishing a dielectric-containing substrate, the composition comprising:
aqueous medium, abrasive particles dispersed in the aqueous medium, and removal rate accelerator having the formula:
wherein R is selected from; a straight or branched alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, alkoxy, straight or branched halogen-substituted alkyl, halogen-substituted aryl, and halogen-substituted alkoxy,
and the slurry has a pH of below about 7. 14. The composition of claim 13 wherein R is methyl, phenyl, 2-hydroxyphenyl, methoxy ethoxy, or butoxy. 15. The composition of claim 13 wherein the removal rate accelerator is selected from the group consisting of acetohydroxamic acid, benzhydroxamic acid, salicylhydroxamic acid, N-hydroxyurethane, and N-boc hydroxylamine, and combinations thereof. 16. The composition of claim 13 further comprising picolinic acid. 17. The composition of claim 16 wherein the picolinic acid is in an amount in a range from 5 to 80 weight percent based on the weight of the removal rate accelerator. 18. The composition of claim 13 wherein the removal rate accelerator is salicylhydroxamic acid. 19. The composition of claim 13 wherein removal rate accelerator is present in the polishing composition at a concentration of about 5 to about 3,000 parts per million, based upon the weight of the composition. 20. The composition of claim 13 wherein the abrasive particles comprise ceria, zirconia, or a mixture thereof. 21. The composition of claim 20 wherein the abrasive particles are wet-process ceria particles, calcined ceria particles, metal-doped ceria particles, zirconia particles, metal-doped zirconia particles, or a combination thereof. 22. The composition of claim 21 wherein the abrasive particles are wet-process ceria particles having a median particle size of about 40 to about 100 nanometers, are present in the polishing composition at a concentration of about 0.005 weight percent to about 2 weight percent, and have a particle size distribution of at least about 300 nanometer. 23. The composition of claim 19 wherein the abrasive particles are present in the polishing composition at a concentration of about 0.1 weight percent to about 15 weight percent. 24. The composition of claim 13 wherein the pH of the polishing composition is about 1 to about 6. 25. The composition of claim 13 further comprising not greater than 0.001 weight percent of a metal passivating agent. | 1,700 |
3,870 | 15,441,146 | 1,786 | According to one embodiment, a method for creating a metal nanowire mesh the method includes forming a first layer of block copolymer, causing the block copolymer to become aligned in approximately straight lines, infiltrating one phase of the block copolymer with a metal, and removing the block copolymer where the metal remains after the block copolymer is removed. Furthermore, the method includes forming a second layer of block copolymer, causing the block copolymer in the second layer to become ordered in approximately straight lines oriented at an angle from greater than 0 degrees to 90 degrees from a mean direction of longitudinal axes of the remaining metal, infiltrating one phase of the block copolymer in the second layer with a second metal, and removing the block copolymer in the second layer where the second metal remains above the metal after the block copolymer in the second layer is removed. | 1. A method for creating the metal nanowire mesh as recited in claim 17, the method comprising:
forming a first layer of block copolymer; causing the block copolymer to become aligned in approximately straight lines; infiltrating one phase of the block copolymer with a metal; removing the block copolymer whereby the metal remains after the block copolymer is removed; forming a second layer of block copolymer; causing the block copolymer in the second layer to become ordered in approximately straight lines oriented at an angle from greater than 0 degrees to 90 degrees from a mean direction of longitudinal axes of the remaining metal; infiltrating one phase of the block copolymer in the second layer with a second metal; and removing the block copolymer in the second layer whereby the second metal remains above the metal after the block copolymer in the second layer is removed. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the metal and the second metal have a same composition. 3. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the metal and the second metal have a different composition. 4. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein at least one of the infiltrating steps includes soaking the respective layer in a metal salt solution. 5. The method as recited in claim 1, comprising sintering the metal prior to forming the second layer of block copolymer. 6. The method as recited in claim 1, comprising sintering the second metal after removing the block copolymer in the second layer. 7. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein an average diameter of the metal from the first layer and/or the second metal is in a range of about 8 to about 50 nanometers. 8. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein an average diameter of the metal from the first layer is at least 10% greater or smaller than an average diameter of the second metal. 9. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein an average spacing between commonly-aligned strips of at least one of the metals is in a range of about 30 to about 100 nanometers. 10. A method for creating the metal nanowire mesh as recited in claim 17, the method comprising:
forming a first layer of block copolymer; causing the block copolymer to become ordered in approximately straight lines; inducing crosslinking in the block copolymer; forming a second layer of block copolymer above the first layer; causing the block copolymer in the second layer to become ordered in approximately straight lines oriented at an angle from greater than 0 degrees to 90 degrees from a mean direction of longitudinal axes of the lines of the first layer; infiltrating one phase of the block copolymer in each layer with a metal; and removing the block copolymers in the first and second layers whereby the metal remains after the block copolymer is removed. 11. The method as recited in claim 10, wherein the infiltrating step includes soaking the layers in a metal salt solution. 12. The method as recited in claim 10, comprising sintering the metal after removing the block copolymers. 13. The method as recited in claim 10, comprising masking the layers of block copolymers and removing an unmasked portion thereof for patterning the layers prior to the infiltrating. 14. The method as recited in claim 10, wherein an average diameter of the metal from the first layer and/or the metal from the second layer is in a range of about 8 to about 50 nanometers. 15. The method as recited in claim 10, wherein an average diameter of the metal from the first layer is at least 10% greater or smaller than an average diameter of the second metal. 16. The method as recited in claim 10, wherein an average spacing between commonly-aligned strips of at least one of the metals is in a range of about 30 to about 100 nanometers. 17. A metal nanowire mesh, comprising:
first metal wires oriented in approximately straight lines; and second metal wires on the first metal wires, the second metal wires being oriented in approximately straight lines oriented at an angle from greater than 0 degrees to 90 degrees from a mean direction of the lines of the first metal wires, wherein an average diameter of at least one of the first and second metal wires is in a range of about 8 to about 50 nanometers. 18. The metal nanowire mesh as recited in claim 17, wherein an average spacing between the first metal wires is in a range of about 30 to about 100 nanometers. 19. The metal nanowire mesh as recited in claim 17, wherein an average spacing between the first metal wires varies by less than 20% along lengths thereof. 20. The metal nanowire mesh as recited in claim 17, wherein the first metal wires have at least one difference from the second metal wires, the difference being selected from a group consisting of: composition, average diameter, and average spacing between adjacent wires. 21. A method for creating a second mesh, the method comprising:
transferring a pattern of a first metal nanowire mesh into a first substrate underlying the first metal nanowire mesh; and forming a second mesh onto the patterned first substrate, the second mesh having the pattern of the first metal nanowire mesh. 22. A method as recited in claim 21, further comprising, removing the first metal nanowire mesh from the first substrate. 23. A method as recited in claim 21, wherein the second mesh is comprised of metal. 24. A method as recited in claim 21, wherein the second mesh is comprised of silicon. 25. A method as recited in claim 21, further comprising, transferring the second mesh to a second substrate. 26. A method as recited in claim 21, wherein the second mesh is planar. | According to one embodiment, a method for creating a metal nanowire mesh the method includes forming a first layer of block copolymer, causing the block copolymer to become aligned in approximately straight lines, infiltrating one phase of the block copolymer with a metal, and removing the block copolymer where the metal remains after the block copolymer is removed. Furthermore, the method includes forming a second layer of block copolymer, causing the block copolymer in the second layer to become ordered in approximately straight lines oriented at an angle from greater than 0 degrees to 90 degrees from a mean direction of longitudinal axes of the remaining metal, infiltrating one phase of the block copolymer in the second layer with a second metal, and removing the block copolymer in the second layer where the second metal remains above the metal after the block copolymer in the second layer is removed.1. A method for creating the metal nanowire mesh as recited in claim 17, the method comprising:
forming a first layer of block copolymer; causing the block copolymer to become aligned in approximately straight lines; infiltrating one phase of the block copolymer with a metal; removing the block copolymer whereby the metal remains after the block copolymer is removed; forming a second layer of block copolymer; causing the block copolymer in the second layer to become ordered in approximately straight lines oriented at an angle from greater than 0 degrees to 90 degrees from a mean direction of longitudinal axes of the remaining metal; infiltrating one phase of the block copolymer in the second layer with a second metal; and removing the block copolymer in the second layer whereby the second metal remains above the metal after the block copolymer in the second layer is removed. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the metal and the second metal have a same composition. 3. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the metal and the second metal have a different composition. 4. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein at least one of the infiltrating steps includes soaking the respective layer in a metal salt solution. 5. The method as recited in claim 1, comprising sintering the metal prior to forming the second layer of block copolymer. 6. The method as recited in claim 1, comprising sintering the second metal after removing the block copolymer in the second layer. 7. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein an average diameter of the metal from the first layer and/or the second metal is in a range of about 8 to about 50 nanometers. 8. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein an average diameter of the metal from the first layer is at least 10% greater or smaller than an average diameter of the second metal. 9. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein an average spacing between commonly-aligned strips of at least one of the metals is in a range of about 30 to about 100 nanometers. 10. A method for creating the metal nanowire mesh as recited in claim 17, the method comprising:
forming a first layer of block copolymer; causing the block copolymer to become ordered in approximately straight lines; inducing crosslinking in the block copolymer; forming a second layer of block copolymer above the first layer; causing the block copolymer in the second layer to become ordered in approximately straight lines oriented at an angle from greater than 0 degrees to 90 degrees from a mean direction of longitudinal axes of the lines of the first layer; infiltrating one phase of the block copolymer in each layer with a metal; and removing the block copolymers in the first and second layers whereby the metal remains after the block copolymer is removed. 11. The method as recited in claim 10, wherein the infiltrating step includes soaking the layers in a metal salt solution. 12. The method as recited in claim 10, comprising sintering the metal after removing the block copolymers. 13. The method as recited in claim 10, comprising masking the layers of block copolymers and removing an unmasked portion thereof for patterning the layers prior to the infiltrating. 14. The method as recited in claim 10, wherein an average diameter of the metal from the first layer and/or the metal from the second layer is in a range of about 8 to about 50 nanometers. 15. The method as recited in claim 10, wherein an average diameter of the metal from the first layer is at least 10% greater or smaller than an average diameter of the second metal. 16. The method as recited in claim 10, wherein an average spacing between commonly-aligned strips of at least one of the metals is in a range of about 30 to about 100 nanometers. 17. A metal nanowire mesh, comprising:
first metal wires oriented in approximately straight lines; and second metal wires on the first metal wires, the second metal wires being oriented in approximately straight lines oriented at an angle from greater than 0 degrees to 90 degrees from a mean direction of the lines of the first metal wires, wherein an average diameter of at least one of the first and second metal wires is in a range of about 8 to about 50 nanometers. 18. The metal nanowire mesh as recited in claim 17, wherein an average spacing between the first metal wires is in a range of about 30 to about 100 nanometers. 19. The metal nanowire mesh as recited in claim 17, wherein an average spacing between the first metal wires varies by less than 20% along lengths thereof. 20. The metal nanowire mesh as recited in claim 17, wherein the first metal wires have at least one difference from the second metal wires, the difference being selected from a group consisting of: composition, average diameter, and average spacing between adjacent wires. 21. A method for creating a second mesh, the method comprising:
transferring a pattern of a first metal nanowire mesh into a first substrate underlying the first metal nanowire mesh; and forming a second mesh onto the patterned first substrate, the second mesh having the pattern of the first metal nanowire mesh. 22. A method as recited in claim 21, further comprising, removing the first metal nanowire mesh from the first substrate. 23. A method as recited in claim 21, wherein the second mesh is comprised of metal. 24. A method as recited in claim 21, wherein the second mesh is comprised of silicon. 25. A method as recited in claim 21, further comprising, transferring the second mesh to a second substrate. 26. A method as recited in claim 21, wherein the second mesh is planar. | 1,700 |
3,871 | 14,937,914 | 1,761 | This invention relates to cleaning compositions with controlled dissolution and improved chelation system. The cleaning composition is generally comprised of a majority by weight of a percarbonate compound, a chelation system, and a binder system. The invention also relates to non-oxidizing solid cleaning compositions containing peroxide moieties. These compositions are ideal for use in cleaning appliances, such as automatic washing machines and dishwashers. | 1. A composition comprising:
(a) a majority by weight of a percarbonate-based compound; (b) a chelation system, wherein the chelation system is comprised of at least one carboxylic acid compound; and (c) a binder system, wherein the binder system is comprised of at least one polyol and a second binder component. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the percarbonate-based compound is present in the range from 50% to 70% by weight of the total cleaning composition. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the chelation system is present in the range from 0.01% to 30% by weight of the total cleaning composition. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the binder system is present in the range from 1% to 45% by weight of the total cleaning composition. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the percarbonate-based compound is sodium percarbonate. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one carboxylic acid compound is selected from the group consisting of tartaric acid, citric acid, glycolic acid, aspartic acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, and combinations thereof. 7. The composition of claim 6, wherein the at least one carboxylic acid compound is tartaric acid. 8. The composition of claim 6, wherein the at least one carboxylic acid compound is citric acid. 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second binder component is selected from the group consisting of polyols, sugars, cyclodextrins, starches, natural gums, cellulose gums, microcrystalline cellulose, methylcellulose, cellulose ethers, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, gelatin, pectins, alginates, homopolymers and copolymers of vinyl pyrrolidone, vinyl alcohol, vinyl acetate, acrylamide, vinyl oxoazolidone, and combinations thereof. 10. The composition of claim 9, wherein the second binder component is a sugar. 11. The composition of claim 9, wherein the second binder component is a copolymer of vinyl pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate. 12. The composition of claim 9, wherein polyols are selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, alditols, and combinations thereof. 13. The composition of claim 9, wherein sugars are selected from the group consisting of monosaccharides and polysaccharides. 14. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition further includes a lubricating agent. 15. The composition of claim 14, wherein the lubricating agent is selected from the group consisting of sodium benzoate, magnesium stearate, magnesium lauryl sulfate, L-leucine, polyethylene glycol, and combinations thereof. 16. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition further includes a fragrance. 17. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition further includes fillers. 18. The composition of claim 17, wherein fillers are selected from the group consisting of sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium bicarbonate, and mixtures thereof. 19. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is in the form of a tablet. 20. The composition of claim 19, wherein the tablet is in the weight range of 5 grams to 200 grams. | This invention relates to cleaning compositions with controlled dissolution and improved chelation system. The cleaning composition is generally comprised of a majority by weight of a percarbonate compound, a chelation system, and a binder system. The invention also relates to non-oxidizing solid cleaning compositions containing peroxide moieties. These compositions are ideal for use in cleaning appliances, such as automatic washing machines and dishwashers.1. A composition comprising:
(a) a majority by weight of a percarbonate-based compound; (b) a chelation system, wherein the chelation system is comprised of at least one carboxylic acid compound; and (c) a binder system, wherein the binder system is comprised of at least one polyol and a second binder component. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the percarbonate-based compound is present in the range from 50% to 70% by weight of the total cleaning composition. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the chelation system is present in the range from 0.01% to 30% by weight of the total cleaning composition. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the binder system is present in the range from 1% to 45% by weight of the total cleaning composition. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the percarbonate-based compound is sodium percarbonate. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one carboxylic acid compound is selected from the group consisting of tartaric acid, citric acid, glycolic acid, aspartic acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, and combinations thereof. 7. The composition of claim 6, wherein the at least one carboxylic acid compound is tartaric acid. 8. The composition of claim 6, wherein the at least one carboxylic acid compound is citric acid. 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second binder component is selected from the group consisting of polyols, sugars, cyclodextrins, starches, natural gums, cellulose gums, microcrystalline cellulose, methylcellulose, cellulose ethers, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, gelatin, pectins, alginates, homopolymers and copolymers of vinyl pyrrolidone, vinyl alcohol, vinyl acetate, acrylamide, vinyl oxoazolidone, and combinations thereof. 10. The composition of claim 9, wherein the second binder component is a sugar. 11. The composition of claim 9, wherein the second binder component is a copolymer of vinyl pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate. 12. The composition of claim 9, wherein polyols are selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, alditols, and combinations thereof. 13. The composition of claim 9, wherein sugars are selected from the group consisting of monosaccharides and polysaccharides. 14. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition further includes a lubricating agent. 15. The composition of claim 14, wherein the lubricating agent is selected from the group consisting of sodium benzoate, magnesium stearate, magnesium lauryl sulfate, L-leucine, polyethylene glycol, and combinations thereof. 16. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition further includes a fragrance. 17. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition further includes fillers. 18. The composition of claim 17, wherein fillers are selected from the group consisting of sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium bicarbonate, and mixtures thereof. 19. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is in the form of a tablet. 20. The composition of claim 19, wherein the tablet is in the weight range of 5 grams to 200 grams. | 1,700 |
3,872 | 14,800,791 | 1,771 | A vehicle transmission incorporating a wet clutch, said clutch being lubricated by a transmission fluid containing a major amount of a lubricating oil and a minor amount of an additive composition including:
(i) a compound of structure (I):
wherein a is an integer from 1 to 10 and R is a hydrocarbon group made by the metallocene-catalysed polymerisation of an alphaolefin feedstock, said feedstock being 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene or any mixture thereof;
(ii) a friction modifier; and
(iii) an oil-soluble phosphorus compound. | 1. A vehicle transmission incorporating a wet clutch, said clutch being lubricated by a power transmission fluid comprising a major amount of a lubricating oil and a minor amount of an additive composition, said additive composition comprising:
(i) a compound of structure (I):
wherein a is an integer from 1 to 10 and R is a hydrocarbon group made by the metallocene-catalysed polymerisation of an alphaolefin feedstock, said feedstock being 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene or any mixture thereof;
(ii) a friction modifier; and
(iii) an oil-soluble phosphorus compound. 2. The transmission according to claim 1 wherein said friction modifier (ii) comprises a compound of structure (II):
wherein x+y is from 8 to 15, and z=0 or an integer of from 1 to 5. 3. The transmission according to claim 1 wherein said oil-soluble phosphorus compound (iii) comprises one or more compounds of the structures:
wherein groups R3, R4 and R5 may be the same or different hydrocarbyl groups, or aryl groups and optionally where one or more of the oxygen atoms in the above structures may be replaced by a sulfur atom. 4. The transmission according to claim 3 wherein groups R3 and R4 and R5 are linear alkyl groups optionally containing a thioether linkage. 5. The transmission according to claim 4 wherein groups R3 and R4 and R5 are each independently selected from 3-thio-heptyl, 3-thio-nonyl, 3-thio-undecyl, 3-thio-tridecyl, 5-thio-hexadecyl and 8-thio-octadecyl. 6. The transmission according to claim 1 wherein said additive composition further comprises an ashless dispersant (iv). 7. The transmission according to claim 6 wherein said ashless dispersant (iv) comprises one or more of polyisobutenyl succinimide, polyisobutenyl succinamide, mixed ester/amide of a polyisobutenyl-substituted succinic acid, hydroxyester of a polyisobutenyl-substituted succinic acid, Mannich condensation product of one or more hydrocarbyl-substituted phenols, formaldehyde and one or more polyamines, or a mixture thereof. 8. The transmission according to claim 6 wherein said ashless dispersant (iv) comprises polyisobutenyl succinimide formed from polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride and a polyalkylene polyamine wherein the polyisobutenyl group has a number average molecular weight (Mn) in the range of 750 to 5,000. 9. The transmission according to claim 1 wherein the wet clutch is a slipping torque convertor clutch. 10. A method for improving the dynamic friction performance of a wet clutch, said method comprising lubricating said clutch with a power transmission fluid comprising a major amount of a lubricating oil and a minor amount of an additive composition, said additive composition comprising:
(i) a compound of structure (I):
wherein a is an integer from 1 to 10 and R is a hydrocarbon group made by the metallocene-catalysed polymerisation of an alphaolefin feedstock, said feedstock being 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene or any mixture thereof;
(ii) a friction modifier; and
(iii) an oil-soluble phosphorus compound. 11. The method according to claim 10 wherein the friction modifier (ii) comprises a compound of structure (II):
wherein x+y is from 8 to 15, and z=0 or an integer from 1 to 5. 12. The method according to claim 10 wherein said oil-soluble phosphorus compound (iii) comprises one or more compounds of the structures:
wherein groups R3, R4 and R5 may be the same or different hydrocarbyl groups, or aryl groups and optionally where one or more of the oxygen atoms in the above structures may be replaced by a sulfur atom. 13. The method according to claim 12 wherein groups R3 and R4 and R5 are linear alkyl groups optionally containing a thioether linkage. 14. The method according to claim 13 wherein groups R3 and R4 and R5 are each independently selected from 3-thio-heptyl, 3-thio-nonyl, 3-thio-undecyl, 3-thio-tridecyl, 5-thio-hexadecyl and 8-thio-octadecyl. 15. The method according to claim 10 wherein said additive composition further comprises an ashless dispersant (iv). 16. The method according to claim 15 wherein said ashless dispersant (iv) comprises one or more of polyisobutenyl succinimide, polyisobutenyl succinamide, mixed ester/amide of a polyisobutenyl-substituted succinic acid, hydroxyester of a polyisobutenyl-substituted succinic acid, Mannich condensation product of one or more hydrocarbyl-substituted phenols, formaldehyde and one or more polyamines, or a mixture thereof. 17. The method according to claim 15 wherein said ashless dispersant (iv) comprises polyisobutenyl succinimide formed from polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride and a polyalkylene polyamine wherein the polyisobutenyl group has a number average molecular weight (Mn) in the range of 750 to 5,000. 18. The method according to claim 10 wherein the wet clutch is a slipping torque convertor clutch. 19. A power transmission fluid comprising a major amount of a lubricating oil and a minor amount of an additive composition, wherein the additive composition comprises (i) a compound of structure (I):
wherein a is an integer from 1 to 10 and R is a hydrocarbon group made by the metallocene-catalysed polymerisation of an alphaolefin feedstock, said feedstock being 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene or any mixture thereof;
(ii) a friction modifier of structure (II):
wherein x+y is from 8 to 15, and z=0 or an integer from 1 to 5; and
(iii) an oil-soluble phosphorus compound comprising one or more compounds of the structures:
wherein groups R3, R4 and R5 may be the same or different hydrocarbyl groups, or aryl groups and optionally where one or more of the oxygen atoms in the above structures may be replaced by a sulfur atom. 20. The transmission fluid according to claim 19 wherein groups R3 and R4 and R5 are linear alkyl groups optionally containing a thioether linkage. 21. The transmission fluid according to claim 19 wherein groups R3 and R4 and R5 are each independently selected from 3-thio-heptyl, 3-thio-nonyl, 3-thio-undecyl, 3-thio-tridecyl, 5-thio-hexadecyl and 8-thio-octadecyl. 22. The transmission fluid according to claim 19 wherein said additive composition further comprises an ashless dispersant (iv). 23. The transmission fluid according to claim 22 wherein said ashless dispersant (iv) comprises one or more of polyisobutenyl succinimide, polyisobutenyl succinamide, mixed ester/amide of a polyisobutenyl-substituted succinic acid, hydroxyester of a polyisobutenyl-substituted succinic acid, Mannich condensation product of one or more hydrocarbyl-substituted phenols, formaldehyde and one or more polyamines, or a mixture thereof. 24. The transmission fluid according to claim 22 wherein said ashless dispersant (iv) comprises polyisobutenyl succinimide formed from polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride and a polyalkylene polyamine wherein the polyisobutenyl group has a number average molecular weight (Mn) in the range 750 to 5,000. | A vehicle transmission incorporating a wet clutch, said clutch being lubricated by a transmission fluid containing a major amount of a lubricating oil and a minor amount of an additive composition including:
(i) a compound of structure (I):
wherein a is an integer from 1 to 10 and R is a hydrocarbon group made by the metallocene-catalysed polymerisation of an alphaolefin feedstock, said feedstock being 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene or any mixture thereof;
(ii) a friction modifier; and
(iii) an oil-soluble phosphorus compound.1. A vehicle transmission incorporating a wet clutch, said clutch being lubricated by a power transmission fluid comprising a major amount of a lubricating oil and a minor amount of an additive composition, said additive composition comprising:
(i) a compound of structure (I):
wherein a is an integer from 1 to 10 and R is a hydrocarbon group made by the metallocene-catalysed polymerisation of an alphaolefin feedstock, said feedstock being 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene or any mixture thereof;
(ii) a friction modifier; and
(iii) an oil-soluble phosphorus compound. 2. The transmission according to claim 1 wherein said friction modifier (ii) comprises a compound of structure (II):
wherein x+y is from 8 to 15, and z=0 or an integer of from 1 to 5. 3. The transmission according to claim 1 wherein said oil-soluble phosphorus compound (iii) comprises one or more compounds of the structures:
wherein groups R3, R4 and R5 may be the same or different hydrocarbyl groups, or aryl groups and optionally where one or more of the oxygen atoms in the above structures may be replaced by a sulfur atom. 4. The transmission according to claim 3 wherein groups R3 and R4 and R5 are linear alkyl groups optionally containing a thioether linkage. 5. The transmission according to claim 4 wherein groups R3 and R4 and R5 are each independently selected from 3-thio-heptyl, 3-thio-nonyl, 3-thio-undecyl, 3-thio-tridecyl, 5-thio-hexadecyl and 8-thio-octadecyl. 6. The transmission according to claim 1 wherein said additive composition further comprises an ashless dispersant (iv). 7. The transmission according to claim 6 wherein said ashless dispersant (iv) comprises one or more of polyisobutenyl succinimide, polyisobutenyl succinamide, mixed ester/amide of a polyisobutenyl-substituted succinic acid, hydroxyester of a polyisobutenyl-substituted succinic acid, Mannich condensation product of one or more hydrocarbyl-substituted phenols, formaldehyde and one or more polyamines, or a mixture thereof. 8. The transmission according to claim 6 wherein said ashless dispersant (iv) comprises polyisobutenyl succinimide formed from polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride and a polyalkylene polyamine wherein the polyisobutenyl group has a number average molecular weight (Mn) in the range of 750 to 5,000. 9. The transmission according to claim 1 wherein the wet clutch is a slipping torque convertor clutch. 10. A method for improving the dynamic friction performance of a wet clutch, said method comprising lubricating said clutch with a power transmission fluid comprising a major amount of a lubricating oil and a minor amount of an additive composition, said additive composition comprising:
(i) a compound of structure (I):
wherein a is an integer from 1 to 10 and R is a hydrocarbon group made by the metallocene-catalysed polymerisation of an alphaolefin feedstock, said feedstock being 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene or any mixture thereof;
(ii) a friction modifier; and
(iii) an oil-soluble phosphorus compound. 11. The method according to claim 10 wherein the friction modifier (ii) comprises a compound of structure (II):
wherein x+y is from 8 to 15, and z=0 or an integer from 1 to 5. 12. The method according to claim 10 wherein said oil-soluble phosphorus compound (iii) comprises one or more compounds of the structures:
wherein groups R3, R4 and R5 may be the same or different hydrocarbyl groups, or aryl groups and optionally where one or more of the oxygen atoms in the above structures may be replaced by a sulfur atom. 13. The method according to claim 12 wherein groups R3 and R4 and R5 are linear alkyl groups optionally containing a thioether linkage. 14. The method according to claim 13 wherein groups R3 and R4 and R5 are each independently selected from 3-thio-heptyl, 3-thio-nonyl, 3-thio-undecyl, 3-thio-tridecyl, 5-thio-hexadecyl and 8-thio-octadecyl. 15. The method according to claim 10 wherein said additive composition further comprises an ashless dispersant (iv). 16. The method according to claim 15 wherein said ashless dispersant (iv) comprises one or more of polyisobutenyl succinimide, polyisobutenyl succinamide, mixed ester/amide of a polyisobutenyl-substituted succinic acid, hydroxyester of a polyisobutenyl-substituted succinic acid, Mannich condensation product of one or more hydrocarbyl-substituted phenols, formaldehyde and one or more polyamines, or a mixture thereof. 17. The method according to claim 15 wherein said ashless dispersant (iv) comprises polyisobutenyl succinimide formed from polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride and a polyalkylene polyamine wherein the polyisobutenyl group has a number average molecular weight (Mn) in the range of 750 to 5,000. 18. The method according to claim 10 wherein the wet clutch is a slipping torque convertor clutch. 19. A power transmission fluid comprising a major amount of a lubricating oil and a minor amount of an additive composition, wherein the additive composition comprises (i) a compound of structure (I):
wherein a is an integer from 1 to 10 and R is a hydrocarbon group made by the metallocene-catalysed polymerisation of an alphaolefin feedstock, said feedstock being 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene or any mixture thereof;
(ii) a friction modifier of structure (II):
wherein x+y is from 8 to 15, and z=0 or an integer from 1 to 5; and
(iii) an oil-soluble phosphorus compound comprising one or more compounds of the structures:
wherein groups R3, R4 and R5 may be the same or different hydrocarbyl groups, or aryl groups and optionally where one or more of the oxygen atoms in the above structures may be replaced by a sulfur atom. 20. The transmission fluid according to claim 19 wherein groups R3 and R4 and R5 are linear alkyl groups optionally containing a thioether linkage. 21. The transmission fluid according to claim 19 wherein groups R3 and R4 and R5 are each independently selected from 3-thio-heptyl, 3-thio-nonyl, 3-thio-undecyl, 3-thio-tridecyl, 5-thio-hexadecyl and 8-thio-octadecyl. 22. The transmission fluid according to claim 19 wherein said additive composition further comprises an ashless dispersant (iv). 23. The transmission fluid according to claim 22 wherein said ashless dispersant (iv) comprises one or more of polyisobutenyl succinimide, polyisobutenyl succinamide, mixed ester/amide of a polyisobutenyl-substituted succinic acid, hydroxyester of a polyisobutenyl-substituted succinic acid, Mannich condensation product of one or more hydrocarbyl-substituted phenols, formaldehyde and one or more polyamines, or a mixture thereof. 24. The transmission fluid according to claim 22 wherein said ashless dispersant (iv) comprises polyisobutenyl succinimide formed from polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride and a polyalkylene polyamine wherein the polyisobutenyl group has a number average molecular weight (Mn) in the range 750 to 5,000. | 1,700 |
3,873 | 14,627,674 | 1,777 | Provided herein are methods of processing a cell culture and open circuit filtration systems. | 1. A method of processing a cell culture, the method comprising:
(a) providing an open circuit filtration system comprising a reservoir comprising a cell culture, a tangential flow filtration (TFF) unit having a first and a second inlet, a first conduit in fluid communication between the reservoir and the TFF unit first inlet, and a second conduit in fluid communication between the reservoir and the TFF unit second inlet, and at least one pump disposed within the system for flowing fluid through the system, wherein the system is configured such that fluid can be flowed reversibly through the system from or to the reservoir and through the first and second conduits and the TFF unit via the at least one pump, and filtrate can be collected from the TFF unit; (b) flowing cell culture from the reservoir through the TFF unit in a first flow direction for a first period of time, (c) reversing the first flow direction and flowing the cell culture through the TFF unit in a second flow direction for a second period of time; (d) reversing the second flow direction and flowing the culture through the TFF unit in the first flow direction for a third period of time; (e) repeating steps (c)-(d) at least two times; and (f) collecting the filtrate. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the reservoir is a bioreactor. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the reservoir is a refrigerated holding tank. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein one or both of the first and second conduits comprise(s) biocompatible tubing. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the TFF unit comprises a single cross-flow filter. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the single cross-flow filter is a tubular cross-flow filter. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the TFF unit comprises two or more cross-flow filters. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the system comprises one or more additional TFF units disposed in the first conduit, the second conduit, or both. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one pump is disposed in the first conduit, the second conduit, or both. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the at least one pump is disposed in the system between any two TFF units. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one pump is a low turbulence pump (LTP). 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the LTP is a peristaltic pump. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the system comprises a first and a second LTP, wherein the first LTP flows the cell culture in the first direction and the second LTP flows the cell culture in the second direction. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the system comprises a single LTP, wherein the single LTP flows the cell culture in the first direction during the first and third time periods and flows the cell culture in the second direction during the second time period. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the filtrate does not comprise a mammalian cell. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell culture comprises a secreted recombinant protein and the filtrate comprises the secreted recombinant protein. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the secreted recombinant protein is an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, a growth factor, a cytokine, or an enzyme, or a combination thereof. 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising isolating the secreted recombinant protein from the filtrate. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the isolating is performed using an integrated and continuous process that includes isolating through at least one multi-column chromatography system (MCCS). 20. The method of claim 18, further comprising formulating a therapeutic drug substance by mixing the isolated recombinant protein with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or buffer. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell culture or filtrate, or both, are sterile. 22. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is continuously performed for a period of between about 14 days and about 80 days. 23. An open circuit filtration system comprising a reservoir, a tangential flow filtration (TFF) unit having a first and a second inlet, a first conduit in fluid communication between the reservoir and the TFF unit first inlet, and a second conduit in fluid communication between the reservoir and the TFF unit second inlet, and at least one pump disposed within the system, wherein actuating the at least one pump flows fluid reversibly through the system from the reservoir, through the first conduit, the TFF unit, the second conduit, and back to the reservoir. 24. The open circuit filtration system of claim 23, wherein the reservoir is a bioreactor. 25. The open circuit filtration system of claim 23, wherein the system comprises one or more additional TFF units disposed in the first conduit, the second conduit, or both. 26. The open circuit filtration system of claim 23, wherein the at least one pump is disposed in the first conduit, the second conduit, or both. 27. The open circuit filtration system of claim 23, wherein the at least one pump is a low turbulence pump (LTP). 28. The open circuit filtration system of claim 27, wherein the system comprises a first and a second LTP, wherein the first LTP is adapted to flow the cell culture in a first flow direction and the second LTP is adapted to reverse the first flow direction and flow the cell culture in a second flow direction. 29. The open circuit filtration system of claim 27, wherein the system comprises a single LTP adapted to reversibly flow the cell culture in first and second flow directions. 30. The open filtration system of claim 23, further comprising a filtrate holding tank and a filtrate conduit in fluid communication between the TFF unit and the filtrate holding tank. | Provided herein are methods of processing a cell culture and open circuit filtration systems.1. A method of processing a cell culture, the method comprising:
(a) providing an open circuit filtration system comprising a reservoir comprising a cell culture, a tangential flow filtration (TFF) unit having a first and a second inlet, a first conduit in fluid communication between the reservoir and the TFF unit first inlet, and a second conduit in fluid communication between the reservoir and the TFF unit second inlet, and at least one pump disposed within the system for flowing fluid through the system, wherein the system is configured such that fluid can be flowed reversibly through the system from or to the reservoir and through the first and second conduits and the TFF unit via the at least one pump, and filtrate can be collected from the TFF unit; (b) flowing cell culture from the reservoir through the TFF unit in a first flow direction for a first period of time, (c) reversing the first flow direction and flowing the cell culture through the TFF unit in a second flow direction for a second period of time; (d) reversing the second flow direction and flowing the culture through the TFF unit in the first flow direction for a third period of time; (e) repeating steps (c)-(d) at least two times; and (f) collecting the filtrate. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the reservoir is a bioreactor. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the reservoir is a refrigerated holding tank. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein one or both of the first and second conduits comprise(s) biocompatible tubing. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the TFF unit comprises a single cross-flow filter. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the single cross-flow filter is a tubular cross-flow filter. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the TFF unit comprises two or more cross-flow filters. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the system comprises one or more additional TFF units disposed in the first conduit, the second conduit, or both. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one pump is disposed in the first conduit, the second conduit, or both. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the at least one pump is disposed in the system between any two TFF units. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one pump is a low turbulence pump (LTP). 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the LTP is a peristaltic pump. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the system comprises a first and a second LTP, wherein the first LTP flows the cell culture in the first direction and the second LTP flows the cell culture in the second direction. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the system comprises a single LTP, wherein the single LTP flows the cell culture in the first direction during the first and third time periods and flows the cell culture in the second direction during the second time period. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the filtrate does not comprise a mammalian cell. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell culture comprises a secreted recombinant protein and the filtrate comprises the secreted recombinant protein. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the secreted recombinant protein is an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, a growth factor, a cytokine, or an enzyme, or a combination thereof. 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising isolating the secreted recombinant protein from the filtrate. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the isolating is performed using an integrated and continuous process that includes isolating through at least one multi-column chromatography system (MCCS). 20. The method of claim 18, further comprising formulating a therapeutic drug substance by mixing the isolated recombinant protein with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or buffer. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell culture or filtrate, or both, are sterile. 22. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is continuously performed for a period of between about 14 days and about 80 days. 23. An open circuit filtration system comprising a reservoir, a tangential flow filtration (TFF) unit having a first and a second inlet, a first conduit in fluid communication between the reservoir and the TFF unit first inlet, and a second conduit in fluid communication between the reservoir and the TFF unit second inlet, and at least one pump disposed within the system, wherein actuating the at least one pump flows fluid reversibly through the system from the reservoir, through the first conduit, the TFF unit, the second conduit, and back to the reservoir. 24. The open circuit filtration system of claim 23, wherein the reservoir is a bioreactor. 25. The open circuit filtration system of claim 23, wherein the system comprises one or more additional TFF units disposed in the first conduit, the second conduit, or both. 26. The open circuit filtration system of claim 23, wherein the at least one pump is disposed in the first conduit, the second conduit, or both. 27. The open circuit filtration system of claim 23, wherein the at least one pump is a low turbulence pump (LTP). 28. The open circuit filtration system of claim 27, wherein the system comprises a first and a second LTP, wherein the first LTP is adapted to flow the cell culture in a first flow direction and the second LTP is adapted to reverse the first flow direction and flow the cell culture in a second flow direction. 29. The open circuit filtration system of claim 27, wherein the system comprises a single LTP adapted to reversibly flow the cell culture in first and second flow directions. 30. The open filtration system of claim 23, further comprising a filtrate holding tank and a filtrate conduit in fluid communication between the TFF unit and the filtrate holding tank. | 1,700 |
3,874 | 14,764,711 | 1,787 | There is provided a one-part, moisture curable coating composition comprising: a silyl terminated polymer, wherein the silyl terminated polymer is polyoxyalkylene polymer having at least one end group derived from an alkoxy silane, and a polyether plasticizer, and further the polyether plasticizer has a number average molecular weight between 300 g/mol to 600 g/mol. There are also provided articles and films made using and methods for using these coating compositions. | 1. A one-part, moisture curable coating composition comprising:
(a) a silyl terminated polymer, wherein the silyl terminated polymer is a polyoxyalkylene polymer having at least one end group derived from an alkoxy silane, and (b) a polyether plasticizer, and wherein the polyether plasticizer has a number average molecular weight between 300 g/mol to 600 g/mol, and further wherein the polyether plasticizer is essentially free of primary or secondary hydroxyl and primary or secondary amine. 2. The coating composition of claim 1 wherein the coating composition has a moisture vapor transmission rate of 0.50 perm-cm or more according to ASTM E96 method. 3. The coating composition of claim 1 wherein the coating composition has a moisture vapor transmission rate of 0.65 perm-cm or more according to ASTM E96 method. 4. (canceled) 5. The composition of claim 1 wherein the coating composition is a liquid at ambient conditions. 6. The coating composition of claim 1, wherein the polyether plasticizer comprises from 5 to 50 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the silyl terminated polymer. 7. The coating composition of claim 1 wherein the coating composition comprises at least 20 wt % of components (a) and (b) based on the total weight of the coating composition. 8. The coating composition of claim 1 further comprising fillers. 9. The coating composition of claim 1 further comprising solvent or solvents. 10. An article comprising a substrate coated with a coating comprising the coating composition of claim 1. 11. The article of claim 10 wherein the coating is continuous. 12. A film comprising the coating composition of claim 1. 13. The film of claim 12 wherein the film has a permeability of 0.50 perms-cm or more according to ASTM E 96. 14. A method of coating a substrate surface comprising applying the coating composition according to claim 1 to a substrate surface and allowing it to cure. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the coating composition is applied at an ambient temperature of −20° C. or higher. 16. A method for controlling water vapor transport across a surface of a structure comprising:
(a) coating at least a portion of the surface of the structure with a coating composition comprising: (i) a silyl terminated polymer, wherein the silyl terminated polymer is a polyoxyalkylene polymer having at least one end group derived from an alkoxy silane, and (ii) a polyether plasticizer, wherein the polyether plasticizer is essentially free of primary or secondary hydroxyl and primary or secondary amine, and (b) curing the coating composition. | There is provided a one-part, moisture curable coating composition comprising: a silyl terminated polymer, wherein the silyl terminated polymer is polyoxyalkylene polymer having at least one end group derived from an alkoxy silane, and a polyether plasticizer, and further the polyether plasticizer has a number average molecular weight between 300 g/mol to 600 g/mol. There are also provided articles and films made using and methods for using these coating compositions.1. A one-part, moisture curable coating composition comprising:
(a) a silyl terminated polymer, wherein the silyl terminated polymer is a polyoxyalkylene polymer having at least one end group derived from an alkoxy silane, and (b) a polyether plasticizer, and wherein the polyether plasticizer has a number average molecular weight between 300 g/mol to 600 g/mol, and further wherein the polyether plasticizer is essentially free of primary or secondary hydroxyl and primary or secondary amine. 2. The coating composition of claim 1 wherein the coating composition has a moisture vapor transmission rate of 0.50 perm-cm or more according to ASTM E96 method. 3. The coating composition of claim 1 wherein the coating composition has a moisture vapor transmission rate of 0.65 perm-cm or more according to ASTM E96 method. 4. (canceled) 5. The composition of claim 1 wherein the coating composition is a liquid at ambient conditions. 6. The coating composition of claim 1, wherein the polyether plasticizer comprises from 5 to 50 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the silyl terminated polymer. 7. The coating composition of claim 1 wherein the coating composition comprises at least 20 wt % of components (a) and (b) based on the total weight of the coating composition. 8. The coating composition of claim 1 further comprising fillers. 9. The coating composition of claim 1 further comprising solvent or solvents. 10. An article comprising a substrate coated with a coating comprising the coating composition of claim 1. 11. The article of claim 10 wherein the coating is continuous. 12. A film comprising the coating composition of claim 1. 13. The film of claim 12 wherein the film has a permeability of 0.50 perms-cm or more according to ASTM E 96. 14. A method of coating a substrate surface comprising applying the coating composition according to claim 1 to a substrate surface and allowing it to cure. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the coating composition is applied at an ambient temperature of −20° C. or higher. 16. A method for controlling water vapor transport across a surface of a structure comprising:
(a) coating at least a portion of the surface of the structure with a coating composition comprising: (i) a silyl terminated polymer, wherein the silyl terminated polymer is a polyoxyalkylene polymer having at least one end group derived from an alkoxy silane, and (ii) a polyether plasticizer, wherein the polyether plasticizer is essentially free of primary or secondary hydroxyl and primary or secondary amine, and (b) curing the coating composition. | 1,700 |
3,875 | 15,324,022 | 1,741 | A device for melting glass includes a furnace equipped with electrodes in contact with the mass of vitrifiable materials. The furnace includes a side opening connected to a feeder channel for the molten glass, a removable barrier dipping into the glass in or before the opening so that a vertical plane passing through the upstream face of the barrier touches the biggest horizontal circle which can be inscribed the furthest downstream in the furnace, barrier excluded, the biggest circle being at the height of the highest side of the bottom of the channel. The device delivers a glass of good quality which can feed a fiberizing device. | 1. A device for melting glass comprising:
a furnace equipped with electrodes in contact with a mass of vitrifiable materials, the furnace comprising a side opening connected to a feeder channel for the molten glass, a removable barrier dipping into the glass in or before the opening so that a vertical plane passing through an upstream face of the barrier touches a biggest horizontal circle which can be inscribed the furthest downstream in the furnace, barrier excluded, the biggest circle being at a height of a highest side of a bottom of the channel. 2. The device according to the claim 1, wherein the barrier is wider than the side opening of the furnace. 3. The device according to claim 1, wherein the barrier is in the furnace and is supported against side walls of the furnace on either side of the opening. 4. The device according to claim 1, wherein the barrier is removable vertically. 5. The device according to claim 1, wherein the barrier is removable laterally. 6. The device according to claim 1, wherein the barrier is in contact with side walls of the furnace or of the channel, forcing the molten glass to pass under the barrier without being able to pass through sides of the barrier. 7. The device according to claim 1, wherein, from passage of the glass under the barrier, the glass is in plug flow. 8. The device according to claim 1, wherein the electrodes are immersed in the glass via a top. 9. The device according to claim 1, wherein the barrier is wider than the side opening of the furnace and is in the furnace, supported against side walls of the furnace on either side of the opening, and is mobile laterally. 10. A process for preparing glass, comprising:
melting of vitrifiable materials by the device of claim 1. 11. The process according to claim 10, wherein the channel feeds a glass wool fiberizing device. 12. The process according to claim 10, wherein the glass comprises:
SiO2: 35 to 80% by weight, Al2O3: 0 to 30% by weight, CaO+MgO: 5 to 35% by weight, Na2O+K2O: 0 to 20% by weight. 13. The process according to claim 12, wherein SiO2+Al2O3 is within a range extending from 50 to 80% by weight and Na2O+K2O+B2O3 is within a range extending from 5 to 30% by weight. 14. The process according to claim 10, wherein the glass comprises the following components:
SiO2: 50 to 75% by weight, Al2O3: 0 to 8% by weight, CaO+MgO: 5 to 20% by weight, Iron oxide: 0 to 3% by weight, Na2O+K2O: 12 to 20% by weight, B2O3: 2 to 10% by weight. 15. The process according to claim 10, wherein the glass comprises the following components:
SiO2: 35 to 50% by weight, Al2O3: 10 to 30% by weight, CaO+MgO: 12 to 35% by weight, Iron oxide: 2 to 10% by weight, Na2O+K2O: 0 to 20% by weight. 16. The process according to claim 10, wherein a temperature of the glass is sufficiently high for a viscosity η in poises of the glass at 1 cm from the upstream face of the barrier to be such that log10 η<2. 17. The process according to claim 10, wherein a temperature of the glass in the furnace is between 1200 and 1700° C. 18. The process according to claim 10, wherein a highest temperature of the glass is located in the furnace, opposite the upstream face of the barrier. 19. The process according to claim 10, wherein a draw is between 5 and 100 tonnes per day. 20. The process according to claim 10, wherein a height of glass under the barrier is less than a height of the barrier in contact with the molten glass under a crust of raw materials. | A device for melting glass includes a furnace equipped with electrodes in contact with the mass of vitrifiable materials. The furnace includes a side opening connected to a feeder channel for the molten glass, a removable barrier dipping into the glass in or before the opening so that a vertical plane passing through the upstream face of the barrier touches the biggest horizontal circle which can be inscribed the furthest downstream in the furnace, barrier excluded, the biggest circle being at the height of the highest side of the bottom of the channel. The device delivers a glass of good quality which can feed a fiberizing device.1. A device for melting glass comprising:
a furnace equipped with electrodes in contact with a mass of vitrifiable materials, the furnace comprising a side opening connected to a feeder channel for the molten glass, a removable barrier dipping into the glass in or before the opening so that a vertical plane passing through an upstream face of the barrier touches a biggest horizontal circle which can be inscribed the furthest downstream in the furnace, barrier excluded, the biggest circle being at a height of a highest side of a bottom of the channel. 2. The device according to the claim 1, wherein the barrier is wider than the side opening of the furnace. 3. The device according to claim 1, wherein the barrier is in the furnace and is supported against side walls of the furnace on either side of the opening. 4. The device according to claim 1, wherein the barrier is removable vertically. 5. The device according to claim 1, wherein the barrier is removable laterally. 6. The device according to claim 1, wherein the barrier is in contact with side walls of the furnace or of the channel, forcing the molten glass to pass under the barrier without being able to pass through sides of the barrier. 7. The device according to claim 1, wherein, from passage of the glass under the barrier, the glass is in plug flow. 8. The device according to claim 1, wherein the electrodes are immersed in the glass via a top. 9. The device according to claim 1, wherein the barrier is wider than the side opening of the furnace and is in the furnace, supported against side walls of the furnace on either side of the opening, and is mobile laterally. 10. A process for preparing glass, comprising:
melting of vitrifiable materials by the device of claim 1. 11. The process according to claim 10, wherein the channel feeds a glass wool fiberizing device. 12. The process according to claim 10, wherein the glass comprises:
SiO2: 35 to 80% by weight, Al2O3: 0 to 30% by weight, CaO+MgO: 5 to 35% by weight, Na2O+K2O: 0 to 20% by weight. 13. The process according to claim 12, wherein SiO2+Al2O3 is within a range extending from 50 to 80% by weight and Na2O+K2O+B2O3 is within a range extending from 5 to 30% by weight. 14. The process according to claim 10, wherein the glass comprises the following components:
SiO2: 50 to 75% by weight, Al2O3: 0 to 8% by weight, CaO+MgO: 5 to 20% by weight, Iron oxide: 0 to 3% by weight, Na2O+K2O: 12 to 20% by weight, B2O3: 2 to 10% by weight. 15. The process according to claim 10, wherein the glass comprises the following components:
SiO2: 35 to 50% by weight, Al2O3: 10 to 30% by weight, CaO+MgO: 12 to 35% by weight, Iron oxide: 2 to 10% by weight, Na2O+K2O: 0 to 20% by weight. 16. The process according to claim 10, wherein a temperature of the glass is sufficiently high for a viscosity η in poises of the glass at 1 cm from the upstream face of the barrier to be such that log10 η<2. 17. The process according to claim 10, wherein a temperature of the glass in the furnace is between 1200 and 1700° C. 18. The process according to claim 10, wherein a highest temperature of the glass is located in the furnace, opposite the upstream face of the barrier. 19. The process according to claim 10, wherein a draw is between 5 and 100 tonnes per day. 20. The process according to claim 10, wherein a height of glass under the barrier is less than a height of the barrier in contact with the molten glass under a crust of raw materials. | 1,700 |
3,876 | 13,405,088 | 1,795 | An electrode “flow-through” capacitive desalination system wherein feed water is pumped through the pores of a pair of monolithic porous electrodes separated by an ultrathin non-conducting porous film. The pair of monolithic porous electrodes are porous conductors made of a material such as activated carbon aerogel. The feed water flows through the electrodes and the spacing between electrodes is on the order 10 microns. | 1. A capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution, comprising:
a first porous electrode conductor having first pores, a second porous electrode conductor having second pores, a non-conducting permeable spacer between said first porous electrode conductor and said second porous electrode conductor, a system for applying an electric potential difference between said first porous electrode conductor, and said second porous electrode conductor, thereby removing at least a portion of the salt from the target salt solution, and a system for flowing the target salt solution through first porous electrode conductor having first pores, through said non-conducting permeable spacer, and through said second porous electrode conductor having second pores thereby extracting at least a portion of the desalted target salt solution. 2. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 1 wherein said non-conducting permeable spacer has a width that is less than 100 μm thick. 3. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 1 wherein said non-conducting permeable spacer has a width and said width is between 20 μm and 100 μm. 4. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 1 wherein said first porous electrode conductor has a first electrode conductor width and wherein said non-conducting permeable spacer has a width that is less forty percent of said first electrode conductor width. 5. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 4 wherein said second porous electrode conductor has a second electrode conductor width and wherein said non-conducting permeable spacer has a width that is less forty percent of said second electrode conductor width. 6. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 1 wherein said first pores of said first porous electrode conductor having first pores comprise transport pores with diameter greater than 500 nm for effecting transport of the target salt solution and adsorption pores with diameter less than 100 nm for effecting adsorption of the salt from the target salt solution. 7. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 1 wherein said first porous electrode conductor having first pores is made of carbon. 8. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 1 wherein said second porous electrode conductor having second pores is made of carbon. 9. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 1 wherein said first porous electrode conductor having first pores is made of carbon and wherein said second porous electrode conductor having second pores is made of carbon. 10. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 1 wherein said first porous electrode conductor having first pores is made of carbon aerogel. 11. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 1 wherein said first porous electrode conductor having first pores and said second porous electrode conductor having second pores are made of carbon aerogel. 12. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 1 wherein said system for flowing the target salt solution through first porous electrode conductor, through said non-conducting permeable spacer, and through said second porous electrode conductor provides a target salt solution flow; and wherein said system for applying an electric potential difference between said first porous electrode conductor and said second porous electrode conductor produces and electric field that is perpendicular to said target salt solution flow. 13. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 1 wherein said system for flowing the target salt solution through first porous electrode conductor, through said non-conducting permeable spacer, and through said second porous electrode conductor provides a target salt solution flow; and wherein said system for applying an electric potential difference between said first porous electrode conductor and said second porous electrode conductor produces and electric field that is parallel to said target salt solution flow. 14. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 1 wherein said a first porous electrode conductor having first pores, a second porous electrode conductor having second pores, a non-conducting permeable spacer between said first porous electrode conductor and said second porous electrode conductor are spiral wound. 15. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 1 further comprising additional units of capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution wherein said additional units of capacitive desalination apparatus comprise a first porous electrode conductor having first pores, a second porous electrode conductor having second pores, a non-conducting permeable spacer between said first porous electrode conductor and said second porous electrode conductor, a system for applying an electric potential difference between said first porous electrode conductor, and said second porous electrode conductor, thereby removing at least a portion of the salt from the target salt solution, and a system for flowing the target salt solution through first porous electrode conductor having first pores, through said non-conducting permeable spacer, and through said second porous electrode conductor having second pores thereby extracting at least a portion of the desalted target salt solution. 16. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 1 further comprising additional units of capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution wherein said additional units of capacitive desalination apparatus comprise a first porous electrode conductor having first pores, a second porous electrode conductor having second pores, a non-conducting permeable spacer between said first porous electrode conductor and said second porous electrode conductor, a system for applying an electric potential difference between said first porous electrode conductor, and said second porous electrode conductor, thereby removing at least a portion of the salt from the target salt solution, and a system for flowing the target salt solution through first porous electrode conductor having first pores, through said non-conducting permeable spacer, and through said second porous electrode conductor having second pores thereby extracting at least a portion of the desalted target salt solution connected in series. 17. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 1 further comprising additional units of capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution wherein said additional units of capacitive desalination apparatus comprise a first porous electrode conductor having first pores, a second porous electrode conductor having second pores, a non-conducting permeable spacer between said first porous electrode conductor and said second porous electrode conductor, a system for applying an electric potential difference between said first porous electrode conductor, and said second porous electrode conductor, thereby removing at least a portion of the salt from the target salt solution, and a system for flowing the target salt solution through first porous electrode conductor having first pores, through said non-conducting permeable spacer, and through said second porous electrode conductor having second pores thereby extracting at least a portion of the desalted target salt solution connected in parallel. 18. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 1 further comprising additional units of capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution wherein said additional units of capacitive desalination apparatus comprise a first porous electrode conductor having first pores, a second porous electrode conductor having second pores, a non-conducting permeable spacer between said first porous electrode conductor and said second porous electrode conductor, a system for applying an electric potential difference between said first porous electrode conductor, and said second porous electrode conductor, thereby removing at least a portion of the salt from the target salt solution, and a system for flowing the target salt solution through first porous electrode conductor having first pores, through said non-conducting permeable spacer, and through said second porous electrode conductor having second pores thereby extracting at least a portion of the desalted target salt solution connected in series and in parallel. 19. A capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution, comprising:
a first porous electrode conductor having first pores, a second porous electrode conductor having second pores, a non-conducting permeable spacer between said first porous electrode conductor and said second porous electrode conductor, a system for applying an electric potential difference between said first porous electrode conductor, and said second porous electrode conductor, thereby removing at least a portion of the salt from the target salt solution, and means for flowing the target salt solution through first porous electrode conductor having first pores, through said non-conducting permeable spacer, and through said second porous electrode conductor having second pores thereby extracting at least a portion of the desalted target salt solution. 20. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 19 wherein said non-conducting permeable spacer has a width that is less than 100 μm thick. 21. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 19 wherein said non-conducting permeable spacer has a width and said width is between 20 μm and 100 μm. 22. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 19 wherein said first porous electrode conductor has a first electrode conductor width and wherein said non-conducting permeable spacer has a width that is less forty percent of said first electrode conductor width. 23. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 22 wherein said second porous electrode conductor has a second electrode conductor width and wherein said non-conducting permeable spacer has a width that is less forty percent of said second electrode conductor width. 24. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 19 wherein said first pores of said first porous electrode conductor having first pores comprise transport pores with diameter greater than 500 nm for effecting transport of the target salt solution and adsorption pores with diameter less than 100 nm for effecting adsorption of the salt from the target salt solution. 25. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 19 wherein said first porous electrode conductor having first pores is made of carbon aerogel. 26. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 19 wherein said first porous electrode conductor having first pores and said second porous electrode conductor having second pores are made of carbon aerogel. 27. A capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution, comprising:
a first porous monolithic electrode conductor having first pores, a second porous monolithic electrode conductor having second pores, a non-conducting permeable spacer between said first porous monolithic electrode conductor and said second porous monolithic electrode conductor, a system for applying an electric potential difference between said first porous monolithic electrode conductor, and said second porous monolithic electrode conductor, thereby removing at least a portion of the salt from the target salt solution, and a system for flowing the target salt solution through first porous monolithic electrode conductor having first pores, through said non-conducting permeable spacer, and through said second porous monolithic electrode conductor having second pores thereby extracting at least a portion of the desalted target salt solution. 28. A method of capacitive desalination for removing salt from a target salt solution, comprising the steps of:
providing a first porous electrode conductor having first pores, providing a second porous electrode conductor having second pores, providing a non-conducting permeable spacer between said first porous electrode conductor and said second porous electrode conductor, applying an electric field between said first porous electrode conductor and said second porous electrode conductor utilizing said first porous electrode conductor and said second porous electrode conductor, and flowing the target salt solution through said first pores of said first porous electrode conductor, said second pores of said second porous electrode conductor, and said film for extracting the target salt solution. 29. The method of capacitive desalination for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 28 wherein said step of providing a non-conducting permeable spacer between said first porous electrode conductor and said second porous electrode conductor comprises providing a non-conducting permeable spacer that has a width and said width is less than 100 μm thick between said first porous electrode conductor and said second porous electrode conductor. 30. The method of capacitive desalination for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 28 wherein said step of providing a first porous electrode conductor having first pores comprises providing a first porous electrode conductor having first pores wherein said first pores include transport pores with diameter greater than 500 nm for effecting transport of the target salt solution and adsorption pores with diameter less than 100 nm for effecting adsorption of the salt from the target salt solution. 31. The method of capacitive desalination for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 28 wherein said step of providing a first porous electrode conductor having first pores comprises providing a first porous electrode conductor made of carbon. 32. The method of capacitive desalination for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 28 wherein said step of providing a first porous electrode conductor having first pores comprises providing a first porous electrode conductor made of carbon aerogel. 33. The method of capacitive desalination for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 28 wherein said step of providing a first porous electrode conductor having first pores comprises providing a first porous electrode conductor made of carbon aerogel and wherein said step of providing a second porous electrode conductor having second pores comprises providing a second porous electrode conductor made of carbon aerogel. | An electrode “flow-through” capacitive desalination system wherein feed water is pumped through the pores of a pair of monolithic porous electrodes separated by an ultrathin non-conducting porous film. The pair of monolithic porous electrodes are porous conductors made of a material such as activated carbon aerogel. The feed water flows through the electrodes and the spacing between electrodes is on the order 10 microns.1. A capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution, comprising:
a first porous electrode conductor having first pores, a second porous electrode conductor having second pores, a non-conducting permeable spacer between said first porous electrode conductor and said second porous electrode conductor, a system for applying an electric potential difference between said first porous electrode conductor, and said second porous electrode conductor, thereby removing at least a portion of the salt from the target salt solution, and a system for flowing the target salt solution through first porous electrode conductor having first pores, through said non-conducting permeable spacer, and through said second porous electrode conductor having second pores thereby extracting at least a portion of the desalted target salt solution. 2. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 1 wherein said non-conducting permeable spacer has a width that is less than 100 μm thick. 3. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 1 wherein said non-conducting permeable spacer has a width and said width is between 20 μm and 100 μm. 4. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 1 wherein said first porous electrode conductor has a first electrode conductor width and wherein said non-conducting permeable spacer has a width that is less forty percent of said first electrode conductor width. 5. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 4 wherein said second porous electrode conductor has a second electrode conductor width and wherein said non-conducting permeable spacer has a width that is less forty percent of said second electrode conductor width. 6. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 1 wherein said first pores of said first porous electrode conductor having first pores comprise transport pores with diameter greater than 500 nm for effecting transport of the target salt solution and adsorption pores with diameter less than 100 nm for effecting adsorption of the salt from the target salt solution. 7. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 1 wherein said first porous electrode conductor having first pores is made of carbon. 8. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 1 wherein said second porous electrode conductor having second pores is made of carbon. 9. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 1 wherein said first porous electrode conductor having first pores is made of carbon and wherein said second porous electrode conductor having second pores is made of carbon. 10. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 1 wherein said first porous electrode conductor having first pores is made of carbon aerogel. 11. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 1 wherein said first porous electrode conductor having first pores and said second porous electrode conductor having second pores are made of carbon aerogel. 12. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 1 wherein said system for flowing the target salt solution through first porous electrode conductor, through said non-conducting permeable spacer, and through said second porous electrode conductor provides a target salt solution flow; and wherein said system for applying an electric potential difference between said first porous electrode conductor and said second porous electrode conductor produces and electric field that is perpendicular to said target salt solution flow. 13. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 1 wherein said system for flowing the target salt solution through first porous electrode conductor, through said non-conducting permeable spacer, and through said second porous electrode conductor provides a target salt solution flow; and wherein said system for applying an electric potential difference between said first porous electrode conductor and said second porous electrode conductor produces and electric field that is parallel to said target salt solution flow. 14. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 1 wherein said a first porous electrode conductor having first pores, a second porous electrode conductor having second pores, a non-conducting permeable spacer between said first porous electrode conductor and said second porous electrode conductor are spiral wound. 15. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 1 further comprising additional units of capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution wherein said additional units of capacitive desalination apparatus comprise a first porous electrode conductor having first pores, a second porous electrode conductor having second pores, a non-conducting permeable spacer between said first porous electrode conductor and said second porous electrode conductor, a system for applying an electric potential difference between said first porous electrode conductor, and said second porous electrode conductor, thereby removing at least a portion of the salt from the target salt solution, and a system for flowing the target salt solution through first porous electrode conductor having first pores, through said non-conducting permeable spacer, and through said second porous electrode conductor having second pores thereby extracting at least a portion of the desalted target salt solution. 16. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 1 further comprising additional units of capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution wherein said additional units of capacitive desalination apparatus comprise a first porous electrode conductor having first pores, a second porous electrode conductor having second pores, a non-conducting permeable spacer between said first porous electrode conductor and said second porous electrode conductor, a system for applying an electric potential difference between said first porous electrode conductor, and said second porous electrode conductor, thereby removing at least a portion of the salt from the target salt solution, and a system for flowing the target salt solution through first porous electrode conductor having first pores, through said non-conducting permeable spacer, and through said second porous electrode conductor having second pores thereby extracting at least a portion of the desalted target salt solution connected in series. 17. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 1 further comprising additional units of capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution wherein said additional units of capacitive desalination apparatus comprise a first porous electrode conductor having first pores, a second porous electrode conductor having second pores, a non-conducting permeable spacer between said first porous electrode conductor and said second porous electrode conductor, a system for applying an electric potential difference between said first porous electrode conductor, and said second porous electrode conductor, thereby removing at least a portion of the salt from the target salt solution, and a system for flowing the target salt solution through first porous electrode conductor having first pores, through said non-conducting permeable spacer, and through said second porous electrode conductor having second pores thereby extracting at least a portion of the desalted target salt solution connected in parallel. 18. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 1 further comprising additional units of capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution wherein said additional units of capacitive desalination apparatus comprise a first porous electrode conductor having first pores, a second porous electrode conductor having second pores, a non-conducting permeable spacer between said first porous electrode conductor and said second porous electrode conductor, a system for applying an electric potential difference between said first porous electrode conductor, and said second porous electrode conductor, thereby removing at least a portion of the salt from the target salt solution, and a system for flowing the target salt solution through first porous electrode conductor having first pores, through said non-conducting permeable spacer, and through said second porous electrode conductor having second pores thereby extracting at least a portion of the desalted target salt solution connected in series and in parallel. 19. A capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution, comprising:
a first porous electrode conductor having first pores, a second porous electrode conductor having second pores, a non-conducting permeable spacer between said first porous electrode conductor and said second porous electrode conductor, a system for applying an electric potential difference between said first porous electrode conductor, and said second porous electrode conductor, thereby removing at least a portion of the salt from the target salt solution, and means for flowing the target salt solution through first porous electrode conductor having first pores, through said non-conducting permeable spacer, and through said second porous electrode conductor having second pores thereby extracting at least a portion of the desalted target salt solution. 20. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 19 wherein said non-conducting permeable spacer has a width that is less than 100 μm thick. 21. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 19 wherein said non-conducting permeable spacer has a width and said width is between 20 μm and 100 μm. 22. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 19 wherein said first porous electrode conductor has a first electrode conductor width and wherein said non-conducting permeable spacer has a width that is less forty percent of said first electrode conductor width. 23. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 22 wherein said second porous electrode conductor has a second electrode conductor width and wherein said non-conducting permeable spacer has a width that is less forty percent of said second electrode conductor width. 24. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 19 wherein said first pores of said first porous electrode conductor having first pores comprise transport pores with diameter greater than 500 nm for effecting transport of the target salt solution and adsorption pores with diameter less than 100 nm for effecting adsorption of the salt from the target salt solution. 25. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 19 wherein said first porous electrode conductor having first pores is made of carbon aerogel. 26. The capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 19 wherein said first porous electrode conductor having first pores and said second porous electrode conductor having second pores are made of carbon aerogel. 27. A capacitive desalination apparatus for removing salt from a target salt solution, comprising:
a first porous monolithic electrode conductor having first pores, a second porous monolithic electrode conductor having second pores, a non-conducting permeable spacer between said first porous monolithic electrode conductor and said second porous monolithic electrode conductor, a system for applying an electric potential difference between said first porous monolithic electrode conductor, and said second porous monolithic electrode conductor, thereby removing at least a portion of the salt from the target salt solution, and a system for flowing the target salt solution through first porous monolithic electrode conductor having first pores, through said non-conducting permeable spacer, and through said second porous monolithic electrode conductor having second pores thereby extracting at least a portion of the desalted target salt solution. 28. A method of capacitive desalination for removing salt from a target salt solution, comprising the steps of:
providing a first porous electrode conductor having first pores, providing a second porous electrode conductor having second pores, providing a non-conducting permeable spacer between said first porous electrode conductor and said second porous electrode conductor, applying an electric field between said first porous electrode conductor and said second porous electrode conductor utilizing said first porous electrode conductor and said second porous electrode conductor, and flowing the target salt solution through said first pores of said first porous electrode conductor, said second pores of said second porous electrode conductor, and said film for extracting the target salt solution. 29. The method of capacitive desalination for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 28 wherein said step of providing a non-conducting permeable spacer between said first porous electrode conductor and said second porous electrode conductor comprises providing a non-conducting permeable spacer that has a width and said width is less than 100 μm thick between said first porous electrode conductor and said second porous electrode conductor. 30. The method of capacitive desalination for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 28 wherein said step of providing a first porous electrode conductor having first pores comprises providing a first porous electrode conductor having first pores wherein said first pores include transport pores with diameter greater than 500 nm for effecting transport of the target salt solution and adsorption pores with diameter less than 100 nm for effecting adsorption of the salt from the target salt solution. 31. The method of capacitive desalination for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 28 wherein said step of providing a first porous electrode conductor having first pores comprises providing a first porous electrode conductor made of carbon. 32. The method of capacitive desalination for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 28 wherein said step of providing a first porous electrode conductor having first pores comprises providing a first porous electrode conductor made of carbon aerogel. 33. The method of capacitive desalination for removing salt from a target salt solution of claim 28 wherein said step of providing a first porous electrode conductor having first pores comprises providing a first porous electrode conductor made of carbon aerogel and wherein said step of providing a second porous electrode conductor having second pores comprises providing a second porous electrode conductor made of carbon aerogel. | 1,700 |
3,877 | 15,022,680 | 1,712 | A method of fabricating a ceramic article includes serially depositing first, second and third different materials within a porous structure using, respectively, first, second and third different processing techniques, to form a ceramic-containing article. The first, second and third materials differ by at least one of composition and microstructure. The first, second and third different processing techniques differ by at least one of modes of delivery of precursor materials into the porous structure and formation mechanisms of the first, second and third different materials from the precursor materials. The deposition of the first material is controlled such that there are first residual voids in the porous structure in which the second material is deposited. The deposition of a second material is controlled such that there are second residual voids in the porous structure in which the third material is deposited. | 1. A method of fabricating a ceramic article, the method comprising:
serially depositing first, second and third different materials within a porous structure using, respectively, first, second and third different processing techniques, to form a ceramic-containing article, the first, second and third different materials differing by at least one of:
composition and
microstructure, and
the first, second and third different processing techniques differing by at least one of:
modes of delivery of precursor materials into the porous structure and
formation mechanisms of the first, second and third different materials from the precursor materials,
the depositing of the first material being controlled such that there are first residual voids in the porous structure into which the second material is deposited and the depositing of the second material being controlled such that there are second residual voids in the porous structure into which the third material is deposited. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising selecting respective compositions of at least two materials of the first, second and third different materials to be reactive with each other during the deposition. 3. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising selecting respective compositions of at least two of the first, second and third different materials to be chemically inert with each other during the deposition. 4. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the first residual voids are interconnected pores that are unfilled by the first material and the second residual voids are micro-cracks within the second material. 5. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the first residual voids and the second residual voids are interconnected pores, the interconnected pores of the second residual voids being within the second material. 6. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the porous structure is a fiber structure. 7. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the deposition of the first material provides a continuous coating on the porous structure. 8. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the first, second and third different processing techniques are selected from the group consisting of chemical vapor infiltration of a gas, polymer infiltration and pyrolysis of a polymer, melt infiltration of a metallic material and vapor infiltration of a metallic material. 9. The method as recited in claim 8, wherein the third processing technique includes one of the melt infiltration of the metallic material or the vapor infiltration of the metallic material. 10. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the second processing technique includes the deposition of a preceramic polymer including a filler that chemically reacts with at least one of the first material and the third material. 11. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein at least one of the first, second and third different processing techniques includes chemically reacting a precursor material deposited thereby with a residual amount of unreacted precursor material from another of the first, second and third different processing techniques. 12. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein at least two of the first, second and third materials include ceramic materials. 13. A method of fabricating a ceramic article, the method comprising:
serially depositing first, second and third different materials within a porous structure using, respectively, first, second and third different processing techniques selected from the group consisting of chemical vapor infiltration of a gas, polymer infiltration and pyrolysis of a polymer, melt infiltration of a metallic material and vapor infiltration of a metallic material, to form a ceramic-containing article, the first, second and third different materials differing by at least one of:
composition and
microstructure,
the depositing of the first material being controlled such that there are first residual voids in the porous structure into which the second material is deposited and the depositing of the second material being controlled such that there are second residual voids in the porous structure into which the third material is deposited. 14. The method as recited in claim 13, wherein the first, second and third different processing techniques are, respectively, the chemical vapor infiltration of the gas, the polymer infiltration and pyrolysis of the polymer and one of the melt infiltration of the metallic material or the vapor infiltration of the metallic material. 15. The method as recited in claim 13, wherein the third processing technique is one of the melt infiltration of the metallic material or the vapor infiltration of the metallic material. 16. The method as recited in claim 13, wherein the ceramic-containing article is substantially fully dense and substantially free of voids. 17. The method as recited in claim 13, wherein the third processing technique is melt infiltration of a metallic material or vapor infiltration of a metallic material, the first processing technique is the polymer infiltration and pyrolysis of a polymer and the second processing technique is the chemical vapor infiltration of a gas to deposit a continuous protective layer of the second material around the first material to limit reaction between the later deposited metallic material deposited by the melt infiltration or vapor infiltration. 18. The method as recited in claim 13, wherein the porous structure is an unstable fiber structure and the first processing technique provides a continuous layer of the first material that rigidizes the fiber structure such that the fibers maintain a desired fiber arrangement upon the second and third processing techniques. 19. A ceramic article fabricated by a method comprising:
serially depositing first, second and third different materials within a porous structure using, respectively, first, second and third different processing techniques, to form a ceramic-containing article, the first, second and third different materials differing by at least one of:
composition and
microstructure, and
the first, second and third different processing techniques differing by at least one of:
modes of delivery of precursor materials into the porous structure and
formation mechanisms of the first, second and third different materials from the precursor materials,
the depositing of the first material being controlled such that there are first residual voids in the porous structure into which the second material is deposited and the depositing of the second material being controlled such that there are second residual voids in the porous structure into which the third material is deposited. 20. The article as recited in claim 19, wherein the ceramic-containing article includes the porous structure with the first material disposed in voids of the porous structure, the second material disposed at least in the first residual voids of the porous structure and the third material disposed in at least the second residual voids in the porous structure | A method of fabricating a ceramic article includes serially depositing first, second and third different materials within a porous structure using, respectively, first, second and third different processing techniques, to form a ceramic-containing article. The first, second and third materials differ by at least one of composition and microstructure. The first, second and third different processing techniques differ by at least one of modes of delivery of precursor materials into the porous structure and formation mechanisms of the first, second and third different materials from the precursor materials. The deposition of the first material is controlled such that there are first residual voids in the porous structure in which the second material is deposited. The deposition of a second material is controlled such that there are second residual voids in the porous structure in which the third material is deposited.1. A method of fabricating a ceramic article, the method comprising:
serially depositing first, second and third different materials within a porous structure using, respectively, first, second and third different processing techniques, to form a ceramic-containing article, the first, second and third different materials differing by at least one of:
composition and
microstructure, and
the first, second and third different processing techniques differing by at least one of:
modes of delivery of precursor materials into the porous structure and
formation mechanisms of the first, second and third different materials from the precursor materials,
the depositing of the first material being controlled such that there are first residual voids in the porous structure into which the second material is deposited and the depositing of the second material being controlled such that there are second residual voids in the porous structure into which the third material is deposited. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising selecting respective compositions of at least two materials of the first, second and third different materials to be reactive with each other during the deposition. 3. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising selecting respective compositions of at least two of the first, second and third different materials to be chemically inert with each other during the deposition. 4. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the first residual voids are interconnected pores that are unfilled by the first material and the second residual voids are micro-cracks within the second material. 5. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the first residual voids and the second residual voids are interconnected pores, the interconnected pores of the second residual voids being within the second material. 6. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the porous structure is a fiber structure. 7. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the deposition of the first material provides a continuous coating on the porous structure. 8. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the first, second and third different processing techniques are selected from the group consisting of chemical vapor infiltration of a gas, polymer infiltration and pyrolysis of a polymer, melt infiltration of a metallic material and vapor infiltration of a metallic material. 9. The method as recited in claim 8, wherein the third processing technique includes one of the melt infiltration of the metallic material or the vapor infiltration of the metallic material. 10. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the second processing technique includes the deposition of a preceramic polymer including a filler that chemically reacts with at least one of the first material and the third material. 11. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein at least one of the first, second and third different processing techniques includes chemically reacting a precursor material deposited thereby with a residual amount of unreacted precursor material from another of the first, second and third different processing techniques. 12. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein at least two of the first, second and third materials include ceramic materials. 13. A method of fabricating a ceramic article, the method comprising:
serially depositing first, second and third different materials within a porous structure using, respectively, first, second and third different processing techniques selected from the group consisting of chemical vapor infiltration of a gas, polymer infiltration and pyrolysis of a polymer, melt infiltration of a metallic material and vapor infiltration of a metallic material, to form a ceramic-containing article, the first, second and third different materials differing by at least one of:
composition and
microstructure,
the depositing of the first material being controlled such that there are first residual voids in the porous structure into which the second material is deposited and the depositing of the second material being controlled such that there are second residual voids in the porous structure into which the third material is deposited. 14. The method as recited in claim 13, wherein the first, second and third different processing techniques are, respectively, the chemical vapor infiltration of the gas, the polymer infiltration and pyrolysis of the polymer and one of the melt infiltration of the metallic material or the vapor infiltration of the metallic material. 15. The method as recited in claim 13, wherein the third processing technique is one of the melt infiltration of the metallic material or the vapor infiltration of the metallic material. 16. The method as recited in claim 13, wherein the ceramic-containing article is substantially fully dense and substantially free of voids. 17. The method as recited in claim 13, wherein the third processing technique is melt infiltration of a metallic material or vapor infiltration of a metallic material, the first processing technique is the polymer infiltration and pyrolysis of a polymer and the second processing technique is the chemical vapor infiltration of a gas to deposit a continuous protective layer of the second material around the first material to limit reaction between the later deposited metallic material deposited by the melt infiltration or vapor infiltration. 18. The method as recited in claim 13, wherein the porous structure is an unstable fiber structure and the first processing technique provides a continuous layer of the first material that rigidizes the fiber structure such that the fibers maintain a desired fiber arrangement upon the second and third processing techniques. 19. A ceramic article fabricated by a method comprising:
serially depositing first, second and third different materials within a porous structure using, respectively, first, second and third different processing techniques, to form a ceramic-containing article, the first, second and third different materials differing by at least one of:
composition and
microstructure, and
the first, second and third different processing techniques differing by at least one of:
modes of delivery of precursor materials into the porous structure and
formation mechanisms of the first, second and third different materials from the precursor materials,
the depositing of the first material being controlled such that there are first residual voids in the porous structure into which the second material is deposited and the depositing of the second material being controlled such that there are second residual voids in the porous structure into which the third material is deposited. 20. The article as recited in claim 19, wherein the ceramic-containing article includes the porous structure with the first material disposed in voids of the porous structure, the second material disposed at least in the first residual voids of the porous structure and the third material disposed in at least the second residual voids in the porous structure | 1,700 |
3,878 | 14,260,686 | 1,729 | A cell block ( 60 ) for a battery ( 1 ) and a method for assembling a cell block ( 60 ) having one or more battery cells ( 70 ), said cell block ( 60 ) having a box-shaped housing ( 61 ), which is open on one side, into which, the battery cells ( 70 ) are fitted through the open side, and a cell fixation ( 80 ) is pushed through the open side into the housing ( 61 ), such that the battery cells ( 70 ) are fixed in the housing ( 61 ) and the housing ( 61 ) is at least partially closed, whereby the cell fixation ( 80 ) has one or more bond openings ( 82 ) through which, the battery cells ( 70 ) may be accessed after the cell fixation ( 80 ) has been pushed in, and a projecting collar ( 81 ) is provided at least partially around a bond opening ( 82 ) on the side of the cell fixation ( 80 ) facing away from the battery cells ( 70 ), whereby the collar ( 81 ) may be brought into contact with an end plate ( 105 ). | 1-15. (canceled) 16. A cell block for a battery, comprising:
a box-shaped housing including an open side; a battery cell contained in the housing; and a cell fixation inserted in the housing near the open side of the housing, the cell fixation being configured to fix the battery cell in the housing, and the cell fixation including:
a bond opening aligning with the battery cell, the bond opening being configured to allow the battery cell to be accessed through the bond opening, and
a projecting collar provided on a side of the cell fixation facing away from the battery cell and at least partially surrounding the bond opening. 17. The cell block according to claim 16, further comprising:
an end plate in contact with the projecting collar. 18. The cell block according to claim 17, wherein:
the end plate includes a contact plate of a terminal-connection plate, and the contact plate is conductively coupled to a terminal of the battery cell. 19. The cell block according to claim 18, wherein:
the contact plate includes a contact-plate opening that matches the bond opening, and the cell block further comprises a bonding wire arranged through the bond opening and the contact-plate opening, and electrically coupling the contact plate with the terminal of the battery cell. 20. The cell block according to claim 16, wherein the housing includes a base opposite the open side, the base including a cell-insertion opening aligning with the battery cell. 21. The cell block according to claim 20, wherein the cell-insertion opening includes a ridge configured to guide and hold the battery cell. 22. The cell block according to claim 21, further comprising:
an end plate provided below the base; and a conductive adhesive provided between the end plate and one side of the battery cell that is held by the cell-insertion opening, for a heat-conducting connection. 23. The cell block according to claim 16, wherein the projecting collar and the cell fixation are provided as an integral part. 24. The cell block according to claim 23, wherein the integral part of the projecting collar and the cell fixation are made of plastic. 25. The cell block according to claim 16, wherein:
the projecting collar is made of a first plastic, the cell fixation is made of a second plastic, and the first plastic is softer than the second plastic. 26. The cell block according to claim 16, wherein:
the projecting collar is a first projecting collar, the cell fixation includes a second projecting collar provided on a side of the cell fixation facing the battery cell, the second projecting collar at least partially surrounding the bond opening and being in contact with the battery cell. 27. The cell block according to claim 16, wherein the housing includes an end stop, configured to limit a distance into the housing the cell fixation is inserted. 28. The cell block according to claim 16, wherein at least one of the cell fixation or the housing includes a component configured to engage the cell fixation at a certain position in the housing. 29. A method for equipping a cell block with a battery cell, the method comprising:
fitting the battery cell into a box-shaped housing through an open side of the housing; and pushing a cell fixation through the open side into the housing, thereby fixing the battery cell in the housing and at least partially closing the housing, the battery cell being aligned with a bond opening of the cell fixation. 30. The method according to claim 29, wherein fitting the battery cell into the housing includes pushing the battery into a cell-insertion opening provided in a base of the housing that opposite the open side. 31. The method according to claim 30, further comprising:
applying and securing a first terminal-connection plate and a second terminal-connection plate to the housing, such that a first contact plate of the first terminal-connection plate contacts a collar of the cell fixation, and a second contact plate of the second terminal-connection plate is fastened on the base of the housing; and bonding the second contact plate with a bottom side of the battery cell. 32. The method according to claim 31, further comprising:
installing, after bonding the second contact plate, the cell block on a cooling plate; and bonding, after installing the cell block on the cooling plate, a side of the battery cell facing away from the cooling plate with the first contact plate. | A cell block ( 60 ) for a battery ( 1 ) and a method for assembling a cell block ( 60 ) having one or more battery cells ( 70 ), said cell block ( 60 ) having a box-shaped housing ( 61 ), which is open on one side, into which, the battery cells ( 70 ) are fitted through the open side, and a cell fixation ( 80 ) is pushed through the open side into the housing ( 61 ), such that the battery cells ( 70 ) are fixed in the housing ( 61 ) and the housing ( 61 ) is at least partially closed, whereby the cell fixation ( 80 ) has one or more bond openings ( 82 ) through which, the battery cells ( 70 ) may be accessed after the cell fixation ( 80 ) has been pushed in, and a projecting collar ( 81 ) is provided at least partially around a bond opening ( 82 ) on the side of the cell fixation ( 80 ) facing away from the battery cells ( 70 ), whereby the collar ( 81 ) may be brought into contact with an end plate ( 105 ).1-15. (canceled) 16. A cell block for a battery, comprising:
a box-shaped housing including an open side; a battery cell contained in the housing; and a cell fixation inserted in the housing near the open side of the housing, the cell fixation being configured to fix the battery cell in the housing, and the cell fixation including:
a bond opening aligning with the battery cell, the bond opening being configured to allow the battery cell to be accessed through the bond opening, and
a projecting collar provided on a side of the cell fixation facing away from the battery cell and at least partially surrounding the bond opening. 17. The cell block according to claim 16, further comprising:
an end plate in contact with the projecting collar. 18. The cell block according to claim 17, wherein:
the end plate includes a contact plate of a terminal-connection plate, and the contact plate is conductively coupled to a terminal of the battery cell. 19. The cell block according to claim 18, wherein:
the contact plate includes a contact-plate opening that matches the bond opening, and the cell block further comprises a bonding wire arranged through the bond opening and the contact-plate opening, and electrically coupling the contact plate with the terminal of the battery cell. 20. The cell block according to claim 16, wherein the housing includes a base opposite the open side, the base including a cell-insertion opening aligning with the battery cell. 21. The cell block according to claim 20, wherein the cell-insertion opening includes a ridge configured to guide and hold the battery cell. 22. The cell block according to claim 21, further comprising:
an end plate provided below the base; and a conductive adhesive provided between the end plate and one side of the battery cell that is held by the cell-insertion opening, for a heat-conducting connection. 23. The cell block according to claim 16, wherein the projecting collar and the cell fixation are provided as an integral part. 24. The cell block according to claim 23, wherein the integral part of the projecting collar and the cell fixation are made of plastic. 25. The cell block according to claim 16, wherein:
the projecting collar is made of a first plastic, the cell fixation is made of a second plastic, and the first plastic is softer than the second plastic. 26. The cell block according to claim 16, wherein:
the projecting collar is a first projecting collar, the cell fixation includes a second projecting collar provided on a side of the cell fixation facing the battery cell, the second projecting collar at least partially surrounding the bond opening and being in contact with the battery cell. 27. The cell block according to claim 16, wherein the housing includes an end stop, configured to limit a distance into the housing the cell fixation is inserted. 28. The cell block according to claim 16, wherein at least one of the cell fixation or the housing includes a component configured to engage the cell fixation at a certain position in the housing. 29. A method for equipping a cell block with a battery cell, the method comprising:
fitting the battery cell into a box-shaped housing through an open side of the housing; and pushing a cell fixation through the open side into the housing, thereby fixing the battery cell in the housing and at least partially closing the housing, the battery cell being aligned with a bond opening of the cell fixation. 30. The method according to claim 29, wherein fitting the battery cell into the housing includes pushing the battery into a cell-insertion opening provided in a base of the housing that opposite the open side. 31. The method according to claim 30, further comprising:
applying and securing a first terminal-connection plate and a second terminal-connection plate to the housing, such that a first contact plate of the first terminal-connection plate contacts a collar of the cell fixation, and a second contact plate of the second terminal-connection plate is fastened on the base of the housing; and bonding the second contact plate with a bottom side of the battery cell. 32. The method according to claim 31, further comprising:
installing, after bonding the second contact plate, the cell block on a cooling plate; and bonding, after installing the cell block on the cooling plate, a side of the battery cell facing away from the cooling plate with the first contact plate. | 1,700 |
3,879 | 15,002,468 | 1,712 | This invention relates to tufted floorcovering articles, including carpet tiles and broadloom carpet. In particular, this invention relates to tufted floorcovering articles made from the family of polymers known as polyester. Specifically, this invention relates to tufted carpet tile products made from polyester. The polyester carpet tiles meet commercial performance specifications and are fully end-of-life recyclable. | 1. A process for recycling a floor covering article comprising substantially 100% polyester material, said process comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a floorcovering article comprised of substantially 100% polyester material; (b) breaking down the floorcovering article into smaller pieces; (c) feeding the floorcovering article into an agglomerator for further size reduction; (d) heating the floorcovering article of step “c” to drive off moisture and preheat the material; (e) transferring the floorcovering article of step “d” into an extruder to create a polyester polymer melt; (f) subjecting the polyester melt material to vacuum pressure; (g) filtering the polyester melt material; (h) pelletizing the polyester melt material to form a pelletized polyester material; and (i) incorporating the pelletized polyester material in a new polyester-containing article. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the recycling process is achieved by melt processing. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the process of breaking down the floorcovering article is achieved by shredding. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the new polyester-containing article is selected from the group consisting of fiber, yarn, film, and articles incorporating fiber, yarn or film. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the new polyester-containing article is a thermoplastic material. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the extruder is a twin screw extruder. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the pelletized polyester material is further processed in a reactor under heat and high vacuum to solid state polymerize the material and increase the molecular weight and intrinsic viscosity. 8. A depolymerization process for recycling a floor covering article comprising substantially 100% polyester material, said process comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a floorcovering article comprised of substantially 100% polyester material; (b) breaking down the floorcovering article into smaller pieces; (c) feeding the material into a bath solution that optionally contains at least one catalyst; (d) subjecting the material in the bath solution to heat and pressure to form polyester monomer material; (e) polymerizing the polyester monomer material to form polyester polymer material; and (f) incorporating the polyester material in a new polyester-containing article. 9. The process of claim 8, wherein depolymerization is achieved via methanolysis. 10. The process of claim 8, wherein depolymerization is achieved via glycolysis. 11. The process of claim 8, wherein depolymerization is achieved via hydrolysis. 12. A process for recycling a polyester floorcovering article comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a floorcovering article comprised of substantially 100% polyester material; (b) breaking down the floorcovering article into smaller pieces; (c) feeding the smaller pieces of the floorcovering article into a plast agglomerator; (d) heating the floorcovering article by friction to just below the melting temperature of the article; (e) forcing the floorcovering article of step “d” through a die; (f) cutting the floorcovering article of step “e” into granules with a high bulk density; and (g) using the granules as a feedstock for other processes to make polyester articles. 13. A process for recycling a polyester floorcovering article comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a floorcovering article comprised of substantially 100% polyester material; (b) marking the floorcovering article with a resin identification code according to ASTM D7611/D7611M; (c) placing the floorcovering article in a recycle bin according to the resin identification code present on the floorcovering article; and (d) allowing the floorcovering article to be recycled for use in new products. | This invention relates to tufted floorcovering articles, including carpet tiles and broadloom carpet. In particular, this invention relates to tufted floorcovering articles made from the family of polymers known as polyester. Specifically, this invention relates to tufted carpet tile products made from polyester. The polyester carpet tiles meet commercial performance specifications and are fully end-of-life recyclable.1. A process for recycling a floor covering article comprising substantially 100% polyester material, said process comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a floorcovering article comprised of substantially 100% polyester material; (b) breaking down the floorcovering article into smaller pieces; (c) feeding the floorcovering article into an agglomerator for further size reduction; (d) heating the floorcovering article of step “c” to drive off moisture and preheat the material; (e) transferring the floorcovering article of step “d” into an extruder to create a polyester polymer melt; (f) subjecting the polyester melt material to vacuum pressure; (g) filtering the polyester melt material; (h) pelletizing the polyester melt material to form a pelletized polyester material; and (i) incorporating the pelletized polyester material in a new polyester-containing article. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the recycling process is achieved by melt processing. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the process of breaking down the floorcovering article is achieved by shredding. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the new polyester-containing article is selected from the group consisting of fiber, yarn, film, and articles incorporating fiber, yarn or film. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the new polyester-containing article is a thermoplastic material. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the extruder is a twin screw extruder. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the pelletized polyester material is further processed in a reactor under heat and high vacuum to solid state polymerize the material and increase the molecular weight and intrinsic viscosity. 8. A depolymerization process for recycling a floor covering article comprising substantially 100% polyester material, said process comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a floorcovering article comprised of substantially 100% polyester material; (b) breaking down the floorcovering article into smaller pieces; (c) feeding the material into a bath solution that optionally contains at least one catalyst; (d) subjecting the material in the bath solution to heat and pressure to form polyester monomer material; (e) polymerizing the polyester monomer material to form polyester polymer material; and (f) incorporating the polyester material in a new polyester-containing article. 9. The process of claim 8, wherein depolymerization is achieved via methanolysis. 10. The process of claim 8, wherein depolymerization is achieved via glycolysis. 11. The process of claim 8, wherein depolymerization is achieved via hydrolysis. 12. A process for recycling a polyester floorcovering article comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a floorcovering article comprised of substantially 100% polyester material; (b) breaking down the floorcovering article into smaller pieces; (c) feeding the smaller pieces of the floorcovering article into a plast agglomerator; (d) heating the floorcovering article by friction to just below the melting temperature of the article; (e) forcing the floorcovering article of step “d” through a die; (f) cutting the floorcovering article of step “e” into granules with a high bulk density; and (g) using the granules as a feedstock for other processes to make polyester articles. 13. A process for recycling a polyester floorcovering article comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a floorcovering article comprised of substantially 100% polyester material; (b) marking the floorcovering article with a resin identification code according to ASTM D7611/D7611M; (c) placing the floorcovering article in a recycle bin according to the resin identification code present on the floorcovering article; and (d) allowing the floorcovering article to be recycled for use in new products. | 1,700 |
3,880 | 13,654,277 | 1,735 | Disclosed is a centrifugal molten metal pump assembly and associated system for controlled delivery of molten metal to molds. The pump assembly comprises a shaft, an impeller coupled to the shaft, a controller to control a rotational speed of the impeller according to a programmable fill profile while delivering the molten metal to the mold. In some embodiments, the pump assembly further comprises a throttle to manipulate a flow rate or pressure of the molten metal relative to a rotational speed of the impeller. The associated system comprises a melting furnace and one or more holding furnaces, each holding furnace including at least one pump assembly therein. Each holding furnace may be of an open configuration to allow for uninterrupted flow of the molten metal from the melting furnace. The system may provide controlled delivery of the molten metal to the mold at a desired flow rate or pressure. | 1. A system to deliver molten metal to one or more molds, the system comprising:
a holding furnace; and a pump assembly within the holding furnace to deliver the molten metal to at least one mold associated with the pump assembly, the pump assembly comprising:
a shaft;
an impeller coupled to the shaft and configured to direct the molten metal to the at least one mold; and
a controller to control a rotational speed of the impeller according to a programmable fill profile of the at least one mold. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising heating elements positioned underneath the holding furnace to heat the molten metal in the holding furnace. 3. The system of claim 1, further comprising:
a melting furnace; and a second holding furnace, wherein the holding furnace and the second holding furnace are each of an open configuration and configured to receive the molten metal from the melting furnace to allow for uninterrupted flow of the molten metal from the melting furnace. 4. The system of claim 3, further comprising:
a transfer pump configured to receive the molten metal from the melting furnace; and a launder transfer system coupled to the holding furnace and the second holding furnace and configured to receive the molten metal from the transfer pump and deliver the molten metal to each holding furnace. 5. The system of claim 1, further comprising a throttle to manipulate a flow rate or pressure of the molten metal relative to a rotational speed of the impeller. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the throttle is a dynamic throttle comprising at least one of an adjustable leakage path configured to leak a portion of the molten metal to an exterior atmosphere or one or more heating elements configured to control a temperature of the molten metal. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the holding furnace includes a degasser configured to precipitate constituents from the molten metal. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the holding furnace includes a filter to filter constitutions from the molten metal. 9. The system of claim 1, further comprising a heated transfer system configured to transfer the molten metal from the holding furnace to the at least one mold. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the controlling the rotational speed of the impeller is based at least in part on signals from sensors within the at least one mold, the sensors being configured to monitor a status of the delivery of the molten metal to the at least one mold. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the programmable fill profile is associated with a geometry of the at least one mold. 12. A method of filling a mold with molten metal, the method comprising:
transferring the molten metal to a holding furnace; rotating an impeller within the holding furnace to direct a flow of the molten metal to the mold; delivering the molten metal to the mold; and adjusting a rotational speed of the impeller according to a programmable fill profile while delivering the molten metal to the mold. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising heating the molten metal while performing the transferring. 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising degassing the molten metal within the holding furnace. 15. The method of claim 12, further comprising heating the molten metal from underneath the holding furnace. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the programmable fill profile is associated with a geometric volume of the mold. 17. The method of claim 12, further comprising manipulating a flow rate or pressure of the molten metal relative to the rotational speed of the impeller. 18. A pump assembly to deliver molten metal to a mold, the pump assembly comprising:
an shaft; an impeller coupled to the shaft and configured to direct the molten metal toward the mold; and a controller to control a rotational speed of the impeller according to a programmable fill profile while delivering the molten metal to the mold. 19. The pump assembly of claim 18, wherein the programmable fill profile is associated with the mold. 20. The pump assembly of claim 18, wherein the pump assembly is configured to be positioned within a furnace. 21. The pump assembly of claim 20, further comprising a riser to transfer the molten metal directed from the impeller to the mold, and wherein the pump assembly is configured to statically position the molten metal within the riser above a surface of the molten metal within the furnace. 22. The pump assembly of claim 18, further comprising a bypass gap disposed in the pump assembly and configured to leak a predetermined portion of the molten metal to an exterior atmosphere. 23. The pump assembly of claim 18, further comprising:
a base member providing a chamber for housing the impeller within the chamber; and a bypass gap positioned between the chamber and the impeller. | Disclosed is a centrifugal molten metal pump assembly and associated system for controlled delivery of molten metal to molds. The pump assembly comprises a shaft, an impeller coupled to the shaft, a controller to control a rotational speed of the impeller according to a programmable fill profile while delivering the molten metal to the mold. In some embodiments, the pump assembly further comprises a throttle to manipulate a flow rate or pressure of the molten metal relative to a rotational speed of the impeller. The associated system comprises a melting furnace and one or more holding furnaces, each holding furnace including at least one pump assembly therein. Each holding furnace may be of an open configuration to allow for uninterrupted flow of the molten metal from the melting furnace. The system may provide controlled delivery of the molten metal to the mold at a desired flow rate or pressure.1. A system to deliver molten metal to one or more molds, the system comprising:
a holding furnace; and a pump assembly within the holding furnace to deliver the molten metal to at least one mold associated with the pump assembly, the pump assembly comprising:
a shaft;
an impeller coupled to the shaft and configured to direct the molten metal to the at least one mold; and
a controller to control a rotational speed of the impeller according to a programmable fill profile of the at least one mold. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising heating elements positioned underneath the holding furnace to heat the molten metal in the holding furnace. 3. The system of claim 1, further comprising:
a melting furnace; and a second holding furnace, wherein the holding furnace and the second holding furnace are each of an open configuration and configured to receive the molten metal from the melting furnace to allow for uninterrupted flow of the molten metal from the melting furnace. 4. The system of claim 3, further comprising:
a transfer pump configured to receive the molten metal from the melting furnace; and a launder transfer system coupled to the holding furnace and the second holding furnace and configured to receive the molten metal from the transfer pump and deliver the molten metal to each holding furnace. 5. The system of claim 1, further comprising a throttle to manipulate a flow rate or pressure of the molten metal relative to a rotational speed of the impeller. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the throttle is a dynamic throttle comprising at least one of an adjustable leakage path configured to leak a portion of the molten metal to an exterior atmosphere or one or more heating elements configured to control a temperature of the molten metal. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the holding furnace includes a degasser configured to precipitate constituents from the molten metal. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the holding furnace includes a filter to filter constitutions from the molten metal. 9. The system of claim 1, further comprising a heated transfer system configured to transfer the molten metal from the holding furnace to the at least one mold. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the controlling the rotational speed of the impeller is based at least in part on signals from sensors within the at least one mold, the sensors being configured to monitor a status of the delivery of the molten metal to the at least one mold. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the programmable fill profile is associated with a geometry of the at least one mold. 12. A method of filling a mold with molten metal, the method comprising:
transferring the molten metal to a holding furnace; rotating an impeller within the holding furnace to direct a flow of the molten metal to the mold; delivering the molten metal to the mold; and adjusting a rotational speed of the impeller according to a programmable fill profile while delivering the molten metal to the mold. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising heating the molten metal while performing the transferring. 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising degassing the molten metal within the holding furnace. 15. The method of claim 12, further comprising heating the molten metal from underneath the holding furnace. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the programmable fill profile is associated with a geometric volume of the mold. 17. The method of claim 12, further comprising manipulating a flow rate or pressure of the molten metal relative to the rotational speed of the impeller. 18. A pump assembly to deliver molten metal to a mold, the pump assembly comprising:
an shaft; an impeller coupled to the shaft and configured to direct the molten metal toward the mold; and a controller to control a rotational speed of the impeller according to a programmable fill profile while delivering the molten metal to the mold. 19. The pump assembly of claim 18, wherein the programmable fill profile is associated with the mold. 20. The pump assembly of claim 18, wherein the pump assembly is configured to be positioned within a furnace. 21. The pump assembly of claim 20, further comprising a riser to transfer the molten metal directed from the impeller to the mold, and wherein the pump assembly is configured to statically position the molten metal within the riser above a surface of the molten metal within the furnace. 22. The pump assembly of claim 18, further comprising a bypass gap disposed in the pump assembly and configured to leak a predetermined portion of the molten metal to an exterior atmosphere. 23. The pump assembly of claim 18, further comprising:
a base member providing a chamber for housing the impeller within the chamber; and a bypass gap positioned between the chamber and the impeller. | 1,700 |
3,881 | 15,161,878 | 1,778 | The present invention provides a multilayer web having at least a first layer and a second layer. The second layer attached to the first layer and the second layer comprising fibers produced from polymeric composition comprising a blend of a thermoplastic polymeric component and a functionalized polymeric component. The functionalized polymeric component is at least 26% by weight of the polymeric components of the second layer. The multilayer web is particularly suited for filtration media. | 1. A multilayer web comprising:
a first layer; and a second layer attached to the first layer, the second layer comprising fibers produced from polymeric composition comprising a blend of a thermoplastic polymeric component and a functionalized polymeric component, said functionalized polymeric component comprising at least one functional end group and said functionalized polymeric component comprising from 26% to 60% by weight of the polymeric components in the polymeric composition, wherein said functionalized polymeric component provides delamination resistance between the first and second layers. 2. The multilayer web according to claim 1, wherein said at least one functional end group is selected from the group consisting of aldehyde, acid halide, acid anhydrides, carboxylic acids, amines, amine salts, amides, sulfonic acid amides, sulfonic acid and salts thereof, thiols, epoxides, alcohols, acyl halides, and derivatives thereof. 3. The multilayer web according to claim 1, wherein the first layer comprises a nonwoven web, a woven web, a fibrillated film, a foam, a porous film or laminates thereof. 4. The multilayer web according to claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymeric component comprises polypropylene. 5. The multilayer web according to claim 1, wherein the second layer is a meltblown nonwoven web. 6. A multilayer web according to claim 1, wherein the at least one functional end group comprises between 0.5% and 1.5% by weight of the functionalized polymeric component. 7. A filtration media comprising:
a first layer; and a second layer attached to the first layer, the second layer comprising fibers produced from a polymeric composition comprising a blend of a thermoplastic polymeric component and a functionalized polymeric component, said functionalized polymeric component comprising at least one functional end group and said functionalized polymeric component comprising from 26% to 60% by weight of the polymeric components in the polymeric composition, wherein said functionalized polymeric component provides delamination resistance between the first and second layers. 8. The filtration media according to claim 7, wherein said at least one functional end group is selected from the group consisting of aldehyde, acid halide, acid anhydrides, carboxylic acids, amines, amine salts, amides, sulfonic acid amides, sulfonic acid and salts thereof, thiols, epoxides, alcohols, acyl halides, and derivatives thereof. 9. The filtration media according to claim 7, wherein the first layer comprises a nonwoven web, a woven web, a fibrillated film, a foam, a porous film or laminates thereof. 10. The filtration media according to claim 7, wherein the thermoplastic polymeric component comprises a polyolefin. 11. The filtration media according to claim 10, wherein the thermoplastic polymeric component comprises polypropylene. 12. The filtration media according to claim 7, wherein the second layer is a meltblown nonwoven web. 13. The filtration media according to claim 7, wherein
the first layer comprises a spunbond nonwoven web; and the second layer comprises fibers produced from polymeric composition comprising a blend of a thermoplastic polyolefin and a functionalized polymeric component, said functionalized polymeric component comprises at least one functional end group and said functionalized polymeric component comprises 26% to 60% by weight of the polymeric components in the second layer. 14. The filtration media according to claim 13, wherein the functional end group comprises an acid anhydride. 15. The filtration media according to claim 13, wherein the functionalized polymeric component comprises 35% to 40% by weight of the polymeric components in the polymeric composition. 16. The filtration media according to claim 7, wherein the at least one functional end group comprises between 0.5% and 1.5% by weight of the functionalized polymeric component. 17. The filtration media according to claim 7, wherein
the first layer comprises a spunbond nonwoven web comprising bicomponent filaments, wherein one of the components of the bicomponent filaments is polypropylene and the other component is polyethylene; and the second layer comprises meltblown fibers produced from polymeric composition comprising a blend of a thermoplastic polyolefin and a functionalized polymeric component, said functionalized polymeric component comprises at least one functional end group and said functionalized polymeric component comprises 35% to 40% by weight of the polymeric components in the second layer. 18. The filtration media according to claim 17, wherein the functional end group comprises an acid anhydride. 19. The filtration media according to claim 17, wherein the functionalized polymeric component comprises a polyolefin having at least one functional end group. | The present invention provides a multilayer web having at least a first layer and a second layer. The second layer attached to the first layer and the second layer comprising fibers produced from polymeric composition comprising a blend of a thermoplastic polymeric component and a functionalized polymeric component. The functionalized polymeric component is at least 26% by weight of the polymeric components of the second layer. The multilayer web is particularly suited for filtration media.1. A multilayer web comprising:
a first layer; and a second layer attached to the first layer, the second layer comprising fibers produced from polymeric composition comprising a blend of a thermoplastic polymeric component and a functionalized polymeric component, said functionalized polymeric component comprising at least one functional end group and said functionalized polymeric component comprising from 26% to 60% by weight of the polymeric components in the polymeric composition, wherein said functionalized polymeric component provides delamination resistance between the first and second layers. 2. The multilayer web according to claim 1, wherein said at least one functional end group is selected from the group consisting of aldehyde, acid halide, acid anhydrides, carboxylic acids, amines, amine salts, amides, sulfonic acid amides, sulfonic acid and salts thereof, thiols, epoxides, alcohols, acyl halides, and derivatives thereof. 3. The multilayer web according to claim 1, wherein the first layer comprises a nonwoven web, a woven web, a fibrillated film, a foam, a porous film or laminates thereof. 4. The multilayer web according to claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymeric component comprises polypropylene. 5. The multilayer web according to claim 1, wherein the second layer is a meltblown nonwoven web. 6. A multilayer web according to claim 1, wherein the at least one functional end group comprises between 0.5% and 1.5% by weight of the functionalized polymeric component. 7. A filtration media comprising:
a first layer; and a second layer attached to the first layer, the second layer comprising fibers produced from a polymeric composition comprising a blend of a thermoplastic polymeric component and a functionalized polymeric component, said functionalized polymeric component comprising at least one functional end group and said functionalized polymeric component comprising from 26% to 60% by weight of the polymeric components in the polymeric composition, wherein said functionalized polymeric component provides delamination resistance between the first and second layers. 8. The filtration media according to claim 7, wherein said at least one functional end group is selected from the group consisting of aldehyde, acid halide, acid anhydrides, carboxylic acids, amines, amine salts, amides, sulfonic acid amides, sulfonic acid and salts thereof, thiols, epoxides, alcohols, acyl halides, and derivatives thereof. 9. The filtration media according to claim 7, wherein the first layer comprises a nonwoven web, a woven web, a fibrillated film, a foam, a porous film or laminates thereof. 10. The filtration media according to claim 7, wherein the thermoplastic polymeric component comprises a polyolefin. 11. The filtration media according to claim 10, wherein the thermoplastic polymeric component comprises polypropylene. 12. The filtration media according to claim 7, wherein the second layer is a meltblown nonwoven web. 13. The filtration media according to claim 7, wherein
the first layer comprises a spunbond nonwoven web; and the second layer comprises fibers produced from polymeric composition comprising a blend of a thermoplastic polyolefin and a functionalized polymeric component, said functionalized polymeric component comprises at least one functional end group and said functionalized polymeric component comprises 26% to 60% by weight of the polymeric components in the second layer. 14. The filtration media according to claim 13, wherein the functional end group comprises an acid anhydride. 15. The filtration media according to claim 13, wherein the functionalized polymeric component comprises 35% to 40% by weight of the polymeric components in the polymeric composition. 16. The filtration media according to claim 7, wherein the at least one functional end group comprises between 0.5% and 1.5% by weight of the functionalized polymeric component. 17. The filtration media according to claim 7, wherein
the first layer comprises a spunbond nonwoven web comprising bicomponent filaments, wherein one of the components of the bicomponent filaments is polypropylene and the other component is polyethylene; and the second layer comprises meltblown fibers produced from polymeric composition comprising a blend of a thermoplastic polyolefin and a functionalized polymeric component, said functionalized polymeric component comprises at least one functional end group and said functionalized polymeric component comprises 35% to 40% by weight of the polymeric components in the second layer. 18. The filtration media according to claim 17, wherein the functional end group comprises an acid anhydride. 19. The filtration media according to claim 17, wherein the functionalized polymeric component comprises a polyolefin having at least one functional end group. | 1,700 |
3,882 | 14,399,754 | 1,794 | A method of manufacturing an article (such as a dental restoration) comprising taking an article, comprising at least one product (such as a dental restoration), in an initial state, formed from a powdered material, layer-by-layer and electrochemically processing at least a select region of the at least one product (such as a dental restoration) so as to smoothen at least said select region. | 1. A method of manufacturing an article comprising:
taking an article in an initial state formed from a powdered material, layer-by-layer, the article comprising at least one product; and electrochemically processing at least a select region of the at least one product so as to smoothen at least said select region. 2. A method as claimed in claim 1, comprising further processing the article subsequent to said electrochemical processing. 3. A method as claimed in claim 2, in which said further processing comprises milling at least a portion of the article. 4. A method as claimed in claim 2, in which said further processing comprises roughening at least a portion of the article. 5. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which a cathode of the electrochemical processing apparatus used to electrochemically process said at least said region is located so as to direct the electrochemical processing at said select region. 6. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the cathode is physically attached to said article. 7. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the article comprises a plurality of individual products joined together, the method comprises concurrently electrochemically processing said plurality of products, and the method preferably comprises separating or detaching the products from one another. 8. A method as claimed in claim 7, in which said plurality of products are attached to a common member, and the method preferably comprises separating or detaching the plurality of products from the common member. 9. A method as claimed in claim 7, in which a cathode of the electrochemical processing apparatus used to electrochemically process said at least said region is located so as to direct the electrochemical processing at said select region and in which the cathode surrounds said plurality of products. 10. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the article was formed via a laser consolidation process. 11. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the article was formed via a laser sintering or laser melting process. 12. A method as claimed in claim 1, comprising forming the article from a powdered material, layer-by-layer. 13. A method as claimed in claim 1, comprising subsequently taking another article, comprising at least one product, in an initial state, formed from a powdered material, layer-by-layer, and electrochemically processing at least a select region of the at least one product so as to smoothen at least said select region. 14. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which said at least one product is or comprises at least one dental restoration. 15. A method as claimed in claim 14, in which said select region comprises the transgingival region of the dental restoration. 16. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which an electrolyte used in the electrochemical process is at a temperature of at least at 5° C., for example at least at 10° C., for instance at least at 15° C. 17. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which an electrolyte used in the electrochemical process is at a temperature of not more than 80° C., for instance not more than 60° C., for example not more than 50° C. 18. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which a ratio of the surface area of the cathode used in the electrochemical process to the surface area of the article/anode is not more than 10:1, for example not more than 5:1, for instance not more than 2:1. 19. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which a current density used in the electrochemical process is less than 2000 Am−2 and preferably less than 1500 Am−2, for example in the region of 1000 Am−2. 20. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which a driving voltage used in the electrochemical process is less than 300 volts, for example 200 volts or less, such as 100 volts or less, for instance 50 volts or less, for example 10 volts or less and/or in the range of 5 to 35 volts such as between 8 and 15 volts. 21. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which an electrolyte gap used in the electrochemical process is more than 0.5 mm, for example more than 1 mm, such as more than 2.5 mm, for instance more than 5 mm. 22. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the electrochemical processing removes material from the surface of the article by way of a chemical reaction occurring between the surface of the article and the electrolyte. 23. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the electrochemical processing causes the surface of at least said region to oxidise and dissolve in the electrolyte. 24. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the electrolyte used in the electrochemical process is maintained in a liquid state during the electrochemical process. 25. A method as claimed in claim 1, comprising electrochemically processing substantially only said select region. 26. A method as claimed in claim 1, comprising using a regulated current power supply for the electrochemical processing. 27. A method as claimed in claim 1, comprising using an electrochemical processing apparatus as claimed in claim 28 in the electrochemical process. 28. An electrochemical processing apparatus for electrochemically processing at least a select region of an article so as to smoothen at least said select region, comprising:
an anode provided by said article; and a cathode positioned proximal said article and positioned so as to focus said electrochemical processing at said select region. 29. An apparatus as claimed in claim 28, in which the cathode is physically secured to said article during said electrochemical processing. 30. An apparatus as claimed in claim 28, in which said article comprises a plurality of individual products attached to a common member. 31. An apparatus as claimed in claim 30, in which the cathode is physically secured to said common member via an electrically insulating barrier member. 32. An apparatus as claimed in claim 28, in which the cathode is arranged on the side of the article proximal said select region. 33. An apparatus as claimed in claim 28, in which the cathode is provided with a region which corresponds generally in shape to said select region of said article. 34. An apparatus as claimed in claim 28, in which the cathode extends at least partly around said article, such as at said select region of said article. 35. An apparatus as claimed in claim 28, in which the cathode comprises a trough in which at least a part of the article is at least partially positioned, such as said select region of said article. 36. An apparatus as claimed in claim 28, in which the cathode comprises at least one passageway through which electrolyte can pass through the cathode. 37. An apparatus as claimed in claim 28, comprising a regulated current power supply. 38. A selectively laser sintered or selectively laser melted product comprising at least a first electrochemically processed region. 39. A product as claimed in claim 38, being a dental restoration. 40. A product or article produced by a method comprising:
taking an article in an initial state formed from a powdered material, layer-by-layer, the article comprising at least one product; and electrochemically processing at least a select region of the at least one product so as to smoothen at least said select region. | A method of manufacturing an article (such as a dental restoration) comprising taking an article, comprising at least one product (such as a dental restoration), in an initial state, formed from a powdered material, layer-by-layer and electrochemically processing at least a select region of the at least one product (such as a dental restoration) so as to smoothen at least said select region.1. A method of manufacturing an article comprising:
taking an article in an initial state formed from a powdered material, layer-by-layer, the article comprising at least one product; and electrochemically processing at least a select region of the at least one product so as to smoothen at least said select region. 2. A method as claimed in claim 1, comprising further processing the article subsequent to said electrochemical processing. 3. A method as claimed in claim 2, in which said further processing comprises milling at least a portion of the article. 4. A method as claimed in claim 2, in which said further processing comprises roughening at least a portion of the article. 5. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which a cathode of the electrochemical processing apparatus used to electrochemically process said at least said region is located so as to direct the electrochemical processing at said select region. 6. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the cathode is physically attached to said article. 7. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the article comprises a plurality of individual products joined together, the method comprises concurrently electrochemically processing said plurality of products, and the method preferably comprises separating or detaching the products from one another. 8. A method as claimed in claim 7, in which said plurality of products are attached to a common member, and the method preferably comprises separating or detaching the plurality of products from the common member. 9. A method as claimed in claim 7, in which a cathode of the electrochemical processing apparatus used to electrochemically process said at least said region is located so as to direct the electrochemical processing at said select region and in which the cathode surrounds said plurality of products. 10. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the article was formed via a laser consolidation process. 11. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the article was formed via a laser sintering or laser melting process. 12. A method as claimed in claim 1, comprising forming the article from a powdered material, layer-by-layer. 13. A method as claimed in claim 1, comprising subsequently taking another article, comprising at least one product, in an initial state, formed from a powdered material, layer-by-layer, and electrochemically processing at least a select region of the at least one product so as to smoothen at least said select region. 14. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which said at least one product is or comprises at least one dental restoration. 15. A method as claimed in claim 14, in which said select region comprises the transgingival region of the dental restoration. 16. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which an electrolyte used in the electrochemical process is at a temperature of at least at 5° C., for example at least at 10° C., for instance at least at 15° C. 17. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which an electrolyte used in the electrochemical process is at a temperature of not more than 80° C., for instance not more than 60° C., for example not more than 50° C. 18. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which a ratio of the surface area of the cathode used in the electrochemical process to the surface area of the article/anode is not more than 10:1, for example not more than 5:1, for instance not more than 2:1. 19. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which a current density used in the electrochemical process is less than 2000 Am−2 and preferably less than 1500 Am−2, for example in the region of 1000 Am−2. 20. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which a driving voltage used in the electrochemical process is less than 300 volts, for example 200 volts or less, such as 100 volts or less, for instance 50 volts or less, for example 10 volts or less and/or in the range of 5 to 35 volts such as between 8 and 15 volts. 21. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which an electrolyte gap used in the electrochemical process is more than 0.5 mm, for example more than 1 mm, such as more than 2.5 mm, for instance more than 5 mm. 22. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the electrochemical processing removes material from the surface of the article by way of a chemical reaction occurring between the surface of the article and the electrolyte. 23. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the electrochemical processing causes the surface of at least said region to oxidise and dissolve in the electrolyte. 24. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the electrolyte used in the electrochemical process is maintained in a liquid state during the electrochemical process. 25. A method as claimed in claim 1, comprising electrochemically processing substantially only said select region. 26. A method as claimed in claim 1, comprising using a regulated current power supply for the electrochemical processing. 27. A method as claimed in claim 1, comprising using an electrochemical processing apparatus as claimed in claim 28 in the electrochemical process. 28. An electrochemical processing apparatus for electrochemically processing at least a select region of an article so as to smoothen at least said select region, comprising:
an anode provided by said article; and a cathode positioned proximal said article and positioned so as to focus said electrochemical processing at said select region. 29. An apparatus as claimed in claim 28, in which the cathode is physically secured to said article during said electrochemical processing. 30. An apparatus as claimed in claim 28, in which said article comprises a plurality of individual products attached to a common member. 31. An apparatus as claimed in claim 30, in which the cathode is physically secured to said common member via an electrically insulating barrier member. 32. An apparatus as claimed in claim 28, in which the cathode is arranged on the side of the article proximal said select region. 33. An apparatus as claimed in claim 28, in which the cathode is provided with a region which corresponds generally in shape to said select region of said article. 34. An apparatus as claimed in claim 28, in which the cathode extends at least partly around said article, such as at said select region of said article. 35. An apparatus as claimed in claim 28, in which the cathode comprises a trough in which at least a part of the article is at least partially positioned, such as said select region of said article. 36. An apparatus as claimed in claim 28, in which the cathode comprises at least one passageway through which electrolyte can pass through the cathode. 37. An apparatus as claimed in claim 28, comprising a regulated current power supply. 38. A selectively laser sintered or selectively laser melted product comprising at least a first electrochemically processed region. 39. A product as claimed in claim 38, being a dental restoration. 40. A product or article produced by a method comprising:
taking an article in an initial state formed from a powdered material, layer-by-layer, the article comprising at least one product; and electrochemically processing at least a select region of the at least one product so as to smoothen at least said select region. | 1,700 |
3,883 | 14,060,225 | 1,771 | A process and system for upgrading an organic feedstock including providing an organic feedstock and water mixture, feeding the mixture into a high-rate, hydrothermal reactor, wherein the mixture is rapidly heated, subjected to heat, pressure, and turbulent flow, maintaining the heat and pressure of the mixture for a residence time of less than three minutes to cause the organic components of the mixture to undergo conversion reactions resulting in increased yields of distillate fuels, higher-quality kerosene and diesel fuels, and the formation of high octane naphtha compounds. Hydrocarbon products are cooled at a rate sufficient to inhibit additional reaction and recover of process heat, and depressurizing the hydrocarbon products, and separating the hydrocarbon products for further processing. The process and system can include devices to convert olefinic hydrocarbons into paraffinic hydrocarbons and convert olefinic byproduct gas to additional high-octane naphtha and/or heavier hydrocarbons by one of hydrogenation, alkylation, or oligomerization. | 1. A process for upgrading an organic feedstock comprising:
providing an organic feedstock and water mixture; feeding the mixture into a high-rate reactor, wherein the mixture is subjected to heat and pressure; maintaining the heat and pressure applied to the mixture for a residence time of less than three minutes to cause the organic components of the mixture to undergo a reaction resulting in the formation of upgraded hydrocarbon distillate products; and recovering the upgraded hydrogen distillate products. 2. The process of claim 1, further comprising:
cooling the hydrocarbon distillate products such that further reaction is inhibited; and/or depressurizing the hydrocarbon distillate products. 3. The process of claim 1, further comprising preheating the organic feedstock and water prior to or after mixing and pressurizing the mixture to an initial reactor pressure prior to feeding the mixture into the high-rate reactor. 4. The process of claim 3, wherein the organic feedstock and water are preheated to an initial temperature of 100-400° C. and the initial reactor pressure is 1500-6000 psig. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the mixture is heated in the high-rate reactor to a temperature of 400-700° C. 6. The process of claim 5, wherein the high-rate reactor heats the mixture at a rate of 10-50° C./sec. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the mixture is heated in the high-rate reactor by at least one of direct heating, indirect heating, and a combination thereof. 8. The process of claim 7, wherein indirect heating is accomplished by superheating supercritical water; preheating the organic feedstock; mixing the superheated supercritical water and preheated organic feedstock; feeding the mixture into the high-rate reactor; providing sufficient reaction time to achieve thermal equilibrium and achieve conversion to higher-value products; and separating the water, organic, residual, and gaseous products. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the high-rate reactor is configured to maintain a turbulent flow of the mixture and achieve a Reynolds Number of at least 2000. 10. The process of claim 1, including adding a homogeneous catalyst to the water or organic feedstock to enhance or target specific reactions, and wherein the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of metal oxides, compounds that form metal oxides, carbonates, sulfates, and transition metal salts. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the water:organic volume ratio of the mixture is between 1:100 and 1:1. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein the residence time is 1-120 seconds. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein the organic feedstock is selected from the group consisting of petroleum crude oil; petroleum refinery intermediate streams; synthetic hydrocarbons; pyrolysis oils; coal liquids; renewable oils; and mixtures thereof. 14. The process of claim 13, where the petroleum crude oil comprises crude oils exhibiting API gravities greater than 22°; heavy crude oils exhibiting API gravities less than 22°; tar sands bitumen; shale oil; and waxy crude oils comprising yellow wax and/or black wax; and mixtures thereof. 15. The process of claim 13, wherein the petroleum refinery intermediate streams comprise atmospheric gas oil, atmospheric residuum, vacuum gas oil, vacuum residuum, light hydrocarbons, straight-run naphtha, kerosene, and diesel fractions and mixtures thereof. 16. The process of claim 13, wherein the synthetic hydrocarbons comprise hydrocarbons obtained from Fischer-Tropsch processes, alkylation processes, oligomerization processes, polymerization processes, and/or biosynthetic processes. 17. The process of claim 13, wherein the renewable organic feedstocks comprise plant oil comprising canola, soy bean, Carinata, and castor; waste vegetable oil; corn oil derived from distillers grains; animal tallow; algal oil; microbial oil; terpenes and other pine-related byproducts from tall oils; biosynthetic oils, and mixtures thereof. 18. The process of claim 1, wherein the feedstock comprises natural gas liquids, natural gasoline, petroleum ether, light naphtha, heavy naphtha, kerosene, diesel, atmospheric gas oil, light crude oil, waxy crude oil, and mixtures thereof; that are reformed in the high-rate reactor into highly naphthenic and aromatic distillates, higher-octane naphtha and byproduct reformer gas containing hydrogen that may be used for hydrotreating other product streams. 19. The process of claim 1, wherein olefinic gas is produced as a byproduct and the process further comprising converting the olefinic byproduct gas to high-octane naphtha and/or heavier hydrocarbons by one of alkylation or oligomerization. 20. The process of claim 1, wherein the organic and water mixture is continuously fed into the high-rate reactor. 21. A continuous-flow, high-rate, hydrothermal reactor system for upgrading an organic feedstock comprising:
an organic feedstock and water supply; a mixing device for mixing the organic feedstock and water to form a mixture; a high-rate reactor, including an inlet for receiving the mixture, said high-rate reactor configured for applying and/or maintaining heat and pressure to the mixture for a residence time of less than three minutes to cause a reaction to occur resulting in the formation of upgraded hydrocarbon distillate products; and recovering the upgraded hydrocarbon distillate products. 22. The system of claim 21, including:
a second high rate reactor for reforming the hydrocarbon distillate product and at least one hydrotreater positioned in series or parallel to the second high rate reactor. a cooling device for cooling the hydrocarbon distillate products; a depressurizing device for reducing the pressure of the hydrocarbon distillate products; and a separation device for separating the hydrocarbon distillate products for further processing. 23. The system of claim 22, including at least one of an alkylation device and an oligomerization device for further processing the hydrocarbon distillate products and a gas-liquid separator for separating the products produced from the at least one alkylation device and oligomerization device. 24. The system of claim 21, including a second high rate reactor for reforming the hydrocarbon distillate products and at least one hydrotreater positioned in series or parallel to the second high rate reactor. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein hydrogen-rich reformer gas exiting the second high rate reactor is used in the at least one hydrotreater. | A process and system for upgrading an organic feedstock including providing an organic feedstock and water mixture, feeding the mixture into a high-rate, hydrothermal reactor, wherein the mixture is rapidly heated, subjected to heat, pressure, and turbulent flow, maintaining the heat and pressure of the mixture for a residence time of less than three minutes to cause the organic components of the mixture to undergo conversion reactions resulting in increased yields of distillate fuels, higher-quality kerosene and diesel fuels, and the formation of high octane naphtha compounds. Hydrocarbon products are cooled at a rate sufficient to inhibit additional reaction and recover of process heat, and depressurizing the hydrocarbon products, and separating the hydrocarbon products for further processing. The process and system can include devices to convert olefinic hydrocarbons into paraffinic hydrocarbons and convert olefinic byproduct gas to additional high-octane naphtha and/or heavier hydrocarbons by one of hydrogenation, alkylation, or oligomerization.1. A process for upgrading an organic feedstock comprising:
providing an organic feedstock and water mixture; feeding the mixture into a high-rate reactor, wherein the mixture is subjected to heat and pressure; maintaining the heat and pressure applied to the mixture for a residence time of less than three minutes to cause the organic components of the mixture to undergo a reaction resulting in the formation of upgraded hydrocarbon distillate products; and recovering the upgraded hydrogen distillate products. 2. The process of claim 1, further comprising:
cooling the hydrocarbon distillate products such that further reaction is inhibited; and/or depressurizing the hydrocarbon distillate products. 3. The process of claim 1, further comprising preheating the organic feedstock and water prior to or after mixing and pressurizing the mixture to an initial reactor pressure prior to feeding the mixture into the high-rate reactor. 4. The process of claim 3, wherein the organic feedstock and water are preheated to an initial temperature of 100-400° C. and the initial reactor pressure is 1500-6000 psig. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the mixture is heated in the high-rate reactor to a temperature of 400-700° C. 6. The process of claim 5, wherein the high-rate reactor heats the mixture at a rate of 10-50° C./sec. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the mixture is heated in the high-rate reactor by at least one of direct heating, indirect heating, and a combination thereof. 8. The process of claim 7, wherein indirect heating is accomplished by superheating supercritical water; preheating the organic feedstock; mixing the superheated supercritical water and preheated organic feedstock; feeding the mixture into the high-rate reactor; providing sufficient reaction time to achieve thermal equilibrium and achieve conversion to higher-value products; and separating the water, organic, residual, and gaseous products. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the high-rate reactor is configured to maintain a turbulent flow of the mixture and achieve a Reynolds Number of at least 2000. 10. The process of claim 1, including adding a homogeneous catalyst to the water or organic feedstock to enhance or target specific reactions, and wherein the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of metal oxides, compounds that form metal oxides, carbonates, sulfates, and transition metal salts. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the water:organic volume ratio of the mixture is between 1:100 and 1:1. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein the residence time is 1-120 seconds. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein the organic feedstock is selected from the group consisting of petroleum crude oil; petroleum refinery intermediate streams; synthetic hydrocarbons; pyrolysis oils; coal liquids; renewable oils; and mixtures thereof. 14. The process of claim 13, where the petroleum crude oil comprises crude oils exhibiting API gravities greater than 22°; heavy crude oils exhibiting API gravities less than 22°; tar sands bitumen; shale oil; and waxy crude oils comprising yellow wax and/or black wax; and mixtures thereof. 15. The process of claim 13, wherein the petroleum refinery intermediate streams comprise atmospheric gas oil, atmospheric residuum, vacuum gas oil, vacuum residuum, light hydrocarbons, straight-run naphtha, kerosene, and diesel fractions and mixtures thereof. 16. The process of claim 13, wherein the synthetic hydrocarbons comprise hydrocarbons obtained from Fischer-Tropsch processes, alkylation processes, oligomerization processes, polymerization processes, and/or biosynthetic processes. 17. The process of claim 13, wherein the renewable organic feedstocks comprise plant oil comprising canola, soy bean, Carinata, and castor; waste vegetable oil; corn oil derived from distillers grains; animal tallow; algal oil; microbial oil; terpenes and other pine-related byproducts from tall oils; biosynthetic oils, and mixtures thereof. 18. The process of claim 1, wherein the feedstock comprises natural gas liquids, natural gasoline, petroleum ether, light naphtha, heavy naphtha, kerosene, diesel, atmospheric gas oil, light crude oil, waxy crude oil, and mixtures thereof; that are reformed in the high-rate reactor into highly naphthenic and aromatic distillates, higher-octane naphtha and byproduct reformer gas containing hydrogen that may be used for hydrotreating other product streams. 19. The process of claim 1, wherein olefinic gas is produced as a byproduct and the process further comprising converting the olefinic byproduct gas to high-octane naphtha and/or heavier hydrocarbons by one of alkylation or oligomerization. 20. The process of claim 1, wherein the organic and water mixture is continuously fed into the high-rate reactor. 21. A continuous-flow, high-rate, hydrothermal reactor system for upgrading an organic feedstock comprising:
an organic feedstock and water supply; a mixing device for mixing the organic feedstock and water to form a mixture; a high-rate reactor, including an inlet for receiving the mixture, said high-rate reactor configured for applying and/or maintaining heat and pressure to the mixture for a residence time of less than three minutes to cause a reaction to occur resulting in the formation of upgraded hydrocarbon distillate products; and recovering the upgraded hydrocarbon distillate products. 22. The system of claim 21, including:
a second high rate reactor for reforming the hydrocarbon distillate product and at least one hydrotreater positioned in series or parallel to the second high rate reactor. a cooling device for cooling the hydrocarbon distillate products; a depressurizing device for reducing the pressure of the hydrocarbon distillate products; and a separation device for separating the hydrocarbon distillate products for further processing. 23. The system of claim 22, including at least one of an alkylation device and an oligomerization device for further processing the hydrocarbon distillate products and a gas-liquid separator for separating the products produced from the at least one alkylation device and oligomerization device. 24. The system of claim 21, including a second high rate reactor for reforming the hydrocarbon distillate products and at least one hydrotreater positioned in series or parallel to the second high rate reactor. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein hydrogen-rich reformer gas exiting the second high rate reactor is used in the at least one hydrotreater. | 1,700 |
3,884 | 14,398,422 | 1,745 | A multi-layered structural element and a method for producing a multi-layered structural element are disclosed. In an embodiment dielectric green sheets, at least one ply containing an auxiliary material which contains at least one copper oxide and layers containing electrode material are provided and arranged alternately one above another. These materials are debindered and sintered. The copper oxide is reduced to form the copper metal and the at least one ply is degraded during debindering and sintering. | 1-14. (canceled) 15. A method for producing a multi-layered structural element, the method comprising:
providing an electrode material and green sheets containing a dielectric material; providing an auxiliary material containing at least one copper oxide; forming a stack comprising the dielectric green sheets, at least one ply containing the auxiliary material and layers containing the electrode material arranged alternately one above another; and debindering and sintering the stack thereby degrading the at least one ply and reducing the at least one copper oxide thereby forming copper metal. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the electrode material and the auxiliary material are selected such that they contain the same metal, the material being present in a smaller proportion in the electrode material than in the auxiliary material. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein debindering and sintering comprises diffusing copper ions from the at least one copper oxide toward the layers containing electrode material. 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein debindering and sintering comprising applying oxygen partial pressure thereby reducing the at least one copper oxide to the copper metal. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein reducing the at least one copper oxide thereby forming the copper metal has already largely concluded after debindering. 20. The method according to claim 15, wherein degrading the at least one ply layer comprises forming at least one weakening layer. 21. The method according to claim 15, wherein the copper oxide is CuO. 22. The method according to claim 15, wherein the copper oxide is Cu2O. 23. The method according to claim 15, wherein the auxiliary material does not contain any copper metal. 24. The method according to claim 15, wherein the auxiliary material consists only of one component. 25. The method according to claim 15, wherein the electrode material contains copper. 26. The method according to claim 15, wherein the dielectric material is a piezoelectric material. 27. A multi-layered structural element formed according to the method of claim 15. 28. The multi-layered structural element according to claim 27, wherein the multi-layered structural element comprises an actuator. 29. The multi-layered structural element according to claim 27, which wherein the multi-layered structural element comprises a capacitor. | A multi-layered structural element and a method for producing a multi-layered structural element are disclosed. In an embodiment dielectric green sheets, at least one ply containing an auxiliary material which contains at least one copper oxide and layers containing electrode material are provided and arranged alternately one above another. These materials are debindered and sintered. The copper oxide is reduced to form the copper metal and the at least one ply is degraded during debindering and sintering.1-14. (canceled) 15. A method for producing a multi-layered structural element, the method comprising:
providing an electrode material and green sheets containing a dielectric material; providing an auxiliary material containing at least one copper oxide; forming a stack comprising the dielectric green sheets, at least one ply containing the auxiliary material and layers containing the electrode material arranged alternately one above another; and debindering and sintering the stack thereby degrading the at least one ply and reducing the at least one copper oxide thereby forming copper metal. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the electrode material and the auxiliary material are selected such that they contain the same metal, the material being present in a smaller proportion in the electrode material than in the auxiliary material. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein debindering and sintering comprises diffusing copper ions from the at least one copper oxide toward the layers containing electrode material. 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein debindering and sintering comprising applying oxygen partial pressure thereby reducing the at least one copper oxide to the copper metal. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein reducing the at least one copper oxide thereby forming the copper metal has already largely concluded after debindering. 20. The method according to claim 15, wherein degrading the at least one ply layer comprises forming at least one weakening layer. 21. The method according to claim 15, wherein the copper oxide is CuO. 22. The method according to claim 15, wherein the copper oxide is Cu2O. 23. The method according to claim 15, wherein the auxiliary material does not contain any copper metal. 24. The method according to claim 15, wherein the auxiliary material consists only of one component. 25. The method according to claim 15, wherein the electrode material contains copper. 26. The method according to claim 15, wherein the dielectric material is a piezoelectric material. 27. A multi-layered structural element formed according to the method of claim 15. 28. The multi-layered structural element according to claim 27, wherein the multi-layered structural element comprises an actuator. 29. The multi-layered structural element according to claim 27, which wherein the multi-layered structural element comprises a capacitor. | 1,700 |
3,885 | 15,502,836 | 1,732 | The invention relates to an aqueous binder composition for mineral fibers comprising a component (i) in the form of one or more compounds selected from—compounds of the formula, and any salts thereof. In which R1 corresponds to H, alkyl, monohydroxyalkyl, dihydroxyalkyl, polyhydroxyalkyl, alkylene, alkoxy, amine; —compounds of the formula, and any salts thereof. In which R2 corresponds to H, alkyl, monohydroxyalkyl, dihydroxyalkyl, polyhydroxyalkyl, alkylene, alkoxy, amine; a component (ii) in the form of one or more compounds selected from the group of ammonia, amines or any salts thereof; a component (iii) in the form of one or more carbohydrates. | 1.-16. (canceled) 17. An aqueous binder composition for mineral fibers, wherein the composition comprises
(a) a component (i) in the form of one or more compounds selected from one or both of
compounds of formula
and salts thereof, in which R1 represents H, alkyl, monohydroxyalkyl, dihydroxyalkyl, polyhydroxyalkyl, alkylene, alkoxy, amine;
compounds of the formula
and salts thereof, in which R2 represents H, alkyl, monohydroxyalkyl, dihydroxyalkyl, polyhydroxyalkyl, alkylene, alkoxy, amine;
(b) a component (ii) in the form of one or more compounds selected from ammonia, amines, salts thereof;
(c) a component (iii) in the form of one or more carbohydrates. 18. The composition of claim 17, wherein component (i) comprises one or more compounds selected from L, ascorbic acid, D-isoascorbic acid, 5,6-isopropylidene ascorbic acid, dehydroascorbic acid, salts of these compounds. 19. The composition of claim 18, wherein the salts are selected from one or more of calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium and iron salts. 20. The composition of claim 17, wherein component (ii) comprises one or more of ammonia, piperazine, hexadimethylenediamine, m-xylylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine. 21. The composition of claim 17, wherein component (iii) comprises one or more of dextrose, glucose syrup, xylose, fructose, sucrose. 22. The composition of claim 17, wherein component (i) comprises ascorbic acid, component (ii) comprises one or more of ammonia, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, and component (iii) comprises one or both of dextrose and a glucose syrup having a dextrose equivalent (DE) of from 60 to 99. 23. The composition of claim 17, wherein the composition comprises from 1 to 50 weight-% of component (i), based on a mass of components (i) and (iii), from 50 to 99 weight-% of component (iii), based on the mass of components (i) and (iii), and from 0.1 to 10.0 molar equivalents of component (ii), relative to component (i). 24. The composition of claim 17, wherein the aqueous binder composition further comprises a component (iv) in the form of one or more additives. 25. The composition of claim 24, wherein component (iv) comprises one or more compounds selected from mineral acids and salts thereof. 26. The composition of claim 25, wherein the composition comprises from 0.05 to 10 weight-% of component (iv), based on a mass of components (i) and (iii). 27. The composition of claim 25, wherein component (iv) comprises one or more of an ammonium sulfate salt, an ammonium phosphate salt, an ammonium nitrate salt, an ammonium carbonate salt. 28. The composition of claim 25, wherein component (iv) comprises one or more of sulfuric acid, nitric acid, boric acid, hypophosphorous acid, phosphoric acid. 29. The composition of claim 17, wherein the composition further comprises a component (v) in the form of one or more reactive or non-reactive silicones. 30. The composition of claim 29, wherein component (v) comprises one or more silicones constituted of a main chain composed of organosiloxane residues bearing at least one hydroxyl, carboxyl or anhydride, amine, epoxy or vinyl functional group that is capable of reacting with at least one constituent of the binder composition. 31. The composition of claim 30, wherein the composition comprises from 0.1 to 15 weight-% of component (v), based on solids content of the composition. 32. The composition of claim 30, wherein the organosiloxane residues comprise one or more of a diphenylsiloxane residue and a alkylsiloxane residue. 33. The composition of claim 17, wherein the composition further comprises urea. 34. The composition of claim 17, wherein >95 weight-% of a total solids content of the composition is formed by component (i), component (ii), component (iii), optionally present component (iv) selected from mineral acids and salts thereof, optionally present component (v) in the form of one or more reactive or non-reactive silicones and optionally present urea, based on binder composition solids content. 35. A method of producing a bonded mineral fiber product, wherein the method comprises contacting mineral fibers with the binder composition of claim 17, and curing the binder composition. 36. A mineral fiber product, wherein the product comprises mineral fibers in contact with cured binder composition of claim 17. | The invention relates to an aqueous binder composition for mineral fibers comprising a component (i) in the form of one or more compounds selected from—compounds of the formula, and any salts thereof. In which R1 corresponds to H, alkyl, monohydroxyalkyl, dihydroxyalkyl, polyhydroxyalkyl, alkylene, alkoxy, amine; —compounds of the formula, and any salts thereof. In which R2 corresponds to H, alkyl, monohydroxyalkyl, dihydroxyalkyl, polyhydroxyalkyl, alkylene, alkoxy, amine; a component (ii) in the form of one or more compounds selected from the group of ammonia, amines or any salts thereof; a component (iii) in the form of one or more carbohydrates.1.-16. (canceled) 17. An aqueous binder composition for mineral fibers, wherein the composition comprises
(a) a component (i) in the form of one or more compounds selected from one or both of
compounds of formula
and salts thereof, in which R1 represents H, alkyl, monohydroxyalkyl, dihydroxyalkyl, polyhydroxyalkyl, alkylene, alkoxy, amine;
compounds of the formula
and salts thereof, in which R2 represents H, alkyl, monohydroxyalkyl, dihydroxyalkyl, polyhydroxyalkyl, alkylene, alkoxy, amine;
(b) a component (ii) in the form of one or more compounds selected from ammonia, amines, salts thereof;
(c) a component (iii) in the form of one or more carbohydrates. 18. The composition of claim 17, wherein component (i) comprises one or more compounds selected from L, ascorbic acid, D-isoascorbic acid, 5,6-isopropylidene ascorbic acid, dehydroascorbic acid, salts of these compounds. 19. The composition of claim 18, wherein the salts are selected from one or more of calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium and iron salts. 20. The composition of claim 17, wherein component (ii) comprises one or more of ammonia, piperazine, hexadimethylenediamine, m-xylylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine. 21. The composition of claim 17, wherein component (iii) comprises one or more of dextrose, glucose syrup, xylose, fructose, sucrose. 22. The composition of claim 17, wherein component (i) comprises ascorbic acid, component (ii) comprises one or more of ammonia, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, and component (iii) comprises one or both of dextrose and a glucose syrup having a dextrose equivalent (DE) of from 60 to 99. 23. The composition of claim 17, wherein the composition comprises from 1 to 50 weight-% of component (i), based on a mass of components (i) and (iii), from 50 to 99 weight-% of component (iii), based on the mass of components (i) and (iii), and from 0.1 to 10.0 molar equivalents of component (ii), relative to component (i). 24. The composition of claim 17, wherein the aqueous binder composition further comprises a component (iv) in the form of one or more additives. 25. The composition of claim 24, wherein component (iv) comprises one or more compounds selected from mineral acids and salts thereof. 26. The composition of claim 25, wherein the composition comprises from 0.05 to 10 weight-% of component (iv), based on a mass of components (i) and (iii). 27. The composition of claim 25, wherein component (iv) comprises one or more of an ammonium sulfate salt, an ammonium phosphate salt, an ammonium nitrate salt, an ammonium carbonate salt. 28. The composition of claim 25, wherein component (iv) comprises one or more of sulfuric acid, nitric acid, boric acid, hypophosphorous acid, phosphoric acid. 29. The composition of claim 17, wherein the composition further comprises a component (v) in the form of one or more reactive or non-reactive silicones. 30. The composition of claim 29, wherein component (v) comprises one or more silicones constituted of a main chain composed of organosiloxane residues bearing at least one hydroxyl, carboxyl or anhydride, amine, epoxy or vinyl functional group that is capable of reacting with at least one constituent of the binder composition. 31. The composition of claim 30, wherein the composition comprises from 0.1 to 15 weight-% of component (v), based on solids content of the composition. 32. The composition of claim 30, wherein the organosiloxane residues comprise one or more of a diphenylsiloxane residue and a alkylsiloxane residue. 33. The composition of claim 17, wherein the composition further comprises urea. 34. The composition of claim 17, wherein >95 weight-% of a total solids content of the composition is formed by component (i), component (ii), component (iii), optionally present component (iv) selected from mineral acids and salts thereof, optionally present component (v) in the form of one or more reactive or non-reactive silicones and optionally present urea, based on binder composition solids content. 35. A method of producing a bonded mineral fiber product, wherein the method comprises contacting mineral fibers with the binder composition of claim 17, and curing the binder composition. 36. A mineral fiber product, wherein the product comprises mineral fibers in contact with cured binder composition of claim 17. | 1,700 |
3,886 | 15,479,122 | 1,797 | A multi-capillary column pre-concentration trap for use in various chromatography techniques (e.g., gas chromatography (GC) or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS)) is disclosed. In some examples, the trap can include a plurality of capillary columns connected in series in order of increasing strength (i.e., increasing chemical affinity for one or more sample compounds). A sample can enter the trap, flowing from a sample vial to a relatively weak column to the relatively strongest column of the trap by way of any additional columns included in the trap, for example. In some examples, the trap can be heated and backflushed so that the sample exits the trap through the head of the relatively weak column. Next, the sample can be injected into a chemical analysis device for performing the chromatography technique (e.g., GC or GCMS) or it can be injected into a secondary multi-capillary column trap for further concentration. | 1. A first trap for pre-concentrating a sample before chemical analysis, the first trap comprising:
a first primary capillary column having a first strength; a second primary capillary column having a second strength, greater than the first strength, the second primary capillary column coupled to the first primary capillary column in series, and one or more valves configured to:
during an adsorption process, allow the sample to flow through the first primary capillary column and the second primary capillary column in a first direction, the first direction being from the first primary capillary column to the second primary capillary column, and
during a desorption process, allow a desorption gas to flow through the first primary capillary column and the second primary capillary column in a second direction, the second direction being from the second primary capillary column to the first primary capillary column. 2. The first trap of claim 1, further comprising a first adsorbent material within the first primary capillary column and a second adsorbent material within the second primary capillary column, the first and second adsorbent materials for adsorbing the sample, wherein:
the first and second primary capillary columns are open-tubular capillary columns, the first adsorbent material coats an interior surface of the first primary capillary column, leaving a first open passageway through the first capillary column, and the second adsorbent material coats an interior surface of the second primary capillary column, leaving a second open passageway through the second capillary column. 3. The first trap of claim 1, wherein the first strength is a first chemical affinity for one or more compounds of the sample, and the second strength is a second chemical affinity for the one or more compounds of the sample, the second affinity higher than the first affinity. 4. The first trap of claim 1, further comprising a heater, wherein:
during the adsorption process, the first trap has an adsorption temperature, and during the desorption process, the heater heats the first trap to a desorption temperature greater than the adsorption temperature. 5. The first trap of claim 4, wherein:
the heater is positioned a first distance from the first primary capillary column and a second distance less than the first distance from the second primary capillary column, the second primary capillary column reaches the desorption temperature before the first primary capillary column reaches the desorption temperature, and the desorption gas begins flowing from the second primary capillary column to the first primary capillary column while the second primary capillary column is at the desorption temperature but before the first primary capillary column reaches the desorption temperature. 6. The first trap of claim 1, further comprising a desorption port between the first primary capillary column and a chemical analysis device, wherein:
the desorption process causes the sample to desorb from the first and second primary capillary columns, during the desorption process, the one or more valves allow the desorbed sample to flow from the first primary capillary column to the chemical analysis device through the desorption port, and the chemical analysis device performs the chemical analysis on the desorbed sample. 7. The first trap of claim 1, further comprising:
an exit port coupled to an exit port end of the second primary capillary column, wherein the first primary capillary column is coupled to an end of the second primary capillary column that is opposite the exit port end of the second primary capillary column, wherein:
during the adsorption process, one or more fixed gases exit the first and second primary capillary columns through the exit port, and
during the desorption process, the desorption gas enters the second primary capillary column through the exit port. 8. The first trap of claim 7, wherein the one or more fixed gases comprise one or more of water vapor, air, carbon dioxide, methane, helium, hydrogen, and a carrier gas. 9. The first trap of claim 1, further comprising a first desorption port between the first primary capillary column and a second trap wherein:
the desorption process causes the sample to back-desorb from the first and second primary capillary columns, during the desorption process, the one or more valves allow the desorbed sample to flow from the first primary capillary column to the second trap through the first desorption port, and the second trap comprises:
a secondary capillary column having a first end switchably couplable to the first desorption port, and
one or more second valves configured to:
during a second adsorption process, allow the desorbed sample to flow through the secondary capillary column in a third direction, the third direction being from the first end of the secondary capillary column to an opposite end of the secondary capillary column, and
during a second desorption process, allow a second desorption gas to flow through the secondary capillary column in a fourth direction, the fourth direction being from the opposite end of secondary capillary column to the first end of the secondary capillary column. 10. The first trap of claim 9, wherein the second trap includes fewer capillary columns than the first trap. 11. The first trap of claim 9, wherein the secondary capillary column of the second trap is shorter than the first and second primary capillary columns of the first trap. 12. The first trap of claim 9, wherein:
the second trap further comprises a second desorption port switchably couplable to the first end of the secondary capillary column, the second desorption process causes the sample to desorb from the secondary capillary column, during the second desorption process, the one or more second valves allow the desorbed sample from the secondary capillary column to flow from the secondary capillary column to the chemical analysis device through the second desorption port, and the chemical analysis device performs the chemical analysis on the desorbed sample from the secondary capillary column. 13. A method of pre-concentrating a sample before chemical analysis, the method comprising:
during an adsorption process:
allowing, via one or more valves, the sample to flow through a first primary capillary column of a first trap and a second primary capillary column of the first trap in a first direction, the first direction being from the first primary capillary column to the second primary capillary column; and
during a desorption process:
allowing, via the plurality of valves, a desorption gas to flow through the first primary capillary column and the second primary capillary column in a second direction, the second direction being from the second primary capillary column to the first primary capillary column,
wherein:
the first primary capillary column has a first strength,
the second primary capillary column has a second strength greater than the first strength, and
the first primary capillary column and the second primary capillary column are coupled in series. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
during the desorption process, heating the first trap to a desorption temperature with a heater of the first trap, wherein:
during the adsorption process, the first trap has an adsorption temperature, and
the desorption temperature is greater than the adsorption temperature. 15. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
during the desorption process:
causing the sample to desorb from the first and second primary capillary columns; and
allowing, via the one or more valves, the desorbed sample to flow from the first primary capillary column to a chemical analysis device through a desorption port between the first primary capillary column and the chemical analysis device; and
performing the chemical analysis on the desorbed sample with the chemical analysis device. 16. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
during the adsorption process, allowing, via the one or more valves, one or more fixed gasses to exit the first and second primary capillary columns through an exit port of the first trap; and during the desorption process, allowing, via the one or more valves, the desorption gas to enter the primary capillary column through the exit port of the first trap, wherein:
the exit port of the first trap is coupled to an exit port end of the second primary capillary column, and
the first primary capillary column is coupled to an end of the second primary capillary column that is opposite the exit port end of the second primary capillary column. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the desorption process causes the sample to back-desorb from the first and second primary capillary columns, and during the desorption process, the one or more valves allow the desorbed sample to flow from the first primary capillary column to a second trap through a first desorption port of the first trap, the method further comprising:
during a second adsorption process, allowing, via one or more second valves of the second trap, the desorbed sample to flow through a secondary capillary column of the second trap in a third direction, the third direction being from a first end of the secondary capillary column to an opposite end of the secondary capillary column, and during a second desorption process, allowing, via the one or more second valves, a second desorption gas to flow through the secondary capillary column in a fourth direction, the fourth direction being from the opposite end of secondary capillary column to the first end of the secondary capillary column. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising:
during the second desorption process:
desorbing the sample from the secondary capillary column; and
allowing, via the one or more second valves, the desorbed sample from the secondary capillary column to flow from the secondary capillary column into a chemical analysis device through a second desorption port of the second trap; and
performing, with the chemical analysis device, the chemical analysis on the desorbed sample from the secondary capillary column. 19. A system comprising:
a sample container containing a sample; a first trap, the first trap comprising:
a first primary capillary column having a first strength;
a second primary capillary column having a second strength, greater than the first strength, the second primary capillary column coupled to the first primary capillary column in series;
a chemical analysis device, the chemical analysis device comprising a detector configured to detect one or more compounds of the sample; and one or more valves fluidly coupling the first trap to the sample container, the one or more valves configured to:
during an adsorption process, allow the sample to flow from the sample container through the first primary capillary column and the second primary capillary column in a first direction, the first direction being from the first primary capillary column to the second primary capillary column, and
during a desorption process, allow a desorption gas to flow through the first primary capillary column and the second primary capillary column in a second direction, the second direction being from the second primary capillary column to the first primary capillary column and towards the chemical analysis device. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the first trap further comprises a desorption port between the first primary capillary column and the chemical analysis device, wherein:
the desorption process causes the sample to desorb from the first and second primary capillary columns, during the desorption process, the one or more valves allow the desorbed sample to flow from the first primary capillary column to the chemical analysis device through the desorption port, and the chemical analysis device performs the chemical analysis on the desorbed sample. 21. The system of claim 19, further comprising:
a second trap fluidly coupled to a desorption port of the first trap and to the chemical analysis device by way of the one or more valves, the second trap comprising a secondary capillary column, wherein:
the desorption process is a first desorption process, and
the one or more valves are further configured to:
during the first desorption process, allow the sample to back-desorb from the first and second primary capillary columns and flow from the first primary capillary column to the second trap through the desorption port of the first trap;
during a second adsorption process, allow the desorbed sample from the first trap to flow through the secondary capillary column in a third direction, the third direction being from a first end of the secondary capillary column to an opposite end of the secondary capillary column; and
during a second desorption process, allow a second desorption gas to flow through the secondary capillary column in a fourth direction, the fourth direction being from the opposite end of the secondary capillary column to the first end of the secondary capillary column and into the chemical analysis device through a second desorption port of the second trap. | A multi-capillary column pre-concentration trap for use in various chromatography techniques (e.g., gas chromatography (GC) or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS)) is disclosed. In some examples, the trap can include a plurality of capillary columns connected in series in order of increasing strength (i.e., increasing chemical affinity for one or more sample compounds). A sample can enter the trap, flowing from a sample vial to a relatively weak column to the relatively strongest column of the trap by way of any additional columns included in the trap, for example. In some examples, the trap can be heated and backflushed so that the sample exits the trap through the head of the relatively weak column. Next, the sample can be injected into a chemical analysis device for performing the chromatography technique (e.g., GC or GCMS) or it can be injected into a secondary multi-capillary column trap for further concentration.1. A first trap for pre-concentrating a sample before chemical analysis, the first trap comprising:
a first primary capillary column having a first strength; a second primary capillary column having a second strength, greater than the first strength, the second primary capillary column coupled to the first primary capillary column in series, and one or more valves configured to:
during an adsorption process, allow the sample to flow through the first primary capillary column and the second primary capillary column in a first direction, the first direction being from the first primary capillary column to the second primary capillary column, and
during a desorption process, allow a desorption gas to flow through the first primary capillary column and the second primary capillary column in a second direction, the second direction being from the second primary capillary column to the first primary capillary column. 2. The first trap of claim 1, further comprising a first adsorbent material within the first primary capillary column and a second adsorbent material within the second primary capillary column, the first and second adsorbent materials for adsorbing the sample, wherein:
the first and second primary capillary columns are open-tubular capillary columns, the first adsorbent material coats an interior surface of the first primary capillary column, leaving a first open passageway through the first capillary column, and the second adsorbent material coats an interior surface of the second primary capillary column, leaving a second open passageway through the second capillary column. 3. The first trap of claim 1, wherein the first strength is a first chemical affinity for one or more compounds of the sample, and the second strength is a second chemical affinity for the one or more compounds of the sample, the second affinity higher than the first affinity. 4. The first trap of claim 1, further comprising a heater, wherein:
during the adsorption process, the first trap has an adsorption temperature, and during the desorption process, the heater heats the first trap to a desorption temperature greater than the adsorption temperature. 5. The first trap of claim 4, wherein:
the heater is positioned a first distance from the first primary capillary column and a second distance less than the first distance from the second primary capillary column, the second primary capillary column reaches the desorption temperature before the first primary capillary column reaches the desorption temperature, and the desorption gas begins flowing from the second primary capillary column to the first primary capillary column while the second primary capillary column is at the desorption temperature but before the first primary capillary column reaches the desorption temperature. 6. The first trap of claim 1, further comprising a desorption port between the first primary capillary column and a chemical analysis device, wherein:
the desorption process causes the sample to desorb from the first and second primary capillary columns, during the desorption process, the one or more valves allow the desorbed sample to flow from the first primary capillary column to the chemical analysis device through the desorption port, and the chemical analysis device performs the chemical analysis on the desorbed sample. 7. The first trap of claim 1, further comprising:
an exit port coupled to an exit port end of the second primary capillary column, wherein the first primary capillary column is coupled to an end of the second primary capillary column that is opposite the exit port end of the second primary capillary column, wherein:
during the adsorption process, one or more fixed gases exit the first and second primary capillary columns through the exit port, and
during the desorption process, the desorption gas enters the second primary capillary column through the exit port. 8. The first trap of claim 7, wherein the one or more fixed gases comprise one or more of water vapor, air, carbon dioxide, methane, helium, hydrogen, and a carrier gas. 9. The first trap of claim 1, further comprising a first desorption port between the first primary capillary column and a second trap wherein:
the desorption process causes the sample to back-desorb from the first and second primary capillary columns, during the desorption process, the one or more valves allow the desorbed sample to flow from the first primary capillary column to the second trap through the first desorption port, and the second trap comprises:
a secondary capillary column having a first end switchably couplable to the first desorption port, and
one or more second valves configured to:
during a second adsorption process, allow the desorbed sample to flow through the secondary capillary column in a third direction, the third direction being from the first end of the secondary capillary column to an opposite end of the secondary capillary column, and
during a second desorption process, allow a second desorption gas to flow through the secondary capillary column in a fourth direction, the fourth direction being from the opposite end of secondary capillary column to the first end of the secondary capillary column. 10. The first trap of claim 9, wherein the second trap includes fewer capillary columns than the first trap. 11. The first trap of claim 9, wherein the secondary capillary column of the second trap is shorter than the first and second primary capillary columns of the first trap. 12. The first trap of claim 9, wherein:
the second trap further comprises a second desorption port switchably couplable to the first end of the secondary capillary column, the second desorption process causes the sample to desorb from the secondary capillary column, during the second desorption process, the one or more second valves allow the desorbed sample from the secondary capillary column to flow from the secondary capillary column to the chemical analysis device through the second desorption port, and the chemical analysis device performs the chemical analysis on the desorbed sample from the secondary capillary column. 13. A method of pre-concentrating a sample before chemical analysis, the method comprising:
during an adsorption process:
allowing, via one or more valves, the sample to flow through a first primary capillary column of a first trap and a second primary capillary column of the first trap in a first direction, the first direction being from the first primary capillary column to the second primary capillary column; and
during a desorption process:
allowing, via the plurality of valves, a desorption gas to flow through the first primary capillary column and the second primary capillary column in a second direction, the second direction being from the second primary capillary column to the first primary capillary column,
wherein:
the first primary capillary column has a first strength,
the second primary capillary column has a second strength greater than the first strength, and
the first primary capillary column and the second primary capillary column are coupled in series. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
during the desorption process, heating the first trap to a desorption temperature with a heater of the first trap, wherein:
during the adsorption process, the first trap has an adsorption temperature, and
the desorption temperature is greater than the adsorption temperature. 15. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
during the desorption process:
causing the sample to desorb from the first and second primary capillary columns; and
allowing, via the one or more valves, the desorbed sample to flow from the first primary capillary column to a chemical analysis device through a desorption port between the first primary capillary column and the chemical analysis device; and
performing the chemical analysis on the desorbed sample with the chemical analysis device. 16. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
during the adsorption process, allowing, via the one or more valves, one or more fixed gasses to exit the first and second primary capillary columns through an exit port of the first trap; and during the desorption process, allowing, via the one or more valves, the desorption gas to enter the primary capillary column through the exit port of the first trap, wherein:
the exit port of the first trap is coupled to an exit port end of the second primary capillary column, and
the first primary capillary column is coupled to an end of the second primary capillary column that is opposite the exit port end of the second primary capillary column. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the desorption process causes the sample to back-desorb from the first and second primary capillary columns, and during the desorption process, the one or more valves allow the desorbed sample to flow from the first primary capillary column to a second trap through a first desorption port of the first trap, the method further comprising:
during a second adsorption process, allowing, via one or more second valves of the second trap, the desorbed sample to flow through a secondary capillary column of the second trap in a third direction, the third direction being from a first end of the secondary capillary column to an opposite end of the secondary capillary column, and during a second desorption process, allowing, via the one or more second valves, a second desorption gas to flow through the secondary capillary column in a fourth direction, the fourth direction being from the opposite end of secondary capillary column to the first end of the secondary capillary column. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising:
during the second desorption process:
desorbing the sample from the secondary capillary column; and
allowing, via the one or more second valves, the desorbed sample from the secondary capillary column to flow from the secondary capillary column into a chemical analysis device through a second desorption port of the second trap; and
performing, with the chemical analysis device, the chemical analysis on the desorbed sample from the secondary capillary column. 19. A system comprising:
a sample container containing a sample; a first trap, the first trap comprising:
a first primary capillary column having a first strength;
a second primary capillary column having a second strength, greater than the first strength, the second primary capillary column coupled to the first primary capillary column in series;
a chemical analysis device, the chemical analysis device comprising a detector configured to detect one or more compounds of the sample; and one or more valves fluidly coupling the first trap to the sample container, the one or more valves configured to:
during an adsorption process, allow the sample to flow from the sample container through the first primary capillary column and the second primary capillary column in a first direction, the first direction being from the first primary capillary column to the second primary capillary column, and
during a desorption process, allow a desorption gas to flow through the first primary capillary column and the second primary capillary column in a second direction, the second direction being from the second primary capillary column to the first primary capillary column and towards the chemical analysis device. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the first trap further comprises a desorption port between the first primary capillary column and the chemical analysis device, wherein:
the desorption process causes the sample to desorb from the first and second primary capillary columns, during the desorption process, the one or more valves allow the desorbed sample to flow from the first primary capillary column to the chemical analysis device through the desorption port, and the chemical analysis device performs the chemical analysis on the desorbed sample. 21. The system of claim 19, further comprising:
a second trap fluidly coupled to a desorption port of the first trap and to the chemical analysis device by way of the one or more valves, the second trap comprising a secondary capillary column, wherein:
the desorption process is a first desorption process, and
the one or more valves are further configured to:
during the first desorption process, allow the sample to back-desorb from the first and second primary capillary columns and flow from the first primary capillary column to the second trap through the desorption port of the first trap;
during a second adsorption process, allow the desorbed sample from the first trap to flow through the secondary capillary column in a third direction, the third direction being from a first end of the secondary capillary column to an opposite end of the secondary capillary column; and
during a second desorption process, allow a second desorption gas to flow through the secondary capillary column in a fourth direction, the fourth direction being from the opposite end of the secondary capillary column to the first end of the secondary capillary column and into the chemical analysis device through a second desorption port of the second trap. | 1,700 |
3,887 | 14,615,570 | 1,764 | Thermosetting resin compositions useful for liquid compression molding encapsulation of a reconfigured wafer are provided. The so-encapsulated molded wafer offers improved resistance to warpage, compared to reconfigured wafers encapsulated with known encapsulation materials. | 1. A thermosetting resin composition, comprising a thermosetting resin matrix, a block copolymer, a silica filler and a cure component comprising the combination of an anhydride or a phenolic resin and an imidizole. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein when cured the composition exhibits a modulus in the range of about 22 GPas or less at room temperature, a CTE al of less than or equal to 10 ppm, and multiple Tgs. 3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the multiple Tgs include a Tg1 of about −70° C. to −30° C. and a Tg2 of about 100° C. to 150° C. 4. A method of improving warpage resistance of a mold wafer encapsulated by a composition according to claim 1, steps of which comprise:
providing a reconfigured wafer; providing a thermosetting resin composition according to claim 1 in contact with the wafer; and exposing the wafer and the thermosetting resin composition to conditions favorable to allow the thermosetting resin composition to flow about the wafer and cure to reaction product of the thermosetting resin composition which is capable of improving warpage resistance by about 20% to 65%. 5. A product formed from the method of claim 4. 6. The composition of claim 1 wherein the thermosetting resin component comprises an epoxy resin component, an episulfide resin component, an oxazine component, an oxazoline component, a cyanate ester component, and/or a maleimide-, a nadimide- or an itaconimide-containing component. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the block copolymer is amphiphilic. | Thermosetting resin compositions useful for liquid compression molding encapsulation of a reconfigured wafer are provided. The so-encapsulated molded wafer offers improved resistance to warpage, compared to reconfigured wafers encapsulated with known encapsulation materials.1. A thermosetting resin composition, comprising a thermosetting resin matrix, a block copolymer, a silica filler and a cure component comprising the combination of an anhydride or a phenolic resin and an imidizole. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein when cured the composition exhibits a modulus in the range of about 22 GPas or less at room temperature, a CTE al of less than or equal to 10 ppm, and multiple Tgs. 3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the multiple Tgs include a Tg1 of about −70° C. to −30° C. and a Tg2 of about 100° C. to 150° C. 4. A method of improving warpage resistance of a mold wafer encapsulated by a composition according to claim 1, steps of which comprise:
providing a reconfigured wafer; providing a thermosetting resin composition according to claim 1 in contact with the wafer; and exposing the wafer and the thermosetting resin composition to conditions favorable to allow the thermosetting resin composition to flow about the wafer and cure to reaction product of the thermosetting resin composition which is capable of improving warpage resistance by about 20% to 65%. 5. A product formed from the method of claim 4. 6. The composition of claim 1 wherein the thermosetting resin component comprises an epoxy resin component, an episulfide resin component, an oxazine component, an oxazoline component, a cyanate ester component, and/or a maleimide-, a nadimide- or an itaconimide-containing component. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the block copolymer is amphiphilic. | 1,700 |
3,888 | 14,655,046 | 1,711 | Provided are a desmearing method and a desmearing device which are able to reliably remove a smear derived from any of an inorganic substance and an organic substance, and eliminate the need to use a chemical that requires a waste liquid treatment. The desmearing method of the present invention is directed to a desmearing method for a wiring substrate material that is a laminated body of insulating layers made from resin containing a filler and a conductive layer, and includes an ultraviolet irradiation treatment step for irradiating the wiring substrate material with ultraviolet beams with a wavelength of 220 nm or less, and a physical vibration treatment step for applying physical vibrations to the wiring substrate material which has undergone the ultraviolet irradiation treatment step. | 1. A desmearing method for a wiring substrate material that includes a laminated body of an insulating layer made from resin containing a filler and a conductive layer, said wiring substrate material having a through hole that penetrates through said insulation layer, said desmearing method comprising:
an ultraviolet irradiation treatment step of irradiating the wiring substrate material with an ultraviolet beam with a wavelength equal to or less than 220 nm; and a physical vibration treatment step of applying physical vibrations to the wiring substrate material which has undergone the ultraviolet irradiation treatment step. 2. The desmearing method according to claim 1, wherein the ultraviolet irradiation treatment step is carried out in an atmosphere containing oxygen. 3. (canceled) 4. The desmearing method according to claim 2, wherein the through hole that penetrates through the insulation layer is formed by laser beam machining. 5. The desmearing method according to claim 2, wherein the ultraviolet irradiation treatment step and the physical vibration treatment step are carried out alternately and repeatedly. 6. The desmearing method according to claim 2, wherein the physical vibration treatment step includes an ultrasonic vibration treatment. 7. The desmearing method according to claim 1, wherein the ultraviolet irradiation treatment step is applied to that part of the wiring substrate material which is subject to the ultraviolet irradiation treatment step while said part of the wiring substrate material is in a wet condition. 8. The desmearing method according to claim 7 further including, as a pretreatment to be performed prior to the ultraviolet irradiation treatment step, a wetting step of immersing the wiring substrate material in water and causing the water to supersonic-vibrate, with the wiring substrate material being in water, thereby wetting said part of the wiring substrate material. 9. The desmearing method according to claim 7 further including, as a pretreatment to be performed prior to the ultraviolet irradiation treatment step:
a wettability improvement step of improving wettability of said part of the wiring substrate material, with said part of the wiring substrate material being not in a wet condition; and
a wetting step of wetting said part of the wiring substrate material which has undergone the wettability improvement step. 10. The desmearing method according to claim 9, wherein the wettability improvement step includes a dry-type ultraviolet beam irradiation treatment that irradiates said part of the wiring substrate material with an ultraviolet beam while said part of the wiring substrate material is not in the wet condition. 11. The desmearing method according to claim 8, wherein the wetting step and the ultraviolet irradiation treatment step are carried out alternately and repeatedly prior to the physical vibration treatment step. 12. The desmearing method according to claim 7, wherein the ultraviolet irradiation treatment step and the physical vibration treatment step are carried out alternately and repeatedly. 13. A desmearing device for a wiring substrate material that is a laminated body of an insulating layer made from resin containing a filler and a conductive layer, said wiring substrate material having a through hole that penetrates through said insulation layer, said desmearing device comprising:
an ultraviolet irradiation treatment unit configured to irradiate the wiring substrate material with an ultraviolet beam with a wavelength equal to or less than 220 nm; and a physical vibration treatment unit configured to apply physical vibrations to the wiring substrate material which is ultraviolet-treated by the ultraviolet irradiation treatment unit. 14. The desmearing device according to claim 13, wherein the physical vibration treatment unit applies the physical vibrations to the wiring substrate material by means of an ultrasonic vibration treatment. 15. The desmearing device according to claim 13, wherein the ultraviolet irradiation treatment unit has a treatment chamber configured to receive the wiring substrate material, and a gas feed opening configured to feed a treatment gas containing oxygen into the treatment chamber. 16. The desmearing device according to claim 13 further including a wetting unit configured to wet that part of the wiring substrate material which is subject to the ultraviolet irradiation treatment before the wiring substrate material is treated by the ultraviolet irradiation treatment unit. 17. The desmearing device according to claim 16, wherein the wetting unit is configured to immerse the wiring substrate material in water, and cause the water to supersonic-vibrate while the wiring substrate material is in the water, thereby wetting said part of the wiring substrate material. 18. The desmearing device according to claim 16 further including a dry-type ultraviolet irradiation unit configured to irradiate said part of the wiring substrate material with an ultraviolet beam before the wiring substrate material is treated by the wetting unit. 19. The desmearing method according to claim 9, wherein the wetting step and the ultraviolet irradiation treatment step are carried out alternately and repeatedly prior to the physical vibration treatment step. | Provided are a desmearing method and a desmearing device which are able to reliably remove a smear derived from any of an inorganic substance and an organic substance, and eliminate the need to use a chemical that requires a waste liquid treatment. The desmearing method of the present invention is directed to a desmearing method for a wiring substrate material that is a laminated body of insulating layers made from resin containing a filler and a conductive layer, and includes an ultraviolet irradiation treatment step for irradiating the wiring substrate material with ultraviolet beams with a wavelength of 220 nm or less, and a physical vibration treatment step for applying physical vibrations to the wiring substrate material which has undergone the ultraviolet irradiation treatment step.1. A desmearing method for a wiring substrate material that includes a laminated body of an insulating layer made from resin containing a filler and a conductive layer, said wiring substrate material having a through hole that penetrates through said insulation layer, said desmearing method comprising:
an ultraviolet irradiation treatment step of irradiating the wiring substrate material with an ultraviolet beam with a wavelength equal to or less than 220 nm; and a physical vibration treatment step of applying physical vibrations to the wiring substrate material which has undergone the ultraviolet irradiation treatment step. 2. The desmearing method according to claim 1, wherein the ultraviolet irradiation treatment step is carried out in an atmosphere containing oxygen. 3. (canceled) 4. The desmearing method according to claim 2, wherein the through hole that penetrates through the insulation layer is formed by laser beam machining. 5. The desmearing method according to claim 2, wherein the ultraviolet irradiation treatment step and the physical vibration treatment step are carried out alternately and repeatedly. 6. The desmearing method according to claim 2, wherein the physical vibration treatment step includes an ultrasonic vibration treatment. 7. The desmearing method according to claim 1, wherein the ultraviolet irradiation treatment step is applied to that part of the wiring substrate material which is subject to the ultraviolet irradiation treatment step while said part of the wiring substrate material is in a wet condition. 8. The desmearing method according to claim 7 further including, as a pretreatment to be performed prior to the ultraviolet irradiation treatment step, a wetting step of immersing the wiring substrate material in water and causing the water to supersonic-vibrate, with the wiring substrate material being in water, thereby wetting said part of the wiring substrate material. 9. The desmearing method according to claim 7 further including, as a pretreatment to be performed prior to the ultraviolet irradiation treatment step:
a wettability improvement step of improving wettability of said part of the wiring substrate material, with said part of the wiring substrate material being not in a wet condition; and
a wetting step of wetting said part of the wiring substrate material which has undergone the wettability improvement step. 10. The desmearing method according to claim 9, wherein the wettability improvement step includes a dry-type ultraviolet beam irradiation treatment that irradiates said part of the wiring substrate material with an ultraviolet beam while said part of the wiring substrate material is not in the wet condition. 11. The desmearing method according to claim 8, wherein the wetting step and the ultraviolet irradiation treatment step are carried out alternately and repeatedly prior to the physical vibration treatment step. 12. The desmearing method according to claim 7, wherein the ultraviolet irradiation treatment step and the physical vibration treatment step are carried out alternately and repeatedly. 13. A desmearing device for a wiring substrate material that is a laminated body of an insulating layer made from resin containing a filler and a conductive layer, said wiring substrate material having a through hole that penetrates through said insulation layer, said desmearing device comprising:
an ultraviolet irradiation treatment unit configured to irradiate the wiring substrate material with an ultraviolet beam with a wavelength equal to or less than 220 nm; and a physical vibration treatment unit configured to apply physical vibrations to the wiring substrate material which is ultraviolet-treated by the ultraviolet irradiation treatment unit. 14. The desmearing device according to claim 13, wherein the physical vibration treatment unit applies the physical vibrations to the wiring substrate material by means of an ultrasonic vibration treatment. 15. The desmearing device according to claim 13, wherein the ultraviolet irradiation treatment unit has a treatment chamber configured to receive the wiring substrate material, and a gas feed opening configured to feed a treatment gas containing oxygen into the treatment chamber. 16. The desmearing device according to claim 13 further including a wetting unit configured to wet that part of the wiring substrate material which is subject to the ultraviolet irradiation treatment before the wiring substrate material is treated by the ultraviolet irradiation treatment unit. 17. The desmearing device according to claim 16, wherein the wetting unit is configured to immerse the wiring substrate material in water, and cause the water to supersonic-vibrate while the wiring substrate material is in the water, thereby wetting said part of the wiring substrate material. 18. The desmearing device according to claim 16 further including a dry-type ultraviolet irradiation unit configured to irradiate said part of the wiring substrate material with an ultraviolet beam before the wiring substrate material is treated by the wetting unit. 19. The desmearing method according to claim 9, wherein the wetting step and the ultraviolet irradiation treatment step are carried out alternately and repeatedly prior to the physical vibration treatment step. | 1,700 |
3,889 | 15,123,454 | 1,744 | Techniques are directed to melt spinning, drawing, crimping and winding multiple threads. The threads are spun from a plurality of spinnerets of a spinning device and are drawn as a thread group by a drawing device and are subsequently fed for crimping next to one another to a plurality of texturing units. In order to obtain identical treatment of all threads within the thread group, the threads are guided individually with a plurality of wraps next to one another on a godet unit and, after running off from the godet unit, are guided in a straight thread run parallel next to one another into the texturing units. To this end, adjacent texturing units of the crimping device form a treatment spacing between themselves which is such that, in the case of being guided individually with a plurality of wraps on the godet unit, the threads can be guided in parallel in a straight thread run. | 1. Method for melt-spinning, drawing, crimping, and winding a plurality of threads, in which method the threads from a plurality of spinning nozzles are spun beside one another, on at least one godet unit are collectively guided as a thread skein, are drawn, and for crimping are subsequently guided beside one another to a plurality of texturing apparatuses, wherein the threads in a singularized manner and with a plurality of wrappings are guided beside one another on the godet unit, and in which method the threads after running off from the godet unit are guided into the texturing apparatuses in a straight thread run in parallel beside one another. 2. Method as claimed in claim 1, wherein for crimping the threads are each compressed to form a thread plug, and in that the thread plugs are guided in parallel beside one another, and are dissolved to form crimped threads. 3. Method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the threads after crimping are drawn off in parallel beside one another by a godet unit, wherein the threads in a singularized manner and with a plurality of wrappings are guided beside one another on the godet unit. 4. Method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the threads after being spun are drawn and crimped in parallel beside one another at a mutual spinning spacing. 5. Method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the threads before being wound to form a plurality of packages are drawn and crimped in parallel beside one another, at a mutual winding spacing which is contingent on the packages. 6. Method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the threads after being spun and until being wound to form packages are guided in parallel at a mutual spacing. 7. Device for melt-spinning, drawing, crimping, and winding a plurality of threads, the device being composed of a spinning device having a plurality of spinning nozzles, a drawing installation having at least one godet unit, a crimping installation having a plurality of texturing apparatuses, and a winding installation having a plurality of winding positions, wherein adjacent texturing apparatuses of the crimping installation therebetween form a treatment spacing in such a manner that the threads in the case of singularized guiding with a plurality of wrappings on the godet unit of the drawing installation are capable of being guided in parallel and in a straight thread run. 8. Device as claimed in claim 7, wherein the treatment spacing between the texturing apparatuses is determined by a number of wrappings of one of the threads on the godet unit. 9. Device as claimed in claim 7, wherein the crimping installation has a post-treatment installation having a plurality of swirling apparatuses, wherein adjacent swirling apparatuses are held at the mutual treatment spacing. 10. Device as claimed in claim 7, wherein adjacent spinning nozzles of the spinning installation therebetween form a spinning spacing, and in that the spinning spacing between the spinning nozzles is equal to the treatment spacing between the texturing apparatuses. 11. Device as claimed in claim 7, wherein adjacent winding positions of the winding installation therebetween form a winding spacing, and in that the winding spacing between the winding positions is equal to the treatment spacing between the texturing apparatuses. 12. Device as claimed in claim 13, wherein the spinning spacing between adjacent spinning nozzles, and the winding spacing between adjacent winding positions are of identical size. 13. Device as claimed in claim 7, wherein adjacent spinning nozzles of the spinning installation therebetween form a spinning spacing, and in that the spinning spacing between the spinning nozzles is equal to the treatment spacing between the texturing apparatuses; and
wherein adjacent winding positions of the winding installation therebetween form a winding spacing, and in that the winding spacing between the winding positions is equal to the treatment spacing between the texturing apparatuses. | Techniques are directed to melt spinning, drawing, crimping and winding multiple threads. The threads are spun from a plurality of spinnerets of a spinning device and are drawn as a thread group by a drawing device and are subsequently fed for crimping next to one another to a plurality of texturing units. In order to obtain identical treatment of all threads within the thread group, the threads are guided individually with a plurality of wraps next to one another on a godet unit and, after running off from the godet unit, are guided in a straight thread run parallel next to one another into the texturing units. To this end, adjacent texturing units of the crimping device form a treatment spacing between themselves which is such that, in the case of being guided individually with a plurality of wraps on the godet unit, the threads can be guided in parallel in a straight thread run.1. Method for melt-spinning, drawing, crimping, and winding a plurality of threads, in which method the threads from a plurality of spinning nozzles are spun beside one another, on at least one godet unit are collectively guided as a thread skein, are drawn, and for crimping are subsequently guided beside one another to a plurality of texturing apparatuses, wherein the threads in a singularized manner and with a plurality of wrappings are guided beside one another on the godet unit, and in which method the threads after running off from the godet unit are guided into the texturing apparatuses in a straight thread run in parallel beside one another. 2. Method as claimed in claim 1, wherein for crimping the threads are each compressed to form a thread plug, and in that the thread plugs are guided in parallel beside one another, and are dissolved to form crimped threads. 3. Method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the threads after crimping are drawn off in parallel beside one another by a godet unit, wherein the threads in a singularized manner and with a plurality of wrappings are guided beside one another on the godet unit. 4. Method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the threads after being spun are drawn and crimped in parallel beside one another at a mutual spinning spacing. 5. Method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the threads before being wound to form a plurality of packages are drawn and crimped in parallel beside one another, at a mutual winding spacing which is contingent on the packages. 6. Method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the threads after being spun and until being wound to form packages are guided in parallel at a mutual spacing. 7. Device for melt-spinning, drawing, crimping, and winding a plurality of threads, the device being composed of a spinning device having a plurality of spinning nozzles, a drawing installation having at least one godet unit, a crimping installation having a plurality of texturing apparatuses, and a winding installation having a plurality of winding positions, wherein adjacent texturing apparatuses of the crimping installation therebetween form a treatment spacing in such a manner that the threads in the case of singularized guiding with a plurality of wrappings on the godet unit of the drawing installation are capable of being guided in parallel and in a straight thread run. 8. Device as claimed in claim 7, wherein the treatment spacing between the texturing apparatuses is determined by a number of wrappings of one of the threads on the godet unit. 9. Device as claimed in claim 7, wherein the crimping installation has a post-treatment installation having a plurality of swirling apparatuses, wherein adjacent swirling apparatuses are held at the mutual treatment spacing. 10. Device as claimed in claim 7, wherein adjacent spinning nozzles of the spinning installation therebetween form a spinning spacing, and in that the spinning spacing between the spinning nozzles is equal to the treatment spacing between the texturing apparatuses. 11. Device as claimed in claim 7, wherein adjacent winding positions of the winding installation therebetween form a winding spacing, and in that the winding spacing between the winding positions is equal to the treatment spacing between the texturing apparatuses. 12. Device as claimed in claim 13, wherein the spinning spacing between adjacent spinning nozzles, and the winding spacing between adjacent winding positions are of identical size. 13. Device as claimed in claim 7, wherein adjacent spinning nozzles of the spinning installation therebetween form a spinning spacing, and in that the spinning spacing between the spinning nozzles is equal to the treatment spacing between the texturing apparatuses; and
wherein adjacent winding positions of the winding installation therebetween form a winding spacing, and in that the winding spacing between the winding positions is equal to the treatment spacing between the texturing apparatuses. | 1,700 |
3,890 | 15,078,323 | 1,744 | A curable phase change gellant ink composition including a phase change ink vehicle comprising at least one acrylate monomer, oligomer, or prepolymer; acryloylmorpholine; at least one gellant, wherein the gellant is miscible with the phase change ink vehicle; a photoinitiator; and an optional colorant. | 1. A curable phase change gellant ink composition comprising:
a phase change ink vehicle comprising at least one acrylate monomer, oligomer, or prepolymer; acryloylmorpholine; at least one gellant, wherein the gellant is miscible with the phase change ink vehicle; a photoinitiator; and an optional colorant. 2. The ink composition of claim 1, wherein the phase change ink vehicle comprises at least one triacrylate, at least one monoacrylate, and at least one diacrylate; and
wherein the ratio of triacrylate to monacrylate and diacrylate is from about 0.05 to about 0.5. 3. The ink composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one acrylate monomer, oligomer, or prepolymer is selected from the group consisting of trifunctional aliphatic urethane acrylate oligomer, epoxy acrylate, 2-phenoxy ethyl acrylate, acrylate, propoxylated glyceryl triacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, and combinations thereof. 4. The ink composition of claim 1, wherein the gellant is a compound of the formula
wherein R1 and R1′ are each, independently of the other, selected from the group consisting of 5. The ink composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one acrylate monomer, oligomer, or prepolymer comprises a triacrylate, and wherein the ratio of gellant to triacrylate is from about 0.8 to about 4. 6. The ink composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one gellant is present in an amount of from about 5 to about 25 percent by weight based upon the total weight of the ink composition. 7. The ink composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one acrylate monomer, oligomer, or prepolymer comprises a triacrylate, and wherein the total amount of triacrylate and gellant combined is about 35 percent by weight or less based on the total weight of the ink composition. 8. The ink composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one gellant is a low molecular weight gellant having a weight average molecular weight of from about 1,000 to about 2,500 grams per mole. 9. The ink composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one gellant is a low molecular weight gellant having a molecular weight of from about 1,000 to about 1,500 grams per mole. 10. The ink composition of claim 1, wherein the gellant comprises a low molecular weight gellant comprising a mixture of x-mer species selected from the group consisting of unimer species, dimer species, trimer species, and higher order x-mer species, wherein the dimer species is present in an amount of from about 30 to about 60 percent, and the higher order x-mer species is present in an amount of less than 5 percent, based on the total amount of x-mer species. 11. The ink composition of claim 1, wherein the gellant comprises a low molecular weight gellant comprising a mixture of x-mer species selected from the group consisting of unimer species, dimer species, trimer species, and higher order x-mer species, and wherein the higher order x-mer species are present in an amount of less than 1.5 percent, based on the total amount of x-mer species. 12. A method for fabricating a three-dimensional object comprising:
depositing a first amount of a curable phase change gellant ink composition comprising a phase change ink vehicle comprising at least one acrylate monomer, oligomer, or prepolymer; acryloylmorpholine; at least one gellant, wherein the gellant is miscible with the phase change ink vehicle; a photoinitiator; and an optional colorant upon a print region surface; successively depositing additional amounts of the ink composition to create a three-dimensional object; and curing the ultraviolet curable phase change ink composition. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the at least one acrylate monomer, oligomer, or prepolymer is selected from the group consisting of trifunctional aliphatic urethane acrylate oligomer, epoxy acrylate, 2-phenoxy ethyl acrylate, acrylate, propoxylated glyceryl triacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, and combinations thereof. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the gellant is a compound of the formula
wherein R1 and R1′ are each, independently of the other, selected from the group consisting of 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the at least one gellant is a low molecular weight gellant having a weight average molecular weight of from about 1,000 to about 2,500 grams per mole. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the at least one gellant is present in an amount of from about 5 to about 25 percent by weight based upon the total weight of the ink composition. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the low molecular weight gellant comprises a mixture of x-mer species selected from the group consisting of unimer species, dimer species, trimer species, and higher order x-mer species, wherein the dimer species is present in an amount of from about 30 to about 60 percent, and the higher order x-mer species is present in an amount of less than 5 percent, based on the total amount of x-mer species. 18. A method for preparing a curable phase change gellant ink composition comprising:
combining a phase change ink vehicle comprising at least one acrylate monomer, oligomer, or prepolymer; acryloylmorpholine; at least one gellant, wherein the gellant is miscible with the phase change ink vehicle; a photoinitiator; and an optional colorant. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the at least one gellant is a low molecular weight gellant having a molecular weight of from about 1,000 to about 2,500 grams per mole. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the at least one gellant is present in an amount of from about 5 to about 25 percent by weight based upon the total weight of the ink composition. | A curable phase change gellant ink composition including a phase change ink vehicle comprising at least one acrylate monomer, oligomer, or prepolymer; acryloylmorpholine; at least one gellant, wherein the gellant is miscible with the phase change ink vehicle; a photoinitiator; and an optional colorant.1. A curable phase change gellant ink composition comprising:
a phase change ink vehicle comprising at least one acrylate monomer, oligomer, or prepolymer; acryloylmorpholine; at least one gellant, wherein the gellant is miscible with the phase change ink vehicle; a photoinitiator; and an optional colorant. 2. The ink composition of claim 1, wherein the phase change ink vehicle comprises at least one triacrylate, at least one monoacrylate, and at least one diacrylate; and
wherein the ratio of triacrylate to monacrylate and diacrylate is from about 0.05 to about 0.5. 3. The ink composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one acrylate monomer, oligomer, or prepolymer is selected from the group consisting of trifunctional aliphatic urethane acrylate oligomer, epoxy acrylate, 2-phenoxy ethyl acrylate, acrylate, propoxylated glyceryl triacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, and combinations thereof. 4. The ink composition of claim 1, wherein the gellant is a compound of the formula
wherein R1 and R1′ are each, independently of the other, selected from the group consisting of 5. The ink composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one acrylate monomer, oligomer, or prepolymer comprises a triacrylate, and wherein the ratio of gellant to triacrylate is from about 0.8 to about 4. 6. The ink composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one gellant is present in an amount of from about 5 to about 25 percent by weight based upon the total weight of the ink composition. 7. The ink composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one acrylate monomer, oligomer, or prepolymer comprises a triacrylate, and wherein the total amount of triacrylate and gellant combined is about 35 percent by weight or less based on the total weight of the ink composition. 8. The ink composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one gellant is a low molecular weight gellant having a weight average molecular weight of from about 1,000 to about 2,500 grams per mole. 9. The ink composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one gellant is a low molecular weight gellant having a molecular weight of from about 1,000 to about 1,500 grams per mole. 10. The ink composition of claim 1, wherein the gellant comprises a low molecular weight gellant comprising a mixture of x-mer species selected from the group consisting of unimer species, dimer species, trimer species, and higher order x-mer species, wherein the dimer species is present in an amount of from about 30 to about 60 percent, and the higher order x-mer species is present in an amount of less than 5 percent, based on the total amount of x-mer species. 11. The ink composition of claim 1, wherein the gellant comprises a low molecular weight gellant comprising a mixture of x-mer species selected from the group consisting of unimer species, dimer species, trimer species, and higher order x-mer species, and wherein the higher order x-mer species are present in an amount of less than 1.5 percent, based on the total amount of x-mer species. 12. A method for fabricating a three-dimensional object comprising:
depositing a first amount of a curable phase change gellant ink composition comprising a phase change ink vehicle comprising at least one acrylate monomer, oligomer, or prepolymer; acryloylmorpholine; at least one gellant, wherein the gellant is miscible with the phase change ink vehicle; a photoinitiator; and an optional colorant upon a print region surface; successively depositing additional amounts of the ink composition to create a three-dimensional object; and curing the ultraviolet curable phase change ink composition. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the at least one acrylate monomer, oligomer, or prepolymer is selected from the group consisting of trifunctional aliphatic urethane acrylate oligomer, epoxy acrylate, 2-phenoxy ethyl acrylate, acrylate, propoxylated glyceryl triacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, and combinations thereof. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the gellant is a compound of the formula
wherein R1 and R1′ are each, independently of the other, selected from the group consisting of 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the at least one gellant is a low molecular weight gellant having a weight average molecular weight of from about 1,000 to about 2,500 grams per mole. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the at least one gellant is present in an amount of from about 5 to about 25 percent by weight based upon the total weight of the ink composition. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the low molecular weight gellant comprises a mixture of x-mer species selected from the group consisting of unimer species, dimer species, trimer species, and higher order x-mer species, wherein the dimer species is present in an amount of from about 30 to about 60 percent, and the higher order x-mer species is present in an amount of less than 5 percent, based on the total amount of x-mer species. 18. A method for preparing a curable phase change gellant ink composition comprising:
combining a phase change ink vehicle comprising at least one acrylate monomer, oligomer, or prepolymer; acryloylmorpholine; at least one gellant, wherein the gellant is miscible with the phase change ink vehicle; a photoinitiator; and an optional colorant. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the at least one gellant is a low molecular weight gellant having a molecular weight of from about 1,000 to about 2,500 grams per mole. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the at least one gellant is present in an amount of from about 5 to about 25 percent by weight based upon the total weight of the ink composition. | 1,700 |
3,891 | 16,064,858 | 1,796 | A method for producing a conductive liquid electrophotographic ink composition is described, the method comprising: heating a polymer resin in a carrier fluid to dissolve the polymer resin; adding conductive metallic pigment particles to be coated to the carrier fluid; cooling the carrier fluid to effect precipitation of the polymer resin from the carrier fluid such that a coating of the resin is at least partially formed on the conductive metallic pigment particles; reheating the suspension of partially coated conductive metallic pigment particles in the carrier fluid; and cooling the carrier fluid at a controlled rate to effect precipitation of the polymer resin from the carrier fluid such that a coating of the resin is formed on the conductive metallic pigment particles, thereby producing the conductive liquid electrophotographic ink composition. | 1. A method for producing a conductive liquid electrophotographic ink composition, the method comprising:
heating a polymer resin in a carrier fluid to dissolve the polymer resin; adding conductive metallic pigment particles to be coated to the carrier fluid; cooling the carrier fluid to effect precipitation of the polymer resin from the carrier fluid such that a coating of the resin is at least partially formed on the conductive metallic pigment particles; reheating the suspension of partially coated conductive metallic pigment particles in the carrier fluid; and cooling the carrier fluid at a controlled rate to effect precipitation of the polymer resin from the carrier fluid such that a coating of the resin is formed on the conductive metallic pigment particles, thereby producing the conductive liquid electrophotographic ink composition. 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the conductive metallic pigment particles are dispersed in a further portion of carrier fluid prior to being added to the carrier fluid and polymer resin. 3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the carrier fluid is heated to at least 100° C. to dissolve the polymer resin. 4. A method according to claim 1, wherein the conductive metallic pigment particles are or comprise aluminium flakes. 5. A method according to claim 1, wherein the polymer resin comprises a polymer having acidic side groups. 6. A method according to claim 1, wherein the polymer resin comprises a copolymer of an alkylene monomer and a monomer selected from acrylic acid and methacrylic acid. 7. A method according to claim 1, wherein cooling the carrier fluid to effect precipitation of the polymer resin such that a coating of the resin is at least partially formed on the conductive metallic pigment particles comprises cooling to below the cloud point of the solution at a rate of at least 20° C./hour followed by controlled cooling at a rate of no more than 5° C./hour. 8. A method according to claim 1, wherein the suspension of partially coated conductive metallic pigment particles in the carrier fluid is reheated to above the cloud point of the solution. 9. A method according to claim 1, wherein cooling the carrier fluid at a controlled rate comprises cooling the carrier fluid at a rate of no more than 5° C./hour. 10. A method according to claim 1, further comprising subjecting the polymer resin coated conductive metallic pigment particles to high shear mixing. 11. A method according to claim 1, wherein the conductive metallic pigment particles are added to the carrier fluid before, during or after heating the polymer resin in carrier fluid to dissolve the polymer resin. 12. A method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the conductive metallic pigment particles to be coated are dispersed in the carrier fluid with high shear mixing. 13. A method according to claim 1, wherein the composition resulting from cooling at a controlled rate is suitable for use as or is converted to an liquid electrophotographic ink composition without a further step of grinding. 14. A liquid electrophotographic ink composition comprising coated conductive metallic pigment particles producible in accordance with a method comprising:
heating a polymer resin in a carrier fluid to dissolve the polymer resin; adding conductive metallic pigment particles to be coated to the carrier fluid; cooling the carrier fluid to effect precipitation of the polymer resin from the carrier fluid such that a coating of the resin is at least partially formed on the conductive metallic pigment particles; reheating the suspension of partially coated conductive metallic pigment particles in the carrier fluid; and cooling the carrier fluid at a controlled rate to effect precipitation of the polymer resin from the carrier fluid such that a coating of the resin is formed on the conductive metallic pigment particles, thereby producing the conductive liquid electrophotographic ink composition. 15. Conductive metallic pigment particles having a coating of resin thereon producible in accordance with a method comprising:
heating a polymer resin in a carrier fluid to dissolve the polymer resin; adding conductive metallic pigment particles to be coated to the carrier fluid; cooling the carrier fluid to effect precipitation of the polymer resin from the carrier fluid such that a coating of the resin is at least partially formed on the conductive metallic pigment particles; reheating the suspension of partially coated conductive metallic pigment particles in the carrier fluid; and cooling the carrier fluid at a controlled rate to effect precipitation of the polymer resin from the carrier fluid such that a coating of the resin is formed on the conductive metallic pigment particles. | A method for producing a conductive liquid electrophotographic ink composition is described, the method comprising: heating a polymer resin in a carrier fluid to dissolve the polymer resin; adding conductive metallic pigment particles to be coated to the carrier fluid; cooling the carrier fluid to effect precipitation of the polymer resin from the carrier fluid such that a coating of the resin is at least partially formed on the conductive metallic pigment particles; reheating the suspension of partially coated conductive metallic pigment particles in the carrier fluid; and cooling the carrier fluid at a controlled rate to effect precipitation of the polymer resin from the carrier fluid such that a coating of the resin is formed on the conductive metallic pigment particles, thereby producing the conductive liquid electrophotographic ink composition.1. A method for producing a conductive liquid electrophotographic ink composition, the method comprising:
heating a polymer resin in a carrier fluid to dissolve the polymer resin; adding conductive metallic pigment particles to be coated to the carrier fluid; cooling the carrier fluid to effect precipitation of the polymer resin from the carrier fluid such that a coating of the resin is at least partially formed on the conductive metallic pigment particles; reheating the suspension of partially coated conductive metallic pigment particles in the carrier fluid; and cooling the carrier fluid at a controlled rate to effect precipitation of the polymer resin from the carrier fluid such that a coating of the resin is formed on the conductive metallic pigment particles, thereby producing the conductive liquid electrophotographic ink composition. 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the conductive metallic pigment particles are dispersed in a further portion of carrier fluid prior to being added to the carrier fluid and polymer resin. 3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the carrier fluid is heated to at least 100° C. to dissolve the polymer resin. 4. A method according to claim 1, wherein the conductive metallic pigment particles are or comprise aluminium flakes. 5. A method according to claim 1, wherein the polymer resin comprises a polymer having acidic side groups. 6. A method according to claim 1, wherein the polymer resin comprises a copolymer of an alkylene monomer and a monomer selected from acrylic acid and methacrylic acid. 7. A method according to claim 1, wherein cooling the carrier fluid to effect precipitation of the polymer resin such that a coating of the resin is at least partially formed on the conductive metallic pigment particles comprises cooling to below the cloud point of the solution at a rate of at least 20° C./hour followed by controlled cooling at a rate of no more than 5° C./hour. 8. A method according to claim 1, wherein the suspension of partially coated conductive metallic pigment particles in the carrier fluid is reheated to above the cloud point of the solution. 9. A method according to claim 1, wherein cooling the carrier fluid at a controlled rate comprises cooling the carrier fluid at a rate of no more than 5° C./hour. 10. A method according to claim 1, further comprising subjecting the polymer resin coated conductive metallic pigment particles to high shear mixing. 11. A method according to claim 1, wherein the conductive metallic pigment particles are added to the carrier fluid before, during or after heating the polymer resin in carrier fluid to dissolve the polymer resin. 12. A method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the conductive metallic pigment particles to be coated are dispersed in the carrier fluid with high shear mixing. 13. A method according to claim 1, wherein the composition resulting from cooling at a controlled rate is suitable for use as or is converted to an liquid electrophotographic ink composition without a further step of grinding. 14. A liquid electrophotographic ink composition comprising coated conductive metallic pigment particles producible in accordance with a method comprising:
heating a polymer resin in a carrier fluid to dissolve the polymer resin; adding conductive metallic pigment particles to be coated to the carrier fluid; cooling the carrier fluid to effect precipitation of the polymer resin from the carrier fluid such that a coating of the resin is at least partially formed on the conductive metallic pigment particles; reheating the suspension of partially coated conductive metallic pigment particles in the carrier fluid; and cooling the carrier fluid at a controlled rate to effect precipitation of the polymer resin from the carrier fluid such that a coating of the resin is formed on the conductive metallic pigment particles, thereby producing the conductive liquid electrophotographic ink composition. 15. Conductive metallic pigment particles having a coating of resin thereon producible in accordance with a method comprising:
heating a polymer resin in a carrier fluid to dissolve the polymer resin; adding conductive metallic pigment particles to be coated to the carrier fluid; cooling the carrier fluid to effect precipitation of the polymer resin from the carrier fluid such that a coating of the resin is at least partially formed on the conductive metallic pigment particles; reheating the suspension of partially coated conductive metallic pigment particles in the carrier fluid; and cooling the carrier fluid at a controlled rate to effect precipitation of the polymer resin from the carrier fluid such that a coating of the resin is formed on the conductive metallic pigment particles. | 1,700 |
3,892 | 14,530,600 | 1,785 | In one embodiment, a perpendicular magnetic recording medium includes a substrate; a soft magnetic underlayer positioned above the substrate; a seed layer structure positioned above the soft magnetic underlayer, the seed layer structure including a first seed layer and a second seed layer positioned above the first seed layer; an interlayer structure positioned above the seed layer structure, the interlayer structure including a first interlayer, a second interlayer positioned above the first interlayer, and a third interlayer positioned above the second interlayer; and a magnetic recording layer positioned above the interlayer structure, where the second seed layer includes a Ni alloy including at least one oxide, and where the first interlayer includes a Ru alloy. | 1. A perpendicular magnetic recording medium, comprising:
a substrate; a soft magnetic underlayer positioned above the substrate; a seed layer structure positioned above the soft magnetic underlayer, the seed layer structure including a first seed layer and a second seed layer positioned above the first seed layer; an interlayer structure positioned above the seed layer structure, the interlayer structure including a first interlayer, a second interlayer positioned above the first interlayer, and a third interlayer positioned above the second interlayer; and a magnetic recording layer positioned above the interlayer structure; wherein the second seed layer comprises a Ni alloy including at least one oxide, wherein the first interlayer comprises a Ru alloy. 2. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein an amount of the oxide in the second seed layer is in a range between about 5 vol % to about 20 vol % based on a total volume of the second seed layer, and wherein the oxide is selected from a group consisting of: WO3, SiO2, TiO2, and Ta2O5. 3. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the Ni alloy of the second seed layer further includes, in addition to the oxide, at least one element selected from a group consisting of: Cr, W, V, Mo, Ta, and Nb. 4. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, where a thickness of second seed layer is in a range between about 1 nm to about 4 nm. 5. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the first seed layer has a face centered cubic (fcc) structure, and comprises a Ni alloy including at least one element selected from a group consisting of: Cr, W, V, Mo, Ta and Nb. 6. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 5, wherein the first seed layer does not include an oxide. 7. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 5, wherein a thickness of the first seed layer is in a range between about 2 nm to about 7 nm. 8. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the first interlayer has a hexagonal close packed (hcp) structure. 9. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 8, wherein the Ru alloy of the first interlayer includes an element selected from a group consisting of: Cr in a range from about 10 at % to about 40 at %, Ta in a range from about 10 at % to about 20 at %, W in a range from about 10 at % to about 40 at %, Mo in a range from about 10 at % to about 50 at %, Nb in a range from about 10 at % to about 20 at %, V in a range between about 10 at % to about 30 at %, and Co in a range between 10 at % to about 40 at %. 10. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein a thickness of the first interlayer is in a range between about 2 nm to about 8 nm. 11. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the second interlayer comprises Ru and/or a Ru alloy. 12. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 11, wherein an amount of Ru in the second interlayer is greater than the amount of Ru in the first interlayer. 13. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 11, wherein the second interlayer comprises a Ru alloy including at least one element selected from a group consisting of: Cr, Ta, W, Mo, Nb, V and Co. 14. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein a thickness of the second interlayer is in a range between about 4 nm to about 14 nm. 15. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the third interlayer comprises a Ru alloy including an element selected from a group consisting of: Ti in a range between about 20 at % to about 50 at %, Nb in a range between about 20 at % to about 50 at %, Al in a range between about 20 at % to about 40 at %, Ta in a range between about 30 at % to about 50 at %, and Si in a range between about 20 at % to about 40 at %. 16. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 15, wherein the Ru alloy of the third interlayer further comprises an oxide of Ti, Nb, Al and/or Ni, wherein an amount of the oxide in the third interlayer is in a range from greater than 0 vol % to about 40 vol % based on a total volume of the third interlayer. 17. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein a thickness of the third interlayer is in a range between about 0.5 nm to about 2 nm. 18. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the magnetic recording layer comprises a plurality of ferromagnetic crystal grains wherein the ferromagnetic crystal grains comprise a CoPt alloy including at least of: Cr, Ti, Ta, Ru, W, Mo, Cu, and B, wherein the ferromagnetic crystal grains are surrounded by at least one oxide of Si, Ti, Ta, B, Cr, W and Nb. 19. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 18, wherein the magnetic recording layer comprises a plurality of layers, wherein a concentration of at least one of Co and Pt in the crystal grains is varied across the plurality of layers. 20. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 18, wherein a non-granular magnetic recording layer is positioned above the magnetic recording layer, the non-granular magnetic recording layer comprising a CoCrPt alloy including at least one element selected from a group consisting of: B, Ta, Ru, Ti, W, Mo and Nb. 21. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the soft magnetic underlayer comprises an amorphous alloy of Co and/or Fe, wherein the amorphous alloy further includes at least one element selected from a group consisting of: Ta, Nb, Zr, B, and Cr, wherein a thickness of the soft magnetic underlayer is in a range between about 10 nm to about 50 nm. 22. A magnetic data storage system, comprising:
at least one magnetic head; a perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1; a drive mechanism for passing the magnetic medium over the at least one magnetic head; and a controller electrically coupled to the at least one magnetic head for controlling operation of the at least one magnetic head. 23. A method for forming a perpendicular magnetic recording medium, comprising:
providing a substrate; forming a soft magnetic underlayer above the substrate; forming a seed layer structure above the soft magnetic underlayer, the seed layer structure comprising a first seed layer and a second seed layer positioned above the first seed layer; forming an interlayer structure above the seed layer structure, the interlayer structure comprising a first interlayer, a second interlayer positioned above the first interlayer, and a third interlayer positioned above the second interlayer; and forming a magnetic recording layer above the interlayer structure, wherein the second seed layer comprises a Ni alloy including at least one oxide, wherein the first interlayer comprises a Ru alloy, wherein the second interlayer is formed under a gas pressure that is higher than a gas pressure used to form the first interlayer. 24. The method as recited in claim 23, wherein the second interlayer is formed under a gas pressure that is greater than or equal to about 2 Pa, wherein the first interlayer is formed under a gas pressure in a range between about 0.5 Pa to about 1 Pa. 25. The method as recited in claim 23, wherein an amount of the oxide in the second seed layer is in a range between about 5 vol % to about 20 vol % based on a total volume of the second seed layer, wherein the first seed layer comprises a Ni alloy that does not include an oxide. | In one embodiment, a perpendicular magnetic recording medium includes a substrate; a soft magnetic underlayer positioned above the substrate; a seed layer structure positioned above the soft magnetic underlayer, the seed layer structure including a first seed layer and a second seed layer positioned above the first seed layer; an interlayer structure positioned above the seed layer structure, the interlayer structure including a first interlayer, a second interlayer positioned above the first interlayer, and a third interlayer positioned above the second interlayer; and a magnetic recording layer positioned above the interlayer structure, where the second seed layer includes a Ni alloy including at least one oxide, and where the first interlayer includes a Ru alloy.1. A perpendicular magnetic recording medium, comprising:
a substrate; a soft magnetic underlayer positioned above the substrate; a seed layer structure positioned above the soft magnetic underlayer, the seed layer structure including a first seed layer and a second seed layer positioned above the first seed layer; an interlayer structure positioned above the seed layer structure, the interlayer structure including a first interlayer, a second interlayer positioned above the first interlayer, and a third interlayer positioned above the second interlayer; and a magnetic recording layer positioned above the interlayer structure; wherein the second seed layer comprises a Ni alloy including at least one oxide, wherein the first interlayer comprises a Ru alloy. 2. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein an amount of the oxide in the second seed layer is in a range between about 5 vol % to about 20 vol % based on a total volume of the second seed layer, and wherein the oxide is selected from a group consisting of: WO3, SiO2, TiO2, and Ta2O5. 3. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the Ni alloy of the second seed layer further includes, in addition to the oxide, at least one element selected from a group consisting of: Cr, W, V, Mo, Ta, and Nb. 4. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, where a thickness of second seed layer is in a range between about 1 nm to about 4 nm. 5. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the first seed layer has a face centered cubic (fcc) structure, and comprises a Ni alloy including at least one element selected from a group consisting of: Cr, W, V, Mo, Ta and Nb. 6. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 5, wherein the first seed layer does not include an oxide. 7. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 5, wherein a thickness of the first seed layer is in a range between about 2 nm to about 7 nm. 8. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the first interlayer has a hexagonal close packed (hcp) structure. 9. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 8, wherein the Ru alloy of the first interlayer includes an element selected from a group consisting of: Cr in a range from about 10 at % to about 40 at %, Ta in a range from about 10 at % to about 20 at %, W in a range from about 10 at % to about 40 at %, Mo in a range from about 10 at % to about 50 at %, Nb in a range from about 10 at % to about 20 at %, V in a range between about 10 at % to about 30 at %, and Co in a range between 10 at % to about 40 at %. 10. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein a thickness of the first interlayer is in a range between about 2 nm to about 8 nm. 11. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the second interlayer comprises Ru and/or a Ru alloy. 12. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 11, wherein an amount of Ru in the second interlayer is greater than the amount of Ru in the first interlayer. 13. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 11, wherein the second interlayer comprises a Ru alloy including at least one element selected from a group consisting of: Cr, Ta, W, Mo, Nb, V and Co. 14. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein a thickness of the second interlayer is in a range between about 4 nm to about 14 nm. 15. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the third interlayer comprises a Ru alloy including an element selected from a group consisting of: Ti in a range between about 20 at % to about 50 at %, Nb in a range between about 20 at % to about 50 at %, Al in a range between about 20 at % to about 40 at %, Ta in a range between about 30 at % to about 50 at %, and Si in a range between about 20 at % to about 40 at %. 16. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 15, wherein the Ru alloy of the third interlayer further comprises an oxide of Ti, Nb, Al and/or Ni, wherein an amount of the oxide in the third interlayer is in a range from greater than 0 vol % to about 40 vol % based on a total volume of the third interlayer. 17. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein a thickness of the third interlayer is in a range between about 0.5 nm to about 2 nm. 18. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the magnetic recording layer comprises a plurality of ferromagnetic crystal grains wherein the ferromagnetic crystal grains comprise a CoPt alloy including at least of: Cr, Ti, Ta, Ru, W, Mo, Cu, and B, wherein the ferromagnetic crystal grains are surrounded by at least one oxide of Si, Ti, Ta, B, Cr, W and Nb. 19. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 18, wherein the magnetic recording layer comprises a plurality of layers, wherein a concentration of at least one of Co and Pt in the crystal grains is varied across the plurality of layers. 20. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 18, wherein a non-granular magnetic recording layer is positioned above the magnetic recording layer, the non-granular magnetic recording layer comprising a CoCrPt alloy including at least one element selected from a group consisting of: B, Ta, Ru, Ti, W, Mo and Nb. 21. The perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the soft magnetic underlayer comprises an amorphous alloy of Co and/or Fe, wherein the amorphous alloy further includes at least one element selected from a group consisting of: Ta, Nb, Zr, B, and Cr, wherein a thickness of the soft magnetic underlayer is in a range between about 10 nm to about 50 nm. 22. A magnetic data storage system, comprising:
at least one magnetic head; a perpendicular magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1; a drive mechanism for passing the magnetic medium over the at least one magnetic head; and a controller electrically coupled to the at least one magnetic head for controlling operation of the at least one magnetic head. 23. A method for forming a perpendicular magnetic recording medium, comprising:
providing a substrate; forming a soft magnetic underlayer above the substrate; forming a seed layer structure above the soft magnetic underlayer, the seed layer structure comprising a first seed layer and a second seed layer positioned above the first seed layer; forming an interlayer structure above the seed layer structure, the interlayer structure comprising a first interlayer, a second interlayer positioned above the first interlayer, and a third interlayer positioned above the second interlayer; and forming a magnetic recording layer above the interlayer structure, wherein the second seed layer comprises a Ni alloy including at least one oxide, wherein the first interlayer comprises a Ru alloy, wherein the second interlayer is formed under a gas pressure that is higher than a gas pressure used to form the first interlayer. 24. The method as recited in claim 23, wherein the second interlayer is formed under a gas pressure that is greater than or equal to about 2 Pa, wherein the first interlayer is formed under a gas pressure in a range between about 0.5 Pa to about 1 Pa. 25. The method as recited in claim 23, wherein an amount of the oxide in the second seed layer is in a range between about 5 vol % to about 20 vol % based on a total volume of the second seed layer, wherein the first seed layer comprises a Ni alloy that does not include an oxide. | 1,700 |
3,893 | 15,500,843 | 1,771 | The present invention relates to an adsorbent comprising an alumina support and at least one alkali element, said adsorbent being obtained by introducing at least one alkali element, identical to or different from sodium, onto an alumina support the sodium content of which, expressed as Na 2 O equivalent, before the introduction of the alkali element or elements, is comprised between 1000 and 5000 ppm by weight with respect to the total weight of the support. The invention also relates to processes for the preparation of said adsorbent and use thereof in a process for the elimination of acidic molecules such as COS and/or CO 2 . | 1. Adsorbent comprising an alumina support and at least one alkali element, said adsorbent being obtained by the introduction of at least one alkali element, identical to or different from sodium, onto an alumina support the sodium content of which, expressed as Na2O equivalent, before the introduction of the alkali element or elements, is comprised between 1000 and 5000 ppm by weight with respect to the total weight of the support. 2. Adsorbent according to claim 2, in which the alkali element is selected from sodium and potassium. 3. Adsorbent according to claim 1, in which the content of alkali element with respect to the total weight of the adsorbent is comprised between 1 and 60% by weight of said element. 4. Adsorbent according to claim 1, in which the sodium content, expressed as Na2O equivalent, in the alumina support before the introduction of the alkali element or elements is comprised between 1500 and 3500 ppm by weight with respect to the total weight of the support. 5. Adsorbent according to claim 1, in which the alumina support before the introduction of the alkali element or elements has a total pore volume comprised between 0.3 and 1 cm3.g−1 and a specific surface area between 50 and 450 m2.g−1. 6. Adsorbent according to claim 1, which is constituted by potassium and the alumina support having a sodium content, expressed as Na2O equivalent, before the introduction of the potassium, comprised between 1500 and 3500 ppm by weight with respect to the total weight of the support. 7. Process for the preparation of the adsorbent as defined in claim 1, comprising the following steps:
a) preparing an aqueous solution containing at least one alkali precursor, b) impregnating an alumina support having a sodium content, expressed as Na2O equivalent, comprised between 1000 and 5000 ppm by weight with respect to the total weight of the support, with the aqueous solution obtained at the end of step a), c) leaving the impregnated support originating from step b) to mature in a water-saturated closed vessel, d) drying the solid originating from step c). 8. Process for the preparation of the adsorbent as defined in claim 1, comprising the following steps:
a′) mixing an alumina support having a sodium content, expressed as Na2O equivalent, comprised between 1000 and 5000 ppm by weight with respect to the total weight of the support, with a powder of at least one alkali precursor, b′) optionally grinding the mixture obtained at the end of step a′) to a granulometry comprised between 2 and 100 μm, c′) forming the mixture originating from step b′) in the presence of water so as to obtain a material, d′) drying the formed material originating from step c′). 9. Process for the preparation of the adsorbent as defined in claim 1, comprising the following steps:
a″) mixing an alumina support having a sodium content, expressed as Na2O equivalent, comprised between 1000 and 5000 ppm by weight with respect to the total weight of the support, with a solution comprising at least one alkali precursor, in order to obtain a paste, b″) forming the paste obtained in step a″), c″) drying the formed paste originating from step b″). 10. Process according to claim 7, in which a calcination step is carried out in air in a dry or humid atmosphere at the end of the drying step. 11. Process for the elimination of an acidic molecule from a hydrocarbon flow containing at least one acidic molecule, in which the hydrocarbon flow is brought into contact during an adsorption step with an adsorbent according to claim 1. 12. Elimination process according to claim 11, in which the acidic molecule is COS and/or CO2. 13. Elimination process according to claim 11, in which the adsorption step is carried out at a temperature between −50 and 100° C., at an absolute pressure comprised between 0.01 MPa and 5 MPa and at an hourly space velocity comprised between 50 and 50000 h−1. 14. Elimination process according to claim 11, in which a step of adsorbent regeneration is carried out once the adsorbent is at least partially saturated with acidic molecules. 15. Elimination process according to claim 14, in which the regeneration step is carried out by bringing the adsorbent, at least partially saturated with acidic molecules, into contact with a gas or a liquid at a temperature comprised between 20 and 500° C., at an absolute pressure comprised between 0.01 MPa and 5 MPa and at an hourly space velocity comprised between 50 and 50,000 h−1. | The present invention relates to an adsorbent comprising an alumina support and at least one alkali element, said adsorbent being obtained by introducing at least one alkali element, identical to or different from sodium, onto an alumina support the sodium content of which, expressed as Na 2 O equivalent, before the introduction of the alkali element or elements, is comprised between 1000 and 5000 ppm by weight with respect to the total weight of the support. The invention also relates to processes for the preparation of said adsorbent and use thereof in a process for the elimination of acidic molecules such as COS and/or CO 2 .1. Adsorbent comprising an alumina support and at least one alkali element, said adsorbent being obtained by the introduction of at least one alkali element, identical to or different from sodium, onto an alumina support the sodium content of which, expressed as Na2O equivalent, before the introduction of the alkali element or elements, is comprised between 1000 and 5000 ppm by weight with respect to the total weight of the support. 2. Adsorbent according to claim 2, in which the alkali element is selected from sodium and potassium. 3. Adsorbent according to claim 1, in which the content of alkali element with respect to the total weight of the adsorbent is comprised between 1 and 60% by weight of said element. 4. Adsorbent according to claim 1, in which the sodium content, expressed as Na2O equivalent, in the alumina support before the introduction of the alkali element or elements is comprised between 1500 and 3500 ppm by weight with respect to the total weight of the support. 5. Adsorbent according to claim 1, in which the alumina support before the introduction of the alkali element or elements has a total pore volume comprised between 0.3 and 1 cm3.g−1 and a specific surface area between 50 and 450 m2.g−1. 6. Adsorbent according to claim 1, which is constituted by potassium and the alumina support having a sodium content, expressed as Na2O equivalent, before the introduction of the potassium, comprised between 1500 and 3500 ppm by weight with respect to the total weight of the support. 7. Process for the preparation of the adsorbent as defined in claim 1, comprising the following steps:
a) preparing an aqueous solution containing at least one alkali precursor, b) impregnating an alumina support having a sodium content, expressed as Na2O equivalent, comprised between 1000 and 5000 ppm by weight with respect to the total weight of the support, with the aqueous solution obtained at the end of step a), c) leaving the impregnated support originating from step b) to mature in a water-saturated closed vessel, d) drying the solid originating from step c). 8. Process for the preparation of the adsorbent as defined in claim 1, comprising the following steps:
a′) mixing an alumina support having a sodium content, expressed as Na2O equivalent, comprised between 1000 and 5000 ppm by weight with respect to the total weight of the support, with a powder of at least one alkali precursor, b′) optionally grinding the mixture obtained at the end of step a′) to a granulometry comprised between 2 and 100 μm, c′) forming the mixture originating from step b′) in the presence of water so as to obtain a material, d′) drying the formed material originating from step c′). 9. Process for the preparation of the adsorbent as defined in claim 1, comprising the following steps:
a″) mixing an alumina support having a sodium content, expressed as Na2O equivalent, comprised between 1000 and 5000 ppm by weight with respect to the total weight of the support, with a solution comprising at least one alkali precursor, in order to obtain a paste, b″) forming the paste obtained in step a″), c″) drying the formed paste originating from step b″). 10. Process according to claim 7, in which a calcination step is carried out in air in a dry or humid atmosphere at the end of the drying step. 11. Process for the elimination of an acidic molecule from a hydrocarbon flow containing at least one acidic molecule, in which the hydrocarbon flow is brought into contact during an adsorption step with an adsorbent according to claim 1. 12. Elimination process according to claim 11, in which the acidic molecule is COS and/or CO2. 13. Elimination process according to claim 11, in which the adsorption step is carried out at a temperature between −50 and 100° C., at an absolute pressure comprised between 0.01 MPa and 5 MPa and at an hourly space velocity comprised between 50 and 50000 h−1. 14. Elimination process according to claim 11, in which a step of adsorbent regeneration is carried out once the adsorbent is at least partially saturated with acidic molecules. 15. Elimination process according to claim 14, in which the regeneration step is carried out by bringing the adsorbent, at least partially saturated with acidic molecules, into contact with a gas or a liquid at a temperature comprised between 20 and 500° C., at an absolute pressure comprised between 0.01 MPa and 5 MPa and at an hourly space velocity comprised between 50 and 50,000 h−1. | 1,700 |
3,894 | 14,011,294 | 1,793 | Concentrated creams are produced from starting cream compositions characterized as homogenous, oil-in-water emulsions containing fat globules, phospholipid membrane components and non-fat solids, and which have an initial fat content between about 35 to about 55 percent by weight. To produce the concentrated creams, moisture is removed from the starting cream compositions through evaporative processing, and as a result, the concentrated cream remains in a homogenous state, retains the fat globules, phospholipid membrane components and non-fat solids, and includes a concentrated fat content of at least about 70 percent by weight. In addition, the concentrated cream may be in an oil-in-water or a bi-continuous emulsion. Evaporative processing may be through a wiped film evaporator or a scraped surface heat exchanger. | 1. A method of producing concentrated cream, the method comprising:
providing a cream composition in a homogenous, oil-in-water emulsion, the cream composition comprising fat globules, phospholipid membrane components and non-fat solids, and wherein an initial fat content of the cream composition is between about 35 to about 55 percent by weight; and removing moisture from the cream composition through evaporative processing to produce the concentrated cream, wherein the concentrated cream remains in a homogenous state, retains the fat globules, phospholipid membrane components and non-fat solids, and comprises a fat content of at least about 70 percent by weight. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising pre-heating the cream composition from about 130° F. to about 200° F. prior to the step of removing moisture. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the cream composition is provided at ambient temperatures. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the evaporative processing takes place in a vacuum chamber under a vacuum pressure of about 16 in Hg to about 26 in Hg. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising cooling the concentrated cream, said concentrated cream remaining in the homogenous state upon cooling. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the evaporative processing takes place in an evaporator configured to form a thin film using one or more blades transferring the cream composition to the heat transfer walls within the evaporator. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the evaporator is a wiped film evaporator. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the wiped film evaporator operates from about 75 rpm to about 225 rpm. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the wiped film evaporator operates under a vacuum pressure of about 16 in Hg to about 26 in Hg. 10. The method of claim 6, wherein the evaporator is a scraped surface heat exchanger. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein an initial moisture content of the cream composition is at least 50 percent by weight and a moisture content of the concentrated cream product is up to about 20 percent by weight. 12. A concentrated cream product produced by the method of claim 1. 13. A method of producing a concentrated cream product, the method comprising:
providing a homogenous, oil-in-water emulsion derived from whole milk, the emulsion comprising fat globules, phospholipid membrane components and non-fat solids, and wherein an initial fat content of the emulsion is between about 35 to about 55 percent by weight; and removing moisture from the emulsion through evaporative processing to produce the concentrated cream product, wherein the concentrated cream product is one or more of an oil-in-water or a bi-continuous emulsion, wherein said emulsion retains the fat globules, phospholipid membrane components and non-fat solids, and comprises a fat content of at least about 70 percent by weight. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the evaporative processing takes place in a wiped film evaporator. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the wiped film evaporator operates from about 75 rpm to about 225 rpm and under a vacuum pressure of about 16 in Hg to about 26 in Hg. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the evaporative processing takes place in a scraped surface heat exchanger. 17. The method of claim 13, further comprising ultra-filtering the whole milk prior to the providing step. 18. A concentrated cream product comprises a homogenous, oil-in-water or a bi-continuous emulsion including fat globules, phospholipid membranes and non-fat solids, wherein the concentrated cream product includes a fat content of at least about 70 percent by weight. 19. The product of claim 18, wherein a salt and non-fat solids content of the concentrated cream is at least about 8 percent by weight. 20. The product of claim 18, wherein a moisture content of the concentrated cream is less than about 20 percent by weight. | Concentrated creams are produced from starting cream compositions characterized as homogenous, oil-in-water emulsions containing fat globules, phospholipid membrane components and non-fat solids, and which have an initial fat content between about 35 to about 55 percent by weight. To produce the concentrated creams, moisture is removed from the starting cream compositions through evaporative processing, and as a result, the concentrated cream remains in a homogenous state, retains the fat globules, phospholipid membrane components and non-fat solids, and includes a concentrated fat content of at least about 70 percent by weight. In addition, the concentrated cream may be in an oil-in-water or a bi-continuous emulsion. Evaporative processing may be through a wiped film evaporator or a scraped surface heat exchanger.1. A method of producing concentrated cream, the method comprising:
providing a cream composition in a homogenous, oil-in-water emulsion, the cream composition comprising fat globules, phospholipid membrane components and non-fat solids, and wherein an initial fat content of the cream composition is between about 35 to about 55 percent by weight; and removing moisture from the cream composition through evaporative processing to produce the concentrated cream, wherein the concentrated cream remains in a homogenous state, retains the fat globules, phospholipid membrane components and non-fat solids, and comprises a fat content of at least about 70 percent by weight. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising pre-heating the cream composition from about 130° F. to about 200° F. prior to the step of removing moisture. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the cream composition is provided at ambient temperatures. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the evaporative processing takes place in a vacuum chamber under a vacuum pressure of about 16 in Hg to about 26 in Hg. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising cooling the concentrated cream, said concentrated cream remaining in the homogenous state upon cooling. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the evaporative processing takes place in an evaporator configured to form a thin film using one or more blades transferring the cream composition to the heat transfer walls within the evaporator. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the evaporator is a wiped film evaporator. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the wiped film evaporator operates from about 75 rpm to about 225 rpm. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the wiped film evaporator operates under a vacuum pressure of about 16 in Hg to about 26 in Hg. 10. The method of claim 6, wherein the evaporator is a scraped surface heat exchanger. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein an initial moisture content of the cream composition is at least 50 percent by weight and a moisture content of the concentrated cream product is up to about 20 percent by weight. 12. A concentrated cream product produced by the method of claim 1. 13. A method of producing a concentrated cream product, the method comprising:
providing a homogenous, oil-in-water emulsion derived from whole milk, the emulsion comprising fat globules, phospholipid membrane components and non-fat solids, and wherein an initial fat content of the emulsion is between about 35 to about 55 percent by weight; and removing moisture from the emulsion through evaporative processing to produce the concentrated cream product, wherein the concentrated cream product is one or more of an oil-in-water or a bi-continuous emulsion, wherein said emulsion retains the fat globules, phospholipid membrane components and non-fat solids, and comprises a fat content of at least about 70 percent by weight. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the evaporative processing takes place in a wiped film evaporator. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the wiped film evaporator operates from about 75 rpm to about 225 rpm and under a vacuum pressure of about 16 in Hg to about 26 in Hg. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the evaporative processing takes place in a scraped surface heat exchanger. 17. The method of claim 13, further comprising ultra-filtering the whole milk prior to the providing step. 18. A concentrated cream product comprises a homogenous, oil-in-water or a bi-continuous emulsion including fat globules, phospholipid membranes and non-fat solids, wherein the concentrated cream product includes a fat content of at least about 70 percent by weight. 19. The product of claim 18, wherein a salt and non-fat solids content of the concentrated cream is at least about 8 percent by weight. 20. The product of claim 18, wherein a moisture content of the concentrated cream is less than about 20 percent by weight. | 1,700 |
3,895 | 14,768,248 | 1,788 | There is provided adhesive tapes for mounting flexographic printing plates having a foam substrate and two adhesive layers on either side of the foam substrate, where the adhesive layers may include a polymer component obtainable by free-radical polymerization: a) 50 wt % or greater linear or branched acrylic esters having 2 or more carbon atoms in the alkyl radical, b) 22.5 wt % to 46.5 wt % linear, cyclic or branched acrylic esters having 1 to 20 carbon atoms in the alkyl radical, and c) greater than 3.5 wt % to 27.5 wt % of highly polar vinyl substituted monomers, where the polymer component has a glass transition temperature value of between −22° C. and −7° C. according to the Fox method and based on measurement of the homopolymers of the monomers in (a), (b), and (c) by modulated DSC, and further wherein the polymer component has a solubility parameter between 9.58 (cal/cm 2 ) 1/2 and 9.99 (cal/cm 2 ) 1/2 according to the Fedors method. In a preferred embodiment, the linear or branched acrylic esters in (a) are selected from at least one of isooctyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, and combinations thereof; wherein the linear or branched acrylic esters in (b) is isobornyl acrylate; and wherein the highly polar vinyl-substituted monomers in (c) is acrylic acid. | 1. An adhesive tape for mounting flexographic printing plates, comprising: a substrate comprising a foam and having a first longitudinal side opposite a second longitudinal side, a first adhesive layer disposed on the first longitudinal side, and a second adhesive layer disposed on the second longitudinal side, wherein at least one of the first and second adhesive layers comprises a polymer component obtainable by free-radical polymerization of monomers comprising a), b) and c):
a) 50 wt % or greater linear or branched acrylic esters having 2 or more carbon atoms in the alkyl radical and homopolymer glass transition temperatures of 0° C. or less according to the Fox method and based on measurement of the linear or branched acrylic esters by modulated DSC and a homopolymer solubility parameter of between about 9.0 (cal/cm2)1/2 and about 11.0 (cal/cm2)1/2 according to the Fedors method, b) 22.5 wt % to 46.5 wt % linear, cyclic or branched acrylic esters having 1 to 20 carbon atoms in the alkyl radical and homopolymer glass transition temperatures of greater than 0° C. according to the Fox method and based on measurement of the linear, cyclic or branched acrylic esters by modulated DSC and a homopolymer solubility parameter of between about 9.0 (cal/cm3)1/2 and 11.0 (cal/cm3)1/2 according to the Fedors method, and c) greater than 3.5 wt % to about 27.5 wt % of highly polar vinyl substituted monomers and homopolymer glass transition temperatures of greater than 30° C. according to the Fox method and based on measurement of the highly polar vinyl substituted monomers by modulated DSC and a homopolymer solubility parameter of 11.0 (cal/cm3)1/2 or greater according to the Fedors method, wherein the polymer component has a glass transition temperature value of between −22° C. and −7° C. according to the Fox method and based on measurement of the homopolymers of the monomers in (a), (b), and (c) by modulated DSC, and further wherein the polymer component has a solubility parameter between 9.58 (cal/cm3)1/2 and 9.99 (cal/cm3)1/2 according to the Fedors method. 2. The adhesive tape of claim 1 wherein the linear or branched acrylic esters in (a) are selected from at least one of isooctyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, and combinations thereof. 3. The adhesive tape of claim 1 wherein the linear or branched acrylic esters in (b) is selected from at least one cyclic acrylic ester having 1 to 20 carbon atoms in the alkyl radical and homopolymer glass transition temperatures of greater than 0° C. according to the Fox method and based on measurement of the linear, cyclic or branched acrylic esters by modulated DSC and a homopolymer solubility parameter of between about 9.0 (cal/cm3)1/2 and about 11.0 (cal/cm3)1/2 according to the Fedors method. 4. The adhesive tape of claim 1 wherein the linear or branched acrylic esters in (b) is isobornyl acrylate. 5. The adhesive tape of claim 1 wherein the highly polar vinyl substituted monomers in (c) is acrylic acid. 6. The adhesive tape of claim 1 wherein the linear or branched acrylic esters in (a) are selected from at least one of isooctyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, and combinations thereof; wherein the linear or branched acrylic esters in (b) is isobornyl acrylate; and wherein the highly polar vinyl-substituted monomers in (c) is acrylic acid. 7. The adhesive tape of claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises a foam layer. 8. The adhesive tape of any of claim 7 wherein the foam layer has density of 0.32 g/cm3 (20 lbs/ft3) or less. 9. The adhesive tape of claim 1 wherein at least one of the adhesive layers having the polymer component has a peel force from new plate of greater than or equal to 0.055 Newtons per cm. 10. The adhesive tape of claim 1 wherein at least one of the adhesive layers having the polymer component has a peel force from residue coated plate of less than or equal to 5.47 Newtons per cm. 11. The adhesive tape of claim 1 wherein at least one of the adhesive layers having the polymer component has a lifting resistance of less than or equal to 3.0 mm/48 hours. 12. (canceled) 13. The adhesive tape of claim 1 further comprising a primer disposed between at least one of the longitudinal sides of the substrate and the adhesive layer having the polymer component disposed thereon. 14. The adhesive tape of claim 13 wherein the primer is a cross linked aliphatic urethane. 15. The adhesive tape of claim 1 wherein the polymer component further comprises a crosslinking agent. 16. The adhesive tape of claim 1 wherein the polymer component further comprising an additive. 17. A tool comprising:
(a) a printing plate, wherein the printing plate comprises (i) a polyester backing surface, and (ii) a polyamide, nitrocellulose or polyurethane ink binder residue layer on at least a portion of the polyester backing surface, and (b) an adhesive tape according to claim 1, and (c) a tool base, wherein the first adhesive layer of the adhesive tape is in contact with the ink binder residue layer, and further wherein the second adhesive layer of the adhesive tape is in contact with the tool base. 18. A process for mounting printing plates comprising:
(a) providing an adhesive tape according to claim 1; (b) applying the second adhesive layer of the adhesive tape to a tool base; (c) mounting a clean printing plate on the first adhesive layer; (d) placing the mounted tool base on a printing press; (e) printing multiple images on the printing press with a printing ink containing polyamide, nitrocellulose or polyurethane ink binder(s); (f) demounting the printing plate without damage to any of the adhesive tape layers or transfer of any of the adhesive tape layers to the printing plate or printing plate surface; (g) cleaning ink residue from the printing plate; (h) repeating steps (a) through (g) at least one more time, wherein the printing plate used in step (c) is a previously used plate. | There is provided adhesive tapes for mounting flexographic printing plates having a foam substrate and two adhesive layers on either side of the foam substrate, where the adhesive layers may include a polymer component obtainable by free-radical polymerization: a) 50 wt % or greater linear or branched acrylic esters having 2 or more carbon atoms in the alkyl radical, b) 22.5 wt % to 46.5 wt % linear, cyclic or branched acrylic esters having 1 to 20 carbon atoms in the alkyl radical, and c) greater than 3.5 wt % to 27.5 wt % of highly polar vinyl substituted monomers, where the polymer component has a glass transition temperature value of between −22° C. and −7° C. according to the Fox method and based on measurement of the homopolymers of the monomers in (a), (b), and (c) by modulated DSC, and further wherein the polymer component has a solubility parameter between 9.58 (cal/cm 2 ) 1/2 and 9.99 (cal/cm 2 ) 1/2 according to the Fedors method. In a preferred embodiment, the linear or branched acrylic esters in (a) are selected from at least one of isooctyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, and combinations thereof; wherein the linear or branched acrylic esters in (b) is isobornyl acrylate; and wherein the highly polar vinyl-substituted monomers in (c) is acrylic acid.1. An adhesive tape for mounting flexographic printing plates, comprising: a substrate comprising a foam and having a first longitudinal side opposite a second longitudinal side, a first adhesive layer disposed on the first longitudinal side, and a second adhesive layer disposed on the second longitudinal side, wherein at least one of the first and second adhesive layers comprises a polymer component obtainable by free-radical polymerization of monomers comprising a), b) and c):
a) 50 wt % or greater linear or branched acrylic esters having 2 or more carbon atoms in the alkyl radical and homopolymer glass transition temperatures of 0° C. or less according to the Fox method and based on measurement of the linear or branched acrylic esters by modulated DSC and a homopolymer solubility parameter of between about 9.0 (cal/cm2)1/2 and about 11.0 (cal/cm2)1/2 according to the Fedors method, b) 22.5 wt % to 46.5 wt % linear, cyclic or branched acrylic esters having 1 to 20 carbon atoms in the alkyl radical and homopolymer glass transition temperatures of greater than 0° C. according to the Fox method and based on measurement of the linear, cyclic or branched acrylic esters by modulated DSC and a homopolymer solubility parameter of between about 9.0 (cal/cm3)1/2 and 11.0 (cal/cm3)1/2 according to the Fedors method, and c) greater than 3.5 wt % to about 27.5 wt % of highly polar vinyl substituted monomers and homopolymer glass transition temperatures of greater than 30° C. according to the Fox method and based on measurement of the highly polar vinyl substituted monomers by modulated DSC and a homopolymer solubility parameter of 11.0 (cal/cm3)1/2 or greater according to the Fedors method, wherein the polymer component has a glass transition temperature value of between −22° C. and −7° C. according to the Fox method and based on measurement of the homopolymers of the monomers in (a), (b), and (c) by modulated DSC, and further wherein the polymer component has a solubility parameter between 9.58 (cal/cm3)1/2 and 9.99 (cal/cm3)1/2 according to the Fedors method. 2. The adhesive tape of claim 1 wherein the linear or branched acrylic esters in (a) are selected from at least one of isooctyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, and combinations thereof. 3. The adhesive tape of claim 1 wherein the linear or branched acrylic esters in (b) is selected from at least one cyclic acrylic ester having 1 to 20 carbon atoms in the alkyl radical and homopolymer glass transition temperatures of greater than 0° C. according to the Fox method and based on measurement of the linear, cyclic or branched acrylic esters by modulated DSC and a homopolymer solubility parameter of between about 9.0 (cal/cm3)1/2 and about 11.0 (cal/cm3)1/2 according to the Fedors method. 4. The adhesive tape of claim 1 wherein the linear or branched acrylic esters in (b) is isobornyl acrylate. 5. The adhesive tape of claim 1 wherein the highly polar vinyl substituted monomers in (c) is acrylic acid. 6. The adhesive tape of claim 1 wherein the linear or branched acrylic esters in (a) are selected from at least one of isooctyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, and combinations thereof; wherein the linear or branched acrylic esters in (b) is isobornyl acrylate; and wherein the highly polar vinyl-substituted monomers in (c) is acrylic acid. 7. The adhesive tape of claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises a foam layer. 8. The adhesive tape of any of claim 7 wherein the foam layer has density of 0.32 g/cm3 (20 lbs/ft3) or less. 9. The adhesive tape of claim 1 wherein at least one of the adhesive layers having the polymer component has a peel force from new plate of greater than or equal to 0.055 Newtons per cm. 10. The adhesive tape of claim 1 wherein at least one of the adhesive layers having the polymer component has a peel force from residue coated plate of less than or equal to 5.47 Newtons per cm. 11. The adhesive tape of claim 1 wherein at least one of the adhesive layers having the polymer component has a lifting resistance of less than or equal to 3.0 mm/48 hours. 12. (canceled) 13. The adhesive tape of claim 1 further comprising a primer disposed between at least one of the longitudinal sides of the substrate and the adhesive layer having the polymer component disposed thereon. 14. The adhesive tape of claim 13 wherein the primer is a cross linked aliphatic urethane. 15. The adhesive tape of claim 1 wherein the polymer component further comprises a crosslinking agent. 16. The adhesive tape of claim 1 wherein the polymer component further comprising an additive. 17. A tool comprising:
(a) a printing plate, wherein the printing plate comprises (i) a polyester backing surface, and (ii) a polyamide, nitrocellulose or polyurethane ink binder residue layer on at least a portion of the polyester backing surface, and (b) an adhesive tape according to claim 1, and (c) a tool base, wherein the first adhesive layer of the adhesive tape is in contact with the ink binder residue layer, and further wherein the second adhesive layer of the adhesive tape is in contact with the tool base. 18. A process for mounting printing plates comprising:
(a) providing an adhesive tape according to claim 1; (b) applying the second adhesive layer of the adhesive tape to a tool base; (c) mounting a clean printing plate on the first adhesive layer; (d) placing the mounted tool base on a printing press; (e) printing multiple images on the printing press with a printing ink containing polyamide, nitrocellulose or polyurethane ink binder(s); (f) demounting the printing plate without damage to any of the adhesive tape layers or transfer of any of the adhesive tape layers to the printing plate or printing plate surface; (g) cleaning ink residue from the printing plate; (h) repeating steps (a) through (g) at least one more time, wherein the printing plate used in step (c) is a previously used plate. | 1,700 |
3,896 | 15,851,765 | 1,735 | A shot tube includes an inner bore for delivering molten material into a die-cast mold. The shot tube has an outer peripheral surface with at least one surface for receiving a locking member to lock the shot tube into an aperture in a fixed mold portion and an alignment structure for properly aligning the shot tube in the fixed mold portion. An opening receives molten material into the inner bore. | 1. A shot tube comprising:
an inner bore for delivering molten material into a die-cast mold, said shot tube having an outer peripheral surface with at least one surface for receiving a locking member to lock the shot tube into a fixed mold portion and an alignment structure for properly aligning the shot tube in the fixed mold portion; and an opening for receiving molten material into the inner bore. 2. The shot tube as set forth in claim 1, wherein said surface includes a pair of surfaces formed at an outer periphery of the shot tube. 3. The shot tube as set forth in claim 2, wherein said pair of surfaces are flats. 4. The shot tube as set forth in claim 3, wherein said shot tube outer periphery is cylindrical, other than at the flats. 5. The shot tube as set forth in claim 4, wherein said alignment structure includes a notch at a forward end of said shot tube. 6. The shot tube as set forth in claim 5, wherein said inner bore extends through an entire axial length of said shot tube. 7. The shot tube as set forth in claim 6, wherein said shot tube includes an inner portion formed of a powdered metal and an outer portion formed of stainless steel. 8. The shot tube as set forth in claim 1, wherein said shot tube outer periphery is cylindrical, other than at the flats. 9. The shot tube as set forth in claim 8, wherein said alignment structure includes a notch at a forward end of said shot tube. 10. The shot tube as set forth in claim 9, wherein said inner bore extends through an entire axial length of said shot tube. 11. The shot tube as set forth in claim 10, wherein said shot tube includes an inner portion formed of a powdered metal and an outer portion formed of stainless steel. 12. The shot tube as set forth in claim 2, wherein said shot tube includes an inner portion formed of a powdered metal and an outer portion formed of stainless steel. 13. The shot tube as set forth in claim 1, wherein said alignment structure includes a notch at a forward end of said shot tube. 14. The shot tube as set forth in claim 13, wherein said inner bore extends through an entire axial length of said shot tube. 15. The shot tube as set forth in claim 14, wherein said shot tube includes an inner portion formed of a powdered metal and an outer portion formed of stainless steel. 16. The shot tube as set forth in claim 13, wherein said shot tube includes an inner portion formed of a powdered metal and an outer portion formed of stainless steel. 17. The shot tube as set forth in claim 1, wherein said inner bore extends through an entire axial length of said shot tube. 18. The shot tube as set forth in claim 17, wherein said shot tube includes an inner portion formed of a powdered metal and an outer portion formed of stainless steel. 19. The shot tube as set forth in claim 1, wherein said shot tube includes an inner portion formed of a powdered metal and an outer portion formed of stainless steel. 20. The shot tube as set forth in claim 19, wherein said shot tube outer periphery is cylindrical, other than at the flats. | A shot tube includes an inner bore for delivering molten material into a die-cast mold. The shot tube has an outer peripheral surface with at least one surface for receiving a locking member to lock the shot tube into an aperture in a fixed mold portion and an alignment structure for properly aligning the shot tube in the fixed mold portion. An opening receives molten material into the inner bore.1. A shot tube comprising:
an inner bore for delivering molten material into a die-cast mold, said shot tube having an outer peripheral surface with at least one surface for receiving a locking member to lock the shot tube into a fixed mold portion and an alignment structure for properly aligning the shot tube in the fixed mold portion; and an opening for receiving molten material into the inner bore. 2. The shot tube as set forth in claim 1, wherein said surface includes a pair of surfaces formed at an outer periphery of the shot tube. 3. The shot tube as set forth in claim 2, wherein said pair of surfaces are flats. 4. The shot tube as set forth in claim 3, wherein said shot tube outer periphery is cylindrical, other than at the flats. 5. The shot tube as set forth in claim 4, wherein said alignment structure includes a notch at a forward end of said shot tube. 6. The shot tube as set forth in claim 5, wherein said inner bore extends through an entire axial length of said shot tube. 7. The shot tube as set forth in claim 6, wherein said shot tube includes an inner portion formed of a powdered metal and an outer portion formed of stainless steel. 8. The shot tube as set forth in claim 1, wherein said shot tube outer periphery is cylindrical, other than at the flats. 9. The shot tube as set forth in claim 8, wherein said alignment structure includes a notch at a forward end of said shot tube. 10. The shot tube as set forth in claim 9, wherein said inner bore extends through an entire axial length of said shot tube. 11. The shot tube as set forth in claim 10, wherein said shot tube includes an inner portion formed of a powdered metal and an outer portion formed of stainless steel. 12. The shot tube as set forth in claim 2, wherein said shot tube includes an inner portion formed of a powdered metal and an outer portion formed of stainless steel. 13. The shot tube as set forth in claim 1, wherein said alignment structure includes a notch at a forward end of said shot tube. 14. The shot tube as set forth in claim 13, wherein said inner bore extends through an entire axial length of said shot tube. 15. The shot tube as set forth in claim 14, wherein said shot tube includes an inner portion formed of a powdered metal and an outer portion formed of stainless steel. 16. The shot tube as set forth in claim 13, wherein said shot tube includes an inner portion formed of a powdered metal and an outer portion formed of stainless steel. 17. The shot tube as set forth in claim 1, wherein said inner bore extends through an entire axial length of said shot tube. 18. The shot tube as set forth in claim 17, wherein said shot tube includes an inner portion formed of a powdered metal and an outer portion formed of stainless steel. 19. The shot tube as set forth in claim 1, wherein said shot tube includes an inner portion formed of a powdered metal and an outer portion formed of stainless steel. 20. The shot tube as set forth in claim 19, wherein said shot tube outer periphery is cylindrical, other than at the flats. | 1,700 |
3,897 | 14,766,362 | 1,718 | Method of performing atomic layer deposition. The method comprises supplying a precursor gas towards a substrate, using a deposition head including one or more gas supplies, including a precursor gas supply. The precursor gas reacts near a surface of the substrate for forming an atomic layer. The deposition head has an output face comprising the gas supplies, which at least partly faces the substrate surface during depositing the atomic layer. The output face has a substantially rounded shape defining a movement path of the substrate. The precursor-gas supply is moved relative to the substrate by rotating the deposition head while supplying the precursor gas, for depositing a stack of atomic layers while continuously moving in one direction. The surface of the substrate is kept contactless with the output face by means of a gas bearing. | 1. Method of performing atomic layer deposition on a substrate, which method comprises
supplying a precursor gas towards the substrate using a deposition head, the deposition head including one or more gas supplies including a precursor gas supply for supplying the precursor gas; having the precursor gas react near, e.g. on, a surface of the substrate so as to form an atomic layer, the deposition head having an output face that at least partly faces the surface of the substrate during depositing the atomic layer, the output face being provided with the one or more gas supplies and having a substantially rounded shape defining a movement path of the substrate, wherein the method further comprises moving the precursor-gas supply relative to and along the substrate by rotating the deposition head while supplying the precursor gas; thus depositing a stack of atomic layers while continuously moving the precursor-gas supply in one direction, wherein method is performed while keeping the surface of the substrate contactless with the output face by means of a gas bearing provided using the one or more gas supplies, and wherein the method comprises guiding the substrate at least one of to or from the movement path using a guiding unit for bending the substrate having the surface of the substrate on an outer bend side, and pulling the substrate away from the output face during said guiding by using a pressure based pulling unit contiguous to the guiding unit opposite the output face, for preventing contact between the substrate surface and the output face near the guiding unit. 2. Method according to claim 1, wherein the step of pulling is performed using a Bernoulli gripper for contactless pulling of the substrate. 3. Method according to claim 1, further comprising a step of creating a gas flow near the outer bend side facing the surface of the substrate using a forced-flow gas inlet, for forcing the surface away from the output face. 4. Method according to claim 1, wherein the gas bearing is provided using the precursor gas supply. 5. Method according to claim 1, wherein the one or more gas supplies further comprise at least one of a purge gas supply or a reactive gas supply, the purge gas supply for supplying an inert purge gas and the reactive gas supply for supplying a reactive gas for reacting with said precursor gas, wherein the gas bearing is provided using at least one of the precursor gas supply, the purge gas supply or the reactant gas supply. 6. Method according to claim 1, comprising moving the substrate relative to and along an, at least partly rounded, circumference of a rotatable drum that comprises the deposition head. 7. Method according to claim 6, wherein the drum comprises at least one gas flow channel for connecting the one or more gas supplies with a sealing piece that seals at least part of the drum's surface, wherein the one or more gas supplies are provided with gas through the at least one gas flow channel via the sealing piece while rotating the drum relative to the sealing piece for providing the step of moving of the precursor supply,
wherein one of the drum or sealing piece comprises one or more gas outlets/inlets and the other of the drum or sealing piece comprises one or more circumferential grooves in its surface sealed by the drum, and wherein during said rotation, for supplying the gas towards the substrate, the gas outlets/inlets lie opposite the sealed grooves wherein a part of the gas flow path is formed by the sealed grooves. 8. Method according to claim 1, further comprising a step of pre-heating of at least one of the gas or the substrate, using a heater which is included in at least one of: the deposition head, the one or more gas supplies, or the guiding unit. 9. Method according to claim 6, wherein the step of heating is performed using an infrared radiation type heating system, and wherein the drum is made of a material comprising anodized, preferably opal-anodized, aluminum. 10. Apparatus for performing atomic layer deposition on a substrate, which apparatus comprises a deposition head including one or more gas supplies, the one or more gas supplies including a precursor gas supply for supplying a precursor gas towards the substrate, wherein the one or more gas supplies are arranged on an output face of the deposition head, and wherein the output face has a substantially rounded shape defining a movement path for the substrate over at least part of the output face, such that in use the supplied precursor gas reacts near, e.g. on, a surface of the substrate facing the output face so as to form an atomic layer on the substrate surface, the apparatus further comprising
a mount for rotatably mounting the deposition head, a driver arranged for rotating the deposition head so as to move the precursor gas supply relative to and along the substrate while supplying the precursor gas, for thereby depositing a stack of atomic layers while continuously moving the precursor-gas supply in one direction, and a gas bearing provided by the one or more gas supplies for keeping the surface of the substrate contactless with the output face, and wherein the apparatus further comprises a guiding unit for guiding the substrate at least one of to or from the movement path by bending the substrate having the surface of the substrate on an outer bend side, and a pressure based pulling unit contiguous to the guiding unit opposite the output face, for pulling the substrate away from the output face during said guiding for preventing contact between the substrate surface and the output face near the guiding unit. 11. Apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the pressure based pulling unit comprises a Bernoulli gripper for contactless pulling of the substrate. 12. Apparatus according to claim 10, further comprising a forced-flow gas inlet arranged near the outer bend side facing the surface of the substrate, for creating a gas flow for forcing the surface away from the output face. 13. Apparatus according to claim 10, comprising a rotatable drum that comprises the deposition head, wherein for providing gas to the gas supplies the drum comprises at least one gas flow channel connecting the one or more gas supplies with a sealing piece that seals at least part of the drum's surface, wherein the sealing piece is connectable to at least one gas source, wherein one of the drum or sealing piece comprises one or more gas outlets/inlets and the other of the drum or sealing piece comprises one or more circumferential grooves in its surface sealed by the drum, and wherein the one or more gas outlets/inlets and the one or more circumferential grooves are arranged such that in use, during a rotation of the drum, the gas outlets/inlets lie opposite the sealed grooves over at least a part of a revolution of the rotating drum forming a part of a gas flow path between the gas source and the one or more gas supplies. 14. Apparatus according to claim 10, wherein a heater is included in at least one of: the mount, the deposition head, the one or more supplies, the guiding unit, or where dependent on claim 13, the drum, at least one gas flow channel, at least one of the gas outlets/inlets, or at least one circumferential groove. 15. Apparatus according to claim 10, comprising a rotatable drum that comprises the deposition head, wherein the drum is made of a material comprising anodized, preferably opal-anodized, aluminum, said apparatus further comprising a infrared radiation type heating system. | Method of performing atomic layer deposition. The method comprises supplying a precursor gas towards a substrate, using a deposition head including one or more gas supplies, including a precursor gas supply. The precursor gas reacts near a surface of the substrate for forming an atomic layer. The deposition head has an output face comprising the gas supplies, which at least partly faces the substrate surface during depositing the atomic layer. The output face has a substantially rounded shape defining a movement path of the substrate. The precursor-gas supply is moved relative to the substrate by rotating the deposition head while supplying the precursor gas, for depositing a stack of atomic layers while continuously moving in one direction. The surface of the substrate is kept contactless with the output face by means of a gas bearing.1. Method of performing atomic layer deposition on a substrate, which method comprises
supplying a precursor gas towards the substrate using a deposition head, the deposition head including one or more gas supplies including a precursor gas supply for supplying the precursor gas; having the precursor gas react near, e.g. on, a surface of the substrate so as to form an atomic layer, the deposition head having an output face that at least partly faces the surface of the substrate during depositing the atomic layer, the output face being provided with the one or more gas supplies and having a substantially rounded shape defining a movement path of the substrate, wherein the method further comprises moving the precursor-gas supply relative to and along the substrate by rotating the deposition head while supplying the precursor gas; thus depositing a stack of atomic layers while continuously moving the precursor-gas supply in one direction, wherein method is performed while keeping the surface of the substrate contactless with the output face by means of a gas bearing provided using the one or more gas supplies, and wherein the method comprises guiding the substrate at least one of to or from the movement path using a guiding unit for bending the substrate having the surface of the substrate on an outer bend side, and pulling the substrate away from the output face during said guiding by using a pressure based pulling unit contiguous to the guiding unit opposite the output face, for preventing contact between the substrate surface and the output face near the guiding unit. 2. Method according to claim 1, wherein the step of pulling is performed using a Bernoulli gripper for contactless pulling of the substrate. 3. Method according to claim 1, further comprising a step of creating a gas flow near the outer bend side facing the surface of the substrate using a forced-flow gas inlet, for forcing the surface away from the output face. 4. Method according to claim 1, wherein the gas bearing is provided using the precursor gas supply. 5. Method according to claim 1, wherein the one or more gas supplies further comprise at least one of a purge gas supply or a reactive gas supply, the purge gas supply for supplying an inert purge gas and the reactive gas supply for supplying a reactive gas for reacting with said precursor gas, wherein the gas bearing is provided using at least one of the precursor gas supply, the purge gas supply or the reactant gas supply. 6. Method according to claim 1, comprising moving the substrate relative to and along an, at least partly rounded, circumference of a rotatable drum that comprises the deposition head. 7. Method according to claim 6, wherein the drum comprises at least one gas flow channel for connecting the one or more gas supplies with a sealing piece that seals at least part of the drum's surface, wherein the one or more gas supplies are provided with gas through the at least one gas flow channel via the sealing piece while rotating the drum relative to the sealing piece for providing the step of moving of the precursor supply,
wherein one of the drum or sealing piece comprises one or more gas outlets/inlets and the other of the drum or sealing piece comprises one or more circumferential grooves in its surface sealed by the drum, and wherein during said rotation, for supplying the gas towards the substrate, the gas outlets/inlets lie opposite the sealed grooves wherein a part of the gas flow path is formed by the sealed grooves. 8. Method according to claim 1, further comprising a step of pre-heating of at least one of the gas or the substrate, using a heater which is included in at least one of: the deposition head, the one or more gas supplies, or the guiding unit. 9. Method according to claim 6, wherein the step of heating is performed using an infrared radiation type heating system, and wherein the drum is made of a material comprising anodized, preferably opal-anodized, aluminum. 10. Apparatus for performing atomic layer deposition on a substrate, which apparatus comprises a deposition head including one or more gas supplies, the one or more gas supplies including a precursor gas supply for supplying a precursor gas towards the substrate, wherein the one or more gas supplies are arranged on an output face of the deposition head, and wherein the output face has a substantially rounded shape defining a movement path for the substrate over at least part of the output face, such that in use the supplied precursor gas reacts near, e.g. on, a surface of the substrate facing the output face so as to form an atomic layer on the substrate surface, the apparatus further comprising
a mount for rotatably mounting the deposition head, a driver arranged for rotating the deposition head so as to move the precursor gas supply relative to and along the substrate while supplying the precursor gas, for thereby depositing a stack of atomic layers while continuously moving the precursor-gas supply in one direction, and a gas bearing provided by the one or more gas supplies for keeping the surface of the substrate contactless with the output face, and wherein the apparatus further comprises a guiding unit for guiding the substrate at least one of to or from the movement path by bending the substrate having the surface of the substrate on an outer bend side, and a pressure based pulling unit contiguous to the guiding unit opposite the output face, for pulling the substrate away from the output face during said guiding for preventing contact between the substrate surface and the output face near the guiding unit. 11. Apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the pressure based pulling unit comprises a Bernoulli gripper for contactless pulling of the substrate. 12. Apparatus according to claim 10, further comprising a forced-flow gas inlet arranged near the outer bend side facing the surface of the substrate, for creating a gas flow for forcing the surface away from the output face. 13. Apparatus according to claim 10, comprising a rotatable drum that comprises the deposition head, wherein for providing gas to the gas supplies the drum comprises at least one gas flow channel connecting the one or more gas supplies with a sealing piece that seals at least part of the drum's surface, wherein the sealing piece is connectable to at least one gas source, wherein one of the drum or sealing piece comprises one or more gas outlets/inlets and the other of the drum or sealing piece comprises one or more circumferential grooves in its surface sealed by the drum, and wherein the one or more gas outlets/inlets and the one or more circumferential grooves are arranged such that in use, during a rotation of the drum, the gas outlets/inlets lie opposite the sealed grooves over at least a part of a revolution of the rotating drum forming a part of a gas flow path between the gas source and the one or more gas supplies. 14. Apparatus according to claim 10, wherein a heater is included in at least one of: the mount, the deposition head, the one or more supplies, the guiding unit, or where dependent on claim 13, the drum, at least one gas flow channel, at least one of the gas outlets/inlets, or at least one circumferential groove. 15. Apparatus according to claim 10, comprising a rotatable drum that comprises the deposition head, wherein the drum is made of a material comprising anodized, preferably opal-anodized, aluminum, said apparatus further comprising a infrared radiation type heating system. | 1,700 |
3,898 | 14,485,505 | 1,717 | Species are supplied to a flowable layer over a substrate. A property of the flowable layer is modified by implanting the species to the flowable layer. The property comprises a density, a stress, a film shrinkage, an etch selectivity, or any combination thereof. | 1. A method to manufacture an electronic device comprising:
supplying species to a flowable layer over a substrate; and adjusting a property of the flowable layer by implanting the species to the flowable layer, wherein the property comprises a density, a stress, a film shrinkage, an etch selectivity, or any combination thereof. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising
adjusting at least one of a temperature, an energy, a dose and a mass of the species to control the property. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the species comprise silicon, hydrogen, germanium, boron, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, argon, helium, neon, krypton, xenon, radon, arsenic, phosphorus or any combination thereof. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising
forming a plurality of fin structures on the substrate; filling in the flowable layer between the fin structures; and removing at least a portion of the flowable layer. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising
patterning a hard mask layer to form a plurality of trenches; filling the flowable layer into the plurality of trenches; and removing at least a portion of the patterned hard mask layer while leaving portions of the flowable layer intact, wherein the mask layer is modified by implanting the species to increase the etch selectivity. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising
oxidizing the flowable layer. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the flowable layer acts as an insulation layer, a hard mask layer, or both. 8. A method to manufacture an electronic device comprising:
depositing a flowable layer over a plurality of features over a substrate; implanting species to the flowable layer over the plurality of features to adjust etch selectivity of at least one of the flowable layer and the plurality of features. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising
adjusting a temperature of the species. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising
oxidizing the flowable layer. 11. The method of claim 8 further comprising
forming sidewall spacers on the plurality of features;
selectively removing at least one of the plurality of features. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein further comprising
adjusting at least one of an energy, a dose and a mass of the species to control the etch selectivity. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the flowable layer is an oxide layer, a nitride layer, a carbide layer, or any combination thereof. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the species comprise silicon, hydrogen, germanium, boron, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, argon, helium, neon, krypton, xenon, radon, arsenic, phosphorous or any combination thereof. 15. An apparatus to manufacture an electronic device comprising:
a processing chamber comprising a pedestal to hold a workpiece comprising a flowable layer over a substrate; an ion source coupled to the processing chamber and an electromagnet system to supply species to the flowable layer; a processor coupled to the ion source, wherein the processor has a first configuration to adjust a property of the flowable layer by controlling of implanting the species to the flowable layer, wherein the property comprises a density, a stress, a film shrinkage, an etch selectivity, or any combination thereof. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the dielectric layer acts as an isolation layer, a hard mask layer, or both. 17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the processor has a second configuration to adjust at least one of a temperature, an energy, a dose and a mass of the species to control the property. 18. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the species comprise silicon, hydrogen, germanium, boron, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, argon, helium, neon, krypton, xenon, radon, arsenic, phosphorous or any combination thereof. 19. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the processor has a third configuration to control oxidizing the flowable layer, and wherein the processor has a fourth configuration to control removing at least a portion of the modified flowable layer. 20. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the flowable layer is deposited over a patterned hard mask layer over the substrate, and the processor has a fifth configuration to control removing the patterned hard mask layer while leaving portions of the modified flowable layer intact. | Species are supplied to a flowable layer over a substrate. A property of the flowable layer is modified by implanting the species to the flowable layer. The property comprises a density, a stress, a film shrinkage, an etch selectivity, or any combination thereof.1. A method to manufacture an electronic device comprising:
supplying species to a flowable layer over a substrate; and adjusting a property of the flowable layer by implanting the species to the flowable layer, wherein the property comprises a density, a stress, a film shrinkage, an etch selectivity, or any combination thereof. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising
adjusting at least one of a temperature, an energy, a dose and a mass of the species to control the property. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the species comprise silicon, hydrogen, germanium, boron, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, argon, helium, neon, krypton, xenon, radon, arsenic, phosphorus or any combination thereof. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising
forming a plurality of fin structures on the substrate; filling in the flowable layer between the fin structures; and removing at least a portion of the flowable layer. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising
patterning a hard mask layer to form a plurality of trenches; filling the flowable layer into the plurality of trenches; and removing at least a portion of the patterned hard mask layer while leaving portions of the flowable layer intact, wherein the mask layer is modified by implanting the species to increase the etch selectivity. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising
oxidizing the flowable layer. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the flowable layer acts as an insulation layer, a hard mask layer, or both. 8. A method to manufacture an electronic device comprising:
depositing a flowable layer over a plurality of features over a substrate; implanting species to the flowable layer over the plurality of features to adjust etch selectivity of at least one of the flowable layer and the plurality of features. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising
adjusting a temperature of the species. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising
oxidizing the flowable layer. 11. The method of claim 8 further comprising
forming sidewall spacers on the plurality of features;
selectively removing at least one of the plurality of features. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein further comprising
adjusting at least one of an energy, a dose and a mass of the species to control the etch selectivity. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the flowable layer is an oxide layer, a nitride layer, a carbide layer, or any combination thereof. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the species comprise silicon, hydrogen, germanium, boron, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, argon, helium, neon, krypton, xenon, radon, arsenic, phosphorous or any combination thereof. 15. An apparatus to manufacture an electronic device comprising:
a processing chamber comprising a pedestal to hold a workpiece comprising a flowable layer over a substrate; an ion source coupled to the processing chamber and an electromagnet system to supply species to the flowable layer; a processor coupled to the ion source, wherein the processor has a first configuration to adjust a property of the flowable layer by controlling of implanting the species to the flowable layer, wherein the property comprises a density, a stress, a film shrinkage, an etch selectivity, or any combination thereof. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the dielectric layer acts as an isolation layer, a hard mask layer, or both. 17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the processor has a second configuration to adjust at least one of a temperature, an energy, a dose and a mass of the species to control the property. 18. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the species comprise silicon, hydrogen, germanium, boron, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, argon, helium, neon, krypton, xenon, radon, arsenic, phosphorous or any combination thereof. 19. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the processor has a third configuration to control oxidizing the flowable layer, and wherein the processor has a fourth configuration to control removing at least a portion of the modified flowable layer. 20. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the flowable layer is deposited over a patterned hard mask layer over the substrate, and the processor has a fifth configuration to control removing the patterned hard mask layer while leaving portions of the modified flowable layer intact. | 1,700 |
3,899 | 14,011,066 | 1,783 | The present invention relates to a shaped product being excellent in isotropy constituted by a fiber-reinforced composite material in which discontinuous reinforcing fibers are isotropic in a plane and are two-dimensionally oriented in the thermoplastic resin, the reinforcing fibers contained in the shaped product includes a reinforcing fiber bundle (A) constituted by the reinforcing fibers of the critical single fiber number defined by formula (1) or more, a ratio of the reinforcing fiber bundle (A) to the total amount of the reinforcing fibers in the shaped product is 20 vol % or more and less than 90 vol %, and the average number (N) of the reinforcing fibers in the reinforcing fiber bundle (A) satisfies formula (2):
Critical single fiber number=600/ D (1)
0.7×10 4 /D 2 <N<1×10 5 /D 2 (2)
wherein D is an average fiber diameter (μm) of the reinforcing fibers. | 1. A shaped product comprising a reinforced composite material including discontinuous reinforcing fibers contained in a thermoplastic resin,
wherein the reinforcing fibers contained in the shaped product includes a reinforcing fiber bundle (A) comprising the reinforcing fibers of a critical single fiber number defined by formula (1) or more, a ratio of the reinforcing fiber bundle (A) to a total amount of the reinforcing fibers in the shaped product is 20 vol % or more and less than 90 vol %, and an average number (N) of the reinforcing fibers in the reinforcing fiber bundle (A) satisfies the following formula (2):
critical single fiber number=600/D (1)
0.7×104 /D 2 <N<1×105 /D 2 (2)
wherein D is an average fiber diameter (μm) of the reinforcing fibers. 2. The shaped product according to claim 1,
wherein an average fiber length of the reinforcing fibers contained in the shaped product is from 5 to 100 mm. 3. The shaped product according to claim 1, comprising:
a horizontal portion; and an upright portion extending in a longitudinal direction to the horizontal portion. 4. The shaped product according to claim 3,
wherein the horizontal portion is a ceiling or a bottom wall of a housing or a panel-shaped member. 5. The shaped product according to claim 1,
wherein the upright portion is at least one member selected from the group consisting of a side wall, a rib, a boss, a mount and a hinge of a housing or a panel-shaped member. 6. The shaped product according to claim 3,
wherein the horizontal portion and the upright portion each have a layer (X) in which the reinforcing fibers are isotropic in a plane and are two-dimensionally oriented. 7. The shaped product according to claim 3,
wherein a junction between the horizontal portion and the upright portion has at least two kinds selected from the group consisting of a layer (X) in which the reinforcing fibers are isotropic in a plane and are two-dimensionally oriented, a layer (Y) in which the reinforcing fibers are continuously oriented in the horizontal portion and the upright portion, and a layer (Z) in which the reinforcing fibers are not two-dimensionally oriented in a plane and are not continuously oriented in the horizontal portion and the upright portion. 8. The shaped product according to claim 3,
wherein a plurality of the upright portions are present at the same plane side to the horizontal portion. 9. The shaped product according to claim 8,
wherein the layer (X) in which the reinforcing fibers are isotropic in a plane and are two-dimensionally oriented is continuously present on a plane facing the upright portions in the horizontal portion. 10. The shaped product according to claim 3, further comprising a layer including a unidirectional material in which continuous fibers are arranged along one direction in the thermoplastic resin, in the horizontal portion and/or the upright portion. 11. The shaped product according to claim 1,
wherein the reinforcing fiber is at least one selected from the group consisting of a carbon fiber, an aramide fiber, a polyester fiber and a glass fiber. 12. Use of the shaped product according to claim 1 as housings for an electric and electronic equipment. 13. A method for manufacturing the shaped product according to claim 1, comprising obtaining the shaped product by press-molding a random mat,
wherein the random mat comprises reinforcing fibers having a fiber length of 5 to 100 mm and a thermoplastic resin, a fiber areal weight of the reinforcing fibers are 25 to 3,000 g/m2, and a ratio of a reinforcing fiber bundle (A) comprising the reinforcing fibers of a critical single fiber number defined by the following formula (1) or more to a total amount of the reinforcing fibers in the mat is 20 vol % or more and less than 90 vol %, and an average number (N) of the reinforcing fibers in the reinforcing fiber bundle (A) satisfies the following formula (2):
critical single fiber number=600/D (1)
0.7×104 /D 2 <N<1×105 /D 2 (2)
wherein D is an average fiber diameter (μm) of the reinforcing fibers. 14. The method for manufacturing the shaped product according to claim 13, further comprising:
arranging the random mat heated in a mold such that a charge rate represented by formula (3) is 25 to 100%; and press-molding the random mat:
charge rate=100×base material area (mm2)/mold cavity projected area (mm2) (3)
wherein the mold cavity projected area means a projected area in a draft direction. | The present invention relates to a shaped product being excellent in isotropy constituted by a fiber-reinforced composite material in which discontinuous reinforcing fibers are isotropic in a plane and are two-dimensionally oriented in the thermoplastic resin, the reinforcing fibers contained in the shaped product includes a reinforcing fiber bundle (A) constituted by the reinforcing fibers of the critical single fiber number defined by formula (1) or more, a ratio of the reinforcing fiber bundle (A) to the total amount of the reinforcing fibers in the shaped product is 20 vol % or more and less than 90 vol %, and the average number (N) of the reinforcing fibers in the reinforcing fiber bundle (A) satisfies formula (2):
Critical single fiber number=600/ D (1)
0.7×10 4 /D 2 <N<1×10 5 /D 2 (2)
wherein D is an average fiber diameter (μm) of the reinforcing fibers.1. A shaped product comprising a reinforced composite material including discontinuous reinforcing fibers contained in a thermoplastic resin,
wherein the reinforcing fibers contained in the shaped product includes a reinforcing fiber bundle (A) comprising the reinforcing fibers of a critical single fiber number defined by formula (1) or more, a ratio of the reinforcing fiber bundle (A) to a total amount of the reinforcing fibers in the shaped product is 20 vol % or more and less than 90 vol %, and an average number (N) of the reinforcing fibers in the reinforcing fiber bundle (A) satisfies the following formula (2):
critical single fiber number=600/D (1)
0.7×104 /D 2 <N<1×105 /D 2 (2)
wherein D is an average fiber diameter (μm) of the reinforcing fibers. 2. The shaped product according to claim 1,
wherein an average fiber length of the reinforcing fibers contained in the shaped product is from 5 to 100 mm. 3. The shaped product according to claim 1, comprising:
a horizontal portion; and an upright portion extending in a longitudinal direction to the horizontal portion. 4. The shaped product according to claim 3,
wherein the horizontal portion is a ceiling or a bottom wall of a housing or a panel-shaped member. 5. The shaped product according to claim 1,
wherein the upright portion is at least one member selected from the group consisting of a side wall, a rib, a boss, a mount and a hinge of a housing or a panel-shaped member. 6. The shaped product according to claim 3,
wherein the horizontal portion and the upright portion each have a layer (X) in which the reinforcing fibers are isotropic in a plane and are two-dimensionally oriented. 7. The shaped product according to claim 3,
wherein a junction between the horizontal portion and the upright portion has at least two kinds selected from the group consisting of a layer (X) in which the reinforcing fibers are isotropic in a plane and are two-dimensionally oriented, a layer (Y) in which the reinforcing fibers are continuously oriented in the horizontal portion and the upright portion, and a layer (Z) in which the reinforcing fibers are not two-dimensionally oriented in a plane and are not continuously oriented in the horizontal portion and the upright portion. 8. The shaped product according to claim 3,
wherein a plurality of the upright portions are present at the same plane side to the horizontal portion. 9. The shaped product according to claim 8,
wherein the layer (X) in which the reinforcing fibers are isotropic in a plane and are two-dimensionally oriented is continuously present on a plane facing the upright portions in the horizontal portion. 10. The shaped product according to claim 3, further comprising a layer including a unidirectional material in which continuous fibers are arranged along one direction in the thermoplastic resin, in the horizontal portion and/or the upright portion. 11. The shaped product according to claim 1,
wherein the reinforcing fiber is at least one selected from the group consisting of a carbon fiber, an aramide fiber, a polyester fiber and a glass fiber. 12. Use of the shaped product according to claim 1 as housings for an electric and electronic equipment. 13. A method for manufacturing the shaped product according to claim 1, comprising obtaining the shaped product by press-molding a random mat,
wherein the random mat comprises reinforcing fibers having a fiber length of 5 to 100 mm and a thermoplastic resin, a fiber areal weight of the reinforcing fibers are 25 to 3,000 g/m2, and a ratio of a reinforcing fiber bundle (A) comprising the reinforcing fibers of a critical single fiber number defined by the following formula (1) or more to a total amount of the reinforcing fibers in the mat is 20 vol % or more and less than 90 vol %, and an average number (N) of the reinforcing fibers in the reinforcing fiber bundle (A) satisfies the following formula (2):
critical single fiber number=600/D (1)
0.7×104 /D 2 <N<1×105 /D 2 (2)
wherein D is an average fiber diameter (μm) of the reinforcing fibers. 14. The method for manufacturing the shaped product according to claim 13, further comprising:
arranging the random mat heated in a mold such that a charge rate represented by formula (3) is 25 to 100%; and press-molding the random mat:
charge rate=100×base material area (mm2)/mold cavity projected area (mm2) (3)
wherein the mold cavity projected area means a projected area in a draft direction. | 1,700 |
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