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3,600 | 14,906,689 | 1,729 | The invention relates to a lithium battery positive electrode material comprising a powder of over-lithiated lamellar oxide fitting the following formula (I) :
wherein:
x is comprised in a range from 0.1 to 0.26;
a+b+c=1 with the condition that a and b are different from 0;
when c is different from 0, M is a transition element other than cobalt,
said powder having a specific surface area ranging from 1.8 to 6 m 2 /g and having a tapped density greater than or equal to 1.6 g/cm3. | 1. A lithium-ion battery positive electrode material comprising a powder of over-lithiated lamellar oxide fitting the following formula (I):
wherein:
x is comprised in a range from 0.1 to 0.26;
a+b+c=1 with the condition that a and b are different from 0;
when c is different from 0, M is a transition element other than cobalt,
said powder having a specific surface area ranging from 1.8 to 6 m2/g and having a tapped density greater than or equal to 1.6 g/cm3. 2. The positive electrode material according to claim 1, wherein, when c is different from 0, M is selected from among Al, Fe, Ti, Cr, V, Cu, Mg, Zn, Na, K, Ca and Sc. 3. The positive electrode material according to claim 1, wherein over-lithiated lamellar oxide fits the following formula (II):
wherein:
x is as defined in claim 1; and
a+b=1 with the condition that a and b are different from 0. 4. The positive electrode material according to claim 1, wherein the over-lithiated lamellar oxide fits the following formula (III): 5. The positive electrode material according to claim 1, wherein the oxide powder has a specific surface area ranging from 2.3 m2/g to 6 m2/g. 6. The positive electrode material according to claim 1, wherein the oxide powder has a specific surface area ranging from 2.3 m2/g to 2.8 m2/g. 7. A method for preparing a powder of an over-lithiated lamellar oxide of the following formula (I):
wherein:
x is comprised in a range from 0.1 to 0.26;
a+b+c=1 with the condition that a and b are different from 0;
when c is different from 0, M is a transition element other than cobalt,
said powder having a specific surface area ranging from 1.8 to 6 m2/g and having a tapped density greater than or equal to 1.6 g/cm3, said method comprising the following steps:
a) a step for synthesizing a mixed carbonate comprising the elements Mn, Ni and optionally M;
b) a step for reaction of the mixed carbonate obtained in step a) with a lithium carbonate, in return for which the over-lithiated lamellar oxide of the aforementioned formula (I) is formed,
the operating conditions for synthesizing the mixed carbonate being set so as to obtain a specific surface area for the lamellar oxide having a value falling under the definition of the range mentioned above. 8. The method for preparing a powder of an over-lithiated lamellar oxide according to claim 7, wherein the step for synthesizing a mixed carbonate consists of co-precipitating with stirring, in a basic medium, a solution comprising a manganese sulfate, a nickel sulfate and optionally, a sulfate of M and an alkaline salt carbonate. 9. The method for preparing a powder of an over-lithiated lamellar oxide according to claim 7, wherein the step for synthesizing a mixed carbonate comprises the following operations:
an operation in a reactor comprising water, for injecting a solution comprising a nickel sulfate, a manganese sulfate and optionally a sulfate of M (a so called solution of sulfates) according to a predetermined flow rate, a predetermined stirring rate and at a predetermined pH; an operation for maintaining the stirring of the precipitate formed for a suitable period for complete formation of the mixed carbonate; an operation for isolating the precipitate followed by a drying operation for forming a powder of the mixed carbonate. 10. The method for preparing a powder of an over-lithiated lamellar oxide according to claim 9, wherein the predetermined pH ranges from 7.0 to 8.0. 11. The method for preparing a powder of an over-lithiated lamellar oxide according to claim 9, wherein a ratio (flow rate of a solution of sulfates/volume of water) in the reactor is 0.15 mol.h −1.1−1 to 6.8 mol.h−1.1−1. 12. The method for preparing a powder of an over-lithiated lamellar oxide according to claim 9, wherein the predetermined stirring rate is set so as to obtain a dissipated power per unit volume ranging from 2.0 W/m3 to 253.2 W/m3. 13. A lithium battery comprising at least one electrochemical cell comprising an electrolyte positioned between a positive electrode and a negative electrode, said positive electrode comprising a positive electrode material as defined according to claim 1. | The invention relates to a lithium battery positive electrode material comprising a powder of over-lithiated lamellar oxide fitting the following formula (I) :
wherein:
x is comprised in a range from 0.1 to 0.26;
a+b+c=1 with the condition that a and b are different from 0;
when c is different from 0, M is a transition element other than cobalt,
said powder having a specific surface area ranging from 1.8 to 6 m 2 /g and having a tapped density greater than or equal to 1.6 g/cm3.1. A lithium-ion battery positive electrode material comprising a powder of over-lithiated lamellar oxide fitting the following formula (I):
wherein:
x is comprised in a range from 0.1 to 0.26;
a+b+c=1 with the condition that a and b are different from 0;
when c is different from 0, M is a transition element other than cobalt,
said powder having a specific surface area ranging from 1.8 to 6 m2/g and having a tapped density greater than or equal to 1.6 g/cm3. 2. The positive electrode material according to claim 1, wherein, when c is different from 0, M is selected from among Al, Fe, Ti, Cr, V, Cu, Mg, Zn, Na, K, Ca and Sc. 3. The positive electrode material according to claim 1, wherein over-lithiated lamellar oxide fits the following formula (II):
wherein:
x is as defined in claim 1; and
a+b=1 with the condition that a and b are different from 0. 4. The positive electrode material according to claim 1, wherein the over-lithiated lamellar oxide fits the following formula (III): 5. The positive electrode material according to claim 1, wherein the oxide powder has a specific surface area ranging from 2.3 m2/g to 6 m2/g. 6. The positive electrode material according to claim 1, wherein the oxide powder has a specific surface area ranging from 2.3 m2/g to 2.8 m2/g. 7. A method for preparing a powder of an over-lithiated lamellar oxide of the following formula (I):
wherein:
x is comprised in a range from 0.1 to 0.26;
a+b+c=1 with the condition that a and b are different from 0;
when c is different from 0, M is a transition element other than cobalt,
said powder having a specific surface area ranging from 1.8 to 6 m2/g and having a tapped density greater than or equal to 1.6 g/cm3, said method comprising the following steps:
a) a step for synthesizing a mixed carbonate comprising the elements Mn, Ni and optionally M;
b) a step for reaction of the mixed carbonate obtained in step a) with a lithium carbonate, in return for which the over-lithiated lamellar oxide of the aforementioned formula (I) is formed,
the operating conditions for synthesizing the mixed carbonate being set so as to obtain a specific surface area for the lamellar oxide having a value falling under the definition of the range mentioned above. 8. The method for preparing a powder of an over-lithiated lamellar oxide according to claim 7, wherein the step for synthesizing a mixed carbonate consists of co-precipitating with stirring, in a basic medium, a solution comprising a manganese sulfate, a nickel sulfate and optionally, a sulfate of M and an alkaline salt carbonate. 9. The method for preparing a powder of an over-lithiated lamellar oxide according to claim 7, wherein the step for synthesizing a mixed carbonate comprises the following operations:
an operation in a reactor comprising water, for injecting a solution comprising a nickel sulfate, a manganese sulfate and optionally a sulfate of M (a so called solution of sulfates) according to a predetermined flow rate, a predetermined stirring rate and at a predetermined pH; an operation for maintaining the stirring of the precipitate formed for a suitable period for complete formation of the mixed carbonate; an operation for isolating the precipitate followed by a drying operation for forming a powder of the mixed carbonate. 10. The method for preparing a powder of an over-lithiated lamellar oxide according to claim 9, wherein the predetermined pH ranges from 7.0 to 8.0. 11. The method for preparing a powder of an over-lithiated lamellar oxide according to claim 9, wherein a ratio (flow rate of a solution of sulfates/volume of water) in the reactor is 0.15 mol.h −1.1−1 to 6.8 mol.h−1.1−1. 12. The method for preparing a powder of an over-lithiated lamellar oxide according to claim 9, wherein the predetermined stirring rate is set so as to obtain a dissipated power per unit volume ranging from 2.0 W/m3 to 253.2 W/m3. 13. A lithium battery comprising at least one electrochemical cell comprising an electrolyte positioned between a positive electrode and a negative electrode, said positive electrode comprising a positive electrode material as defined according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
3,601 | 15,389,989 | 1,733 | A method of heat treating high pressure die cast objects using pressure is disclosed. A high pressure die cast object is obtained and solution heat treated to above 700° F. for at least 2 hours at pressures between 0.5 and 35 KSI or at any pressure or range of pressures therebetween. This method of solution heat treatment with pressure reduces and/or eliminates blistered defects on the high pressure die cast object. The method of heat treating by solution heat treatment with pressure also allows an increase of yield strength and corresponding weight reduction upon redesign or substantially larger safety factors for the cast object. | 1. A method of heat treating a high pressure die cast aluminum alloy object, the method comprising: obtaining a high pressure die cast aluminum alloy object; and solution heat treating the high pressure die cast aluminum alloy object above 700° F. while applying pressure between 2.5 and 10 KSI for 2 to 8 hours in a solution heat treatment vessel, and quenching the high pressure die cast aluminum alloy object after removing the object from the solution heat treatment vessel; wherein the step of solution heat treating eliminates blistering defects on the high pressure die cast. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of solution heat treating comprises applying pressure between 2.5 and 5 KSI and the method further comprises subsequently quenching the cast object and artificially aging the cast object to effect a T6 heat treatment. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of solution heat treating comprises solution heat treating the high pressure die cast object between 700° F. and 1200° F. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of solution heat treating comprises solution heat treating the high pressure die cast object at 1000° F. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of solution heat treating comprises applying pressure between 2.5 and 5 KSI, and wherein the step of solution heat treating eliminates blistering defects on the high pressure die cast object. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of solution heat treating comprises solution heat treating the high pressure die cast object for 4 to 6 hours. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the method of heat treating further comprises the step of artificially aging the high pressure die cast object. 8. A method of heat treating a high pressure die cast aluminum alloy object, the method comprising: casting an aluminum alloy object with high pressure die casting equipment; removing the cast aluminum alloy object from the high pressure die casting equipment; placing the cast aluminum alloy object into a pressure vessel, the pressure vessel including a heating element; solution heat treating the cast aluminum alloy object above 700° F. while applying pressure between 2.5 and 10 KSI for 2 to 8 hours; removing the cast object from the pressure vessel; and quenching the die cast aluminum alloy object after removing the object from the pressure vessel, wherein the step of solution heat treating reduces blistering defects on the die cast aluminum alloy object. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the step of solution heat treating comprises applying pressure between 2.5 and 5 KSI and the method further comprises subsequently quenching the cast object and artificially aging the cast object to effect a T6 heat treatment. 10. The method of claim 8 wherein the step of solution heat treating comprises solution heat treating the cast aluminum alloy object between 700° F. and 1200° F. 11. The method of claim 8 wherein the step of solution heat treating comprises solution heat treating the cast aluminum alloy object at 1000° F. 12. The method of claim 8 wherein the step of solution heat treating comprises applying pressure between 2.5 and 5 KSI, and wherein the step of solution heat treating eliminates blistering defects on the die cast aluminum alloy object. 13. The method of claim 8 wherein the step of solution heat treating comprises solution heat treating the cast aluminum alloy object for 4 to 6 hours. 14. The method of claim 8 wherein the method of heat treating further comprises the step of artificially aging the cast aluminum alloy object. | A method of heat treating high pressure die cast objects using pressure is disclosed. A high pressure die cast object is obtained and solution heat treated to above 700° F. for at least 2 hours at pressures between 0.5 and 35 KSI or at any pressure or range of pressures therebetween. This method of solution heat treatment with pressure reduces and/or eliminates blistered defects on the high pressure die cast object. The method of heat treating by solution heat treatment with pressure also allows an increase of yield strength and corresponding weight reduction upon redesign or substantially larger safety factors for the cast object.1. A method of heat treating a high pressure die cast aluminum alloy object, the method comprising: obtaining a high pressure die cast aluminum alloy object; and solution heat treating the high pressure die cast aluminum alloy object above 700° F. while applying pressure between 2.5 and 10 KSI for 2 to 8 hours in a solution heat treatment vessel, and quenching the high pressure die cast aluminum alloy object after removing the object from the solution heat treatment vessel; wherein the step of solution heat treating eliminates blistering defects on the high pressure die cast. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of solution heat treating comprises applying pressure between 2.5 and 5 KSI and the method further comprises subsequently quenching the cast object and artificially aging the cast object to effect a T6 heat treatment. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of solution heat treating comprises solution heat treating the high pressure die cast object between 700° F. and 1200° F. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of solution heat treating comprises solution heat treating the high pressure die cast object at 1000° F. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of solution heat treating comprises applying pressure between 2.5 and 5 KSI, and wherein the step of solution heat treating eliminates blistering defects on the high pressure die cast object. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of solution heat treating comprises solution heat treating the high pressure die cast object for 4 to 6 hours. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the method of heat treating further comprises the step of artificially aging the high pressure die cast object. 8. A method of heat treating a high pressure die cast aluminum alloy object, the method comprising: casting an aluminum alloy object with high pressure die casting equipment; removing the cast aluminum alloy object from the high pressure die casting equipment; placing the cast aluminum alloy object into a pressure vessel, the pressure vessel including a heating element; solution heat treating the cast aluminum alloy object above 700° F. while applying pressure between 2.5 and 10 KSI for 2 to 8 hours; removing the cast object from the pressure vessel; and quenching the die cast aluminum alloy object after removing the object from the pressure vessel, wherein the step of solution heat treating reduces blistering defects on the die cast aluminum alloy object. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the step of solution heat treating comprises applying pressure between 2.5 and 5 KSI and the method further comprises subsequently quenching the cast object and artificially aging the cast object to effect a T6 heat treatment. 10. The method of claim 8 wherein the step of solution heat treating comprises solution heat treating the cast aluminum alloy object between 700° F. and 1200° F. 11. The method of claim 8 wherein the step of solution heat treating comprises solution heat treating the cast aluminum alloy object at 1000° F. 12. The method of claim 8 wherein the step of solution heat treating comprises applying pressure between 2.5 and 5 KSI, and wherein the step of solution heat treating eliminates blistering defects on the die cast aluminum alloy object. 13. The method of claim 8 wherein the step of solution heat treating comprises solution heat treating the cast aluminum alloy object for 4 to 6 hours. 14. The method of claim 8 wherein the method of heat treating further comprises the step of artificially aging the cast aluminum alloy object. | 1,700 |
3,602 | 14,901,930 | 1,789 | The invention is drawn to a glass fiber mesh fabric coated with an organic polymer coating having a reduced gross heat of combustion (less than 3.0 MJ/kg), said polymer coating comprising (i) from 60 wt % to 99.9 wt % of poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC) or a copolymer thereof; and (ii) from 0.1 wt % to 40 wt % of a formaldehyde-based resin selected from melamine-formaldehyde resins, phenol-formaldehyde resins, urea-formaldehyde resins or a combination thereof. The invention also provides a method for producing such a coated glass fiber mesh fabric. | 1. A glass fiber mesh fabric coated with an organic polymer coating, wherein the organic polymer coating comprises: (i) from 60 wt % to 99.9 wt % of a poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC) or a copolymer thereof; and
(ii) from 0.1 wt % to 40 wt % of a formaldehyde-based resin selected from the group consisting of a melamine-formaldehyde resin, a phenol-formaldehyde resin, a urea-formaldehyde resin and a combination thereof. 2. The coated glass fiber mesh fabric according to claim 1, comprising from 6 wt % to 20 wt % of the organic polymer coating, measured as loss on ignition (LOI), relative to a total weight of the coated glass fiber mesh. 3. The coated glass fiber mesh fabric according to claim 1, wherein the organic polymer coating comprises from 0.1 to 10 wt % of the melamine-formaldehyde resin or the phenol-formaldehyde resin or the urea-formaldehyde resin or a combination thereof. 4. The coated glass fiber mesh fabric according to claim 1, wherein the organic polymer coating comprises a poly(vinylidene chloride) copolymer comprising from 75 to 98 wt % of vinylidene chloride monomer units and from 2 to 25 wt % of at least one comonomer selected from the group consisting of methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, an unsaturated carboxylic acid and vinyl chloride. 5. The coated glass fiber mesh fabric according to claim 1, having a gross heat of combustion (PCS) of less than 3.5 MJ/kg (according to EN ISO 1716:2010). 6. The coated glass fiber mesh fabric according to claim 1, wherein the organic polymer coating further comprises from 0.1 to 40 wt % of an organic polymer having a Tg lower than 40° C. 7. The coated glass fiber mesh fabric according to claim 6, wherein the organic polymer having a Tg lower than 40° C. is selected from the group consisting of a polyacrylates, a polymethacrylate, a styrene-butadiene copolymer, a styrene-acrylate copolymer, a poly(vinyl acetate) and a poly(ethylene vinylacetate) copolymer. 8. A method for producing the coated glass fiber mesh of claim 1, the method comprising:
(a) impregnating a woven or knitted uncoated glass fiber mesh fabric with an aqueous coating composition comprising, with respect to total solids content,
(i) from 60 wt % to 99.9 wt % of the poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC) or the copolymer thereof, and
(ii) from 0.1 wt % to 40 wt % of at least a second polymer selected from the group consisting of a melamine-formaldehyde resin, a phenol-formaldehyde resin, a urea formaldehyde resin and a combination thereof; and
(b) drying the impregnated glass fiber mesh fabric by heating at a temperature between about 100° C. and 280° C. for a period of time between about 5 seconds to 5 minutes. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the poly(vinylidene chloride) or the copolymer thereof is an aqueous latex composition having a solids content between 30 and 70 wt %. 10. The method according to claim 8, wherein the melamine-formaldehyde resin, the phenol-formaldehyde resin or the urea-formaldehyde resin is added as a non-cured aqueous solution of an oligomeric resin. 11. The method according to claim 8, wherein the uncoated glass fiber mesh fabric has a weight of 30 to 500 g/m2. | The invention is drawn to a glass fiber mesh fabric coated with an organic polymer coating having a reduced gross heat of combustion (less than 3.0 MJ/kg), said polymer coating comprising (i) from 60 wt % to 99.9 wt % of poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC) or a copolymer thereof; and (ii) from 0.1 wt % to 40 wt % of a formaldehyde-based resin selected from melamine-formaldehyde resins, phenol-formaldehyde resins, urea-formaldehyde resins or a combination thereof. The invention also provides a method for producing such a coated glass fiber mesh fabric.1. A glass fiber mesh fabric coated with an organic polymer coating, wherein the organic polymer coating comprises: (i) from 60 wt % to 99.9 wt % of a poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC) or a copolymer thereof; and
(ii) from 0.1 wt % to 40 wt % of a formaldehyde-based resin selected from the group consisting of a melamine-formaldehyde resin, a phenol-formaldehyde resin, a urea-formaldehyde resin and a combination thereof. 2. The coated glass fiber mesh fabric according to claim 1, comprising from 6 wt % to 20 wt % of the organic polymer coating, measured as loss on ignition (LOI), relative to a total weight of the coated glass fiber mesh. 3. The coated glass fiber mesh fabric according to claim 1, wherein the organic polymer coating comprises from 0.1 to 10 wt % of the melamine-formaldehyde resin or the phenol-formaldehyde resin or the urea-formaldehyde resin or a combination thereof. 4. The coated glass fiber mesh fabric according to claim 1, wherein the organic polymer coating comprises a poly(vinylidene chloride) copolymer comprising from 75 to 98 wt % of vinylidene chloride monomer units and from 2 to 25 wt % of at least one comonomer selected from the group consisting of methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, an unsaturated carboxylic acid and vinyl chloride. 5. The coated glass fiber mesh fabric according to claim 1, having a gross heat of combustion (PCS) of less than 3.5 MJ/kg (according to EN ISO 1716:2010). 6. The coated glass fiber mesh fabric according to claim 1, wherein the organic polymer coating further comprises from 0.1 to 40 wt % of an organic polymer having a Tg lower than 40° C. 7. The coated glass fiber mesh fabric according to claim 6, wherein the organic polymer having a Tg lower than 40° C. is selected from the group consisting of a polyacrylates, a polymethacrylate, a styrene-butadiene copolymer, a styrene-acrylate copolymer, a poly(vinyl acetate) and a poly(ethylene vinylacetate) copolymer. 8. A method for producing the coated glass fiber mesh of claim 1, the method comprising:
(a) impregnating a woven or knitted uncoated glass fiber mesh fabric with an aqueous coating composition comprising, with respect to total solids content,
(i) from 60 wt % to 99.9 wt % of the poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC) or the copolymer thereof, and
(ii) from 0.1 wt % to 40 wt % of at least a second polymer selected from the group consisting of a melamine-formaldehyde resin, a phenol-formaldehyde resin, a urea formaldehyde resin and a combination thereof; and
(b) drying the impregnated glass fiber mesh fabric by heating at a temperature between about 100° C. and 280° C. for a period of time between about 5 seconds to 5 minutes. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the poly(vinylidene chloride) or the copolymer thereof is an aqueous latex composition having a solids content between 30 and 70 wt %. 10. The method according to claim 8, wherein the melamine-formaldehyde resin, the phenol-formaldehyde resin or the urea-formaldehyde resin is added as a non-cured aqueous solution of an oligomeric resin. 11. The method according to claim 8, wherein the uncoated glass fiber mesh fabric has a weight of 30 to 500 g/m2. | 1,700 |
3,603 | 14,768,988 | 1,777 | The presently disclosed embodiments utilize an ice separator vessel to trap ice particles in a non-homogeneous ice/fuel mixture flowing in a fuel system. A source of heat, such as heated fuel provided to the ice separator vessel, is used to melt at least a portion of the ice particles so that they do not enter the fuel system downstream of the ice separator vessel. | 1. A fuel system comprising:
an ice separator vessel configured to separate ice particles from a first supply of fuel comprising a non-homogeneous fuel/ice mixture, and to receive heat from a source of heat; wherein the heat melts at least a portion of the ice particles in the ice separator vessel. 2. The fuel system of claim 1, wherein the source of heat comprises a second supply of fuel. 3. The fuel system of claim 2, wherein:
the first supply of fuel is at a first temperature; and the second supply of fuel is at a second temperature greater than the first temperature. 4. The fuel system of claim 2, wherein the second supply of fuel is received from a fuel oil heat exchanger in a gas turbine engine. 5. The fuel supply of claim 1, wherein the source of heat comprises bleed air received from a gas turbine engine. 6. The fuel supply of claim 1, wherein the source of heat comprises an electric heat source. 7. The fuel system of claim 1, wherein the ice separator vessel is configured to separate the ice particles from the non-homogeneous fuel/ice mixture by centrifugation. 8. The fuel system of claim 1, wherein the ice separator vessel is configured to separate the ice particles from the non-homogeneous fuel/ice mixture by settling. 9. A fuel system comprising:
an ice separator vessel configured to separate ice particles from a first supply of fuel comprising a non-homogeneous fuel/ice mixture, and to receive a second supply of fuel; wherein the second supply of fuel melts at least a portion of the ice particles in the ice separator vessel. 10. The fuel system of claim 9, wherein:
the first supply of fuel is at a first temperature; and the second supply of fuel is at a second temperature greater than the first temperature. 11. The fuel system of claim 9, wherein the ice separator vessel is configured to separate the ice particles from the non-homogeneous fuel/ice mixture by centrifugation. 12. The fuel system of claim 9, wherein the ice separator vessel is configured to separate the ice particles from the non-homogeneous fuel/ice mixture by settling. 13. The fuel system of claim 9, wherein the second supply of fuel is received from a fuel oil heat exchanger in a gas turbine engine. 14. A fuel system, comprising:
a first supply of first fuel comprising a non-homogeneous fuel/ice mixture at a first temperature; a vessel including a first vessel input operatively coupled to the first supply, a second vessel input, and a vessel output, the vessel being operative to substantially separate at least a portion of ice particles from the non-homogeneous fuel/ice mixture such that fuel may be discharged from the vessel output while said ice particles remain in the vessel; and a second supply of second fuel at a second temperature greater than the first temperature, the second supply operatively coupled to the second vessel input; wherein the second fuel applied to the second vessel input is operative to melt at least a portion of the ice particles within the vessel. 15. A method for melting ice in a non-homogeneous fuel/ice mixture in a fuel system, the method comprising the steps of:
a) receiving a first fuel comprising a non-homogeneous fuel/ice mixture at an ice separator vessel, the first fuel having a first temperature; b) separating at least a portion of ice particles from the non-homogeneous fuel/ice mixture within the ice separator vessel; and c) melting at least a portion of the ice particles within the ice separator vessel. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein step (c) comprises the step of:
c) receiving a second fuel at the ice separator vessel, the second fuel having a second temperature greater than the first temperature; wherein the second fuel received at the ice separator vessel is operative to melt at least a portion of the ice particles within the ice separator vessel. 17. The method of claim of claim 15, wherein step (b) comprises separating at least a portion of ice particles from the non-homogeneous fuel/ice mixture by centrifugation. 18. The method of claim of claim 15, wherein step (b) comprises separating at least a portion of ice particles from the non-homogeneous fuel/ice mixture by settling. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the second fuel is provided by a fuel oil heat exchanger in a gas turbine engine. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein step (c) comprises melting the at least a portion of the ice particles within the ice separator vessel using bleed air received from a gas turbine engine. 21. The method of claim 15, wherein step (c) comprises melting the at least a portion of the ice particles within the ice separator vessel using an electric heat source. | The presently disclosed embodiments utilize an ice separator vessel to trap ice particles in a non-homogeneous ice/fuel mixture flowing in a fuel system. A source of heat, such as heated fuel provided to the ice separator vessel, is used to melt at least a portion of the ice particles so that they do not enter the fuel system downstream of the ice separator vessel.1. A fuel system comprising:
an ice separator vessel configured to separate ice particles from a first supply of fuel comprising a non-homogeneous fuel/ice mixture, and to receive heat from a source of heat; wherein the heat melts at least a portion of the ice particles in the ice separator vessel. 2. The fuel system of claim 1, wherein the source of heat comprises a second supply of fuel. 3. The fuel system of claim 2, wherein:
the first supply of fuel is at a first temperature; and the second supply of fuel is at a second temperature greater than the first temperature. 4. The fuel system of claim 2, wherein the second supply of fuel is received from a fuel oil heat exchanger in a gas turbine engine. 5. The fuel supply of claim 1, wherein the source of heat comprises bleed air received from a gas turbine engine. 6. The fuel supply of claim 1, wherein the source of heat comprises an electric heat source. 7. The fuel system of claim 1, wherein the ice separator vessel is configured to separate the ice particles from the non-homogeneous fuel/ice mixture by centrifugation. 8. The fuel system of claim 1, wherein the ice separator vessel is configured to separate the ice particles from the non-homogeneous fuel/ice mixture by settling. 9. A fuel system comprising:
an ice separator vessel configured to separate ice particles from a first supply of fuel comprising a non-homogeneous fuel/ice mixture, and to receive a second supply of fuel; wherein the second supply of fuel melts at least a portion of the ice particles in the ice separator vessel. 10. The fuel system of claim 9, wherein:
the first supply of fuel is at a first temperature; and the second supply of fuel is at a second temperature greater than the first temperature. 11. The fuel system of claim 9, wherein the ice separator vessel is configured to separate the ice particles from the non-homogeneous fuel/ice mixture by centrifugation. 12. The fuel system of claim 9, wherein the ice separator vessel is configured to separate the ice particles from the non-homogeneous fuel/ice mixture by settling. 13. The fuel system of claim 9, wherein the second supply of fuel is received from a fuel oil heat exchanger in a gas turbine engine. 14. A fuel system, comprising:
a first supply of first fuel comprising a non-homogeneous fuel/ice mixture at a first temperature; a vessel including a first vessel input operatively coupled to the first supply, a second vessel input, and a vessel output, the vessel being operative to substantially separate at least a portion of ice particles from the non-homogeneous fuel/ice mixture such that fuel may be discharged from the vessel output while said ice particles remain in the vessel; and a second supply of second fuel at a second temperature greater than the first temperature, the second supply operatively coupled to the second vessel input; wherein the second fuel applied to the second vessel input is operative to melt at least a portion of the ice particles within the vessel. 15. A method for melting ice in a non-homogeneous fuel/ice mixture in a fuel system, the method comprising the steps of:
a) receiving a first fuel comprising a non-homogeneous fuel/ice mixture at an ice separator vessel, the first fuel having a first temperature; b) separating at least a portion of ice particles from the non-homogeneous fuel/ice mixture within the ice separator vessel; and c) melting at least a portion of the ice particles within the ice separator vessel. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein step (c) comprises the step of:
c) receiving a second fuel at the ice separator vessel, the second fuel having a second temperature greater than the first temperature; wherein the second fuel received at the ice separator vessel is operative to melt at least a portion of the ice particles within the ice separator vessel. 17. The method of claim of claim 15, wherein step (b) comprises separating at least a portion of ice particles from the non-homogeneous fuel/ice mixture by centrifugation. 18. The method of claim of claim 15, wherein step (b) comprises separating at least a portion of ice particles from the non-homogeneous fuel/ice mixture by settling. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the second fuel is provided by a fuel oil heat exchanger in a gas turbine engine. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein step (c) comprises melting the at least a portion of the ice particles within the ice separator vessel using bleed air received from a gas turbine engine. 21. The method of claim 15, wherein step (c) comprises melting the at least a portion of the ice particles within the ice separator vessel using an electric heat source. | 1,700 |
3,604 | 15,512,928 | 1,793 | A heating and cooking apparatus inside the cooking chamber of a 3D food printer includes a laser cooking apparatus controlled by a processor implementing particular computer program instructions specific to the operation of the heating and cooking apparatus. The laser cooking apparatus includes at least one laser system with at least one laser beam able to heat the food product to its cooking temperature. Each laser system provides two or more laser beams, each of which can be deflected and focused into the food product with a beam spot of adjustable diameter. The heating and cooking apparatus also can include an electromagnetic radiation heating apparatus that is controlled by the processor and emits electromagnetic radiation to warm the food product inside the cooking chamber to a temperature below its cooking temperature. | 1. A heating and cooking apparatus for use inside a cooking chamber, comprising:
a laser cooking apparatus including at least one laser system configured to emit at least one laser beam adapted to heat a food product to its cooking temperature and means for deflecting and focusing the at least one laser beam, wherein each laser system includes one of a single laser and at least two lasers; and memory having information stored therein, including a deflection pattern for the at least one laser beam and ingredient information of the food product; a processor implementing computer program instructions for controlling a plurality of apparatus parameters of the at least one laser beam of the laser cooking apparatus, including focus, beam spot diameter, frequency, power, and speed. 2. The heating and cooking apparatus of claim 1, wherein each laser system having a single laser includes optical elements for splitting the laser beam emitted by the laser into two or more laser beams 3. The heating and cooking apparatus of claim 1, wherein the food product is made up of different ingredients, the laser cooking apparatus is adapted to emit laser beams of different frequencies, and the processor determines the frequency to be used depending on the ingredient being cooked. 4. The heating and cooking apparatus of claim 1, wherein each laser system includes means for deflecting the at least one laser beam and means for controlling the beam spot diameter of the at least one laser beam. 5. The heating and cooking apparatus of claim 4, wherein the computer program instructions control the means for controlling the beam spot diameter to adjust the beam spot diameter to achieve a pre-determined cooking temperature for the food product. 6. The heating and cooking apparatus of claim 4, wherein the computer program instructions control the means for deflecting the at least one laser beam to deflect the at least one laser beam in two dimensions over a pre-determined area of the food product and in the volume of the cooking chamber. 7. The heating and cooking apparatus of claim 1, further comprising an electromagnetic radiation heating apparatus adapted to emit electromagnetic radiation to warm the food product inside the cooking chamber to a temperature below its cooking temperature;
wherein the processor also implements computer program instructions for controlling the electromagnetic radiation heating apparatus. 8. The heating and cooking apparatus of claim 7, wherein the electromagnetic radiation is infrared radiation. 9. The heating and cooking apparatus of claim 7, wherein the electromagnetic radiation is microwave radiation. 10. Apparatus for preparing a food product, comprising:
a cooking chamber; an additive layer manufacturing printer for printing a food product inside the cooking chamber; and the heating and cooking apparatus of claim 1. 11. The apparatus for preparing a food product of claim 10, further comprising an electromagnetic radiation heating apparatus adapted to emit electromagnetic radiation to warm the food product inside the cooking chamber to a temperature below its cooking temperature;
wherein the processor also implements computer program instructions for controlling the electromagnetic radiation heating apparatus. 12. The apparatus for preparing a food product of claim 11, wherein the electromagnetic radiation is infrared radiation. 13. The apparatus for preparing a food product of claim 11, wherein the electromagnetic radiation is microwave radiation. 14. A method of preparing a food product using the apparatus for preparing a food product of claim 10, comprising the steps of:
determining whether a food product being prepared is a printed food product or a non-printed food product; if the food product being prepared is a printed food product, printing the food product in the cooking chamber using the additive layer manufacturing process; if the food product being prepared is a non-printed food product, scanning the food product in the cooking chamber to determine the size and shape of the food product; and cooking the food product, using the laser cooking apparatus. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein if the food product being prepared is a printed food product, then the cooking step is carried out one of while the food product is being printed and after the food product has been printed. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the cooking step includes:
using the processor to calculate the apparatus parameters for controlling the at least one laser beam based on the information stored in the memory; using the processor to adjust the laser beam deflection pattern based on the calculated apparatus parameters; and using the processor to control the laser cooking apparatus according to the calculated apparatus parameters and adjusted laser beam deflection pattern. 17. A method of preparing a food product using the apparatus for preparing a food product of claim 11, comprising the steps of:
determining whether a food product being prepared is a printed food product or a non-printed food product; if the food product being prepared is a printed food product, printing the food product in the cooking chamber using the additive layer manufacturing process; if the food product being prepared is a non-printed food product, scanning the food product in the cooking chamber to determine the size and shape of the food product; and warming the food product using the electromagnetic radiation heating apparatus. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the warming step includes using the processor to determine the power required by the electromagnetic radiation heating apparatus to warm the food product based on the ingredient information stored in the memory. 19. The method of claim 17, further comprising the step of cooking the food product, using the laser cooking apparatus. | A heating and cooking apparatus inside the cooking chamber of a 3D food printer includes a laser cooking apparatus controlled by a processor implementing particular computer program instructions specific to the operation of the heating and cooking apparatus. The laser cooking apparatus includes at least one laser system with at least one laser beam able to heat the food product to its cooking temperature. Each laser system provides two or more laser beams, each of which can be deflected and focused into the food product with a beam spot of adjustable diameter. The heating and cooking apparatus also can include an electromagnetic radiation heating apparatus that is controlled by the processor and emits electromagnetic radiation to warm the food product inside the cooking chamber to a temperature below its cooking temperature.1. A heating and cooking apparatus for use inside a cooking chamber, comprising:
a laser cooking apparatus including at least one laser system configured to emit at least one laser beam adapted to heat a food product to its cooking temperature and means for deflecting and focusing the at least one laser beam, wherein each laser system includes one of a single laser and at least two lasers; and memory having information stored therein, including a deflection pattern for the at least one laser beam and ingredient information of the food product; a processor implementing computer program instructions for controlling a plurality of apparatus parameters of the at least one laser beam of the laser cooking apparatus, including focus, beam spot diameter, frequency, power, and speed. 2. The heating and cooking apparatus of claim 1, wherein each laser system having a single laser includes optical elements for splitting the laser beam emitted by the laser into two or more laser beams 3. The heating and cooking apparatus of claim 1, wherein the food product is made up of different ingredients, the laser cooking apparatus is adapted to emit laser beams of different frequencies, and the processor determines the frequency to be used depending on the ingredient being cooked. 4. The heating and cooking apparatus of claim 1, wherein each laser system includes means for deflecting the at least one laser beam and means for controlling the beam spot diameter of the at least one laser beam. 5. The heating and cooking apparatus of claim 4, wherein the computer program instructions control the means for controlling the beam spot diameter to adjust the beam spot diameter to achieve a pre-determined cooking temperature for the food product. 6. The heating and cooking apparatus of claim 4, wherein the computer program instructions control the means for deflecting the at least one laser beam to deflect the at least one laser beam in two dimensions over a pre-determined area of the food product and in the volume of the cooking chamber. 7. The heating and cooking apparatus of claim 1, further comprising an electromagnetic radiation heating apparatus adapted to emit electromagnetic radiation to warm the food product inside the cooking chamber to a temperature below its cooking temperature;
wherein the processor also implements computer program instructions for controlling the electromagnetic radiation heating apparatus. 8. The heating and cooking apparatus of claim 7, wherein the electromagnetic radiation is infrared radiation. 9. The heating and cooking apparatus of claim 7, wherein the electromagnetic radiation is microwave radiation. 10. Apparatus for preparing a food product, comprising:
a cooking chamber; an additive layer manufacturing printer for printing a food product inside the cooking chamber; and the heating and cooking apparatus of claim 1. 11. The apparatus for preparing a food product of claim 10, further comprising an electromagnetic radiation heating apparatus adapted to emit electromagnetic radiation to warm the food product inside the cooking chamber to a temperature below its cooking temperature;
wherein the processor also implements computer program instructions for controlling the electromagnetic radiation heating apparatus. 12. The apparatus for preparing a food product of claim 11, wherein the electromagnetic radiation is infrared radiation. 13. The apparatus for preparing a food product of claim 11, wherein the electromagnetic radiation is microwave radiation. 14. A method of preparing a food product using the apparatus for preparing a food product of claim 10, comprising the steps of:
determining whether a food product being prepared is a printed food product or a non-printed food product; if the food product being prepared is a printed food product, printing the food product in the cooking chamber using the additive layer manufacturing process; if the food product being prepared is a non-printed food product, scanning the food product in the cooking chamber to determine the size and shape of the food product; and cooking the food product, using the laser cooking apparatus. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein if the food product being prepared is a printed food product, then the cooking step is carried out one of while the food product is being printed and after the food product has been printed. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the cooking step includes:
using the processor to calculate the apparatus parameters for controlling the at least one laser beam based on the information stored in the memory; using the processor to adjust the laser beam deflection pattern based on the calculated apparatus parameters; and using the processor to control the laser cooking apparatus according to the calculated apparatus parameters and adjusted laser beam deflection pattern. 17. A method of preparing a food product using the apparatus for preparing a food product of claim 11, comprising the steps of:
determining whether a food product being prepared is a printed food product or a non-printed food product; if the food product being prepared is a printed food product, printing the food product in the cooking chamber using the additive layer manufacturing process; if the food product being prepared is a non-printed food product, scanning the food product in the cooking chamber to determine the size and shape of the food product; and warming the food product using the electromagnetic radiation heating apparatus. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the warming step includes using the processor to determine the power required by the electromagnetic radiation heating apparatus to warm the food product based on the ingredient information stored in the memory. 19. The method of claim 17, further comprising the step of cooking the food product, using the laser cooking apparatus. | 1,700 |
3,605 | 16,147,101 | 1,792 | The disclosure relates to a method for removing of unwanted odors and/or flavors from a wine and/or wine-type beverage using a transition metal, more particularly to the removal of sulfur and/or sulfur-containing compounds having an unwanted odor and/or off-flavor from a wine product by one or both of: (a) adding copper and/or a copper-containing compound during bottling of the wine product and (b) having a copper-containing container and/or closure system. | 1. A method of reducing unwanted odor and/or unwanted flavor in a wine, comprising:
contacting the wine with a transition metal-containing compound to form a treated wine containing the transition metal-containing compound, wherein the contacting of the wine with the transition metal-containing compound is after at least one of a fermentation process and a maturation process, and wherein the transition metal-containing compound is a water soluble transition metal-containing compound; filling a metal container with the treated wine; and sealing with an end closure the metal container with the treated wine containing the transition metal-containing compound. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the transition metal-containing compound comprises a transition metal selected from the group of metals consisting of scandium, titanium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, iridium, platinum and gold. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the transition metal-containing compound comprises copper. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the transition metal-containing compound comprises a transition metal that forms an insoluble compound with one or both sulfur and a sulfur-containing compound. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the sulfur and/or the sulfur-containing compound comprise one or more of sulfide (S2−), hydrogen sulfide (HS−), dihydrogen sulfide (H2S), mercaptan (R—SH), 3-mercaptohexanol (CH3CH2CH(SH)CH2CH2OH), methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), ethyl mercaptan (CH3CH2SH), and 2-mercatoethanol (HOCH2CH2SH). 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the insoluble compound comprises copper (II) and one or more of sulfide (S2−) hydrogen sulfide (HS−), dihydrogen sulfide (H2S), mercaptan (R—SH), 3-mercaptohexanol (CH3CH2CH(SH)CH2CH2OH), methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), ethyl mercaptan (CH3CH2SH), 2-mercatoethanol (HOCH2CH2SH) or a combination thereof. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the treated wine contains no more than about 0.2 ppm copper (II) and wherein the copper is in the form of copper sulfate. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the container comprises an aluminum container having a predetermined volume for receiving the treated wine, the predetermined volume being defined by a container bottom portion, a container side wall having an upper end and a lower end, the upper end defining a neck and an aperture for filling. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the neck of the container is adapted to receive an end closure. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal container comprises an aluminum alloy containing the transition metal-containing compound. 11. A method of reducing unwanted odor and/or unwanted flavor in a wine, comprising: contacting the wine with a copper (II) sulfate compound to form a treated wine, wherein the contacting of the wine with the copper (II) sulfate compound is after at least one of a fermentation process and a maturation process;
filling a metal container with the treated wine; and sealing with an end closure the metal container with the treated wine containing the copper (II) sulfate compound. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the container comprises an aluminum container having a predetermined volume for receiving the treated wine, the predetermined volume being defined by a container bottom portion, a container side wall having an upper end and a lower end, the upper end defining a neck and an aperture for filling. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the wine contains at least one of sulfur and a sulfur-containing compound, wherein the copper (II) contained in the copper (II) sulfate compound forms an insoluble copper (II) compound with the at least one of the sulfur and the sulfur-containing compound. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the at least one of the sulfur and the sulfur-containing compound comprise at least one of sulfide (S2−) hydrogen sulfide (HS−), dihydrogen sulfide (H2S), mercaptan (R—SH), 3-mercaptohexanol (CH3CH2CH(SH)CH2CH2OH), methylmercaptan (CH3SH), ethyl mercaptan (CH3CH2SH), 2-mercatoethanol (HOCH2CH2SH) and combinations thereof. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the treated wine contains no more than about 0.2 ppm copper (II). 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal container comprises an aluminum alloy containing a transition metal. 17. A method of reducing unwanted odor and/or unwanted flavor in a wine, comprising: adding a water soluble transition metal-containing compound to the wine to form a
treated wine containing the transition metal-containing compound, wherein the contacting of the wine with the transition metal-containing compound is after at least one of a fermentation process and a maturation process; filling a metal container with the treated wine; and sealing with an end closure the metal container with the treated wine containing the transition metal-containing compound. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the transition metal-containing compound comprises a transition metal that forms an insoluble compound with one or both sulfur and a sulfur-containing compound and wherein the sulfur and/or the sulfur-containing compound comprise one or more of sulfide (S2−), hydrogen sulfide (HS−), dihydrogen sulfide (H2S), mercaptan (R—SH), 3-mercaptohexanol (CH3CH2CH(SH)CH2CH2OH), methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), ethyl mercaptan (CH3CH2SH), and 2-mercatoethanol (HOCH2CH2SH). | The disclosure relates to a method for removing of unwanted odors and/or flavors from a wine and/or wine-type beverage using a transition metal, more particularly to the removal of sulfur and/or sulfur-containing compounds having an unwanted odor and/or off-flavor from a wine product by one or both of: (a) adding copper and/or a copper-containing compound during bottling of the wine product and (b) having a copper-containing container and/or closure system.1. A method of reducing unwanted odor and/or unwanted flavor in a wine, comprising:
contacting the wine with a transition metal-containing compound to form a treated wine containing the transition metal-containing compound, wherein the contacting of the wine with the transition metal-containing compound is after at least one of a fermentation process and a maturation process, and wherein the transition metal-containing compound is a water soluble transition metal-containing compound; filling a metal container with the treated wine; and sealing with an end closure the metal container with the treated wine containing the transition metal-containing compound. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the transition metal-containing compound comprises a transition metal selected from the group of metals consisting of scandium, titanium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, iridium, platinum and gold. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the transition metal-containing compound comprises copper. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the transition metal-containing compound comprises a transition metal that forms an insoluble compound with one or both sulfur and a sulfur-containing compound. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the sulfur and/or the sulfur-containing compound comprise one or more of sulfide (S2−), hydrogen sulfide (HS−), dihydrogen sulfide (H2S), mercaptan (R—SH), 3-mercaptohexanol (CH3CH2CH(SH)CH2CH2OH), methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), ethyl mercaptan (CH3CH2SH), and 2-mercatoethanol (HOCH2CH2SH). 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the insoluble compound comprises copper (II) and one or more of sulfide (S2−) hydrogen sulfide (HS−), dihydrogen sulfide (H2S), mercaptan (R—SH), 3-mercaptohexanol (CH3CH2CH(SH)CH2CH2OH), methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), ethyl mercaptan (CH3CH2SH), 2-mercatoethanol (HOCH2CH2SH) or a combination thereof. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the treated wine contains no more than about 0.2 ppm copper (II) and wherein the copper is in the form of copper sulfate. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the container comprises an aluminum container having a predetermined volume for receiving the treated wine, the predetermined volume being defined by a container bottom portion, a container side wall having an upper end and a lower end, the upper end defining a neck and an aperture for filling. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the neck of the container is adapted to receive an end closure. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal container comprises an aluminum alloy containing the transition metal-containing compound. 11. A method of reducing unwanted odor and/or unwanted flavor in a wine, comprising: contacting the wine with a copper (II) sulfate compound to form a treated wine, wherein the contacting of the wine with the copper (II) sulfate compound is after at least one of a fermentation process and a maturation process;
filling a metal container with the treated wine; and sealing with an end closure the metal container with the treated wine containing the copper (II) sulfate compound. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the container comprises an aluminum container having a predetermined volume for receiving the treated wine, the predetermined volume being defined by a container bottom portion, a container side wall having an upper end and a lower end, the upper end defining a neck and an aperture for filling. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the wine contains at least one of sulfur and a sulfur-containing compound, wherein the copper (II) contained in the copper (II) sulfate compound forms an insoluble copper (II) compound with the at least one of the sulfur and the sulfur-containing compound. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the at least one of the sulfur and the sulfur-containing compound comprise at least one of sulfide (S2−) hydrogen sulfide (HS−), dihydrogen sulfide (H2S), mercaptan (R—SH), 3-mercaptohexanol (CH3CH2CH(SH)CH2CH2OH), methylmercaptan (CH3SH), ethyl mercaptan (CH3CH2SH), 2-mercatoethanol (HOCH2CH2SH) and combinations thereof. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the treated wine contains no more than about 0.2 ppm copper (II). 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal container comprises an aluminum alloy containing a transition metal. 17. A method of reducing unwanted odor and/or unwanted flavor in a wine, comprising: adding a water soluble transition metal-containing compound to the wine to form a
treated wine containing the transition metal-containing compound, wherein the contacting of the wine with the transition metal-containing compound is after at least one of a fermentation process and a maturation process; filling a metal container with the treated wine; and sealing with an end closure the metal container with the treated wine containing the transition metal-containing compound. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the transition metal-containing compound comprises a transition metal that forms an insoluble compound with one or both sulfur and a sulfur-containing compound and wherein the sulfur and/or the sulfur-containing compound comprise one or more of sulfide (S2−), hydrogen sulfide (HS−), dihydrogen sulfide (H2S), mercaptan (R—SH), 3-mercaptohexanol (CH3CH2CH(SH)CH2CH2OH), methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), ethyl mercaptan (CH3CH2SH), and 2-mercatoethanol (HOCH2CH2SH). | 1,700 |
3,606 | 15,213,639 | 1,741 | An apparatus for the production of a mineral melt burns combustible material in the presence of inorganic material to form a melt. The apparatus includes a circulating combustion chamber which receives a fuel, pre-heated mineral material and a combustion gas so as to melt the mineral material and generate exhaust gases which are separated from the melt. The gases pass through an exhaust pipe to a conduit of a heat exchange system. The apparatus includes a quenching hood for quenching the exhaust gases by drafting a cooling fluid, such as ambient air, into the flow of exhaust gases around the exhaust pipe, and wherein the exhaust gases exit the exhaust pipe inside the hood. | 1. An apparatus for the production of a mineral melt by burning a combustible material in the presence of inorganic particulate material and thereby forming said melt, said apparatus comprising:
a circulating combustion chamber which: (a) receives and circulates a supply of a fuel, a pre-heated mineral material and a combustion gas; and (b) combusts the fuel so as to melt the mineral material to form a mineral melt, and generate exhaust gases; and (c) separates the mineral melt from the exhaust gases; an exhaust pipe which is in fluid communication with the circulating combustion chamber for conveying a flow of said exhaust gases therefrom; a quenching hood which is in fluid communication with said exhaust pipe and with a first conduit of a heat exchange system which includes a first pre-heater cyclone; said quenching hood being disposed so as to receive and quench the exhaust gases before they enter the conduit, by drafting a cooling fluid into the flow of exhaust gases; wherein the exhaust pipe extends upwards from the circulating combustion chamber at a height of at least 2.5 times an inner diameter of said exhaust pipe and into the quenching hood so that the exhaust gases exit the exhaust pipe inside the quenching hood. 2. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the quenching hood is disposed around an end of the exhaust pipe so as to define an annular air intake opening. 3. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said exhaust pipe has a diameter which is larger than a diameter of at least an inlet portion of said conduit. 4. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a perforated screening element is provided on the exhaust pipe. 5. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the heat exchange system for pre-heating mineral material comprises a first conduit for transporting exhaust gases from the circulating combustion chamber to the first pre-heater cyclone, a material inlet for injecting the mineral material into the first conduit, and a mineral material conduit extending from the first pre-heater cyclone to the circulating combustion chamber for feeding pre-heated mineral material to said combustion chamber. 6. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the heat exchange system additionally comprises a second pre-heater cyclone, a second conduit in fluid communication with said first pre-heater cyclone and the second pre-heater cyclone for transporting the exhaust gases, and a mineral material conduit for injecting the mineral material into the second conduit, wherein the mineral material conduit leads from the second pre-heater cyclone to the first conduit. 7. An apparatus according to according to claim 6, wherein the apparatus further comprises a dust cyclone, a third conduit in fluid communication with the second pre-heater cyclone for transporting exhaust gases to the dust cyclone, and a conduit for supplying separated material from the dust cyclone to an outlet of the first pre-heater cyclone. | An apparatus for the production of a mineral melt burns combustible material in the presence of inorganic material to form a melt. The apparatus includes a circulating combustion chamber which receives a fuel, pre-heated mineral material and a combustion gas so as to melt the mineral material and generate exhaust gases which are separated from the melt. The gases pass through an exhaust pipe to a conduit of a heat exchange system. The apparatus includes a quenching hood for quenching the exhaust gases by drafting a cooling fluid, such as ambient air, into the flow of exhaust gases around the exhaust pipe, and wherein the exhaust gases exit the exhaust pipe inside the hood.1. An apparatus for the production of a mineral melt by burning a combustible material in the presence of inorganic particulate material and thereby forming said melt, said apparatus comprising:
a circulating combustion chamber which: (a) receives and circulates a supply of a fuel, a pre-heated mineral material and a combustion gas; and (b) combusts the fuel so as to melt the mineral material to form a mineral melt, and generate exhaust gases; and (c) separates the mineral melt from the exhaust gases; an exhaust pipe which is in fluid communication with the circulating combustion chamber for conveying a flow of said exhaust gases therefrom; a quenching hood which is in fluid communication with said exhaust pipe and with a first conduit of a heat exchange system which includes a first pre-heater cyclone; said quenching hood being disposed so as to receive and quench the exhaust gases before they enter the conduit, by drafting a cooling fluid into the flow of exhaust gases; wherein the exhaust pipe extends upwards from the circulating combustion chamber at a height of at least 2.5 times an inner diameter of said exhaust pipe and into the quenching hood so that the exhaust gases exit the exhaust pipe inside the quenching hood. 2. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the quenching hood is disposed around an end of the exhaust pipe so as to define an annular air intake opening. 3. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said exhaust pipe has a diameter which is larger than a diameter of at least an inlet portion of said conduit. 4. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a perforated screening element is provided on the exhaust pipe. 5. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the heat exchange system for pre-heating mineral material comprises a first conduit for transporting exhaust gases from the circulating combustion chamber to the first pre-heater cyclone, a material inlet for injecting the mineral material into the first conduit, and a mineral material conduit extending from the first pre-heater cyclone to the circulating combustion chamber for feeding pre-heated mineral material to said combustion chamber. 6. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the heat exchange system additionally comprises a second pre-heater cyclone, a second conduit in fluid communication with said first pre-heater cyclone and the second pre-heater cyclone for transporting the exhaust gases, and a mineral material conduit for injecting the mineral material into the second conduit, wherein the mineral material conduit leads from the second pre-heater cyclone to the first conduit. 7. An apparatus according to according to claim 6, wherein the apparatus further comprises a dust cyclone, a third conduit in fluid communication with the second pre-heater cyclone for transporting exhaust gases to the dust cyclone, and a conduit for supplying separated material from the dust cyclone to an outlet of the first pre-heater cyclone. | 1,700 |
3,607 | 15,244,828 | 1,776 | A multi-cone, multi-stage spray nozzle includes a nozzle body, a valve stem with a first valve head, and a second valve head attached to the first valve head. The first valve stem is biased into a closed position against a valve seat of the nozzle body by a bias device. The second valve head is continuously open. Upon the application of a first fluid pressure, which is less than a threshold fluid pressure, the bias device maintains the valve stem in the closed position while the second valve head is continuously open. And upon the application of a second fluid pressure, which is at least as great as the threshold fluid pressure, the valve stem moves to an open position while the second valve head remains continuously open. | 1. A spray nozzle, comprising:
a nozzle body having a proximal end, a distal end, a first through bore extending between the proximal and distal ends of the nozzle body, and a valve seat disposed at the distal end of the nozzle body; a valve stem slidably disposed in the first through bore of the nozzle body and including a proximal end, a distal end, and a first valve head, the first valve head defining a seating surface adapted to engage the valve seat when the valve stem is in a closed position and adapted to be spaced away from the valve seat when the valve stem is in an open position; a fluid conduit disposed in the valve stem and defining a fluid outlet in the first valve head at the distal end of the valve stem; and a second valve head attached to the fluid outlet at the valve head of the valve stem, the second valve head defining a nozzle opening that is continuously open in fluid communication with the fluid conduit in the valve stem; and a bias device generating a force biasing the first valve head of the valve stem toward the valve seat of the nozzle body, wherein upon application of a first fluid pressure, which is less than a threshold fluid pressure, on the seating surface of the first valve head, the bias device maintains the valve stem in the closed position while the second valve head is continuously open, and upon application of a second fluid pressure, which is at least as great as the threshold fluid pressure, on the seating surface of the first valve head, the valve stem moves from the closed position to the open position while the second valve head remains continuously open. 2. The spray nozzle of claim 1, wherein the nozzle body comprises a cylindrical wall defining the first through bore. 3. The spray nozzle of claim 1, wherein the bias device is disposed at the proximal end of the valve stem. 4. The spray nozzle of claim 1, wherein the bias device comprises a nut attached to the proximal end of the valve stem and a spring disposed between the nut and the proximal end of the nozzle body. 5. The spray nozzle of claim 4, wherein the spring is disposed around the proximal end of the valve stem. 6. The spray nozzle of claim 4, wherein the proximal end of the nozzle body defines a shoulder surface, and when the valve stem is in the closed position the nut is spaced away from the shoulder surface, and when the valve stem is in the open position the nut is in contact with the shoulder surface. 7. The spray nozzle of claim 1, wherein the nozzle body, the valve stem, and the second valve head are coaxially aligned. 8. The spray nozzle of claim 1, further comprising a nozzle casing attached to the nozzle body and enclosing the proximal end the valve stem and enclosing the bias device. 9. The spray nozzle of claim 1, wherein the nozzle opening of the second valve head comprises a fixed orifice diameter. 10. The spray nozzle of claim 1, wherein the fluid conduit in the valve stem comprises a second through bore extending between the proximal and distal ends of the valve stem and defining a fluid inlet at the proximal end of the valve stem. 11. The spray nozzle of claim 1, wherein the fluid conduit comprises a plurality of fluid conduits extending radially at an angle through the valve stem and including a corresponding plurality of fluid inlets in fluid communication with the fluid outlet. 12. A steam conditioning device, comprising:
a steam pipe; a plurality of spray nozzles connected to a manifold and mounted about the steam pipe, the plurality of spray nozzles adapted to deliver cooling water flow into the steam pipe, each spray nozzle comprising: a nozzle body having a proximal end, a distal end, a first through bore extending between the proximal and distal ends of the nozzle body, and a valve seat disposed at the distal end of the nozzle body; a valve stem slidably disposed in the first through bore of the nozzle body and including a proximal end, a distal end, and a first valve head, the first valve head defining a seating surface adapted to engage the valve seat when the valve stem is in a closed position and adapted to be spaced away from the valve seat when the valve stem is in an open position; a fluid conduit disposed in the valve stem and defining a fluid outlet in the first valve head at the distal end of the valve stem; and a second valve head attached to the fluid outlet at the valve head of the valve stem, the second valve head defining a nozzle opening that is continuously open in fluid communication with the fluid conduit in the valve stem; and a bias device generating a force biasing the first valve head of the valve stem toward the valve seat of the nozzle body, wherein upon application of a first fluid pressure, which is less than a threshold fluid pressure, on the seating surface of the first valve head, the bias device maintains the valve stem in the closed position while the second valve head is continuously open, and upon application of a second fluid pressure, which is at least as great as the threshold fluid pressure, on the seating surface of the first valve head, the valve stem moves from the closed position to the open position while the second valve head remains continuously open. 13. The steam conditioning device of claim 12, wherein the nozzle body comprises a cylindrical wall defining the first through bore. 14. The steam conditioning device of claim 12, wherein the bias device is disposed at the proximal end of the valve stem. 15. The steam conditioning device of claim 12, wherein the bias device comprises a nut attached to the proximal end of the valve stem and a spring disposed between the nut and the proximal end of the nozzle body. 16. The steam conditioning device of claim 15, wherein the spring is disposed around the proximal end of the valve stem. 17. The steam conditioning device of claim 15, wherein the proximal end of the nozzle body defines a shoulder surface, and when the valve stem is in the closed position the nut is spaced away from the shoulder surface, and when the valve stem is in the open position the nut is in contact with the shoulder surface. 18. The steam conditioning device of claim 12, wherein the nozzle body, the valve stem, and the second valve head are coaxially aligned. 19. The steam conditioning device of claim 12, further comprising a nozzle casing attached to the nozzle body and enclosing the proximal end the valve stem and enclosing the bias device. 20. The steam conditioning device of claim 12, wherein the nozzle opening of the second valve head comprises a fixed orifice diameter. 21. The steam conditioning device of claim 12, wherein the fluid conduit in the valve stem comprises a second through bore extending between the proximal and distal ends of the valve stem and defining a fluid inlet at the proximal end of the valve stem. 22. The steam conditioning device of claim 12, wherein the fluid conduit comprises a plurality of fluid conduits extending radially at an angle through the valve stem and including a corresponding plurality of fluid inlets in fluid communication with the fluid outlet. | A multi-cone, multi-stage spray nozzle includes a nozzle body, a valve stem with a first valve head, and a second valve head attached to the first valve head. The first valve stem is biased into a closed position against a valve seat of the nozzle body by a bias device. The second valve head is continuously open. Upon the application of a first fluid pressure, which is less than a threshold fluid pressure, the bias device maintains the valve stem in the closed position while the second valve head is continuously open. And upon the application of a second fluid pressure, which is at least as great as the threshold fluid pressure, the valve stem moves to an open position while the second valve head remains continuously open.1. A spray nozzle, comprising:
a nozzle body having a proximal end, a distal end, a first through bore extending between the proximal and distal ends of the nozzle body, and a valve seat disposed at the distal end of the nozzle body; a valve stem slidably disposed in the first through bore of the nozzle body and including a proximal end, a distal end, and a first valve head, the first valve head defining a seating surface adapted to engage the valve seat when the valve stem is in a closed position and adapted to be spaced away from the valve seat when the valve stem is in an open position; a fluid conduit disposed in the valve stem and defining a fluid outlet in the first valve head at the distal end of the valve stem; and a second valve head attached to the fluid outlet at the valve head of the valve stem, the second valve head defining a nozzle opening that is continuously open in fluid communication with the fluid conduit in the valve stem; and a bias device generating a force biasing the first valve head of the valve stem toward the valve seat of the nozzle body, wherein upon application of a first fluid pressure, which is less than a threshold fluid pressure, on the seating surface of the first valve head, the bias device maintains the valve stem in the closed position while the second valve head is continuously open, and upon application of a second fluid pressure, which is at least as great as the threshold fluid pressure, on the seating surface of the first valve head, the valve stem moves from the closed position to the open position while the second valve head remains continuously open. 2. The spray nozzle of claim 1, wherein the nozzle body comprises a cylindrical wall defining the first through bore. 3. The spray nozzle of claim 1, wherein the bias device is disposed at the proximal end of the valve stem. 4. The spray nozzle of claim 1, wherein the bias device comprises a nut attached to the proximal end of the valve stem and a spring disposed between the nut and the proximal end of the nozzle body. 5. The spray nozzle of claim 4, wherein the spring is disposed around the proximal end of the valve stem. 6. The spray nozzle of claim 4, wherein the proximal end of the nozzle body defines a shoulder surface, and when the valve stem is in the closed position the nut is spaced away from the shoulder surface, and when the valve stem is in the open position the nut is in contact with the shoulder surface. 7. The spray nozzle of claim 1, wherein the nozzle body, the valve stem, and the second valve head are coaxially aligned. 8. The spray nozzle of claim 1, further comprising a nozzle casing attached to the nozzle body and enclosing the proximal end the valve stem and enclosing the bias device. 9. The spray nozzle of claim 1, wherein the nozzle opening of the second valve head comprises a fixed orifice diameter. 10. The spray nozzle of claim 1, wherein the fluid conduit in the valve stem comprises a second through bore extending between the proximal and distal ends of the valve stem and defining a fluid inlet at the proximal end of the valve stem. 11. The spray nozzle of claim 1, wherein the fluid conduit comprises a plurality of fluid conduits extending radially at an angle through the valve stem and including a corresponding plurality of fluid inlets in fluid communication with the fluid outlet. 12. A steam conditioning device, comprising:
a steam pipe; a plurality of spray nozzles connected to a manifold and mounted about the steam pipe, the plurality of spray nozzles adapted to deliver cooling water flow into the steam pipe, each spray nozzle comprising: a nozzle body having a proximal end, a distal end, a first through bore extending between the proximal and distal ends of the nozzle body, and a valve seat disposed at the distal end of the nozzle body; a valve stem slidably disposed in the first through bore of the nozzle body and including a proximal end, a distal end, and a first valve head, the first valve head defining a seating surface adapted to engage the valve seat when the valve stem is in a closed position and adapted to be spaced away from the valve seat when the valve stem is in an open position; a fluid conduit disposed in the valve stem and defining a fluid outlet in the first valve head at the distal end of the valve stem; and a second valve head attached to the fluid outlet at the valve head of the valve stem, the second valve head defining a nozzle opening that is continuously open in fluid communication with the fluid conduit in the valve stem; and a bias device generating a force biasing the first valve head of the valve stem toward the valve seat of the nozzle body, wherein upon application of a first fluid pressure, which is less than a threshold fluid pressure, on the seating surface of the first valve head, the bias device maintains the valve stem in the closed position while the second valve head is continuously open, and upon application of a second fluid pressure, which is at least as great as the threshold fluid pressure, on the seating surface of the first valve head, the valve stem moves from the closed position to the open position while the second valve head remains continuously open. 13. The steam conditioning device of claim 12, wherein the nozzle body comprises a cylindrical wall defining the first through bore. 14. The steam conditioning device of claim 12, wherein the bias device is disposed at the proximal end of the valve stem. 15. The steam conditioning device of claim 12, wherein the bias device comprises a nut attached to the proximal end of the valve stem and a spring disposed between the nut and the proximal end of the nozzle body. 16. The steam conditioning device of claim 15, wherein the spring is disposed around the proximal end of the valve stem. 17. The steam conditioning device of claim 15, wherein the proximal end of the nozzle body defines a shoulder surface, and when the valve stem is in the closed position the nut is spaced away from the shoulder surface, and when the valve stem is in the open position the nut is in contact with the shoulder surface. 18. The steam conditioning device of claim 12, wherein the nozzle body, the valve stem, and the second valve head are coaxially aligned. 19. The steam conditioning device of claim 12, further comprising a nozzle casing attached to the nozzle body and enclosing the proximal end the valve stem and enclosing the bias device. 20. The steam conditioning device of claim 12, wherein the nozzle opening of the second valve head comprises a fixed orifice diameter. 21. The steam conditioning device of claim 12, wherein the fluid conduit in the valve stem comprises a second through bore extending between the proximal and distal ends of the valve stem and defining a fluid inlet at the proximal end of the valve stem. 22. The steam conditioning device of claim 12, wherein the fluid conduit comprises a plurality of fluid conduits extending radially at an angle through the valve stem and including a corresponding plurality of fluid inlets in fluid communication with the fluid outlet. | 1,700 |
3,608 | 15,062,883 | 1,712 | A system and method for providing a ceramic-based separator onto an electrode is disclosed. A separator is formed on the electrode via a dry, solvent-free application of a ceramic-based separator to the electrode. An electrode is provided to an application area via a feed mechanism and a separator layer is then applied to the electrode that is comprised of a binder including at least one of a thermoplastic material and a thermoset material and an electrically non-conductive separator material, with the separator layer being applied to the electrode via a dry dispersion application. | 1. A method of applying a dry, solvent-free ceramic-based separator to an electrode, the method comprising:
providing an electrode to an application area via a feed mechanism; and applying a separator layer comprised of a binder and an electrically non-conductive separator material to the electrode via a dry dispersion application, wherein the binder includes at least one of a thermoplastic material and a thermoset material. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
heating the electrode; and
gapped calendaring the separator layer to form a separator layer having a desired uniform thickness, density, porosity and tortuosity. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the separator layer is applied and calendared to form a separator layer having a thickness of less than 35 μm. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the separator layer ranges from 2-30% binder by weight. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the binder is comprised of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). 6. The method of claim 5 wherein the separator layer comprises 3%-20% PVDF and 97%-80% electrically non-conductive separator material. 7. The method of claim 5 wherein the binder further includes a filler comprising one of polypropylene and polyethylene. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the separator layer comprises 3%-15% PVDF, 5%-40% polypropylene or polyethylene, and 45%-92% electrically non-conductive separator material. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the non-conductive separator material comprises at least one of alumina, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, or a tin oxide. 10. The method of claim 7 wherein:
when the electrode is a cathode, the non-conductive separator material comprises magnesium oxide; and
when the electrode is an anode, the non-conductive separator material comprises aluminum oxide. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the dry dispersion application includes a powder coating application. 12. A method of manufacturing a battery cell that includes an electrode and a separator, the method comprising:
providing an electrode; advancing the electrode toward an application region; and coating a mixture of an electrically non-conductive ceramic-based separator material and a binder onto the electrode in the application region via a dry, solvent-free coating process, so as to form a separator layer. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein coating the mixture onto the substrate comprises powder coating the mixture of the separator material and the binder onto the electrode. 14. The method of claim 12 wherein the binder is comprised of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). 15. The method of claim 14 further includes a filler comprising one of polypropylene and polyethylene. 16. The method of claim 12 wherein the ceramic-based separator material comprises at least one of alumina, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, or a tin oxide. 17. The method of claim 12 further comprising:
heating at least one of the electrode and the separator layer to adhere the separator layer to the electrode; and
gapped calendaring the separator layer to form a separator layer having a desired uniform thickness, density, porosity and tortuosity. 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the separator layer is applied and calendared to form a separator layer having a thickness of less than 35 μm. 19. The method of claim 12 wherein the separator layer ranges from 2-30% binder by weight. 20. A battery cell comprising:
an electrode; and a separator layer adhered to the electrode, the separator layer comprising:
a binder comprising at least one of a thermoplastic material and a thermoset material; and
an electrically non-conductive ceramic-based separator material;
wherein the separator layer ranges from 2-30% binder by weight. 21. The battery cell of claim 20 wherein a thickness of the separator layer is less than 35 μm. | A system and method for providing a ceramic-based separator onto an electrode is disclosed. A separator is formed on the electrode via a dry, solvent-free application of a ceramic-based separator to the electrode. An electrode is provided to an application area via a feed mechanism and a separator layer is then applied to the electrode that is comprised of a binder including at least one of a thermoplastic material and a thermoset material and an electrically non-conductive separator material, with the separator layer being applied to the electrode via a dry dispersion application.1. A method of applying a dry, solvent-free ceramic-based separator to an electrode, the method comprising:
providing an electrode to an application area via a feed mechanism; and applying a separator layer comprised of a binder and an electrically non-conductive separator material to the electrode via a dry dispersion application, wherein the binder includes at least one of a thermoplastic material and a thermoset material. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
heating the electrode; and
gapped calendaring the separator layer to form a separator layer having a desired uniform thickness, density, porosity and tortuosity. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the separator layer is applied and calendared to form a separator layer having a thickness of less than 35 μm. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the separator layer ranges from 2-30% binder by weight. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the binder is comprised of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). 6. The method of claim 5 wherein the separator layer comprises 3%-20% PVDF and 97%-80% electrically non-conductive separator material. 7. The method of claim 5 wherein the binder further includes a filler comprising one of polypropylene and polyethylene. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the separator layer comprises 3%-15% PVDF, 5%-40% polypropylene or polyethylene, and 45%-92% electrically non-conductive separator material. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the non-conductive separator material comprises at least one of alumina, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, or a tin oxide. 10. The method of claim 7 wherein:
when the electrode is a cathode, the non-conductive separator material comprises magnesium oxide; and
when the electrode is an anode, the non-conductive separator material comprises aluminum oxide. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the dry dispersion application includes a powder coating application. 12. A method of manufacturing a battery cell that includes an electrode and a separator, the method comprising:
providing an electrode; advancing the electrode toward an application region; and coating a mixture of an electrically non-conductive ceramic-based separator material and a binder onto the electrode in the application region via a dry, solvent-free coating process, so as to form a separator layer. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein coating the mixture onto the substrate comprises powder coating the mixture of the separator material and the binder onto the electrode. 14. The method of claim 12 wherein the binder is comprised of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). 15. The method of claim 14 further includes a filler comprising one of polypropylene and polyethylene. 16. The method of claim 12 wherein the ceramic-based separator material comprises at least one of alumina, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, or a tin oxide. 17. The method of claim 12 further comprising:
heating at least one of the electrode and the separator layer to adhere the separator layer to the electrode; and
gapped calendaring the separator layer to form a separator layer having a desired uniform thickness, density, porosity and tortuosity. 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the separator layer is applied and calendared to form a separator layer having a thickness of less than 35 μm. 19. The method of claim 12 wherein the separator layer ranges from 2-30% binder by weight. 20. A battery cell comprising:
an electrode; and a separator layer adhered to the electrode, the separator layer comprising:
a binder comprising at least one of a thermoplastic material and a thermoset material; and
an electrically non-conductive ceramic-based separator material;
wherein the separator layer ranges from 2-30% binder by weight. 21. The battery cell of claim 20 wherein a thickness of the separator layer is less than 35 μm. | 1,700 |
3,609 | 14,451,544 | 1,796 | Cut-resistant and abrasion-resistant yarns including blends of technical fibers and mineral, inorganic, or ceramic fibers of substantially the same length as the technical fibers, and methods for manufacturing yarns, are disclosed. | 1. A blended yarn, comprising:
technical fibers; and at least one of inorganic, mineral, ceramic, or filament fibers, wherein the inorganic, mineral, ceramic, or filament fibers have a length and/or diameter substantially similar to a length and/or a diameter of the technical fibers. 2. The blended yarn of claim 1, wherein the technical fibers and the inorganic, mineral, ceramic, or filament fibers comprise a mean length of approximately 90-150 millimeters. 3. The blended yarn of claim 1, wherein the technical fibers comprise at least one of HPPE fibers, para-aramid fibers, meta-aramid fibers, and copolyamide fibers. 4. The blended yarn of claim 1, wherein and the inorganic, mineral, ceramic, or filament fibers comprise at least one of glass fibers, silica fibers, carbon fibers, or basalt fibers. 5. The blended yarn of claim 1, wherein the inorganic, mineral, ceramic, or filament fibers comprise between 2% and 40% of the blended yarn. 6. The blended yarn of claim 1, wherein the denier of the blended yarn is between 70 and 600 denier. 7. The blended yarn of claim 6, wherein the blended yarn is capable of being knitted with at least one of a 13, 15, or 18 gauge knitting needle. 8. The blended yarn of claim 1, further comprising a knitted article that is knitted from the blended yarn and is at least one of a glove, glove liner, sleeve, or curtain. 9. The blended yarn of claim 8, wherein the knitted article further comprises a coating, the coating comprising a polymeric, elastomeric, or latex composition. 10. The blended yarn of claim 8, wherein the knitted article further comprises a glove, glove liner, or sleeve and has an EN cut resistance level of 2 to 5. 11. The blended yarn of claim 10, wherein the polymeric, elastomeric, or latex composition further comprises at least one of natural polyisoprene, synthetic polyisoprene, carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene, non-carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene, nitrile-butadiene, polychloroprene, polyvinyls, butyl latex, styrene-butadiene (SBR), styrene-butadiene latex, styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS), styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene (SEBS), styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN), polyethylene-propylene-diene, water-based polyurethane, an anionically stabilized polymer composition, solvent-based polyurethane, or combinations or blends thereof. 12. A composite yarn, comprising:
at least one core yarn comprising the blended yarn of claim 1; and at least one wrapping yarn comprising the blended yarn of claim 1. 13. A method for making a cut resistant blended yarn, comprising:
gel, wet, or dry-spinning a technical fiber with inorganic, mineral, ceramic, or filament fibers, wherein the technical fibers and inorganic, mineral, ceramic, or filament fibers have a length and diameter that is substantially similar to a length and diameter of the technical fibers, to form a cut-resistant blended yarn. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the technical fibers are stretch broken. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the technical fibers and the inorganic, mineral, ceramic, or filament fibers comprise a mean length of approximately 90-150 millimeters. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the inorganic, mineral, ceramic, or filament fibers comprise at least one of basalt fibers, silica fibers, carbon fibers, or glass fibers and are cut to substantially the same length as the stretch broken technical fibers. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the technical fibers comprise at least one of HPPE, para-aramid, meta-aramid, or copolyamide fibers. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the diameter of the inorganic, mineral, ceramic, or filament fibers ranges from 3 to 10 microns and the technical fiber diameter ranges from 1 to 5 denier. 19. The method of claim 13, wherein the inorganic, mineral, ceramic, or filament fibers comprise 2-40% of the blended yarn. 20. The method of claim 13, further comprising a knitting step using a 13, 15, or 18 gauge needle to form a glove, glove liner, or sleeve from the cut resistant blended yarn. | Cut-resistant and abrasion-resistant yarns including blends of technical fibers and mineral, inorganic, or ceramic fibers of substantially the same length as the technical fibers, and methods for manufacturing yarns, are disclosed.1. A blended yarn, comprising:
technical fibers; and at least one of inorganic, mineral, ceramic, or filament fibers, wherein the inorganic, mineral, ceramic, or filament fibers have a length and/or diameter substantially similar to a length and/or a diameter of the technical fibers. 2. The blended yarn of claim 1, wherein the technical fibers and the inorganic, mineral, ceramic, or filament fibers comprise a mean length of approximately 90-150 millimeters. 3. The blended yarn of claim 1, wherein the technical fibers comprise at least one of HPPE fibers, para-aramid fibers, meta-aramid fibers, and copolyamide fibers. 4. The blended yarn of claim 1, wherein and the inorganic, mineral, ceramic, or filament fibers comprise at least one of glass fibers, silica fibers, carbon fibers, or basalt fibers. 5. The blended yarn of claim 1, wherein the inorganic, mineral, ceramic, or filament fibers comprise between 2% and 40% of the blended yarn. 6. The blended yarn of claim 1, wherein the denier of the blended yarn is between 70 and 600 denier. 7. The blended yarn of claim 6, wherein the blended yarn is capable of being knitted with at least one of a 13, 15, or 18 gauge knitting needle. 8. The blended yarn of claim 1, further comprising a knitted article that is knitted from the blended yarn and is at least one of a glove, glove liner, sleeve, or curtain. 9. The blended yarn of claim 8, wherein the knitted article further comprises a coating, the coating comprising a polymeric, elastomeric, or latex composition. 10. The blended yarn of claim 8, wherein the knitted article further comprises a glove, glove liner, or sleeve and has an EN cut resistance level of 2 to 5. 11. The blended yarn of claim 10, wherein the polymeric, elastomeric, or latex composition further comprises at least one of natural polyisoprene, synthetic polyisoprene, carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene, non-carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene, nitrile-butadiene, polychloroprene, polyvinyls, butyl latex, styrene-butadiene (SBR), styrene-butadiene latex, styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS), styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene (SEBS), styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN), polyethylene-propylene-diene, water-based polyurethane, an anionically stabilized polymer composition, solvent-based polyurethane, or combinations or blends thereof. 12. A composite yarn, comprising:
at least one core yarn comprising the blended yarn of claim 1; and at least one wrapping yarn comprising the blended yarn of claim 1. 13. A method for making a cut resistant blended yarn, comprising:
gel, wet, or dry-spinning a technical fiber with inorganic, mineral, ceramic, or filament fibers, wherein the technical fibers and inorganic, mineral, ceramic, or filament fibers have a length and diameter that is substantially similar to a length and diameter of the technical fibers, to form a cut-resistant blended yarn. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the technical fibers are stretch broken. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the technical fibers and the inorganic, mineral, ceramic, or filament fibers comprise a mean length of approximately 90-150 millimeters. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the inorganic, mineral, ceramic, or filament fibers comprise at least one of basalt fibers, silica fibers, carbon fibers, or glass fibers and are cut to substantially the same length as the stretch broken technical fibers. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the technical fibers comprise at least one of HPPE, para-aramid, meta-aramid, or copolyamide fibers. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the diameter of the inorganic, mineral, ceramic, or filament fibers ranges from 3 to 10 microns and the technical fiber diameter ranges from 1 to 5 denier. 19. The method of claim 13, wherein the inorganic, mineral, ceramic, or filament fibers comprise 2-40% of the blended yarn. 20. The method of claim 13, further comprising a knitting step using a 13, 15, or 18 gauge needle to form a glove, glove liner, or sleeve from the cut resistant blended yarn. | 1,700 |
3,610 | 14,427,585 | 1,762 | This invention relates to a Waterborne Polyurethane Dispersions (WPU) derived from the reaction products of tertiary alkyl glycidyl esters based hydroxyl terminal polyester polyols with polyisocyanates and chain extended with poly-functional amines and dispersed in water have shown the surprising inherent ability for self-coalescence. Furthermore the cured films have shown improved hardness and abrasion resistance over these benchmarks with a significant reduction in coalescing solvent needed to accomplish film formation. | 1. A polyurethane aqueous dispersion composition comprising a hydroxyl terminal oligomer derived from an alkyl glycidyl ester and carboxylic di-acids and anhydride hemi-ester, wherein the di-acid, the anhydride or the hemi-ester are not derived from unsaturated fatty acids, and a poly-isocyanate and a water dispersing component and a chain extender component, wherein the oligomer is characterized in that the molecular weight is between 600 and 5000, and free of meth(acrylic) derivatives. 2. The composition of claim 1 wherein the alkyl glycidyl ester is a linear or branched alkyl glycidyl ester with an alkyl group containing from 4 to 12 carbon atoms. 3. The composition of claims 2 wherein the alkyl glycidyl ester is a branched alkyl glycidyl ester having a tertiary alkyl chain with 4 to 12 carbon atoms. 4. The composition of claim 1 wherein the polyisocyanate may be dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, hexane diisocyanate, tetramethylxylene diisocyanate, toluene diisocyanate, diphenylmethane diisocyanate, or, combinations thereof. 5. The composition of claim 1 wherein the polyisocyanate is present in an amount of between 25 to 50 weight % based on total polyurethane solids content. 6. The composition of claim 1 wherein the polyisocyanate present in an amount of between 27 to 48 weight % based upon total polyurethane solids content. 7. The composition of claim 1 wherein the water dispersing component may be anionic or cationic or nonionic or combinations thereof. 8. The composition of claim 1 wherein a polyol component is comprised of a hydroxyl terminal oligomer derived from an alkyl glycidyl ester and carboxylic di-acids and anhydride, wherein the alkyl chain is a tertiary alkyl chain with 4 to 12 carbon atoms. 9. The composition of claim 8 wherein the polyol may be used as a mixture with general classes of polyols and glycols such as polyesters, polycaprolactones, polycarbonates, polyethers, short chain glycols. 10. The composition of claim 8 wherein the polyol component is between 25 to 60 weight % based upon total polyurethane solids content. 11. The composition of claim 1 wherein the chain extender component may be selected from aliphatic polyfunctional amines, aromatic polyfunctional amines, blocked amines, amino alcohols, polyether amines, and water. 12. The composition of claim 1 wherein a co-solvent is present in an amount lower than 25.5 weight % based on total polyurethane solids content. 13. The composition of claim 1 wherein the composition is preferably free of n-methylpyrolidone. 14. The composition of claim 1 wherein the molecular weight is between 800 and 3500. 15. The composition of claim 8 comprising 25-50 weight % diisocyanate, 25-60 weight % polyol component. 16. The composition of claim 12 wherein the weight % level of cosolvent required for film formation at 25° C. of the resulting polyurethane polymer is 35 to 60% lower than stochiometrically equivalent polyurethane systems utilizing hexane-neopentyl adipate polyester or BDO initiated polycaprolactone or CHDM initiated polycarbonate as the polyol component. 17. The composition of claim 1 wherein a Koenig Hardness of the resulting polyurethane polymer is 83 to 124% higher than stochiometrically equivalent polyurethane systems utilizing hexane-neopentyl adipate polyester or BDO initiated polycaprolactone as the polyol component. 18. The composition of claim 1 17 wherein a Koenig Hardness of the resulting polyurethane polymer is 2 to 3% higher, and, the weight % level of cosolvent required for film formation at 25° C. of the resulting polyurethane polymer is 55 to 60% lower than stochiometrically equivalent polyurethane systems utilizing CHDM initiated polycarbonate as the polyol component. 19. The composition of claim 16 wherein a Taber Abrasion resistance measured as mg loss/1000 cycles yields between 49 to 84% reduction in mg loss comparative to stochiometrically equivalent polyurethane systems utilizing hexane-neopentyl adipate polyester or BDO initiated polycaprolactone as the polyol component. 20. The composition of claim 16 wherein a Taber Abrasion resistance measured as mg loss/1000 cycles yields between 10 to 15% reduction in mg loss comparative to stochiometrically equivalent polyurethane systems utilizing CHDM initiated polycarbonate as the polyol component. | This invention relates to a Waterborne Polyurethane Dispersions (WPU) derived from the reaction products of tertiary alkyl glycidyl esters based hydroxyl terminal polyester polyols with polyisocyanates and chain extended with poly-functional amines and dispersed in water have shown the surprising inherent ability for self-coalescence. Furthermore the cured films have shown improved hardness and abrasion resistance over these benchmarks with a significant reduction in coalescing solvent needed to accomplish film formation.1. A polyurethane aqueous dispersion composition comprising a hydroxyl terminal oligomer derived from an alkyl glycidyl ester and carboxylic di-acids and anhydride hemi-ester, wherein the di-acid, the anhydride or the hemi-ester are not derived from unsaturated fatty acids, and a poly-isocyanate and a water dispersing component and a chain extender component, wherein the oligomer is characterized in that the molecular weight is between 600 and 5000, and free of meth(acrylic) derivatives. 2. The composition of claim 1 wherein the alkyl glycidyl ester is a linear or branched alkyl glycidyl ester with an alkyl group containing from 4 to 12 carbon atoms. 3. The composition of claims 2 wherein the alkyl glycidyl ester is a branched alkyl glycidyl ester having a tertiary alkyl chain with 4 to 12 carbon atoms. 4. The composition of claim 1 wherein the polyisocyanate may be dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, hexane diisocyanate, tetramethylxylene diisocyanate, toluene diisocyanate, diphenylmethane diisocyanate, or, combinations thereof. 5. The composition of claim 1 wherein the polyisocyanate is present in an amount of between 25 to 50 weight % based on total polyurethane solids content. 6. The composition of claim 1 wherein the polyisocyanate present in an amount of between 27 to 48 weight % based upon total polyurethane solids content. 7. The composition of claim 1 wherein the water dispersing component may be anionic or cationic or nonionic or combinations thereof. 8. The composition of claim 1 wherein a polyol component is comprised of a hydroxyl terminal oligomer derived from an alkyl glycidyl ester and carboxylic di-acids and anhydride, wherein the alkyl chain is a tertiary alkyl chain with 4 to 12 carbon atoms. 9. The composition of claim 8 wherein the polyol may be used as a mixture with general classes of polyols and glycols such as polyesters, polycaprolactones, polycarbonates, polyethers, short chain glycols. 10. The composition of claim 8 wherein the polyol component is between 25 to 60 weight % based upon total polyurethane solids content. 11. The composition of claim 1 wherein the chain extender component may be selected from aliphatic polyfunctional amines, aromatic polyfunctional amines, blocked amines, amino alcohols, polyether amines, and water. 12. The composition of claim 1 wherein a co-solvent is present in an amount lower than 25.5 weight % based on total polyurethane solids content. 13. The composition of claim 1 wherein the composition is preferably free of n-methylpyrolidone. 14. The composition of claim 1 wherein the molecular weight is between 800 and 3500. 15. The composition of claim 8 comprising 25-50 weight % diisocyanate, 25-60 weight % polyol component. 16. The composition of claim 12 wherein the weight % level of cosolvent required for film formation at 25° C. of the resulting polyurethane polymer is 35 to 60% lower than stochiometrically equivalent polyurethane systems utilizing hexane-neopentyl adipate polyester or BDO initiated polycaprolactone or CHDM initiated polycarbonate as the polyol component. 17. The composition of claim 1 wherein a Koenig Hardness of the resulting polyurethane polymer is 83 to 124% higher than stochiometrically equivalent polyurethane systems utilizing hexane-neopentyl adipate polyester or BDO initiated polycaprolactone as the polyol component. 18. The composition of claim 1 17 wherein a Koenig Hardness of the resulting polyurethane polymer is 2 to 3% higher, and, the weight % level of cosolvent required for film formation at 25° C. of the resulting polyurethane polymer is 55 to 60% lower than stochiometrically equivalent polyurethane systems utilizing CHDM initiated polycarbonate as the polyol component. 19. The composition of claim 16 wherein a Taber Abrasion resistance measured as mg loss/1000 cycles yields between 49 to 84% reduction in mg loss comparative to stochiometrically equivalent polyurethane systems utilizing hexane-neopentyl adipate polyester or BDO initiated polycaprolactone as the polyol component. 20. The composition of claim 16 wherein a Taber Abrasion resistance measured as mg loss/1000 cycles yields between 10 to 15% reduction in mg loss comparative to stochiometrically equivalent polyurethane systems utilizing CHDM initiated polycarbonate as the polyol component. | 1,700 |
3,611 | 14,840,393 | 1,777 | Novel particles and materials for chromatographic separations, processes for preparation and separations devices containing the chromatographic particles and materials are provided by the instant invention. In particular, the invention provides a porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle, wherein the inorganic portion of the hybrid particle is present in an amount ranging from about 0 molar % to not more than about 49 molar %, wherein the pores of the particle are substantially disordered. The invention also provides a porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle, wherein the inorganic portion of the hybrid particle is present in an amount ranging from about 25 molar % to not more than about 50 molar %, wherein the pores of the particle are substantially disordered and wherein the particle has a chromatographically enhancing pore geometry (CEPG). Methods for producing the hybrid particles, separations devices comprising the hybrid particles and kits are also provided. | 1-3. (canceled) 4. A porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle, wherein the inorganic portion of said hybrid particle comprises SiO2 in an amount ranging from about 0 molar % to not more than about 25 molar %, wherein the pores of the particle are substantially disordered, and wherein the porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle has formula II, III, IV, or IV:
formula II:
(SiO2)d/[(R)p(R1)qSiOt] (II)
wherein,
R and R1 are each independently C1-C18 alkoxy, C1-C18 alkyl, C1-C18 alkyl, C2-C18 alkenyl, C2-C18 alkynyl, C3-C18 cycloalkyl, C1-C18 heterocycloalkyl, C5-C18 aryl, C5-C18 aryloxy, or C1-C1s heteroaryl;
d is 0 to about 0.9;
p and q are each independently 0.0 to 3.0, provided that when p+q=1 then t=1.5; when p+q=2 then t=1; or when p+q=3 then t=0.5;
formula III:
(SiO2)d/[R2((R1)rSiOt)m] (III)
wherein
R1 is C1-C18 alkoxy, C1-C18 alkyl, C1-C18 alkyl, C2-C18 alkenyl, C2-C18 alkynyl, C3-C18 cycloalkyl, C1-C18 heterocycloalkyl, C5-C18 aryl, C5-C18 aryloxy, or C1-C18 heteroaryl;
R2 is C1-C18 alkyl, C2-C18 alkenyl, C2-C18 alkynyl, C3-C18 cycloalkyl, C1-C18 heterocycloalkyl, C5-C18 aryl, C1-C18 heteroaryl; or absent; wherein each R2 is attached to two or more silicon atoms;
d is 0 to about 0.9;
r is 0 or 1, provided that when r=0 then t=1.5; or when r=1 then t=1; or when r=2 then t=0.5; and
m is an integer from 1-20;
formula IV:
(A)x(B)y(C)z (IV)
wherein the order of repeat units A, B, and C may be random, block, or a combination of random and block;
A is an organic repeat unit which is covalently bonded to one or more repeat units A or B via an organic bond;
B is an organosiloxane repeat unit which is bonded to one or more repeat units B or C via an inorganic siloxane bond and which may be further bonded to one or more repeat units A or B via an organic bond;
C is an inorganic repeat unit which is bonded to one or more repeat units B or C via an inorganic bond; and
x and y are positive numbers and z is a non negative number, wherein
when z=0, then 0.002≦x/y≦210, and when z 0, then 0.0003≦y/z≦500 and 0.002≦x/(y+z) ≦210;
formula V:
(A)x(B)y(B*)y*(C)z (V)
wherein the order of repeat units A, B, B*, and C may be random, block, or a combination of random and block;
A is an organic repeat unit which is covalently bonded to one or more repeat units A or B via an organic bond;
B is an organosiloxane repeat units which is bonded to one or more repeat units B or B* or C via an inorganic siloxane bond and which may be further bonded to one or more repeat units A or B via an organic bond;
B* is an organosiloxane repeat unit which is bonded to one or more repeat units B or B* or C via an inorganic siloxane bond, wherein B* is an organosiloxane repeat unit that does not have reactive (i.e., polymerizable) organic components and may further have a protected functional group that may be deprotected after polymerization;
C is an inorganic repeat unit which is bonded to one or more repeat units B or B* or C via an inorganic bond; and
x and y are positive numbers and z is a non negative number, wherein
when z=0, then 0.002≦x/(y+y*)≦210, and when z 0, then 0.0003≦(y+y*)/z≦500 and 0.002≦x/(y+y*+z)≦210. 5. (canceled) 6. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4, wherein the particle has a chromatographically enhancing pore geometry (CEPG). 7-13. (canceled) 14. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4, wherein the particles are spherical. 15. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 14, wherein the spherical particle has a non-crystalline or amorphous molecular ordering. 16. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 14, wherein the spherical particle has a non-periodic pore structure. 17. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4, wherein said particle has a surface area of about 40 to 1100 m2/g. 18. (canceled) 19. (canceled) 20. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4, wherein said particle has micropore volumes of about 0.2 to 1.5 cm3/g. 21. (canceled) 22. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4, wherein said particle has a micropore surface area of less than about 110 m2/g. 23-25. (canceled) 26. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4, wherein said particle has an average pore diameter of about 20 to 1000 Å. 27-29. (canceled) 30. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4, wherein said particle has an average size of about 0.1 μm to about 300 μm. 31. (canceled) 32. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4, wherein said particle is hydrolytically stable at a pH of about 1 to about 14. 33. (canceled) 34. (canceled) 35. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4, wherein the organic content is from about 10 to about 40% carbon. 36-38. (canceled) 39. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4, wherein R is C1-C18 alkoxy, C1-C18 alkyl, or C1-C18 alkyl. 40. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4, wherein R1 is C1-C18 alkoxy, C1-C18 alkyl, or C1-C18 alkyl. 41. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4, wherein R2 is C1-C18 alkyl, C2-C18 alkenyl, C2-C18 alkynyl, C3-C18 cycloalkyl, C1-C18 heterocycloalkyl, C5-C18 aryl, or C1-C18 heteroaryl. 42-50. (canceled) 51. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4, wherein the particle is formed by hydrolytic condensation of one or more monomers selected from the group consisting of:
wherein R, R1 and R2 are as defined in claim 7;
X is C1-C18 alkoxy or C1-C18 alkyl; and
n is 1-8. 52. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 51, wherein the monomer is 1,2-bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane: 53. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 51, wherein the monomer is 1,2-bis(methyldiethoxy silyl)ethane:
or 1,8-bis(triethoxysilyl)octane: 54. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4, wherein said particles have been surface modified with a surface modifier having the formula Za(R′)bSi—R″, where Z=Cl, Br, I, C1-C5 alkoxy, dialkylamino or trifluoromethanesulfonate; a and b are each an integer from 0 to 3 provided that a+b=3; R′ is a C1-C6 straight, cyclic or branched alkyl group, and R″ is a functionalizing group. 55. (canceled) 56. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 54 wherein R′ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, t-butyl, sec-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, hexyl and cyclohexyl. 57. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 54, wherein the functionalizing group R″ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cyano, amino, diol, nitro, ester, a cation or anion exchange group, an alkyl or aryl group containing an embedded polar functionality and a chiral moiety. 58. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 57, wherein said functionalizing group R″ is a C1-C30 alkyl group. 59. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 58, wherein said functionalizing group R″ comprises a chiral moiety. 60. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 58, wherein said functionalizing group R″ is a C1-C20 alkyl group. 61. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 54, wherein said surface modifier is selected from the group consisting of octyltrichlorosilane, octadecyltrichlorosilane, octyldimethylchlorosilane and octadecyldimethylchlorosilane. 62. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 61, wherein said surface modifier is selected from the group consisting of octyltrichlorosilane and octadecyltrichlorosilane. 63. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 54, wherein said particles have been surface modified by a combination of organic group and silanol group modification, by a combination of organic group modification and coating with a polymer, by a combination of silanol group modification and coating with a polymer, by a combination of organic group modification, by silanol group modification and coating with a polymer, by silanol group modification, or by organic group modification. 64-69. (canceled) 70. A porous inorganic/organic hybrid material, comprising porous inorganic/organic hybrid particles of claim 4. 71. (canceled) 72. (canceled) 73. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid material of claim 70, wherein said material is a monolith. 74-77. (canceled) 78. A method for producing a porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4, comprising the steps of:
a) hydrolytically condensing one or more monomers selected from the group consisting of organoalkoxysilanes and tetraalkoxysilanes, to produce a polyorganoalkoxysiloxane; b) further condensing the polyorganoalkoxysiloxane to form a spherical porous particle; and c) subjecting the resulting particle to hydrothermal treatment; to thereby produce a porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4 or claim 5. 79. The method of claim 78 for producing a porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4, wherein said one or more monomers exclude tetraalkoxysilanes. 80. A method for producing a porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4, comprising the steps of:
a) hydrolytically condensing one or more monomers selected from the group consisting of organoalkoxysilanes and tetraalkoxysilanes, to produce a polyorganoalkoxysiloxane; b) further condensing the polyorganoalkoxysiloxane to form a spherical porous particle; and c) subjecting the resulting particle to hydrothermal treatment;
to thereby produce a porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4. 81-160. (canceled) 161. A separations device having a stationary phase comprising porous inorganic/organic hybrid particles of claim 4. 162. The separations device of claim 161, wherein said device is selected from the group consisting of chromatographic columns, thin layer plates, filtration membranes, sample cleanup devices and microtiter plates. 163. A chromatographic column having improved lifetime, comprising
a) a column having a cylindrical interior for accepting a packing material and b) a packed chromatographic bed comprising porous inorganic/organic hybrid particles of claim 4. 164-172. (canceled) | Novel particles and materials for chromatographic separations, processes for preparation and separations devices containing the chromatographic particles and materials are provided by the instant invention. In particular, the invention provides a porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle, wherein the inorganic portion of the hybrid particle is present in an amount ranging from about 0 molar % to not more than about 49 molar %, wherein the pores of the particle are substantially disordered. The invention also provides a porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle, wherein the inorganic portion of the hybrid particle is present in an amount ranging from about 25 molar % to not more than about 50 molar %, wherein the pores of the particle are substantially disordered and wherein the particle has a chromatographically enhancing pore geometry (CEPG). Methods for producing the hybrid particles, separations devices comprising the hybrid particles and kits are also provided.1-3. (canceled) 4. A porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle, wherein the inorganic portion of said hybrid particle comprises SiO2 in an amount ranging from about 0 molar % to not more than about 25 molar %, wherein the pores of the particle are substantially disordered, and wherein the porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle has formula II, III, IV, or IV:
formula II:
(SiO2)d/[(R)p(R1)qSiOt] (II)
wherein,
R and R1 are each independently C1-C18 alkoxy, C1-C18 alkyl, C1-C18 alkyl, C2-C18 alkenyl, C2-C18 alkynyl, C3-C18 cycloalkyl, C1-C18 heterocycloalkyl, C5-C18 aryl, C5-C18 aryloxy, or C1-C1s heteroaryl;
d is 0 to about 0.9;
p and q are each independently 0.0 to 3.0, provided that when p+q=1 then t=1.5; when p+q=2 then t=1; or when p+q=3 then t=0.5;
formula III:
(SiO2)d/[R2((R1)rSiOt)m] (III)
wherein
R1 is C1-C18 alkoxy, C1-C18 alkyl, C1-C18 alkyl, C2-C18 alkenyl, C2-C18 alkynyl, C3-C18 cycloalkyl, C1-C18 heterocycloalkyl, C5-C18 aryl, C5-C18 aryloxy, or C1-C18 heteroaryl;
R2 is C1-C18 alkyl, C2-C18 alkenyl, C2-C18 alkynyl, C3-C18 cycloalkyl, C1-C18 heterocycloalkyl, C5-C18 aryl, C1-C18 heteroaryl; or absent; wherein each R2 is attached to two or more silicon atoms;
d is 0 to about 0.9;
r is 0 or 1, provided that when r=0 then t=1.5; or when r=1 then t=1; or when r=2 then t=0.5; and
m is an integer from 1-20;
formula IV:
(A)x(B)y(C)z (IV)
wherein the order of repeat units A, B, and C may be random, block, or a combination of random and block;
A is an organic repeat unit which is covalently bonded to one or more repeat units A or B via an organic bond;
B is an organosiloxane repeat unit which is bonded to one or more repeat units B or C via an inorganic siloxane bond and which may be further bonded to one or more repeat units A or B via an organic bond;
C is an inorganic repeat unit which is bonded to one or more repeat units B or C via an inorganic bond; and
x and y are positive numbers and z is a non negative number, wherein
when z=0, then 0.002≦x/y≦210, and when z 0, then 0.0003≦y/z≦500 and 0.002≦x/(y+z) ≦210;
formula V:
(A)x(B)y(B*)y*(C)z (V)
wherein the order of repeat units A, B, B*, and C may be random, block, or a combination of random and block;
A is an organic repeat unit which is covalently bonded to one or more repeat units A or B via an organic bond;
B is an organosiloxane repeat units which is bonded to one or more repeat units B or B* or C via an inorganic siloxane bond and which may be further bonded to one or more repeat units A or B via an organic bond;
B* is an organosiloxane repeat unit which is bonded to one or more repeat units B or B* or C via an inorganic siloxane bond, wherein B* is an organosiloxane repeat unit that does not have reactive (i.e., polymerizable) organic components and may further have a protected functional group that may be deprotected after polymerization;
C is an inorganic repeat unit which is bonded to one or more repeat units B or B* or C via an inorganic bond; and
x and y are positive numbers and z is a non negative number, wherein
when z=0, then 0.002≦x/(y+y*)≦210, and when z 0, then 0.0003≦(y+y*)/z≦500 and 0.002≦x/(y+y*+z)≦210. 5. (canceled) 6. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4, wherein the particle has a chromatographically enhancing pore geometry (CEPG). 7-13. (canceled) 14. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4, wherein the particles are spherical. 15. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 14, wherein the spherical particle has a non-crystalline or amorphous molecular ordering. 16. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 14, wherein the spherical particle has a non-periodic pore structure. 17. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4, wherein said particle has a surface area of about 40 to 1100 m2/g. 18. (canceled) 19. (canceled) 20. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4, wherein said particle has micropore volumes of about 0.2 to 1.5 cm3/g. 21. (canceled) 22. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4, wherein said particle has a micropore surface area of less than about 110 m2/g. 23-25. (canceled) 26. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4, wherein said particle has an average pore diameter of about 20 to 1000 Å. 27-29. (canceled) 30. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4, wherein said particle has an average size of about 0.1 μm to about 300 μm. 31. (canceled) 32. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4, wherein said particle is hydrolytically stable at a pH of about 1 to about 14. 33. (canceled) 34. (canceled) 35. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4, wherein the organic content is from about 10 to about 40% carbon. 36-38. (canceled) 39. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4, wherein R is C1-C18 alkoxy, C1-C18 alkyl, or C1-C18 alkyl. 40. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4, wherein R1 is C1-C18 alkoxy, C1-C18 alkyl, or C1-C18 alkyl. 41. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4, wherein R2 is C1-C18 alkyl, C2-C18 alkenyl, C2-C18 alkynyl, C3-C18 cycloalkyl, C1-C18 heterocycloalkyl, C5-C18 aryl, or C1-C18 heteroaryl. 42-50. (canceled) 51. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4, wherein the particle is formed by hydrolytic condensation of one or more monomers selected from the group consisting of:
wherein R, R1 and R2 are as defined in claim 7;
X is C1-C18 alkoxy or C1-C18 alkyl; and
n is 1-8. 52. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 51, wherein the monomer is 1,2-bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane: 53. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 51, wherein the monomer is 1,2-bis(methyldiethoxy silyl)ethane:
or 1,8-bis(triethoxysilyl)octane: 54. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4, wherein said particles have been surface modified with a surface modifier having the formula Za(R′)bSi—R″, where Z=Cl, Br, I, C1-C5 alkoxy, dialkylamino or trifluoromethanesulfonate; a and b are each an integer from 0 to 3 provided that a+b=3; R′ is a C1-C6 straight, cyclic or branched alkyl group, and R″ is a functionalizing group. 55. (canceled) 56. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 54 wherein R′ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, t-butyl, sec-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, hexyl and cyclohexyl. 57. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 54, wherein the functionalizing group R″ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cyano, amino, diol, nitro, ester, a cation or anion exchange group, an alkyl or aryl group containing an embedded polar functionality and a chiral moiety. 58. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 57, wherein said functionalizing group R″ is a C1-C30 alkyl group. 59. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 58, wherein said functionalizing group R″ comprises a chiral moiety. 60. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 58, wherein said functionalizing group R″ is a C1-C20 alkyl group. 61. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 54, wherein said surface modifier is selected from the group consisting of octyltrichlorosilane, octadecyltrichlorosilane, octyldimethylchlorosilane and octadecyldimethylchlorosilane. 62. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 61, wherein said surface modifier is selected from the group consisting of octyltrichlorosilane and octadecyltrichlorosilane. 63. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 54, wherein said particles have been surface modified by a combination of organic group and silanol group modification, by a combination of organic group modification and coating with a polymer, by a combination of silanol group modification and coating with a polymer, by a combination of organic group modification, by silanol group modification and coating with a polymer, by silanol group modification, or by organic group modification. 64-69. (canceled) 70. A porous inorganic/organic hybrid material, comprising porous inorganic/organic hybrid particles of claim 4. 71. (canceled) 72. (canceled) 73. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid material of claim 70, wherein said material is a monolith. 74-77. (canceled) 78. A method for producing a porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4, comprising the steps of:
a) hydrolytically condensing one or more monomers selected from the group consisting of organoalkoxysilanes and tetraalkoxysilanes, to produce a polyorganoalkoxysiloxane; b) further condensing the polyorganoalkoxysiloxane to form a spherical porous particle; and c) subjecting the resulting particle to hydrothermal treatment; to thereby produce a porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4 or claim 5. 79. The method of claim 78 for producing a porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4, wherein said one or more monomers exclude tetraalkoxysilanes. 80. A method for producing a porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4, comprising the steps of:
a) hydrolytically condensing one or more monomers selected from the group consisting of organoalkoxysilanes and tetraalkoxysilanes, to produce a polyorganoalkoxysiloxane; b) further condensing the polyorganoalkoxysiloxane to form a spherical porous particle; and c) subjecting the resulting particle to hydrothermal treatment;
to thereby produce a porous inorganic/organic hybrid particle of claim 4. 81-160. (canceled) 161. A separations device having a stationary phase comprising porous inorganic/organic hybrid particles of claim 4. 162. The separations device of claim 161, wherein said device is selected from the group consisting of chromatographic columns, thin layer plates, filtration membranes, sample cleanup devices and microtiter plates. 163. A chromatographic column having improved lifetime, comprising
a) a column having a cylindrical interior for accepting a packing material and b) a packed chromatographic bed comprising porous inorganic/organic hybrid particles of claim 4. 164-172. (canceled) | 1,700 |
3,612 | 13,770,929 | 1,792 | The invention relates generally to the expression of desaturase enzymes in transgenic corn plants and compositions derived therefrom. In particular, the invention relates to the production of oils with improved omega-3 fatty acid profiles in corn plants and the seed oils produced thereby. Such oils may contain stearidonic acid, which is not naturally found in corn plants and has been shown to have beneficial effects on health. | 1. An endogenous corn seed oil having a stearidonic acid (18:4 n-3) content of from about 0.1% to about 33%. 2. The corn seed oil of claim 1, wherein the stearidonic acid content is selected from the group consisting of from about 12% to about 15%, from about 10% to about 33%, from about 15% to about 32%, from about 20% to about 30%, and from about 25% to about 30%. 3. The corn seed oil of claim 1, wherein the corn seed oil is defined as comprising gamma-linolenic acid in a content selected from the group consisting of: less than about 7.5%, less than about 5% and less than about 3%. 4. The corn seed oil of claim 1, wherein the ratio of stearidonic acid to gamma-linolenic acid is selected from the group consisting of from about 1:1 to about 10:1, from about 2:1 to about 10:1, from about 3:1 to about 5:1 and at least about 3:1. 5. The corn seed oil of claim 1, wherein the ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids in the oil is selected from the group consisting of from about 0.5%:1 to about 10:1, from about 5:1 to about 10:1, and at least about 5:1. 6-33. (canceled) | The invention relates generally to the expression of desaturase enzymes in transgenic corn plants and compositions derived therefrom. In particular, the invention relates to the production of oils with improved omega-3 fatty acid profiles in corn plants and the seed oils produced thereby. Such oils may contain stearidonic acid, which is not naturally found in corn plants and has been shown to have beneficial effects on health.1. An endogenous corn seed oil having a stearidonic acid (18:4 n-3) content of from about 0.1% to about 33%. 2. The corn seed oil of claim 1, wherein the stearidonic acid content is selected from the group consisting of from about 12% to about 15%, from about 10% to about 33%, from about 15% to about 32%, from about 20% to about 30%, and from about 25% to about 30%. 3. The corn seed oil of claim 1, wherein the corn seed oil is defined as comprising gamma-linolenic acid in a content selected from the group consisting of: less than about 7.5%, less than about 5% and less than about 3%. 4. The corn seed oil of claim 1, wherein the ratio of stearidonic acid to gamma-linolenic acid is selected from the group consisting of from about 1:1 to about 10:1, from about 2:1 to about 10:1, from about 3:1 to about 5:1 and at least about 3:1. 5. The corn seed oil of claim 1, wherein the ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids in the oil is selected from the group consisting of from about 0.5%:1 to about 10:1, from about 5:1 to about 10:1, and at least about 5:1. 6-33. (canceled) | 1,700 |
3,613 | 14,201,175 | 1,777 | The invention provides a packing method for high efficiency chromatography columns starting from dry swellable particles, as well as columns packed by the method and the use of the columns in separation of biomolecules. In the packing method, an amount of dry swellable particles sufficient to give a swollen volume in a liquid of about 105-120% of the column chamber volume is transferred to the column, the column is closed and the liquid is provided to the column. | 1. A method for preparing a connected plurality of packed chromatography columns, comprising the steps of:
a) providing dry chromatography medium particles and preparing a plurality of aliquots of said particles, which aliquots differ from each other by less than 5.0 percent by weight; b) providing a plurality of substantially identical chromatography columns and packing one of said aliquots into each chromatography column to obtain a plurality of packed chromatography columns; and c) fluidically connecting said plurality of packed chromatography columns in parallel. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said aliquots differ from each other by less than 2.0 percent by weight, such as by less than 1.0 percent by weight. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein in step a) said aliquots are prepared from a single homogeneous batch of dry chromatography medium particles. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising, after step a) and before step b), a step a′) of separately suspending said aliquots in a packing liquid. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising, after step b) or after step c), a step b′) of supplying a reswelling liquid to said plurality of packed chromatography columns. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein step c) further comprises fluidically connecting said plurality of chromatography columns to a single sample inlet. 7. A method for manufacturing a chromatography subsystem comprising a plurality of chromatography columns connected in parallel, said method comprising the steps of:
a) providing dry chromatography medium particles and preparing a plurality of aliquots of said particles, which aliquots differ from each other by less than 5.0 percent by weight; b) providing a plurality of substantially identical chromatography columns and packing one of said aliquots into each chromatography column to obtain a plurality of packed chromatography columns; c) providing a subsystem support structure and mounting said plurality of packed chromatography columns in said support structure; and d) fluidically connecting said plurality of packed chromatography columns in parallel. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein said aliquots differ from each other by less than 2.0 percent by weight, such as by less than 1.0 percent by weight. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein in step a) said aliquots are prepared from a single homogeneous batch of dry chromatography medium particles. 10. The method of claim 7, further comprising, after step a) and before step b), a step a′) of separately suspending said aliquots in a packing liquid. 11. The method of claim 7, further comprising, after step b), c) or d), a step b′) of supplying a reswelling liquid to said plurality of packed chromatography columns. 12. The method of claim 7, wherein step d) further comprises fluidically connecting said plurality of chromatography columns to a single sample inlet. 13. A chromatography subsystem comprising a plurality of chromatography columns connected in parallel, manufactured by the method of claim 7. 14. The method of claim 13, comprising separation of at least one biomolecule, such as a biopharmaceutical. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein said biomolecule or biopharmaceutical is a protein. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein said biomolecule or biopharmaceutical binds to the particles and at least one impurity is removed by washing with a washing liquid. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein at least one impurity binds to the particles and the biomolecule or biopharmaceutical is recovered in the flow-through of the column or in a wash fraction. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the flow velocity difference between any two of said plurality of packed columns is less than 20 percent, such as less than 10 or less than 5 percent. | The invention provides a packing method for high efficiency chromatography columns starting from dry swellable particles, as well as columns packed by the method and the use of the columns in separation of biomolecules. In the packing method, an amount of dry swellable particles sufficient to give a swollen volume in a liquid of about 105-120% of the column chamber volume is transferred to the column, the column is closed and the liquid is provided to the column.1. A method for preparing a connected plurality of packed chromatography columns, comprising the steps of:
a) providing dry chromatography medium particles and preparing a plurality of aliquots of said particles, which aliquots differ from each other by less than 5.0 percent by weight; b) providing a plurality of substantially identical chromatography columns and packing one of said aliquots into each chromatography column to obtain a plurality of packed chromatography columns; and c) fluidically connecting said plurality of packed chromatography columns in parallel. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said aliquots differ from each other by less than 2.0 percent by weight, such as by less than 1.0 percent by weight. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein in step a) said aliquots are prepared from a single homogeneous batch of dry chromatography medium particles. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising, after step a) and before step b), a step a′) of separately suspending said aliquots in a packing liquid. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising, after step b) or after step c), a step b′) of supplying a reswelling liquid to said plurality of packed chromatography columns. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein step c) further comprises fluidically connecting said plurality of chromatography columns to a single sample inlet. 7. A method for manufacturing a chromatography subsystem comprising a plurality of chromatography columns connected in parallel, said method comprising the steps of:
a) providing dry chromatography medium particles and preparing a plurality of aliquots of said particles, which aliquots differ from each other by less than 5.0 percent by weight; b) providing a plurality of substantially identical chromatography columns and packing one of said aliquots into each chromatography column to obtain a plurality of packed chromatography columns; c) providing a subsystem support structure and mounting said plurality of packed chromatography columns in said support structure; and d) fluidically connecting said plurality of packed chromatography columns in parallel. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein said aliquots differ from each other by less than 2.0 percent by weight, such as by less than 1.0 percent by weight. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein in step a) said aliquots are prepared from a single homogeneous batch of dry chromatography medium particles. 10. The method of claim 7, further comprising, after step a) and before step b), a step a′) of separately suspending said aliquots in a packing liquid. 11. The method of claim 7, further comprising, after step b), c) or d), a step b′) of supplying a reswelling liquid to said plurality of packed chromatography columns. 12. The method of claim 7, wherein step d) further comprises fluidically connecting said plurality of chromatography columns to a single sample inlet. 13. A chromatography subsystem comprising a plurality of chromatography columns connected in parallel, manufactured by the method of claim 7. 14. The method of claim 13, comprising separation of at least one biomolecule, such as a biopharmaceutical. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein said biomolecule or biopharmaceutical is a protein. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein said biomolecule or biopharmaceutical binds to the particles and at least one impurity is removed by washing with a washing liquid. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein at least one impurity binds to the particles and the biomolecule or biopharmaceutical is recovered in the flow-through of the column or in a wash fraction. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the flow velocity difference between any two of said plurality of packed columns is less than 20 percent, such as less than 10 or less than 5 percent. | 1,700 |
3,614 | 15,042,868 | 1,747 | Adapters for refilling an aerosol delivery device are provided. The adapters comprise a body having a container-side end and an opposing, device-side end that are sealably connectable with respectively a container of aerosol precursor composition and an aerosol delivery device having a refillable reservoir. The body defines a passageway between the ends for transfer of aerosol precursor composition from the container into the refillable reservoir. In one adapter, the container-side end is configured to engage a valve of the container during refilling of the reservoir, and thereby defines separate and distinct filling and mating ports. In another adapter, the device-side end includes a valve configured to engage the aerosol delivery device during refilling of the reservoir in which the airflow port of the aerosol delivery device is closed by the valve to prevent the aerosol precursor composition from passing through the airflow port. | 1. An adapter for mating a container of aerosol precursor composition with an aerosol delivery device having a refillable reservoir, the adapter comprising:
a body having a container-side end and an opposing, device-side end that are sealably connectable with respectively the container and aerosol delivery device, and the body defining a passageway between the container-side and device-side ends for transfer of aerosol precursor composition from the container into the refillable reservoir, wherein the container-side end is configured to engage a valve of the container during refilling of the reservoir, the container-side end defining separate and distinct filling and mating ports, the filling port being for transfer of aerosol precursor composition from the container into the refillable reservoir during engagement of the container-side end and valve, and the mating port defining an inner cavity sized to receive therein a matching portion of the valve for connection therewith. 2. The adapter of claim 1, wherein the container-side end includes an adapter protrusion defining the mating port therein, and the container includes a nozzle within which the valve is movably positioned, the nozzle including a cavity sized to receive therein at least a portion of the valve when the container-side end and valve are disengaged, and the adapter protrusion when the container-side end and valve are engaged. 3. The adapter of claim 2, wherein the nozzle includes a spout containing a micro-patterned internal surface therein for transfer of aerosol precursor composition from the container into the reservoir, and the filling port is sized to receive the spout when the container-side end and valve are engaged. 4. The adapter of claim 1, wherein the container-side end further includes a slot mateable with a matching tab of the container to align the container-side end with the container for connection therewith. 5. The adapter of claim 1, wherein the device-side end defines an intermediary reservoir between the passageway and the aerosol delivery device upon engaging the aerosol delivery device, the intermediary reservoir defining a compressible body configured to receive aerosol precursor composition from the container via the passageway, and in response to being compressed, force at least some of the aerosol precursor composition from the intermediary reservoir into the refillable reservoir. 6. The adapter of claim 1, wherein the device-side end is internally threaded, and the device-side end being sealably connectable with the aerosol delivery device includes being threadable onto an externally threaded portion of the aerosol delivery device, the externally threaded portion defining an opening to the refillable reservoir of the aerosol delivery device. 7. The adapter of claim 1, wherein at least an inner cavity of the device-side end defines a sheath sized to receive at least a portion of the aerosol delivery device therein. 8. An adapter for mating a container of aerosol precursor composition with an aerosol delivery device having a refillable reservoir, the adapter comprising:
a body having a container-side end and an opposing, device-side end that are sealably connectable with respectively the container and aerosol delivery device, and the body defining a passageway between the container-side and device-side ends for transfer of aerosol precursor composition from the container into the refillable reservoir, wherein the device-side end includes a valve configured to engage the aerosol delivery device during refilling of the reservoir, the aerosol delivery device defining separate and distinct filling and airflow ports, the filling port being for transfer aerosol precursor composition from the container into the refillable reservoir during engagement of the valve and the aerosol delivery device in which the airflow port is closed by the valve to prevent the aerosol precursor composition from passing through the airflow port, the airflow port being for a flow of air through a portion of the aerosol delivery device when the valve and aerosol delivery device are disengaged. 9. The adapter of claim 8, wherein the valve includes a depressible valve body including a first valve member and a second valve member, the first valve member being for opening a passageway to aerosol precursor composition within the container, and the second valve member being for closing the airflow port, when the valve body is depressed, and
wherein the airflow port defines an inner cavity, and the second valve member includes a matching portion, the inner cavity being sized to receive therein the matching portion of the second valve member. 10. The adapter of claim 8, wherein the aerosol delivery device includes an adapter protrusion defining the airflow port, and the device-side end includes a nozzle within which the valve is movably positioned, the nozzle including a cavity sized to receive therein at least a portion of the valve when the valve and aerosol delivery device are disengaged, and the adapter protrusion when the valve and aerosol delivery device are engaged. 11. The adapter of claim 10, wherein the nozzle includes a spout containing a micro-patterned internal surface for transfer of aerosol precursor composition from the container into the aerosol delivery device, and the filling port is sized to receive the spout when the valve and aerosol delivery device are engaged. 12. The adapter of claim 8 wherein the device-side end further includes a tab mateable with a matching slot of the aerosol delivery device to align the device-side end with the aerosol delivery device for connection therewith. 13. The adapter of claim 8, wherein the device-side end defines one or more liquid ports configured to allow the transfer of aerosol precursor composition from the passageway into the device-side end. 14. The adapter of claim 8, wherein the container-side end defines an intermediary reservoir between the passageway and the container upon connection with the container, the intermediary reservoir defining a compressible body configured to receive aerosol precursor composition from the container, and in response to being compressed, force at least some of the aerosol precursor composition from the intermediary reservoir into the device-side end via the passageway. 15. The adapter of claim 8, wherein the container-side end is internally threaded, and the container-side end being sealably connectable with the container includes being threadable onto an externally threaded portion of the container, the externally threaded portion defining an opening to a reservoir of aerosol precursor composition of the container. 16. The adapter of claim 8, wherein at least an inner cavity of the container-side end defines a sheath sized to receive the container therein. 17. A method of mating a container of aerosol precursor composition with an aerosol delivery device having a refillable reservoir for refilling the aerosol delivery device, the method comprising:
sealably connecting an adapter with the container and aerosol delivery device, the adapter comprising a body having a container-side end and an opposing, device-side end that are sealably connectable with respectively the container and aerosol delivery device, and the body defining a passageway between the container-side and device-side ends for transfer of aerosol precursor composition from the container into the refillable reservoir; and transferring aerosol precursor composition from the container through the passageway and into the reservoir to thereby refill the reservoir, wherein the container-side end is configured to engage a valve of the container during refilling of the reservoir, the container-side end defining separate and distinct mating and filling ports, the mating port defining an inner cavity sized to receive therein a matching portion of the valve for connection therewith, the filling port being for transfer of aerosol precursor composition from the container into the refillable reservoir during engagement of the container-side end and valve. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the container-side end includes an adapter protrusion defining the mating port therein, and the container includes a nozzle within which the valve is movably positioned, the nozzle including a cavity sized to receive therein at least a portion of the valve when the container-side end and valve are disengaged, and the adapter protrusion when the container-side end and valve are engaged. 19. A method of mating a container of aerosol precursor composition with an aerosol delivery device having a refillable reservoir for refilling the aerosol delivery device, the method comprising:
sealably connecting an adapter with the container and aerosol delivery device, the adapter comprising a body having a container-side end and an opposing, device-side end that are sealably connectable with respectively the container and aerosol delivery device, and the body defining a passageway between the container-side and device-side ends for transfer of aerosol precursor composition from the container into the refillable reservoir; and transferring aerosol precursor composition from the container through the passageway and into the reservoir to thereby refill the reservoir, wherein the device-side end includes a valve configured to engage the aerosol delivery device during refilling of the reservoir, the aerosol delivery device defining separate and distinct airflow and filling ports, the airflow port being for a flow of air through a portion of the aerosol delivery device when the valve and aerosol delivery device are disengaged, the filling port being for transfer aerosol precursor composition from the container into the refillable reservoir during engagement of the valve and the aerosol delivery device in which the airflow port is closed by the valve to prevent the aerosol precursor composition from passing through the airflow port. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the valve includes a depressible valve body including a first valve member and a second valve member, the first valve member being for opening a passageway to aerosol precursor composition within the container, and the second valve member being for closing the airflow port, when the valve body is depressed, and
wherein the airflow port defines an inner cavity, and the second valve member includes a matching portion, the inner cavity being sized to receive therein the matching portion of the second valve member. | Adapters for refilling an aerosol delivery device are provided. The adapters comprise a body having a container-side end and an opposing, device-side end that are sealably connectable with respectively a container of aerosol precursor composition and an aerosol delivery device having a refillable reservoir. The body defines a passageway between the ends for transfer of aerosol precursor composition from the container into the refillable reservoir. In one adapter, the container-side end is configured to engage a valve of the container during refilling of the reservoir, and thereby defines separate and distinct filling and mating ports. In another adapter, the device-side end includes a valve configured to engage the aerosol delivery device during refilling of the reservoir in which the airflow port of the aerosol delivery device is closed by the valve to prevent the aerosol precursor composition from passing through the airflow port.1. An adapter for mating a container of aerosol precursor composition with an aerosol delivery device having a refillable reservoir, the adapter comprising:
a body having a container-side end and an opposing, device-side end that are sealably connectable with respectively the container and aerosol delivery device, and the body defining a passageway between the container-side and device-side ends for transfer of aerosol precursor composition from the container into the refillable reservoir, wherein the container-side end is configured to engage a valve of the container during refilling of the reservoir, the container-side end defining separate and distinct filling and mating ports, the filling port being for transfer of aerosol precursor composition from the container into the refillable reservoir during engagement of the container-side end and valve, and the mating port defining an inner cavity sized to receive therein a matching portion of the valve for connection therewith. 2. The adapter of claim 1, wherein the container-side end includes an adapter protrusion defining the mating port therein, and the container includes a nozzle within which the valve is movably positioned, the nozzle including a cavity sized to receive therein at least a portion of the valve when the container-side end and valve are disengaged, and the adapter protrusion when the container-side end and valve are engaged. 3. The adapter of claim 2, wherein the nozzle includes a spout containing a micro-patterned internal surface therein for transfer of aerosol precursor composition from the container into the reservoir, and the filling port is sized to receive the spout when the container-side end and valve are engaged. 4. The adapter of claim 1, wherein the container-side end further includes a slot mateable with a matching tab of the container to align the container-side end with the container for connection therewith. 5. The adapter of claim 1, wherein the device-side end defines an intermediary reservoir between the passageway and the aerosol delivery device upon engaging the aerosol delivery device, the intermediary reservoir defining a compressible body configured to receive aerosol precursor composition from the container via the passageway, and in response to being compressed, force at least some of the aerosol precursor composition from the intermediary reservoir into the refillable reservoir. 6. The adapter of claim 1, wherein the device-side end is internally threaded, and the device-side end being sealably connectable with the aerosol delivery device includes being threadable onto an externally threaded portion of the aerosol delivery device, the externally threaded portion defining an opening to the refillable reservoir of the aerosol delivery device. 7. The adapter of claim 1, wherein at least an inner cavity of the device-side end defines a sheath sized to receive at least a portion of the aerosol delivery device therein. 8. An adapter for mating a container of aerosol precursor composition with an aerosol delivery device having a refillable reservoir, the adapter comprising:
a body having a container-side end and an opposing, device-side end that are sealably connectable with respectively the container and aerosol delivery device, and the body defining a passageway between the container-side and device-side ends for transfer of aerosol precursor composition from the container into the refillable reservoir, wherein the device-side end includes a valve configured to engage the aerosol delivery device during refilling of the reservoir, the aerosol delivery device defining separate and distinct filling and airflow ports, the filling port being for transfer aerosol precursor composition from the container into the refillable reservoir during engagement of the valve and the aerosol delivery device in which the airflow port is closed by the valve to prevent the aerosol precursor composition from passing through the airflow port, the airflow port being for a flow of air through a portion of the aerosol delivery device when the valve and aerosol delivery device are disengaged. 9. The adapter of claim 8, wherein the valve includes a depressible valve body including a first valve member and a second valve member, the first valve member being for opening a passageway to aerosol precursor composition within the container, and the second valve member being for closing the airflow port, when the valve body is depressed, and
wherein the airflow port defines an inner cavity, and the second valve member includes a matching portion, the inner cavity being sized to receive therein the matching portion of the second valve member. 10. The adapter of claim 8, wherein the aerosol delivery device includes an adapter protrusion defining the airflow port, and the device-side end includes a nozzle within which the valve is movably positioned, the nozzle including a cavity sized to receive therein at least a portion of the valve when the valve and aerosol delivery device are disengaged, and the adapter protrusion when the valve and aerosol delivery device are engaged. 11. The adapter of claim 10, wherein the nozzle includes a spout containing a micro-patterned internal surface for transfer of aerosol precursor composition from the container into the aerosol delivery device, and the filling port is sized to receive the spout when the valve and aerosol delivery device are engaged. 12. The adapter of claim 8 wherein the device-side end further includes a tab mateable with a matching slot of the aerosol delivery device to align the device-side end with the aerosol delivery device for connection therewith. 13. The adapter of claim 8, wherein the device-side end defines one or more liquid ports configured to allow the transfer of aerosol precursor composition from the passageway into the device-side end. 14. The adapter of claim 8, wherein the container-side end defines an intermediary reservoir between the passageway and the container upon connection with the container, the intermediary reservoir defining a compressible body configured to receive aerosol precursor composition from the container, and in response to being compressed, force at least some of the aerosol precursor composition from the intermediary reservoir into the device-side end via the passageway. 15. The adapter of claim 8, wherein the container-side end is internally threaded, and the container-side end being sealably connectable with the container includes being threadable onto an externally threaded portion of the container, the externally threaded portion defining an opening to a reservoir of aerosol precursor composition of the container. 16. The adapter of claim 8, wherein at least an inner cavity of the container-side end defines a sheath sized to receive the container therein. 17. A method of mating a container of aerosol precursor composition with an aerosol delivery device having a refillable reservoir for refilling the aerosol delivery device, the method comprising:
sealably connecting an adapter with the container and aerosol delivery device, the adapter comprising a body having a container-side end and an opposing, device-side end that are sealably connectable with respectively the container and aerosol delivery device, and the body defining a passageway between the container-side and device-side ends for transfer of aerosol precursor composition from the container into the refillable reservoir; and transferring aerosol precursor composition from the container through the passageway and into the reservoir to thereby refill the reservoir, wherein the container-side end is configured to engage a valve of the container during refilling of the reservoir, the container-side end defining separate and distinct mating and filling ports, the mating port defining an inner cavity sized to receive therein a matching portion of the valve for connection therewith, the filling port being for transfer of aerosol precursor composition from the container into the refillable reservoir during engagement of the container-side end and valve. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the container-side end includes an adapter protrusion defining the mating port therein, and the container includes a nozzle within which the valve is movably positioned, the nozzle including a cavity sized to receive therein at least a portion of the valve when the container-side end and valve are disengaged, and the adapter protrusion when the container-side end and valve are engaged. 19. A method of mating a container of aerosol precursor composition with an aerosol delivery device having a refillable reservoir for refilling the aerosol delivery device, the method comprising:
sealably connecting an adapter with the container and aerosol delivery device, the adapter comprising a body having a container-side end and an opposing, device-side end that are sealably connectable with respectively the container and aerosol delivery device, and the body defining a passageway between the container-side and device-side ends for transfer of aerosol precursor composition from the container into the refillable reservoir; and transferring aerosol precursor composition from the container through the passageway and into the reservoir to thereby refill the reservoir, wherein the device-side end includes a valve configured to engage the aerosol delivery device during refilling of the reservoir, the aerosol delivery device defining separate and distinct airflow and filling ports, the airflow port being for a flow of air through a portion of the aerosol delivery device when the valve and aerosol delivery device are disengaged, the filling port being for transfer aerosol precursor composition from the container into the refillable reservoir during engagement of the valve and the aerosol delivery device in which the airflow port is closed by the valve to prevent the aerosol precursor composition from passing through the airflow port. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the valve includes a depressible valve body including a first valve member and a second valve member, the first valve member being for opening a passageway to aerosol precursor composition within the container, and the second valve member being for closing the airflow port, when the valve body is depressed, and
wherein the airflow port defines an inner cavity, and the second valve member includes a matching portion, the inner cavity being sized to receive therein the matching portion of the second valve member. | 1,700 |
3,615 | 14,965,446 | 1,787 | Multiple poly(vinyl butyral) layer interlayers that can be used in multiple layer glass panel type applications that require a high level of impact protection, for example in hurricane protection applications or in bullet proof glass applications. This effect is achieved by forming a poly(vinyl butyral) interlayer that has a relatively stiff poly(vinyl butyral) inner layer disposed between two relatively soft outer poly(vinyl butyral) layers, where the stiffness difference is achieved by a plasticizer differential that is achieved at least in substantial part by a residual hydroxyl content difference among the poly(vinyl butyral) layers. | 1. An interlayer comprising:
a first polymer layer comprising a first poly(vinyl butyral) resin and at least one plasticizer, wherein the residual hydroxyl content of said first poly(vinyl butyral) resin is at least about 18.5 weight percent, wherein the plasticizer content of said first polymer layer is about 27 parts per hundred resin (phr) or less; and a second polymer layer adjacent to and in contact with said first polymer layer, wherein said second polymer layer comprises a second poly(vinyl butyral) resin and at least one plasticizer, wherein the residual hydroxyl content of said first poly(vinyl butyral) resin is at least 5 weight percent greater than the residual hydroxyl content of said second poly(vinyl butyral) resin, and wherein the plasticizer content of said second polymer layer is at least 2 phr greater than the plasticizer content of said first polymer layer. 2. The interlayer of claim 1, further comprising, a third polymer layer, wherein said third polymer layer comprises a third poly(vinyl butyral) resin and at least one plasticizer, wherein said first polymer layer is disposed between and in contact with each of said second and said third polymer layers, and wherein the residual hydroxyl content of said first poly(vinyl butyral) resin is at least 5 weight percent greater than the residual hydroxyl content of said second poly(vinyl butyral) resin and the residual hydroxyl content of said third poly(vinyl butyral) resin. 3. The interlayer of claim 1, wherein the residual hydroxyl content of said first poly(vinyl butyral) resin is at least 7.5 weight percent greater than the residual hydroxyl content of said second poly(vinyl butyral) resin. 4. The interlayer of claim 1, wherein the residual hydroxyl content of said first poly(vinyl butyral) resin is less than about 30 weight percent. 5. The interlayer of claim 1, wherein the residual acetate content of each of said first and said second poly(vinyl butyral) resins is less than 3 mole percent. 6. The interlayer of claim 1, wherein said interlayer comprises at least four polymer layers. 7. A multiple layer panel comprising a pair of substrates and said interlayer of claim 1 disposed between and in contact with each of the substrates. 8. An interlayer comprising:
a first outer polymer layer comprising a first poly(vinyl butyral) resin and at least one plasticizer; a second inner polymer layer comprising a second poly(vinyl butyral) resin and at least one plasticizer; and a third outer polymer layer comprising a third poly(vinyl butyral) resin and at least one plasticizer, wherein said second inner polymer layer is adjacent to and in contact with each of said first and said third outer polymer layers, wherein the residual hydroxyl content of said second poly(vinyl butyral) resin is at least 5 weight percent greater than the residual hydroxyl content of at least one of said first and said third poly(vinyl butyral) resins, wherein the plasticizer content of said second inner polymer layer is about 27 phr or less and wherein the plasticizer content of each of said first and said third outer polymer layers is at least 2 phr greater than the plasticizer content of said second inner polymer layer. 9. The interlayer of claim 8, wherein the plasticizer content of at least one of said first and said third outer polymer layers is in the range of from about 10 to about 80 phr. 10. The interlayer of claim 8, wherein the plasticizer content of said second inner polymer layer is about 22 phr or less and/or wherein the plasticizer content of at least one of said first and said third outer polymer layers is about 50 phr or less. 11. The interlayer of claim 8, wherein the residual hydroxyl content of said second poly(vinyl butyral) resin is at least 7.5 weight percent greater than the residual hydroxyl content of at least one of said first and said third poly(vinyl butyral) resins. 12. The interlayer of claim 8, wherein the residual hydroxyl content of said second poly(vinyl butyral) resin is in the range of from about 18.5 to about 30 weight percent. 13. The interlayer of claim 8, wherein the residual acetate content of each of said first, said second, and said third poly(vinyl butyral) resins is less than 3 mole percent. 14. The interlayer of claim 8, wherein the difference between the plasticizer content of the first outer polymer layer and the plasticizer content of the second inner polymer layer is not the same as the difference between the plasticizer content of said third outer polymer layer and the plasticizer content of said second inner polymer layer. 15. A multiple layer panel comprising a pair of substrates and said interlayer of claim 8 disposed between and in contact with each of the substrates. 16. An interlayer comprising:
a first polymer layer comprising a first thermoplastic polymer selected from the group consisting of polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, poly(ethylene vinyl acetate), and combinations thereof; and a second polymer layer adjacent to and in contact with said first polymer layer, wherein said second polymer layer comprises a poly(vinyl butyral) resin and at least one plasticizer, wherein the residual hydroxyl content of said poly(vinyl butyral) resin is at least 20 weight percent and the plasticizer content of said second polymer layer is 27 phr or less. 17. The interlayer of claim 16, further comprising a third polymer layer adjacent to and in contact with said second polymer layer such that said second polymer layer is disposed between and in contact with each of said first polymer layer and said third polymer layer, wherein said third polymer layer comprises another thermoplastic polymer selected from the group consisting of polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, poly(ethylene vinyl acetate), and combinations thereof. 18. The interlayer of claim 16, wherein each of said first and said third polymer layers comprises polyurethane or poly(ethylene vinyl acetate). 19. The interlayer of claim 16, wherein the residual hydroxyl content of said second poly(vinyl butyral) resin is less than 30 weight percent. 20. A multiple layer panel comprising a pair of substrates and said interlayer of claim 16 disposed between and in contact with each of the substrates. | Multiple poly(vinyl butyral) layer interlayers that can be used in multiple layer glass panel type applications that require a high level of impact protection, for example in hurricane protection applications or in bullet proof glass applications. This effect is achieved by forming a poly(vinyl butyral) interlayer that has a relatively stiff poly(vinyl butyral) inner layer disposed between two relatively soft outer poly(vinyl butyral) layers, where the stiffness difference is achieved by a plasticizer differential that is achieved at least in substantial part by a residual hydroxyl content difference among the poly(vinyl butyral) layers.1. An interlayer comprising:
a first polymer layer comprising a first poly(vinyl butyral) resin and at least one plasticizer, wherein the residual hydroxyl content of said first poly(vinyl butyral) resin is at least about 18.5 weight percent, wherein the plasticizer content of said first polymer layer is about 27 parts per hundred resin (phr) or less; and a second polymer layer adjacent to and in contact with said first polymer layer, wherein said second polymer layer comprises a second poly(vinyl butyral) resin and at least one plasticizer, wherein the residual hydroxyl content of said first poly(vinyl butyral) resin is at least 5 weight percent greater than the residual hydroxyl content of said second poly(vinyl butyral) resin, and wherein the plasticizer content of said second polymer layer is at least 2 phr greater than the plasticizer content of said first polymer layer. 2. The interlayer of claim 1, further comprising, a third polymer layer, wherein said third polymer layer comprises a third poly(vinyl butyral) resin and at least one plasticizer, wherein said first polymer layer is disposed between and in contact with each of said second and said third polymer layers, and wherein the residual hydroxyl content of said first poly(vinyl butyral) resin is at least 5 weight percent greater than the residual hydroxyl content of said second poly(vinyl butyral) resin and the residual hydroxyl content of said third poly(vinyl butyral) resin. 3. The interlayer of claim 1, wherein the residual hydroxyl content of said first poly(vinyl butyral) resin is at least 7.5 weight percent greater than the residual hydroxyl content of said second poly(vinyl butyral) resin. 4. The interlayer of claim 1, wherein the residual hydroxyl content of said first poly(vinyl butyral) resin is less than about 30 weight percent. 5. The interlayer of claim 1, wherein the residual acetate content of each of said first and said second poly(vinyl butyral) resins is less than 3 mole percent. 6. The interlayer of claim 1, wherein said interlayer comprises at least four polymer layers. 7. A multiple layer panel comprising a pair of substrates and said interlayer of claim 1 disposed between and in contact with each of the substrates. 8. An interlayer comprising:
a first outer polymer layer comprising a first poly(vinyl butyral) resin and at least one plasticizer; a second inner polymer layer comprising a second poly(vinyl butyral) resin and at least one plasticizer; and a third outer polymer layer comprising a third poly(vinyl butyral) resin and at least one plasticizer, wherein said second inner polymer layer is adjacent to and in contact with each of said first and said third outer polymer layers, wherein the residual hydroxyl content of said second poly(vinyl butyral) resin is at least 5 weight percent greater than the residual hydroxyl content of at least one of said first and said third poly(vinyl butyral) resins, wherein the plasticizer content of said second inner polymer layer is about 27 phr or less and wherein the plasticizer content of each of said first and said third outer polymer layers is at least 2 phr greater than the plasticizer content of said second inner polymer layer. 9. The interlayer of claim 8, wherein the plasticizer content of at least one of said first and said third outer polymer layers is in the range of from about 10 to about 80 phr. 10. The interlayer of claim 8, wherein the plasticizer content of said second inner polymer layer is about 22 phr or less and/or wherein the plasticizer content of at least one of said first and said third outer polymer layers is about 50 phr or less. 11. The interlayer of claim 8, wherein the residual hydroxyl content of said second poly(vinyl butyral) resin is at least 7.5 weight percent greater than the residual hydroxyl content of at least one of said first and said third poly(vinyl butyral) resins. 12. The interlayer of claim 8, wherein the residual hydroxyl content of said second poly(vinyl butyral) resin is in the range of from about 18.5 to about 30 weight percent. 13. The interlayer of claim 8, wherein the residual acetate content of each of said first, said second, and said third poly(vinyl butyral) resins is less than 3 mole percent. 14. The interlayer of claim 8, wherein the difference between the plasticizer content of the first outer polymer layer and the plasticizer content of the second inner polymer layer is not the same as the difference between the plasticizer content of said third outer polymer layer and the plasticizer content of said second inner polymer layer. 15. A multiple layer panel comprising a pair of substrates and said interlayer of claim 8 disposed between and in contact with each of the substrates. 16. An interlayer comprising:
a first polymer layer comprising a first thermoplastic polymer selected from the group consisting of polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, poly(ethylene vinyl acetate), and combinations thereof; and a second polymer layer adjacent to and in contact with said first polymer layer, wherein said second polymer layer comprises a poly(vinyl butyral) resin and at least one plasticizer, wherein the residual hydroxyl content of said poly(vinyl butyral) resin is at least 20 weight percent and the plasticizer content of said second polymer layer is 27 phr or less. 17. The interlayer of claim 16, further comprising a third polymer layer adjacent to and in contact with said second polymer layer such that said second polymer layer is disposed between and in contact with each of said first polymer layer and said third polymer layer, wherein said third polymer layer comprises another thermoplastic polymer selected from the group consisting of polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, poly(ethylene vinyl acetate), and combinations thereof. 18. The interlayer of claim 16, wherein each of said first and said third polymer layers comprises polyurethane or poly(ethylene vinyl acetate). 19. The interlayer of claim 16, wherein the residual hydroxyl content of said second poly(vinyl butyral) resin is less than 30 weight percent. 20. A multiple layer panel comprising a pair of substrates and said interlayer of claim 16 disposed between and in contact with each of the substrates. | 1,700 |
3,616 | 13,199,029 | 1,791 | Methods for treating poultry during processing for increasing the weight of the poultry are disclosed. The methods may be performed in a chill tank or other reservoir and utilize either equilibrium peracetic acid or non-equilibrium peracetic acid. The non-equilibrium peracetic acid may be prepared from hydrogen peroxide and a liquid acetyl precursor, such as triacetin. The methods comprise contacting a poultry carcass with peracetic acid-containing water at a pH of about 6 to about 9. The methods result in an increase in the weight of the processed products and an increase in a processing plant's percent yield of the processed products. | 1- A method of treating at least a portion of a poultry carcass for increasing the weight of the poultry, said method comprising:
combining water and an antimicrobial amount of a non-equilibrium solution of peracetic acid for forming a peracetic acid-containing water having a pH of about 6 to about 9; and bringing at least a portion of a poultry carcass into contact with the peracetic acid-containing water for increasing the weight of at least the portion of the poultry carcass from a first weight prior to contact with the peracetic acid-containing water to a second weight greater than the first weight after contact with the peracetic acid-containing water. 2- The method of claim 1 wherein the non-equilibrium solution of peracetic acid comprises a mixture of peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, triacetin, and an aqueous source of an alkali metal or an earth alkali metal hydroxide. 3- The method of claim 2 wherein the aqueous source of the alkali metal or earth alkali metal hydroxide is sodium hydroxide. 4- The method of claim 2 wherein the peracetic acid is about 1% to about 7.1%. 5- The method of claim 1 wherein the antimicrobial amount of the non-equilibrium solution of peracetic acid is about 0.54 ppm to about 99 ppm. 6- A method of treating at least a portion of a poultry carcass for increasing the weight of the poultry, said method comprising:
providing, in a reservoir, a peracetic acid-containing water having a pH of about 6 to about 9, wherein the peracetic acid-containing water comprises water and an antimicrobial amount of a non-equilibrium solution of peracetic acid, and wherein the peracetic acid-containing water has a temperature; placing into the peracetic acid-containing water at least a portion of a poultry carcass having a first weight and having a first temperature greater than the temperature of the peracetic acid-containing water; allowing the peracetic acid-containing water having the pH of about 6 to about 9 to increase the first weight of at least the portion of the poultry carcass to a second weight greater than the first weight to provide an increased weight of at least the portion of the poultry carcass and to lower the first temperature of at least the portion of the poultry carcass to a second temperature less than the first temperature for cooling at least the portion of the poultry carcass; and removing at least the portion of the poultry carcass having the increased weight from the peracetic acid-containing water. 7- The method of claim 6 wherein the providing step includes a step of separately introducing the water and the antimicrobial amount of the non-equilibrium solution of peracetic acid into the reservoir to form the peracetic acid-containing water provided in the reservoir. 8- The method of claim 6 wherein the providing step includes a step of combining the water and the antimicrobial amount of the non-equilibrium solution of peracetic acid to form the peracetic acid-containing water and a subsequent step of introducing the peracetic acid-containing water into the reservoir for providing, in the reservoir, the peracetic acid-containing water. 9- The method of claim 6 wherein the antimicrobial amount of the non-equilibrium solution of peracetic acid is about 0.54 ppm to about 99 ppm. 10- The method of claim 6 wherein the temperature of the peracetic acid-containing water is greater than about 33° F. to about 34° F. 11- The method of claim 6, further comprising, before the step of placing at least the portion of the poultry carcass into the peracetic acid-containing water, a step of determining the pH of the peracetic acid-containing water and a subsequent step of altering the pH of the peracetic acid-containing water to a pH of about 6 to about 9 if the determined pH is lower than about 6 or higher than about 9. 12- The method of claim 11 wherein the pH altering step is performed by adding an acid to the peracetic acid-containing water. 13- The method of claim 11 wherein the pH is altered to a pH of about 8.0 to about 9.0. 14- A method of treating at least a portion of a poultry carcass for increasing the weight of the poultry, said method comprising:
combining water and an antimicrobial amount of an equilibrium solution of peracetic acid for forming a peracetic acid-containing water; determining the pH of the peracetic acid-containing water, and, if the pH is determined to be lower than about 6 or higher than about 9, then altering the pH of the peracetic acid-containing water to a pH of about 6 to about 9; bringing at least a portion of a poultry carcass into contact with the peracetic acid-containing water; and determining the pH of the peracetic acid-containing water with at least the portion of the poultry carcass therein, and, if the pH is determined to be lower than about 6 or higher than about 9, then altering the pH of the peracetic acid-containing water to a pH of about 6 to about 9, for increasing the weight of at least the portion of the poultry carcass from a first weight prior to contact with the peracetic acid-containing water to a second weight greater than the first weight after contact with the peracetic acid-containing water. 15- The method of claim 14 wherein the equilibrium solution of peracetic acid comprises a mixture of peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid, and water. 16- The method of claim 15 wherein the equilibrium solution of peracetic acid contains about 15% peracetic acid, and further wherein the equilibrium solution of peracetic acid contains a molar excess of acetic acid or a molar excess of hydrogen peroxide. 17- The method of claim 14 wherein the antimicrobial amount of the equilibrium solution of peracetic acid is about 1 ppm to about 99 ppm. 18- The method of claim 14 wherein the step of altering the pH before the step of bringing at least the portion of the poultry carcass into contact with the peracetic acid-containing water is performed by adding an alkaline source to the peracetic acid-containing water, and further, wherein the step of altering the pH after the step of bringing at least the portion of the poultry carcass into contact with the peracetic acid-containing water is performed by adding an alkaline source to the peracetic acid-containing water. 19- A method of treating at least a portion of a poultry carcass for increasing the weight of the poultry, said method comprising:
providing, in a reservoir, a peracetic acid-containing water, wherein the peracetic acid-containing water comprises water and an antimicrobial amount of a solution of peracetic acid, and wherein the peracetic acid-containing water has a temperature; determining the pH of the peracetic acid-containing water, and, if the pH is determined to be lower than about 6 or higher than about 9, then altering the pH of the peracetic acid-containing water to a pH of about 6 to about 9; placing into the peracetic acid-containing water at least a portion of a poultry carcass having a first weight and having a first temperature greater than the temperature of the peracetic acid-containing water; determining the pH of the peracetic acid-containing water in the reservoir with at least the portion of the poultry carcass therein, and, if the pH is determined to be lower than about 6 or higher than about 9, then altering the pH of the peracetic acid-containing water to a pH of about 6 to about 9; allowing the peracetic acid-containing water having the pH of about 6 to about 9 to increase the first weight of at least the portion of the poultry carcass to a second weight greater than the first weight to provide an increased weight of at least the portion of the poultry carcass and to lower the first temperature of at least the portion of the poultry carcass to a second temperature less than the first temperature for cooling at least the portion of the poultry carcass; and removing at least the portion of the poultry carcass having the increased weight from the peracetic acid-containing water. 20- The method of claim 19 wherein the providing step includes a step of separately introducing the water and the antimicrobial amount of the solution of peracetic acid into the reservoir to form the peracetic acid-containing water provided in the reservoir. 21- The method of claim 19 wherein the providing step includes a step of combining the water and the antimicrobial amount of the solution of peracetic acid to form the peracetic acid-containing water and a subsequent step of introducing the peracetic acid-containing water into the reservoir for providing, in the reservoir, the peracetic acid-containing water. 22- The method of claim 19 wherein the peracetic acid is a non-equilibrium solution of peracetic acid and wherein the antimicrobial amount of the peracetic acid is about 0.54 ppm to about 99 ppm. 23- The method of claim 19 wherein the peracetic acid is an equilibrium solution of peracetic acid and wherein the antimicrobial amount of the peracetic acid is about 1 ppm to about 99 ppm. 24- The method of claim 19 wherein the steps of determining the pH of the peracetic acid-containing water are performed continuously. 25- The method of claim 24 wherein the steps of altering the pH of the peracetic acid-containing water to a pH of about 6 to about 9 are performed continuously if the pH is determined to be lower than about 6 or higher than about 9. 26- The method of claim 19 wherein the peracetic acid is an equilibrium solution of peracetic acid, and wherein the step of altering the pH before the step of placing at least the portion of the poultry carcass into the peracetic acid-containing water is performed by adding an alkaline source to the peracetic acid-containing water, and further, wherein the step of altering the pH after the step of placing at least the portion of the poultry carcass into the peracetic acid-containing water is performed by adding an alkaline source to the peracetic acid-containing water. 27- The method of claim 19 wherein the peracetic acid is a non-equilibrium solution of peracetic acid, and wherein the step of altering the pH before the step of placing at least the portion of the poultry carcass into the peracetic acid-containing water is performed by adding an acid to the peracetic acid-containing water, and further, wherein the step of altering the pH after the step of placing at least the portion of the poultry carcass into the peracetic acid-containing water is performed by adding an acid to the peracetic acid-containing water. 28- The method of claim 19 wherein the step of altering the pH before the step of placing at least the portion of the poultry carcass into the peracetic acid-containing water is performed by altering the pH to a pH of about 8.0 to about 9.0, and further, wherein the step of altering the pH after the step of placing at least the portion of the poultry carcass into the peracetic acid-containing water is performed by altering the pH to a pH of about 8.0 to about 9.0. 29- The method of claim 20 further comprising a step of removing a portion of the peracetic acid-containing water from the reservoir with at least the portion of the poultry carcass therein, and a further step of introducing additional water and additional solution of peracetic acid into the reservoir with at least the portion of the poultry carcass therein. 30- The method of claim 21 further comprising a step of removing a portion of the peracetic acid-containing water from the reservoir with at least the portion of the poultry carcass therein, and a further step of introducing additional peracetic acid-containing water into the reservoir with at least the portion of the poultry carcass therein. | Methods for treating poultry during processing for increasing the weight of the poultry are disclosed. The methods may be performed in a chill tank or other reservoir and utilize either equilibrium peracetic acid or non-equilibrium peracetic acid. The non-equilibrium peracetic acid may be prepared from hydrogen peroxide and a liquid acetyl precursor, such as triacetin. The methods comprise contacting a poultry carcass with peracetic acid-containing water at a pH of about 6 to about 9. The methods result in an increase in the weight of the processed products and an increase in a processing plant's percent yield of the processed products.1- A method of treating at least a portion of a poultry carcass for increasing the weight of the poultry, said method comprising:
combining water and an antimicrobial amount of a non-equilibrium solution of peracetic acid for forming a peracetic acid-containing water having a pH of about 6 to about 9; and bringing at least a portion of a poultry carcass into contact with the peracetic acid-containing water for increasing the weight of at least the portion of the poultry carcass from a first weight prior to contact with the peracetic acid-containing water to a second weight greater than the first weight after contact with the peracetic acid-containing water. 2- The method of claim 1 wherein the non-equilibrium solution of peracetic acid comprises a mixture of peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, triacetin, and an aqueous source of an alkali metal or an earth alkali metal hydroxide. 3- The method of claim 2 wherein the aqueous source of the alkali metal or earth alkali metal hydroxide is sodium hydroxide. 4- The method of claim 2 wherein the peracetic acid is about 1% to about 7.1%. 5- The method of claim 1 wherein the antimicrobial amount of the non-equilibrium solution of peracetic acid is about 0.54 ppm to about 99 ppm. 6- A method of treating at least a portion of a poultry carcass for increasing the weight of the poultry, said method comprising:
providing, in a reservoir, a peracetic acid-containing water having a pH of about 6 to about 9, wherein the peracetic acid-containing water comprises water and an antimicrobial amount of a non-equilibrium solution of peracetic acid, and wherein the peracetic acid-containing water has a temperature; placing into the peracetic acid-containing water at least a portion of a poultry carcass having a first weight and having a first temperature greater than the temperature of the peracetic acid-containing water; allowing the peracetic acid-containing water having the pH of about 6 to about 9 to increase the first weight of at least the portion of the poultry carcass to a second weight greater than the first weight to provide an increased weight of at least the portion of the poultry carcass and to lower the first temperature of at least the portion of the poultry carcass to a second temperature less than the first temperature for cooling at least the portion of the poultry carcass; and removing at least the portion of the poultry carcass having the increased weight from the peracetic acid-containing water. 7- The method of claim 6 wherein the providing step includes a step of separately introducing the water and the antimicrobial amount of the non-equilibrium solution of peracetic acid into the reservoir to form the peracetic acid-containing water provided in the reservoir. 8- The method of claim 6 wherein the providing step includes a step of combining the water and the antimicrobial amount of the non-equilibrium solution of peracetic acid to form the peracetic acid-containing water and a subsequent step of introducing the peracetic acid-containing water into the reservoir for providing, in the reservoir, the peracetic acid-containing water. 9- The method of claim 6 wherein the antimicrobial amount of the non-equilibrium solution of peracetic acid is about 0.54 ppm to about 99 ppm. 10- The method of claim 6 wherein the temperature of the peracetic acid-containing water is greater than about 33° F. to about 34° F. 11- The method of claim 6, further comprising, before the step of placing at least the portion of the poultry carcass into the peracetic acid-containing water, a step of determining the pH of the peracetic acid-containing water and a subsequent step of altering the pH of the peracetic acid-containing water to a pH of about 6 to about 9 if the determined pH is lower than about 6 or higher than about 9. 12- The method of claim 11 wherein the pH altering step is performed by adding an acid to the peracetic acid-containing water. 13- The method of claim 11 wherein the pH is altered to a pH of about 8.0 to about 9.0. 14- A method of treating at least a portion of a poultry carcass for increasing the weight of the poultry, said method comprising:
combining water and an antimicrobial amount of an equilibrium solution of peracetic acid for forming a peracetic acid-containing water; determining the pH of the peracetic acid-containing water, and, if the pH is determined to be lower than about 6 or higher than about 9, then altering the pH of the peracetic acid-containing water to a pH of about 6 to about 9; bringing at least a portion of a poultry carcass into contact with the peracetic acid-containing water; and determining the pH of the peracetic acid-containing water with at least the portion of the poultry carcass therein, and, if the pH is determined to be lower than about 6 or higher than about 9, then altering the pH of the peracetic acid-containing water to a pH of about 6 to about 9, for increasing the weight of at least the portion of the poultry carcass from a first weight prior to contact with the peracetic acid-containing water to a second weight greater than the first weight after contact with the peracetic acid-containing water. 15- The method of claim 14 wherein the equilibrium solution of peracetic acid comprises a mixture of peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid, and water. 16- The method of claim 15 wherein the equilibrium solution of peracetic acid contains about 15% peracetic acid, and further wherein the equilibrium solution of peracetic acid contains a molar excess of acetic acid or a molar excess of hydrogen peroxide. 17- The method of claim 14 wherein the antimicrobial amount of the equilibrium solution of peracetic acid is about 1 ppm to about 99 ppm. 18- The method of claim 14 wherein the step of altering the pH before the step of bringing at least the portion of the poultry carcass into contact with the peracetic acid-containing water is performed by adding an alkaline source to the peracetic acid-containing water, and further, wherein the step of altering the pH after the step of bringing at least the portion of the poultry carcass into contact with the peracetic acid-containing water is performed by adding an alkaline source to the peracetic acid-containing water. 19- A method of treating at least a portion of a poultry carcass for increasing the weight of the poultry, said method comprising:
providing, in a reservoir, a peracetic acid-containing water, wherein the peracetic acid-containing water comprises water and an antimicrobial amount of a solution of peracetic acid, and wherein the peracetic acid-containing water has a temperature; determining the pH of the peracetic acid-containing water, and, if the pH is determined to be lower than about 6 or higher than about 9, then altering the pH of the peracetic acid-containing water to a pH of about 6 to about 9; placing into the peracetic acid-containing water at least a portion of a poultry carcass having a first weight and having a first temperature greater than the temperature of the peracetic acid-containing water; determining the pH of the peracetic acid-containing water in the reservoir with at least the portion of the poultry carcass therein, and, if the pH is determined to be lower than about 6 or higher than about 9, then altering the pH of the peracetic acid-containing water to a pH of about 6 to about 9; allowing the peracetic acid-containing water having the pH of about 6 to about 9 to increase the first weight of at least the portion of the poultry carcass to a second weight greater than the first weight to provide an increased weight of at least the portion of the poultry carcass and to lower the first temperature of at least the portion of the poultry carcass to a second temperature less than the first temperature for cooling at least the portion of the poultry carcass; and removing at least the portion of the poultry carcass having the increased weight from the peracetic acid-containing water. 20- The method of claim 19 wherein the providing step includes a step of separately introducing the water and the antimicrobial amount of the solution of peracetic acid into the reservoir to form the peracetic acid-containing water provided in the reservoir. 21- The method of claim 19 wherein the providing step includes a step of combining the water and the antimicrobial amount of the solution of peracetic acid to form the peracetic acid-containing water and a subsequent step of introducing the peracetic acid-containing water into the reservoir for providing, in the reservoir, the peracetic acid-containing water. 22- The method of claim 19 wherein the peracetic acid is a non-equilibrium solution of peracetic acid and wherein the antimicrobial amount of the peracetic acid is about 0.54 ppm to about 99 ppm. 23- The method of claim 19 wherein the peracetic acid is an equilibrium solution of peracetic acid and wherein the antimicrobial amount of the peracetic acid is about 1 ppm to about 99 ppm. 24- The method of claim 19 wherein the steps of determining the pH of the peracetic acid-containing water are performed continuously. 25- The method of claim 24 wherein the steps of altering the pH of the peracetic acid-containing water to a pH of about 6 to about 9 are performed continuously if the pH is determined to be lower than about 6 or higher than about 9. 26- The method of claim 19 wherein the peracetic acid is an equilibrium solution of peracetic acid, and wherein the step of altering the pH before the step of placing at least the portion of the poultry carcass into the peracetic acid-containing water is performed by adding an alkaline source to the peracetic acid-containing water, and further, wherein the step of altering the pH after the step of placing at least the portion of the poultry carcass into the peracetic acid-containing water is performed by adding an alkaline source to the peracetic acid-containing water. 27- The method of claim 19 wherein the peracetic acid is a non-equilibrium solution of peracetic acid, and wherein the step of altering the pH before the step of placing at least the portion of the poultry carcass into the peracetic acid-containing water is performed by adding an acid to the peracetic acid-containing water, and further, wherein the step of altering the pH after the step of placing at least the portion of the poultry carcass into the peracetic acid-containing water is performed by adding an acid to the peracetic acid-containing water. 28- The method of claim 19 wherein the step of altering the pH before the step of placing at least the portion of the poultry carcass into the peracetic acid-containing water is performed by altering the pH to a pH of about 8.0 to about 9.0, and further, wherein the step of altering the pH after the step of placing at least the portion of the poultry carcass into the peracetic acid-containing water is performed by altering the pH to a pH of about 8.0 to about 9.0. 29- The method of claim 20 further comprising a step of removing a portion of the peracetic acid-containing water from the reservoir with at least the portion of the poultry carcass therein, and a further step of introducing additional water and additional solution of peracetic acid into the reservoir with at least the portion of the poultry carcass therein. 30- The method of claim 21 further comprising a step of removing a portion of the peracetic acid-containing water from the reservoir with at least the portion of the poultry carcass therein, and a further step of introducing additional peracetic acid-containing water into the reservoir with at least the portion of the poultry carcass therein. | 1,700 |
3,617 | 14,845,431 | 1,776 | A method for entraining hydrate particles in a gas stream, including separating a raw gas stream into a bulk water stream and a partially dehydrated gas stream, chilling the partially dehydrated gas stream to form a chilled gas stream, combining the bulk water stream with the chilled gas stream to form a transport stream including the entrained hydrate particles, and flowing the transport stream to a facility. | 1. A method for entraining hydrate particles in a gas stream, including:
separating a raw gas stream into a bulk water stream and a partially dehydrated gas stream; chilling the partially dehydrated gas stream to form a chilled gas stream; combining the bulk water stream with the chilled gas stream to form a transport stream including the entrained hydrate particles; and flowing the transport stream to a facility. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein separating the bulk water includes slowing the gas flow down to allow the water to separate. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein chilling the partially dehydrated gas stream includes exchanging heat with a surrounding environment. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein chilling the partially dehydrated gas stream includes exchanging heat with a subsea environment. 5. The method of claim 1, including treating the partially dehydrated gas stream with a hydrate inhibitor. 6. The method of claim 1, including compressing the partially dehydrated gas stream before chilling. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein chilling the partially dehydrated gas stream includes:
compressing the partially dehydrated gas stream to form a compressed gas stream; chilling the compressed gas stream to remove the heat of compression; and reducing the pressure of the compressed gas stream to form the chilled gas stream. 8. The method of claim 1, including increasing a flow rate of the transport stream. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein combining the bulk water with the chilled gas stream includes spraying the bulk water into the chilled gas stream through a misting nozzle. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein combining the bulk water with the chilled gas stream includes flowing the chilled gas stream through a jet pump including a misting nozzle. 11. A system for conveying a hydrocarbon gas containing entrained hydrate particles, including:
a separation system configured to separate a gas stream from production water; a chiller configured to chill the gas stream; a water injector configured to inject the production water into the gas stream to form entrained hydrate particles; and a production line configured to transport the gas stream and the entrained hydrate particles to a facility. 12. The system of claim 11, including a compressor disposed upstream of the chiller configured to increase the pressure of the gas stream. 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the chiller includes a heat exchanger configured to be cooled with water from a subsea environment. 14. The system of claim 11, including a pump configured to flow water into the water injector. 15. The system of claim 11, wherein the water injector includes a misting nozzle configured to inject a mist of water from the top of the production line. 16. The system of claim 11, wherein the water injector includes a misting nozzle configured to inject a mist of water from the bottom of the production line. 17. The system of claim 11, wherein the water injector includes a misting nozzle configured to inject a mist of water down a center line of the production line. 18. The system of claim 11, including a hydrate generator configured to create the entrained hydrate particles by injecting the water mist into a gas stream in a jet pump. 19. A method for producing wet natural gas from a subsea well, comprising:
separating a wet natural gas stream to form bulk water and a partially dehydrated gas stream; chilling the partially dehydrated gas stream against water in the environment to form a chilled gas stream; misting the bulk water into the chilled gas stream to form a transport stream comprising entrained hydrate particles; and flowing the transport stream to a surface vessel. 20. The method of claim 19, including creating the transport stream at a subsea wellhead. 21. The method of claim 19, including insulating a production line to keep a temperature of the transport stream below a hydrate formation temperature. 22. The method of claim 19, including separating the hydrate particles from the transport stream on a surface vessel. | A method for entraining hydrate particles in a gas stream, including separating a raw gas stream into a bulk water stream and a partially dehydrated gas stream, chilling the partially dehydrated gas stream to form a chilled gas stream, combining the bulk water stream with the chilled gas stream to form a transport stream including the entrained hydrate particles, and flowing the transport stream to a facility.1. A method for entraining hydrate particles in a gas stream, including:
separating a raw gas stream into a bulk water stream and a partially dehydrated gas stream; chilling the partially dehydrated gas stream to form a chilled gas stream; combining the bulk water stream with the chilled gas stream to form a transport stream including the entrained hydrate particles; and flowing the transport stream to a facility. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein separating the bulk water includes slowing the gas flow down to allow the water to separate. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein chilling the partially dehydrated gas stream includes exchanging heat with a surrounding environment. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein chilling the partially dehydrated gas stream includes exchanging heat with a subsea environment. 5. The method of claim 1, including treating the partially dehydrated gas stream with a hydrate inhibitor. 6. The method of claim 1, including compressing the partially dehydrated gas stream before chilling. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein chilling the partially dehydrated gas stream includes:
compressing the partially dehydrated gas stream to form a compressed gas stream; chilling the compressed gas stream to remove the heat of compression; and reducing the pressure of the compressed gas stream to form the chilled gas stream. 8. The method of claim 1, including increasing a flow rate of the transport stream. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein combining the bulk water with the chilled gas stream includes spraying the bulk water into the chilled gas stream through a misting nozzle. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein combining the bulk water with the chilled gas stream includes flowing the chilled gas stream through a jet pump including a misting nozzle. 11. A system for conveying a hydrocarbon gas containing entrained hydrate particles, including:
a separation system configured to separate a gas stream from production water; a chiller configured to chill the gas stream; a water injector configured to inject the production water into the gas stream to form entrained hydrate particles; and a production line configured to transport the gas stream and the entrained hydrate particles to a facility. 12. The system of claim 11, including a compressor disposed upstream of the chiller configured to increase the pressure of the gas stream. 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the chiller includes a heat exchanger configured to be cooled with water from a subsea environment. 14. The system of claim 11, including a pump configured to flow water into the water injector. 15. The system of claim 11, wherein the water injector includes a misting nozzle configured to inject a mist of water from the top of the production line. 16. The system of claim 11, wherein the water injector includes a misting nozzle configured to inject a mist of water from the bottom of the production line. 17. The system of claim 11, wherein the water injector includes a misting nozzle configured to inject a mist of water down a center line of the production line. 18. The system of claim 11, including a hydrate generator configured to create the entrained hydrate particles by injecting the water mist into a gas stream in a jet pump. 19. A method for producing wet natural gas from a subsea well, comprising:
separating a wet natural gas stream to form bulk water and a partially dehydrated gas stream; chilling the partially dehydrated gas stream against water in the environment to form a chilled gas stream; misting the bulk water into the chilled gas stream to form a transport stream comprising entrained hydrate particles; and flowing the transport stream to a surface vessel. 20. The method of claim 19, including creating the transport stream at a subsea wellhead. 21. The method of claim 19, including insulating a production line to keep a temperature of the transport stream below a hydrate formation temperature. 22. The method of claim 19, including separating the hydrate particles from the transport stream on a surface vessel. | 1,700 |
3,618 | 14,713,430 | 1,743 | The present disclosure relates to an aerosol delivery device including a shell that is divided into a first half and a second half along a longitudinal axis thereof. One or more batteries may be positioned within the shell along with a battery lead that provides an electrical connection to battery terminals. A base unit may be included and may have electrical contacts for matching with a battery terminal and the battery lead. The base unit can include one or both of a printed circuit board (PCB) and a pressure sensor. The shell can attach to a cartridge housing a reservoir for an aerosol-forming composition, a heater; a liquid transport element configured for transport of the aerosol forming composition between the reservoir and the heater; and heater terminals. Such construct can provide for simplified assembly of the device. | 1. An aerosol delivery device comprising:
a first elongated shell configured for housing an aerosol-forming composition and having a mouth end and an opposing joining end; and a second elongated shell having a proximal end configured for connection with the joining end of the first elongated shell and having an opposing, distal end, the second elongated shell being divided into two separate halves along a longitudinal axis thereof. 2. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 1, wherein the two halves of the second elongated shell are separably joined together. 3. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 1, wherein the two halves of the second elongated shell are permanently joined together. 4. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 1, wherein the two halves of the second elongated shell are welded together. 5. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 1, wherein the second elongated shell comprises at least one elongated battery positioned therein, the at least one elongated battery extending from the distal end of the second elongated shell toward the proximal end of the second elongated shell. 6. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 1, wherein the aerosol delivery device comprises a base unit configured for connection with the first elongated shell and the second elongated shell. 7. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 6, wherein the base unit comprises one or both of a printed circuit board (PCB) and a pressure sensor. 8. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 6, wherein the base unit includes a first contact configured for electrical connection with a terminal of the at least one battery and includes a second contact configured for electrical connection with an opposing terminal of the at least one battery. 9. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 8, wherein the aerosol delivery device comprises a battery lead including a projection that is configured for electrical connection with the opposing terminal of the at least one battery and including an arm extending from the projection along the length of the at least one battery so as to be in electrical connection with the second contact of the base unit. 10. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 9, wherein the electrical connections are non-fused. 11. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 6, wherein the aerosol delivery device comprises an elongated flow tube positioned at least partially within the first elongated shell, the elongated flow tube comprising a central airflow passage therethrough. 12. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 11, wherein the elongated flow tube is configured for one or both of physical and electrical connection with the base unit. 13. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 12, wherein the elongated flow tube comprises a plurality of heater terminals configured for electrical connection with the base unit. 14. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 13, wherein the aerosol delivery device comprises a heater positioned within the first elongated shell. 15. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 14, wherein the aerosol delivery device comprises a reservoir positioned within the first shell and configured for storing the aerosol-forming composition. 16. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 15, wherein the aerosol delivery device comprises a liquid transport element configured for transfer of the aerosol-forming composition from the reservoir to the heater. 17. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 1, wherein the aerosol delivery device comprises a mouthpiece attached to the mouth end of the first elongated shell. 18. An aerosol delivery device comprising:
a first elongated shell having a mouth end and an opposing joining end, the first elongated shell housing:
a reservoir for an aerosol-forming composition:
a heater;
a liquid transport element configured for transport of the aerosol forming composition between the reservoir and the heater; and
heater terminals;
a second elongated shell having a proximal end configured for connection with the joining end of the first elongated shell and having an opposing, distal end, the second elongated shell being divided into two separate halves along a longitudinal axis thereof; at least one battery positioned within the second elongated shell; a base unit comprising one or both of a printed circuit board (PCB) and a pressure sensor, and further comprising a first contact configured for electrical connection with a terminal of the at least one battery and a second contact configured for electrical connection with an opposing terminal of the at least one battery, the base unit being in electrical connection with the heater terminals. 19. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 18, wherein the aerosol delivery device comprises a battery lead including a projection that is configured for electrical connection with the opposing terminal of the at least one battery and including an arm extending from the projection along the length of the at least one battery so as to be in electrical connection with the second contact of the base unit. 20. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 18, further comprising an elongated flow tube positioned at least partially within the first elongated shell, the elongated flow tube comprising a central airflow passage therethrough. 21. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 20, wherein the heater terminals pass through the flow tube. 22. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 20, wherein the flow tube is attached to the base unit. 23. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 18, wherein the joining end of the first elongated shell is connected to at least a portion of the base unit. 24. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 18, wherein the proximal end of the second elongated shell is connected to at least a portion of the base unit. 25. A method for forming an aerosol delivery device comprising:
providing a first longitudinal half shell that is configured for attachment to a second longitudinal half shell to form an elongated clam shell that is divided into a first half and a second half along a longitudinal axis thereof; placing a battery lead and at least one battery into the first longitudinal half shell such that a projection of the battery lead is in electrical connection with a first terminal of the at least one battery and such that an arm of the battery lead extends from the projection along the length of the at least one battery; providing a base unit comprising one or both of a printed circuit board (PCB) and a pressure sensor, and further comprising a first contact configured for electrical connection with a second terminal of the at least one battery and a second contact configured for electrical connection with the arm of the battery lead; providing a cartridge comprising a shell housing:
a reservoir for an aerosol-forming composition:
a heater;
a liquid transport element configured for transport of the aerosol forming composition between the reservoir and the heater; and
heater terminals;
combining the cartridge, the base unit, and the first longitudinal half shell such that the heater terminals are in electrical connection with the base unit, the first contact of the base unit is in electrical connection with the second terminal of the at least one battery, and the second contact of the base unit is in electrical connection with the arm of the battery lead; and pairing the second longitudinal half shell to the first longitudinal half shell. 26. The method of claim 25, comprising first adding the base unit to the first longitudinal half shell and then attaching the cartridge to the base unit. 27. The method of claim 25, comprising first attaching the cartridge to the base unit and then adding the base unit to the first longitudinal half shell. 28. The method of claim 25, comprising one or more of crimping, welding, and gluing the clam shell to one or both of the base unit and the cartridge shell. 29. A power unit for an aerosol delivery device comprising an elongated shell having a proximal end and an opposing, distal end, the elongated shell being divided into two separate halves along a longitudinal axis thereof. 30. The power unit according to claim 29, wherein the two halves of the elongated shell are separably joined together. 31. The power unit according to claim 29, wherein the two halves of the elongated shell are permanently joined together. 32. The power unit according to claim 29, wherein the two halves of the elongated shell are welded together. 33. The power unit according to claim 29, comprising at least one elongated battery positioned within the elongated shell, the at least one elongated battery extending from the distal end of the elongated shell toward the proximal end of the elongated shell. 34. The power unit according to claim 29, comprising a battery lead including a projection that is configured for electrical connection with a terminal of the at least one battery and including an arm extending from the projection along the length of the at least one battery. 35. The power unit according to claim 34, comprising a base unit attached at the proximal end of the elongated shell. 36. The power unit according to claim 35, wherein the base unit comprises one or both of a printed circuit board (PCB) and a pressure sensor. 37. The power unit according to claim 35, wherein the base unit includes a first contact configured for electrical connection with the terminal of the at least one battery and includes a second contact configured for electrical connection with an opposing terminal of the at least one battery. 38. The power unit according to claim 37, wherein the battery lead projection is configured for electrical connection with a negative terminal of the at least one battery, and the battery lead arm is configured for electrical connection with one of the first contact and the second contact of the base unit. 39. The power unit according to claim 38, wherein the electrical connections are non-fused. | The present disclosure relates to an aerosol delivery device including a shell that is divided into a first half and a second half along a longitudinal axis thereof. One or more batteries may be positioned within the shell along with a battery lead that provides an electrical connection to battery terminals. A base unit may be included and may have electrical contacts for matching with a battery terminal and the battery lead. The base unit can include one or both of a printed circuit board (PCB) and a pressure sensor. The shell can attach to a cartridge housing a reservoir for an aerosol-forming composition, a heater; a liquid transport element configured for transport of the aerosol forming composition between the reservoir and the heater; and heater terminals. Such construct can provide for simplified assembly of the device.1. An aerosol delivery device comprising:
a first elongated shell configured for housing an aerosol-forming composition and having a mouth end and an opposing joining end; and a second elongated shell having a proximal end configured for connection with the joining end of the first elongated shell and having an opposing, distal end, the second elongated shell being divided into two separate halves along a longitudinal axis thereof. 2. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 1, wherein the two halves of the second elongated shell are separably joined together. 3. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 1, wherein the two halves of the second elongated shell are permanently joined together. 4. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 1, wherein the two halves of the second elongated shell are welded together. 5. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 1, wherein the second elongated shell comprises at least one elongated battery positioned therein, the at least one elongated battery extending from the distal end of the second elongated shell toward the proximal end of the second elongated shell. 6. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 1, wherein the aerosol delivery device comprises a base unit configured for connection with the first elongated shell and the second elongated shell. 7. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 6, wherein the base unit comprises one or both of a printed circuit board (PCB) and a pressure sensor. 8. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 6, wherein the base unit includes a first contact configured for electrical connection with a terminal of the at least one battery and includes a second contact configured for electrical connection with an opposing terminal of the at least one battery. 9. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 8, wherein the aerosol delivery device comprises a battery lead including a projection that is configured for electrical connection with the opposing terminal of the at least one battery and including an arm extending from the projection along the length of the at least one battery so as to be in electrical connection with the second contact of the base unit. 10. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 9, wherein the electrical connections are non-fused. 11. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 6, wherein the aerosol delivery device comprises an elongated flow tube positioned at least partially within the first elongated shell, the elongated flow tube comprising a central airflow passage therethrough. 12. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 11, wherein the elongated flow tube is configured for one or both of physical and electrical connection with the base unit. 13. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 12, wherein the elongated flow tube comprises a plurality of heater terminals configured for electrical connection with the base unit. 14. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 13, wherein the aerosol delivery device comprises a heater positioned within the first elongated shell. 15. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 14, wherein the aerosol delivery device comprises a reservoir positioned within the first shell and configured for storing the aerosol-forming composition. 16. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 15, wherein the aerosol delivery device comprises a liquid transport element configured for transfer of the aerosol-forming composition from the reservoir to the heater. 17. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 1, wherein the aerosol delivery device comprises a mouthpiece attached to the mouth end of the first elongated shell. 18. An aerosol delivery device comprising:
a first elongated shell having a mouth end and an opposing joining end, the first elongated shell housing:
a reservoir for an aerosol-forming composition:
a heater;
a liquid transport element configured for transport of the aerosol forming composition between the reservoir and the heater; and
heater terminals;
a second elongated shell having a proximal end configured for connection with the joining end of the first elongated shell and having an opposing, distal end, the second elongated shell being divided into two separate halves along a longitudinal axis thereof; at least one battery positioned within the second elongated shell; a base unit comprising one or both of a printed circuit board (PCB) and a pressure sensor, and further comprising a first contact configured for electrical connection with a terminal of the at least one battery and a second contact configured for electrical connection with an opposing terminal of the at least one battery, the base unit being in electrical connection with the heater terminals. 19. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 18, wherein the aerosol delivery device comprises a battery lead including a projection that is configured for electrical connection with the opposing terminal of the at least one battery and including an arm extending from the projection along the length of the at least one battery so as to be in electrical connection with the second contact of the base unit. 20. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 18, further comprising an elongated flow tube positioned at least partially within the first elongated shell, the elongated flow tube comprising a central airflow passage therethrough. 21. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 20, wherein the heater terminals pass through the flow tube. 22. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 20, wherein the flow tube is attached to the base unit. 23. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 18, wherein the joining end of the first elongated shell is connected to at least a portion of the base unit. 24. The aerosol delivery device according to claim 18, wherein the proximal end of the second elongated shell is connected to at least a portion of the base unit. 25. A method for forming an aerosol delivery device comprising:
providing a first longitudinal half shell that is configured for attachment to a second longitudinal half shell to form an elongated clam shell that is divided into a first half and a second half along a longitudinal axis thereof; placing a battery lead and at least one battery into the first longitudinal half shell such that a projection of the battery lead is in electrical connection with a first terminal of the at least one battery and such that an arm of the battery lead extends from the projection along the length of the at least one battery; providing a base unit comprising one or both of a printed circuit board (PCB) and a pressure sensor, and further comprising a first contact configured for electrical connection with a second terminal of the at least one battery and a second contact configured for electrical connection with the arm of the battery lead; providing a cartridge comprising a shell housing:
a reservoir for an aerosol-forming composition:
a heater;
a liquid transport element configured for transport of the aerosol forming composition between the reservoir and the heater; and
heater terminals;
combining the cartridge, the base unit, and the first longitudinal half shell such that the heater terminals are in electrical connection with the base unit, the first contact of the base unit is in electrical connection with the second terminal of the at least one battery, and the second contact of the base unit is in electrical connection with the arm of the battery lead; and pairing the second longitudinal half shell to the first longitudinal half shell. 26. The method of claim 25, comprising first adding the base unit to the first longitudinal half shell and then attaching the cartridge to the base unit. 27. The method of claim 25, comprising first attaching the cartridge to the base unit and then adding the base unit to the first longitudinal half shell. 28. The method of claim 25, comprising one or more of crimping, welding, and gluing the clam shell to one or both of the base unit and the cartridge shell. 29. A power unit for an aerosol delivery device comprising an elongated shell having a proximal end and an opposing, distal end, the elongated shell being divided into two separate halves along a longitudinal axis thereof. 30. The power unit according to claim 29, wherein the two halves of the elongated shell are separably joined together. 31. The power unit according to claim 29, wherein the two halves of the elongated shell are permanently joined together. 32. The power unit according to claim 29, wherein the two halves of the elongated shell are welded together. 33. The power unit according to claim 29, comprising at least one elongated battery positioned within the elongated shell, the at least one elongated battery extending from the distal end of the elongated shell toward the proximal end of the elongated shell. 34. The power unit according to claim 29, comprising a battery lead including a projection that is configured for electrical connection with a terminal of the at least one battery and including an arm extending from the projection along the length of the at least one battery. 35. The power unit according to claim 34, comprising a base unit attached at the proximal end of the elongated shell. 36. The power unit according to claim 35, wherein the base unit comprises one or both of a printed circuit board (PCB) and a pressure sensor. 37. The power unit according to claim 35, wherein the base unit includes a first contact configured for electrical connection with the terminal of the at least one battery and includes a second contact configured for electrical connection with an opposing terminal of the at least one battery. 38. The power unit according to claim 37, wherein the battery lead projection is configured for electrical connection with a negative terminal of the at least one battery, and the battery lead arm is configured for electrical connection with one of the first contact and the second contact of the base unit. 39. The power unit according to claim 38, wherein the electrical connections are non-fused. | 1,700 |
3,619 | 15,604,033 | 1,771 | A wax composition is disclosed, comprising a hydrogenate natural oil with (i) at least about 50 wt % of a triacylglycerol component having a fatty acid composition from about 14 to about 25 wt % C16:0 fatty acid, about 45 to about 60 wt % C18:1 fatty acid and about 20 to about 30 wt % C18:0 fatty acid, (ii) a nickel content of less than 1 ppm, and (iii) a melt point of about 49° C. to about 57° C. The hydrogenated natural oil is filtered and/or bleached to obtain a nickel content of less than 0.5 ppm. A candle is also disclosed, comprising a wick and the above described wax. | 1. (canceled) 2. A candle wax composition comprising:
a hydrogenated natural oil composition having a melting point of 49° C. to 57° C., wherein
the hydrogenated natural oil composition is one or more triacylglycerols, wherein the one or more triacylglycerols have a fatty acid composition of from 14 wt % to 25 wt % C16:0 fatty acids, from 45 wt % to 60 wt % C18:1 fatty acids, and from 20 wt % to 30 wt % C18:0 fatty acids,
the hydrogenated natural oil composition is at least 50 wt % of the wax composition, and
the wax composition has a nickel content of less than 0.5 ppm. 3. The candle wax composition of claim 2, wherein the hydrogenated natural oil composition has a melting point of 51° C. to 55°C. 4. The candle wax composition of claim 2, wherein the hydrogenated natural oil composition is at least 75 wt % of the candle wax composition. 5. The candle wax composition of claim 2, wherein the hydrogenated natural oil composition is at least 90 wt % of the candle wax composition. 6. The candle wax composition of claim 2, wherein the candle wax composition has a nickel content of 0.05 ppm to 0.5 ppm. 7. The candle wax composition of claim 2, wherein the candle wax composition has a nickel content of 0.05 ppm to 0.2 ppm. 8. The candle wax composition of claim 2, wherein the one or more triacylglycerols have a fatty acid composition of from 15 wt % to 20 wt % C16:0 fatty acids, from 50 wt % to 57 wt % C18:1 fatty acids, and from 23 wt % to 27 wt % C18:0 fatty acids. 9. The candle wax composition of claim 2, wherein the one or more triacylglycerols have a fatty acid composition of from 15 wt % to 18 wt % C16:0 fatty acids. 10. The candle wax composition of claim 2, wherein the hydrogenated natural oil composition has less than 1 wt % free fatty acids. 11. The candle wax composition of claim 2, wherein the hydrogenated natural oil composition has less than 0.5 wt % free fatty acids. 12. The candle wax composition of claim 2, wherein the natural oil is canola oil, rapeseed oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, olive oil, palm oil, peanut oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, linseed oil, palm kernel oil, tung oil, jatropha oil, mustard oil, camelina oil, pennycress oil, castor oil, or a mixture thereof. 13. The candle wax composition of claim 2, wherein the natural oil is a mixture of palm oil and soybean oil. 14. The candle wax composition of claim 2, wherein the hydrogenated natural oil composition is a blend of hydrogenated soybean oil and hydrogenated palm oil in a weight ratio of 70:30 to 90:10. 15. The candle wax composition of claim 2, wherein the hydrogenated natural oil composition is a blend of hydrogenated soybean oil and hydrogenated palm oil in a weight ratio of 75:25 to 85:15. 16. The candle wax composition of claim 2, wherein the hydrogenated oil composition comprises hydrogenated soybean oil having an iodine value of 60 to 70. 17. The candle wax composition of claim 2, wherein the one or more triacylglycerols have an iodine value of from 45 to 60. 18. The candle wax composition of claim 2, wherein the one or more triacylglycerols have an iodine value of from 45 to 55. 19. The candle wax composition of claim 2, wherein the one or more triacylglycerols have an iodine value of from 50 to 55. 20. A candle comprising a wick in the candle wax composition of claim 2. 21. A candle wax composition comprising:
a hydrogenated natural oil composition having a melting point of 49° C. to 57° C., wherein
wherein the hydrogenated natural oil composition is a blend of hydrogenated soybean oil and hydrogenated palm oil in a weight ratio of 70:30 to 90:10,
the hydrogenated natural oil composition is at least 50 wt % of the wax composition, and
the wax composition has a nickel content of less than 0.5 ppm. | A wax composition is disclosed, comprising a hydrogenate natural oil with (i) at least about 50 wt % of a triacylglycerol component having a fatty acid composition from about 14 to about 25 wt % C16:0 fatty acid, about 45 to about 60 wt % C18:1 fatty acid and about 20 to about 30 wt % C18:0 fatty acid, (ii) a nickel content of less than 1 ppm, and (iii) a melt point of about 49° C. to about 57° C. The hydrogenated natural oil is filtered and/or bleached to obtain a nickel content of less than 0.5 ppm. A candle is also disclosed, comprising a wick and the above described wax.1. (canceled) 2. A candle wax composition comprising:
a hydrogenated natural oil composition having a melting point of 49° C. to 57° C., wherein
the hydrogenated natural oil composition is one or more triacylglycerols, wherein the one or more triacylglycerols have a fatty acid composition of from 14 wt % to 25 wt % C16:0 fatty acids, from 45 wt % to 60 wt % C18:1 fatty acids, and from 20 wt % to 30 wt % C18:0 fatty acids,
the hydrogenated natural oil composition is at least 50 wt % of the wax composition, and
the wax composition has a nickel content of less than 0.5 ppm. 3. The candle wax composition of claim 2, wherein the hydrogenated natural oil composition has a melting point of 51° C. to 55°C. 4. The candle wax composition of claim 2, wherein the hydrogenated natural oil composition is at least 75 wt % of the candle wax composition. 5. The candle wax composition of claim 2, wherein the hydrogenated natural oil composition is at least 90 wt % of the candle wax composition. 6. The candle wax composition of claim 2, wherein the candle wax composition has a nickel content of 0.05 ppm to 0.5 ppm. 7. The candle wax composition of claim 2, wherein the candle wax composition has a nickel content of 0.05 ppm to 0.2 ppm. 8. The candle wax composition of claim 2, wherein the one or more triacylglycerols have a fatty acid composition of from 15 wt % to 20 wt % C16:0 fatty acids, from 50 wt % to 57 wt % C18:1 fatty acids, and from 23 wt % to 27 wt % C18:0 fatty acids. 9. The candle wax composition of claim 2, wherein the one or more triacylglycerols have a fatty acid composition of from 15 wt % to 18 wt % C16:0 fatty acids. 10. The candle wax composition of claim 2, wherein the hydrogenated natural oil composition has less than 1 wt % free fatty acids. 11. The candle wax composition of claim 2, wherein the hydrogenated natural oil composition has less than 0.5 wt % free fatty acids. 12. The candle wax composition of claim 2, wherein the natural oil is canola oil, rapeseed oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, olive oil, palm oil, peanut oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, linseed oil, palm kernel oil, tung oil, jatropha oil, mustard oil, camelina oil, pennycress oil, castor oil, or a mixture thereof. 13. The candle wax composition of claim 2, wherein the natural oil is a mixture of palm oil and soybean oil. 14. The candle wax composition of claim 2, wherein the hydrogenated natural oil composition is a blend of hydrogenated soybean oil and hydrogenated palm oil in a weight ratio of 70:30 to 90:10. 15. The candle wax composition of claim 2, wherein the hydrogenated natural oil composition is a blend of hydrogenated soybean oil and hydrogenated palm oil in a weight ratio of 75:25 to 85:15. 16. The candle wax composition of claim 2, wherein the hydrogenated oil composition comprises hydrogenated soybean oil having an iodine value of 60 to 70. 17. The candle wax composition of claim 2, wherein the one or more triacylglycerols have an iodine value of from 45 to 60. 18. The candle wax composition of claim 2, wherein the one or more triacylglycerols have an iodine value of from 45 to 55. 19. The candle wax composition of claim 2, wherein the one or more triacylglycerols have an iodine value of from 50 to 55. 20. A candle comprising a wick in the candle wax composition of claim 2. 21. A candle wax composition comprising:
a hydrogenated natural oil composition having a melting point of 49° C. to 57° C., wherein
wherein the hydrogenated natural oil composition is a blend of hydrogenated soybean oil and hydrogenated palm oil in a weight ratio of 70:30 to 90:10,
the hydrogenated natural oil composition is at least 50 wt % of the wax composition, and
the wax composition has a nickel content of less than 0.5 ppm. | 1,700 |
3,620 | 14,195,087 | 1,787 | A member 10 for semiconductor manufacturing apparatuses, which includes an aluminum electrostatic chuck 12 and a cooling plate 14 bonded together with a thermosetting sheet 16 , is provided. The thermosetting sheet 16 is made of a cured epoxy-acrylic adhesive. The adhesive contains (A) an epoxy resin capable of hydrogen transfer type polyaddition, (B) an acrylate or methacrylate polymer, and (C) a curing agent. | 1. A member for semiconductor manufacturing apparatuses, comprising a ceramic component and a metal component bonded together with a thermosetting sheet, wherein
the thermosetting sheet is made of a cured epoxy-acrylic adhesive, and the adhesive contains (A) an epoxy resin capable of hydrogen transfer type polyaddition, (B) an acrylate or methacrylate polymer, and (C) a curing agent. 2. The member for semiconductor manufacturing apparatuses according to claim 1, wherein the rate of change in weight of the adhesive calculated from [(the weight of the adhesive before curing—the weight of the adhesive after curing under vacuum at 150° C. for 20 hours)/the weight of the adhesive before curing] is 5% by mass or less. 3. The member for semiconductor manufacturing apparatuses according to claim 1, wherein the adhesive, after bonding of the ceramic component and the metal component, has a shear strength of 0.3 MPa or more, a shear strain of 1.4 or more, and a shear elastic modulus Z in the range of 0.048≦Z≦2.350 before and after a thermal history of 150° C. for 1000 hours. 4. The member for semiconductor manufacturing apparatuses according to claim 1, wherein the modulus of elasticity of the adhesive, after bonding of the ceramic component and the metal component, is increased by 60% or less after a thermal history of 150° C. for 1000 hours. 5. The member for semiconductor manufacturing apparatuses according to claim 1, wherein the rate of change in the thermal conductivity of the adhesive, after bonding of the ceramic component and the metal component, is 10% or less before and after a thermal history of 150° C. for 1000 hours. 6. The member for semiconductor manufacturing apparatuses according to claim 1, wherein, when adherends are disposed on both sides of an adhesive sheet, which is a sheet before heat curing treatment of the adhesive, and 0.1 to 1.0 MPa is applied to the adherends, an amount by which the adhesive is squeezed out from a side surface of the adhesive sheet is 1.1 mm or less. 7. The member for semiconductor manufacturing apparatuses according to claim 1, wherein the mass percentage constituted by the (A) component is lower than the mass percentage constituted by the (B) component. 8. The member for semiconductor manufacturing apparatuses according to claim 1, wherein the member for semiconductor manufacturing apparatuses is one selected from the group consisting of heaters, electrostatic chucks, rings, and showerheads. 9. The member for semiconductor manufacturing apparatuses according to claim 1, wherein
the material of the ceramic component is one selected from the group consisting of aluminum nitride, alumina, silicon carbide, boron nitride, yttria, and magnesia, and the material of the metal component is one selected from the group consisting of aluminum, aluminum alloys, brass, molybdenum, SiSiC, and AlSiC. | A member 10 for semiconductor manufacturing apparatuses, which includes an aluminum electrostatic chuck 12 and a cooling plate 14 bonded together with a thermosetting sheet 16 , is provided. The thermosetting sheet 16 is made of a cured epoxy-acrylic adhesive. The adhesive contains (A) an epoxy resin capable of hydrogen transfer type polyaddition, (B) an acrylate or methacrylate polymer, and (C) a curing agent.1. A member for semiconductor manufacturing apparatuses, comprising a ceramic component and a metal component bonded together with a thermosetting sheet, wherein
the thermosetting sheet is made of a cured epoxy-acrylic adhesive, and the adhesive contains (A) an epoxy resin capable of hydrogen transfer type polyaddition, (B) an acrylate or methacrylate polymer, and (C) a curing agent. 2. The member for semiconductor manufacturing apparatuses according to claim 1, wherein the rate of change in weight of the adhesive calculated from [(the weight of the adhesive before curing—the weight of the adhesive after curing under vacuum at 150° C. for 20 hours)/the weight of the adhesive before curing] is 5% by mass or less. 3. The member for semiconductor manufacturing apparatuses according to claim 1, wherein the adhesive, after bonding of the ceramic component and the metal component, has a shear strength of 0.3 MPa or more, a shear strain of 1.4 or more, and a shear elastic modulus Z in the range of 0.048≦Z≦2.350 before and after a thermal history of 150° C. for 1000 hours. 4. The member for semiconductor manufacturing apparatuses according to claim 1, wherein the modulus of elasticity of the adhesive, after bonding of the ceramic component and the metal component, is increased by 60% or less after a thermal history of 150° C. for 1000 hours. 5. The member for semiconductor manufacturing apparatuses according to claim 1, wherein the rate of change in the thermal conductivity of the adhesive, after bonding of the ceramic component and the metal component, is 10% or less before and after a thermal history of 150° C. for 1000 hours. 6. The member for semiconductor manufacturing apparatuses according to claim 1, wherein, when adherends are disposed on both sides of an adhesive sheet, which is a sheet before heat curing treatment of the adhesive, and 0.1 to 1.0 MPa is applied to the adherends, an amount by which the adhesive is squeezed out from a side surface of the adhesive sheet is 1.1 mm or less. 7. The member for semiconductor manufacturing apparatuses according to claim 1, wherein the mass percentage constituted by the (A) component is lower than the mass percentage constituted by the (B) component. 8. The member for semiconductor manufacturing apparatuses according to claim 1, wherein the member for semiconductor manufacturing apparatuses is one selected from the group consisting of heaters, electrostatic chucks, rings, and showerheads. 9. The member for semiconductor manufacturing apparatuses according to claim 1, wherein
the material of the ceramic component is one selected from the group consisting of aluminum nitride, alumina, silicon carbide, boron nitride, yttria, and magnesia, and the material of the metal component is one selected from the group consisting of aluminum, aluminum alloys, brass, molybdenum, SiSiC, and AlSiC. | 1,700 |
3,621 | 16,333,716 | 1,783 | A dispersible wet wipe includes a layer of cellulosic fibers. In one embodiment, a first binder is applied in a coating N comprising randomly distributed deposits of the binder. A second binder is applied in an intermittent pattern on the surface to define first regions on the surface that include first binder but no second binder and to define second regions on the surface that include both first binder and second binder. The first and second binders can have the same chemical composition. In a second embodiment, a first binder is applied to a web surface in a first pattern, and, after applying the first binder, a second binder is applied to the web surface in a second pattern that is different than the first pattern. In a third embodiment, a binder is applied to a web surface in a pattern, the pattern having first regions and second regions, wherein the add-on level of the binder in the first regions is lower than the add-on level of the binder in the second regions. | 1. A dispersible wet wipe comprising:
a layer of cellulosic fibers, the layer having a first surface and a second surface; a first binder applied in a coating on the first surface, wherein the coating comprises randomly distributed deposits of the first binder; and a second binder applied in an intermittent pattern on the first surface to define first regions on the first surface that include first binder but no second binder and to define second regions on the first surface that include both first binder and second binder. 2. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 1, wherein the layer of cellulosic fibers comprises a first sub-layer of wetlaid tissue and a second sub-layer of airlaid tissue. 3. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 1, wherein the coating is a spray coating. 4. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 1, wherein the intermittent pattern is a roll-printed pattern. 5. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 1, wherein the intermittent pattern is a lattice pattern. 6. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 1, wherein the intermittent pattern comprises continuous lines of second binder that extend in a primarily cross-machine direction, and wherein the intermittent pattern does not comprise continuous lines of second binder that extend in a primarily machine direction. 7. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 6, wherein the continuous lines of second binder are on average spaced apart from each other by at least 2 millimeters. 8. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 1, wherein the first binder and second binder have the same chemical composition. 9. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 1, the first binder further applied in a coating on the second surface, wherein the coating comprises randomly distributed deposits of the first binder; and
the second binder further applied in an intermittent pattern on the second surface to define first regions on the second surface that include first binder but no second binder and to define second regions on the second surface that include both first binder and second binder. 10. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 1, wherein the layer of cellulosic fibers comprises a wetlaid tissue, and does not include an airlaid sub-layer. 11. A dispersible wet wipe comprising:
a layer of cellulosic fibers, the layer having a first surface and a second surface; a first binder applied to the first surface in a continuous and pattern-less coating; and a second binder applied to the first surface in a discontinuous pattern to define first regions on the first surface that include first binder but no second binder and to define second regions on the first surface that include both first binder and second binder. 12. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 11, wherein the layer of cellulosic fibers comprises a first sub-layer of wetlaid tissue and a second sub-layer of airlaid tissue. 13. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 11, wherein the coating is a spray coating. 14. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 11, wherein the discontinuous pattern is a lattice pattern. 15. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 11, wherein the discontinuous pattern comprises continuous lines of second binder that extend in a primarily cross-machine direction, and wherein the discontinuous pattern does not comprise continuous lines of second binder that extend in a primarily machine direction. 16. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 11, wherein the first binder and second binder have the same chemical composition. 17. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 11, the first binder further applied to the second surface in a continuous and pattern-less coating; and
the second binder further applied to the second surface in a discontinuous pattern to define first regions on the second surface that include first binder but no second binder and to define second regions on the second surface that include both first binder and second binder. 18. A dispersible wet wipe comprising:
a layer of cellulosic fibers, the layer having a first surface having a first surface area and a second surface having a second surface area; a first binder applied to the first surface to define a first binder surface area, a second binder applied to the first surface to define a second binder surface area, wherein the second binder surface area is at most 50 percent of the first binder surface area. 19. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 18, wherein the layer of cellulosic fibers comprises a first sub-layer of wetlaid tissue and a second sub-layer of airlaid tissue. 20. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 18, wherein the second binder surface area is at most 10 percent of the first binder surface area. 21. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 18, wherein the first binder surface area is 100 percent of the first surface area. 22. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 18, wherein the second binder is applied in a lattice pattern. 23. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 18, wherein the first binder and second binder have the same chemical composition. 24. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 18, wherein the first binder is further applied to the second surface to define a second surface first binder surface area; and
the second binder is further applied to the second surface to define a second surface second binder surface area, wherein the second surface second binder surface area is at most 10 percent of the second surface first binder surface area. 25. A dispersible wet wipe comprising:
a web having first and second surfaces; a first binder disposed in a first pattern on the first surface; and a second binder disposed in a second pattern on the first surface, the second pattern having first and second regions, wherein the second regions comprise both first and second binder and the first regions are substantially free of the first binder. 26. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 25 wherein the web comprises cellulosic fibers. 27. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 25 wherein the web comprises a first and a second layer. 28. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 25, wherein the first and second layers are manufactured by different processes. 29. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 28, wherein the first layer is wetlaid and the second layer is airlaid. 30. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 25 wherein the first binder covers at least about 70 percent of a first surface area of the first surface. 31. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 30 wherein the second binder covers at most about 10 percent of the first surface area. 32. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 25 wherein the first pattern comprises randomly distributed deposits of first binder. 33. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 25 wherein the first pattern is a random pattern. 34. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 25 wherein the first pattern is a non-random pattern. 35. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 25 wherein the second pattern comprises a substantially continuous lattice pattern. 36. A dispersible wet wipe comprising:
a web having first and second surfaces; a binder disposed in a pattern having first regions and second regions, wherein the add-on level of the binder in the first regions is lower than the add-on level of the binder in the second regions, wherein the first regions comprise islands separated by second regions. | A dispersible wet wipe includes a layer of cellulosic fibers. In one embodiment, a first binder is applied in a coating N comprising randomly distributed deposits of the binder. A second binder is applied in an intermittent pattern on the surface to define first regions on the surface that include first binder but no second binder and to define second regions on the surface that include both first binder and second binder. The first and second binders can have the same chemical composition. In a second embodiment, a first binder is applied to a web surface in a first pattern, and, after applying the first binder, a second binder is applied to the web surface in a second pattern that is different than the first pattern. In a third embodiment, a binder is applied to a web surface in a pattern, the pattern having first regions and second regions, wherein the add-on level of the binder in the first regions is lower than the add-on level of the binder in the second regions.1. A dispersible wet wipe comprising:
a layer of cellulosic fibers, the layer having a first surface and a second surface; a first binder applied in a coating on the first surface, wherein the coating comprises randomly distributed deposits of the first binder; and a second binder applied in an intermittent pattern on the first surface to define first regions on the first surface that include first binder but no second binder and to define second regions on the first surface that include both first binder and second binder. 2. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 1, wherein the layer of cellulosic fibers comprises a first sub-layer of wetlaid tissue and a second sub-layer of airlaid tissue. 3. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 1, wherein the coating is a spray coating. 4. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 1, wherein the intermittent pattern is a roll-printed pattern. 5. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 1, wherein the intermittent pattern is a lattice pattern. 6. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 1, wherein the intermittent pattern comprises continuous lines of second binder that extend in a primarily cross-machine direction, and wherein the intermittent pattern does not comprise continuous lines of second binder that extend in a primarily machine direction. 7. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 6, wherein the continuous lines of second binder are on average spaced apart from each other by at least 2 millimeters. 8. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 1, wherein the first binder and second binder have the same chemical composition. 9. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 1, the first binder further applied in a coating on the second surface, wherein the coating comprises randomly distributed deposits of the first binder; and
the second binder further applied in an intermittent pattern on the second surface to define first regions on the second surface that include first binder but no second binder and to define second regions on the second surface that include both first binder and second binder. 10. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 1, wherein the layer of cellulosic fibers comprises a wetlaid tissue, and does not include an airlaid sub-layer. 11. A dispersible wet wipe comprising:
a layer of cellulosic fibers, the layer having a first surface and a second surface; a first binder applied to the first surface in a continuous and pattern-less coating; and a second binder applied to the first surface in a discontinuous pattern to define first regions on the first surface that include first binder but no second binder and to define second regions on the first surface that include both first binder and second binder. 12. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 11, wherein the layer of cellulosic fibers comprises a first sub-layer of wetlaid tissue and a second sub-layer of airlaid tissue. 13. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 11, wherein the coating is a spray coating. 14. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 11, wherein the discontinuous pattern is a lattice pattern. 15. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 11, wherein the discontinuous pattern comprises continuous lines of second binder that extend in a primarily cross-machine direction, and wherein the discontinuous pattern does not comprise continuous lines of second binder that extend in a primarily machine direction. 16. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 11, wherein the first binder and second binder have the same chemical composition. 17. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 11, the first binder further applied to the second surface in a continuous and pattern-less coating; and
the second binder further applied to the second surface in a discontinuous pattern to define first regions on the second surface that include first binder but no second binder and to define second regions on the second surface that include both first binder and second binder. 18. A dispersible wet wipe comprising:
a layer of cellulosic fibers, the layer having a first surface having a first surface area and a second surface having a second surface area; a first binder applied to the first surface to define a first binder surface area, a second binder applied to the first surface to define a second binder surface area, wherein the second binder surface area is at most 50 percent of the first binder surface area. 19. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 18, wherein the layer of cellulosic fibers comprises a first sub-layer of wetlaid tissue and a second sub-layer of airlaid tissue. 20. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 18, wherein the second binder surface area is at most 10 percent of the first binder surface area. 21. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 18, wherein the first binder surface area is 100 percent of the first surface area. 22. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 18, wherein the second binder is applied in a lattice pattern. 23. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 18, wherein the first binder and second binder have the same chemical composition. 24. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 18, wherein the first binder is further applied to the second surface to define a second surface first binder surface area; and
the second binder is further applied to the second surface to define a second surface second binder surface area, wherein the second surface second binder surface area is at most 10 percent of the second surface first binder surface area. 25. A dispersible wet wipe comprising:
a web having first and second surfaces; a first binder disposed in a first pattern on the first surface; and a second binder disposed in a second pattern on the first surface, the second pattern having first and second regions, wherein the second regions comprise both first and second binder and the first regions are substantially free of the first binder. 26. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 25 wherein the web comprises cellulosic fibers. 27. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 25 wherein the web comprises a first and a second layer. 28. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 25, wherein the first and second layers are manufactured by different processes. 29. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 28, wherein the first layer is wetlaid and the second layer is airlaid. 30. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 25 wherein the first binder covers at least about 70 percent of a first surface area of the first surface. 31. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 30 wherein the second binder covers at most about 10 percent of the first surface area. 32. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 25 wherein the first pattern comprises randomly distributed deposits of first binder. 33. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 25 wherein the first pattern is a random pattern. 34. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 25 wherein the first pattern is a non-random pattern. 35. The dispersible wet wipe of claim 25 wherein the second pattern comprises a substantially continuous lattice pattern. 36. A dispersible wet wipe comprising:
a web having first and second surfaces; a binder disposed in a pattern having first regions and second regions, wherein the add-on level of the binder in the first regions is lower than the add-on level of the binder in the second regions, wherein the first regions comprise islands separated by second regions. | 1,700 |
3,622 | 15,586,737 | 1,797 | A smartphone protective cover that houses a glucose monitor, test strips, lancets, a lancet striker, a power source, and a biohazard debris receptacle is presented. According to the preferred embodiment of the invention, the protective covering is configured to include a smartphone adapted glucose monitor and also to accept a smartphone. In the preferred embodiment, the smartphone is removably placed into the protective covering with the glucose monitor connecting to a data receptacle on the smartphone. The protective further includes a lancet storage compartment adjacent to a lancet striker having a tension control member and striker release button, a test strip storage compartment, and a biohazard debris receptacle. The lancet storage compartment and test strip storage compartment can be re-fillable or disposable. A battery is also located in the cover and is electrically connected to the glucose for monitor, thus enabling the monitor to be powered independently of the phone. A method of use is also provided. | 1. A blood measurable constituent monitoring device comprising:
a test strip storage compartment; a lancet storage compartment; a lancet striker; a biohazard material receptacle; and a power source, wherein the device houses a smartphone. 2. The device of claim 1, further comprising a blood measurable constituent monitor. 3. The device of claim 2, the blood measurable constituent monitor further comprising a data port connector for attaching to the smartphone. 4. The device of claim 1 wherein one or more of the test strip storage compartment, lancet storage compartment, and biohazard material receptacle are reversibly coupled to the device. 5. The device of claim 1 wherein the lancet striker further comprises a chamber for holding a lancet, a tension adjuster, and a striker release button. 6. The device of claim 1 wherein the power source is a battery. 7. The device of claim 1 wherein the power source is the smartphone. 8. The device of claim 1 further comprising a storage container reversibly affixed to the device. 9. The device of claim 8, the storage container reversibly affixed to the device by a groove and lip attachment or a friction fitting. 10. A sample testing system for use with a smartphone for testing one or more body fluid components comprising:
a body fluid component tester housed within a system cover, and at least one storage compartment housed within the system cover, wherein the at least one storage compartment is selected singularly or in combination from the group consisting of a test material storage compartment, a lancet storage compartment, and a biohazard material receptacle, wherein the system cover has a first portion and a second portion that reversibly affix to one another at a physical interface, and wherein the system cover is configured to reversibly accept a smartphone between the first portion and the second portion when affixed to one another at the physical interface. 11. The testing system of claim 10 further comprising a lancet striker housed within the system cover. 12. The testing system of claim 11, the lancet striker further comprising a chamber for holding a lancet, a tension adjuster, and a striker release button. 13. The testing system of claim 10 further comprising a power source housed within the system cover. 14. The testing system of claim 13 wherein the power source is the smartphone. 15. The testing system of claim 10, the body fluid component tester further comprising a data port connector for attaching to the smartphone. 16. The testing system of claim 10 wherein at least one storage compartment is reversibly coupled to the system cover. 17. The testing system of claim 10 further comprising a storage container adapted to reversibly affix to the system cover. 18. The testing system of claim 17, the storage container reversibly affixed to the system cover by a groove and lip attachment or a friction fitting. 19. The testing system of claim 10 wherein the tester can measure, either singularly or in combination, body fluid components selected from the group consisting of blood sugar, cholesterol, low density lipoproteins, very low density lipoproteins, high density lipoproteins, triglycerides, hemoglobin a1 c, C reactive protein, insulin, human growth hormone, estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, sex hormone binding protein, DHEA-S, thyroid stimulating hormone, T3, T4, thyroid peroxidase antibody, prostate stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle stimulating hormone. 20. A body fluid monitoring system for use with a smartphone comprising:
a protective cover comprising a first portion and a second portion, the second portion configured to house a body fluid monitor, wherein the first portion and second portion reversibly couple to one another at a physical interface to secure a smartphone between the first portion and second portion, and wherein the protective cover further comprises a test strip storage compartment, a biohazard material receptacle, and a power source. | A smartphone protective cover that houses a glucose monitor, test strips, lancets, a lancet striker, a power source, and a biohazard debris receptacle is presented. According to the preferred embodiment of the invention, the protective covering is configured to include a smartphone adapted glucose monitor and also to accept a smartphone. In the preferred embodiment, the smartphone is removably placed into the protective covering with the glucose monitor connecting to a data receptacle on the smartphone. The protective further includes a lancet storage compartment adjacent to a lancet striker having a tension control member and striker release button, a test strip storage compartment, and a biohazard debris receptacle. The lancet storage compartment and test strip storage compartment can be re-fillable or disposable. A battery is also located in the cover and is electrically connected to the glucose for monitor, thus enabling the monitor to be powered independently of the phone. A method of use is also provided.1. A blood measurable constituent monitoring device comprising:
a test strip storage compartment; a lancet storage compartment; a lancet striker; a biohazard material receptacle; and a power source, wherein the device houses a smartphone. 2. The device of claim 1, further comprising a blood measurable constituent monitor. 3. The device of claim 2, the blood measurable constituent monitor further comprising a data port connector for attaching to the smartphone. 4. The device of claim 1 wherein one or more of the test strip storage compartment, lancet storage compartment, and biohazard material receptacle are reversibly coupled to the device. 5. The device of claim 1 wherein the lancet striker further comprises a chamber for holding a lancet, a tension adjuster, and a striker release button. 6. The device of claim 1 wherein the power source is a battery. 7. The device of claim 1 wherein the power source is the smartphone. 8. The device of claim 1 further comprising a storage container reversibly affixed to the device. 9. The device of claim 8, the storage container reversibly affixed to the device by a groove and lip attachment or a friction fitting. 10. A sample testing system for use with a smartphone for testing one or more body fluid components comprising:
a body fluid component tester housed within a system cover, and at least one storage compartment housed within the system cover, wherein the at least one storage compartment is selected singularly or in combination from the group consisting of a test material storage compartment, a lancet storage compartment, and a biohazard material receptacle, wherein the system cover has a first portion and a second portion that reversibly affix to one another at a physical interface, and wherein the system cover is configured to reversibly accept a smartphone between the first portion and the second portion when affixed to one another at the physical interface. 11. The testing system of claim 10 further comprising a lancet striker housed within the system cover. 12. The testing system of claim 11, the lancet striker further comprising a chamber for holding a lancet, a tension adjuster, and a striker release button. 13. The testing system of claim 10 further comprising a power source housed within the system cover. 14. The testing system of claim 13 wherein the power source is the smartphone. 15. The testing system of claim 10, the body fluid component tester further comprising a data port connector for attaching to the smartphone. 16. The testing system of claim 10 wherein at least one storage compartment is reversibly coupled to the system cover. 17. The testing system of claim 10 further comprising a storage container adapted to reversibly affix to the system cover. 18. The testing system of claim 17, the storage container reversibly affixed to the system cover by a groove and lip attachment or a friction fitting. 19. The testing system of claim 10 wherein the tester can measure, either singularly or in combination, body fluid components selected from the group consisting of blood sugar, cholesterol, low density lipoproteins, very low density lipoproteins, high density lipoproteins, triglycerides, hemoglobin a1 c, C reactive protein, insulin, human growth hormone, estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, sex hormone binding protein, DHEA-S, thyroid stimulating hormone, T3, T4, thyroid peroxidase antibody, prostate stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle stimulating hormone. 20. A body fluid monitoring system for use with a smartphone comprising:
a protective cover comprising a first portion and a second portion, the second portion configured to house a body fluid monitor, wherein the first portion and second portion reversibly couple to one another at a physical interface to secure a smartphone between the first portion and second portion, and wherein the protective cover further comprises a test strip storage compartment, a biohazard material receptacle, and a power source. | 1,700 |
3,623 | 15,145,669 | 1,795 | A filter for a respiratory air analyzer includes a filter housing, a converter material, and a sensor arranged in the filter housing. The converter material is arranged in the filter housing between a gas inlet opening and a gas outlet opening. The sensor has a first electrode and a second electrode that are configured to record a characteristic of at least a part of the converter material that is arranged between the first and second electrodes. | 1. A filter for a respiratory air analyzer, comprising:
a filter housing; a converter material arranged in the filter housing between a gas inlet opening and a gas outlet opening; and a sensor arranged in the filter housing, the sensor having a first electrode and a second electrode configured to record a characteristic of at least a part of the converter material arranged between the first and second electrodes. 2. The filter according to claim 1, wherein the sensor is coated with the at least a part of the converter material. 3. The filter according to claim 1, wherein the sensor is arranged at a distance from the gas outlet opening in the filter housing, the distance corresponding at least to a critical packing height of the converter material ahead of the gas outlet opening. 4. The filter according to claim 1, wherein the first electrode is arranged in a region of the gas inlet opening and the second electrode is arranged in a region of the gas outlet opening. 5. The filter according to claim 1, wherein the first and second electrodes are configured as grid electrodes or finger electrodes. 6. The filter according to claim 1, wherein the first and second electrodes are formed in a wall of the filter housing. 7. The filter according to claim 1, further comprising an impedance recording device configured to record an impedance of the at least a part of the converter material by using the sensor. 8. The filter according to claim 1, further comprising a providing device configured to provide a state signal that represents a functional state of the filter by using the characteristic of the converter material. 9. A respiratory air analyzer, comprising:
a filter including:
a filter housing,
a converter material arranged in the filter housing between a gas inlet opening and a gas outlet opening, and
a sensor arranged in the filter housing, the sensor having a first electrode and a second electrode configured to record a characteristic of at least a part of the converter material arranged between the first and second electrodes. 10. A method for monitoring a filter for a respiratory air analyzer, the filter having a filter housing and a converter material arranged in the filter housing between a gas inlet opening and a gas outlet opening, the method comprising:
recording a characteristic of at least a part of the converter material of the filter by using a sensor arranged in the filter housing, the sensor having a first electrode and a second electrode and the at least a part of the converter material arranged between the first and second electrodes. | A filter for a respiratory air analyzer includes a filter housing, a converter material, and a sensor arranged in the filter housing. The converter material is arranged in the filter housing between a gas inlet opening and a gas outlet opening. The sensor has a first electrode and a second electrode that are configured to record a characteristic of at least a part of the converter material that is arranged between the first and second electrodes.1. A filter for a respiratory air analyzer, comprising:
a filter housing; a converter material arranged in the filter housing between a gas inlet opening and a gas outlet opening; and a sensor arranged in the filter housing, the sensor having a first electrode and a second electrode configured to record a characteristic of at least a part of the converter material arranged between the first and second electrodes. 2. The filter according to claim 1, wherein the sensor is coated with the at least a part of the converter material. 3. The filter according to claim 1, wherein the sensor is arranged at a distance from the gas outlet opening in the filter housing, the distance corresponding at least to a critical packing height of the converter material ahead of the gas outlet opening. 4. The filter according to claim 1, wherein the first electrode is arranged in a region of the gas inlet opening and the second electrode is arranged in a region of the gas outlet opening. 5. The filter according to claim 1, wherein the first and second electrodes are configured as grid electrodes or finger electrodes. 6. The filter according to claim 1, wherein the first and second electrodes are formed in a wall of the filter housing. 7. The filter according to claim 1, further comprising an impedance recording device configured to record an impedance of the at least a part of the converter material by using the sensor. 8. The filter according to claim 1, further comprising a providing device configured to provide a state signal that represents a functional state of the filter by using the characteristic of the converter material. 9. A respiratory air analyzer, comprising:
a filter including:
a filter housing,
a converter material arranged in the filter housing between a gas inlet opening and a gas outlet opening, and
a sensor arranged in the filter housing, the sensor having a first electrode and a second electrode configured to record a characteristic of at least a part of the converter material arranged between the first and second electrodes. 10. A method for monitoring a filter for a respiratory air analyzer, the filter having a filter housing and a converter material arranged in the filter housing between a gas inlet opening and a gas outlet opening, the method comprising:
recording a characteristic of at least a part of the converter material of the filter by using a sensor arranged in the filter housing, the sensor having a first electrode and a second electrode and the at least a part of the converter material arranged between the first and second electrodes. | 1,700 |
3,624 | 12,813,135 | 1,787 | An aircraft transparency includes a first stretched acrylic ply and a second stretched acrylic ply. A coating stack having solar control properties is applied over at least a portion of one or more of the major surfaces. The coating stack includes a first primer layer comprising an epoxy amino siloxane-containing material. A solar coating having at least three metallic silver layers is formed over at least a portion of the first primer layer. A protective coating including silica and alumina is formed over at least a portion of the solar control coating. A topcoat including a polysiloxane material is formed over at least a portion of the protective coating. An overcoat is formed over at least a portion of the topcoat and includes a diamond-like carbon type coating. | 1. An aircraft transparency, comprising:
a first polymeric ply having a first major surface and second major surface; a second polymeric ply spaced from the first ply and having a third major surface and a fourth major surface; and a coating stack having solar control properties over at least a portion of one or more of the major surfaces, wherein the coating stack comprises:
a first primer layer formed over at least a portion of one of the major surfaces, the first primer layer comprising a siloxane-containing material;
a solar coating formed over at least a portion of the first primer layer, the solar control coating having at least one metallic layer and at least one dielectric layer;
a protective coating formed over at least a portion of the solar control coating, the protective coating comprising at least one metal oxide;
a topcoat formed over at least a portion of the protective coating and comprising a polysiloxane material; and
an overcoat formed over at least a portion of the topcoat and comprising a silicon oxycarbide coating. 2. The transparency of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and second plies is stretched acrylic. 3. The transparency of claim 1, wherein the first and second plies are separated by an air gap. 4. The transparency of claim 1, wherein the first and second plies are laminated by an interlayer. 5. The transparency of claim 1, wherein the coating stack further comprises an inner protective coating between the first primer layer and the solar control coating and a second primer layer between the protective coating and the topcoat. 6. The transparency of claim 1, wherein the primer layer comprises an epoxy amino siloxane material. 7. The transparency of claim 1, wherein the solar control coating comprises three or more metallic silver layers separated by dielectric layers. 8. The transparency of claim 1, wherein the protective coating comprises a mixture of silica and alumina. 9. The transparency of claim 1, wherein the overcoat comprises a DIAMONDSHIELD® layer. 10. The transparency of claim 1, wherein the coating stack is formed over at least a portion of the first major surface. 11. The transparency of claim 1, further including an electrochromic assembly spaced from the second ply. 12. The transparency of claim 1, wherein the topcoat comprises a multi-layer structure having a first layer comprising a polysiloxane material, a second layer comprising one or more metal oxides, and a third layer comprising a polysiloxane material. 13. The transparency of claim 1, further including a third protective coating between the topcoat and the overcoat. 14. An aircraft transparency, comprising:
a first stretched acrylic ply having a first major surface and a second major surface; a second stretched acrylic ply spaced from the first ply and having a third major surface and a fourth major surface; and a coating stack having solar control properties applied over at least a portion of one or more of the major surfaces, wherein the coating stack comprises: a first primer layer formed over at least a portion of one of the major surfaces, the first primer layer comprising an epoxy amino siloxane-containing material; a solar coating formed over at least a portion of the first primer layer, the solar control coating comprising at least three metallic silver layers; a protective coating formed over at least a portion of the solar control coating, the protective coating comprising silica and alumina; a topcoat formed over at least a portion of the protective coating and comprising a polysiloxane material; and an overcoat formed over at least a portion of the topcoat and comprising a diamond-like carbon coating. 15. The transparency of claim 14, wherein the coating stack further comprises an inner protective coating between the first primer layer and the solar control coating and a second primer layer between the protective coating and the topcoat. 16. The transparency of claim 14, wherein the coating stack is formed over at least a portion of the first major surface. 17-31. (canceled) | An aircraft transparency includes a first stretched acrylic ply and a second stretched acrylic ply. A coating stack having solar control properties is applied over at least a portion of one or more of the major surfaces. The coating stack includes a first primer layer comprising an epoxy amino siloxane-containing material. A solar coating having at least three metallic silver layers is formed over at least a portion of the first primer layer. A protective coating including silica and alumina is formed over at least a portion of the solar control coating. A topcoat including a polysiloxane material is formed over at least a portion of the protective coating. An overcoat is formed over at least a portion of the topcoat and includes a diamond-like carbon type coating.1. An aircraft transparency, comprising:
a first polymeric ply having a first major surface and second major surface; a second polymeric ply spaced from the first ply and having a third major surface and a fourth major surface; and a coating stack having solar control properties over at least a portion of one or more of the major surfaces, wherein the coating stack comprises:
a first primer layer formed over at least a portion of one of the major surfaces, the first primer layer comprising a siloxane-containing material;
a solar coating formed over at least a portion of the first primer layer, the solar control coating having at least one metallic layer and at least one dielectric layer;
a protective coating formed over at least a portion of the solar control coating, the protective coating comprising at least one metal oxide;
a topcoat formed over at least a portion of the protective coating and comprising a polysiloxane material; and
an overcoat formed over at least a portion of the topcoat and comprising a silicon oxycarbide coating. 2. The transparency of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and second plies is stretched acrylic. 3. The transparency of claim 1, wherein the first and second plies are separated by an air gap. 4. The transparency of claim 1, wherein the first and second plies are laminated by an interlayer. 5. The transparency of claim 1, wherein the coating stack further comprises an inner protective coating between the first primer layer and the solar control coating and a second primer layer between the protective coating and the topcoat. 6. The transparency of claim 1, wherein the primer layer comprises an epoxy amino siloxane material. 7. The transparency of claim 1, wherein the solar control coating comprises three or more metallic silver layers separated by dielectric layers. 8. The transparency of claim 1, wherein the protective coating comprises a mixture of silica and alumina. 9. The transparency of claim 1, wherein the overcoat comprises a DIAMONDSHIELD® layer. 10. The transparency of claim 1, wherein the coating stack is formed over at least a portion of the first major surface. 11. The transparency of claim 1, further including an electrochromic assembly spaced from the second ply. 12. The transparency of claim 1, wherein the topcoat comprises a multi-layer structure having a first layer comprising a polysiloxane material, a second layer comprising one or more metal oxides, and a third layer comprising a polysiloxane material. 13. The transparency of claim 1, further including a third protective coating between the topcoat and the overcoat. 14. An aircraft transparency, comprising:
a first stretched acrylic ply having a first major surface and a second major surface; a second stretched acrylic ply spaced from the first ply and having a third major surface and a fourth major surface; and a coating stack having solar control properties applied over at least a portion of one or more of the major surfaces, wherein the coating stack comprises: a first primer layer formed over at least a portion of one of the major surfaces, the first primer layer comprising an epoxy amino siloxane-containing material; a solar coating formed over at least a portion of the first primer layer, the solar control coating comprising at least three metallic silver layers; a protective coating formed over at least a portion of the solar control coating, the protective coating comprising silica and alumina; a topcoat formed over at least a portion of the protective coating and comprising a polysiloxane material; and an overcoat formed over at least a portion of the topcoat and comprising a diamond-like carbon coating. 15. The transparency of claim 14, wherein the coating stack further comprises an inner protective coating between the first primer layer and the solar control coating and a second primer layer between the protective coating and the topcoat. 16. The transparency of claim 14, wherein the coating stack is formed over at least a portion of the first major surface. 17-31. (canceled) | 1,700 |
3,625 | 15,178,992 | 1,784 | A decorated glass-ceramic article, including: at least three different gloss contrast regions having at least three gloss levels having a relative gloss difference of at least 20 units when measured at from at least one incidence angle of: 20 degrees, 60 degrees, or 85 degrees.
Also disclosed is a method of decorating a surface to have one or more contrast levels on at least a portion of the surface of an original substrate, as defined herein. | 1. A decorated glass-ceramic article, comprising:
at least three different gloss contrast regions having at least three gloss levels having a relative gloss difference of at least 20 units when measured at from at least one incidence angle of: 20 degrees, 60 degrees, or 85 degrees. 2. A decorated glossy article, comprising:
a substrate having a glossy appearance and a smooth surface texture; and a plurality contrast regions on the surface of the substrate comprising:
a first matte contrast region having a first rough texture having a first roughness, and
a second matte contrast region having a second rough texture having a second roughness, wherein the first roughness is greater than the second roughness. 3. A decorated matte article, comprising:
a substrate having a first matte appearance and a first rough surface texture having a first roughness; and a plurality of contrast regions on the surface of the substrate comprising:
a second matte contrast region and a second rough texture having a second roughness, and
a third matte contrast region and a third rough texture having a third roughness,
wherein the first roughness is less rough than the second roughness, and the second roughness is different from the first and the third roughness. 4. A method of making an article having aesthetic surface features having two or more contrast levels on at least a portion of the surface of a chemically etchable original substrate, comprising:
a first masking on at least a portion of the original surface area of the substrate to form a partially masked substrate; a first chemical roughening on at least a portion of the unmasked surface area portion of the masked substrate to produce a matte-finished area on the masked substrate; removing the first mask to produce a first area of contrast with respect to the original surface area and the matte-finished area; a second masking on at least a portion of the matte-finished surface area to form a masked matte-finished area; a first chemical polishing on at least a portion of the unmasked matte-finished area to produce a first polished matte-finished area; and removing the second mask to produce a second area of contrast with respect to the unmasked original surface area, the matte-finished surface area, and the polished matte-finished area. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the first masking applies an etch-resistant material selected from at least one of: a wax, a polymer, a water insoluble film or coat, a UV curable film or coat, an adhesive, a lamination layer, or a combination thereof, and the first masking applies the mask to the surface by inkjet printing, screen printing, lamination, or combinations thereof. 6. The method of claim 4 wherein the first chemical roughening produces a roughened surface having a matte-finished appearance and the original surface is a substrate selected from at least one of: a glossy glass, a glossy glass-ceramic, a glossy ceramic, or a combination thereof. 7. The method of claim 4 wherein the first chemical roughening includes etching the original surface substrate with an etchant containing hydrofluoric acid (HF) and produces a roughened surface having a surface roughness of from 200 to 1,000 nm RMS, and the first chemical polishing accomplishes at least one of:
polishing the matte-finished surface;
reducing the surface roughness;
changing the color of the original surface;
or a combination thereof. 8. The method of claim 4 wherein the first chemical polishing changes only the visual appearance of the matte-finished surface and not the visual appearance of the original surface. 9. The method of claim 4 wherein removing the first mask is accomplished by contacting the mask of the masked original surface area in a suitable organic solvent. 10. The method of claim 4 wherein the original substrate has a thickness of from 50 microns to 100 millimeters, the original substrate has a geometry selected from flat, curved, or a combination thereof, and the strength of the produced article is unchanged or is reduced by from 0.1 to 20 percent compared to the strength of the original substrate. 11. The method of claim 4 wherein the first area of contrast with respect to the original surface area, the second area of contrast with respect to the original surface area, and the matte-finished area, each have a relative reflectance difference of from 5 to 25%. 12. The method of claim 4 wherein:
if the original substrate is a black opaque glossy ceramic substrate, then it has a total reflectance of 90 to 99% including the specular component of from 0.001 to 20%, and has a total transmittance of from 0.001 to 20%;
if the original substrate is a white opaque glossy ceramic substrate, then it has a total reflectance of 75 to 99% including the specular component of from 0.001 to 20%, and has a total transmittance of from 0.001 to 20%; and
if the original substrate is a grey opaque glossy ceramic substrate, then the substrate has a total reflectance of 40 to 75% and has a total transmittance of from 0.001 to 20%. 13. The method of claim 4 wherein removing the second mask produces the second area of contrast with respect to the original surface area and the matte-finished area and the resulting substrate has two or more surface textures, the two or more surface textures each having a gloss difference with respect to the other surface textures of from 5 to 20%. 14. The method of claim 4 wherein the first etching is accomplished in a solution comprising a fluorinated acid selected from HF, NH4F, NH5F2, KF, NaF, KHF2, NaHF2, or a combination thereof, and the first chemical polishing is accomplished in a solution containing HF, a mineral acid, an organic acid, or a combination thereof. 15. The method of claim 4 wherein:
the original substrate is a glossy substrate having a gloss value (gloss 85) from 80 to 100 and a surface roughness from 0.2 nm RMS to 10 nm RMS;
the matte-finished area has a gloss value (gloss 85) of from 40 to 60 and a surface roughness from 10 nm RMS to 1,000 nm RMS;
the first area of contrast has a gloss value (gloss 85) of from 80 to 100 and a surface roughness from 0.2 nm RMS to 100 nm RMS;
the first chemically polished matte-finished area has a gloss value (gloss 85) of from 40 to 60 and a surface roughness from 200 nm RMS to 1,000 nm RMS; and
the second area of contrast has a gloss value (gloss 85) of from 10 to 30 and a surface roughness from 200 nm RMS to an RMS less than the RMS of the first chemically polished matte finished area of from 200 nm RMS to 1,000 nm RMS. 16. The method of claim 4 further comprising repeating the steps of claim 1, in the order listed, one or more times. 17. An article having at least one original surface decorated in accordance the method of claim 4. 18. A method of making an article having aesthetic surface features having two or more contrast levels on at least a portion of the surface of a chemically etchable matte finish substrate, comprising:
a first masking on at least a portion of the surface area of the matte finish substrate to form a partially masked substrate; a first chemical polishing on at least a portion of the unmasked surface area portion of the masked substrate to produce a first chemically polished matte-finish substrate area on the partially masked substrate area; removing the first mask to produce a first area of contrast with respect to the matte-finish substrate area and the chemically polished matte-finished substrate area; a second masking on at least a portion of the chemically polished matte-finished surface area to form a second masked matte-finished area; a second chemical polishing on at least a portion of the unmasked chemically polished matte-finish substrate area to produce a second chemically polished matte-finish area; and removing the second mask to produce a second area of contrast with respect to the unmasked matte finish substrate surface area, the first chemically polished matte-finished area, and the first and second chemically polished matte-finish area. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein the matte finish substrate has a thickness of from 50 microns to 100 millimeters, the matte finish substrate has a geometry selected from flat, curved, or a combination thereof, and the strength of the produced article is unchanged or is reduced by from 0.1 to 20 percent compared to the strength of the matte finish. 20. The method of claim 18 further comprising repeating the steps of claim 15, in the order listed, one or more times. 21. The method of claim 18 wherein the method produces at least two different contrast areas, each different contrast area having different gloss and different color properties. 22. An article having at least one matte finish surface decorated in accordance with the method of claim 18. | A decorated glass-ceramic article, including: at least three different gloss contrast regions having at least three gloss levels having a relative gloss difference of at least 20 units when measured at from at least one incidence angle of: 20 degrees, 60 degrees, or 85 degrees.
Also disclosed is a method of decorating a surface to have one or more contrast levels on at least a portion of the surface of an original substrate, as defined herein.1. A decorated glass-ceramic article, comprising:
at least three different gloss contrast regions having at least three gloss levels having a relative gloss difference of at least 20 units when measured at from at least one incidence angle of: 20 degrees, 60 degrees, or 85 degrees. 2. A decorated glossy article, comprising:
a substrate having a glossy appearance and a smooth surface texture; and a plurality contrast regions on the surface of the substrate comprising:
a first matte contrast region having a first rough texture having a first roughness, and
a second matte contrast region having a second rough texture having a second roughness, wherein the first roughness is greater than the second roughness. 3. A decorated matte article, comprising:
a substrate having a first matte appearance and a first rough surface texture having a first roughness; and a plurality of contrast regions on the surface of the substrate comprising:
a second matte contrast region and a second rough texture having a second roughness, and
a third matte contrast region and a third rough texture having a third roughness,
wherein the first roughness is less rough than the second roughness, and the second roughness is different from the first and the third roughness. 4. A method of making an article having aesthetic surface features having two or more contrast levels on at least a portion of the surface of a chemically etchable original substrate, comprising:
a first masking on at least a portion of the original surface area of the substrate to form a partially masked substrate; a first chemical roughening on at least a portion of the unmasked surface area portion of the masked substrate to produce a matte-finished area on the masked substrate; removing the first mask to produce a first area of contrast with respect to the original surface area and the matte-finished area; a second masking on at least a portion of the matte-finished surface area to form a masked matte-finished area; a first chemical polishing on at least a portion of the unmasked matte-finished area to produce a first polished matte-finished area; and removing the second mask to produce a second area of contrast with respect to the unmasked original surface area, the matte-finished surface area, and the polished matte-finished area. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the first masking applies an etch-resistant material selected from at least one of: a wax, a polymer, a water insoluble film or coat, a UV curable film or coat, an adhesive, a lamination layer, or a combination thereof, and the first masking applies the mask to the surface by inkjet printing, screen printing, lamination, or combinations thereof. 6. The method of claim 4 wherein the first chemical roughening produces a roughened surface having a matte-finished appearance and the original surface is a substrate selected from at least one of: a glossy glass, a glossy glass-ceramic, a glossy ceramic, or a combination thereof. 7. The method of claim 4 wherein the first chemical roughening includes etching the original surface substrate with an etchant containing hydrofluoric acid (HF) and produces a roughened surface having a surface roughness of from 200 to 1,000 nm RMS, and the first chemical polishing accomplishes at least one of:
polishing the matte-finished surface;
reducing the surface roughness;
changing the color of the original surface;
or a combination thereof. 8. The method of claim 4 wherein the first chemical polishing changes only the visual appearance of the matte-finished surface and not the visual appearance of the original surface. 9. The method of claim 4 wherein removing the first mask is accomplished by contacting the mask of the masked original surface area in a suitable organic solvent. 10. The method of claim 4 wherein the original substrate has a thickness of from 50 microns to 100 millimeters, the original substrate has a geometry selected from flat, curved, or a combination thereof, and the strength of the produced article is unchanged or is reduced by from 0.1 to 20 percent compared to the strength of the original substrate. 11. The method of claim 4 wherein the first area of contrast with respect to the original surface area, the second area of contrast with respect to the original surface area, and the matte-finished area, each have a relative reflectance difference of from 5 to 25%. 12. The method of claim 4 wherein:
if the original substrate is a black opaque glossy ceramic substrate, then it has a total reflectance of 90 to 99% including the specular component of from 0.001 to 20%, and has a total transmittance of from 0.001 to 20%;
if the original substrate is a white opaque glossy ceramic substrate, then it has a total reflectance of 75 to 99% including the specular component of from 0.001 to 20%, and has a total transmittance of from 0.001 to 20%; and
if the original substrate is a grey opaque glossy ceramic substrate, then the substrate has a total reflectance of 40 to 75% and has a total transmittance of from 0.001 to 20%. 13. The method of claim 4 wherein removing the second mask produces the second area of contrast with respect to the original surface area and the matte-finished area and the resulting substrate has two or more surface textures, the two or more surface textures each having a gloss difference with respect to the other surface textures of from 5 to 20%. 14. The method of claim 4 wherein the first etching is accomplished in a solution comprising a fluorinated acid selected from HF, NH4F, NH5F2, KF, NaF, KHF2, NaHF2, or a combination thereof, and the first chemical polishing is accomplished in a solution containing HF, a mineral acid, an organic acid, or a combination thereof. 15. The method of claim 4 wherein:
the original substrate is a glossy substrate having a gloss value (gloss 85) from 80 to 100 and a surface roughness from 0.2 nm RMS to 10 nm RMS;
the matte-finished area has a gloss value (gloss 85) of from 40 to 60 and a surface roughness from 10 nm RMS to 1,000 nm RMS;
the first area of contrast has a gloss value (gloss 85) of from 80 to 100 and a surface roughness from 0.2 nm RMS to 100 nm RMS;
the first chemically polished matte-finished area has a gloss value (gloss 85) of from 40 to 60 and a surface roughness from 200 nm RMS to 1,000 nm RMS; and
the second area of contrast has a gloss value (gloss 85) of from 10 to 30 and a surface roughness from 200 nm RMS to an RMS less than the RMS of the first chemically polished matte finished area of from 200 nm RMS to 1,000 nm RMS. 16. The method of claim 4 further comprising repeating the steps of claim 1, in the order listed, one or more times. 17. An article having at least one original surface decorated in accordance the method of claim 4. 18. A method of making an article having aesthetic surface features having two or more contrast levels on at least a portion of the surface of a chemically etchable matte finish substrate, comprising:
a first masking on at least a portion of the surface area of the matte finish substrate to form a partially masked substrate; a first chemical polishing on at least a portion of the unmasked surface area portion of the masked substrate to produce a first chemically polished matte-finish substrate area on the partially masked substrate area; removing the first mask to produce a first area of contrast with respect to the matte-finish substrate area and the chemically polished matte-finished substrate area; a second masking on at least a portion of the chemically polished matte-finished surface area to form a second masked matte-finished area; a second chemical polishing on at least a portion of the unmasked chemically polished matte-finish substrate area to produce a second chemically polished matte-finish area; and removing the second mask to produce a second area of contrast with respect to the unmasked matte finish substrate surface area, the first chemically polished matte-finished area, and the first and second chemically polished matte-finish area. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein the matte finish substrate has a thickness of from 50 microns to 100 millimeters, the matte finish substrate has a geometry selected from flat, curved, or a combination thereof, and the strength of the produced article is unchanged or is reduced by from 0.1 to 20 percent compared to the strength of the matte finish. 20. The method of claim 18 further comprising repeating the steps of claim 15, in the order listed, one or more times. 21. The method of claim 18 wherein the method produces at least two different contrast areas, each different contrast area having different gloss and different color properties. 22. An article having at least one matte finish surface decorated in accordance with the method of claim 18. | 1,700 |
3,626 | 15,138,267 | 1,785 | The present disclosure relates to homogeneous or heterogeneous polymer foam structures having a graphic printed thereon. As discussed herein, foam structures, such as for example High Internal Phase Emulsion (HIPE) foam structures may include a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface, and one or more graphics may be printed directly on the first and/or second surfaces of the foam. The graphic may comprise ink positioned on the first and/or second surface, wherein the ink may penetrate into the foam structure below the surface on which the ink is applied. As such, the ink may reside on the foam structure and/or within the foam structure at various depths below the first and/or second surface. | 1. A heterogeneous polymeric foam structure comprising:
interconnected open-cells obtained from at least one water-in-oil emulsion; at least two distinct regions that differ by at least about 20% with regard to microcellular morphology; and a graphic printed on at least one of the two distinct regions. 2. The foam structure of claim 1, further comprising a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; and
wherein the graphic comprises ink positioned on the first surface. 3. The foam structure of claim 2, wherein a portion of the ink is positioned on the foam structure at an average ink penetration depth of 500 microns or less below the first surface. 4. The foam structure of claim 1, wherein graphic includes a primary color selected from the group consisting of: cyan, yellow, magenta, and black. 5. The foam structure of claim 4, wherein the primary color of cyan has an optical density of greater than about 0.10. 6. The foam structure of claim 4, wherein the primary color of yellow has an optical density of greater than about 0.10. 7. The foam structure of claim 4, wherein the primary color of magenta has an optical density of greater than about 0.10. 8. The foam structure of claim 4, wherein the primary color of black has an optical density of greater than about 0.10. 9. The foam structure of claim 1, wherein at least one of the distinct regions comprises a mean cell size of not more than about 50 μm. 10. The foam structure of claim 1, wherein at least one of the distinct regions comprises a mean cell size from about 20 μm to about 200 μm. 11. The foam structure of claim 1, wherein the at least two distinct regions comprises:
a first region comprising a mean cell size of not more than about 50 μm. a second region comprising a mean cell size from about 20 μm to about 200 μm, wherein the mean cell size of the first region is less than the mean cell size of the second region. 12. A heterogeneous polymeric foam structure comprising:
interconnected open-cells obtained from at least one water-in-oil emulsion;
at least two distinct regions that differ by at least about 20% with regard to microcellular morphology; and
a graphic printed on at least one of the two distinct regions, the graphic comprising L*a*b* color values, the graphic being defined by the CIELab coordinate values disposed inside the boundary described by the following system of equations:
{a*=2.35 to −20.19; b*=79.81 to 70.46}-->b*=0.415a*+78.835
{a*=−20.19 to −40.21; b*=70.46 to 53.48}-->b*=0.848a*+87.584
{a*=−40.21 to −51.26; b*=53.48 to 20.56}-->b*=2.979a*+173.273
{a*=−51.26 to −53.16; b*=20.56 to 2.64}-->>b*=9.432a*+504.023
{a*=−53.16 to −39.12; b*=2.64 to −30.65}-->b*=−2.371a*−173.407
{a*=−39.12 to −24.29; b*=−30.65 to −50.76}-->b*=−1.356a*−83.698
{a*=−24.29 to 5.66; b*=−50.76 to −44.78-->b*=0.200a*−45.910
{a*=5.66 to 46.22; b*=−44.78 to −21.00}-->b*=0.586a*−48.098
{a*=46.22 to 52.70; b*=−21.00 to −12.76}-->b*=1.272a*−79.774
{a*=52.70 to 55.98; b*=−12.76 to 9.83}-->b*=6.887a*−375.715
{a*=55.98 to 43.71; b*=9.83 to 47.92}-->b*=−3.104a*+183.610
{a*=43.71 to 2.35; b*=47.92 to 79.81}-->b*=−0.771a*+81.622; and
wherein L* is from 0 to 100. 13. The foam structure of claim 12, further comprising a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; and
wherein the graphic comprises ink positioned on the first surface. 14. The foam structure of claim 13, wherein a portion of the ink is positioned on the foam structure at an average ink penetration depth of 500 microns or less below the first surface. 15. The foam structure of claim 12, wherein graphic includes a primary color selected from the group consisting of: cyan, yellow, magenta, and black. 16. The foam structure of claim 12, wherein graphic is positioned on a region comprising a mean cell size from about 20 μm to about 200 μm. 17. A heterogeneous polymeric foam structure comprising:
interconnected open-cells obtained from at least one water-in-oil emulsion;
at least two distinct regions that differ by at least about 20% with regard to microcellular morphology; and
a graphic printed on at least one of the two distinct regions, the graphic comprising L*a*b* color values, the graphic being defined by the CIELab coordinate values disposed inside the boundary described by the following system of equations:
{a*=−5.66 to −13.27; b*=59.89 to 57.29}-->b*=0.342a*+61.824
{a*=−13.27 to −25.02; b*=57.29 to 40.39}-->b*=1.438a*+76.376
{a*=−25.02 to −35.25; b*=40.39 to 14.23}-->b*=2.557a*+104.371
{a*=−35.25 to −35.55; b*=14.23 to −0.42}-->>b*=48.833a*+1735.605
{a*=−35.55 to −16.05; b*=−0.42 to −40.40}-->b*=−2.050a*−73.307
{a*=−16.05 to 5.30; b*=−40.40 to −32.69}-->b*=0.361a*−34.604
{a*=5.30 to 34.81; b*=−32.69 to −12.63-->b*=0.680a*−36.293
{a*=34.81 to 39.33; b*=−12.63 to −5.99}-->b*=1.469a*−63.767
{a*=39.33 to 44.16; b*=−5.99 to 17.53}-->b*=4.870a*−197.510
{a*=44.16 to 42.52; b*=17.53 to 33.24}-->b*=−9.579a*+440.550
{a*=42.52 to 0.92; b*=33.24 to 58.23}-->b*=−0.601a*+58.783
{a*=0.92 to −5.66; b*=58.23 to 59.89}-->b*=−0.252a*+58.462; and
wherein L* is from 0 to 100. 18. The foam structure of claim 17, further comprising a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; and
wherein the graphic comprises ink positioned on the first surface. 19. The foam structure of claim 18, wherein a portion of the ink is positioned on the foam structure at an average ink penetration depth of 500 microns or less below the first surface. 20. The foam structure of claim 17, wherein graphic includes a primary color selected from the group consisting of: cyan, yellow, magenta, and black. 21. The foam structure of claim 17, wherein graphic is positioned on a region comprising a mean cell size of not more than about 50 nm. 22. A heterogeneous polymeric foam structure comprising:
interconnected open-cells obtained from at least one water-in-oil emulsion; at least two distinct regions that differ by at least about 20% with regard to microcellular morphology; a first surface; a second surface opposite the first surface; a graphic printed directly on the first surface, and wherein foam structure has a dry average ink adhesion rating of at least about 1.5 or greater. 23. The foam structure of claim 22, wherein the graphic comprises ink positioned on the first surface. 24. The foam structure of claim 22, wherein a portion of the ink is positioned at an average ink penetration depth of 500 microns or less below the first surface. 25. The foam structure of claim 22, wherein graphic includes a primary color selected from the group consisting of: cyan, yellow, magenta, and black, wherein at least one primary color has an optical density of greater than about 0.10. 26. The foam structure of claim 22, wherein at least one of the distinct regions comprises a mean cell size of not more than about 50 μm. 27. The foam structure of claim 22, wherein at least one of the distinct regions comprises a mean cell size from about 20 μm to about 200 μm. 28. The foam structure of claim 22, wherein the at least two distinct regions comprises:
a first region comprising a mean cell size of not more than about 50 μm. a second region comprising a mean cell size from about 20 μm to about 200 μm. 29. A heterogeneous polymeric foam structure comprising:
interconnected open-cells obtained from at least one water-in-oil emulsion; at least two distinct regions that differ by at least about 20% with regard to microcellular morphology; a first surface; a second surface opposite the first surface; a graphic printed directly on the first surface, and wherein foam structure has a wet average ink adhesion rating of at least about 1.5 or greater. 30. The foam structure of claim 29, wherein the graphic comprises ink positioned on the first surface. 31. The foam structure of claim 30, wherein a portion of the ink is positioned on the foam structure at an average ink penetration depth of 500 microns or less below the first surface. 32. The foam structure of claim 29, wherein graphic includes a primary color selected from the group consisting of: cyan, yellow, magenta, and black, wherein at least one primary color has an optical density of greater than about 0.10. 33. The foam structure of claim 29, wherein at least one of the distinct regions comprises a mean cell size of not more than about 50 μm. 34. The foam structure of claim 29, wherein at least one of the distinct regions comprises a mean cell size from about 20 μm to about 200 μm. 35. The foam structure of claim 29, wherein the at least two distinct regions comprises:
a first region comprising a mean cell size of not more than about 50 μm. a second region comprising a mean cell size from about 20 μm to about 200 μm. 36. A polymeric foam structure comprising:
interconnected open-cells obtained from at least one water-in-oil emulsion; a first surface; a second surface opposite the first surface; and a graphic printed on the first surface. 37. The foam structure of claim 36, wherein the graphic comprises ink positioned on the first surface, and wherein a portion of the ink is positioned on the foam structure at an average ink penetration depth of 500 microns or less below the first surface. 38. The foam structure of claim 36, wherein graphic includes a primary color selected from the group consisting of: cyan, yellow, magenta, and black. 39. The foam structure of claim 38, wherein the primary color of cyan has an optical density of greater than about 0.10. 40. The foam structure of claim 38, wherein the primary color of yellow has an optical density of greater than about 0.10. 41. The foam structure of claim 38, wherein the primary color of magenta has an optical density of greater than about 0.10. 42. The foam structure of claim 38, wherein the primary color of black has an optical density of greater than about 0.10. 43. The foam structure of claim 36, wherein the first surface comprises a region comprising a mean cell size of not more than about 50 μm. 44. The foam structure of claim 36, wherein the first surface comprises a region comprising a mean cell size from about 20 μm to about 200 μm. 45. A polymeric foam structure comprising:
interconnected open-cells obtained from at least one water-in-oil emulsion; a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; and a graphic printed on the first surface, the graphic comprising L*a*b* color values, the graphic being defined by the CIELab coordinate values disposed inside the boundary described by the following system of equations:
{a*=2.35 to −20.19; b*=79.81 to 70.46}-->b*=0.415a*+78.835
{a*=−20.19 to −40.21; b*=70.46 to 53.48}-->b*=0.848a*+87.584
{a*=−40.21 to −51.26; b*=53.48 to 20.56}-->b*=2.979a*+173.273
{a*=−51.26 to −53.16; b*=20.56 to 2.64}-->>b*=9.432a*+504.023
{a*=−53.16 to −39.12; b*=2.64 to −30.65}-->b*=−2.371a*−173.407
{a*=−39.12 to −24.29; b*=−30.65 to −50.76}-->b*=−1.356a*−83.698
{a*=−24.29 to 5.66; b*=−50.76 to −44.78-->b*=0.200a*−45.910
{a*=5.66 to 46.22; b*=−44.78 to −21.00}-->b*=0.586a*−48.098
{a*=46.22 to 52.70; b*=−21.00 to −12.76}-->b*=1.272a*−79.774
{a*=52.70 to 55.98; b*=−12.76 to 9.83}-->b*=6.887a*−375.715
{a*=55.98 to 43.71; b*=9.83 to 47.92}-->b*=−3.104a*+183.610
{a*=43.71 to 2.35; b*=47.92 to 79.81}-->b*=−0.771a*+81.622; and
wherein L* is from 0 to 100. 46. The foam structure of claim 45, wherein the graphic comprises ink positioned on the first surface, and wherein a portion of the ink is positioned on the foam structure at an average ink penetration depth of 500 microns or less below the first surface. 47. The foam structure of claim 45, wherein graphic includes a primary color selected from the group consisting of: cyan, yellow, magenta, and black. 48. The foam structure of claim 45, wherein graphic is positioned on a region comprising a mean cell size from about 20 μm to about 200 μm. 49. A polymeric foam structure comprising:
interconnected open-cells obtained from at least one water-in-oil emulsion; a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; and a graphic printed on the first surface, the graphic comprising L*a*b* color values, the graphic being defined by the CIELab coordinate values disposed inside the boundary described by the following system of equations:
{a*=−5.66 to −13.27; b*=59.89 to 57.29}-->b*=0.342a*+61.824
{a*=−13.27 to −25.02; b*=57.29 to 40.39}-->b*=1.438a*+76.376
{a*=−25.02 to −35.25; b*=40.39 to 14.23}-->b*=2.557a*+104.371
{a*=−35.25 to −35.55; b*=14.23 to −0.42}-->>b*=48.833a*+1735.605
{a*=−35.55 to −16.05; b*=−0.42 to −40.40}-->b*=−2.050a*−73.307
{a*=−16.05 to 5.30; b*=−40.40 to −32.69}-->b*=0.361a*−34.604
{a*=5.30 to 34.81; b*=−32.69 to −12.63-->b*=0.680a*−36.293
{a*=34.81 to 39.33; b*=−12.63 to −5.99}-->b*=1.469a*−63.767
{a*=39.33 to 44.16; b*=−5.99 to 17.53}-->b*=4.870a*−197.510
{a*=44.16 to 42.52; b*=17.53 to 33.24}-->b*=−9.579a*+440.550
{a*=42.52 to 0.92; b*=33.24 to 58.23}-->b*=−0.601a*+58.783
{a*=0.92 to −5.66; b*=58.23 to 59.89}-->b*=−0.252a*+58.462; and
wherein L* is from 0 to 100. 50. The foam structure of claim 49, wherein the graphic comprises ink positioned on the first surface, and wherein a portion of the ink is positioned on the foam structure at an average ink penetration depth of 500 microns or less below the first surface. 51. The foam structure of claim 49, wherein graphic includes a primary color selected from the group consisting of: cyan, yellow, magenta, and black. 52. The foam structure of claim 49, wherein graphic is positioned on a region comprising a mean cell size of not more than about 50 μm. 53. A polymeric foam structure comprising:
interconnected open-cells obtained from at least one water-in-oil emulsion; a first surface; a second surface opposite the first surface; a graphic printed directly on the first surface, and wherein foam structure has a dry average ink adhesion rating of at least about 1.5 or greater. 54. The foam structure of claim 53, wherein the graphic comprises ink positioned on the first surface. 55. The foam structure of claim 54, wherein a portion of the ink is positioned at an average ink penetration depth of 500 microns or less below the first surface. 56. The foam structure of claim 53, wherein graphic includes a primary color selected from the group consisting of: cyan, yellow, magenta, and black, wherein at least one primary color has an optical density of greater than about 0.10. 57. The foam structure of claim 53, wherein the first surface comprises a region comprising a mean cell size of not more than about 50 μm. 58. The foam structure of claim 53, wherein the first surface comprises a region comprising a mean cell size from about 20 μm to about 200 μm. 59. A polymeric foam structure comprising:
interconnected open-cells obtained from at least one water-in-oil emulsion; a first surface; a second surface opposite the first surface; a graphic printed directly on the first surface, and wherein foam structure has a wet average ink adhesion rating of at least about 1.5 or greater. 60. The foam structure of claim 59, wherein the graphic comprises ink positioned on the first surface. 61. The foam structure of claim 60, wherein a portion of the ink is positioned on the foam structure at an average ink penetration depth of 500 microns or less below the first surface. 62. The foam structure of claim 59, wherein graphic includes a primary color selected from the group consisting of: cyan, yellow, magenta, and black, wherein at least one primary color has an optical density of greater than about 0.10. 63. The foam structure of claim 59, wherein the first surface comprises a region comprising a mean cell size of not more than about 50 μm. 64. The foam structure of claim 59, wherein the first surface comprises a region comprising a mean cell size from about 20 μm to about 200 μm. 65. A polyurethane foam structure comprising:
interconnected open-cells obtained from a reaction product of at least one polyol component and a diisocyanate component; a first surface; a second surface opposite the first surface; and a graphic printed on the first surface. 66. The polyurethane foam structure of claim 65, wherein graphic includes a primary color selected from the group consisting of: cyan, yellow, magenta, and black. 67. The polyurethane foam structure of claim 66, wherein the primary color of cyan has an optical density of greater than about 0.10. 68. The polyurethane foam structure of claim 66, wherein the primary color of yellow has an optical density of greater than about 0.10. 69. The polyurethane foam structure of claim 66, wherein the primary color of magenta has an optical density of greater than about 0.10. 70. The polyurethane foam structure of claim 66, wherein the primary color of black has an optical density of greater than about 0.10. 71. A hydrophilic, flexible, nonionic polymeric foam structure comprising:
interconnected open-cells; a first surface; a second surface opposite the first surface; and a graphic printed on the first surface. | The present disclosure relates to homogeneous or heterogeneous polymer foam structures having a graphic printed thereon. As discussed herein, foam structures, such as for example High Internal Phase Emulsion (HIPE) foam structures may include a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface, and one or more graphics may be printed directly on the first and/or second surfaces of the foam. The graphic may comprise ink positioned on the first and/or second surface, wherein the ink may penetrate into the foam structure below the surface on which the ink is applied. As such, the ink may reside on the foam structure and/or within the foam structure at various depths below the first and/or second surface.1. A heterogeneous polymeric foam structure comprising:
interconnected open-cells obtained from at least one water-in-oil emulsion; at least two distinct regions that differ by at least about 20% with regard to microcellular morphology; and a graphic printed on at least one of the two distinct regions. 2. The foam structure of claim 1, further comprising a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; and
wherein the graphic comprises ink positioned on the first surface. 3. The foam structure of claim 2, wherein a portion of the ink is positioned on the foam structure at an average ink penetration depth of 500 microns or less below the first surface. 4. The foam structure of claim 1, wherein graphic includes a primary color selected from the group consisting of: cyan, yellow, magenta, and black. 5. The foam structure of claim 4, wherein the primary color of cyan has an optical density of greater than about 0.10. 6. The foam structure of claim 4, wherein the primary color of yellow has an optical density of greater than about 0.10. 7. The foam structure of claim 4, wherein the primary color of magenta has an optical density of greater than about 0.10. 8. The foam structure of claim 4, wherein the primary color of black has an optical density of greater than about 0.10. 9. The foam structure of claim 1, wherein at least one of the distinct regions comprises a mean cell size of not more than about 50 μm. 10. The foam structure of claim 1, wherein at least one of the distinct regions comprises a mean cell size from about 20 μm to about 200 μm. 11. The foam structure of claim 1, wherein the at least two distinct regions comprises:
a first region comprising a mean cell size of not more than about 50 μm. a second region comprising a mean cell size from about 20 μm to about 200 μm, wherein the mean cell size of the first region is less than the mean cell size of the second region. 12. A heterogeneous polymeric foam structure comprising:
interconnected open-cells obtained from at least one water-in-oil emulsion;
at least two distinct regions that differ by at least about 20% with regard to microcellular morphology; and
a graphic printed on at least one of the two distinct regions, the graphic comprising L*a*b* color values, the graphic being defined by the CIELab coordinate values disposed inside the boundary described by the following system of equations:
{a*=2.35 to −20.19; b*=79.81 to 70.46}-->b*=0.415a*+78.835
{a*=−20.19 to −40.21; b*=70.46 to 53.48}-->b*=0.848a*+87.584
{a*=−40.21 to −51.26; b*=53.48 to 20.56}-->b*=2.979a*+173.273
{a*=−51.26 to −53.16; b*=20.56 to 2.64}-->>b*=9.432a*+504.023
{a*=−53.16 to −39.12; b*=2.64 to −30.65}-->b*=−2.371a*−173.407
{a*=−39.12 to −24.29; b*=−30.65 to −50.76}-->b*=−1.356a*−83.698
{a*=−24.29 to 5.66; b*=−50.76 to −44.78-->b*=0.200a*−45.910
{a*=5.66 to 46.22; b*=−44.78 to −21.00}-->b*=0.586a*−48.098
{a*=46.22 to 52.70; b*=−21.00 to −12.76}-->b*=1.272a*−79.774
{a*=52.70 to 55.98; b*=−12.76 to 9.83}-->b*=6.887a*−375.715
{a*=55.98 to 43.71; b*=9.83 to 47.92}-->b*=−3.104a*+183.610
{a*=43.71 to 2.35; b*=47.92 to 79.81}-->b*=−0.771a*+81.622; and
wherein L* is from 0 to 100. 13. The foam structure of claim 12, further comprising a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; and
wherein the graphic comprises ink positioned on the first surface. 14. The foam structure of claim 13, wherein a portion of the ink is positioned on the foam structure at an average ink penetration depth of 500 microns or less below the first surface. 15. The foam structure of claim 12, wherein graphic includes a primary color selected from the group consisting of: cyan, yellow, magenta, and black. 16. The foam structure of claim 12, wherein graphic is positioned on a region comprising a mean cell size from about 20 μm to about 200 μm. 17. A heterogeneous polymeric foam structure comprising:
interconnected open-cells obtained from at least one water-in-oil emulsion;
at least two distinct regions that differ by at least about 20% with regard to microcellular morphology; and
a graphic printed on at least one of the two distinct regions, the graphic comprising L*a*b* color values, the graphic being defined by the CIELab coordinate values disposed inside the boundary described by the following system of equations:
{a*=−5.66 to −13.27; b*=59.89 to 57.29}-->b*=0.342a*+61.824
{a*=−13.27 to −25.02; b*=57.29 to 40.39}-->b*=1.438a*+76.376
{a*=−25.02 to −35.25; b*=40.39 to 14.23}-->b*=2.557a*+104.371
{a*=−35.25 to −35.55; b*=14.23 to −0.42}-->>b*=48.833a*+1735.605
{a*=−35.55 to −16.05; b*=−0.42 to −40.40}-->b*=−2.050a*−73.307
{a*=−16.05 to 5.30; b*=−40.40 to −32.69}-->b*=0.361a*−34.604
{a*=5.30 to 34.81; b*=−32.69 to −12.63-->b*=0.680a*−36.293
{a*=34.81 to 39.33; b*=−12.63 to −5.99}-->b*=1.469a*−63.767
{a*=39.33 to 44.16; b*=−5.99 to 17.53}-->b*=4.870a*−197.510
{a*=44.16 to 42.52; b*=17.53 to 33.24}-->b*=−9.579a*+440.550
{a*=42.52 to 0.92; b*=33.24 to 58.23}-->b*=−0.601a*+58.783
{a*=0.92 to −5.66; b*=58.23 to 59.89}-->b*=−0.252a*+58.462; and
wherein L* is from 0 to 100. 18. The foam structure of claim 17, further comprising a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; and
wherein the graphic comprises ink positioned on the first surface. 19. The foam structure of claim 18, wherein a portion of the ink is positioned on the foam structure at an average ink penetration depth of 500 microns or less below the first surface. 20. The foam structure of claim 17, wherein graphic includes a primary color selected from the group consisting of: cyan, yellow, magenta, and black. 21. The foam structure of claim 17, wherein graphic is positioned on a region comprising a mean cell size of not more than about 50 nm. 22. A heterogeneous polymeric foam structure comprising:
interconnected open-cells obtained from at least one water-in-oil emulsion; at least two distinct regions that differ by at least about 20% with regard to microcellular morphology; a first surface; a second surface opposite the first surface; a graphic printed directly on the first surface, and wherein foam structure has a dry average ink adhesion rating of at least about 1.5 or greater. 23. The foam structure of claim 22, wherein the graphic comprises ink positioned on the first surface. 24. The foam structure of claim 22, wherein a portion of the ink is positioned at an average ink penetration depth of 500 microns or less below the first surface. 25. The foam structure of claim 22, wherein graphic includes a primary color selected from the group consisting of: cyan, yellow, magenta, and black, wherein at least one primary color has an optical density of greater than about 0.10. 26. The foam structure of claim 22, wherein at least one of the distinct regions comprises a mean cell size of not more than about 50 μm. 27. The foam structure of claim 22, wherein at least one of the distinct regions comprises a mean cell size from about 20 μm to about 200 μm. 28. The foam structure of claim 22, wherein the at least two distinct regions comprises:
a first region comprising a mean cell size of not more than about 50 μm. a second region comprising a mean cell size from about 20 μm to about 200 μm. 29. A heterogeneous polymeric foam structure comprising:
interconnected open-cells obtained from at least one water-in-oil emulsion; at least two distinct regions that differ by at least about 20% with regard to microcellular morphology; a first surface; a second surface opposite the first surface; a graphic printed directly on the first surface, and wherein foam structure has a wet average ink adhesion rating of at least about 1.5 or greater. 30. The foam structure of claim 29, wherein the graphic comprises ink positioned on the first surface. 31. The foam structure of claim 30, wherein a portion of the ink is positioned on the foam structure at an average ink penetration depth of 500 microns or less below the first surface. 32. The foam structure of claim 29, wherein graphic includes a primary color selected from the group consisting of: cyan, yellow, magenta, and black, wherein at least one primary color has an optical density of greater than about 0.10. 33. The foam structure of claim 29, wherein at least one of the distinct regions comprises a mean cell size of not more than about 50 μm. 34. The foam structure of claim 29, wherein at least one of the distinct regions comprises a mean cell size from about 20 μm to about 200 μm. 35. The foam structure of claim 29, wherein the at least two distinct regions comprises:
a first region comprising a mean cell size of not more than about 50 μm. a second region comprising a mean cell size from about 20 μm to about 200 μm. 36. A polymeric foam structure comprising:
interconnected open-cells obtained from at least one water-in-oil emulsion; a first surface; a second surface opposite the first surface; and a graphic printed on the first surface. 37. The foam structure of claim 36, wherein the graphic comprises ink positioned on the first surface, and wherein a portion of the ink is positioned on the foam structure at an average ink penetration depth of 500 microns or less below the first surface. 38. The foam structure of claim 36, wherein graphic includes a primary color selected from the group consisting of: cyan, yellow, magenta, and black. 39. The foam structure of claim 38, wherein the primary color of cyan has an optical density of greater than about 0.10. 40. The foam structure of claim 38, wherein the primary color of yellow has an optical density of greater than about 0.10. 41. The foam structure of claim 38, wherein the primary color of magenta has an optical density of greater than about 0.10. 42. The foam structure of claim 38, wherein the primary color of black has an optical density of greater than about 0.10. 43. The foam structure of claim 36, wherein the first surface comprises a region comprising a mean cell size of not more than about 50 μm. 44. The foam structure of claim 36, wherein the first surface comprises a region comprising a mean cell size from about 20 μm to about 200 μm. 45. A polymeric foam structure comprising:
interconnected open-cells obtained from at least one water-in-oil emulsion; a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; and a graphic printed on the first surface, the graphic comprising L*a*b* color values, the graphic being defined by the CIELab coordinate values disposed inside the boundary described by the following system of equations:
{a*=2.35 to −20.19; b*=79.81 to 70.46}-->b*=0.415a*+78.835
{a*=−20.19 to −40.21; b*=70.46 to 53.48}-->b*=0.848a*+87.584
{a*=−40.21 to −51.26; b*=53.48 to 20.56}-->b*=2.979a*+173.273
{a*=−51.26 to −53.16; b*=20.56 to 2.64}-->>b*=9.432a*+504.023
{a*=−53.16 to −39.12; b*=2.64 to −30.65}-->b*=−2.371a*−173.407
{a*=−39.12 to −24.29; b*=−30.65 to −50.76}-->b*=−1.356a*−83.698
{a*=−24.29 to 5.66; b*=−50.76 to −44.78-->b*=0.200a*−45.910
{a*=5.66 to 46.22; b*=−44.78 to −21.00}-->b*=0.586a*−48.098
{a*=46.22 to 52.70; b*=−21.00 to −12.76}-->b*=1.272a*−79.774
{a*=52.70 to 55.98; b*=−12.76 to 9.83}-->b*=6.887a*−375.715
{a*=55.98 to 43.71; b*=9.83 to 47.92}-->b*=−3.104a*+183.610
{a*=43.71 to 2.35; b*=47.92 to 79.81}-->b*=−0.771a*+81.622; and
wherein L* is from 0 to 100. 46. The foam structure of claim 45, wherein the graphic comprises ink positioned on the first surface, and wherein a portion of the ink is positioned on the foam structure at an average ink penetration depth of 500 microns or less below the first surface. 47. The foam structure of claim 45, wherein graphic includes a primary color selected from the group consisting of: cyan, yellow, magenta, and black. 48. The foam structure of claim 45, wherein graphic is positioned on a region comprising a mean cell size from about 20 μm to about 200 μm. 49. A polymeric foam structure comprising:
interconnected open-cells obtained from at least one water-in-oil emulsion; a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; and a graphic printed on the first surface, the graphic comprising L*a*b* color values, the graphic being defined by the CIELab coordinate values disposed inside the boundary described by the following system of equations:
{a*=−5.66 to −13.27; b*=59.89 to 57.29}-->b*=0.342a*+61.824
{a*=−13.27 to −25.02; b*=57.29 to 40.39}-->b*=1.438a*+76.376
{a*=−25.02 to −35.25; b*=40.39 to 14.23}-->b*=2.557a*+104.371
{a*=−35.25 to −35.55; b*=14.23 to −0.42}-->>b*=48.833a*+1735.605
{a*=−35.55 to −16.05; b*=−0.42 to −40.40}-->b*=−2.050a*−73.307
{a*=−16.05 to 5.30; b*=−40.40 to −32.69}-->b*=0.361a*−34.604
{a*=5.30 to 34.81; b*=−32.69 to −12.63-->b*=0.680a*−36.293
{a*=34.81 to 39.33; b*=−12.63 to −5.99}-->b*=1.469a*−63.767
{a*=39.33 to 44.16; b*=−5.99 to 17.53}-->b*=4.870a*−197.510
{a*=44.16 to 42.52; b*=17.53 to 33.24}-->b*=−9.579a*+440.550
{a*=42.52 to 0.92; b*=33.24 to 58.23}-->b*=−0.601a*+58.783
{a*=0.92 to −5.66; b*=58.23 to 59.89}-->b*=−0.252a*+58.462; and
wherein L* is from 0 to 100. 50. The foam structure of claim 49, wherein the graphic comprises ink positioned on the first surface, and wherein a portion of the ink is positioned on the foam structure at an average ink penetration depth of 500 microns or less below the first surface. 51. The foam structure of claim 49, wherein graphic includes a primary color selected from the group consisting of: cyan, yellow, magenta, and black. 52. The foam structure of claim 49, wherein graphic is positioned on a region comprising a mean cell size of not more than about 50 μm. 53. A polymeric foam structure comprising:
interconnected open-cells obtained from at least one water-in-oil emulsion; a first surface; a second surface opposite the first surface; a graphic printed directly on the first surface, and wherein foam structure has a dry average ink adhesion rating of at least about 1.5 or greater. 54. The foam structure of claim 53, wherein the graphic comprises ink positioned on the first surface. 55. The foam structure of claim 54, wherein a portion of the ink is positioned at an average ink penetration depth of 500 microns or less below the first surface. 56. The foam structure of claim 53, wherein graphic includes a primary color selected from the group consisting of: cyan, yellow, magenta, and black, wherein at least one primary color has an optical density of greater than about 0.10. 57. The foam structure of claim 53, wherein the first surface comprises a region comprising a mean cell size of not more than about 50 μm. 58. The foam structure of claim 53, wherein the first surface comprises a region comprising a mean cell size from about 20 μm to about 200 μm. 59. A polymeric foam structure comprising:
interconnected open-cells obtained from at least one water-in-oil emulsion; a first surface; a second surface opposite the first surface; a graphic printed directly on the first surface, and wherein foam structure has a wet average ink adhesion rating of at least about 1.5 or greater. 60. The foam structure of claim 59, wherein the graphic comprises ink positioned on the first surface. 61. The foam structure of claim 60, wherein a portion of the ink is positioned on the foam structure at an average ink penetration depth of 500 microns or less below the first surface. 62. The foam structure of claim 59, wherein graphic includes a primary color selected from the group consisting of: cyan, yellow, magenta, and black, wherein at least one primary color has an optical density of greater than about 0.10. 63. The foam structure of claim 59, wherein the first surface comprises a region comprising a mean cell size of not more than about 50 μm. 64. The foam structure of claim 59, wherein the first surface comprises a region comprising a mean cell size from about 20 μm to about 200 μm. 65. A polyurethane foam structure comprising:
interconnected open-cells obtained from a reaction product of at least one polyol component and a diisocyanate component; a first surface; a second surface opposite the first surface; and a graphic printed on the first surface. 66. The polyurethane foam structure of claim 65, wherein graphic includes a primary color selected from the group consisting of: cyan, yellow, magenta, and black. 67. The polyurethane foam structure of claim 66, wherein the primary color of cyan has an optical density of greater than about 0.10. 68. The polyurethane foam structure of claim 66, wherein the primary color of yellow has an optical density of greater than about 0.10. 69. The polyurethane foam structure of claim 66, wherein the primary color of magenta has an optical density of greater than about 0.10. 70. The polyurethane foam structure of claim 66, wherein the primary color of black has an optical density of greater than about 0.10. 71. A hydrophilic, flexible, nonionic polymeric foam structure comprising:
interconnected open-cells; a first surface; a second surface opposite the first surface; and a graphic printed on the first surface. | 1,700 |
3,627 | 12,933,454 | 1,766 | Acrylic copolymers that include the controlled placement of functional groups within the polymer structure are provided. The copolymers contain a reactive segment and a non-reactive segment and are manufactured via a controlled radical polymerization process. The copolymers are useful in the manufacture of adhesives and elastomers. | 1. A crosslinkable composition comprising:
at least one acrylic copolymer comprising at least one reactive segment of controlled size and position and at least one non-reactive segment of controlled size and position, the reactive segment comprising at least one monomer having at least one reactive functional group capable of undergoing a crosslinking reaction, wherein the functional group is in a non-terminal position in the copolymer, the non-reactive segment being non-reactive with the reactive functional group of the reactive segment, wherein the reactive segment and the non-reactive segment are molecularly miscible before cure. 2. The composition of claim 1 comprising two reactive segments and one non-reactive segment. 3. The composition of claim 1 comprising one reactive segment and two non-reactive segments. 4. The composition of claim 1 comprising a first reactive segment comprising a monomer having a first functional group, and a second reactive segment comprising a monomer having a second functional group. 5. The composition of claim 1 wherein the reactive segment comprises at least one monomer having the formula:
where R is H or CH3 and X represents or contains a functional group capable of crosslinking. 6. The composition of claim 1 wherein the reactive segment contains at least one functional group chosen from hydroxy, carboxy, isocyanate, anhydride, acidic, epoxy, amino, siloxy, mercapto, thiol, alkoxy, oxazole, acetoacetoxy and acrylamide groups. 7. The composition of claim 1 wherein the reactive segment comprises at least one monomer having the formula:
where R3 is H or CH3 and R4 is a branched or unbranched, saturated alkyl group having 4 to 14 carbon atoms. 8. The composition of claim 1 wherein the reactive segment comprises an unsaturated carboxylic acid containing from 3 to about 20 carbon atoms. 9. The composition of claim 1 wherein the reactive segment comprises an acrylamide. 10. The composition of claim 1 wherein the position of the reactive segment and nonreactive segment are controlled by RAFT agent. 11. The composition of claim 1 wherein the position of the reactive segment and the nonreactive segment are controlled by a SFRP agent. 12. The composition of claim 1 wherein the average molecular weight (Mn) of the acrylic copolymer is in the range of about 10,000 g/mole to about 200,000 g/mole. 13. The composition of claim 1 wherein the average molecular weight (Mn) of the acrylic copolymer is in the range of about 25,000 g/mole to about 75,000 g/mole. 14. The composition of claim 1 further comprising a crosslinker. 15. The composition of claim 1 wherein the acrylic segment copolymer has a polydispersity of less than 3.0. 16. A pressure sensitive adhesive comprising the composition of claim 1. 17. A foam comprising the composition of claim 1. 18. An elastomer comprising the composition of claim 1. 19. The pressure sensitive adhesive of claim 16 further comprising a tackifier. 20. The composition of claim 1 wherein the each reactive segment comprises at least two reactive functional groups. 21. A method of preparing a pressure sensitive adhesive comprising the steps of:
polymerizing at least one monomer having at least one reactive functional group capable of undergoing a crosslinking reaction to form a reactive segment; polymerizing at least one monomer that is non-reactive with the reactive functional group of the reactive segment to form a non-reactive segment; the reactive segment and the non-reactive segment forming an acrylic copolymer wherein the reactive segment is miscible with the non-reactive segment. 22. The method of claim 21 wherein the reactive segment is polymerized first in the presence of a RAFT agent. 23. The method of claim 21 wherein the non-reactive segment is polymerized first in the presence of a RAFT agent. 24. The method of claim 21 wherein the non-reactive segment is polymerized first in the presence of an SFRP agent. 25. The method of claim 21 wherein the reactive segment is polymerized first in the presence of an SFRP agent. 26. The method of claim 21 further comprising the step of crosslinking the functional groups of the reactive segment. | Acrylic copolymers that include the controlled placement of functional groups within the polymer structure are provided. The copolymers contain a reactive segment and a non-reactive segment and are manufactured via a controlled radical polymerization process. The copolymers are useful in the manufacture of adhesives and elastomers.1. A crosslinkable composition comprising:
at least one acrylic copolymer comprising at least one reactive segment of controlled size and position and at least one non-reactive segment of controlled size and position, the reactive segment comprising at least one monomer having at least one reactive functional group capable of undergoing a crosslinking reaction, wherein the functional group is in a non-terminal position in the copolymer, the non-reactive segment being non-reactive with the reactive functional group of the reactive segment, wherein the reactive segment and the non-reactive segment are molecularly miscible before cure. 2. The composition of claim 1 comprising two reactive segments and one non-reactive segment. 3. The composition of claim 1 comprising one reactive segment and two non-reactive segments. 4. The composition of claim 1 comprising a first reactive segment comprising a monomer having a first functional group, and a second reactive segment comprising a monomer having a second functional group. 5. The composition of claim 1 wherein the reactive segment comprises at least one monomer having the formula:
where R is H or CH3 and X represents or contains a functional group capable of crosslinking. 6. The composition of claim 1 wherein the reactive segment contains at least one functional group chosen from hydroxy, carboxy, isocyanate, anhydride, acidic, epoxy, amino, siloxy, mercapto, thiol, alkoxy, oxazole, acetoacetoxy and acrylamide groups. 7. The composition of claim 1 wherein the reactive segment comprises at least one monomer having the formula:
where R3 is H or CH3 and R4 is a branched or unbranched, saturated alkyl group having 4 to 14 carbon atoms. 8. The composition of claim 1 wherein the reactive segment comprises an unsaturated carboxylic acid containing from 3 to about 20 carbon atoms. 9. The composition of claim 1 wherein the reactive segment comprises an acrylamide. 10. The composition of claim 1 wherein the position of the reactive segment and nonreactive segment are controlled by RAFT agent. 11. The composition of claim 1 wherein the position of the reactive segment and the nonreactive segment are controlled by a SFRP agent. 12. The composition of claim 1 wherein the average molecular weight (Mn) of the acrylic copolymer is in the range of about 10,000 g/mole to about 200,000 g/mole. 13. The composition of claim 1 wherein the average molecular weight (Mn) of the acrylic copolymer is in the range of about 25,000 g/mole to about 75,000 g/mole. 14. The composition of claim 1 further comprising a crosslinker. 15. The composition of claim 1 wherein the acrylic segment copolymer has a polydispersity of less than 3.0. 16. A pressure sensitive adhesive comprising the composition of claim 1. 17. A foam comprising the composition of claim 1. 18. An elastomer comprising the composition of claim 1. 19. The pressure sensitive adhesive of claim 16 further comprising a tackifier. 20. The composition of claim 1 wherein the each reactive segment comprises at least two reactive functional groups. 21. A method of preparing a pressure sensitive adhesive comprising the steps of:
polymerizing at least one monomer having at least one reactive functional group capable of undergoing a crosslinking reaction to form a reactive segment; polymerizing at least one monomer that is non-reactive with the reactive functional group of the reactive segment to form a non-reactive segment; the reactive segment and the non-reactive segment forming an acrylic copolymer wherein the reactive segment is miscible with the non-reactive segment. 22. The method of claim 21 wherein the reactive segment is polymerized first in the presence of a RAFT agent. 23. The method of claim 21 wherein the non-reactive segment is polymerized first in the presence of a RAFT agent. 24. The method of claim 21 wherein the non-reactive segment is polymerized first in the presence of an SFRP agent. 25. The method of claim 21 wherein the reactive segment is polymerized first in the presence of an SFRP agent. 26. The method of claim 21 further comprising the step of crosslinking the functional groups of the reactive segment. | 1,700 |
3,628 | 14,837,905 | 1,792 | A closure can include a base having an opening. The base can be connected to a container such that a liquid in the container, for example a creamer, is pourable through the opening of the closure into a beverage cup. The closure can include an overcap having a plug, and the plug can seal the opening when the overcap is in a closed position relative to the base. A hinge can connect the overcap to the base and be biased to establish and maintain an angle of the overcap when the overcap moves out of the closed position. Liquid retained on the overcap during opening of the overcap can then fall directly into the beverage cup during pouring due to the angle of the overcap in the open position. Any retained liquid ingredient that falls from the overcap onto the base can be confined within a ring on the base. | 1. A closure comprising:
a base comprising a first surface comprising an opening, the base configured to be connected to a container such that a liquid in the container is pourable from the container through the opening, and the first surface defines a plane of the base; an overcap comprising a body and a plug, the plug is sized and shaped to seal the opening when the overcap is in a closed position relative to the base, and the plug extends from the body in a main extension direction to which a plane of the overcap is perpendicular; and a hinge that connects the overcap to the base and is biased to maintain an open position of the overcap relative to the base, and the plane of the overcap is angled at 125 degrees to 145 degrees relative to the plane of the base when the overcap is in the open position. 2. The closure of claim 1, wherein the first surface of the base further comprises a ring configured to retain a liquid on a section of the first surface that is within the ring. 3. The closure of claim 2, wherein the ring is perpendicular to the plane of the base. 4. The closure of claim 2, wherein the base comprises a spout extending from the first surface along at least a portion of a perimeter of the opening, and the ring circumscribes the spout. 5. The closure of claim 2, wherein the base comprises a connecting wall configured to connect the base to the container, and the connecting wall extends from an opposite side of the first surface relative to the ring. 6. The closure of claim 5, wherein the base comprises a skirt that circumscribes the connecting wall. 7. The closure of claim 5, wherein the connecting wall comprises threads. 8. The closure of claim 1, wherein an end of the plug opposite from the body of the overcap is a tapered end such that a diameter of the end of the plug opposite from the body has a diameter smaller than a diameter of a section of the plug between the tapered end and the body, and the tapered end comprises an aperture that extends into the plug. 9. The closure of claim 1, wherein the plane of the overcap is angled at about 135 degrees relative to the plane of the base when the overcap is in the open position. 10. A package comprising:
a container housing a liquid; and a closure comprising
a base comprising a first surface comprising an opening, the base connected to the container such that the liquid in the container is pourable from the container through the opening, and the first surface defines a plane of the base;
an overcap comprising a body and a plug, the plug is sized and shaped to seal the opening when the overcap is in a closed position relative to the base, and the plug extends from the body in a main extension direction to which a plane of the overcap is perpendicular; and
a hinge that connects the overcap to the base and is biased to maintain an open position of the overcap relative to the base, and the plane of the overcap is angled at 125 degrees to 145 degrees relative to the plane of the base when the overcap is in the open position. 11. The package of claim 10 wherein the liquid is a coffee creamer. 12. A method of making a beverage using a container that houses a liquid ingredient of the beverage, the method comprising pouring the liquid ingredient from the container into a cup, the liquid ingredient is poured through an opening in a base of a closure connected to the container, the closure comprising an overcap connected to the base of the closure by a hinge, and the hinge maintains the overcap in a position such that drips of the liquid ingredient falling from the overcap land in the cup when the container is between ¼ and ¾ full and land within a ring extending from the base of the closure when the container is at least ¾ full. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the base comprises a first surface comprising the opening and defining a plane of the base, the overcap comprises a plug configured to insert into and seal the opening, the plug extends from the body in a main extension direction to which a plane of the overcap is perpendicular, and the hinge maintains the plane of the overcap at 125 degrees to 145 degrees relative to the plane of the base. 14. The method of claim 12 comprising shaking the container while the overcap is in a closed position covering the opening in the base, and then moving the overcap from the closed position to an open position in which the opening in the base is uncovered, before the pouring of the liquid ingredient. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the overcap comprises a plug configured to insert into and seal the opening, the plug retains a portion of the liquid ingredient thereon during the moving of the overcap to the open position, and the portion of the liquid ingredient retained by the plug forms the drips of the liquid ingredient falling from the overcap. 16. The method of claim 12 wherein the cup contains a coffee, the liquid ingredient is a liquid creamer, and the beverage comprises the coffee and the creamer. 17. The method of claim 12 wherein the ring is configured to confine the drips of the liquid ingredient on the base. 18. The method of claim 12 wherein the ring circumscribes a spout which directs the liquid ingredient poured through the opening into the cup. 19. A method of making a closure for a container that houses and dispenses a liquid, the method comprising:
connecting an overcap to a base by a hinge, the closure comprises the overcap, the base and the hinge, the overcap comprises a first surface comprising an opening and defining a plane of the base, the overcap comprises a body and a plug, the plug is sized and shaped to seal the opening when the overcap is in a closed position relative to the base, the plug extends from the body in a main extension direction to which a plane of the overcap is perpendicular, and the hinge is biased such that an angle of the plane of the overcap is positioned at 125 degrees to 145 degrees relative to the plane of the base when the overcap is in an open position relative to the base; and forming a ring on the base, and the ring is configured to retain drops of liquid that have fallen from the overcap onto the base. 20. The method of claim 19, comprising connecting the closure to the container. 21. The method of claim 20, comprising adding at least a portion of the liquid to the container before the connecting of the closure to the container. | A closure can include a base having an opening. The base can be connected to a container such that a liquid in the container, for example a creamer, is pourable through the opening of the closure into a beverage cup. The closure can include an overcap having a plug, and the plug can seal the opening when the overcap is in a closed position relative to the base. A hinge can connect the overcap to the base and be biased to establish and maintain an angle of the overcap when the overcap moves out of the closed position. Liquid retained on the overcap during opening of the overcap can then fall directly into the beverage cup during pouring due to the angle of the overcap in the open position. Any retained liquid ingredient that falls from the overcap onto the base can be confined within a ring on the base.1. A closure comprising:
a base comprising a first surface comprising an opening, the base configured to be connected to a container such that a liquid in the container is pourable from the container through the opening, and the first surface defines a plane of the base; an overcap comprising a body and a plug, the plug is sized and shaped to seal the opening when the overcap is in a closed position relative to the base, and the plug extends from the body in a main extension direction to which a plane of the overcap is perpendicular; and a hinge that connects the overcap to the base and is biased to maintain an open position of the overcap relative to the base, and the plane of the overcap is angled at 125 degrees to 145 degrees relative to the plane of the base when the overcap is in the open position. 2. The closure of claim 1, wherein the first surface of the base further comprises a ring configured to retain a liquid on a section of the first surface that is within the ring. 3. The closure of claim 2, wherein the ring is perpendicular to the plane of the base. 4. The closure of claim 2, wherein the base comprises a spout extending from the first surface along at least a portion of a perimeter of the opening, and the ring circumscribes the spout. 5. The closure of claim 2, wherein the base comprises a connecting wall configured to connect the base to the container, and the connecting wall extends from an opposite side of the first surface relative to the ring. 6. The closure of claim 5, wherein the base comprises a skirt that circumscribes the connecting wall. 7. The closure of claim 5, wherein the connecting wall comprises threads. 8. The closure of claim 1, wherein an end of the plug opposite from the body of the overcap is a tapered end such that a diameter of the end of the plug opposite from the body has a diameter smaller than a diameter of a section of the plug between the tapered end and the body, and the tapered end comprises an aperture that extends into the plug. 9. The closure of claim 1, wherein the plane of the overcap is angled at about 135 degrees relative to the plane of the base when the overcap is in the open position. 10. A package comprising:
a container housing a liquid; and a closure comprising
a base comprising a first surface comprising an opening, the base connected to the container such that the liquid in the container is pourable from the container through the opening, and the first surface defines a plane of the base;
an overcap comprising a body and a plug, the plug is sized and shaped to seal the opening when the overcap is in a closed position relative to the base, and the plug extends from the body in a main extension direction to which a plane of the overcap is perpendicular; and
a hinge that connects the overcap to the base and is biased to maintain an open position of the overcap relative to the base, and the plane of the overcap is angled at 125 degrees to 145 degrees relative to the plane of the base when the overcap is in the open position. 11. The package of claim 10 wherein the liquid is a coffee creamer. 12. A method of making a beverage using a container that houses a liquid ingredient of the beverage, the method comprising pouring the liquid ingredient from the container into a cup, the liquid ingredient is poured through an opening in a base of a closure connected to the container, the closure comprising an overcap connected to the base of the closure by a hinge, and the hinge maintains the overcap in a position such that drips of the liquid ingredient falling from the overcap land in the cup when the container is between ¼ and ¾ full and land within a ring extending from the base of the closure when the container is at least ¾ full. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the base comprises a first surface comprising the opening and defining a plane of the base, the overcap comprises a plug configured to insert into and seal the opening, the plug extends from the body in a main extension direction to which a plane of the overcap is perpendicular, and the hinge maintains the plane of the overcap at 125 degrees to 145 degrees relative to the plane of the base. 14. The method of claim 12 comprising shaking the container while the overcap is in a closed position covering the opening in the base, and then moving the overcap from the closed position to an open position in which the opening in the base is uncovered, before the pouring of the liquid ingredient. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the overcap comprises a plug configured to insert into and seal the opening, the plug retains a portion of the liquid ingredient thereon during the moving of the overcap to the open position, and the portion of the liquid ingredient retained by the plug forms the drips of the liquid ingredient falling from the overcap. 16. The method of claim 12 wherein the cup contains a coffee, the liquid ingredient is a liquid creamer, and the beverage comprises the coffee and the creamer. 17. The method of claim 12 wherein the ring is configured to confine the drips of the liquid ingredient on the base. 18. The method of claim 12 wherein the ring circumscribes a spout which directs the liquid ingredient poured through the opening into the cup. 19. A method of making a closure for a container that houses and dispenses a liquid, the method comprising:
connecting an overcap to a base by a hinge, the closure comprises the overcap, the base and the hinge, the overcap comprises a first surface comprising an opening and defining a plane of the base, the overcap comprises a body and a plug, the plug is sized and shaped to seal the opening when the overcap is in a closed position relative to the base, the plug extends from the body in a main extension direction to which a plane of the overcap is perpendicular, and the hinge is biased such that an angle of the plane of the overcap is positioned at 125 degrees to 145 degrees relative to the plane of the base when the overcap is in an open position relative to the base; and forming a ring on the base, and the ring is configured to retain drops of liquid that have fallen from the overcap onto the base. 20. The method of claim 19, comprising connecting the closure to the container. 21. The method of claim 20, comprising adding at least a portion of the liquid to the container before the connecting of the closure to the container. | 1,700 |
3,629 | 15,627,709 | 1,793 | A daily intake formulated for breastfeeding women containing iron, vitamin B6, iodine, vitamin D, and herbs and galactogogues that support milk production. | 1. A method of supporting the overall health and well-being of a breastfeeding woman by administering a daily intake comprising:
a. about 5 mg to about 15 mg per daily intake iron; b. greater than about 5 mg per daily intake vitamin B6; c. iodine; d. greater than about 600 IU per daily intake vitamin D3; e. at least about 5 mg per daily intake supercritical extract of turmeric; and f. fermented herbs. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the fermented herbs comprise oat, lemon balm leaf, chamomile flower, lavender flower, and cardamom seed; and wherein the fermented herbs support milk production. 3. The method of claim 1, comprising about 1000 IU to about 2500 IU per daily intake vitamin D. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the vitamin D is vitamin D3. 5. The method of claim 4, comprising about 8 mg to about 12 mg per daily intake vitamin B6. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising about 8 mg per daily intake supercritical extract of turmeric. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the daily intake comprises at least two tablets and the tablets are administered at least twice daily. 8. The method of claim 3 wherein each tablet weighs from about 750 mg to about 1500 mg. 9. A method of supporting the overall health and well-being of a breastfeeding woman by administering a daily intake comprising:
a. less than about 10 mg per daily intake iron; b. about 8 mg to about 12 mg per daily intake vitamin B6; c. iodine; d. about 1000 IU to about 2500 IU per daily intake vitamin D; e. at least about 5 mg per daily intake supercritical extract of turmeric; f. about 30 mg to about 50 mg per daily intake black cumin seed; and g. about 200 mg to about 375 mg per daily intake fermented herbs wherein the fermented herbs comprise oat, lemon balm leaf, chamomile flower, lavender flower, and cardamom seed; and wherein the fermented herbs support milk production. 10. The method of claim 9 further comprising from about 60 mg to about 120 mg per daily intake vitamin C. 11. The method of claim 10 further comprising calcium wherein at least a portion of the calcium is from Lithothamnion calcareum. 12. The method of claim 11 further comprising about 10 mg to about 40 mg per daily intake magnesium and wherein at least a portion of the magnesium is from Lithothamnion calcareum. 13. The method of claim 9 further comprising from about 4000 IU to about 6000 IU per daily intake beta-carotene. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the daily intake comprises one or more tablets. 15. The daily intake of claim 9 further comprising vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin B5, vitamin B7, and vitamin B9. 16. A method of supporting the overall health and well-being of a breastfeeding woman by administering a daily intake comprising:
a. about 9 mg iron per daily intake; b. about 10 mg vitamin B6 per daily intake, wherein the vitamin B6 is pyridoxine; c. iodine, wherein at least a portion of the iodine is from kelp; d. about 2000 IU per daily intake vitamin D; e. about 8 mg per daily intake supercritical extract of turmeric; f. about 30 mg to about 50 mg per daily intake black cumin seed; and g. about 200 mg to about 375 mg per daily intake fermented herbs wherein the fermented herbs comprise oat, lemon balm leaf, chamomile flower, lavender flower, and cardamom seed. 17. The method of claim 16 further comprising from about 1 to about 3 mg per daily intake manganese. 18. The method of claim 17 comprising about 2 mg per daily intake manganese. 19. The method of claim 18 further comprising about 20 mg per daily intake magnesium. 20. The method of claim 16 comprising about 150 μg per daily intake iodine. | A daily intake formulated for breastfeeding women containing iron, vitamin B6, iodine, vitamin D, and herbs and galactogogues that support milk production.1. A method of supporting the overall health and well-being of a breastfeeding woman by administering a daily intake comprising:
a. about 5 mg to about 15 mg per daily intake iron; b. greater than about 5 mg per daily intake vitamin B6; c. iodine; d. greater than about 600 IU per daily intake vitamin D3; e. at least about 5 mg per daily intake supercritical extract of turmeric; and f. fermented herbs. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the fermented herbs comprise oat, lemon balm leaf, chamomile flower, lavender flower, and cardamom seed; and wherein the fermented herbs support milk production. 3. The method of claim 1, comprising about 1000 IU to about 2500 IU per daily intake vitamin D. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the vitamin D is vitamin D3. 5. The method of claim 4, comprising about 8 mg to about 12 mg per daily intake vitamin B6. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising about 8 mg per daily intake supercritical extract of turmeric. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the daily intake comprises at least two tablets and the tablets are administered at least twice daily. 8. The method of claim 3 wherein each tablet weighs from about 750 mg to about 1500 mg. 9. A method of supporting the overall health and well-being of a breastfeeding woman by administering a daily intake comprising:
a. less than about 10 mg per daily intake iron; b. about 8 mg to about 12 mg per daily intake vitamin B6; c. iodine; d. about 1000 IU to about 2500 IU per daily intake vitamin D; e. at least about 5 mg per daily intake supercritical extract of turmeric; f. about 30 mg to about 50 mg per daily intake black cumin seed; and g. about 200 mg to about 375 mg per daily intake fermented herbs wherein the fermented herbs comprise oat, lemon balm leaf, chamomile flower, lavender flower, and cardamom seed; and wherein the fermented herbs support milk production. 10. The method of claim 9 further comprising from about 60 mg to about 120 mg per daily intake vitamin C. 11. The method of claim 10 further comprising calcium wherein at least a portion of the calcium is from Lithothamnion calcareum. 12. The method of claim 11 further comprising about 10 mg to about 40 mg per daily intake magnesium and wherein at least a portion of the magnesium is from Lithothamnion calcareum. 13. The method of claim 9 further comprising from about 4000 IU to about 6000 IU per daily intake beta-carotene. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the daily intake comprises one or more tablets. 15. The daily intake of claim 9 further comprising vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin B5, vitamin B7, and vitamin B9. 16. A method of supporting the overall health and well-being of a breastfeeding woman by administering a daily intake comprising:
a. about 9 mg iron per daily intake; b. about 10 mg vitamin B6 per daily intake, wherein the vitamin B6 is pyridoxine; c. iodine, wherein at least a portion of the iodine is from kelp; d. about 2000 IU per daily intake vitamin D; e. about 8 mg per daily intake supercritical extract of turmeric; f. about 30 mg to about 50 mg per daily intake black cumin seed; and g. about 200 mg to about 375 mg per daily intake fermented herbs wherein the fermented herbs comprise oat, lemon balm leaf, chamomile flower, lavender flower, and cardamom seed. 17. The method of claim 16 further comprising from about 1 to about 3 mg per daily intake manganese. 18. The method of claim 17 comprising about 2 mg per daily intake manganese. 19. The method of claim 18 further comprising about 20 mg per daily intake magnesium. 20. The method of claim 16 comprising about 150 μg per daily intake iodine. | 1,700 |
3,630 | 14,439,937 | 1,725 | A method and apparatus for treating waste material having organic components and radioactive agents. The method including the steps of gasifying the waste material at temperature between 600-950° C. in a reactor to form a gaseous material. The gaseous material is cooled to a temperature between 300-500° C., after the cooling the solid fraction including the radioactive agents are removed. | 1. A method for treating waste material including organic components and radioactive agents, wherein that the method comprising steps the waste material including organic components and radioactive agents which are low-level and/or medium-level radioactive agents is gasified at temperature between 600-950° C. in a reactor to form a gaseous material,
the gaseous material is cooled by water quenching so that temperature is between 300-500° C. after the cooling, and
solid fraction including radioactive agents is removed from the gaseous material in a gas cleaning step,
in order to form a treated gaseous material. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the gaseous material is combustible. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the gaseous material is cooled by heat exchanger. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the gaseous material is filtered in the gas cleaning step. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the filtration is carried out at temperatures between 300-500° C. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the treated gaseous material is burnt after the removing of the solid fraction including radioactive agents. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the treated gaseous material is post-treated by a gas scrubbing. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein other organic material is added into the waste material including organic components and radioactive agents before the gasification. 9. An apparatus for treating waste material including organic components and radioactive agents, wherein the apparatus for forming a treated gaseous material comprises
a reactor in which the waste material including organic components and radioactive agents which are low-level and/or medium-level radioactive agents is gasified at temperature between 600-950° C. to form a gaseous material, a cooling step comprising at least one water quenching step in which the gaseous material is cooled so that temperature is between 300-500° C. after the cooling, and a gas cleaning device in which solid fraction including radioactive agents is removed from the gaseous material. 10. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the reactor is fluidized bed reactor. 11. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the apparatus comprises at least one heat exchanger for cooling the gaseous material. 12. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the apparatus comprises at least one filtration device. 13. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the filtration device is hot gas filter. 14. The apparatus according to claim 9, in that the apparatus comprises a combustion reactor in which the treated gaseous material is burnt after the removing of the solid fraction including radioactive agents. 15. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the apparatus comprises a gas scrubbing device for post-treating. 16. A product gas, wherein the product gas contains treated gaseous material which has been formed from waste material including organic components and radioactive agents which are low-level and/or medium-level radioactive agents so that the waste material has been gasified at temperature between 600-950° C. in a reactor to form a gaseous material, the gaseous material has been cooled by water quenching so that temperature is between 300-500° C. after the cooling, and solid fraction including radioactive agents has been removed from the gaseous material in a gas cleaning step. 17. The product gas according to claim 16, wherein the product gas contains 70-100 vol-% treated gaseous material. | A method and apparatus for treating waste material having organic components and radioactive agents. The method including the steps of gasifying the waste material at temperature between 600-950° C. in a reactor to form a gaseous material. The gaseous material is cooled to a temperature between 300-500° C., after the cooling the solid fraction including the radioactive agents are removed.1. A method for treating waste material including organic components and radioactive agents, wherein that the method comprising steps the waste material including organic components and radioactive agents which are low-level and/or medium-level radioactive agents is gasified at temperature between 600-950° C. in a reactor to form a gaseous material,
the gaseous material is cooled by water quenching so that temperature is between 300-500° C. after the cooling, and
solid fraction including radioactive agents is removed from the gaseous material in a gas cleaning step,
in order to form a treated gaseous material. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the gaseous material is combustible. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the gaseous material is cooled by heat exchanger. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the gaseous material is filtered in the gas cleaning step. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the filtration is carried out at temperatures between 300-500° C. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the treated gaseous material is burnt after the removing of the solid fraction including radioactive agents. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the treated gaseous material is post-treated by a gas scrubbing. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein other organic material is added into the waste material including organic components and radioactive agents before the gasification. 9. An apparatus for treating waste material including organic components and radioactive agents, wherein the apparatus for forming a treated gaseous material comprises
a reactor in which the waste material including organic components and radioactive agents which are low-level and/or medium-level radioactive agents is gasified at temperature between 600-950° C. to form a gaseous material, a cooling step comprising at least one water quenching step in which the gaseous material is cooled so that temperature is between 300-500° C. after the cooling, and a gas cleaning device in which solid fraction including radioactive agents is removed from the gaseous material. 10. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the reactor is fluidized bed reactor. 11. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the apparatus comprises at least one heat exchanger for cooling the gaseous material. 12. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the apparatus comprises at least one filtration device. 13. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the filtration device is hot gas filter. 14. The apparatus according to claim 9, in that the apparatus comprises a combustion reactor in which the treated gaseous material is burnt after the removing of the solid fraction including radioactive agents. 15. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the apparatus comprises a gas scrubbing device for post-treating. 16. A product gas, wherein the product gas contains treated gaseous material which has been formed from waste material including organic components and radioactive agents which are low-level and/or medium-level radioactive agents so that the waste material has been gasified at temperature between 600-950° C. in a reactor to form a gaseous material, the gaseous material has been cooled by water quenching so that temperature is between 300-500° C. after the cooling, and solid fraction including radioactive agents has been removed from the gaseous material in a gas cleaning step. 17. The product gas according to claim 16, wherein the product gas contains 70-100 vol-% treated gaseous material. | 1,700 |
3,631 | 15,529,352 | 1,792 | This invention relates to an antimicrobial cover comprising or consisting of an antimicrobial agent-generating article for use with a container for transporting or storage of fruit and a container comprising the antimicrobial of the invention. The invention further relates to a method of preventing or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms, particularly fungal organisms, in packaged fruit comprising the use of the antimicrobial of the invention. | 1. A container for transport or storage of fruit having a solid base, four sides, and an open end comprising: (i) a plurality of apertures in the horizontal plane of the container for air flow, cooling or both and (ii) an antimicrobial cover of uninterrupted material adapted to fit over the open end of the container comprising or consisting of an antimicrobial agent-generating article. 2. The container according to claim 1, wherein the antimicrobial agent-generating article is a sulphur dioxide (SO2) generating article. 3. The container according to claim 2, wherein the SO2 generating article is a dual-release SO2 generating article. 4. The container according to claim 1, wherein the antimicrobial cover or antimicrobial agent-generating article or both further comprise an ethylene scrubber, or a carbon dioxide (CO2) generating, article, or both. 5. The container according to claim 1 which is comprised of a moisture resistant material selected from the group consisting of plastic, wax coated, wax paper lined, and polystyrene foam. 6. The container according to claim 1 which is a stackable container comprising interlocking lugs or stacking feet. 7. (canceled) 8. The container according to claim 1 wherein the antimicrobial cover is transparent. 9. The container according to claim 1, wherein the antimicrobial agent-generating article is affixed to an operably inwardly facing surface of the antimicrobial cover. 10. The container according to claim 1, wherein the antimicrobial cover is integrally formed with or consists of the antimicrobial agent-generating article. 11. (canceled) 12. A method of preventing or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms in packaged fruit comprising the use of the container according to claim 1. 13. The method according to claim 12, for preventing or inhibiting the growth of Botrytis. 14. The method according to claim 12, comprising the steps of:
(i) providing the container according to claim 1; (ii) packaging and/or positioning the fruit in the container; and (iii) slipping the antimicrobial cover over the open end of the packed container such that the antimicrobial agent-generating article is adjacent to, but not in direct contact with, the fruit in the container. 15. The method according to claim 12, wherein the fruit comprises grapes, berries comprising strawberries, blackberries, cranberries, blueberries, and raspberries, melons, kiwi fruit, bananas, apples or pears. 16. A method of making an antimicrobial cover for use with a container according to claim 1, comprising processing a sheet of antimicrobial cover material comprising an antimicrobial agent-generating article, an ethylene scrubber, or a CO2 generating article, or any combination thereof, to the dimension of the open end of the container, such that the antimicrobial cover operably fits over the open end of the container, with a margin of overhang of between about 20-80 mm. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the antimicrobial agent-generating article, the ethylene scrubber, or CO2 generating article, or any combination thereof are integrally formed with the sheet of antimicrobial cover material. 18. The method according to claim 16, comprising the following steps:
(i) processing the antimicrobial agent-generating article such that the antimicrobial agent-generating article operably covers a surface of about 60 to 100% of the surface area of the antimicrobial cover; (ii) affixing the processed antimicrobial agent-generating article to the sheet of antimicrobial cover material; and (iii) processing the sheet of antimicrobial cover material, of step (ii) to the dimension of the open end of the container, such that the antimicrobial cover operably fits over the open end of the container with a margin of overhang of between about 20 to about 80 mm. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the antimicrobial agent-generating article operably covers a surface of about 80% of the surface area of the antimicrobial cover. 20. The method according to claim 16, wherein the sheet of antimicrobial cover material or the sheet comprising the antimicrobial agent-generating article is a dual-release SO2 generating material. 21.-22. (canceled) 23. The container according to claim 6, wherein the antimicrobial cover comprises a plurality of slits at the periphery of the antimicrobial cover through which interlocking lugs or stacking feet between containers operably fit. 24. The method according to claim 12, wherein the microorganisms are fungal organisms. 25. A set of articles comprising (i) a container for transport or storage of fruit having a solid base and four sides, a plurality of apertures in the horizontal plane of the container for air flow, cooling or both; and (ii) an antimicrobial cover of uninterrupted material comprising or consisting of an antimicrobial agent-generating article. | This invention relates to an antimicrobial cover comprising or consisting of an antimicrobial agent-generating article for use with a container for transporting or storage of fruit and a container comprising the antimicrobial of the invention. The invention further relates to a method of preventing or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms, particularly fungal organisms, in packaged fruit comprising the use of the antimicrobial of the invention.1. A container for transport or storage of fruit having a solid base, four sides, and an open end comprising: (i) a plurality of apertures in the horizontal plane of the container for air flow, cooling or both and (ii) an antimicrobial cover of uninterrupted material adapted to fit over the open end of the container comprising or consisting of an antimicrobial agent-generating article. 2. The container according to claim 1, wherein the antimicrobial agent-generating article is a sulphur dioxide (SO2) generating article. 3. The container according to claim 2, wherein the SO2 generating article is a dual-release SO2 generating article. 4. The container according to claim 1, wherein the antimicrobial cover or antimicrobial agent-generating article or both further comprise an ethylene scrubber, or a carbon dioxide (CO2) generating, article, or both. 5. The container according to claim 1 which is comprised of a moisture resistant material selected from the group consisting of plastic, wax coated, wax paper lined, and polystyrene foam. 6. The container according to claim 1 which is a stackable container comprising interlocking lugs or stacking feet. 7. (canceled) 8. The container according to claim 1 wherein the antimicrobial cover is transparent. 9. The container according to claim 1, wherein the antimicrobial agent-generating article is affixed to an operably inwardly facing surface of the antimicrobial cover. 10. The container according to claim 1, wherein the antimicrobial cover is integrally formed with or consists of the antimicrobial agent-generating article. 11. (canceled) 12. A method of preventing or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms in packaged fruit comprising the use of the container according to claim 1. 13. The method according to claim 12, for preventing or inhibiting the growth of Botrytis. 14. The method according to claim 12, comprising the steps of:
(i) providing the container according to claim 1; (ii) packaging and/or positioning the fruit in the container; and (iii) slipping the antimicrobial cover over the open end of the packed container such that the antimicrobial agent-generating article is adjacent to, but not in direct contact with, the fruit in the container. 15. The method according to claim 12, wherein the fruit comprises grapes, berries comprising strawberries, blackberries, cranberries, blueberries, and raspberries, melons, kiwi fruit, bananas, apples or pears. 16. A method of making an antimicrobial cover for use with a container according to claim 1, comprising processing a sheet of antimicrobial cover material comprising an antimicrobial agent-generating article, an ethylene scrubber, or a CO2 generating article, or any combination thereof, to the dimension of the open end of the container, such that the antimicrobial cover operably fits over the open end of the container, with a margin of overhang of between about 20-80 mm. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the antimicrobial agent-generating article, the ethylene scrubber, or CO2 generating article, or any combination thereof are integrally formed with the sheet of antimicrobial cover material. 18. The method according to claim 16, comprising the following steps:
(i) processing the antimicrobial agent-generating article such that the antimicrobial agent-generating article operably covers a surface of about 60 to 100% of the surface area of the antimicrobial cover; (ii) affixing the processed antimicrobial agent-generating article to the sheet of antimicrobial cover material; and (iii) processing the sheet of antimicrobial cover material, of step (ii) to the dimension of the open end of the container, such that the antimicrobial cover operably fits over the open end of the container with a margin of overhang of between about 20 to about 80 mm. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the antimicrobial agent-generating article operably covers a surface of about 80% of the surface area of the antimicrobial cover. 20. The method according to claim 16, wherein the sheet of antimicrobial cover material or the sheet comprising the antimicrobial agent-generating article is a dual-release SO2 generating material. 21.-22. (canceled) 23. The container according to claim 6, wherein the antimicrobial cover comprises a plurality of slits at the periphery of the antimicrobial cover through which interlocking lugs or stacking feet between containers operably fit. 24. The method according to claim 12, wherein the microorganisms are fungal organisms. 25. A set of articles comprising (i) a container for transport or storage of fruit having a solid base and four sides, a plurality of apertures in the horizontal plane of the container for air flow, cooling or both; and (ii) an antimicrobial cover of uninterrupted material comprising or consisting of an antimicrobial agent-generating article. | 1,700 |
3,632 | 15,515,074 | 1,762 | Fibers, filter media, and filter elements, particularly for liquid filtration applications, that include a styrene-containing copolymer, particularly a styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer, a styrene-maleimide copolymer, a styrene-maleic acid ester copolymer, or a combination thereof. | 1. A multi-component fiber comprising a styrene-containing copolymer selected from a styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer, a styrene-maleimide copolymer, a styrene-maleic acid ester copolymer, and a combination thereof. 2. The fiber of claim 1 wherein the styrene-containing copolymer forms a coating on an underlying fiber. 3. The fiber of claim 1 comprising a core and an outermost sheath comprising the styrene-containing copolymer. 4. The fiber of claim 3 wherein the outermost sheath comprises the styrene-containing copolymer blended with one or more glycol-degradable polymers. 5. The fiber of claim 3 wherein the outermost sheath comprises a blend of a condensation polymer and the styrene-containing copolymer, wherein the styrene-containing copolymer is present in the blend in an amount of greater than or equal to 40% by weight, based on the total weight of the blend. 6. (canceled) 6. The fiber of claim 3 wherein the core comprises a condensation polymer. 8. (canceled) 7. The fiber of claim 6 wherein the core comprises an aromatic or aliphatic polyester having a melting point of at least 110° C. 8. The fiber of claim 1 comprising a side-by-side bicomponent fiber wherein the styrene-containing copolymer is present in at least one side of the fiber. 11. (canceled) 12. (canceled) 13. (canceled) 9. A filter medium comprising a filter layer and an optional support layer, wherein the filter layer comprises the fibers of claim 1 and optional glycol-degradable fibers. 15. (canceled) 16. (canceled) 17. (canceled) 10. A filter medium comprising:
a filter layer comprising multi-component binder fibers; and an optional support layer; wherein each multi-component binder fiber comprises a core and an outermost sheath comprising a styrene-containing copolymer selected from a styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer, a styrene-maleimide copolymer, a styrene-maleic acid ester copolymer, and a combination thereof. 11. The filter medium of claim 10 wherein the filter layer further comprises glass fibers. 20. (canceled) 21. (canceled) 22. (canceled) 12. The filter medium of claim 10 wherein the filter layer further comprises polyester fibers distinct from the multi-component binder fibers. 13. A filter medium comprising:
a filter layer comprising multi-component binder fibers; and an optional support layer; wherein the multi-component binder fibers have a coating thereon comprising a styrene-containing copolymer selected from a styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer, a styrene-maleimide copolymer, a styrene-maleic acid ester copolymer, and a combination thereof. 14. The filter medium of claim 13 wherein the filter layer further comprises glass fibers. 15. The filter medium of claim 13 wherein the multi-component binder fibers comprise bicomponent binder fibers. 27. (canceled) 28. (canceled) 16. A filter medium comprising:
a filter layer comprising multi-component binder fibers; and an optional support layer; wherein the filter layer comprises a coating comprising a styrene-containing copolymer selected from a styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer, a styrene-maleimide copolymer, a styrene-maleic acid ester copolymer, and a combination thereof. 17. The filter medium of claim 16 wherein the filter layer further comprises glass fibers. 18. The filter medium of claim 16 wherein the multi-component binder fibers comprise bicomponent binder fibers. 32. (canceled) 33. (canceled) 19. A filter element comprising a housing and a filter medium of claim 9. 20. A method of filtering a liquid, the method comprising directing the liquid through a filter element of claim 19. 36. (canceled) 37. (canceled) 38. (canceled) 39. (canceled) 40. (canceled) 41. (canceled) 42. (canceled) 43. (canceled) 44. (canceled) 45. (canceled) 46. (canceled) 47. (canceled) | Fibers, filter media, and filter elements, particularly for liquid filtration applications, that include a styrene-containing copolymer, particularly a styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer, a styrene-maleimide copolymer, a styrene-maleic acid ester copolymer, or a combination thereof.1. A multi-component fiber comprising a styrene-containing copolymer selected from a styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer, a styrene-maleimide copolymer, a styrene-maleic acid ester copolymer, and a combination thereof. 2. The fiber of claim 1 wherein the styrene-containing copolymer forms a coating on an underlying fiber. 3. The fiber of claim 1 comprising a core and an outermost sheath comprising the styrene-containing copolymer. 4. The fiber of claim 3 wherein the outermost sheath comprises the styrene-containing copolymer blended with one or more glycol-degradable polymers. 5. The fiber of claim 3 wherein the outermost sheath comprises a blend of a condensation polymer and the styrene-containing copolymer, wherein the styrene-containing copolymer is present in the blend in an amount of greater than or equal to 40% by weight, based on the total weight of the blend. 6. (canceled) 6. The fiber of claim 3 wherein the core comprises a condensation polymer. 8. (canceled) 7. The fiber of claim 6 wherein the core comprises an aromatic or aliphatic polyester having a melting point of at least 110° C. 8. The fiber of claim 1 comprising a side-by-side bicomponent fiber wherein the styrene-containing copolymer is present in at least one side of the fiber. 11. (canceled) 12. (canceled) 13. (canceled) 9. A filter medium comprising a filter layer and an optional support layer, wherein the filter layer comprises the fibers of claim 1 and optional glycol-degradable fibers. 15. (canceled) 16. (canceled) 17. (canceled) 10. A filter medium comprising:
a filter layer comprising multi-component binder fibers; and an optional support layer; wherein each multi-component binder fiber comprises a core and an outermost sheath comprising a styrene-containing copolymer selected from a styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer, a styrene-maleimide copolymer, a styrene-maleic acid ester copolymer, and a combination thereof. 11. The filter medium of claim 10 wherein the filter layer further comprises glass fibers. 20. (canceled) 21. (canceled) 22. (canceled) 12. The filter medium of claim 10 wherein the filter layer further comprises polyester fibers distinct from the multi-component binder fibers. 13. A filter medium comprising:
a filter layer comprising multi-component binder fibers; and an optional support layer; wherein the multi-component binder fibers have a coating thereon comprising a styrene-containing copolymer selected from a styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer, a styrene-maleimide copolymer, a styrene-maleic acid ester copolymer, and a combination thereof. 14. The filter medium of claim 13 wherein the filter layer further comprises glass fibers. 15. The filter medium of claim 13 wherein the multi-component binder fibers comprise bicomponent binder fibers. 27. (canceled) 28. (canceled) 16. A filter medium comprising:
a filter layer comprising multi-component binder fibers; and an optional support layer; wherein the filter layer comprises a coating comprising a styrene-containing copolymer selected from a styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer, a styrene-maleimide copolymer, a styrene-maleic acid ester copolymer, and a combination thereof. 17. The filter medium of claim 16 wherein the filter layer further comprises glass fibers. 18. The filter medium of claim 16 wherein the multi-component binder fibers comprise bicomponent binder fibers. 32. (canceled) 33. (canceled) 19. A filter element comprising a housing and a filter medium of claim 9. 20. A method of filtering a liquid, the method comprising directing the liquid through a filter element of claim 19. 36. (canceled) 37. (canceled) 38. (canceled) 39. (canceled) 40. (canceled) 41. (canceled) 42. (canceled) 43. (canceled) 44. (canceled) 45. (canceled) 46. (canceled) 47. (canceled) | 1,700 |
3,633 | 14,920,140 | 1,726 | The present invention discloses a conductive paste comprising a conductive metal or a derivative thereof, and a lead-free glass frit dispersed in an organic vehicle, wherein said lead-free glass frit comprises tellurium-bismuth-lithium-oxide. The conductive paste of the present invention can be used in the preparation of an electrode of a solar cell with excellent energy conversion efficiency. | 1. A conductive paste comprising:
(a) about 85% to about 99.5% by weight of a conductive metal or the derivative thereof, based on the weight of solids; (b) about 0.5% to about 15% by weight of a lead-free glass frit containing tellurium-bismuth-lithium-oxide, based on the weight of solids; and (c) an organic vehicle; wherein the weight of solids is the total weight of the conductive metal (a) and the lead-free glass frit (b). 2. The conductive paste according to claim 1, wherein the conductive paste or the derivative comprise silver powder. 3. The conductive paste according to claim 1, wherein tellurium oxide is present in an amount of about 60 wt. % to about 90 wt. %, bismuth oxide is present in an amount of about 0.1 wt. % to about 20 wt. % and lithium oxide is present in an amount of about 0.1 wt. % to about 20 wt. % in the lead-free glass frit. 4. The conductive paste according to claim 1, which further comprises one or more metal oxides selected from the group consisting of zirconium oxide (ZrO2), vanadium pentoxide (V2O5), silver oxide (Ag2O), erbium oxide (Er2O3), tin oxide (SnO), magnesium oxide (MgO), neodymium oxide (Nd2O3), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), selenium dioxide (SeO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), sodium oxide (Na2O), potassium oxide (K2O), phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), molybdenum dioxide (MoO2), manganese dioxide (MnO2), nickel oxide (NiO), tungsten trioxide (WO3), samarium oxide (Sm2O3), germanium dioxide (GeO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), indium oxide (In2O3), gallium oxide (Ga2O3), silicon dioxide (SiO2) and ferric oxide (Fe2O3). 5. The conductive paste according to claim 1, wherein the lead-free glass frit further comprises one or more metals selected from the following group or the oxide thereof: phosphorus (P), barium (Ba), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), tungsten (W), aluminum (Al), potassium (K), zirconium (Zr), vanadium (V), selenium (Se), iron (Fe), indium (In), manganese (Mn), tin (Sn), nickel (Ni), antimony (Sb), silver (Ag), silicon (Si), erbium (Er), germanium (Ge), titanium (Ti), gallium (Ga), cerium (Ce), niobium (Nb), samarium (Sm) and lanthanum (La) in an amount of about 0.1 wt. % to about 10 wt. % based on the lead-free glass frit. 6. The conductive paste according to claim 1, wherein the organic vehicle is a solution comprising a polymer and a solvent. 7. The conductive paste according to claim 1, wherein the organic vehicle further comprises one or more functional additives selected from the group consisting of a viscosity modifier, a dispersing agent, a thixotropic agent and a wetting agent. 8. An article comprising a semiconductor substrate and a conductive paste according to claim 1 applied onto the semiconductor substrate. 9. The article according to claim 8, which further comprises one or more antireflective coatings applied onto the semiconductor substrate; and
wherein the conductive paste contacts the antireflective coating(s) and has electrical contact with the semiconductor substrate. 10. The article according to claim 9, which is a semiconductor device. 11. The article according to claim 10, wherein the semiconductor device is a solar cell. | The present invention discloses a conductive paste comprising a conductive metal or a derivative thereof, and a lead-free glass frit dispersed in an organic vehicle, wherein said lead-free glass frit comprises tellurium-bismuth-lithium-oxide. The conductive paste of the present invention can be used in the preparation of an electrode of a solar cell with excellent energy conversion efficiency.1. A conductive paste comprising:
(a) about 85% to about 99.5% by weight of a conductive metal or the derivative thereof, based on the weight of solids; (b) about 0.5% to about 15% by weight of a lead-free glass frit containing tellurium-bismuth-lithium-oxide, based on the weight of solids; and (c) an organic vehicle; wherein the weight of solids is the total weight of the conductive metal (a) and the lead-free glass frit (b). 2. The conductive paste according to claim 1, wherein the conductive paste or the derivative comprise silver powder. 3. The conductive paste according to claim 1, wherein tellurium oxide is present in an amount of about 60 wt. % to about 90 wt. %, bismuth oxide is present in an amount of about 0.1 wt. % to about 20 wt. % and lithium oxide is present in an amount of about 0.1 wt. % to about 20 wt. % in the lead-free glass frit. 4. The conductive paste according to claim 1, which further comprises one or more metal oxides selected from the group consisting of zirconium oxide (ZrO2), vanadium pentoxide (V2O5), silver oxide (Ag2O), erbium oxide (Er2O3), tin oxide (SnO), magnesium oxide (MgO), neodymium oxide (Nd2O3), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), selenium dioxide (SeO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), sodium oxide (Na2O), potassium oxide (K2O), phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), molybdenum dioxide (MoO2), manganese dioxide (MnO2), nickel oxide (NiO), tungsten trioxide (WO3), samarium oxide (Sm2O3), germanium dioxide (GeO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), indium oxide (In2O3), gallium oxide (Ga2O3), silicon dioxide (SiO2) and ferric oxide (Fe2O3). 5. The conductive paste according to claim 1, wherein the lead-free glass frit further comprises one or more metals selected from the following group or the oxide thereof: phosphorus (P), barium (Ba), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), tungsten (W), aluminum (Al), potassium (K), zirconium (Zr), vanadium (V), selenium (Se), iron (Fe), indium (In), manganese (Mn), tin (Sn), nickel (Ni), antimony (Sb), silver (Ag), silicon (Si), erbium (Er), germanium (Ge), titanium (Ti), gallium (Ga), cerium (Ce), niobium (Nb), samarium (Sm) and lanthanum (La) in an amount of about 0.1 wt. % to about 10 wt. % based on the lead-free glass frit. 6. The conductive paste according to claim 1, wherein the organic vehicle is a solution comprising a polymer and a solvent. 7. The conductive paste according to claim 1, wherein the organic vehicle further comprises one or more functional additives selected from the group consisting of a viscosity modifier, a dispersing agent, a thixotropic agent and a wetting agent. 8. An article comprising a semiconductor substrate and a conductive paste according to claim 1 applied onto the semiconductor substrate. 9. The article according to claim 8, which further comprises one or more antireflective coatings applied onto the semiconductor substrate; and
wherein the conductive paste contacts the antireflective coating(s) and has electrical contact with the semiconductor substrate. 10. The article according to claim 9, which is a semiconductor device. 11. The article according to claim 10, wherein the semiconductor device is a solar cell. | 1,700 |
3,634 | 14,785,009 | 1,716 | Apparatus and methods for processing a plurality of semiconductor wafers on a susceptor assembly so that the temperature across the susceptor assembly is uniform are described. A plurality of linear lamps are positioned and controlled in zones to provide uniform heating. | 1. A processing chamber comprising:
a gas distribution assembly; a susceptor assembly below the gas distribution assembly, the susceptor assembly having a disk-shape including a top surface and a bottom surface defining a thickness, the top surface including at least one recess surface to support a wafer; a drive shaft supporting the susceptor assembly to rotate the susceptor assembly; a plurality of linear lamps positioned beneath the susceptor assembly, the plurality of linear lamps separated into a plurality of zones; and a controller connected to the plurality of linear lamps to provide power independently to each of the zones of linear lamps. 2. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the susceptor assembly is sized to support at least three wafers. 3. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the susceptor has a diameter in the range of about 0.75 m to about 2 m. 4. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the linear lamps are arranged in concentric circles about the drive shaft. 5. The processing chamber of claim 4, wherein each of the linear lamps are substantially the same length. 6. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the plurality of linear lamps are substantially parallel to each other and extend perpendicularly to a diameter of the susceptor assembly. 7. The processing chamber of claim 6, wherein the plurality of linear lamps have at least two different lengths. 8. The processing chamber of claim 6, further comprising at least two u-shaped lamps positioned around the drive shaft and optionally having two-fold symmetry about the drive shaft. 9. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein each of the linear lamps has an electrode on at least one end of the lamp, the electrode bending downward away from the bottom surface of the susceptor assembly. 10. The processing chamber claim 1, wherein the linear lamps include a reflective surface along a lower portion of the lamp to reflect light from the lamp toward the bottom surface of the susceptor assembly. 11. A processing chamber comprising:
a gas distribution assembly; a susceptor assembly below the gas distribution assembly, the susceptor assembly having a disk-shape including a top surface and a bottom surface defining a thickness, the top surface including at least one recess surface to support a wafer; a drive shaft supporting the susceptor assembly to rotate the susceptor assembly; a plurality of linear lamps positioned beneath the susceptor assembly, the plurality of linear lamps separated into at least two zones, the plurality of lamps extending parallel to each other and perpendicular to a diameter of the susceptor assembly; at least two u-shaped lamps positioned around the drive shaft to have two-fold symmetry about the drive shaft; and a controller connected to the plurality of linear lamps to provide power independently to each of the zones of linear lamps. 12. The processing chamber of claim 11, wherein the at least two u-shaped lamps define a first zone. 13. The processing chamber of claim 12, wherein the linear lamps are separated into at least two zones. 14. The processing chamber of claim 12, wherein the linear lamps are separated into a second zone, a third zone and a fourth zone, each zone positioned further from the drive shaft and on opposite sides thereof. 15. The processing chamber of claim 14, wherein the second zone comprises two linear lamps having a first length, the linear lamps extending perpendicular to a diameter of the susceptor assembly and spaced a first distance along the diameter from the drive shaft so that the second zone is on opposite sides of the first zone, the third zone comprising at least one linear lamps having a second length shorter than the first length, the third zone positioned a second distance along the diameter from the drive shaft greater than the first distance so that the third zone is on opposite sides of the second zone and the fourth zone includes at least one lamp having the second length and/or at least one lamp having a third length shorter than the second length, the fourth zone positioned a third distance along the diameter from the drive shaft greater than the second distance so that the fourth zone is on opposite sides of the third zone. 16. The processing chamber of claim 9, wherein a curved portion of each of the two u-shaped lamps are adjacent the drive shaft. 17. The processing chamber of claim 9, wherein the at least two u-shaped lamps define a first zone. 18. The processing chamber of claim 17, wherein the linear lamps are separated into at least two zones. 19. The processing chamber of claim 18, wherein the linear lamps are separated into a second zone, a third zone and a fourth zone, each zone positioned further from the drive shaft and on opposite sides thereof. 20. A processing chamber comprising:
a gas distribution assembly; a susceptor assembly below the gas distribution assembly, the susceptor assembly having a disk-shape including a top surface and a bottom surface defining a thickness, the top surface including at least one recess sized to support a wafer; a drive shaft supporting the susceptor assembly to rotate the susceptor assembly; at least two u-shaped lamps positioned around the drive shaft to have two-fold symmetry about the drive shaft, the at least two u-shaped lamps defining a first zone; a plurality of linear lamps positioned beneath the susceptor assembly, the plurality of linear lamps separated into a second zone, a third zone and a fourth zone, the second zone comprising two linear lamps having a first length, the linear lamps extending perpendicular to a diameter of the susceptor assembly and spaced a first distance along the diameter from the drive shaft so that the second zone is on opposite sides of the first zone, the third zone comprising at least one linear lamps having a second length shorter than the first length, the third zone positioned a second distance along the diameter from the drive shaft greater than the first distance so that the third zone is on opposite sides of the second zone and the fourth zone includes at least one lamp having the second length and/or at least one lamp having a third length shorter than the second length, the fourth zone positioned a third distance along the diameter from the drive shaft greater than the second distance so that the fourth zone is on opposite sides of the third zone; and a controller connected to the plurality of linear lamps to provide power independently to each of the zones of linear lamps. | Apparatus and methods for processing a plurality of semiconductor wafers on a susceptor assembly so that the temperature across the susceptor assembly is uniform are described. A plurality of linear lamps are positioned and controlled in zones to provide uniform heating.1. A processing chamber comprising:
a gas distribution assembly; a susceptor assembly below the gas distribution assembly, the susceptor assembly having a disk-shape including a top surface and a bottom surface defining a thickness, the top surface including at least one recess surface to support a wafer; a drive shaft supporting the susceptor assembly to rotate the susceptor assembly; a plurality of linear lamps positioned beneath the susceptor assembly, the plurality of linear lamps separated into a plurality of zones; and a controller connected to the plurality of linear lamps to provide power independently to each of the zones of linear lamps. 2. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the susceptor assembly is sized to support at least three wafers. 3. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the susceptor has a diameter in the range of about 0.75 m to about 2 m. 4. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the linear lamps are arranged in concentric circles about the drive shaft. 5. The processing chamber of claim 4, wherein each of the linear lamps are substantially the same length. 6. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the plurality of linear lamps are substantially parallel to each other and extend perpendicularly to a diameter of the susceptor assembly. 7. The processing chamber of claim 6, wherein the plurality of linear lamps have at least two different lengths. 8. The processing chamber of claim 6, further comprising at least two u-shaped lamps positioned around the drive shaft and optionally having two-fold symmetry about the drive shaft. 9. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein each of the linear lamps has an electrode on at least one end of the lamp, the electrode bending downward away from the bottom surface of the susceptor assembly. 10. The processing chamber claim 1, wherein the linear lamps include a reflective surface along a lower portion of the lamp to reflect light from the lamp toward the bottom surface of the susceptor assembly. 11. A processing chamber comprising:
a gas distribution assembly; a susceptor assembly below the gas distribution assembly, the susceptor assembly having a disk-shape including a top surface and a bottom surface defining a thickness, the top surface including at least one recess surface to support a wafer; a drive shaft supporting the susceptor assembly to rotate the susceptor assembly; a plurality of linear lamps positioned beneath the susceptor assembly, the plurality of linear lamps separated into at least two zones, the plurality of lamps extending parallel to each other and perpendicular to a diameter of the susceptor assembly; at least two u-shaped lamps positioned around the drive shaft to have two-fold symmetry about the drive shaft; and a controller connected to the plurality of linear lamps to provide power independently to each of the zones of linear lamps. 12. The processing chamber of claim 11, wherein the at least two u-shaped lamps define a first zone. 13. The processing chamber of claim 12, wherein the linear lamps are separated into at least two zones. 14. The processing chamber of claim 12, wherein the linear lamps are separated into a second zone, a third zone and a fourth zone, each zone positioned further from the drive shaft and on opposite sides thereof. 15. The processing chamber of claim 14, wherein the second zone comprises two linear lamps having a first length, the linear lamps extending perpendicular to a diameter of the susceptor assembly and spaced a first distance along the diameter from the drive shaft so that the second zone is on opposite sides of the first zone, the third zone comprising at least one linear lamps having a second length shorter than the first length, the third zone positioned a second distance along the diameter from the drive shaft greater than the first distance so that the third zone is on opposite sides of the second zone and the fourth zone includes at least one lamp having the second length and/or at least one lamp having a third length shorter than the second length, the fourth zone positioned a third distance along the diameter from the drive shaft greater than the second distance so that the fourth zone is on opposite sides of the third zone. 16. The processing chamber of claim 9, wherein a curved portion of each of the two u-shaped lamps are adjacent the drive shaft. 17. The processing chamber of claim 9, wherein the at least two u-shaped lamps define a first zone. 18. The processing chamber of claim 17, wherein the linear lamps are separated into at least two zones. 19. The processing chamber of claim 18, wherein the linear lamps are separated into a second zone, a third zone and a fourth zone, each zone positioned further from the drive shaft and on opposite sides thereof. 20. A processing chamber comprising:
a gas distribution assembly; a susceptor assembly below the gas distribution assembly, the susceptor assembly having a disk-shape including a top surface and a bottom surface defining a thickness, the top surface including at least one recess sized to support a wafer; a drive shaft supporting the susceptor assembly to rotate the susceptor assembly; at least two u-shaped lamps positioned around the drive shaft to have two-fold symmetry about the drive shaft, the at least two u-shaped lamps defining a first zone; a plurality of linear lamps positioned beneath the susceptor assembly, the plurality of linear lamps separated into a second zone, a third zone and a fourth zone, the second zone comprising two linear lamps having a first length, the linear lamps extending perpendicular to a diameter of the susceptor assembly and spaced a first distance along the diameter from the drive shaft so that the second zone is on opposite sides of the first zone, the third zone comprising at least one linear lamps having a second length shorter than the first length, the third zone positioned a second distance along the diameter from the drive shaft greater than the first distance so that the third zone is on opposite sides of the second zone and the fourth zone includes at least one lamp having the second length and/or at least one lamp having a third length shorter than the second length, the fourth zone positioned a third distance along the diameter from the drive shaft greater than the second distance so that the fourth zone is on opposite sides of the third zone; and a controller connected to the plurality of linear lamps to provide power independently to each of the zones of linear lamps. | 1,700 |
3,635 | 15,073,372 | 1,712 | A method for fabricating an MEMS switch including providing a substrate and printing at least one metal bias electrode, at least one metal connection pad and at least one metal contact pad on the substrate. The method then prints a sacrificial layer on the substrate and over the at least one bias electrode, and prints a flexible beam structure on the sacrificial layer. The sacrificial layer is then removed by dissolving the sacrificial layer in a wet solution to release the beam structure so that the beam structure is spaced some distance from the at least one bias electrode and the contact pad. | 1. A method for fabricating a micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) switch, said method comprising:
providing a substrate; printing at least one bias electrode, at least one connection pad and at least one contact pad on the substrate; printing a sacrificial layer on the substrate and over the at least one bias electrode and at least part of the contact pad; printing a flexible beam structure on the sacrificial layer; and removing the sacrificial layer to release the beam structure so that the beam structure is spaced some distance from the at least one bias electrode and the contact pad. 2. The method according to claim 1 wherein printing a beam structure includes printing a first polymer layer on the sacrificial layer, printing a conductive layer on the first polymer layer, and printing a second polymer layer on the conductive layer. 3. The method according to claim 2 wherein the first and second polymer layers are Teflon polymer layers. 4. The method according to claim 1 wherein printing a beam structure includes printing a conductive polymer layer. 5. The method according to claim 4 wherein the conductive polymer is PEDOT (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)). 6. The method according to claim 1 wherein removing the sacrificial layer to release the beam structure includes dissolving the sacrificial layer in a wet solution. 7. The method according to claim 1 wherein the beam structure includes a first end and a second end where at least the first end of the beam structure is coupled to the at least one connection pad. 8. The method according to claim 7 wherein the beam structure is a cantilever structure, and wherein the first end of the beam structure is coupled to the at least one connection pad and the substrate and the second end of the beam structure is spaced from the at least one contact pad. 9. The method according to claim 7 wherein the at least one connection pad is a first connection pad and a second connection pad, and wherein the first end of the beam structure is fixed to the first connection pad and the second end of the beam structure is fixed to the second connection pad, said beam structure further including a contact portion that is positioned between the first and second ends of the beam structure. 10. The method according to claim 1 wherein printing at least one contact pad includes printing a first transmission line contact pad and a second transmission line contact pad that are spaced apart and electrically isolated from each other, and wherein printing a beam structure includes printing a conductive layer and a contact portion that are spaced apart and electrically isolated from each other, where the contact portion is operable to make an electrical connection between the first and second transmission line contact pads when the MEMS switch is closed. 11. The method according to claim 1 wherein printing at least one bias electrode includes printing a plurality of spaced apart bias electrodes. 12. The method according to claim 1 wherein printing at least one bias electrode includes printing a ladder electrode including polymer steps having a bias electrode thereon. 13. The method according to claim 1 further comprising printing at least one metal stop at the same time that the at least one bias electrode, the at least one connection pad and the contact pad are printed on the substrate, and wherein printing a flexible beam structure includes printing at least one stop that contacts the at least one metal stop when the MEMS switch is closed. 14. The method according to claim 1 wherein the MEMS switch is fabricated on a microwave circuit board along with microwave circuit components. 15. The method according to claim 14 wherein the microwave circuit board is a phased antenna array. 16. A method for fabricating a micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) switch, said method comprising:
providing a substrate; printing a plurality of metal bias electrodes, at least one metal connection pad and at least one metal contact pad on the substrate; printing a sacrificial layer on the substrate and over the plurality of bias electrodes and at least part of the contact pad; printing a flexible beam structure including printing a first polymer layer on the sacrificial layer, printing a conductive layer on the first polymer layer, and printing a second polymer layer on the conductive layer; and removing the sacrificial layer to release the beam structure by dissolving the sacrificial layer in a wet solution so that the beam structure is spaced some distance from the plurality of bias electrodes and the contact pad. 17. The method according to claim 16 wherein the beam structure includes a first end and a second end where at least the first end of the beam structure is coupled to the at least one connection pad. 18. The method according to claim 17 wherein the beam structure is a cantilever structure and the at least one connection pad is one connection pad, and wherein the first end of the beam structure is coupled to the connection pad and the substrate and the second end of the beam structure is spaced from the contact pad. 19. The method according to claim 17 wherein the at least one connection pad is a first connection pad and a second connection pad, and wherein the first end of the beam structure is fixed to the first connection pad and the second end of the beam structure is fixed to the second connection pad, said beam structure further including a contact portion that is positioned between the first and second ends of the beam structure. 20. A method for fabricating a micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) switch, said method comprising:
providing a substrate; printing at least one bias electrode, at least one connection pad and a contact pad on the substrate; printing a sacrificial layer on the substrate and over the at least one bias electrode and at least part of the contact pad; printing a flexible beam structure on the sacrificial layer, said beam structure including a conductive polymer; and removing the sacrificial layer to release the beam structure by dissolving the sacrificial layer in a wet solution so that the beam structure is spaced some distance from the at least one bias electrode and the contact pad. | A method for fabricating an MEMS switch including providing a substrate and printing at least one metal bias electrode, at least one metal connection pad and at least one metal contact pad on the substrate. The method then prints a sacrificial layer on the substrate and over the at least one bias electrode, and prints a flexible beam structure on the sacrificial layer. The sacrificial layer is then removed by dissolving the sacrificial layer in a wet solution to release the beam structure so that the beam structure is spaced some distance from the at least one bias electrode and the contact pad.1. A method for fabricating a micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) switch, said method comprising:
providing a substrate; printing at least one bias electrode, at least one connection pad and at least one contact pad on the substrate; printing a sacrificial layer on the substrate and over the at least one bias electrode and at least part of the contact pad; printing a flexible beam structure on the sacrificial layer; and removing the sacrificial layer to release the beam structure so that the beam structure is spaced some distance from the at least one bias electrode and the contact pad. 2. The method according to claim 1 wherein printing a beam structure includes printing a first polymer layer on the sacrificial layer, printing a conductive layer on the first polymer layer, and printing a second polymer layer on the conductive layer. 3. The method according to claim 2 wherein the first and second polymer layers are Teflon polymer layers. 4. The method according to claim 1 wherein printing a beam structure includes printing a conductive polymer layer. 5. The method according to claim 4 wherein the conductive polymer is PEDOT (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)). 6. The method according to claim 1 wherein removing the sacrificial layer to release the beam structure includes dissolving the sacrificial layer in a wet solution. 7. The method according to claim 1 wherein the beam structure includes a first end and a second end where at least the first end of the beam structure is coupled to the at least one connection pad. 8. The method according to claim 7 wherein the beam structure is a cantilever structure, and wherein the first end of the beam structure is coupled to the at least one connection pad and the substrate and the second end of the beam structure is spaced from the at least one contact pad. 9. The method according to claim 7 wherein the at least one connection pad is a first connection pad and a second connection pad, and wherein the first end of the beam structure is fixed to the first connection pad and the second end of the beam structure is fixed to the second connection pad, said beam structure further including a contact portion that is positioned between the first and second ends of the beam structure. 10. The method according to claim 1 wherein printing at least one contact pad includes printing a first transmission line contact pad and a second transmission line contact pad that are spaced apart and electrically isolated from each other, and wherein printing a beam structure includes printing a conductive layer and a contact portion that are spaced apart and electrically isolated from each other, where the contact portion is operable to make an electrical connection between the first and second transmission line contact pads when the MEMS switch is closed. 11. The method according to claim 1 wherein printing at least one bias electrode includes printing a plurality of spaced apart bias electrodes. 12. The method according to claim 1 wherein printing at least one bias electrode includes printing a ladder electrode including polymer steps having a bias electrode thereon. 13. The method according to claim 1 further comprising printing at least one metal stop at the same time that the at least one bias electrode, the at least one connection pad and the contact pad are printed on the substrate, and wherein printing a flexible beam structure includes printing at least one stop that contacts the at least one metal stop when the MEMS switch is closed. 14. The method according to claim 1 wherein the MEMS switch is fabricated on a microwave circuit board along with microwave circuit components. 15. The method according to claim 14 wherein the microwave circuit board is a phased antenna array. 16. A method for fabricating a micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) switch, said method comprising:
providing a substrate; printing a plurality of metal bias electrodes, at least one metal connection pad and at least one metal contact pad on the substrate; printing a sacrificial layer on the substrate and over the plurality of bias electrodes and at least part of the contact pad; printing a flexible beam structure including printing a first polymer layer on the sacrificial layer, printing a conductive layer on the first polymer layer, and printing a second polymer layer on the conductive layer; and removing the sacrificial layer to release the beam structure by dissolving the sacrificial layer in a wet solution so that the beam structure is spaced some distance from the plurality of bias electrodes and the contact pad. 17. The method according to claim 16 wherein the beam structure includes a first end and a second end where at least the first end of the beam structure is coupled to the at least one connection pad. 18. The method according to claim 17 wherein the beam structure is a cantilever structure and the at least one connection pad is one connection pad, and wherein the first end of the beam structure is coupled to the connection pad and the substrate and the second end of the beam structure is spaced from the contact pad. 19. The method according to claim 17 wherein the at least one connection pad is a first connection pad and a second connection pad, and wherein the first end of the beam structure is fixed to the first connection pad and the second end of the beam structure is fixed to the second connection pad, said beam structure further including a contact portion that is positioned between the first and second ends of the beam structure. 20. A method for fabricating a micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) switch, said method comprising:
providing a substrate; printing at least one bias electrode, at least one connection pad and a contact pad on the substrate; printing a sacrificial layer on the substrate and over the at least one bias electrode and at least part of the contact pad; printing a flexible beam structure on the sacrificial layer, said beam structure including a conductive polymer; and removing the sacrificial layer to release the beam structure by dissolving the sacrificial layer in a wet solution so that the beam structure is spaced some distance from the at least one bias electrode and the contact pad. | 1,700 |
3,636 | 14,824,369 | 1,727 | An energy storage device includes: a flattened electrode assembly formed by winding electrodes such that a hollow portion is formed, the electrode assembly including a pair of curved portions opposed manner in a major axis direction and a pair of flat portions opposed in a minor axis direction; and a case storing the electrode assembly therein, wherein assuming a thickness of the flat portion in the minor axis direction as A, a thickness of the curved portion in a radial direction as B, and a thickness of the hollow portion in the minor axis direction as W, the electrode assembly satisfies A+(W/2)≦B in a state where the electrode assembly is discharged. | 1. An energy storage device comprising:
a flattened electrode assembly formed by winding electrodes such that a hollow portion is formed at a center of winding, the electrode assembly having a minor axis and a major axis which are orthogonal to each other, the electrode assembly including a pair of curved portions opposed in the major axis direction and a pair of flat portions opposed in the minor axis direction, the flat portions connecting corresponding end portions of the curved portions to each other; and a case storing the electrode assembly therein, wherein assuming a thickness of the flat portion in the minor axis direction as A, a thickness of the curved portion in a radial direction as B, and a thickness of the hollow portion in the minor axis direction as W, the electrode assembly satisfies a following formula in a state where the electrode assembly is discharged.
A+(W/2)≦B 2. The energy storage device according to claim 1, wherein
the electrode assembly includes a cylindrical winding core which surrounds the hollow portion, and the electrodes are wound around the periphery of the winding core. 3. The energy storage device according to claim 2, wherein
the electrode assembly satisfies the following formula in a state where the electrode assembly is discharged.
A+(π/4)W≦B 4. The energy storage device according to claim 1, wherein
the electrode assembly satisfies the following formula in a state where the electrode assembly is discharged.
B≦A+W 5. The energy storage device according to claim 1, wherein
in a state where the electrode assembly is charged, in a region of at least a portion of the hollow portion in the major axis direction, portions of the electrode which face each other with the hollow portion sandwiched therebetween in the minor axis direction are brought into contact with each other. 6. The energy storage device according to claim 1, wherein
the case has an inner space and stores the electrode assembly in the inner space such that the flat portions are respectively brought into contact with the case in an insulated state, and assuming a size of the inner space of the case in the minor axis direction as L, the electrode assembly satisfies the following formula in a state where the electrode assembly is discharged.
W≦0.2L 7. The energy storage device according to claim 1, wherein
assuming a thickness of one curved portion out of the pair of curved portions in a radial direction as B1, and a thickness of the other curved portion in the radial direction as B2, the electrode assembly satisfies the following formula in a state where the electrode assembly is discharged.
A+(W/2)≦B 1 and A+(W/2)≦B 2 8. The energy storage device according to claim 1, wherein
the electrodes include a positive electrode and a negative electrode, and the negative electrode includes graphite as a negative active material. 9. The energy storage device according to claim 1, wherein
the electrodes include a positive electrode and a negative electrode, and an active material of the negative electrode is graphite. | An energy storage device includes: a flattened electrode assembly formed by winding electrodes such that a hollow portion is formed, the electrode assembly including a pair of curved portions opposed manner in a major axis direction and a pair of flat portions opposed in a minor axis direction; and a case storing the electrode assembly therein, wherein assuming a thickness of the flat portion in the minor axis direction as A, a thickness of the curved portion in a radial direction as B, and a thickness of the hollow portion in the minor axis direction as W, the electrode assembly satisfies A+(W/2)≦B in a state where the electrode assembly is discharged.1. An energy storage device comprising:
a flattened electrode assembly formed by winding electrodes such that a hollow portion is formed at a center of winding, the electrode assembly having a minor axis and a major axis which are orthogonal to each other, the electrode assembly including a pair of curved portions opposed in the major axis direction and a pair of flat portions opposed in the minor axis direction, the flat portions connecting corresponding end portions of the curved portions to each other; and a case storing the electrode assembly therein, wherein assuming a thickness of the flat portion in the minor axis direction as A, a thickness of the curved portion in a radial direction as B, and a thickness of the hollow portion in the minor axis direction as W, the electrode assembly satisfies a following formula in a state where the electrode assembly is discharged.
A+(W/2)≦B 2. The energy storage device according to claim 1, wherein
the electrode assembly includes a cylindrical winding core which surrounds the hollow portion, and the electrodes are wound around the periphery of the winding core. 3. The energy storage device according to claim 2, wherein
the electrode assembly satisfies the following formula in a state where the electrode assembly is discharged.
A+(π/4)W≦B 4. The energy storage device according to claim 1, wherein
the electrode assembly satisfies the following formula in a state where the electrode assembly is discharged.
B≦A+W 5. The energy storage device according to claim 1, wherein
in a state where the electrode assembly is charged, in a region of at least a portion of the hollow portion in the major axis direction, portions of the electrode which face each other with the hollow portion sandwiched therebetween in the minor axis direction are brought into contact with each other. 6. The energy storage device according to claim 1, wherein
the case has an inner space and stores the electrode assembly in the inner space such that the flat portions are respectively brought into contact with the case in an insulated state, and assuming a size of the inner space of the case in the minor axis direction as L, the electrode assembly satisfies the following formula in a state where the electrode assembly is discharged.
W≦0.2L 7. The energy storage device according to claim 1, wherein
assuming a thickness of one curved portion out of the pair of curved portions in a radial direction as B1, and a thickness of the other curved portion in the radial direction as B2, the electrode assembly satisfies the following formula in a state where the electrode assembly is discharged.
A+(W/2)≦B 1 and A+(W/2)≦B 2 8. The energy storage device according to claim 1, wherein
the electrodes include a positive electrode and a negative electrode, and the negative electrode includes graphite as a negative active material. 9. The energy storage device according to claim 1, wherein
the electrodes include a positive electrode and a negative electrode, and an active material of the negative electrode is graphite. | 1,700 |
3,637 | 12,947,552 | 1,792 | A microencapsulated delivery system, composition or method is disclosed in which one or more agents to be delivered are encapsulated in small capsules (e.g., microcapsules), and the capsules are applied or adhered to one or more surfaces of a substrate. The encapsulated agent is latently released upon exposure to appropriate conditions. | 1. A composition comprising a substrate having adhered thereto one or more microcapsules comprising one or more polymers encapsulating one or more agents to be delivered, such that said one or more agents to be delivered are released upon exposure to appropriate conditions. 2. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said appropriate conditions excludes tactile breakage of the microcapsules. 3. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said appropriate conditions comprise one or more specific matching conditions. 4. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said appropriate conditions comprise a chemical reaction involving the microcapsule and the substrate or environment. 5. A composition according to claim 1 wherein the substrate is selected from the group consisting of paper, waxed paper, plastic, glass, styrene, fiber, filter paper, tea bags, coffee flavor pods and discs and aluminum foil. 6. A composition according to claim 1 wherein the one or more agents to be delivered are selected from the group consisting of one or more flavorings, aromas, fragrances, colorings, pharmaceuticals, herbal remedies, vitamins, minerals, medicinal reparations, cosmetics, cosmetic agents, chemical agents, analytical agents, food additives, and beverage additives. 7. A composition according to claim 1 wherein the one or more polymers are selected from the group consisting of natural or synthetic polymers, gums, starches, lipids, pectins, and agars. 8. A composition according to claim 1 which is a beverage filter, beverage flavor disc, cosmetic applicator, cosmeceutical applicator, cooking bag, flavor cup, indicator cup, pharmaceutical delivery cup, or water safety cup. 9. A method of preparing a composition comprising admixing one or more agents to be encapsulated and one or more polymers in solution to produce one or more microcapsules, optionally separating said microcapsules from solution, and applying said one or more microcapsules to a substrate such that said microcapsules fixedly adhere to said substrate. 10. A method of providing an additive agent to a primary agent comprising providing a composition comprising a substrate having adhered thereto one or more microcapsules comprising one or more polymers encapsulating one or more agents to be delivered, such that said one or more agents to be delivered are released upon exposure to appropriate conditions, and supplying appropriate conditions for release of said one or more agents. | A microencapsulated delivery system, composition or method is disclosed in which one or more agents to be delivered are encapsulated in small capsules (e.g., microcapsules), and the capsules are applied or adhered to one or more surfaces of a substrate. The encapsulated agent is latently released upon exposure to appropriate conditions.1. A composition comprising a substrate having adhered thereto one or more microcapsules comprising one or more polymers encapsulating one or more agents to be delivered, such that said one or more agents to be delivered are released upon exposure to appropriate conditions. 2. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said appropriate conditions excludes tactile breakage of the microcapsules. 3. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said appropriate conditions comprise one or more specific matching conditions. 4. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said appropriate conditions comprise a chemical reaction involving the microcapsule and the substrate or environment. 5. A composition according to claim 1 wherein the substrate is selected from the group consisting of paper, waxed paper, plastic, glass, styrene, fiber, filter paper, tea bags, coffee flavor pods and discs and aluminum foil. 6. A composition according to claim 1 wherein the one or more agents to be delivered are selected from the group consisting of one or more flavorings, aromas, fragrances, colorings, pharmaceuticals, herbal remedies, vitamins, minerals, medicinal reparations, cosmetics, cosmetic agents, chemical agents, analytical agents, food additives, and beverage additives. 7. A composition according to claim 1 wherein the one or more polymers are selected from the group consisting of natural or synthetic polymers, gums, starches, lipids, pectins, and agars. 8. A composition according to claim 1 which is a beverage filter, beverage flavor disc, cosmetic applicator, cosmeceutical applicator, cooking bag, flavor cup, indicator cup, pharmaceutical delivery cup, or water safety cup. 9. A method of preparing a composition comprising admixing one or more agents to be encapsulated and one or more polymers in solution to produce one or more microcapsules, optionally separating said microcapsules from solution, and applying said one or more microcapsules to a substrate such that said microcapsules fixedly adhere to said substrate. 10. A method of providing an additive agent to a primary agent comprising providing a composition comprising a substrate having adhered thereto one or more microcapsules comprising one or more polymers encapsulating one or more agents to be delivered, such that said one or more agents to be delivered are released upon exposure to appropriate conditions, and supplying appropriate conditions for release of said one or more agents. | 1,700 |
3,638 | 14,484,897 | 1,714 | A cleaning solution for a turbine engine is provided. The cleaning solution includes a reagent composition including water within a range between about 25 percent and about 70 percent by volume of the reagent composition, an acidic component within a range between about 0.1 percent and about 50 percent by volume of the reagent composition, and an amine component within a range between about 1 percent and 40 percent by volume of the reagent composition. The reagent composition is diluted with water by a factor of up to about 40 to form the cleaning solution. The cleaning solution has a pH value in the range between 2.5 and 7.0. The cleaning solution is used to clean a component of the turbine engine. | 1. A cleaning solution for a turbine engine, said cleaning solution comprising:
a reagent composition comprising:
water within a range between about 25 percent and about 70 percent by volume of the reagent composition;
an acidic component within a range between about 0.1 percent and about 50 percent by volume of the reagent composition;
an amine compound within a range between about 1 percent and 40 percent by volume of the reagent composition, wherein said reagent composition is diluted with water by a factor of up to about 40, thereby forming said cleaning solution; and
a surfactant within a range between about 1 percent and about 7 percent by volume of the reagent composition, wherein the surfactant is an amine reacted with acrylic acid, the cleaning solution has a pH value in the range between 2.5 and 7.0, the cleaning solution is used to clean a component of the turbine engine, said reagent composition is configured to selectively dissolve at least one of oxide-based, chloride-based, sulfate-based, and carbon-based constituents of a foreign material, and said reagent composition is substantially unreactive with metallic materials and with a non-metallic material selected from the group consisting of rare earth element ceramic oxides, ceramic matrix composites and polymeric matrix composites. 2. The solution in accordance with claim 1, wherein said acidic component comprises at least one of citric acid and glycolic acid. 3. The solution in accordance with claim 2, wherein the acidic component comprises citric acid and glycolic acid and a ratio of said citric acid component to said glycolic acid component is from about 1:4 to about 4:1 by volume. 4. (canceled) 5. The solution in accordance with claim 1, wherein said water component is within a range between about 25 and 35 percent by volume, wherein said acidic component is within a range between about 1 and 50 percent by volume and wherein said amine component is within a range between about 1 and 40 percent by volume. 6. The solution in accordance with claim 1, wherein said water component is within a range between about 25 and 70 percent by volume, wherein said acidic component is within a range between about 1 and 50 percent by volume and wherein said amine component is within a range between about 10 and 40 percent by volume. 7. The solution in accordance with claim 1, wherein said reagent composition further comprises dipropylene glycol monoethyl ether within a range between about 15 percent and about 30 percent by volume of the reagent composition. 8. (canceled) 9. The solution in accordance with claim 1, wherein said reagent composition further comprises a sulfonate component within a range between about 1 percent and about 10 percent by volume of the reagent composition. 10-13. (canceled) 14. The solution in accordance with claim 1, wherein the cleaning solution has pH value of less than about 5. 15. A method of cleaning a turbine engine, said method comprising:
directing the cleaning solution according to claim 1 towards a substrate of a turbine component having a layer of foreign material thereon, the layer of foreign material including a first sub-layer extending over at least a portion of a surface of the turbine component and a second sub-layer extending over at least a portion of the first sub-layer, wherein the first and second sub-layers have different elemental compositions, to at least partially remove the foreign material from the turbine component. 16. The method in accordance with claim 15 further comprising directing alternating cleaning fluids towards the turbine component, wherein the alternating cleaning fluids include the cleaning solution and superheated steam, 17. The method in accordance with claim 15 further comprising rinsing the turbine component in deionized water. 18. The method in accordance with claim 15, wherein directing the cleaning solution comprises directing the cleaning solution towards the turbine component at a temperature within a range between about 15° C. and about 200° C., and at a pressure within a range between about 1 atmosphere and about 50 atmospheres. 19. The method in accordance with claim 15, wherein directing the cleaning solution comprises directing the cleaning solution towards the turbine component at a temperature less than about 100° C., and for a duration of less than about 200 minutes. 20. The method in accordance with claim 15, wherein directing the cleaning solution comprises directing the cleaning solution into an interior of the turbine engine through an opening in an outer wall of the turbine engine. 21. A method of cleaning a turbine engine, said method comprising:
directing the cleaning solution according to claim 1 towards a substrate of a turbine component having a layer of foreign material thereon, the layer of foreign material formed at least partially from at least one of thermal reaction products of the foreign material and interstitial cement to at least partially remove the foreign material from the turbine component. 22. The method in accordance with claim 21 further comprising directing, alternating cleaning fluids towards the turbine component, wherein the alternating cleaning fluids include the cleaning solution and superheated steam. 23. The method in accordance with claim 21 further comprising rinsing the turbine component in deionized water. 24. The method in accordance with claim 21, wherein directing, the cleaning solution comprises directing the cleaning solution towards the turbine component at a temperature within a range between about 15° C. and about 200° C., and at a pressure within a range between about 1 atmosphere and about 50 atmospheres. 25. The method in accordance with claim 21, wherein directing the cleaning solution comprises directing the cleaning solution towards the turbine component at a temperature less than about 100° C., and for a duration of less than about 200 minutes. 26. The method in accordance with claim 2 wherein directing, the cleaning solution comprises directing the cleaning solution into an interior of the turbine engine through an opening in an outer wall of the turbine engine. 27. The solution in accordance with claim 1, wherein the carbon-based constituents of the foreign material include at least one of calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate. 28. The solution in accordance with claim 1, wherein the oxide-based and sulfate-based constituents of the foreign material include at least one of calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, silicon dioxide, feldspars, mica, and clay. 29. The solution in accordance with claim 1, wherein the chloride-based constituents of the foreign material include at least one of sodium chloride and potassium chloride. 30. A cleaning solution for a turbine engine, said cleaning solution comprising:
a reagent composition comprising:
water within a range between about 25 percent and about 70 percent by volume of the reagent composition;
an acidic component within a range between about 0.1 percent and about 50 percent by volume of the reagent composition;
an amine compound within a range between about 1 percent and 40 percent by volume of the reagent composition; and
dipropylene glycol monoethyl ether within a range between about 15 percent and about 30 percent by volume of the reagent composition,
wherein said reagent composition is diluted with water by a factor of up to about 40 to form the cleaning solution, wherein the cleaning solution has a pH value in the range between 2.5 and 7.0, and wherein the cleaning solution is used to clean a component of the turbine engine. 31. A method of cleaning a turbine engine, comprising:
directing the cleaning solution according to claim 30 towards a substrate of a turbine component having a layer of foreign material thereon, the layer of foreign material including a first sub-layer extending over at least a portion of a surface of the turbine component and a second sub-layer extending over at least a portion of the first sub-layer, wherein the first and second sub-layers have different elemental compositions, to at least partially remove the foreign material from the turbine component. 32. A method of cleaning a turbine engine, comprising:
directing the cleaning solution according to claim 30 towards a substrate of a turbine component having a layer of foreign material thereon, the layer of foreign material formed at least partially from at least one of thermal reaction products of the foreign material and interstitial cement, to at least partially remove the foreign material from the turbine component. 33. The solution in accordance with claim 1, wherein the reagent composition is diluted with water by a factor of about 18 to 70, and does not contain sulfur in an amount exceeding about 100 ppm, does not contain chlorine in an amount exceeding about 20 ppm, and does not contain sodium, potassium or phosphorus in an amount exceeding 1.0 ppm. 34. A cleaning solution for a turbine engine, said cleaning solution comprising:
a reagent composition comprising:
water within a range between about 25 percent and about 70 percent by volume of the reagent composition;
an acidic component within a range between about 0.1 percent and about 50 percent by volume of the reagent composition;
an amine compound within a range between about 1 percent and 40 percent by volume of the reagent composition; and
a surfactant, wherein the surfactant is an amine reacted with acrylic acid,
wherein said reagent composition is diluted with water by a factor of up about 32 to about 40 to form the cleaning solution, the surfactant is within a range between about 0.003 percent and about 1.56 percent by volume of the cleaning solution, the cleaning solution has a pH value in the range between 2.5 and 7.0, and the cleaning solution is used to clean a component of the turbine engine. | A cleaning solution for a turbine engine is provided. The cleaning solution includes a reagent composition including water within a range between about 25 percent and about 70 percent by volume of the reagent composition, an acidic component within a range between about 0.1 percent and about 50 percent by volume of the reagent composition, and an amine component within a range between about 1 percent and 40 percent by volume of the reagent composition. The reagent composition is diluted with water by a factor of up to about 40 to form the cleaning solution. The cleaning solution has a pH value in the range between 2.5 and 7.0. The cleaning solution is used to clean a component of the turbine engine.1. A cleaning solution for a turbine engine, said cleaning solution comprising:
a reagent composition comprising:
water within a range between about 25 percent and about 70 percent by volume of the reagent composition;
an acidic component within a range between about 0.1 percent and about 50 percent by volume of the reagent composition;
an amine compound within a range between about 1 percent and 40 percent by volume of the reagent composition, wherein said reagent composition is diluted with water by a factor of up to about 40, thereby forming said cleaning solution; and
a surfactant within a range between about 1 percent and about 7 percent by volume of the reagent composition, wherein the surfactant is an amine reacted with acrylic acid, the cleaning solution has a pH value in the range between 2.5 and 7.0, the cleaning solution is used to clean a component of the turbine engine, said reagent composition is configured to selectively dissolve at least one of oxide-based, chloride-based, sulfate-based, and carbon-based constituents of a foreign material, and said reagent composition is substantially unreactive with metallic materials and with a non-metallic material selected from the group consisting of rare earth element ceramic oxides, ceramic matrix composites and polymeric matrix composites. 2. The solution in accordance with claim 1, wherein said acidic component comprises at least one of citric acid and glycolic acid. 3. The solution in accordance with claim 2, wherein the acidic component comprises citric acid and glycolic acid and a ratio of said citric acid component to said glycolic acid component is from about 1:4 to about 4:1 by volume. 4. (canceled) 5. The solution in accordance with claim 1, wherein said water component is within a range between about 25 and 35 percent by volume, wherein said acidic component is within a range between about 1 and 50 percent by volume and wherein said amine component is within a range between about 1 and 40 percent by volume. 6. The solution in accordance with claim 1, wherein said water component is within a range between about 25 and 70 percent by volume, wherein said acidic component is within a range between about 1 and 50 percent by volume and wherein said amine component is within a range between about 10 and 40 percent by volume. 7. The solution in accordance with claim 1, wherein said reagent composition further comprises dipropylene glycol monoethyl ether within a range between about 15 percent and about 30 percent by volume of the reagent composition. 8. (canceled) 9. The solution in accordance with claim 1, wherein said reagent composition further comprises a sulfonate component within a range between about 1 percent and about 10 percent by volume of the reagent composition. 10-13. (canceled) 14. The solution in accordance with claim 1, wherein the cleaning solution has pH value of less than about 5. 15. A method of cleaning a turbine engine, said method comprising:
directing the cleaning solution according to claim 1 towards a substrate of a turbine component having a layer of foreign material thereon, the layer of foreign material including a first sub-layer extending over at least a portion of a surface of the turbine component and a second sub-layer extending over at least a portion of the first sub-layer, wherein the first and second sub-layers have different elemental compositions, to at least partially remove the foreign material from the turbine component. 16. The method in accordance with claim 15 further comprising directing alternating cleaning fluids towards the turbine component, wherein the alternating cleaning fluids include the cleaning solution and superheated steam, 17. The method in accordance with claim 15 further comprising rinsing the turbine component in deionized water. 18. The method in accordance with claim 15, wherein directing the cleaning solution comprises directing the cleaning solution towards the turbine component at a temperature within a range between about 15° C. and about 200° C., and at a pressure within a range between about 1 atmosphere and about 50 atmospheres. 19. The method in accordance with claim 15, wherein directing the cleaning solution comprises directing the cleaning solution towards the turbine component at a temperature less than about 100° C., and for a duration of less than about 200 minutes. 20. The method in accordance with claim 15, wherein directing the cleaning solution comprises directing the cleaning solution into an interior of the turbine engine through an opening in an outer wall of the turbine engine. 21. A method of cleaning a turbine engine, said method comprising:
directing the cleaning solution according to claim 1 towards a substrate of a turbine component having a layer of foreign material thereon, the layer of foreign material formed at least partially from at least one of thermal reaction products of the foreign material and interstitial cement to at least partially remove the foreign material from the turbine component. 22. The method in accordance with claim 21 further comprising directing, alternating cleaning fluids towards the turbine component, wherein the alternating cleaning fluids include the cleaning solution and superheated steam. 23. The method in accordance with claim 21 further comprising rinsing the turbine component in deionized water. 24. The method in accordance with claim 21, wherein directing, the cleaning solution comprises directing the cleaning solution towards the turbine component at a temperature within a range between about 15° C. and about 200° C., and at a pressure within a range between about 1 atmosphere and about 50 atmospheres. 25. The method in accordance with claim 21, wherein directing the cleaning solution comprises directing the cleaning solution towards the turbine component at a temperature less than about 100° C., and for a duration of less than about 200 minutes. 26. The method in accordance with claim 2 wherein directing, the cleaning solution comprises directing the cleaning solution into an interior of the turbine engine through an opening in an outer wall of the turbine engine. 27. The solution in accordance with claim 1, wherein the carbon-based constituents of the foreign material include at least one of calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate. 28. The solution in accordance with claim 1, wherein the oxide-based and sulfate-based constituents of the foreign material include at least one of calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, silicon dioxide, feldspars, mica, and clay. 29. The solution in accordance with claim 1, wherein the chloride-based constituents of the foreign material include at least one of sodium chloride and potassium chloride. 30. A cleaning solution for a turbine engine, said cleaning solution comprising:
a reagent composition comprising:
water within a range between about 25 percent and about 70 percent by volume of the reagent composition;
an acidic component within a range between about 0.1 percent and about 50 percent by volume of the reagent composition;
an amine compound within a range between about 1 percent and 40 percent by volume of the reagent composition; and
dipropylene glycol monoethyl ether within a range between about 15 percent and about 30 percent by volume of the reagent composition,
wherein said reagent composition is diluted with water by a factor of up to about 40 to form the cleaning solution, wherein the cleaning solution has a pH value in the range between 2.5 and 7.0, and wherein the cleaning solution is used to clean a component of the turbine engine. 31. A method of cleaning a turbine engine, comprising:
directing the cleaning solution according to claim 30 towards a substrate of a turbine component having a layer of foreign material thereon, the layer of foreign material including a first sub-layer extending over at least a portion of a surface of the turbine component and a second sub-layer extending over at least a portion of the first sub-layer, wherein the first and second sub-layers have different elemental compositions, to at least partially remove the foreign material from the turbine component. 32. A method of cleaning a turbine engine, comprising:
directing the cleaning solution according to claim 30 towards a substrate of a turbine component having a layer of foreign material thereon, the layer of foreign material formed at least partially from at least one of thermal reaction products of the foreign material and interstitial cement, to at least partially remove the foreign material from the turbine component. 33. The solution in accordance with claim 1, wherein the reagent composition is diluted with water by a factor of about 18 to 70, and does not contain sulfur in an amount exceeding about 100 ppm, does not contain chlorine in an amount exceeding about 20 ppm, and does not contain sodium, potassium or phosphorus in an amount exceeding 1.0 ppm. 34. A cleaning solution for a turbine engine, said cleaning solution comprising:
a reagent composition comprising:
water within a range between about 25 percent and about 70 percent by volume of the reagent composition;
an acidic component within a range between about 0.1 percent and about 50 percent by volume of the reagent composition;
an amine compound within a range between about 1 percent and 40 percent by volume of the reagent composition; and
a surfactant, wherein the surfactant is an amine reacted with acrylic acid,
wherein said reagent composition is diluted with water by a factor of up about 32 to about 40 to form the cleaning solution, the surfactant is within a range between about 0.003 percent and about 1.56 percent by volume of the cleaning solution, the cleaning solution has a pH value in the range between 2.5 and 7.0, and the cleaning solution is used to clean a component of the turbine engine. | 1,700 |
3,639 | 15,299,489 | 1,735 | A tantalum powder having a value of hydrogen (H) content (ppm) of the tantalum powder divided by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area (m 2 /g) of the tantalum powder (H/BET) is greater than 100 is provided. The tantalum powder can be used as an anode of a capacitor, such as a solid electrolytic capacitor, to obtain a capacitor having large capacitance and low current leakage. Methods of producing the tantalum powder, anode, and capacitors including the tantalum powder, also are provided. | 1. A tantalum powder comprising tantalum and hydrogen doped therein and nitrogen doped therein, wherein a value of hydrogen (H) content (ppm) of the tantalum powder divided by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area (m2/g) of the tantalum powder (H/BET) is greater than 100, wherein the tantalum powder has (a) a hydrogen content of from 300 ppm to 1200 ppm, (b) a nitrogen content of from 500 ppm to 3,500 ppm, and (c) a BET range of from 3 m2/g to about 10 m2/g. 2. The tantalum powder of claim 1, wherein said tantalum powder, when formed into an anode has a capacitance (CV) of at least 150,000 μF-V/g and a leakage current of 6 nA/μFV or less. 3. The tantalum powder of claim 1, wherein the H/BET value is from 105 to 135. 4. The tantalum powder of claim 1, wherein the H/BET value is from 110 to 135. 5. (canceled) 6. The tantalum powder of claim 1, wherein the H/BET value is from 125 to 250. 7. The tantalum powder of claim 1, wherein the hydrogen content is from 400 ppm to 650 ppm. 8. (canceled) 9. The tantalum powder of claim 1, wherein the BET surface area of the tantalum powder is in a range of from 4 m2/g to 10 m2/g. 10. (canceled) 11. A sintered pellet comprising the tantalum powder of claim 1, wherein the sintered pellet has a capacitance (CV) of from 150,000 μF-V/g to 500,000 μF-V/g, and a leakage current of 6 nA/μFV or less. 12. The sintered pellet of claim 11, wherein the hydrogen content of the tantalum powder is below 100 ppm. 13. (canceled) 14. The sintered pellet of claim 11, wherein the hydrogen content of the tantalum powder is below 1 ppm. 15. An anode for a capacitor comprising the tantalum powder according to claim 1. 16. The anode of claim 15, wherein the hydrogen content of the tantalum powder is below 500 ppm. 17. (canceled) 18. The anode of claim 15, wherein the hydrogen content of the tantalum powder is below 1 ppm. 19. An electrolytic capacitor comprising the anode of claim 15. 20-22. (canceled) 23. A method of making the tantalum powder according to claim 1, comprising:
hydrogen doping tantalum powder to provide hydrogen-doped tantalum powder; and passivating the hydrogen-doped tantalum powder in the presence of gas comprising oxygen to provide passivated hydrogen-doped tantalum powder. 24. The method of claim 23, further comprising deoxidizing the tantalum powder prior to the hydrogen doping. 25-26. (canceled) 27. The method of claim 23, wherein the hydrogen doping comprises multiple cycles of hydrogen doping. 28. The method of claim 27, further comprising applying a vacuum after at least one of the multiple cycles of the hydrogen doping. 29. (canceled) 30. The method of claim 23, further comprising performing multiple cycles of the passivating after completion of multiple cycles of the hydrogen doping. 31. (canceled) 32. The method of claim 23, wherein the passivating comprises 60 cycles or less of passivation. 33-34. (canceled) 35. The method of claim 32, wherein a cycle of passivation comprises introducing of a passivating gas comprising inert gas and 1-30 wt % oxygen into a container that contains the hydrogen doped tantalum powder to increase the operating pressure in the container by a predetermined amount, and maintaining or holding the increased operating pressure in the container for a predetermined amount of time, followed by evacuating at least a portion of the passivating gas from the container. 36. A method of making the tantalum powder according to claim 1, comprising:
leaching tantalum powder in an acid leach solution to provide acid leached tantalum powder having a hydrogen level; and washing and drying the acid leached tantalum powder to provide dried tantalum powder with a hydrogen content. 37. The method of claim 36, further comprising deoxidizing the tantalum powder prior to the leaching. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the leaching of the passivated tantalum powder is performed with the acid leach solution at a temperature of 70° C. or less to remove getter material contaminants present from the deoxidizing, wherein the acid leach solution contains from 0% to 10% (w/v) hydrogen peroxide. 39. The method of claim 36, wherein the acid leach solution contains less than 5% (w/v) hydrogen peroxide. 40. The method of claim 36, wherein the acid leach solution contains 0-1% (w/v) hydrogen peroxide. 41. The method of claim 38, wherein 0 to 5% magnesium powder is added prior to the acid leach. 42. The method of claim 40, further comprising hydrogen doping and passivating the tantalum powder prior to the leaching. 43. The method of claim 36, further comprising deoxidizing, hydrogen doping, and passivating the tantalum powder prior to the leaching. 44. (canceled) 45. The method of claim 44, wherein a cycle of passivation comprises introducing of a passivating gas comprising inert gas and from 1 wt % to 30 wt % oxygen into a container that contains the deoxidized tantalum powder to increase the operating pressure in the container by a predetermined amount, and maintaining or holding the increased operating pressure in the container for a predetermined amount of time, followed by evacuating at least a portion of the passivating gas from the container. 46-48. (canceled) 49. A method of making a sintered pellet, comprising the steps of:
compressing the dried tantalum powder made by the method of claim 25 to form a pellet; sintering the pellet to form a porous body, wherein the porous body has a capacitance (CV) of from 150,000 μF-V/g to 500,000 μF-V/g, and a leakage current of 6 nA/μFV or less. 50. A method of making a sintered pellet, comprising the steps of:
compressing the dried tantalum powder made by the method of claim 43 to form a pellet; sintering the pellet to form a porous body, wherein the porous body has at least one of:
(i) a capacitance voltage that is at least 5% greater than a capacitance (CV) for a sintered pellet made in the same manner except using 60 cycles of passivation in the passivating and 10% (w/v) hydrogen peroxide in the acid leach solution in the leaching during powder making,
(ii) a leakage current (LC) that is at least 5% less than a leakage current for a sintered pellet made in the same manner except using 60 cycles of passivation in the passivating and 10% (w/v) hydrogen peroxide in the acid leach solution in the leaching during powder making. 51. A method of making a capacitor anode, comprising:
heat treating the porous body made by the method of claim 50 in the presence of a getter material to form an electrode body, and anodizing the electrode body in an electrolyte to form a dielectric oxide film on the electrode body to form a capacitor anode. | A tantalum powder having a value of hydrogen (H) content (ppm) of the tantalum powder divided by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area (m 2 /g) of the tantalum powder (H/BET) is greater than 100 is provided. The tantalum powder can be used as an anode of a capacitor, such as a solid electrolytic capacitor, to obtain a capacitor having large capacitance and low current leakage. Methods of producing the tantalum powder, anode, and capacitors including the tantalum powder, also are provided.1. A tantalum powder comprising tantalum and hydrogen doped therein and nitrogen doped therein, wherein a value of hydrogen (H) content (ppm) of the tantalum powder divided by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area (m2/g) of the tantalum powder (H/BET) is greater than 100, wherein the tantalum powder has (a) a hydrogen content of from 300 ppm to 1200 ppm, (b) a nitrogen content of from 500 ppm to 3,500 ppm, and (c) a BET range of from 3 m2/g to about 10 m2/g. 2. The tantalum powder of claim 1, wherein said tantalum powder, when formed into an anode has a capacitance (CV) of at least 150,000 μF-V/g and a leakage current of 6 nA/μFV or less. 3. The tantalum powder of claim 1, wherein the H/BET value is from 105 to 135. 4. The tantalum powder of claim 1, wherein the H/BET value is from 110 to 135. 5. (canceled) 6. The tantalum powder of claim 1, wherein the H/BET value is from 125 to 250. 7. The tantalum powder of claim 1, wherein the hydrogen content is from 400 ppm to 650 ppm. 8. (canceled) 9. The tantalum powder of claim 1, wherein the BET surface area of the tantalum powder is in a range of from 4 m2/g to 10 m2/g. 10. (canceled) 11. A sintered pellet comprising the tantalum powder of claim 1, wherein the sintered pellet has a capacitance (CV) of from 150,000 μF-V/g to 500,000 μF-V/g, and a leakage current of 6 nA/μFV or less. 12. The sintered pellet of claim 11, wherein the hydrogen content of the tantalum powder is below 100 ppm. 13. (canceled) 14. The sintered pellet of claim 11, wherein the hydrogen content of the tantalum powder is below 1 ppm. 15. An anode for a capacitor comprising the tantalum powder according to claim 1. 16. The anode of claim 15, wherein the hydrogen content of the tantalum powder is below 500 ppm. 17. (canceled) 18. The anode of claim 15, wherein the hydrogen content of the tantalum powder is below 1 ppm. 19. An electrolytic capacitor comprising the anode of claim 15. 20-22. (canceled) 23. A method of making the tantalum powder according to claim 1, comprising:
hydrogen doping tantalum powder to provide hydrogen-doped tantalum powder; and passivating the hydrogen-doped tantalum powder in the presence of gas comprising oxygen to provide passivated hydrogen-doped tantalum powder. 24. The method of claim 23, further comprising deoxidizing the tantalum powder prior to the hydrogen doping. 25-26. (canceled) 27. The method of claim 23, wherein the hydrogen doping comprises multiple cycles of hydrogen doping. 28. The method of claim 27, further comprising applying a vacuum after at least one of the multiple cycles of the hydrogen doping. 29. (canceled) 30. The method of claim 23, further comprising performing multiple cycles of the passivating after completion of multiple cycles of the hydrogen doping. 31. (canceled) 32. The method of claim 23, wherein the passivating comprises 60 cycles or less of passivation. 33-34. (canceled) 35. The method of claim 32, wherein a cycle of passivation comprises introducing of a passivating gas comprising inert gas and 1-30 wt % oxygen into a container that contains the hydrogen doped tantalum powder to increase the operating pressure in the container by a predetermined amount, and maintaining or holding the increased operating pressure in the container for a predetermined amount of time, followed by evacuating at least a portion of the passivating gas from the container. 36. A method of making the tantalum powder according to claim 1, comprising:
leaching tantalum powder in an acid leach solution to provide acid leached tantalum powder having a hydrogen level; and washing and drying the acid leached tantalum powder to provide dried tantalum powder with a hydrogen content. 37. The method of claim 36, further comprising deoxidizing the tantalum powder prior to the leaching. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the leaching of the passivated tantalum powder is performed with the acid leach solution at a temperature of 70° C. or less to remove getter material contaminants present from the deoxidizing, wherein the acid leach solution contains from 0% to 10% (w/v) hydrogen peroxide. 39. The method of claim 36, wherein the acid leach solution contains less than 5% (w/v) hydrogen peroxide. 40. The method of claim 36, wherein the acid leach solution contains 0-1% (w/v) hydrogen peroxide. 41. The method of claim 38, wherein 0 to 5% magnesium powder is added prior to the acid leach. 42. The method of claim 40, further comprising hydrogen doping and passivating the tantalum powder prior to the leaching. 43. The method of claim 36, further comprising deoxidizing, hydrogen doping, and passivating the tantalum powder prior to the leaching. 44. (canceled) 45. The method of claim 44, wherein a cycle of passivation comprises introducing of a passivating gas comprising inert gas and from 1 wt % to 30 wt % oxygen into a container that contains the deoxidized tantalum powder to increase the operating pressure in the container by a predetermined amount, and maintaining or holding the increased operating pressure in the container for a predetermined amount of time, followed by evacuating at least a portion of the passivating gas from the container. 46-48. (canceled) 49. A method of making a sintered pellet, comprising the steps of:
compressing the dried tantalum powder made by the method of claim 25 to form a pellet; sintering the pellet to form a porous body, wherein the porous body has a capacitance (CV) of from 150,000 μF-V/g to 500,000 μF-V/g, and a leakage current of 6 nA/μFV or less. 50. A method of making a sintered pellet, comprising the steps of:
compressing the dried tantalum powder made by the method of claim 43 to form a pellet; sintering the pellet to form a porous body, wherein the porous body has at least one of:
(i) a capacitance voltage that is at least 5% greater than a capacitance (CV) for a sintered pellet made in the same manner except using 60 cycles of passivation in the passivating and 10% (w/v) hydrogen peroxide in the acid leach solution in the leaching during powder making,
(ii) a leakage current (LC) that is at least 5% less than a leakage current for a sintered pellet made in the same manner except using 60 cycles of passivation in the passivating and 10% (w/v) hydrogen peroxide in the acid leach solution in the leaching during powder making. 51. A method of making a capacitor anode, comprising:
heat treating the porous body made by the method of claim 50 in the presence of a getter material to form an electrode body, and anodizing the electrode body in an electrolyte to form a dielectric oxide film on the electrode body to form a capacitor anode. | 1,700 |
3,640 | 12,220,153 | 1,712 | A method of continuously transferring a web of material from a large roll to a smaller roll involves the performance of at least one processing step including printing during the continuous transfer of the web of material from the large roll to the smaller roll. A system for performing the method continuously transfers a web of material from a large roll to a smaller roll while performing at least one processing step on the web of material during the continuous transfer thereof. | 1. In a method of continuously transferring a web of material from a large roll to a small roll, the improvement comprising performing at least one processing step including printing on the web of material during the continuous transfer of the web of material from the large roll to the small roll. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one processing step comprises a step of subjecting a surface of the web of material to a corona discharge. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one processing step comprises a step of perforating the web of material. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one processing step comprises a step of printing on the surface of the web of material. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one processing step comprises a step of stretching the web of material. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the step of printing is performed by a digital printer. 7. The method of claim 4, wherein the step of printing is performed by a flexographic printer or another image/plate transfer system. 8. The method of claim 4, wherein the step of printing is performed by a combination of digital and flexographic printers. 9. The method of claim 1, additionally comprising a step of applying a label to the small roll. 10. The method of claim 9, additionally comprising the step of printing on the label prior to it being applied to the small roll. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one processing step comprises forming a seam in the web of material. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the web of material is made of a thermoplastic. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the web of material passes through an accumulator during its continuous transfer from the large roll to the small roll. 14. A system for continuously transferring a web of material from a large roll to a small roll while performing at least one processing step including printing on the web of material, comprising: unwinding means for removing the web of material from the large roll; means for transferring the web of material from the unwinding means to at least one processing station; at least one processing station for performing at least one processing step including printing on the web of material; an accumulator for controlling the tension of the web of material during the performing of the at least one processing step; and a winding means for transferring the web of material having the at least one processing step performed thereon to the small roll. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the at least one processing station comprises means for subjecting the web of material to a corona discharge. 16. The system of claim 14, wherein the at least one processing station comprises means for perforating the web of material. 17. The system of claim 14, wherein the at least one processing station comprises means for printing on the surface of the web of material. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the means for printing on the surface of the web of material is a digital printer. 19. The system of claim 17, wherein the means for printing on the surface of the web of material is a flexographic printer. 20. The system of claim 17, wherein the means for printing on the surface of the web of material is a combination of digital and flexographic printers. 21. The system of claim 14, wherein the at least one processing station comprises means for applying a label to the small roll. 22. The system of claim 21, additionally comprising means for printing on the label prior to it being applied to the small roll. 23. The system of claim 14, wherein the at least one processing station comprises means for forming a seam at the web of material. | A method of continuously transferring a web of material from a large roll to a smaller roll involves the performance of at least one processing step including printing during the continuous transfer of the web of material from the large roll to the smaller roll. A system for performing the method continuously transfers a web of material from a large roll to a smaller roll while performing at least one processing step on the web of material during the continuous transfer thereof.1. In a method of continuously transferring a web of material from a large roll to a small roll, the improvement comprising performing at least one processing step including printing on the web of material during the continuous transfer of the web of material from the large roll to the small roll. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one processing step comprises a step of subjecting a surface of the web of material to a corona discharge. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one processing step comprises a step of perforating the web of material. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one processing step comprises a step of printing on the surface of the web of material. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one processing step comprises a step of stretching the web of material. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the step of printing is performed by a digital printer. 7. The method of claim 4, wherein the step of printing is performed by a flexographic printer or another image/plate transfer system. 8. The method of claim 4, wherein the step of printing is performed by a combination of digital and flexographic printers. 9. The method of claim 1, additionally comprising a step of applying a label to the small roll. 10. The method of claim 9, additionally comprising the step of printing on the label prior to it being applied to the small roll. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one processing step comprises forming a seam in the web of material. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the web of material is made of a thermoplastic. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the web of material passes through an accumulator during its continuous transfer from the large roll to the small roll. 14. A system for continuously transferring a web of material from a large roll to a small roll while performing at least one processing step including printing on the web of material, comprising: unwinding means for removing the web of material from the large roll; means for transferring the web of material from the unwinding means to at least one processing station; at least one processing station for performing at least one processing step including printing on the web of material; an accumulator for controlling the tension of the web of material during the performing of the at least one processing step; and a winding means for transferring the web of material having the at least one processing step performed thereon to the small roll. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the at least one processing station comprises means for subjecting the web of material to a corona discharge. 16. The system of claim 14, wherein the at least one processing station comprises means for perforating the web of material. 17. The system of claim 14, wherein the at least one processing station comprises means for printing on the surface of the web of material. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the means for printing on the surface of the web of material is a digital printer. 19. The system of claim 17, wherein the means for printing on the surface of the web of material is a flexographic printer. 20. The system of claim 17, wherein the means for printing on the surface of the web of material is a combination of digital and flexographic printers. 21. The system of claim 14, wherein the at least one processing station comprises means for applying a label to the small roll. 22. The system of claim 21, additionally comprising means for printing on the label prior to it being applied to the small roll. 23. The system of claim 14, wherein the at least one processing station comprises means for forming a seam at the web of material. | 1,700 |
3,641 | 15,214,886 | 1,771 | Process for the elimination of mercury contained in a heavy hydrocarbon-containing feedstock downstream of a main fractionation unit, a process in which:
a) the non-elemental mercury contained in the compounds of said feedstock is transformed to elemental mercury; b) a fractionation of said hydrocarbon-containing feedstock is carried out in a fractionation unit in order to produce a top effluent comprising elemental mercury; c) the top effluent obtained in stage b) is brought into contact with a mercury capture material contained in a unit for the capture of mercury, in order to obtain an effluent that is at least partially de-mercurized. | 1. Process for the elimination of mercury contained in a heavy hydrocarbon-containing feedstock downstream of a main fractionation unit (3000), a process in which:
a) the non-elemental mercury contained in the compounds of said feedstock is transformed to elemental mercury, said stage being carried out in a conversion unit (200) at a target temperature during a fixed residence time and adapted to said target temperature so that at least 90% by weight of non-elemental mercury contained in the compounds of said feedstock is converted to elemental mercury, said transformation stage being carried out in the absence of hydrogen and in the absence of a catalyst, it being understood that:
when the target temperature of said feedstock is comprised between 150° C. and 175° C., the residence time of said feedstock in the conversion unit (200) is comprised between 150 and 2700 minutes; and/or
when the target temperature of said feedstock is greater than 175° C. and less than or equal to 250° C., the residence time of said feedstock in the conversion unit (200) is comprised between 100 and 900 minutes; and/or
when the target temperature of said feedstock is greater than 250° C. and less than or equal to 400° C., the residence time of said feedstock in the conversion unit (200) is comprised between 5 and 70 minutes; and/or
when the target temperature of said feedstock is greater than 400° C., the residence time of said feedstock in the conversion unit (200) is comprised between 1 and 10 minutes;
b) a fractionation of said hydrocarbon-containing feedstock is carried out in a fractionation unit (3000) in order to produce a top effluent (400) comprising elemental mercury; c) the top effluent (400) obtained in stage b) is brought into contact with a mercury capture material contained in a unit for the capture of mercury (5000), in order to obtain an effluent that is at least partially de-mercurized (420). 2. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the reduction in the total content by weight of mercury of said feedstock taken before stage a) and after stage c) is at least 90%. 3. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that stages a) and b) are carried out simultaneously. 4. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the top effluent (400) originating from the fractionation of said feedstock in the main fractionation unit (3000) is cooled by means of a heat exchanger (6000) so as to produce a liquid effluent (430). 5. Process according to claim 4, characterized in that the liquid effluent (430) is sent into a separation unit (7000) in order to provide a liquid organic phase a part of which is recycled to the main fractionation unit (3000) by way of reflux, and the other part is sent via the pipe (434) to said unit for the capture of mercury (5000). 6. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the top effluent (400) originating from the fractionation of said feedstock in the main fractionation unit (3000) is heated by means of a heat exchanger (6001) so as to produce a gaseous effluent (435). 7. Process according to claim 6, characterized in that the gaseous effluent (435) is compressed by means of a compressor (9000) before being sent to the unit for the capture of mercury (5000). 8. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that before stage a) of transformation of the non-elemental mercury contained in the compounds of said feedstock to elemental mercury, said feedstock is desalted in a desalting unit (1000). 9. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that during stage c), said feedstock is brought into contact with a bulk or supported mercury capture material comprising a phase containing at least one metallic sulphide based on a metal M selected from the group constituted by copper, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt and nickel. 10. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that during stage c), said feedstock is brought into contact with a bulk or supported mercury capture material comprising a phase containing at least sulphur in elemental form. 11. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that said hydrocarbon-containing feedstock comprises between 1 and 10 mg of mercury per kg of feedstock. 12. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the heavy hydrocarbon-containing feedstock is a crude oil feedstock. | Process for the elimination of mercury contained in a heavy hydrocarbon-containing feedstock downstream of a main fractionation unit, a process in which:
a) the non-elemental mercury contained in the compounds of said feedstock is transformed to elemental mercury; b) a fractionation of said hydrocarbon-containing feedstock is carried out in a fractionation unit in order to produce a top effluent comprising elemental mercury; c) the top effluent obtained in stage b) is brought into contact with a mercury capture material contained in a unit for the capture of mercury, in order to obtain an effluent that is at least partially de-mercurized.1. Process for the elimination of mercury contained in a heavy hydrocarbon-containing feedstock downstream of a main fractionation unit (3000), a process in which:
a) the non-elemental mercury contained in the compounds of said feedstock is transformed to elemental mercury, said stage being carried out in a conversion unit (200) at a target temperature during a fixed residence time and adapted to said target temperature so that at least 90% by weight of non-elemental mercury contained in the compounds of said feedstock is converted to elemental mercury, said transformation stage being carried out in the absence of hydrogen and in the absence of a catalyst, it being understood that:
when the target temperature of said feedstock is comprised between 150° C. and 175° C., the residence time of said feedstock in the conversion unit (200) is comprised between 150 and 2700 minutes; and/or
when the target temperature of said feedstock is greater than 175° C. and less than or equal to 250° C., the residence time of said feedstock in the conversion unit (200) is comprised between 100 and 900 minutes; and/or
when the target temperature of said feedstock is greater than 250° C. and less than or equal to 400° C., the residence time of said feedstock in the conversion unit (200) is comprised between 5 and 70 minutes; and/or
when the target temperature of said feedstock is greater than 400° C., the residence time of said feedstock in the conversion unit (200) is comprised between 1 and 10 minutes;
b) a fractionation of said hydrocarbon-containing feedstock is carried out in a fractionation unit (3000) in order to produce a top effluent (400) comprising elemental mercury; c) the top effluent (400) obtained in stage b) is brought into contact with a mercury capture material contained in a unit for the capture of mercury (5000), in order to obtain an effluent that is at least partially de-mercurized (420). 2. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the reduction in the total content by weight of mercury of said feedstock taken before stage a) and after stage c) is at least 90%. 3. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that stages a) and b) are carried out simultaneously. 4. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the top effluent (400) originating from the fractionation of said feedstock in the main fractionation unit (3000) is cooled by means of a heat exchanger (6000) so as to produce a liquid effluent (430). 5. Process according to claim 4, characterized in that the liquid effluent (430) is sent into a separation unit (7000) in order to provide a liquid organic phase a part of which is recycled to the main fractionation unit (3000) by way of reflux, and the other part is sent via the pipe (434) to said unit for the capture of mercury (5000). 6. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the top effluent (400) originating from the fractionation of said feedstock in the main fractionation unit (3000) is heated by means of a heat exchanger (6001) so as to produce a gaseous effluent (435). 7. Process according to claim 6, characterized in that the gaseous effluent (435) is compressed by means of a compressor (9000) before being sent to the unit for the capture of mercury (5000). 8. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that before stage a) of transformation of the non-elemental mercury contained in the compounds of said feedstock to elemental mercury, said feedstock is desalted in a desalting unit (1000). 9. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that during stage c), said feedstock is brought into contact with a bulk or supported mercury capture material comprising a phase containing at least one metallic sulphide based on a metal M selected from the group constituted by copper, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt and nickel. 10. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that during stage c), said feedstock is brought into contact with a bulk or supported mercury capture material comprising a phase containing at least sulphur in elemental form. 11. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that said hydrocarbon-containing feedstock comprises between 1 and 10 mg of mercury per kg of feedstock. 12. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the heavy hydrocarbon-containing feedstock is a crude oil feedstock. | 1,700 |
3,642 | 15,214,882 | 1,771 | Process for the elimination of mercury contained in a heavy hydrocarbon-containing feedstock upstream of a main fractionation unit, a process in which:
a) the non-elemental mercury contained in the compounds of said feedstock is transformed to elemental mercury, b) a separation of the feedstock obtained in stage a) is carried out in a separation unit, that consists of producing a liquid effluent and a gaseous effluent comprising elemental mercury; c) the gaseous effluent originating from stage b) comprising the elemental mercury is brought into contact with a mercury capture material contained in a unit for the capture of mercury, in order to produce an effluent that is at least partially de-mercurized. | 1. Process for the elimination of mercury contained in a heavy hydrocarbon-containing feedstock upstream of a main fractionation unit (3000), a process in which:
a) the non-elemental mercury contained in the compounds of said feedstock is transformed to elemental mercury, said stage being carried out in a conversion unit (900) at a target temperature during a fixed residence time and adapted to said target temperature so that at least 90% by weight of non-elemental mercury contained in the compounds of said feedstock is converted to elemental mercury, said transformation stage being carried out in the absence of hydrogen and in the absence of a catalyst, it being understood that:
when the target temperature of said feedstock is comprised between 150° C. and 175° C., the residence time of said feedstock in the conversion unit (900) is comprised between 150 and 2700 minutes; and/or
when the target temperature of said feedstock is greater than 175° C. and less than or equal to 250° C., the residence time of said feedstock in the conversion unit (900) is comprised between 100 and 900 minutes; and/or
when the target temperature of said feedstock is greater than 250° C. and less than or equal to 400° C., the residence time of said feedstock in the conversion unit (900) is comprised between 5 and 70 minutes; and/or
when the target temperature of said feedstock is greater than 400° C., the residence time of said feedstock in the conversion unit (900) is comprised between 1 and 10 minutes;
b) a separation of the feedstock obtained in stage a) is carried out in a separation unit (5000), in order to produce a liquid effluent (103) and a gaseous effluent (203) comprising elemental mercury; c) the gaseous effluent (203) originating from stage b) comprising the elemental mercury is brought into contact with a mercury capture material contained in a unit for the capture of mercury (6000), in order to produce an effluent that is at least partially de-mercurized (204). 2. Process according to claim 1, comprising moreover a stage d) in which the liquid effluent (103) obtained in stage b) is fractionated in a main fractionation unit (3000). 3. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the reduction in the total content by weight of mercury of said feedstock taken before stage a) and after stage c) is at least 90%. 4. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the stages a) and b) are carried out separately or simultaneously. 5. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the separation unit (5000) of stage b) is a distillation column. 6. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the separation unit (5000) of stage b) is a stripping column. 7. Process according to claim 6, characterized in that in the stripping column a carrier gas circulates in counter-current with said hydrocarbon-containing feedstock, said carrier gas at least partially originating from a liquid or gaseous fraction of the main fractionation unit (3000). 8. Process according to claim 7, in which when the carrier gas at least partially originates from a liquid fraction of the main fractionation unit (3000), said liquid fraction is transformed to a gaseous fraction by means of a heat exchanger (2001). 9. Process according to claim 6, characterized in that the at least partially de-mercurized effluent (204) obtained in stage c) is fractionated in a main fractionation unit (3000). 10. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that said hydrocarbon-containing feedstock comprises between 1 and 10 mg of mercury per kg of feedstock. 11. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that during stage c), said feedstock is brought into contact with a bulk or supported mercury capture material comprising a phase containing at least one metallic sulphide based on a metal M selected from the group constituted by copper, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt and nickel. 12. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that during stage c), said feedstock is brought into contact with a bulk or supported capture material comprising a phase containing at least sulphur in elemental form. 13. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the heavy hydrocarbon-containing feedstock is a crude oil feedstock. | Process for the elimination of mercury contained in a heavy hydrocarbon-containing feedstock upstream of a main fractionation unit, a process in which:
a) the non-elemental mercury contained in the compounds of said feedstock is transformed to elemental mercury, b) a separation of the feedstock obtained in stage a) is carried out in a separation unit, that consists of producing a liquid effluent and a gaseous effluent comprising elemental mercury; c) the gaseous effluent originating from stage b) comprising the elemental mercury is brought into contact with a mercury capture material contained in a unit for the capture of mercury, in order to produce an effluent that is at least partially de-mercurized.1. Process for the elimination of mercury contained in a heavy hydrocarbon-containing feedstock upstream of a main fractionation unit (3000), a process in which:
a) the non-elemental mercury contained in the compounds of said feedstock is transformed to elemental mercury, said stage being carried out in a conversion unit (900) at a target temperature during a fixed residence time and adapted to said target temperature so that at least 90% by weight of non-elemental mercury contained in the compounds of said feedstock is converted to elemental mercury, said transformation stage being carried out in the absence of hydrogen and in the absence of a catalyst, it being understood that:
when the target temperature of said feedstock is comprised between 150° C. and 175° C., the residence time of said feedstock in the conversion unit (900) is comprised between 150 and 2700 minutes; and/or
when the target temperature of said feedstock is greater than 175° C. and less than or equal to 250° C., the residence time of said feedstock in the conversion unit (900) is comprised between 100 and 900 minutes; and/or
when the target temperature of said feedstock is greater than 250° C. and less than or equal to 400° C., the residence time of said feedstock in the conversion unit (900) is comprised between 5 and 70 minutes; and/or
when the target temperature of said feedstock is greater than 400° C., the residence time of said feedstock in the conversion unit (900) is comprised between 1 and 10 minutes;
b) a separation of the feedstock obtained in stage a) is carried out in a separation unit (5000), in order to produce a liquid effluent (103) and a gaseous effluent (203) comprising elemental mercury; c) the gaseous effluent (203) originating from stage b) comprising the elemental mercury is brought into contact with a mercury capture material contained in a unit for the capture of mercury (6000), in order to produce an effluent that is at least partially de-mercurized (204). 2. Process according to claim 1, comprising moreover a stage d) in which the liquid effluent (103) obtained in stage b) is fractionated in a main fractionation unit (3000). 3. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the reduction in the total content by weight of mercury of said feedstock taken before stage a) and after stage c) is at least 90%. 4. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the stages a) and b) are carried out separately or simultaneously. 5. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the separation unit (5000) of stage b) is a distillation column. 6. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the separation unit (5000) of stage b) is a stripping column. 7. Process according to claim 6, characterized in that in the stripping column a carrier gas circulates in counter-current with said hydrocarbon-containing feedstock, said carrier gas at least partially originating from a liquid or gaseous fraction of the main fractionation unit (3000). 8. Process according to claim 7, in which when the carrier gas at least partially originates from a liquid fraction of the main fractionation unit (3000), said liquid fraction is transformed to a gaseous fraction by means of a heat exchanger (2001). 9. Process according to claim 6, characterized in that the at least partially de-mercurized effluent (204) obtained in stage c) is fractionated in a main fractionation unit (3000). 10. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that said hydrocarbon-containing feedstock comprises between 1 and 10 mg of mercury per kg of feedstock. 11. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that during stage c), said feedstock is brought into contact with a bulk or supported mercury capture material comprising a phase containing at least one metallic sulphide based on a metal M selected from the group constituted by copper, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt and nickel. 12. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that during stage c), said feedstock is brought into contact with a bulk or supported capture material comprising a phase containing at least sulphur in elemental form. 13. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the heavy hydrocarbon-containing feedstock is a crude oil feedstock. | 1,700 |
3,643 | 15,505,666 | 1,733 | Provided is a steel sheet with excellent abrasion resistance as well as excellent low-temperature toughness and ductility of a base material while having a high strength of a tensile strength of 1,100 MPa or more. The steel sheet is a high-strength steel sheet having a tensile strength of 1,100 MPa or more, wherein the components in the steel satisfy a defined composition, A-value represented by a defined formula (1) is 0.0015 or less, while E-value represented by a defined formula (3) is 0.95 or more, and a Brinell hardness HBW (10/3000) in a position at a depth of 2 mm from a surface of the steel sheet is 360 or more and 440 or less. | 1. A high-strength steel sheet, comprising by mass %:
C: 0.13 to 0.17%; Si: 0.1 to 0.5%; Mn: 1.0 to 1.5%; P: more than 0% and 0.02% or less; S: more than 0% and 0.0020% or less; Cr: 0.50 to 1.0%; Mo: 0.20 to 0.6%; Al: 0.030 to 0.085%; B: 0.0003 to 0.0030%; Nb: 0% or more and 0.030% or less; N: more than 0% and 0.0060% or less; and iron, wherein, A-value represented by formula (1) is 0.0015 or less, E-value represented by formula (3) is 0.95 or more, and a Brinell hardness HBW (10/3000) of the steel sheet in a position at a depth of 2 mm from a surface of the steel sheet is 360 or more and 440 or less:
A-value=10D ×[S] (1),
where [S] is a content of S in the steel sheet by mass %, and D is a value represented by formula (2):
D=0.1×[C]+0.07×[Si]−0.03×[Mn]+0.04×[P]−0.06×[S]+0.04×[Al]−0.01×[Ni]+0.10×[Cr]+0.003×[Mo]−0.020×[V]−0.010×[Nb]+0.15×[B] (2),
where [C], [Si], [Mn], [P], [S], [Al], [Ni], [Cr], [Mo], [V], [Nb], and [B] represent a content of C, Si, Mn, P, S, Al, Ni, Cr, Mo, V, Nb, and B in the steel sheet by mass %, respectively and a content of an element not contained in the steel sheet is defined as 0% by mass in the formula (2),
E-value=1.16×([C]/10)0.5×(0.7×[Si]+1)×(3.33×[Mn]+1)×(0.35×[Cu]+1)×(0.36×[Ni]+1)×(2.16×[Cr]+1)×(3×[Mo]+1)×(1.75×[V]+1)×(200×[B]+1)/(0.1×t) (3),
where [C], [Si], [Mn], [Cu], [Ni], [Cr], [V], and [B] represent a content of C, Si, Mn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Mo, V, and B in the steel sheet by mass %, respectively, t is a thickness of the steel sheet by mm, and a content of an element not contained in the steel is defined as 0% by mass in the formula (3). 2. The steel sheet according to claim 1, comprising by mass %: one or more elements selected from the group consisting of
Cu: more than 0% and 1.5% or less; V: more than 0% and 0.20% or less; and Ni: more than 0% and 1.0% or less of Ni. 3. The steel sheet according to claim 1, which has a tensile strength of 1,100 MPa or more. | Provided is a steel sheet with excellent abrasion resistance as well as excellent low-temperature toughness and ductility of a base material while having a high strength of a tensile strength of 1,100 MPa or more. The steel sheet is a high-strength steel sheet having a tensile strength of 1,100 MPa or more, wherein the components in the steel satisfy a defined composition, A-value represented by a defined formula (1) is 0.0015 or less, while E-value represented by a defined formula (3) is 0.95 or more, and a Brinell hardness HBW (10/3000) in a position at a depth of 2 mm from a surface of the steel sheet is 360 or more and 440 or less.1. A high-strength steel sheet, comprising by mass %:
C: 0.13 to 0.17%; Si: 0.1 to 0.5%; Mn: 1.0 to 1.5%; P: more than 0% and 0.02% or less; S: more than 0% and 0.0020% or less; Cr: 0.50 to 1.0%; Mo: 0.20 to 0.6%; Al: 0.030 to 0.085%; B: 0.0003 to 0.0030%; Nb: 0% or more and 0.030% or less; N: more than 0% and 0.0060% or less; and iron, wherein, A-value represented by formula (1) is 0.0015 or less, E-value represented by formula (3) is 0.95 or more, and a Brinell hardness HBW (10/3000) of the steel sheet in a position at a depth of 2 mm from a surface of the steel sheet is 360 or more and 440 or less:
A-value=10D ×[S] (1),
where [S] is a content of S in the steel sheet by mass %, and D is a value represented by formula (2):
D=0.1×[C]+0.07×[Si]−0.03×[Mn]+0.04×[P]−0.06×[S]+0.04×[Al]−0.01×[Ni]+0.10×[Cr]+0.003×[Mo]−0.020×[V]−0.010×[Nb]+0.15×[B] (2),
where [C], [Si], [Mn], [P], [S], [Al], [Ni], [Cr], [Mo], [V], [Nb], and [B] represent a content of C, Si, Mn, P, S, Al, Ni, Cr, Mo, V, Nb, and B in the steel sheet by mass %, respectively and a content of an element not contained in the steel sheet is defined as 0% by mass in the formula (2),
E-value=1.16×([C]/10)0.5×(0.7×[Si]+1)×(3.33×[Mn]+1)×(0.35×[Cu]+1)×(0.36×[Ni]+1)×(2.16×[Cr]+1)×(3×[Mo]+1)×(1.75×[V]+1)×(200×[B]+1)/(0.1×t) (3),
where [C], [Si], [Mn], [Cu], [Ni], [Cr], [V], and [B] represent a content of C, Si, Mn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Mo, V, and B in the steel sheet by mass %, respectively, t is a thickness of the steel sheet by mm, and a content of an element not contained in the steel is defined as 0% by mass in the formula (3). 2. The steel sheet according to claim 1, comprising by mass %: one or more elements selected from the group consisting of
Cu: more than 0% and 1.5% or less; V: more than 0% and 0.20% or less; and Ni: more than 0% and 1.0% or less of Ni. 3. The steel sheet according to claim 1, which has a tensile strength of 1,100 MPa or more. | 1,700 |
3,644 | 15,306,261 | 1,795 | To provide a technique of increasing a rate of filling holes or grooves formed in a substrate, by changing the temperature, the concentration, the current density, and the other conditions of the ordinary copper plating. A method for filling holes or grooves formed in a substrate by copper plating at a high speed, containing: immersing the substrate having the holes or grooves in an acidic copper plating solution containing a copper ion, a sulfate ion, and a halide ion, at from 30 to 70° C.; and plating the substrate at a current density of 3 A/dm 2 or more by using an insoluble electrode as an anode. | 1. A method for filling holes or grooves formed in a substrate by copper plating at a high speed, comprising: immersing the substrate having the holes or grooves in an acidic copper plating solution containing a copper ion, a sulfate ion, and a halide ion, at from 30 to 70° C.; and plating the substrate at a current density of 3 A/dm2 or more by using an insoluble electrode as an anode. 2. The method for filling holes or grooves formed in a substrate by copper plating at a high speed according to claim 1, wherein the copper ion contained in the acidic copper plating solution is 25 g/L or more and the saturation copper ion concentration at a temperature of from 30 to 70° C. of the solution temperature of the copper plating solution or less, the sulfate ion is 50 g/L or more, and the halide ion is from 5 to 500 mg/L. 3. The method for filling holes or grooves formed in a substrate by copper plating at a high speed according to claim 1, wherein the copper ion contained in the acidic copper plating solution is the saturation copper ion concentration at 20° C. of the solution temperature of the copper plating solution or more and the saturation copper ion concentration at a temperature of from 30 to 70° C. of the solution temperature of the copper plating solution or less, the sulfate ion is 50 g/L or more, and the halide ion is from 5 to 500 mg/L. 4. The method for filling holes or grooves formed in a substrate by copper plating at a high speed according to claim 1, wherein the acidic copper plating solution further contains a brightener and a leveler. 5. The method for filling holes or grooves formed in a substrate by copper plating at a high speed according to claim 1, wherein the halide ion is a chloride ion. | To provide a technique of increasing a rate of filling holes or grooves formed in a substrate, by changing the temperature, the concentration, the current density, and the other conditions of the ordinary copper plating. A method for filling holes or grooves formed in a substrate by copper plating at a high speed, containing: immersing the substrate having the holes or grooves in an acidic copper plating solution containing a copper ion, a sulfate ion, and a halide ion, at from 30 to 70° C.; and plating the substrate at a current density of 3 A/dm 2 or more by using an insoluble electrode as an anode.1. A method for filling holes or grooves formed in a substrate by copper plating at a high speed, comprising: immersing the substrate having the holes or grooves in an acidic copper plating solution containing a copper ion, a sulfate ion, and a halide ion, at from 30 to 70° C.; and plating the substrate at a current density of 3 A/dm2 or more by using an insoluble electrode as an anode. 2. The method for filling holes or grooves formed in a substrate by copper plating at a high speed according to claim 1, wherein the copper ion contained in the acidic copper plating solution is 25 g/L or more and the saturation copper ion concentration at a temperature of from 30 to 70° C. of the solution temperature of the copper plating solution or less, the sulfate ion is 50 g/L or more, and the halide ion is from 5 to 500 mg/L. 3. The method for filling holes or grooves formed in a substrate by copper plating at a high speed according to claim 1, wherein the copper ion contained in the acidic copper plating solution is the saturation copper ion concentration at 20° C. of the solution temperature of the copper plating solution or more and the saturation copper ion concentration at a temperature of from 30 to 70° C. of the solution temperature of the copper plating solution or less, the sulfate ion is 50 g/L or more, and the halide ion is from 5 to 500 mg/L. 4. The method for filling holes or grooves formed in a substrate by copper plating at a high speed according to claim 1, wherein the acidic copper plating solution further contains a brightener and a leveler. 5. The method for filling holes or grooves formed in a substrate by copper plating at a high speed according to claim 1, wherein the halide ion is a chloride ion. | 1,700 |
3,645 | 15,118,175 | 1,783 | A film comprising a) at least one base layer comprising a thermoplastic polymeric matrix material; and b) a skin layer comprising a thermoplastic polymeric matrix material and from 5 wt % to 80 wt % of polymeric particles having an average particle diameter from 0.5 μm to 15 μm, a refractive index from 1.46 to 1.7, and at least 60 mole % of acrylic monomer units wherein the film is stretched by a factor of 2 to 8 uniaxially or biaxially; and wherein after stretching, the skin layer has a thickness that is between 50% and 200% of the diameter of the polymeric particles, and a method of making the film, are disclosed. | 1. A film comprising:
a) at least one base layer comprising a thermoplastic polymeric matrix material; and b) a skin layer comprising a thermoplastic polymeric matrix material and from 5 wt % to 80 wt % of polymeric particles having an average particle diameter from 0.5 μm to 15 μm, a refractive index from 1.46 to 1.7, and at least 60 mole % of acrylic monomer units, wherein the film is stretched by a factor of 2 to 8 uniaxially or biaxially, and wherein after stretching, the skin layer has a thickness that is between 50% and 200% of the diameter of the polymeric particles. 2. The film of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymeric matrix material comprises at least one polyolefin. 3. The film of claim 2, wherein the polyolefin is selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, polyethylene, polybutylene and copolymers and blends thereof. 4. The film in of claim 1, wherein the polymeric particles have a continuous refractive index gradient. 5. The film of claim 4, wherein the polymeric particles have a refractive index at a surface of the film from 1.46 to 1.7 and a refractive index at a center of the film from 1.45 to 1.53. 6. The film of claim 1, wherein the polymer particles have an average particle diameter from 0.5 μm to 10 μm. 7. The film of claim 1, wherein the combined thickness of the base layer(s) is at least a factor of 2 greater than the skin layer after stretching. 8. The film of claim 1, wherein the polymeric particles comprise at least 70 mole % of acrylic and styrenic monomer units. 9. The film of claim 1, wherein the film has a haze in the range from 40% to 99% after stretching. 10. The film of claim 1, wherein the film has a transmittance in the range of 85% to 98% after stretching. 11. A method of preparing a film comprising
a) preparing a concentrate comprising:
i) a thermoplastic polymeric matrix material; and
ii) polymeric particles having an average particle diameter from 0.5 μm to 15 μm, a refractive index from 1.46 to 1.7 and at least 60 mole % of acrylic monomer units;
b) forming a multi-layer cast or blown film wherein the film comprises at least two layers, including an external layer and where the external layer comprises the concentrate of step a); and c) stretching the film at a temperature above the crystallization temperature of the thermoplastic polymeric matrix material, uniaxially, or biaxially. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the thermoplastic polymeric matrix material of the external layer is the same as or different than the thermoplastic polymeric material of any other layer. 13. A magazine or book cover comprising the film of claim 1. 14. A food package comprising the film of claim 1. | A film comprising a) at least one base layer comprising a thermoplastic polymeric matrix material; and b) a skin layer comprising a thermoplastic polymeric matrix material and from 5 wt % to 80 wt % of polymeric particles having an average particle diameter from 0.5 μm to 15 μm, a refractive index from 1.46 to 1.7, and at least 60 mole % of acrylic monomer units wherein the film is stretched by a factor of 2 to 8 uniaxially or biaxially; and wherein after stretching, the skin layer has a thickness that is between 50% and 200% of the diameter of the polymeric particles, and a method of making the film, are disclosed.1. A film comprising:
a) at least one base layer comprising a thermoplastic polymeric matrix material; and b) a skin layer comprising a thermoplastic polymeric matrix material and from 5 wt % to 80 wt % of polymeric particles having an average particle diameter from 0.5 μm to 15 μm, a refractive index from 1.46 to 1.7, and at least 60 mole % of acrylic monomer units, wherein the film is stretched by a factor of 2 to 8 uniaxially or biaxially, and wherein after stretching, the skin layer has a thickness that is between 50% and 200% of the diameter of the polymeric particles. 2. The film of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymeric matrix material comprises at least one polyolefin. 3. The film of claim 2, wherein the polyolefin is selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, polyethylene, polybutylene and copolymers and blends thereof. 4. The film in of claim 1, wherein the polymeric particles have a continuous refractive index gradient. 5. The film of claim 4, wherein the polymeric particles have a refractive index at a surface of the film from 1.46 to 1.7 and a refractive index at a center of the film from 1.45 to 1.53. 6. The film of claim 1, wherein the polymer particles have an average particle diameter from 0.5 μm to 10 μm. 7. The film of claim 1, wherein the combined thickness of the base layer(s) is at least a factor of 2 greater than the skin layer after stretching. 8. The film of claim 1, wherein the polymeric particles comprise at least 70 mole % of acrylic and styrenic monomer units. 9. The film of claim 1, wherein the film has a haze in the range from 40% to 99% after stretching. 10. The film of claim 1, wherein the film has a transmittance in the range of 85% to 98% after stretching. 11. A method of preparing a film comprising
a) preparing a concentrate comprising:
i) a thermoplastic polymeric matrix material; and
ii) polymeric particles having an average particle diameter from 0.5 μm to 15 μm, a refractive index from 1.46 to 1.7 and at least 60 mole % of acrylic monomer units;
b) forming a multi-layer cast or blown film wherein the film comprises at least two layers, including an external layer and where the external layer comprises the concentrate of step a); and c) stretching the film at a temperature above the crystallization temperature of the thermoplastic polymeric matrix material, uniaxially, or biaxially. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the thermoplastic polymeric matrix material of the external layer is the same as or different than the thermoplastic polymeric material of any other layer. 13. A magazine or book cover comprising the film of claim 1. 14. A food package comprising the film of claim 1. | 1,700 |
3,646 | 14,957,440 | 1,718 | The present disclosure generally relate to a semiconductor processing apparatus. In one embodiment, a processing chamber is disclosed herein. The processing chamber includes a chamber body and lid defining an interior volume, the lid configured to support a housing having a cap, a substrate support disposed in the interior volume, a vaporizer coupled to the cap and having an outlet open to the interior volume of the processing chamber, wherein the vaporizer is configured to deliver a precursor gas to a processing region defined between the vaporizer and the substrate support, and a heater disposed adjacent to the vaporizer, wherein the heater is configured to heat the vaporizer. | 1. A processing chamber, comprising:
a chamber body and lid defining an interior volume, the lid configured to support a housing having a cap; a substrate support disposed in the interior volume; a vaporizer coupled to the cap and having an outlet open to the interior volume of the processing chamber, wherein the vaporizer is configured to deliver a precursor gas to a processing region defined between the vaporizer and the substrate support; and a heater disposed adjacent to the vaporizer, wherein the heater is configured to heat the vaporizer. 2. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the chamber body comprises:
heated walls; a heated lid; and a heat shield positioned proximate the heated walls and heated lid and wherein the substrate support is heated. 3. The processing chamber of claim 2, wherein the cap includes a water cooled base plate. 4. The processing chamber of claim 1, further comprising:
an internal heat shield disposed in the processing region, the internal heat shield spaced from the chamber body and at least partially surrounding the vaporizer, wherein the internal heat shield is heated. 5. The processing chamber of claim 4, wherein the processing chamber further comprises:
an actuator coupled to the internal heat shield, the actuator configured to move the internal heat shield between the cap and the substrate support. 6. The processing chamber of claim 4 further comprising:
an actuator operable to move the substrate support towards the lid. 7. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the outlet of the vaporizer comprises a plurality of openings. 8. The processing chamber of claim 1, further comprising:
an exhaust port positioned at a first side of a centerline of the substrate support, and wherein the vaporizer is disposed on a second side of the centerline of the substrate support. 9. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the heater is selected from the group consisting of a resistive heater, halogen lamps, light emitting diodes, lasers, and flash lamps. 10. A processing chamber, comprising:
a chamber body and lid defining an interior volume, wherein the lid is configured to support a housing having a cap, wherein cap includes a water cooled base plate to control a temperature of the lid; a substrate support assembly disposed in the interior volume; a vaporizer coupled to the cap of the processing chamber within the interior volume by a thermal isolator, wherein the vaporizer is configured to deliver a precursor to a processing region defined between the vaporizer and the substrate support assembly; and a heater disposed adjacent to the vaporizer, wherein the heater is configured to heat the vaporizer to a temperature between 100° C. and 600° C. 11. The processing chamber of claim 10, wherein the chamber body comprises:
heated walls; heated lid; and a heat shield positioned about the heated walls and heated lid, and wherein the substrate support is heated. 12. The processing chamber of claim 10, further comprising:
an internal heat shield disposed in the processing region, spaced from the chamber body, and at least partially surrounding the vaporizer, wherein the internal heat shield is heated. 13. The processing chamber of claim 10, wherein the vaporizer includes a plurality of openings. 14. The processing chamber of claim 10, further comprising:
an exhaust port positioned at a first side of a centerline of the substrate support, and wherein the vaporizer is disposed at a second side of the centerline of the substrate support. 15. A substrate processing platform for processing a plurality of substrates, the substrate processing platform comprising:
a rotary track mechanism; a plurality of processing chambers disposed in an array about the rotary track mechanism wherein one of the processing chambers further comprises:
a chamber body and lid defining an interior volume, the lid configured to support a housing having a cap;
a substrate support disposed in the interior volume;
a vaporizer coupled to the cap and having an outlet open to the interior volume of the processing chamber, wherein the vaporizer is configured to deliver a precursor gas to a processing region defined between the vaporizer and the substrate support; and
a heater disposed adjacent to the vaporizer; and
a transfer robot configured to carry a plurality of substrates and concurrently transfer the substrates into and out of the substrate processing platform. 16. The substrate processing platform of claim 15, wherein the processing chamber further comprises:
heated walls; heated lid; and a heat shield positioned about the heated walls and heated lid, and wherein the substrate support is heated. 17. The substrate processing platform of claim 15, wherein the processing chamber further comprises:
an internal heat shield disposed in the processing region, spaced from the chamber body, and at least partially surrounding the vaporizer, wherein the internal heat shield is heated. 18. The substrate processing platform of claim 17, wherein the processing chamber further comprises:
an actuator coupled to the internal heat shield, the actuator configured to move the internal heat shield between the cap and the substrate support. 19. The substrate processing platform of claim 15, wherein the vaporizer includes a plurality of openings. 20. The substrate processing platform of claim 15, wherein the processing chamber further comprises:
an exhaust port positioned at a first side of a centerline of the substrate support, and wherein the vaporizer is disposed at a second side of the centerline of the substrate support. | The present disclosure generally relate to a semiconductor processing apparatus. In one embodiment, a processing chamber is disclosed herein. The processing chamber includes a chamber body and lid defining an interior volume, the lid configured to support a housing having a cap, a substrate support disposed in the interior volume, a vaporizer coupled to the cap and having an outlet open to the interior volume of the processing chamber, wherein the vaporizer is configured to deliver a precursor gas to a processing region defined between the vaporizer and the substrate support, and a heater disposed adjacent to the vaporizer, wherein the heater is configured to heat the vaporizer.1. A processing chamber, comprising:
a chamber body and lid defining an interior volume, the lid configured to support a housing having a cap; a substrate support disposed in the interior volume; a vaporizer coupled to the cap and having an outlet open to the interior volume of the processing chamber, wherein the vaporizer is configured to deliver a precursor gas to a processing region defined between the vaporizer and the substrate support; and a heater disposed adjacent to the vaporizer, wherein the heater is configured to heat the vaporizer. 2. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the chamber body comprises:
heated walls; a heated lid; and a heat shield positioned proximate the heated walls and heated lid and wherein the substrate support is heated. 3. The processing chamber of claim 2, wherein the cap includes a water cooled base plate. 4. The processing chamber of claim 1, further comprising:
an internal heat shield disposed in the processing region, the internal heat shield spaced from the chamber body and at least partially surrounding the vaporizer, wherein the internal heat shield is heated. 5. The processing chamber of claim 4, wherein the processing chamber further comprises:
an actuator coupled to the internal heat shield, the actuator configured to move the internal heat shield between the cap and the substrate support. 6. The processing chamber of claim 4 further comprising:
an actuator operable to move the substrate support towards the lid. 7. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the outlet of the vaporizer comprises a plurality of openings. 8. The processing chamber of claim 1, further comprising:
an exhaust port positioned at a first side of a centerline of the substrate support, and wherein the vaporizer is disposed on a second side of the centerline of the substrate support. 9. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the heater is selected from the group consisting of a resistive heater, halogen lamps, light emitting diodes, lasers, and flash lamps. 10. A processing chamber, comprising:
a chamber body and lid defining an interior volume, wherein the lid is configured to support a housing having a cap, wherein cap includes a water cooled base plate to control a temperature of the lid; a substrate support assembly disposed in the interior volume; a vaporizer coupled to the cap of the processing chamber within the interior volume by a thermal isolator, wherein the vaporizer is configured to deliver a precursor to a processing region defined between the vaporizer and the substrate support assembly; and a heater disposed adjacent to the vaporizer, wherein the heater is configured to heat the vaporizer to a temperature between 100° C. and 600° C. 11. The processing chamber of claim 10, wherein the chamber body comprises:
heated walls; heated lid; and a heat shield positioned about the heated walls and heated lid, and wherein the substrate support is heated. 12. The processing chamber of claim 10, further comprising:
an internal heat shield disposed in the processing region, spaced from the chamber body, and at least partially surrounding the vaporizer, wherein the internal heat shield is heated. 13. The processing chamber of claim 10, wherein the vaporizer includes a plurality of openings. 14. The processing chamber of claim 10, further comprising:
an exhaust port positioned at a first side of a centerline of the substrate support, and wherein the vaporizer is disposed at a second side of the centerline of the substrate support. 15. A substrate processing platform for processing a plurality of substrates, the substrate processing platform comprising:
a rotary track mechanism; a plurality of processing chambers disposed in an array about the rotary track mechanism wherein one of the processing chambers further comprises:
a chamber body and lid defining an interior volume, the lid configured to support a housing having a cap;
a substrate support disposed in the interior volume;
a vaporizer coupled to the cap and having an outlet open to the interior volume of the processing chamber, wherein the vaporizer is configured to deliver a precursor gas to a processing region defined between the vaporizer and the substrate support; and
a heater disposed adjacent to the vaporizer; and
a transfer robot configured to carry a plurality of substrates and concurrently transfer the substrates into and out of the substrate processing platform. 16. The substrate processing platform of claim 15, wherein the processing chamber further comprises:
heated walls; heated lid; and a heat shield positioned about the heated walls and heated lid, and wherein the substrate support is heated. 17. The substrate processing platform of claim 15, wherein the processing chamber further comprises:
an internal heat shield disposed in the processing region, spaced from the chamber body, and at least partially surrounding the vaporizer, wherein the internal heat shield is heated. 18. The substrate processing platform of claim 17, wherein the processing chamber further comprises:
an actuator coupled to the internal heat shield, the actuator configured to move the internal heat shield between the cap and the substrate support. 19. The substrate processing platform of claim 15, wherein the vaporizer includes a plurality of openings. 20. The substrate processing platform of claim 15, wherein the processing chamber further comprises:
an exhaust port positioned at a first side of a centerline of the substrate support, and wherein the vaporizer is disposed at a second side of the centerline of the substrate support. | 1,700 |
3,647 | 14,923,763 | 1,795 | Copper electroplating baths containing primary alcohol alkoxylate block copolymers and ethylene oxide/propylene oxide random copolymers having specific HLB ranges are suitable for filling vias with copper, where such copper deposits are substantially void-free and substantially free of surface defects. | 1. A method of filling a via in an electronic device with copper comprising:
a) providing an acid copper electroplating bath comprising a source of copper ions, an acid electrolyte, a source of halide ions, an accelerator, a leveler, a primary alcohol alkoxylate block copolymer having a formula:
wherein R is a linear or branched (C1-C15) alkyl moiety or a linear or branched (C2-C15) alkenyl moiety and m and n can be the same or different and are moles of each moiety wherein the primary alcohol alkoxylate has a weight average molecular weight of 500 g/mole to 20,000 g/mole and a random or block alkoxylate copolymer comprising ethylene oxide and propylene oxide moieties wherein the random or block alkoxyalte copolymer has an HLB of 16 to 35 and the copper electroplating bath has a surface tension ≦40 mN/m;
b) providing as a cathode an electronic device substrate having one or more vias to be filled with copper and having a conductive surface;
c) contacting the electronic device substrate with the copper electroplating bath; and
d) applying a potential for a period of time sufficient to fill the vias with a copper deposit; wherein the copper deposit in the vias is substantially void-free and substantially free of surface defects. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the alkoxylated copolymer is a triblock copolymer having formula:
wherein R1 and R2 are the same or different and are chosen from hydrogen and linear or branched (C1-C15)alkyl and a and b can be the same or different and are moles of each moiety and the HLB of the triblock copolymer is from 16 to 35. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the triblock copolymer has a formula:
wherein a and b can be the same or different and are moles of each moiety and the HLB of the triblock copolymer is from 16 to 35. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the HLB of the random or block alkoxylate copolymer is 17 to 25. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the HLB of the random or block alkoxylate copolymer is 18 to 25. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the conductive surface is a seed layer. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the seed layer is a copper seed layer. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the electronic device is a wafer or a die. 9. An acid copper electroplating bath composition comprising: a source of copper ions; an acid electrolyte; a source of halide ions; an accelerator; a leveler; a primary alcohol alkoxylate block copolymer having a formula:
wherein R is a linear or branched (C1-C15) alkyl moiety or a linear or branched (C2-C15) alkenyl moiety and m and n may be the same or different and are moles or each moiety, wherein the primary alcohol alkoxylate has a weight average molecular weight of 500 g/mole to 20,000 g/mole and a random or block alkoxylate copolymer comprising ethylene oxide and propylene oxide moieties wherein the random or block alkoxyalte copolymer has an HLB of 16 to 35 and the copper electroplating bath has a surface tension ≦40 mN/m. 10. The acid copper electroplating bath composition of claim 9, wherein the alkoxylated copolymer is a triblock copolymer having formula:
wherein R1 and R2 are the same or different and are chosen from hydrogen and linear or branched (C1-C15)alkyl and a and b can be the same or different and are moles of each moiety and the HLB of the triblock copolymer is from 16 to 35. 11. The acid copper electroplating bath composition of claim 10, wherein the triblock copolymer has a formula:
wherein a and b can be the same or different and are moles of each moiety and the HLB of the triblock copolymer is from 16 to 35. 12. The acid copper electroplating bath composition of claim 9, wherein the HLB of the random or block alkoxylate copolymer is 17 to 25. | Copper electroplating baths containing primary alcohol alkoxylate block copolymers and ethylene oxide/propylene oxide random copolymers having specific HLB ranges are suitable for filling vias with copper, where such copper deposits are substantially void-free and substantially free of surface defects.1. A method of filling a via in an electronic device with copper comprising:
a) providing an acid copper electroplating bath comprising a source of copper ions, an acid electrolyte, a source of halide ions, an accelerator, a leveler, a primary alcohol alkoxylate block copolymer having a formula:
wherein R is a linear or branched (C1-C15) alkyl moiety or a linear or branched (C2-C15) alkenyl moiety and m and n can be the same or different and are moles of each moiety wherein the primary alcohol alkoxylate has a weight average molecular weight of 500 g/mole to 20,000 g/mole and a random or block alkoxylate copolymer comprising ethylene oxide and propylene oxide moieties wherein the random or block alkoxyalte copolymer has an HLB of 16 to 35 and the copper electroplating bath has a surface tension ≦40 mN/m;
b) providing as a cathode an electronic device substrate having one or more vias to be filled with copper and having a conductive surface;
c) contacting the electronic device substrate with the copper electroplating bath; and
d) applying a potential for a period of time sufficient to fill the vias with a copper deposit; wherein the copper deposit in the vias is substantially void-free and substantially free of surface defects. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the alkoxylated copolymer is a triblock copolymer having formula:
wherein R1 and R2 are the same or different and are chosen from hydrogen and linear or branched (C1-C15)alkyl and a and b can be the same or different and are moles of each moiety and the HLB of the triblock copolymer is from 16 to 35. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the triblock copolymer has a formula:
wherein a and b can be the same or different and are moles of each moiety and the HLB of the triblock copolymer is from 16 to 35. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the HLB of the random or block alkoxylate copolymer is 17 to 25. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the HLB of the random or block alkoxylate copolymer is 18 to 25. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the conductive surface is a seed layer. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the seed layer is a copper seed layer. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the electronic device is a wafer or a die. 9. An acid copper electroplating bath composition comprising: a source of copper ions; an acid electrolyte; a source of halide ions; an accelerator; a leveler; a primary alcohol alkoxylate block copolymer having a formula:
wherein R is a linear or branched (C1-C15) alkyl moiety or a linear or branched (C2-C15) alkenyl moiety and m and n may be the same or different and are moles or each moiety, wherein the primary alcohol alkoxylate has a weight average molecular weight of 500 g/mole to 20,000 g/mole and a random or block alkoxylate copolymer comprising ethylene oxide and propylene oxide moieties wherein the random or block alkoxyalte copolymer has an HLB of 16 to 35 and the copper electroplating bath has a surface tension ≦40 mN/m. 10. The acid copper electroplating bath composition of claim 9, wherein the alkoxylated copolymer is a triblock copolymer having formula:
wherein R1 and R2 are the same or different and are chosen from hydrogen and linear or branched (C1-C15)alkyl and a and b can be the same or different and are moles of each moiety and the HLB of the triblock copolymer is from 16 to 35. 11. The acid copper electroplating bath composition of claim 10, wherein the triblock copolymer has a formula:
wherein a and b can be the same or different and are moles of each moiety and the HLB of the triblock copolymer is from 16 to 35. 12. The acid copper electroplating bath composition of claim 9, wherein the HLB of the random or block alkoxylate copolymer is 17 to 25. | 1,700 |
3,648 | 15,054,575 | 1,781 | A method of forming a panel assembly from a including a through-aperture defining head and tail edges along a thickness direction, may include contacting at least a portion of the tail edge with a polymer, moving a volume of the polymer toward the head edge within the through-aperture, and heating the volume of the polymer to form the panel assembly. | 1. A method of forming a panel assembly from a panel, the panel including a through-aperture defining head and tail edges along a thickness direction, the method comprising:
contacting at least a portion of the tail edge with a polymer; moving a volume of the polymer toward the head edge within the through-aperture; and heating the volume of the polymer to form the panel assembly. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymer is provided as a polymer layer. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the moving is carried out by subjecting the volume of the polymer to be between first and second die parts. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the moving is carried out such that the volume of the polymer travels for a distance no greater than a thickness of the through-aperture along the thickness direction. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the heating is carried out for an amount of time. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the moving and the heating overlap in time. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the heating is initiated after the volume of the polymer is positioned between the head and tail edges. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the heating includes subjecting the volume of the polymer to a predetermined temperature for a predetermined amount of time. 9. A panel assembly, comprising:
a panel with a first through-aperture defining first head and tail edges positioned along a thickness direction; and a thermoset polymer contacting the first tail edge. 10. The panel assembly of claim 9, wherein a volume of the thermoset polymer is received within the first through-aperture extending from the first tail edge and defines a head surface, the head surface being positioned between the first head and tail edges of the first through-aperture. 11. The panel assembly of claim 9, wherein the panel further includes a second through-aperture spaced apart from the first through-aperture and defining second head and tail edges along a second thickness direction. 12. The panel assembly of claim 11, wherein the thermoset polymer contacts the second tail edge. 13. The panel assembly of claim 12, wherein the thermoset polymer further contacts a surface of the panel positioned between the first and second tail edges. 14. The panel assembly of claim 9, wherein the panel includes glass fibers. 15. The panel assembly of claim 9, wherein the panel includes an outer layer and an inner layer contacting the outer layer. 16. A panel assembly, comprising:
a panel defining an aperture having a tail head and a tail edge; and a polymer arranged adjacent the tail edge such that the polymer is applied to the panel and at least a portion thereof is received within the aperture to provide an edge cover for the aperture. 17. The panel assembly of claim 16, wherein a volume of the polymer is received within the aperture extending from the tail edge and defines a head surface, the head surface being positioned between the head and tail edges of aperture. 18. The panel assembly of claim 17, wherein a thickness of the polymer received within the aperture does not exceed a thickness of the aperture. | A method of forming a panel assembly from a including a through-aperture defining head and tail edges along a thickness direction, may include contacting at least a portion of the tail edge with a polymer, moving a volume of the polymer toward the head edge within the through-aperture, and heating the volume of the polymer to form the panel assembly.1. A method of forming a panel assembly from a panel, the panel including a through-aperture defining head and tail edges along a thickness direction, the method comprising:
contacting at least a portion of the tail edge with a polymer; moving a volume of the polymer toward the head edge within the through-aperture; and heating the volume of the polymer to form the panel assembly. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymer is provided as a polymer layer. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the moving is carried out by subjecting the volume of the polymer to be between first and second die parts. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the moving is carried out such that the volume of the polymer travels for a distance no greater than a thickness of the through-aperture along the thickness direction. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the heating is carried out for an amount of time. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the moving and the heating overlap in time. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the heating is initiated after the volume of the polymer is positioned between the head and tail edges. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the heating includes subjecting the volume of the polymer to a predetermined temperature for a predetermined amount of time. 9. A panel assembly, comprising:
a panel with a first through-aperture defining first head and tail edges positioned along a thickness direction; and a thermoset polymer contacting the first tail edge. 10. The panel assembly of claim 9, wherein a volume of the thermoset polymer is received within the first through-aperture extending from the first tail edge and defines a head surface, the head surface being positioned between the first head and tail edges of the first through-aperture. 11. The panel assembly of claim 9, wherein the panel further includes a second through-aperture spaced apart from the first through-aperture and defining second head and tail edges along a second thickness direction. 12. The panel assembly of claim 11, wherein the thermoset polymer contacts the second tail edge. 13. The panel assembly of claim 12, wherein the thermoset polymer further contacts a surface of the panel positioned between the first and second tail edges. 14. The panel assembly of claim 9, wherein the panel includes glass fibers. 15. The panel assembly of claim 9, wherein the panel includes an outer layer and an inner layer contacting the outer layer. 16. A panel assembly, comprising:
a panel defining an aperture having a tail head and a tail edge; and a polymer arranged adjacent the tail edge such that the polymer is applied to the panel and at least a portion thereof is received within the aperture to provide an edge cover for the aperture. 17. The panel assembly of claim 16, wherein a volume of the polymer is received within the aperture extending from the tail edge and defines a head surface, the head surface being positioned between the head and tail edges of aperture. 18. The panel assembly of claim 17, wherein a thickness of the polymer received within the aperture does not exceed a thickness of the aperture. | 1,700 |
3,649 | 15,704,524 | 1,725 | A reformer assembly for a fuel cell includes a vortex tube receiving heated fuel mixed with steam. A catalyst coats the inner wall of the main tube of the vortex tube and a hydrogen-permeable tube is positioned in the middle of the main tube coaxially with the main tube. With this combination of structure, | 1. A reformer assembly, comprising:
at least one vortex tube comprising a swirl chamber having a hydrocarbon input and a main tube segment communicating with the swirl chamber and having a first output juxtaposed with an inside surface of a wall of the main tube segment, the first output for outputting relatively hotter and heavier constituents of fluid provided at the hydrocarbon input; at least one catalytic constituent on the inside surface of the wall of the main tube segment; and at least one heat input to heat to vortex tube to promote reformation of Hydrogen and Carbon from the hydrocarbon input. 2. A reformer assembly, comprising:
at least one vortex tube comprising a swirl chamber having a hydrocarbon input and a main tube segment communicating with the swirl chamber and having a first output juxtaposed with an inside surface of a wall of the main tube segment, the first output for outputting relatively hotter and heavier constituents of fluid provided at the hydrocarbon input; at least one catalytic constituent on the inside surface of the wall of the main tube segment; at least one tube disposed centrally in the main tube segment and defining a second output at one end of the hydrogen-permeable tube for outputting at least one relatively lighter and cooler constituent of fluid provided at the hydrocarbon input; and at least one heat input to heat to vortex tube to promote reformation of Hydrogen and Carbon from the hydrocarbon input. 3. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the at least one relatively lighter and cooler constituent includes hydrogen. 4. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the relatively hotter and heavier constituents of fluid provided at the input include carbon. 5. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the catalytic constituent includes include nickel and/or platinum and/or rhodium and/or palladium and/or gold. 6. The assembly of claim 1, comprising a fuel cell connected to the second output. 7. The assembly of claim 1, comprising an engine connected to the first output. 8. The assembly of claim 2, wherein the tube is a Hydrogen-permeable tube. 9. The assembly of claim 7, wherein the engine is a turbine or an internal combustion engine. 10. The assembly of claim 1, comprising plural vortex tubes arranged in a toroidal configuration, a first vortex tube in the plural vortex tubes defining the input and providing fluid from the respective second output to an input of a next vortex tube in the plural vortex tubes. 11. The assembly of claim 1, comprising a fuel reservoir for providing hydrocarbon fuel to the vortex tube, the fuel reservoir configured for receiving an exhaust of an engine to heat fuel within the fuel reservoir. | A reformer assembly for a fuel cell includes a vortex tube receiving heated fuel mixed with steam. A catalyst coats the inner wall of the main tube of the vortex tube and a hydrogen-permeable tube is positioned in the middle of the main tube coaxially with the main tube. With this combination of structure,1. A reformer assembly, comprising:
at least one vortex tube comprising a swirl chamber having a hydrocarbon input and a main tube segment communicating with the swirl chamber and having a first output juxtaposed with an inside surface of a wall of the main tube segment, the first output for outputting relatively hotter and heavier constituents of fluid provided at the hydrocarbon input; at least one catalytic constituent on the inside surface of the wall of the main tube segment; and at least one heat input to heat to vortex tube to promote reformation of Hydrogen and Carbon from the hydrocarbon input. 2. A reformer assembly, comprising:
at least one vortex tube comprising a swirl chamber having a hydrocarbon input and a main tube segment communicating with the swirl chamber and having a first output juxtaposed with an inside surface of a wall of the main tube segment, the first output for outputting relatively hotter and heavier constituents of fluid provided at the hydrocarbon input; at least one catalytic constituent on the inside surface of the wall of the main tube segment; at least one tube disposed centrally in the main tube segment and defining a second output at one end of the hydrogen-permeable tube for outputting at least one relatively lighter and cooler constituent of fluid provided at the hydrocarbon input; and at least one heat input to heat to vortex tube to promote reformation of Hydrogen and Carbon from the hydrocarbon input. 3. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the at least one relatively lighter and cooler constituent includes hydrogen. 4. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the relatively hotter and heavier constituents of fluid provided at the input include carbon. 5. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the catalytic constituent includes include nickel and/or platinum and/or rhodium and/or palladium and/or gold. 6. The assembly of claim 1, comprising a fuel cell connected to the second output. 7. The assembly of claim 1, comprising an engine connected to the first output. 8. The assembly of claim 2, wherein the tube is a Hydrogen-permeable tube. 9. The assembly of claim 7, wherein the engine is a turbine or an internal combustion engine. 10. The assembly of claim 1, comprising plural vortex tubes arranged in a toroidal configuration, a first vortex tube in the plural vortex tubes defining the input and providing fluid from the respective second output to an input of a next vortex tube in the plural vortex tubes. 11. The assembly of claim 1, comprising a fuel reservoir for providing hydrocarbon fuel to the vortex tube, the fuel reservoir configured for receiving an exhaust of an engine to heat fuel within the fuel reservoir. | 1,700 |
3,650 | 15,373,882 | 1,741 | Methods and apparatus provide for: feeding glass batch material into a plasma containment vessel in such a way that the glass batch material is dispensed as a sheet of glass batch material particles; directing one or more sources of plasma gas into the inner volume of the plasma containment vessel in such a way that the plasma gas enters the plasma containment vessel as at least one sheet of plasma gas; and applying an alternating electric field to facilitate production of a plasma plume within the inner volume of the plasma containment vessel, where the plasma plume is of dimensions sufficient to envelope the sheet of glass batch material particles, and is of sufficient thermal energy to cause the glass batch material to react and melt thereby forming substantially homogeneous, spheroid-shaped glass intermediate particles. | 1-15. (canceled) 16. A method, comprising:
providing a plasma containment vessel having at least first and second opposing wall members defining an inner volume, an inlet end, and an opposing outlet end; feeding glass batch material into the inlet of the plasma containment vessel in such a way that the glass batch material is dispensed as a substantially planar sheet of glass batch material particles into the inner volume of the plasma containment vessel; directing one or more sources of plasma gas into the inner volume of the plasma containment vessel in such a way that the plasma gas enters the plasma containment vessel as at least one substantially planar sheet of plasma gas; and applying an alternating electric field to the plasma gas to facilitate production of a plasma plume within the inner volume of the plasma containment vessel, wherein the plasma plume is of a substantially planar sheet shape having dimensions sufficient to envelope the planar sheet of glass batch material particles, and is of sufficient thermal energy to cause the glass batch material to thermally react. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein at least one of:
the thermal reaction includes at least partially melting the glass batch material, the thermal reaction includes at least partially melting at least one of the glass batch material and one or more further materials thereby forming coated glass batch material particles, and the thermal reaction includes at least partially melting the glass batch material to form substantially homogeneous, spheroid-shaped glass intermediate particles. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the least one planar sheet of plasma gas includes two substantially planar sheets of plasma gas directed both toward the outlet end of the plasma containment vessel and toward one another in order to envelop the planar sheet of glass batch material particles. 19. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
applying a magnetic field, characterized by a plurality of lines of magnetic flux directed through the inner volume of the plasma containment vessel and transverse to the electric field, wherein the electric field is characterized by lines of electric flux and an interaction of the electric flux and the magnetic flux is such that an electron cyclotron frequency of electrons about the magnetic flux is produced of sufficient magnitude to produce the plasma plume of sufficient thermal energy to cause the glass batch material to thermally react. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the magnetic field is one of: (i) at least about 2.0×10−3 Tesla, (ii) at least about 3.0×10−3 Tesla, and (iii) at least about 4.0×10−3 Tesla. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the electron cyclotron frequency is one of: (i) at least about 2.0×108 radians/second, (ii) at least about 3.0×108 radians/second, and at least about 4.0×108 radians/second. 22. The method of claim 16, wherein the plasma plume has a temperature ranging from one of: (i) about 9,000° K to about 18,000° K; and (ii) about 11,000° K to about 15,000° K. 23. The method of claim 16, wherein the glass batch material have an average particle size ranging from about 5 to about 1,000 microns. 24. The method of claim 16, wherein the plasma gas includes at least one of argon, air, helium, nitrogen, oxygen, and mixtures thereof. 25. The method of claim 16, wherein the thermally reacted glass batch material exit the plasma containment vessel through the outlet end. | Methods and apparatus provide for: feeding glass batch material into a plasma containment vessel in such a way that the glass batch material is dispensed as a sheet of glass batch material particles; directing one or more sources of plasma gas into the inner volume of the plasma containment vessel in such a way that the plasma gas enters the plasma containment vessel as at least one sheet of plasma gas; and applying an alternating electric field to facilitate production of a plasma plume within the inner volume of the plasma containment vessel, where the plasma plume is of dimensions sufficient to envelope the sheet of glass batch material particles, and is of sufficient thermal energy to cause the glass batch material to react and melt thereby forming substantially homogeneous, spheroid-shaped glass intermediate particles.1-15. (canceled) 16. A method, comprising:
providing a plasma containment vessel having at least first and second opposing wall members defining an inner volume, an inlet end, and an opposing outlet end; feeding glass batch material into the inlet of the plasma containment vessel in such a way that the glass batch material is dispensed as a substantially planar sheet of glass batch material particles into the inner volume of the plasma containment vessel; directing one or more sources of plasma gas into the inner volume of the plasma containment vessel in such a way that the plasma gas enters the plasma containment vessel as at least one substantially planar sheet of plasma gas; and applying an alternating electric field to the plasma gas to facilitate production of a plasma plume within the inner volume of the plasma containment vessel, wherein the plasma plume is of a substantially planar sheet shape having dimensions sufficient to envelope the planar sheet of glass batch material particles, and is of sufficient thermal energy to cause the glass batch material to thermally react. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein at least one of:
the thermal reaction includes at least partially melting the glass batch material, the thermal reaction includes at least partially melting at least one of the glass batch material and one or more further materials thereby forming coated glass batch material particles, and the thermal reaction includes at least partially melting the glass batch material to form substantially homogeneous, spheroid-shaped glass intermediate particles. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the least one planar sheet of plasma gas includes two substantially planar sheets of plasma gas directed both toward the outlet end of the plasma containment vessel and toward one another in order to envelop the planar sheet of glass batch material particles. 19. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
applying a magnetic field, characterized by a plurality of lines of magnetic flux directed through the inner volume of the plasma containment vessel and transverse to the electric field, wherein the electric field is characterized by lines of electric flux and an interaction of the electric flux and the magnetic flux is such that an electron cyclotron frequency of electrons about the magnetic flux is produced of sufficient magnitude to produce the plasma plume of sufficient thermal energy to cause the glass batch material to thermally react. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the magnetic field is one of: (i) at least about 2.0×10−3 Tesla, (ii) at least about 3.0×10−3 Tesla, and (iii) at least about 4.0×10−3 Tesla. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the electron cyclotron frequency is one of: (i) at least about 2.0×108 radians/second, (ii) at least about 3.0×108 radians/second, and at least about 4.0×108 radians/second. 22. The method of claim 16, wherein the plasma plume has a temperature ranging from one of: (i) about 9,000° K to about 18,000° K; and (ii) about 11,000° K to about 15,000° K. 23. The method of claim 16, wherein the glass batch material have an average particle size ranging from about 5 to about 1,000 microns. 24. The method of claim 16, wherein the plasma gas includes at least one of argon, air, helium, nitrogen, oxygen, and mixtures thereof. 25. The method of claim 16, wherein the thermally reacted glass batch material exit the plasma containment vessel through the outlet end. | 1,700 |
3,651 | 15,001,425 | 1,787 | The present invention relates to a coated shaped metal material that is excellent in adhesion to a molded article of a thermoplastic resin composition and can be easily produced. The coated shaped metal material comprises a shaped metal material and a coating formed on a surface of the shaped metal material. The shaped metal material is a product made of a metal and has a predetermined shape by applying heat or force to the metal. The coating comprises a polyurethane resin containing a polycarbonate unit. A mass ratio of the polycarbonate unit to a total resin mass in the coating is 15 to 80 mass %. The coating has a film thickness of 0.5 to 20 μm. | 1. A coated shaped metal material comprising:
a shaped metal material; and a coating formed on a surface of the shaped metal material, wherein the shaped metal material is a product made of a metal and has a predetermined shape by applying heat or force to the metal, the coating comprises a polyurethane resin containing a polycarbonate unit, a mass ratio of the polycarbonate unit to a total resin mass in the coating is 15 to 80 mass %, and the coating has a film thickness of 0.5 to 20 μm. 2. The coated shaped metal material according to claim 1, wherein the coating comprises an oxide, a hydroxide, or a fluoride of a metal selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, V, Mo, and W, or a combination thereof. | The present invention relates to a coated shaped metal material that is excellent in adhesion to a molded article of a thermoplastic resin composition and can be easily produced. The coated shaped metal material comprises a shaped metal material and a coating formed on a surface of the shaped metal material. The shaped metal material is a product made of a metal and has a predetermined shape by applying heat or force to the metal. The coating comprises a polyurethane resin containing a polycarbonate unit. A mass ratio of the polycarbonate unit to a total resin mass in the coating is 15 to 80 mass %. The coating has a film thickness of 0.5 to 20 μm.1. A coated shaped metal material comprising:
a shaped metal material; and a coating formed on a surface of the shaped metal material, wherein the shaped metal material is a product made of a metal and has a predetermined shape by applying heat or force to the metal, the coating comprises a polyurethane resin containing a polycarbonate unit, a mass ratio of the polycarbonate unit to a total resin mass in the coating is 15 to 80 mass %, and the coating has a film thickness of 0.5 to 20 μm. 2. The coated shaped metal material according to claim 1, wherein the coating comprises an oxide, a hydroxide, or a fluoride of a metal selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, V, Mo, and W, or a combination thereof. | 1,700 |
3,652 | 14,447,383 | 1,717 | A self-centering susceptor ring assembly is provided. The susceptor ring assembly includes a susceptor ring support member and a susceptor ring supported on the susceptor ring support member. The susceptor ring support member includes at least three pins extending upwardly relative to the lower inner surface of the reaction chamber. The susceptor ring includes at least three detents formed in a bottom surface to receive the pins from the susceptor ring support member. The detents are configured to allow the pins to slide therewithin while the susceptor ring thermally expands and contracts, wherein the detents are sized and shaped such that as the susceptor ring thermally expands and contracts the gap between the susceptor ring and the susceptor located within the aperture of the susceptor ring remains substantially uniform about the entire circumference of the susceptor, and thereby maintains the same center axis. | 1-8. (canceled) 9. A semiconductor processing system comprising:
a reaction chamber; a substrate support assembly located at least partially within said reaction chamber; and
a self-centering susceptor ring assembly located within said reaction chamber, said self-centering susceptor ring assembly comprising:
a susceptor ring support member operatively connected to a lower surface of said reaction chamber, said susceptor ring support member including at least three pins protruding away from said lower surface of said reaction chamber; and
a susceptor ring being supportable on said susceptor ring support member, said susceptor ring having at least three detents formed into a bottom surface of said susceptor ring and each of said detents configured to receive one of said at least three pins, wherein said pins are slidable within said detents as said susceptor ring and said susceptor ring support member thermally expand and contract to maintain said substrate support assembly centered within said self-centering susceptor ring assembly. 10. The semiconductor processing system of claim 9, wherein said susceptor ring and said susceptor ring support member are formed of dissimilar materials. 11. The semiconductor processing system of claim 9, wherein said detents form a radial pathway relative to a center point of said substrate support assembly. 12. The semiconductor processing system of claim 9, wherein each of said pins is independently slidable during thermal expansion and contraction of said susceptor ring. 13. A self-centering susceptor ring assembly for use in a semiconductor processing tool comprising:
a susceptor ring support having at least three pins extending in the same direction from at least one side member, wherein a tip of each of said at least three pins form a substantially planar support; a susceptor ring having at least three detents formed therein for receiving said at least three pins such that during thermal expansion and contraction of said susceptor ring, thermal expansion or contraction of said susceptor ring causes said pins to change relative location within said detents to allow said susceptor ring to remain substantially centered about a center point. 14. The self-centering susceptor ring assembly of claim 13, wherein said detents are formed as elongated slots. 15. The self-centering susceptor ring assembly of claim 14, wherein said detents are aligned in a radial manner relative to said center point. 16. The self-centering susceptor ring assembly of claim 13, wherein said susceptor ring includes an aperture formed therein, said aperture configured to surround a susceptor, thereby providing a substantially uniform gap between an edge of said susceptor ring defining said aperture and said susceptor. 17. The self-centering susceptor ring assembly of claim 16, wherein said change in relative location of said pins within said detents during thermal expansion and contraction of said susceptor ring causes said gap between said edge of said susceptor ring defining said aperture and said susceptor to remain substantially uniform. 18. A susceptor ring for use in a self-centering susceptor ring assembly comprising:
an upper surface and a lower surface defining a thickness therebetween; an aperture formed through said thickness, said aperture having a center point; at least three detents formed into the lower surface, wherein said detents are elongated slots aligned radially relative to said center point. 19. The susceptor ring of claim 18, wherein said detents are evenly spaced about said aperture. 20. The susceptor ring of claim 18, wherein said detents are unevenly spaced about said aperture. 21. The susceptor ring of claim 18, further comprising more than three detents formed into the lower surface. 22. The susceptor ring of claim 18, wherein each of said at least three detents are formed through only a portion of said thickness. 23. The susceptor ring of claim 18, wherein at least one of said at least three detents is formed through the entire thickness. 24. The semiconductor processing system of claim 9, wherein said detents are formed as elongated slots. 25. The semiconductor processing system of claim 9, wherein said detents are aligned in a radial manner relative to said center point. 26. The semiconductor processing system of claim 9, wherein said detents are evenly spaced about said aperture. 27. The semiconductor processing system of claim 9, wherein said detents are unevenly spaced about said aperture. 28. The self-centering susceptor ring assembly of claim 13, wherein said susceptor ring and said susceptor ring support member are formed of dissimilar materials. | A self-centering susceptor ring assembly is provided. The susceptor ring assembly includes a susceptor ring support member and a susceptor ring supported on the susceptor ring support member. The susceptor ring support member includes at least three pins extending upwardly relative to the lower inner surface of the reaction chamber. The susceptor ring includes at least three detents formed in a bottom surface to receive the pins from the susceptor ring support member. The detents are configured to allow the pins to slide therewithin while the susceptor ring thermally expands and contracts, wherein the detents are sized and shaped such that as the susceptor ring thermally expands and contracts the gap between the susceptor ring and the susceptor located within the aperture of the susceptor ring remains substantially uniform about the entire circumference of the susceptor, and thereby maintains the same center axis.1-8. (canceled) 9. A semiconductor processing system comprising:
a reaction chamber; a substrate support assembly located at least partially within said reaction chamber; and
a self-centering susceptor ring assembly located within said reaction chamber, said self-centering susceptor ring assembly comprising:
a susceptor ring support member operatively connected to a lower surface of said reaction chamber, said susceptor ring support member including at least three pins protruding away from said lower surface of said reaction chamber; and
a susceptor ring being supportable on said susceptor ring support member, said susceptor ring having at least three detents formed into a bottom surface of said susceptor ring and each of said detents configured to receive one of said at least three pins, wherein said pins are slidable within said detents as said susceptor ring and said susceptor ring support member thermally expand and contract to maintain said substrate support assembly centered within said self-centering susceptor ring assembly. 10. The semiconductor processing system of claim 9, wherein said susceptor ring and said susceptor ring support member are formed of dissimilar materials. 11. The semiconductor processing system of claim 9, wherein said detents form a radial pathway relative to a center point of said substrate support assembly. 12. The semiconductor processing system of claim 9, wherein each of said pins is independently slidable during thermal expansion and contraction of said susceptor ring. 13. A self-centering susceptor ring assembly for use in a semiconductor processing tool comprising:
a susceptor ring support having at least three pins extending in the same direction from at least one side member, wherein a tip of each of said at least three pins form a substantially planar support; a susceptor ring having at least three detents formed therein for receiving said at least three pins such that during thermal expansion and contraction of said susceptor ring, thermal expansion or contraction of said susceptor ring causes said pins to change relative location within said detents to allow said susceptor ring to remain substantially centered about a center point. 14. The self-centering susceptor ring assembly of claim 13, wherein said detents are formed as elongated slots. 15. The self-centering susceptor ring assembly of claim 14, wherein said detents are aligned in a radial manner relative to said center point. 16. The self-centering susceptor ring assembly of claim 13, wherein said susceptor ring includes an aperture formed therein, said aperture configured to surround a susceptor, thereby providing a substantially uniform gap between an edge of said susceptor ring defining said aperture and said susceptor. 17. The self-centering susceptor ring assembly of claim 16, wherein said change in relative location of said pins within said detents during thermal expansion and contraction of said susceptor ring causes said gap between said edge of said susceptor ring defining said aperture and said susceptor to remain substantially uniform. 18. A susceptor ring for use in a self-centering susceptor ring assembly comprising:
an upper surface and a lower surface defining a thickness therebetween; an aperture formed through said thickness, said aperture having a center point; at least three detents formed into the lower surface, wherein said detents are elongated slots aligned radially relative to said center point. 19. The susceptor ring of claim 18, wherein said detents are evenly spaced about said aperture. 20. The susceptor ring of claim 18, wherein said detents are unevenly spaced about said aperture. 21. The susceptor ring of claim 18, further comprising more than three detents formed into the lower surface. 22. The susceptor ring of claim 18, wherein each of said at least three detents are formed through only a portion of said thickness. 23. The susceptor ring of claim 18, wherein at least one of said at least three detents is formed through the entire thickness. 24. The semiconductor processing system of claim 9, wherein said detents are formed as elongated slots. 25. The semiconductor processing system of claim 9, wherein said detents are aligned in a radial manner relative to said center point. 26. The semiconductor processing system of claim 9, wherein said detents are evenly spaced about said aperture. 27. The semiconductor processing system of claim 9, wherein said detents are unevenly spaced about said aperture. 28. The self-centering susceptor ring assembly of claim 13, wherein said susceptor ring and said susceptor ring support member are formed of dissimilar materials. | 1,700 |
3,653 | 14,761,751 | 1,796 | The present application is directed to articles useful as graphic films. Specifically, the present application is directed to an article comprising a film layer, the film layer comprising a polymer blend comprising a thermoplastic polyurethane and a polyvinyl butyral, and an adhesive layer adjacent the film layer. | 1. An article comprising
a film layer, the film layer comprising a polymer blend comprising a thermoplastic polyurethane and a polyvinyl butyral; and an adhesive layer adjacent the film layer. 2. The article of claim 1 wherein the thermoplastic polyurethane is an aliphatic urethane. 3. The article of claim 1 wherein the thermoplastic polyurethane is an aromatic urethane. 4. The article of claim 1 wherein the film layer comprises a plasticizer. 5. The article of claim 4 wherein the film layer comprises a polyester plasticizer. 6. The article of claim 1 wherein the film layer comprises a colorant. 7. The article of claim 1 wherein the film layer is hot melt processed. 8. The article of claim 1 wherein the adhesive layer is a structured adhesive layer. 9. The article of claim 1 comprising a primer layer between the adhesive layer and the film layer. 10. The article of claim 1 comprising a release liner adjacent the adhesive layer opposite the film layer. 11. The article of claim 1 comprising an image on the film layer. 12. The article of claim 1, wherein the article is fixed to a substrate. 13. The article of claim 12 wherein the substrate is a vehicle. 14. The article of claim 12 wherein the substrate is a rough surface. 15. The article of claim 12 wherein the substrate has a compound curved surface. 16. The article of claim 1 wherein the film layer is multiple layers. 17. The article of claim 16 where one of the layers comprises a thermoplastic urethane and a polyvinyl butyral. 18. The article of claim 11 comprising a protective clear layer on the image. 19. An article comprising
a film layer, the film layer comprising a polymer blend comprising a thermoplastic polyurethane and a polyvinyl butyral, wherein the film is less than 5 mil thick. 20. The article of claim 19 wherein the film layer is multiple layers. 21. The article of claim 19 comprising an image on one surface of the film. 22. The article of claim 21 comprising a protective clear layer on the image. 23. A method of displaying a graphic comprising
providing a substrate with an irregular surface; applying the article of claim 1 to the substrate, wherein the adhesive layer adheres the adhesive article to the substrate. 24. The method of claim 23 wherein the substrate is a vehicle. 25. The method of claim 23 wherein the substrate is a rough surface. 26. An article comprising:
a film layer, the film layer comprising a polymer blend comprising a thermoplastic polyurethane and a polyvinyl butyral, wherein the film layer is outdoor weatherable. | The present application is directed to articles useful as graphic films. Specifically, the present application is directed to an article comprising a film layer, the film layer comprising a polymer blend comprising a thermoplastic polyurethane and a polyvinyl butyral, and an adhesive layer adjacent the film layer.1. An article comprising
a film layer, the film layer comprising a polymer blend comprising a thermoplastic polyurethane and a polyvinyl butyral; and an adhesive layer adjacent the film layer. 2. The article of claim 1 wherein the thermoplastic polyurethane is an aliphatic urethane. 3. The article of claim 1 wherein the thermoplastic polyurethane is an aromatic urethane. 4. The article of claim 1 wherein the film layer comprises a plasticizer. 5. The article of claim 4 wherein the film layer comprises a polyester plasticizer. 6. The article of claim 1 wherein the film layer comprises a colorant. 7. The article of claim 1 wherein the film layer is hot melt processed. 8. The article of claim 1 wherein the adhesive layer is a structured adhesive layer. 9. The article of claim 1 comprising a primer layer between the adhesive layer and the film layer. 10. The article of claim 1 comprising a release liner adjacent the adhesive layer opposite the film layer. 11. The article of claim 1 comprising an image on the film layer. 12. The article of claim 1, wherein the article is fixed to a substrate. 13. The article of claim 12 wherein the substrate is a vehicle. 14. The article of claim 12 wherein the substrate is a rough surface. 15. The article of claim 12 wherein the substrate has a compound curved surface. 16. The article of claim 1 wherein the film layer is multiple layers. 17. The article of claim 16 where one of the layers comprises a thermoplastic urethane and a polyvinyl butyral. 18. The article of claim 11 comprising a protective clear layer on the image. 19. An article comprising
a film layer, the film layer comprising a polymer blend comprising a thermoplastic polyurethane and a polyvinyl butyral, wherein the film is less than 5 mil thick. 20. The article of claim 19 wherein the film layer is multiple layers. 21. The article of claim 19 comprising an image on one surface of the film. 22. The article of claim 21 comprising a protective clear layer on the image. 23. A method of displaying a graphic comprising
providing a substrate with an irregular surface; applying the article of claim 1 to the substrate, wherein the adhesive layer adheres the adhesive article to the substrate. 24. The method of claim 23 wherein the substrate is a vehicle. 25. The method of claim 23 wherein the substrate is a rough surface. 26. An article comprising:
a film layer, the film layer comprising a polymer blend comprising a thermoplastic polyurethane and a polyvinyl butyral, wherein the film layer is outdoor weatherable. | 1,700 |
3,654 | 15,464,682 | 1,727 | An improved method for manufacturing alkaline (e.g., zinc-manganese dioxide) electrochemical cells and a corresponding anode formulation are disclosed. In particular, zinc and a mixture of gelling agents are employed to better control the manufacturing conditions and to improve the overall performance of the resulting battery. The gelling agents are selected to have differences in resistivity, viscosity and polymerization/cross-linking. The zinc may be of any type, as is known in the art. | 1. An electrochemical cell comprising:
a cylindrical housing having a height larger than a diameter; an aqueous alkaline electrolyte; a positive electrode having a nominal voltage of 1.5 volts and an active material including manganese dioxide; and a negative electrode comprising particulate zinc and a gelling agent mixture, said gelling agent mixture comprising at least two components having a predetermined difference in resistivity, said resistivity being measured for each component prior to being mixed or provided to the cell. 2. A cell according to claim 1, wherein the difference in resistivity between the components is between 2% and 15%, as expressed as a function of the component having the lower resistivity. 3. A cell according to claim 2, wherein both components are cross-linked polyacrylate polymers. 4. A cell according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the components comprises a cross-linked polyacrylate polymer. 5. A cell according to claim 1, wherein both components are cross-linked polyacrylate polymers. 6. A cell according to claim 1, wherein at least one component is formed utilizing a benzene solvent. 7. A cell according to claim 1, wherein at least one component is formed utilizing a benzene-free solvent. 8. A cell according to claim 6, wherein at least one component is formed utilizing a benzene-free solvent. 9. A cell according to claim 1, wherein the at least two components are blended in a ratio between 10:90 and 50:50 by volume. 10. A method for making an alkaline battery comprising:
selecting a first gelling agent having a first resistivity; selecting a second gelling agent having a second resistivity that is different from the first resistivity; mixing the first and second gelling agents with particulate zinc to create a negative electrode mixture; providing an aqueous alkaline electrolyte to create a cross-linked negative electrode; and providing a positive electrode comprising manganese dioxide and disposing the positive electrode and the negative electrode in a cylindrical housing to form a battery. 11. A method according to claim 10, wherein the first resistivity is between 2% and 15% in comparison to the second resistivity. 12. A method according to claim 11, wherein the first gelling agent is a cross-linked polyacrylate polymer. 13. A method according to claim 10, wherein the first and second gelling agents are cross-linked polyacrylate polymers. 14. A method according to claim 10, wherein the first and second gelling agents are blended together prior to mixing with the particulate zinc. 15. A method according to claim 14, wherein the first and second gelling agents are cross-linked polyacrylate polymers. 16. An electrochemical cell comprising:
a cylindrical housing having a height larger than a diameter; an aqueous alkaline electrolyte comprising potassium hydroxide; a positive electrode having a nominal voltage of 1.5 volts and an active material comprising manganese dioxide; a negative electrode having particulate zinc and a gelling agent mixture, said gelling agent mixture comprising a first gelling agent consisting essentially of a cross-linked polyacrylate polymer provided between 10 wt. % and 50 wt. % of the mixture and a second gelling agent consisting essentially of a cross-linked polyacrylate polymer provided between 50 wt. % and 90 wt. % of the mixture; and wherein a difference in resistivity of the first gelling agent and the second gelling agent is between about 2% and 15%, said difference in resistivity being measured individually for the first gelling agent and the second gelling agent prior to being mixed and provided to the cell and with the difference expressed as a function of the gelling agent with lesser resistivity. 17. The cell according to claim 16, wherein the aqueous alkaline electrolyte has a potassium hydroxide concentration of about 26% and the difference in resistivity of the first gelling agent and the second gelling agent is between about 9% and 15%. 18. The cell according to claim 16, wherein the aqueous alkaline electrolyte has a potassium hydroxide concentration of about 30% and the difference in resistivity of the first gelling agent and the second gelling agent is between about 6% and 12%. 19. The cell according to claim 16, wherein the aqueous alkaline electrolyte has a potassium hydroxide concentration of about 33% and the difference in resistivity of the first gelling agent and the second gelling agent is between about 2% and 8%. 20. The cell according to claim 16, wherein the first and second gelling agents, upon individual thermogravimetric analysis prior to mixing and between ambient temperature and 600 degrees Celsius, have similarly-shaped thermogravimetric curves with about 5% or less difference between observed data points at any given temperature on the curves. | An improved method for manufacturing alkaline (e.g., zinc-manganese dioxide) electrochemical cells and a corresponding anode formulation are disclosed. In particular, zinc and a mixture of gelling agents are employed to better control the manufacturing conditions and to improve the overall performance of the resulting battery. The gelling agents are selected to have differences in resistivity, viscosity and polymerization/cross-linking. The zinc may be of any type, as is known in the art.1. An electrochemical cell comprising:
a cylindrical housing having a height larger than a diameter; an aqueous alkaline electrolyte; a positive electrode having a nominal voltage of 1.5 volts and an active material including manganese dioxide; and a negative electrode comprising particulate zinc and a gelling agent mixture, said gelling agent mixture comprising at least two components having a predetermined difference in resistivity, said resistivity being measured for each component prior to being mixed or provided to the cell. 2. A cell according to claim 1, wherein the difference in resistivity between the components is between 2% and 15%, as expressed as a function of the component having the lower resistivity. 3. A cell according to claim 2, wherein both components are cross-linked polyacrylate polymers. 4. A cell according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the components comprises a cross-linked polyacrylate polymer. 5. A cell according to claim 1, wherein both components are cross-linked polyacrylate polymers. 6. A cell according to claim 1, wherein at least one component is formed utilizing a benzene solvent. 7. A cell according to claim 1, wherein at least one component is formed utilizing a benzene-free solvent. 8. A cell according to claim 6, wherein at least one component is formed utilizing a benzene-free solvent. 9. A cell according to claim 1, wherein the at least two components are blended in a ratio between 10:90 and 50:50 by volume. 10. A method for making an alkaline battery comprising:
selecting a first gelling agent having a first resistivity; selecting a second gelling agent having a second resistivity that is different from the first resistivity; mixing the first and second gelling agents with particulate zinc to create a negative electrode mixture; providing an aqueous alkaline electrolyte to create a cross-linked negative electrode; and providing a positive electrode comprising manganese dioxide and disposing the positive electrode and the negative electrode in a cylindrical housing to form a battery. 11. A method according to claim 10, wherein the first resistivity is between 2% and 15% in comparison to the second resistivity. 12. A method according to claim 11, wherein the first gelling agent is a cross-linked polyacrylate polymer. 13. A method according to claim 10, wherein the first and second gelling agents are cross-linked polyacrylate polymers. 14. A method according to claim 10, wherein the first and second gelling agents are blended together prior to mixing with the particulate zinc. 15. A method according to claim 14, wherein the first and second gelling agents are cross-linked polyacrylate polymers. 16. An electrochemical cell comprising:
a cylindrical housing having a height larger than a diameter; an aqueous alkaline electrolyte comprising potassium hydroxide; a positive electrode having a nominal voltage of 1.5 volts and an active material comprising manganese dioxide; a negative electrode having particulate zinc and a gelling agent mixture, said gelling agent mixture comprising a first gelling agent consisting essentially of a cross-linked polyacrylate polymer provided between 10 wt. % and 50 wt. % of the mixture and a second gelling agent consisting essentially of a cross-linked polyacrylate polymer provided between 50 wt. % and 90 wt. % of the mixture; and wherein a difference in resistivity of the first gelling agent and the second gelling agent is between about 2% and 15%, said difference in resistivity being measured individually for the first gelling agent and the second gelling agent prior to being mixed and provided to the cell and with the difference expressed as a function of the gelling agent with lesser resistivity. 17. The cell according to claim 16, wherein the aqueous alkaline electrolyte has a potassium hydroxide concentration of about 26% and the difference in resistivity of the first gelling agent and the second gelling agent is between about 9% and 15%. 18. The cell according to claim 16, wherein the aqueous alkaline electrolyte has a potassium hydroxide concentration of about 30% and the difference in resistivity of the first gelling agent and the second gelling agent is between about 6% and 12%. 19. The cell according to claim 16, wherein the aqueous alkaline electrolyte has a potassium hydroxide concentration of about 33% and the difference in resistivity of the first gelling agent and the second gelling agent is between about 2% and 8%. 20. The cell according to claim 16, wherein the first and second gelling agents, upon individual thermogravimetric analysis prior to mixing and between ambient temperature and 600 degrees Celsius, have similarly-shaped thermogravimetric curves with about 5% or less difference between observed data points at any given temperature on the curves. | 1,700 |
3,655 | 15,432,439 | 1,771 | A sliding member includes a back metal layer and a sliding layer on the back metal layer. The sliding layer includes a synthetic resin matrix and graphite particles dispersed in the matrix in a volume ratio of 5-50% of that of the sliding layer. The graphite particles are composed of spheroidal and flake-like particles. The flake-like particles have a volume ratio of 10-40% of total graphite particles. The spheroidal particles have a cross-sectional structure with a plurality of AB planes of a graphite crystal laminated along a curved particle surface, from the surface toward a center direction. The flake-like graphite particles have a cross-sectional structure with the plurality of AB planes laminated in a thickness direction of the thin plate shape. The spheroidal particles have an average particle size of 3-50 μm, and the flake-like graphite particles have an average particle size of 1-25 μm. | 1. A sliding member comprising:
a back metal layer; and a sliding layer on the back metal layer, the sliding layer comprising a synthetic resin matrix and graphite particles dispersed in the matrix, the graphite particles having a volume ratio of 5 to 50% of a volume of the sliding layer, wherein the graphite particles are composed of spheroidal graphite particles and flake-like graphite particles having a thin plate shape, the flake-like graphite particles having a volume ratio of 10 to 40% of a total volume of the graphite particles, wherein the spheroidal graphite particles have a cross-sectional structure with a plurality of AB planes of a graphite crystal being laminated along a curved particle surface, from the particle surface toward a center direction, wherein the flake-like graphite particles have a cross-sectional structure with the plurality of AB planes being laminated in a thickness direction of the thin plate shape, and wherein the spheroidal graphite particles have an average particle size of 3 to 50 μm, and the flake-like graphite particles have an average particle size of 1 to 25 μm. 2. The sliding member according to claim 1, wherein the spheroidal graphite particles have an average aspect ratio of 1.5 to 4.5. 3. The sliding member according to claim 1, wherein the flake graphite particles have an average aspect ratio of 5 to 10, and
wherein an anisotropic dispersion index of the flake-like graphite particles is not less than 3, the anisotropic dispersion index being defined as an average value of a ratio X1/Y1 of each of the flake-like graphite particles, where X1 is defined as a length of a flake graphite particle in a direction parallel to a sliding surface when viewed in a cross-sectional structure perpendicular to the sliding surface of the sliding layer, and Y1 is defined as a length of the flake graphite particle in a direction perpendicular to the sliding surface when viewed in the cross-sectional structure perpendicular to the sliding surface of the sliding layer. 4. The sliding member according to claim 1, wherein the synthetic resin matrix is made of one or more synthetic resins selected from a group consisting of PAI, PI, PBI, PA, phenol, epoxy, POM, PEEK, PE, PPS and PEI. 5. The sliding member according to claim 1, wherein the sliding layer further comprises 1 to 20 volume % of one or more solid lubricants selected from a group consisting of MoS2, WS2, h-BN and PTFE. 6. The sliding member according to claim 1, wherein the sliding layer further comprises 1 to 10 volume % of one or more fillers selected from a group consisting of CaF2, CaCO3, talc, mica, mullite, iron oxide, calcium phosphate and Mo2C. 7. The sliding member according to claim 1, further comprising a porous metal layer between the back metal layer and the sliding layer. | A sliding member includes a back metal layer and a sliding layer on the back metal layer. The sliding layer includes a synthetic resin matrix and graphite particles dispersed in the matrix in a volume ratio of 5-50% of that of the sliding layer. The graphite particles are composed of spheroidal and flake-like particles. The flake-like particles have a volume ratio of 10-40% of total graphite particles. The spheroidal particles have a cross-sectional structure with a plurality of AB planes of a graphite crystal laminated along a curved particle surface, from the surface toward a center direction. The flake-like graphite particles have a cross-sectional structure with the plurality of AB planes laminated in a thickness direction of the thin plate shape. The spheroidal particles have an average particle size of 3-50 μm, and the flake-like graphite particles have an average particle size of 1-25 μm.1. A sliding member comprising:
a back metal layer; and a sliding layer on the back metal layer, the sliding layer comprising a synthetic resin matrix and graphite particles dispersed in the matrix, the graphite particles having a volume ratio of 5 to 50% of a volume of the sliding layer, wherein the graphite particles are composed of spheroidal graphite particles and flake-like graphite particles having a thin plate shape, the flake-like graphite particles having a volume ratio of 10 to 40% of a total volume of the graphite particles, wherein the spheroidal graphite particles have a cross-sectional structure with a plurality of AB planes of a graphite crystal being laminated along a curved particle surface, from the particle surface toward a center direction, wherein the flake-like graphite particles have a cross-sectional structure with the plurality of AB planes being laminated in a thickness direction of the thin plate shape, and wherein the spheroidal graphite particles have an average particle size of 3 to 50 μm, and the flake-like graphite particles have an average particle size of 1 to 25 μm. 2. The sliding member according to claim 1, wherein the spheroidal graphite particles have an average aspect ratio of 1.5 to 4.5. 3. The sliding member according to claim 1, wherein the flake graphite particles have an average aspect ratio of 5 to 10, and
wherein an anisotropic dispersion index of the flake-like graphite particles is not less than 3, the anisotropic dispersion index being defined as an average value of a ratio X1/Y1 of each of the flake-like graphite particles, where X1 is defined as a length of a flake graphite particle in a direction parallel to a sliding surface when viewed in a cross-sectional structure perpendicular to the sliding surface of the sliding layer, and Y1 is defined as a length of the flake graphite particle in a direction perpendicular to the sliding surface when viewed in the cross-sectional structure perpendicular to the sliding surface of the sliding layer. 4. The sliding member according to claim 1, wherein the synthetic resin matrix is made of one or more synthetic resins selected from a group consisting of PAI, PI, PBI, PA, phenol, epoxy, POM, PEEK, PE, PPS and PEI. 5. The sliding member according to claim 1, wherein the sliding layer further comprises 1 to 20 volume % of one or more solid lubricants selected from a group consisting of MoS2, WS2, h-BN and PTFE. 6. The sliding member according to claim 1, wherein the sliding layer further comprises 1 to 10 volume % of one or more fillers selected from a group consisting of CaF2, CaCO3, talc, mica, mullite, iron oxide, calcium phosphate and Mo2C. 7. The sliding member according to claim 1, further comprising a porous metal layer between the back metal layer and the sliding layer. | 1,700 |
3,656 | 15,432,403 | 1,761 | A detergent pouch may be made from a dissolvable paper which completely dissolves upon contact with liquid water thereby releasing the detergent contained within the pouch. The dissolvable paper may be a Cellulose gum such as Carboxymethyl Cellulose. The dissolvable paper is free from any coloring, dyes, impurities and other toxins. The detergent may be laundry detergent such as Sodium Carbonate, C12-15 Pareth-2, and Sodium Metasilicate which is free from any fillers, perfumes, coloring agents, or brighteners. The paper pouch and the powder detergent may be safe for septic wastewater treatment systems, biodegradable, and hypoallergenic. The paper pouch may be non-toxic. | 1. A pouch comprising:
a paper pouch and a powder detergent sealed within the paper pouch wherein the paper pouch dissolves upon contact with liquid water thereby releasing the powder detergent. 2. The pouch of claim 1 wherein the paper pouch is made from a Cellulose gum. 3. The pouch of claim 2 wherein the Cellulose gum is Carboxymethyl Cellulose. 4. The pouch of claim 3 wherein the Carboxymethyl Cellulose has a plain white color and is characterized by an absence of any other color. 5. The pouch of claim 4 wherein the powder detergent is a laundry detergent for cleaning fabric, wherein the laundry detergent comprises Sodium Carbonate, C12-15 Pareth-2, and Sodium Metasilicate. 6. The pouch of claim 4 wherein the powder detergent is a dishwashing detergent for cleaning pots, pans, dishes, and other kitchen utensils. 7. The pouch of claim 4 wherein the pouch is produced on a form/fill machine. 8. The pouch of claim 5 wherein the pouch is characterized by a lack of any fillers other than the powder detergent itself and the powder detergent is characterized by a lack of any perfumes, any coloring agents, and any brighteners. 9. The pouch of claim 8 wherein the paper pouch and the powder detergent is safe for septic wastewater treatment systems, biodegradable, and hypoallergenic. 10. The pouch of claim 8 wherein the paper pouch is non-toxic. 11. A method of detoxifying a load of fabric comprising:
a. providing plurality of pouches wherein each pouch comprises a paper pouch and a powder detergent sealed within the paper pouch and wherein the paper pouch dissolves upon contact with liquid water thereby releasing the powder detergent; b. cleaning the washing machine by placing a quantity of rags into a washing machine, placing one of the pouches into the washing machine, and operating the washing machine; c. selecting the load of fabric to detoxify, placing the load of fabric into the washing machine, placing one of the pouches into the washing machine, and operating the washing machine; d. placing one of the pouches into the washing machine after the washing machine has washed the fabric in step c above, and operating the washing machine; e. placing one of the pouches into the washing machine after the washing machine has washed the fabric in step d. above, and operating the washing machine; and f. removing the detoxified fabric from the washing machine. 12. The method of detoxifying a load of fabric of claim 11 wherein the paper pouch is made from a Cellulose gum. 13. The method of detoxifying a load of fabric of claim 12 wherein the Cellulose gum is Carboxymethyl Cellulose. 14. The method of detoxifying a load of fabric of claim 13 wherein the Carboxymethyl Cellulose has a plain white color and is characterized by an absence of any other color. 15. The method of detoxifying a load of fabric of claim 14 wherein the powder detergent is a laundry detergent for cleaning fabric, wherein the laundry detergent comprises Sodium Carbonate, C12-15 Pareth-2, and Sodium Metasilicate. 16. The method of detoxifying a load of fabric of claim 15 wherein the pouch is produced on a form/fill machine. 17. The method of detoxifying a load of fabric of claim 16 wherein the pouch is characterized by a lack of any fillers other than the powder detergent itself and the powder detergent is characterized by a lack of any perfumes, any coloring agents, and any brighteners. 18. The method of detoxifying a load of fabric of claim 17 wherein the paper pouch and the powder detergent is safe for septic wastewater treatment systems, biodegradable, and hypoallergenic. 19. The method of detoxifying a load of fabric of claim 18 wherein the paper pouch is non-toxic. | A detergent pouch may be made from a dissolvable paper which completely dissolves upon contact with liquid water thereby releasing the detergent contained within the pouch. The dissolvable paper may be a Cellulose gum such as Carboxymethyl Cellulose. The dissolvable paper is free from any coloring, dyes, impurities and other toxins. The detergent may be laundry detergent such as Sodium Carbonate, C12-15 Pareth-2, and Sodium Metasilicate which is free from any fillers, perfumes, coloring agents, or brighteners. The paper pouch and the powder detergent may be safe for septic wastewater treatment systems, biodegradable, and hypoallergenic. The paper pouch may be non-toxic.1. A pouch comprising:
a paper pouch and a powder detergent sealed within the paper pouch wherein the paper pouch dissolves upon contact with liquid water thereby releasing the powder detergent. 2. The pouch of claim 1 wherein the paper pouch is made from a Cellulose gum. 3. The pouch of claim 2 wherein the Cellulose gum is Carboxymethyl Cellulose. 4. The pouch of claim 3 wherein the Carboxymethyl Cellulose has a plain white color and is characterized by an absence of any other color. 5. The pouch of claim 4 wherein the powder detergent is a laundry detergent for cleaning fabric, wherein the laundry detergent comprises Sodium Carbonate, C12-15 Pareth-2, and Sodium Metasilicate. 6. The pouch of claim 4 wherein the powder detergent is a dishwashing detergent for cleaning pots, pans, dishes, and other kitchen utensils. 7. The pouch of claim 4 wherein the pouch is produced on a form/fill machine. 8. The pouch of claim 5 wherein the pouch is characterized by a lack of any fillers other than the powder detergent itself and the powder detergent is characterized by a lack of any perfumes, any coloring agents, and any brighteners. 9. The pouch of claim 8 wherein the paper pouch and the powder detergent is safe for septic wastewater treatment systems, biodegradable, and hypoallergenic. 10. The pouch of claim 8 wherein the paper pouch is non-toxic. 11. A method of detoxifying a load of fabric comprising:
a. providing plurality of pouches wherein each pouch comprises a paper pouch and a powder detergent sealed within the paper pouch and wherein the paper pouch dissolves upon contact with liquid water thereby releasing the powder detergent; b. cleaning the washing machine by placing a quantity of rags into a washing machine, placing one of the pouches into the washing machine, and operating the washing machine; c. selecting the load of fabric to detoxify, placing the load of fabric into the washing machine, placing one of the pouches into the washing machine, and operating the washing machine; d. placing one of the pouches into the washing machine after the washing machine has washed the fabric in step c above, and operating the washing machine; e. placing one of the pouches into the washing machine after the washing machine has washed the fabric in step d. above, and operating the washing machine; and f. removing the detoxified fabric from the washing machine. 12. The method of detoxifying a load of fabric of claim 11 wherein the paper pouch is made from a Cellulose gum. 13. The method of detoxifying a load of fabric of claim 12 wherein the Cellulose gum is Carboxymethyl Cellulose. 14. The method of detoxifying a load of fabric of claim 13 wherein the Carboxymethyl Cellulose has a plain white color and is characterized by an absence of any other color. 15. The method of detoxifying a load of fabric of claim 14 wherein the powder detergent is a laundry detergent for cleaning fabric, wherein the laundry detergent comprises Sodium Carbonate, C12-15 Pareth-2, and Sodium Metasilicate. 16. The method of detoxifying a load of fabric of claim 15 wherein the pouch is produced on a form/fill machine. 17. The method of detoxifying a load of fabric of claim 16 wherein the pouch is characterized by a lack of any fillers other than the powder detergent itself and the powder detergent is characterized by a lack of any perfumes, any coloring agents, and any brighteners. 18. The method of detoxifying a load of fabric of claim 17 wherein the paper pouch and the powder detergent is safe for septic wastewater treatment systems, biodegradable, and hypoallergenic. 19. The method of detoxifying a load of fabric of claim 18 wherein the paper pouch is non-toxic. | 1,700 |
3,657 | 15,050,532 | 1,735 | A die casting system includes a die having a plurality of die elements that define a die cavity. A charge of material is received in the die cavity. The charge of material comprises a refractory metal intermetallic composite based material system. A die casting method includes casting a component from the refractory metal intermetallic composite based material system. | 1. A method of die casting a component, comprising:
injecting a refractory metal intermetallic composite based material system into a die cavity of a die of a die casting system. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the refractory metal intermetallic composite based material system includes molybdenum di-silicide (MoSi2). 3. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the refractory metal intermetallic composite based material system includes Nb5Si3+NbO+SiO2. 4. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the refractory metal intermetallic composite based material system includes NbSi2+Nb5Si3+SiO2. 5. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the refractory metal intermetallic composite based material system includes TaSi2+Ta5Si3+SiO2. 6. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the refractory metal intermetallic composite based material system includes W5Si3+W+SiO2. 7. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the refractory metal intermetallic composite based material system includes WSi2+W5Si3+SiO2. 8. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the refractory metal intermetallic composite based material system includes a nickel aluminide based composite material. 9. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the refractory metal intermetallic composite based material system includes a titanium aluminide based composite material. 10. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the refractory metal intermetallic composite based material system includes a platinum aluminide based composite material. 11. The method as recited in claim 1, comprising heating the die prior to or during the injecting of the refractory metal intermetallic composite based material system. 12. The method as recited in claim 1, comprising cooling the die prior to or during the injecting of the refractory metal intermetallic composite based material system. 13. The method as recited in claim 1, comprising solidifying the refractory metal intermetallic composite based material system within the die cavity to form a gas turbine engine airfoil. 14. The method as recited in claim 13, wherein the gas turbine engine airfoil includes an internal geometry that is cast into the airfoil. 15. The method as recited in claim 13, wherein the internal geometry defines a microcircuit cooling scheme. 16. A method of die casting a component, comprising:
pouring a charge of material into a shot tube of a die casting system, the charge of material comprising a refractory metal intermetallic composite based material system selected from the group consisting of a nickel aluminide based composite material, a titanium aluminide based composite material, and a platinum aluminide based composite material; injecting the charge of material into a die cavity of a die of the die casting system by actuating a shot tube plunger within the shot tube; and solidifying the charge of material within the die cavity to form a gas turbine engine component. 17. The method as recited in claim 16, wherein the gas turbine engine component includes an equiaxed structure having a randomly oriented grain structure. 18. The method as recited in claim 16, wherein the nickel aluminide based composite material includes a general composition of NiAl and Ni3Al. 19. The method as recited in claim 16, wherein the titanium aluminide based composite material includes a general composition of TiAl, TiAl2, and TiAl3. 20. The method as recited in claim 16, wherein the platinum aluminide based composite material includes a general composition of PtAl. | A die casting system includes a die having a plurality of die elements that define a die cavity. A charge of material is received in the die cavity. The charge of material comprises a refractory metal intermetallic composite based material system. A die casting method includes casting a component from the refractory metal intermetallic composite based material system.1. A method of die casting a component, comprising:
injecting a refractory metal intermetallic composite based material system into a die cavity of a die of a die casting system. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the refractory metal intermetallic composite based material system includes molybdenum di-silicide (MoSi2). 3. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the refractory metal intermetallic composite based material system includes Nb5Si3+NbO+SiO2. 4. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the refractory metal intermetallic composite based material system includes NbSi2+Nb5Si3+SiO2. 5. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the refractory metal intermetallic composite based material system includes TaSi2+Ta5Si3+SiO2. 6. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the refractory metal intermetallic composite based material system includes W5Si3+W+SiO2. 7. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the refractory metal intermetallic composite based material system includes WSi2+W5Si3+SiO2. 8. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the refractory metal intermetallic composite based material system includes a nickel aluminide based composite material. 9. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the refractory metal intermetallic composite based material system includes a titanium aluminide based composite material. 10. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the refractory metal intermetallic composite based material system includes a platinum aluminide based composite material. 11. The method as recited in claim 1, comprising heating the die prior to or during the injecting of the refractory metal intermetallic composite based material system. 12. The method as recited in claim 1, comprising cooling the die prior to or during the injecting of the refractory metal intermetallic composite based material system. 13. The method as recited in claim 1, comprising solidifying the refractory metal intermetallic composite based material system within the die cavity to form a gas turbine engine airfoil. 14. The method as recited in claim 13, wherein the gas turbine engine airfoil includes an internal geometry that is cast into the airfoil. 15. The method as recited in claim 13, wherein the internal geometry defines a microcircuit cooling scheme. 16. A method of die casting a component, comprising:
pouring a charge of material into a shot tube of a die casting system, the charge of material comprising a refractory metal intermetallic composite based material system selected from the group consisting of a nickel aluminide based composite material, a titanium aluminide based composite material, and a platinum aluminide based composite material; injecting the charge of material into a die cavity of a die of the die casting system by actuating a shot tube plunger within the shot tube; and solidifying the charge of material within the die cavity to form a gas turbine engine component. 17. The method as recited in claim 16, wherein the gas turbine engine component includes an equiaxed structure having a randomly oriented grain structure. 18. The method as recited in claim 16, wherein the nickel aluminide based composite material includes a general composition of NiAl and Ni3Al. 19. The method as recited in claim 16, wherein the titanium aluminide based composite material includes a general composition of TiAl, TiAl2, and TiAl3. 20. The method as recited in claim 16, wherein the platinum aluminide based composite material includes a general composition of PtAl. | 1,700 |
3,658 | 14,979,717 | 1,793 | Disclosed are substantially clear nutritional liquids which include protein and are substantially free of vitamin C. The liquids have a pH of from about 2.8 to about 4.6 and may be manufactured as a hot fill product. The substantially clear nutritional liquids may include malic acid and have a lesser amount of citric acid or otherwise be substantially free of citric acid. The substantially clear nutritional liquids may also be substantially free of fat. | 1. A substantially clear liquid nutritional composition having a pH of less than or equal to 4.6, said substantially clear liquid nutritional composition comprising:
at least one source of protein, and at least one of a vitamin and a mineral, wherein a total protein content is 1 wt % to 10 wt % of a serving of said substantially clear liquid nutritional composition, wherein said substantially clear liquid nutritional composition is substantially free of fat, and wherein said substantially clear liquid nutritional composition is substantially free of vitamin C. 2. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein the total protein content of a serving of said substantially clear liquid nutritional composition is from 2 g to 8 g. 3. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein the total protein content of a serving of said substantially clear liquid nutritional composition is approximately 8 g. 4. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein said at least one source of protein comprises whey protein. 5. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 4, wherein said whey protein is selected from the group consisting of whey protein isolate, whey protein concentrate, hydrolyzed whey protein, and combinations thereof. 6. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein the total protein content of a serving of said substantially clear liquid nutritional composition is provided by whey protein. 7. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein whey protein comprises from 1 wt % to 10 wt % of said substantially clear liquid nutritional composition. 8. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein the total protein content of a serving of said substantially clear liquid nutritional composition comprises from 65 wt % to 100 wt % soluble protein. 9. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein said substantially clear liquid nutritional composition comprises a plurality of vitamins. 10. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 9, wherein said plurality of vitamins is selected from the group consisting of: Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin K, Riboflavin, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin E, Thiamin, Niacin, Folic Acid, Biotin, and combinations thereof. 11. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein said substantially clear liquid nutritional composition comprises a plurality of minerals. 12. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 11, wherein said plurality of minerals is selected from the group consisting of: Calcium, Iodine, Zinc, Copper, Chromium, Iron, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Selenium, Manganese, Molybdenum, and combinations thereof. 13. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein said substantially clear liquid nutritional composition comprises a plurality of vitamins and a plurality of minerals. 14. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein said pH is between 2 and 4.6. 15. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein said pH is between 2.8 and 3.4. 16. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 1, further comprising an acidulant. 17. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 16, wherein said acidulant is selected from the group consisting of: citric acid, malic acid, phosphoric acid, and combinations thereof. 18. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 16, wherein said substantially clear liquid nutritional composition comprises malic acid and is substantially free of citric acid. 19. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one source of carbohydrate. 20. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 19, wherein said at least one source of carbohydrate is selected from the group consisting of: sucrose, maltodextrin, corn syrup solids, maltodextrin, sucromalt, maltitol powder, glycerine, glucose polymers, corn syrup, modified starches, resistant starches, rice-derived carbohydrates, isomaltulose, white sugar, glucose, fructose, lactose, high fructose corn syrup, honey, sugar alcohols, fructooligosaccharides, soy fiber, corn fiber, guar gum, konjac flour, polydextrose, Fibersol, and combinations thereof. 21. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one ingredient selected from the group consisting of natural flavors, artificial flavors, natural colorants, artificial colorants, natural sweeteners, artificial sweeteners, and combinations thereof. 22. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one high intensity sweetener. 23. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 22, wherein said at least one high intensity sweetener is selected from the group consisting of: sucralose, stevia, monk fruit, acesulfame potassium, and combinations thereof. 24. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein said substantially clear liquid nutritional composition comprises less than 1 wt % of fat. 25. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein said substantially clear liquid nutritional composition is shelf stable. | Disclosed are substantially clear nutritional liquids which include protein and are substantially free of vitamin C. The liquids have a pH of from about 2.8 to about 4.6 and may be manufactured as a hot fill product. The substantially clear nutritional liquids may include malic acid and have a lesser amount of citric acid or otherwise be substantially free of citric acid. The substantially clear nutritional liquids may also be substantially free of fat.1. A substantially clear liquid nutritional composition having a pH of less than or equal to 4.6, said substantially clear liquid nutritional composition comprising:
at least one source of protein, and at least one of a vitamin and a mineral, wherein a total protein content is 1 wt % to 10 wt % of a serving of said substantially clear liquid nutritional composition, wherein said substantially clear liquid nutritional composition is substantially free of fat, and wherein said substantially clear liquid nutritional composition is substantially free of vitamin C. 2. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein the total protein content of a serving of said substantially clear liquid nutritional composition is from 2 g to 8 g. 3. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein the total protein content of a serving of said substantially clear liquid nutritional composition is approximately 8 g. 4. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein said at least one source of protein comprises whey protein. 5. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 4, wherein said whey protein is selected from the group consisting of whey protein isolate, whey protein concentrate, hydrolyzed whey protein, and combinations thereof. 6. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein the total protein content of a serving of said substantially clear liquid nutritional composition is provided by whey protein. 7. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein whey protein comprises from 1 wt % to 10 wt % of said substantially clear liquid nutritional composition. 8. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein the total protein content of a serving of said substantially clear liquid nutritional composition comprises from 65 wt % to 100 wt % soluble protein. 9. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein said substantially clear liquid nutritional composition comprises a plurality of vitamins. 10. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 9, wherein said plurality of vitamins is selected from the group consisting of: Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin K, Riboflavin, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin E, Thiamin, Niacin, Folic Acid, Biotin, and combinations thereof. 11. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein said substantially clear liquid nutritional composition comprises a plurality of minerals. 12. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 11, wherein said plurality of minerals is selected from the group consisting of: Calcium, Iodine, Zinc, Copper, Chromium, Iron, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Selenium, Manganese, Molybdenum, and combinations thereof. 13. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein said substantially clear liquid nutritional composition comprises a plurality of vitamins and a plurality of minerals. 14. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein said pH is between 2 and 4.6. 15. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein said pH is between 2.8 and 3.4. 16. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 1, further comprising an acidulant. 17. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 16, wherein said acidulant is selected from the group consisting of: citric acid, malic acid, phosphoric acid, and combinations thereof. 18. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 16, wherein said substantially clear liquid nutritional composition comprises malic acid and is substantially free of citric acid. 19. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one source of carbohydrate. 20. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 19, wherein said at least one source of carbohydrate is selected from the group consisting of: sucrose, maltodextrin, corn syrup solids, maltodextrin, sucromalt, maltitol powder, glycerine, glucose polymers, corn syrup, modified starches, resistant starches, rice-derived carbohydrates, isomaltulose, white sugar, glucose, fructose, lactose, high fructose corn syrup, honey, sugar alcohols, fructooligosaccharides, soy fiber, corn fiber, guar gum, konjac flour, polydextrose, Fibersol, and combinations thereof. 21. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one ingredient selected from the group consisting of natural flavors, artificial flavors, natural colorants, artificial colorants, natural sweeteners, artificial sweeteners, and combinations thereof. 22. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one high intensity sweetener. 23. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 22, wherein said at least one high intensity sweetener is selected from the group consisting of: sucralose, stevia, monk fruit, acesulfame potassium, and combinations thereof. 24. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein said substantially clear liquid nutritional composition comprises less than 1 wt % of fat. 25. The substantially clear liquid nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein said substantially clear liquid nutritional composition is shelf stable. | 1,700 |
3,659 | 14,786,583 | 1,792 | The present invention provides an apparatus for coating an edible receptacle the apparatus comprising a nozzle for applying a fat-based coating material to the internal surface of the edible receptacle and a gas-dosing element with an external surface shape corresponding to the internal shape of the edible receptacle wherein the gas dosing element has at least one aperture suitable for the introduction of cooled gas into the edible receptacle. The invention also provides a process for manufacturing a coated edible receptacle for a frozen confection comprising the steps of: providing an edible receptacle; at least partially coating the internal surface of the edible receptacle by spraying a fat-based coating onto the internal surface of the edible receptacle; and introducing a gas-dosing element into the edible receptacle, wherein the gas-dosing element has an external surface shape corresponding to the internal shape of the edible receptacle and wherein cooled gas is introduced into the edible receptacle through the gas-dosing element and wherein the gas dosing element does not come into contact with the fat-based coating. | 1. An apparatus for coating an edible receptacle, the apparatus comprising a nozzle for applying a fat-based coating material to the internal surface of the edible receptacle and a gas-dosing element with an external surface shape corresponding to the internal shape of the edible receptacle wherein the gas dosing element has at least one aperture suitable for the introduction of cooled gas into the edible receptacle. 2. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the aperture is in gas communication with a source of cooled gas. 3. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the cooled gas is at a temperature of from −20° C. to −200° C. 4. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the cooled gas is nitrogen or a noble gas. 5. A process for manufacturing a coated edible receptacle for a frozen confection comprising the steps of:
providing an edible receptacle, at least partially coating the internal surface of the edible receptacle by spraying a fat-based coating onto the internal surface of the edible receptacle, and introducing a gas-dosing element into the edible receptacle wherein the gas-dosing element has an external surface shape corresponding to the internal shape of the edible receptacle and wherein cooled gas is introduced into the edible receptacle through at least one aperture in the gas-dosing element and wherein the gas dosing element does not come into contact with the fat-based coating. 6. A process according to claim 5 wherein the cooled gas is at a temperature of from −20° C. to −200° C. 7. A process according to claim 5 wherein the edible receptacle is a wafer-based edible receptacle. 8. A process according to claim 5 wherein the edible receptacle is a cone. 9. A process according to claim 5 wherein the edible receptacle is coated with fat-based coating in a total amount of from 2 to 12 g. 10. A process according to claim 5 wherein the weight ratio of the total amount of the fat-based coating relative to the edible receptacle is from 5:1 to 1:5. 11. A process according to claim 5 wherein the fat-based coating is selected from the group comprising of chocolate, chocolate-based compositions, chocolate analogues, and couvertures. 12. A process according to claim 5 wherein the melting point of the fat-based coating is from 20° C. to 50° C. 13. A process according to claim 5 wherein the thickness of the final fat-based coating on the coated edible receptacle is from 0.5 mm to 5 mm. 14. A method for prolonging the crispness of an edible receptacle for a frozen confection, the method comprising the steps of:
providing an edible receptacle, at least partially coating the edible receptacle by spraying a fat-based coating onto the internal surface of the edible receptacle, and then introducing cooled gas into the edible receptacle through a gas-dosing element having at least one aperture suitable for the introduction of cooled gas into the edible receptacle and an external surface shape corresponding to the internal shape of the edible receptacle. | The present invention provides an apparatus for coating an edible receptacle the apparatus comprising a nozzle for applying a fat-based coating material to the internal surface of the edible receptacle and a gas-dosing element with an external surface shape corresponding to the internal shape of the edible receptacle wherein the gas dosing element has at least one aperture suitable for the introduction of cooled gas into the edible receptacle. The invention also provides a process for manufacturing a coated edible receptacle for a frozen confection comprising the steps of: providing an edible receptacle; at least partially coating the internal surface of the edible receptacle by spraying a fat-based coating onto the internal surface of the edible receptacle; and introducing a gas-dosing element into the edible receptacle, wherein the gas-dosing element has an external surface shape corresponding to the internal shape of the edible receptacle and wherein cooled gas is introduced into the edible receptacle through the gas-dosing element and wherein the gas dosing element does not come into contact with the fat-based coating.1. An apparatus for coating an edible receptacle, the apparatus comprising a nozzle for applying a fat-based coating material to the internal surface of the edible receptacle and a gas-dosing element with an external surface shape corresponding to the internal shape of the edible receptacle wherein the gas dosing element has at least one aperture suitable for the introduction of cooled gas into the edible receptacle. 2. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the aperture is in gas communication with a source of cooled gas. 3. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the cooled gas is at a temperature of from −20° C. to −200° C. 4. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the cooled gas is nitrogen or a noble gas. 5. A process for manufacturing a coated edible receptacle for a frozen confection comprising the steps of:
providing an edible receptacle, at least partially coating the internal surface of the edible receptacle by spraying a fat-based coating onto the internal surface of the edible receptacle, and introducing a gas-dosing element into the edible receptacle wherein the gas-dosing element has an external surface shape corresponding to the internal shape of the edible receptacle and wherein cooled gas is introduced into the edible receptacle through at least one aperture in the gas-dosing element and wherein the gas dosing element does not come into contact with the fat-based coating. 6. A process according to claim 5 wherein the cooled gas is at a temperature of from −20° C. to −200° C. 7. A process according to claim 5 wherein the edible receptacle is a wafer-based edible receptacle. 8. A process according to claim 5 wherein the edible receptacle is a cone. 9. A process according to claim 5 wherein the edible receptacle is coated with fat-based coating in a total amount of from 2 to 12 g. 10. A process according to claim 5 wherein the weight ratio of the total amount of the fat-based coating relative to the edible receptacle is from 5:1 to 1:5. 11. A process according to claim 5 wherein the fat-based coating is selected from the group comprising of chocolate, chocolate-based compositions, chocolate analogues, and couvertures. 12. A process according to claim 5 wherein the melting point of the fat-based coating is from 20° C. to 50° C. 13. A process according to claim 5 wherein the thickness of the final fat-based coating on the coated edible receptacle is from 0.5 mm to 5 mm. 14. A method for prolonging the crispness of an edible receptacle for a frozen confection, the method comprising the steps of:
providing an edible receptacle, at least partially coating the edible receptacle by spraying a fat-based coating onto the internal surface of the edible receptacle, and then introducing cooled gas into the edible receptacle through a gas-dosing element having at least one aperture suitable for the introduction of cooled gas into the edible receptacle and an external surface shape corresponding to the internal shape of the edible receptacle. | 1,700 |
3,660 | 14,902,496 | 1,793 | An active-containing microparticle adapted to release the active in a desired end-use, comprising
(a) an active-containing core active-containing core, optionally formed on an inner core, comprising a continuous hydrophilic medium in which at least one active is dissolved or is present as? dispersed particles; (b) an active-free barrier layer, surrounding completely the core; and (c) surrounding the barrier layer, a layer of polymeric material having a solubility in water at 25° C. of 0.1% by weight maximum;
the barrier layer comprising a material selected from waxes, fats and materials suitable for use as the continuous hydrophilic medium of the core, and which is solid in the conditions of the desired end-use. The particles are useful, for example, for the delayed release of flavors in foods and beverages. | 1. An active-containing microparticle adapted to release the active in a desired end-use, comprising
(a) an active-containing core, optionally formed on an inner core, comprising a continuous hydrophilic medium in which at least one active is dissolved or is dispersed as particles; (b) an active-free barrier layer, surrounding completely the core matrix; and (c) surrounding the barrier layer, a layer of polymeric material having a solubility in water at 25° C. of 0.1% by weight maximum;
the barrier layer comprising a material selected from waxes, fats and materials suitable for use as the continuous hydrophilic medium of the core, and which is solid in the conditions of the desired end-use. 2. The microparticle according to claim 1, in which the continuous hydrophilic medium with dissolved or dispersed active constitutes the entire core. 3. The microparticle according to claim 1, in which the core comprises an inner core, on which the continuous hydrophilic medium with dissolved or dispersed active is deposited. 4. The microparticle according to claim 3, in which the inner core is selected from sugar, starch, food acid and cellulosic material, optionally particulate plant matter. 5. The microparticle according to claim 1, in which the core comprises an inner core that is liquid and optionally comprises an active, which may be the same as, or different from, the active in the continuous hydrophilic medium. 6. The microparticle according to claim 1, in which the active is a flavor. 7. The microparticle according to claim 1, in which the hydrophilic medium is selected from long chain polysaccharides, and short chain polysaccharides and substituted polysaccharides. 8. The microparticle according to claim 1, in which the barrier layer is selected from edible waxes and fats. 9. The microparticle according to claim 1 in which the polymeric material having a solubility in water at 25° C. of 0.1% by weight maximum is selected from ethyl cellulose, cellulose esters, cellulose ethers and shellac. 10. A consumable composition, comprising a consumable composition base and active-containing microparticles according to claim 1. 11. A method of providing appropriately-releasable active in a consumable composition environment subject to water and/or heating, comprising adding to the consumable composition active in microparticle form, the microparticle, comprising
(a) an active-containing core, optionally formed on an inner core, comprising a continuous hydrophilic medium in which at least one active is dissolved or dispersed particles; (b) an active-free barrier layer, surrounding completely the core; and (c) surrounding the barrier layer a layer of polymeric material having a solubility in water at 25° C. of 0.1% by weight maximum; the barrier layer comprising a material selected from waxes, fats and materials suitable for use as the continuous hydrophilic medium of the core, and which remains solid when subject to water and/or heating. | An active-containing microparticle adapted to release the active in a desired end-use, comprising
(a) an active-containing core active-containing core, optionally formed on an inner core, comprising a continuous hydrophilic medium in which at least one active is dissolved or is present as? dispersed particles; (b) an active-free barrier layer, surrounding completely the core; and (c) surrounding the barrier layer, a layer of polymeric material having a solubility in water at 25° C. of 0.1% by weight maximum;
the barrier layer comprising a material selected from waxes, fats and materials suitable for use as the continuous hydrophilic medium of the core, and which is solid in the conditions of the desired end-use. The particles are useful, for example, for the delayed release of flavors in foods and beverages.1. An active-containing microparticle adapted to release the active in a desired end-use, comprising
(a) an active-containing core, optionally formed on an inner core, comprising a continuous hydrophilic medium in which at least one active is dissolved or is dispersed as particles; (b) an active-free barrier layer, surrounding completely the core matrix; and (c) surrounding the barrier layer, a layer of polymeric material having a solubility in water at 25° C. of 0.1% by weight maximum;
the barrier layer comprising a material selected from waxes, fats and materials suitable for use as the continuous hydrophilic medium of the core, and which is solid in the conditions of the desired end-use. 2. The microparticle according to claim 1, in which the continuous hydrophilic medium with dissolved or dispersed active constitutes the entire core. 3. The microparticle according to claim 1, in which the core comprises an inner core, on which the continuous hydrophilic medium with dissolved or dispersed active is deposited. 4. The microparticle according to claim 3, in which the inner core is selected from sugar, starch, food acid and cellulosic material, optionally particulate plant matter. 5. The microparticle according to claim 1, in which the core comprises an inner core that is liquid and optionally comprises an active, which may be the same as, or different from, the active in the continuous hydrophilic medium. 6. The microparticle according to claim 1, in which the active is a flavor. 7. The microparticle according to claim 1, in which the hydrophilic medium is selected from long chain polysaccharides, and short chain polysaccharides and substituted polysaccharides. 8. The microparticle according to claim 1, in which the barrier layer is selected from edible waxes and fats. 9. The microparticle according to claim 1 in which the polymeric material having a solubility in water at 25° C. of 0.1% by weight maximum is selected from ethyl cellulose, cellulose esters, cellulose ethers and shellac. 10. A consumable composition, comprising a consumable composition base and active-containing microparticles according to claim 1. 11. A method of providing appropriately-releasable active in a consumable composition environment subject to water and/or heating, comprising adding to the consumable composition active in microparticle form, the microparticle, comprising
(a) an active-containing core, optionally formed on an inner core, comprising a continuous hydrophilic medium in which at least one active is dissolved or dispersed particles; (b) an active-free barrier layer, surrounding completely the core; and (c) surrounding the barrier layer a layer of polymeric material having a solubility in water at 25° C. of 0.1% by weight maximum; the barrier layer comprising a material selected from waxes, fats and materials suitable for use as the continuous hydrophilic medium of the core, and which remains solid when subject to water and/or heating. | 1,700 |
3,661 | 15,102,393 | 1,748 | A method of making nonwoven fibrous materials suitable for use in a pollution control device or as a firestop, where the method comprises: providing a first slurry comprising water, first inorganic fibers, a first organic binder, and a first neutral pH flocculent; removing first waste water from the first slurry; optionally forming a first nonwoven fibrous material from the first slurry; providing a second slurry comprising a quantity of the first waste water, an optional quantity of relatively clean water, second inorganic fibers, a second organic binder, and a second flocculent that is the same and/or a different flocculent than that used in the first slurry; and forming a second nonwoven fibrous material from the second slurry. The addition of the first waste water in the second slurry does not adversely affect the flocculation of the second organic binder in the second slurry. | 1. A method of making nonwoven fibrous materials suitable for use in a pollution control device or as a firestop, said method comprising:
providing a first slurry comprising water, first inorganic fibers, a first organic binder, and a first neutral pH flocculent, where the first slurry can be used to form a first nonwoven fibrous material suitable for use in a pollution control device or as a firestop; removing first waste water from the first slurry; optionally forming a first nonwoven fibrous material from the first slurry; providing a second slurry comprising a quantity of the first waste water, an optional quantity of relatively clean water, second inorganic fibers, a second organic binder, and a second flocculent that is the same and/or a different flocculent than that used in the first slurry; and forming a second nonwoven fibrous material from the second slurry, wherein the addition of the first waste water in the second slurry does not adversely affect the flocculation of the second organic binder in the second slurry, and the second nonwoven fibrous material is suitable for use in a pollution control device or as a firestop. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the second flocculent comprises a second neutral pH flocculent, which is the same as or a different flocculent than that used in the first slurry, and said method further comprises:
removing a quantity of a second waste water from the second slurry; providing a third slurry comprising a quantity of the second waste water, an optional quantity of relatively clean water, third inorganic fibers, a third organic binder, and a third neutral pH flocculent; and forming a third nonwoven fibrous material from the third slurry; wherein the addition of the second waste water in the third slurry does not adversely affect the flocculation of the third organic binder in the third slurry, and the third nonwoven fibrous material is suitable for use in a pollution control device or as a firestop. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein for each additional Nth slurry, said method further comprises:
providing an Nth slurry comprising a quantity of waste water removed from a previous slurry, an optional quantity of relatively clean water, Nth inorganic fibers, an Nth organic binder, and an Nth neutral pH flocculent; forming an Nth nonwoven fibrous material from the Nth slurry, wherein N is a whole number greater than or equal to 4, and the addition of the Nth−1 waste water in the Nth slurry does not adversely affect the flocculation of the Nth organic binder in the Nth slurry, and the Nth nonwoven fibrous material is suitable for use in a pollution control device or as a firestop. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the organic binder in at least one slurry comprises at least one polymer having anionic groups. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least one neutral pH flocculent comprises an organic polymer having cationic groups. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least one neutral pH flocculent comprises a metal cation. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least one slurry exhibits a pH in the range of from about 5.5 up to and including about 8.5. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein each slurry containing waste water has a total water content comprising in the range of from at least about 10%. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein said forming is a slurry molding process. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein each nonwoven fibrous material is in the form of an individually molded nonwoven fibrous material structure having a two-dimensional or three-dimensional shape. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least one nonwoven fibrous material is in the form of (a) at least one mounting mat operatively adapted for use in mounting a pollution control element in a pollution control device, (b) at least one end cone insulator operatively adapted for use in insulating an end cone region of a pollution control device, (c) at least one fire stop. 12. A nonwoven fibrous material made according to the method of claim 1. 13. A nonwoven fibrous material exhibiting a pH in the range of from about 5.5 up to and including about 8.5, when tested according to the Material pH Test. 14. A pollution control device comprising a housing, a pollution control element disposed within said housing; and a nonwoven fibrous material according to claim 13 disposed within said housing. 15. A firestop comprising said nonwoven fibrous material according to claim 13. 16. A slurry for making nonwoven fibrous materials, said slurry comprising:
a quantity of a first waste water removed from a first slurry comprising water, first inorganic fibers, a first organic binder, and a first neutral pH flocculent; an optional quantity of relatively clean water; second inorganic fibers; a second organic binder; and an optional second neutral pH flocculent, wherein the amount of first neutral pH flocculent present in the first slurry causes the first waste water to maintain a relatively neutral pH. 17. The slurry according to claim 16, wherein at least the first neutral pH flocculent comprises an organic polymer having cationic groups. 18. The slurry according to claim 16, wherein at least the first neutral pH flocculent further comprises a metal cation. 19. The slurry according to claim 16, wherein the flocculent is selected from the group consisting of Flocculent 1 to Flocculent 30, and any combination thereof. 20. The slurry according to claim 16, wherein each slurry exhibits a pH in the range of from about 5.5 up to and including about 8.5. 21. A nonwoven fibrous material formed using the slurry according to claim 16. | A method of making nonwoven fibrous materials suitable for use in a pollution control device or as a firestop, where the method comprises: providing a first slurry comprising water, first inorganic fibers, a first organic binder, and a first neutral pH flocculent; removing first waste water from the first slurry; optionally forming a first nonwoven fibrous material from the first slurry; providing a second slurry comprising a quantity of the first waste water, an optional quantity of relatively clean water, second inorganic fibers, a second organic binder, and a second flocculent that is the same and/or a different flocculent than that used in the first slurry; and forming a second nonwoven fibrous material from the second slurry. The addition of the first waste water in the second slurry does not adversely affect the flocculation of the second organic binder in the second slurry.1. A method of making nonwoven fibrous materials suitable for use in a pollution control device or as a firestop, said method comprising:
providing a first slurry comprising water, first inorganic fibers, a first organic binder, and a first neutral pH flocculent, where the first slurry can be used to form a first nonwoven fibrous material suitable for use in a pollution control device or as a firestop; removing first waste water from the first slurry; optionally forming a first nonwoven fibrous material from the first slurry; providing a second slurry comprising a quantity of the first waste water, an optional quantity of relatively clean water, second inorganic fibers, a second organic binder, and a second flocculent that is the same and/or a different flocculent than that used in the first slurry; and forming a second nonwoven fibrous material from the second slurry, wherein the addition of the first waste water in the second slurry does not adversely affect the flocculation of the second organic binder in the second slurry, and the second nonwoven fibrous material is suitable for use in a pollution control device or as a firestop. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the second flocculent comprises a second neutral pH flocculent, which is the same as or a different flocculent than that used in the first slurry, and said method further comprises:
removing a quantity of a second waste water from the second slurry; providing a third slurry comprising a quantity of the second waste water, an optional quantity of relatively clean water, third inorganic fibers, a third organic binder, and a third neutral pH flocculent; and forming a third nonwoven fibrous material from the third slurry; wherein the addition of the second waste water in the third slurry does not adversely affect the flocculation of the third organic binder in the third slurry, and the third nonwoven fibrous material is suitable for use in a pollution control device or as a firestop. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein for each additional Nth slurry, said method further comprises:
providing an Nth slurry comprising a quantity of waste water removed from a previous slurry, an optional quantity of relatively clean water, Nth inorganic fibers, an Nth organic binder, and an Nth neutral pH flocculent; forming an Nth nonwoven fibrous material from the Nth slurry, wherein N is a whole number greater than or equal to 4, and the addition of the Nth−1 waste water in the Nth slurry does not adversely affect the flocculation of the Nth organic binder in the Nth slurry, and the Nth nonwoven fibrous material is suitable for use in a pollution control device or as a firestop. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the organic binder in at least one slurry comprises at least one polymer having anionic groups. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least one neutral pH flocculent comprises an organic polymer having cationic groups. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least one neutral pH flocculent comprises a metal cation. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least one slurry exhibits a pH in the range of from about 5.5 up to and including about 8.5. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein each slurry containing waste water has a total water content comprising in the range of from at least about 10%. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein said forming is a slurry molding process. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein each nonwoven fibrous material is in the form of an individually molded nonwoven fibrous material structure having a two-dimensional or three-dimensional shape. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least one nonwoven fibrous material is in the form of (a) at least one mounting mat operatively adapted for use in mounting a pollution control element in a pollution control device, (b) at least one end cone insulator operatively adapted for use in insulating an end cone region of a pollution control device, (c) at least one fire stop. 12. A nonwoven fibrous material made according to the method of claim 1. 13. A nonwoven fibrous material exhibiting a pH in the range of from about 5.5 up to and including about 8.5, when tested according to the Material pH Test. 14. A pollution control device comprising a housing, a pollution control element disposed within said housing; and a nonwoven fibrous material according to claim 13 disposed within said housing. 15. A firestop comprising said nonwoven fibrous material according to claim 13. 16. A slurry for making nonwoven fibrous materials, said slurry comprising:
a quantity of a first waste water removed from a first slurry comprising water, first inorganic fibers, a first organic binder, and a first neutral pH flocculent; an optional quantity of relatively clean water; second inorganic fibers; a second organic binder; and an optional second neutral pH flocculent, wherein the amount of first neutral pH flocculent present in the first slurry causes the first waste water to maintain a relatively neutral pH. 17. The slurry according to claim 16, wherein at least the first neutral pH flocculent comprises an organic polymer having cationic groups. 18. The slurry according to claim 16, wherein at least the first neutral pH flocculent further comprises a metal cation. 19. The slurry according to claim 16, wherein the flocculent is selected from the group consisting of Flocculent 1 to Flocculent 30, and any combination thereof. 20. The slurry according to claim 16, wherein each slurry exhibits a pH in the range of from about 5.5 up to and including about 8.5. 21. A nonwoven fibrous material formed using the slurry according to claim 16. | 1,700 |
3,662 | 14,769,058 | 1,791 | Animal feed formed with a base of palm fronds and combined with palm fruit, such as dates, is a sustainable and affordable feed product that can be developed in hot climates. Palm fronds with a desired moisture content are shredded, chopped, and/or ground, and mixed with palm fruit. Additives such as urea can increase the nutritional content. Feeds with palm fronds, palm fruit, and/or additives can serve as a base feed for other components. Palm fronds can also serve as a base feed for other components. Animal feeds with a variety of bases can have palm fruit added. Animal feeds with a variety of bases, including palm fronds, can include a variety of other components added. | 1. An animal feed made from palm fronds, the animal feed comprising:
a processed palm frond component; a palm fruit component; and a nutritional additive; wherein the nutritional additive is between 20 and 40 percent of a total weight of the animal feed. 2. The animal feed of claim 1, wherein the palm fruit is date. 3. The animal feed of claim 1, wherein the nutritional additive is wheat. 4. The animal feed of claim 1, wherein the processed palm frond component has a moisture content between 10 and 14%. 5. The animal feed of claim 1, wherein the feed is in a cubed shape. 6. The animal feed of claim 5, wherein the cubed shape is a pellet shape. 7. The animal feed of claim 1, wherein the nutritional additive is mill run from a mill through which the animal feed has been passed. 8. A method of cleaning a mill with an animal feed, the method comprising:
providing a base feed comprising a palm frond component and a fruit component; passing the base feed through an inlet to a mill that contains mill run different from the base feed; and collecting a mixture of the base feed and mill run from an outlet to the mill; wherein the mixture includes at least about 5 percent mill run by weight. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the mixture includes at least about 20 percent mill run by weight. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the mixture includes between about 20 percent and about 40 percent mill run by weight. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the ratio of the palm frond component to the fruit component in the base feed is about 8 to 1 by volume. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the mill run comprises wheat. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the fruit component is palm fruit. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the palm fruit is date. 15. The method of claim 8, further comprising passing the mixture of the base feed and mill run through a feed compressing machine. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the feed compressing machine forms the mixture into pellets. 17. An animal feed made from palm fronds, the animal feed comprising:
a processed palm frond component; a palm fruit component; and a nutritional additive; wherein the palm fruit component and the nutritional additive have a ratio by weight between 5:1 and 7:1. 18. The animal feed of claim 17, wherein the palm fruit is date. 19. The animal feed of claim 17, wherein the nutritional additive is urea. 20. The animal feed of claim 17, wherein the palm fruit component and the nutritional additive have a ratio by weight of approximately 6:1. 21. The animal feed of claim 17, wherein the processed palm frond component has a moisture content between 10 and 14%. 22. The animal feed of claim 17, wherein the palm frond component, the palm fruit component, and the nutritional additive have a ratio by weight of approximately 2000 parts palm frond to approximately 25 parts palm fruit to approximately 4 parts nutritional additive. 23. The animal feed of claim 17, wherein the feed is in a cubed shape. 24. A method of making an animal feed from palm fronds, the method comprising;
collecting palm fronds; shredding, chopping, or grinding the palm fronds; combining a palm fruit component and a nutritional additive to the palm fronds, wherein the palm fruit component and the nutritional additive component have a ratio by weight between 5:1 and 7:1. 25. The method of making an animal feed of claim 24, wherein the nutritional additive is urea. 26. The method of making an animal feed of claim 24, wherein the palm fruit is date. 27. The method of making an animal feed of claim 24, wherein collecting palm fronds further comprises collecting palm fronds with a moisture content between about 10% and about 14%. 28. The method of making an animal feed of claim 24, further comprising the step of drying the palm fronds to a moisture content between about 10% and about 14%. 29. The method of making an animal feed of claim 24, wherein shredding, chopping, or grinding the palm fronds comprises shredding the palm fronds. 30. The method of making an animal feed of claim 29, further comprising the step of chopping the palm fronds after shredding the palm fronds. 31. The method of making an animal feed of claim 30, further comprising the step of grinding the palm fronds after chopping the palm fronds. 32. The method of making an animal feed of claim 24, wherein the palm fruit component and the nutritional additive have a ratio by weight of approximately 6:1. 33. The method of making an animal feed of claim 24, wherein combining a palm fruit component and nutritional additive to the palm fronds further comprises combining the palm fruit and nutritional additive to the palm fronds according to a ratio by weight of approximately 2000 parts palm frond to approximately 25 parts palm fruit to approximately 4 parts nutritional additive. 34. The method of making an animal feed of claim 24, further comprising the step of cubing the combined palm fruit component, nutritional additive, and palm fronds. 35. An animal feed made from palm fronds, the animal feed comprising:
a processed palm frond component; a palm fruit component; and a nutritional additive; wherein the animal feed has a nutritional content of between about 5% and about 30% crude protein, between about 2% and about 8% crude fat, and between about 15% and about 45% crude fiber. 36. The animal feed of claim 18, wherein the animal feed has a nutritional content between about 4% and about 17% ash, and between about 0.1% to about 1% minerals. | Animal feed formed with a base of palm fronds and combined with palm fruit, such as dates, is a sustainable and affordable feed product that can be developed in hot climates. Palm fronds with a desired moisture content are shredded, chopped, and/or ground, and mixed with palm fruit. Additives such as urea can increase the nutritional content. Feeds with palm fronds, palm fruit, and/or additives can serve as a base feed for other components. Palm fronds can also serve as a base feed for other components. Animal feeds with a variety of bases can have palm fruit added. Animal feeds with a variety of bases, including palm fronds, can include a variety of other components added.1. An animal feed made from palm fronds, the animal feed comprising:
a processed palm frond component; a palm fruit component; and a nutritional additive; wherein the nutritional additive is between 20 and 40 percent of a total weight of the animal feed. 2. The animal feed of claim 1, wherein the palm fruit is date. 3. The animal feed of claim 1, wherein the nutritional additive is wheat. 4. The animal feed of claim 1, wherein the processed palm frond component has a moisture content between 10 and 14%. 5. The animal feed of claim 1, wherein the feed is in a cubed shape. 6. The animal feed of claim 5, wherein the cubed shape is a pellet shape. 7. The animal feed of claim 1, wherein the nutritional additive is mill run from a mill through which the animal feed has been passed. 8. A method of cleaning a mill with an animal feed, the method comprising:
providing a base feed comprising a palm frond component and a fruit component; passing the base feed through an inlet to a mill that contains mill run different from the base feed; and collecting a mixture of the base feed and mill run from an outlet to the mill; wherein the mixture includes at least about 5 percent mill run by weight. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the mixture includes at least about 20 percent mill run by weight. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the mixture includes between about 20 percent and about 40 percent mill run by weight. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the ratio of the palm frond component to the fruit component in the base feed is about 8 to 1 by volume. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the mill run comprises wheat. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the fruit component is palm fruit. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the palm fruit is date. 15. The method of claim 8, further comprising passing the mixture of the base feed and mill run through a feed compressing machine. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the feed compressing machine forms the mixture into pellets. 17. An animal feed made from palm fronds, the animal feed comprising:
a processed palm frond component; a palm fruit component; and a nutritional additive; wherein the palm fruit component and the nutritional additive have a ratio by weight between 5:1 and 7:1. 18. The animal feed of claim 17, wherein the palm fruit is date. 19. The animal feed of claim 17, wherein the nutritional additive is urea. 20. The animal feed of claim 17, wherein the palm fruit component and the nutritional additive have a ratio by weight of approximately 6:1. 21. The animal feed of claim 17, wherein the processed palm frond component has a moisture content between 10 and 14%. 22. The animal feed of claim 17, wherein the palm frond component, the palm fruit component, and the nutritional additive have a ratio by weight of approximately 2000 parts palm frond to approximately 25 parts palm fruit to approximately 4 parts nutritional additive. 23. The animal feed of claim 17, wherein the feed is in a cubed shape. 24. A method of making an animal feed from palm fronds, the method comprising;
collecting palm fronds; shredding, chopping, or grinding the palm fronds; combining a palm fruit component and a nutritional additive to the palm fronds, wherein the palm fruit component and the nutritional additive component have a ratio by weight between 5:1 and 7:1. 25. The method of making an animal feed of claim 24, wherein the nutritional additive is urea. 26. The method of making an animal feed of claim 24, wherein the palm fruit is date. 27. The method of making an animal feed of claim 24, wherein collecting palm fronds further comprises collecting palm fronds with a moisture content between about 10% and about 14%. 28. The method of making an animal feed of claim 24, further comprising the step of drying the palm fronds to a moisture content between about 10% and about 14%. 29. The method of making an animal feed of claim 24, wherein shredding, chopping, or grinding the palm fronds comprises shredding the palm fronds. 30. The method of making an animal feed of claim 29, further comprising the step of chopping the palm fronds after shredding the palm fronds. 31. The method of making an animal feed of claim 30, further comprising the step of grinding the palm fronds after chopping the palm fronds. 32. The method of making an animal feed of claim 24, wherein the palm fruit component and the nutritional additive have a ratio by weight of approximately 6:1. 33. The method of making an animal feed of claim 24, wherein combining a palm fruit component and nutritional additive to the palm fronds further comprises combining the palm fruit and nutritional additive to the palm fronds according to a ratio by weight of approximately 2000 parts palm frond to approximately 25 parts palm fruit to approximately 4 parts nutritional additive. 34. The method of making an animal feed of claim 24, further comprising the step of cubing the combined palm fruit component, nutritional additive, and palm fronds. 35. An animal feed made from palm fronds, the animal feed comprising:
a processed palm frond component; a palm fruit component; and a nutritional additive; wherein the animal feed has a nutritional content of between about 5% and about 30% crude protein, between about 2% and about 8% crude fat, and between about 15% and about 45% crude fiber. 36. The animal feed of claim 18, wherein the animal feed has a nutritional content between about 4% and about 17% ash, and between about 0.1% to about 1% minerals. | 1,700 |
3,663 | 13,794,686 | 1,791 | Animal feed formed with a base of palm fronds and combined with palm fruit, such as dates, is a sustainable and affordable feed product that can be developed in hot climates. Palm fronds with a desired moisture content are shredded, chopped, and/or ground, and mixed with palm fruit. Additives such as urea can increase the nutritional content. Feeds with palm fronds, palm fruit, and/or additives can serve as a base feed for other components. Palm fronds can also serve as a base feed for other components. Animal feeds with a variety of bases can have palm fruit added. Animal feeds with a variety of bases, including palm fronds, can include a variety of other components added. | 1. An animal feed made from palm fronds, the animal feed comprising:
a processed palm frond component; a palm fruit component; and a nutritional additive; wherein the palm fruit component and the nutritional additive have a ratio by weight between 5:1 and 7:1. 2. The animal feed of claim 1, wherein the palm fruit is date. 3. The animal feed of claim 1, wherein the nutritional additive is urea. 4. The animal feed of claim 1, wherein the palm fruit component and the nutritional additive have a ratio by weight of approximately 6:1. 5. The animal feed of claim 1, wherein the processed palm frond component has a moisture content between 10 and 14%. 6. The animal feed of claim 1, wherein the palm frond component, the palm fruit component, and the nutritional additive have a ratio by weight of approximately 2000 parts palm frond to approximately 25 parts palm fruit to approximately 4 parts nutritional additive. 7. The animal feed of claim 1, wherein the feed is in a cubed shape. 8. A method of making an animal feed from palm fronds, the method comprising;
collecting palm fronds; shredding, chopping, or grinding the palm fronds; combining a palm fruit component and a nutritional additive to the palm fronds, wherein the palm fruit component and the nutritional additive component have a ratio by weight between 5:1 and 7:1. 9. The method of making an animal feed of claim 8, wherein the nutritional additive is urea. 10. The method of making an animal feed of claim 8, wherein the palm fruit is date. 11. The method of making an animal feed of claim 8, wherein collecting palm fronds further comprises collecting palm fronds with a moisture content between about 10% and about 14%. 12. The method of making an animal feed of claim 8, further comprising the step of drying the palm fronds to a moisture content between about 10% and about 14%. 13. The method of making an animal feed of claim 8, wherein shredding, chopping, or grinding the palm fronds comprises shredding the palm fronds. 14. The method of making an animal feed of claim 13, further comprising the step of chopping the palm fronds after shredding the palm fronds. 15. The method of making an animal feed of claim 14, further comprising the step of grinding the palm fronds after chopping the palm fronds. 16. The method of making an animal feed of claim 8, wherein the palm fruit component and the nutritional additive have a ratio by weight of approximately 6:1. 17. The method of making an animal feed of claim 8, wherein combining a palm fruit component and nutritional additive to the palm fronds further comprises combining the palm fruit and nutritional additive to the palm fronds according to a ratio by weight of approximately 2000 parts palm frond to approximately 25 parts palm fruit to approximately 4 parts nutritional additive. 18. The method of making an animal feed of claim 8, further comprising the step of cubing the combined palm fruit component, nutritional additive, and palm fronds. 19. An animal feed made from palm fronds, the animal feed comprising:
a processed palm frond component; a palm fruit component; and a nutritional additive; wherein the animal feed has a nutritional content of between about 5% and about 30% crude protein, between about 2% and about 8% crude fat, and between about 15% and about 45% crude fiber. 20. The animal feed of claim 18, wherein the animal feed has a nutritional content between about 4% and about 17% ash, and between about 0.1% to about 1% minerals. | Animal feed formed with a base of palm fronds and combined with palm fruit, such as dates, is a sustainable and affordable feed product that can be developed in hot climates. Palm fronds with a desired moisture content are shredded, chopped, and/or ground, and mixed with palm fruit. Additives such as urea can increase the nutritional content. Feeds with palm fronds, palm fruit, and/or additives can serve as a base feed for other components. Palm fronds can also serve as a base feed for other components. Animal feeds with a variety of bases can have palm fruit added. Animal feeds with a variety of bases, including palm fronds, can include a variety of other components added.1. An animal feed made from palm fronds, the animal feed comprising:
a processed palm frond component; a palm fruit component; and a nutritional additive; wherein the palm fruit component and the nutritional additive have a ratio by weight between 5:1 and 7:1. 2. The animal feed of claim 1, wherein the palm fruit is date. 3. The animal feed of claim 1, wherein the nutritional additive is urea. 4. The animal feed of claim 1, wherein the palm fruit component and the nutritional additive have a ratio by weight of approximately 6:1. 5. The animal feed of claim 1, wherein the processed palm frond component has a moisture content between 10 and 14%. 6. The animal feed of claim 1, wherein the palm frond component, the palm fruit component, and the nutritional additive have a ratio by weight of approximately 2000 parts palm frond to approximately 25 parts palm fruit to approximately 4 parts nutritional additive. 7. The animal feed of claim 1, wherein the feed is in a cubed shape. 8. A method of making an animal feed from palm fronds, the method comprising;
collecting palm fronds; shredding, chopping, or grinding the palm fronds; combining a palm fruit component and a nutritional additive to the palm fronds, wherein the palm fruit component and the nutritional additive component have a ratio by weight between 5:1 and 7:1. 9. The method of making an animal feed of claim 8, wherein the nutritional additive is urea. 10. The method of making an animal feed of claim 8, wherein the palm fruit is date. 11. The method of making an animal feed of claim 8, wherein collecting palm fronds further comprises collecting palm fronds with a moisture content between about 10% and about 14%. 12. The method of making an animal feed of claim 8, further comprising the step of drying the palm fronds to a moisture content between about 10% and about 14%. 13. The method of making an animal feed of claim 8, wherein shredding, chopping, or grinding the palm fronds comprises shredding the palm fronds. 14. The method of making an animal feed of claim 13, further comprising the step of chopping the palm fronds after shredding the palm fronds. 15. The method of making an animal feed of claim 14, further comprising the step of grinding the palm fronds after chopping the palm fronds. 16. The method of making an animal feed of claim 8, wherein the palm fruit component and the nutritional additive have a ratio by weight of approximately 6:1. 17. The method of making an animal feed of claim 8, wherein combining a palm fruit component and nutritional additive to the palm fronds further comprises combining the palm fruit and nutritional additive to the palm fronds according to a ratio by weight of approximately 2000 parts palm frond to approximately 25 parts palm fruit to approximately 4 parts nutritional additive. 18. The method of making an animal feed of claim 8, further comprising the step of cubing the combined palm fruit component, nutritional additive, and palm fronds. 19. An animal feed made from palm fronds, the animal feed comprising:
a processed palm frond component; a palm fruit component; and a nutritional additive; wherein the animal feed has a nutritional content of between about 5% and about 30% crude protein, between about 2% and about 8% crude fat, and between about 15% and about 45% crude fiber. 20. The animal feed of claim 18, wherein the animal feed has a nutritional content between about 4% and about 17% ash, and between about 0.1% to about 1% minerals. | 1,700 |
3,664 | 15,210,918 | 1,788 | A flow improver comprising a plurality of core-shell particles that can be formed by emulsion polymerization. The core of the core-shell particles can include a drag reducing polymer, while the shell of the particles can include repeat units of a hydrophobic compound and an amphiphilic compound. The flow improver can demonstrate increased pumping stability over conventionally prepared latex flow improvers. | 1. A flow improver comprising: solid particles having a polymeric core and a polymeric shell at least partly surrounding said core, wherein said core comprises a drag reducing polymer, wherein said shell comprises a shell copolymer having repeat units of a hydrophobic compound and repeat units of a first amphiphilic compound and;
wherein said core and said shell are formed by emulsion polymerization and said core and said shell are less than 1000 nm; and wherein the flow improver results in lowered polymeric film build up in a pump over a flow improver without the polymeric core and the polymeric shell; wherein the polymeric shell comprises a hydrophobic monomer in an amount of from about 25 to about 98 weight percent. 2. The flow improver of claim 1, wherein said hydrophobic compound is selected from the group consisting of:
wherein R1 is H or a C1-C10 alkyl radical, and R2 is H, a C1-C30 alkyl radical, a C5-C30 substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical, a C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical, an aryl-substituted C1-C10 alkyl radical, a —(CH2CH2O)x—RA or —(CH2CH(CH3)O)x—RA radical wherein x is in the range of from 1 to 50 and RA is H, a C1-C30 alkyl radical, or a C6-C30 alkylaryl radical;
R3-arene-R4 (B)
wherein arene is a phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, or phenanthrenyl, R3 is CH═CH2 or CH3—C═CH2, and R4 is H, a C1-C30 alkyl radical, a C5-C30 substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical, Cl, SO3, ORB, or COORC, wherein RB is H, a C1-C30 alkyl radical, a C5-C30 substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical, a C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical, or an aryl-substituted C1-C10 alkyl radical, and wherein RC is H, a C1-C30 alkyl radical, a C5-C30 substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical, a C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical, or an aryl-substituted C1-C10 alkyl radical;
wherein R5 is H, a C1-C30 alkyl radical, or a C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical;
wherein R6 is H, a C1-C30 alkyl radical, or a C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical;
wherein R7 is H or a C1-C18 alkyl radical, and R8 is H, a C1-C18 alkyl radical, or Cl;
wherein R9 and R10 are independently H, a C1-C30 alkyl radical, a C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical, a C5-C30 substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical, or heterocyclic radicals;
wherein R11 and R12 are independently H, a C1-C30 alkyl radical, a C6-C2o substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical, a C5-C30 substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical, or heterocyclic radicals;
wherein R13 and R14 are independently H, a C1-C30 alkyl radical, a C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical, a C5-C30 substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical, or heterocyclic radicals;
wherein R15 is H, a C1-C30 alkyl radical, a C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical, a C5-C30 substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical, or heterocyclic radicals;
wherein R16 is H, a C1-C30 alkyl radical, or a C6-C20 aryl radical;
wherein R17 and R18 are independently H, a C1-C30 alkyl radical, a C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical, a C5-C30 substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical, or heterocyclic radicals; and
wherein R19 and R20 are independently H, a C1-C30 alkyl radical, a C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical, a C5-C30 substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical, or heterocyclic radicals. 3. The flow improver of claim 1, wherein said first amphiphilic compound is a polymerizable surfactant, wherein the weight ratio of repeat units of said hydrophobic compound to repeat units of said first amphiphilic compound in said shell copolymer is in the range of from about 0.5:1 to about 40:1. 4. The flow improver of claim 3, wherein said hydrophobic compound comprises an acrylate and/or methacrylate. 5. The flow improver of claim 1, wherein said first amphiphilic compound is polyethylene glycol methacrylate and/or said hydrophobic compound is 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate. 6. The flow improver of claim 1, wherein said shell copolymer further comprises repeat units of a second amphiphilic compound, wherein said first amphiphilic compound is a non-ionic polymerizable surfactant and said second amphiphilic compound is an ionic polymerizable surfactant, wherein the weight ratio of repeat units of said first amphiphilic compound to repeat units of said second amphiphilic compound in said shell copolymer is in the range of from about 0.25:1 to about 30:1. 7. The flow improver of claim 1, wherein at least 90 weight percent of said solid particles have a particle size greater than 25 nanometers and at least 90 weight percent of said solid particles have a particle size less than 500 nanometers, wherein the average thickness of said shell is in the range of from about 0.1 to about 20 percent of the average particle diameter of said solid particles. 8. The flow improver of claim 1, wherein said flow improver is in the form of a latex comprising said solid particles dispersed in a liquid continuous phase, wherein said latex comprises said solid particles in an amount in the range of from about 10 to about 60 weight percent. 9. A latex flow improver comprising: an aqueous continuous phase and a plurality of polymeric particles dispersed in said continuous phase, wherein said polymeric particles comprise a core and a shell at least partly surrounding said core, wherein said core comprises a drag reducing polymer formed by polymerization, wherein said shell is formed around said core by emulsion polymerizing at least one hydrophobic monomer and at least one polymerizable surfactant in the presence of said core and wherein said core and said shell formed by polymerization are less than 10 microns and;
wherein the latex flow improver results in lowered polymeric film build up in a pump over a flow improver without polymeric particles; wherein said shell comprises repeat units of a monomer in an amount in the range of from about 25 to about 98 weight percent. 10. The flow improver of claim 9, wherein said hydrophobic monomer is a methacrylate or acrylate monomer. 11. The flow improver of claim 9, wherein the emulsion polymerization carried out to form said shell includes the use of a first non-ionic polymerizable surfactant and a second ionic polymerizable surfactant, wherein said shell comprises repeat units of said first polymerizable surfactant in an amount in the range of from about 2 to about 50 weight percent and repeat units of said second polymerizable surfactant in an amount in the range of from about 0.05 to about 30 weight percent. 12. The flow improver of claim 9, wherein said polymeric particles have an average particle size less than about 1 micron, wherein the average thickness of said shell is in the range of from about 0.5 to about 30 nanometers. 13. A process for making a flow improver comprising:
(a) forming a plurality of core particles of a drag reducing polymer by emulsion polymerization; and (b) forming shells around at least a portion of said core particles by emulsion polymerization to thereby produce a plurality of core-shell particles. 14. The process of claim 13, wherein said emulsion polymerization of step (a) is carried out in a first reaction mixture comprising a first liquid continuous phase, wherein said emulsion polymerization of step (b) is carried out in a second reaction mixture comprising a second liquid continuous phase and at least a portion of said core particles, wherein said second liquid continuous phase comprises at least a portion of said first liquid continuous phase. 15. The process of claim 14, wherein said second liquid continuous phase comprises substantially all of said first liquid continuous phase. 16. The process of claim 13, wherein said forming of step (b) includes polymerizing one or more shell-forming monomers and at least one polymerizable surfactant so that said shell comprises repeat units of said shell-forming monomer and repeat units of said at least one polymerizable surfactant. 17. The process of claim 16, wherein said shell-forming monomers comprise an acrylate and/or methacrylate monomer. 18. The process of claim 16, wherein said shell-forming monomers and said polymerizable surfactant do not chemically react with said core particles during said forming of step (b). 19. The process of claim 13, wherein said shells comprise repeat units of a hydrophobic monomer, a non-ionic polymerizable surfactant, and an ionic polymerizable surfactant, wherein the weight ratio of repeat units of said hydrophobic monomer to repeat units of said non-ionic polymerizable surfactant in said shells is in the range of from about 0.5:1 to about 40:1, wherein the weight ratio of repeat units of said non-ionic polymerizable surfactant to repeat units of said ionic polymerizable surfactant in said shells is in the range of from about 0.25:1 to about 30:1. 20. A process for reducing pressure loss associated with the turbulent flow of a fluid through a conduit, said process comprising: using a pump to inject a latex flow improver into said fluid flowing through said conduit, wherein said flow improver comprises solid particles having a polymeric core and a polymeric shell at least partly surrounding said core, wherein said core comprises a drag reducing polymer, wherein said shell comprises a shell copolymer having repeat units of a hydrophobic compound and repeat units of a first amphiphilic compound. 21. The process of claim 20, wherein said solid particles have a mean particle size of less than 1 micron, wherein said shell has a thickness in the range of from about 0.5 to about 30 nanometers. 22. The process of claim 20, wherein said shell further comprises repeat units of a second amphiphilic compound, wherein said first amphiphilic compound is a non-ionic polymerizable surfactant and said second amphiphilic compound is an ionic polymerizable surfactant, wherein the weight ratio of repeat units of said first polymerizable surfactant to repeat units of said second polymerizable surfactant in said shell is in the range of from about 0.25:1 to about 30:1. 23. The process of claim 22, wherein said pump injects said flow improver at a pressure of at least 500 psig, wherein said flow improver is injected into said fluid at a rate sufficient to provide in the range of from about 0.1 to about 200 ppmw of said drag reducing polymer in said fluid, wherein said fluid is a hydrocarbon-containing fluid. | A flow improver comprising a plurality of core-shell particles that can be formed by emulsion polymerization. The core of the core-shell particles can include a drag reducing polymer, while the shell of the particles can include repeat units of a hydrophobic compound and an amphiphilic compound. The flow improver can demonstrate increased pumping stability over conventionally prepared latex flow improvers.1. A flow improver comprising: solid particles having a polymeric core and a polymeric shell at least partly surrounding said core, wherein said core comprises a drag reducing polymer, wherein said shell comprises a shell copolymer having repeat units of a hydrophobic compound and repeat units of a first amphiphilic compound and;
wherein said core and said shell are formed by emulsion polymerization and said core and said shell are less than 1000 nm; and wherein the flow improver results in lowered polymeric film build up in a pump over a flow improver without the polymeric core and the polymeric shell; wherein the polymeric shell comprises a hydrophobic monomer in an amount of from about 25 to about 98 weight percent. 2. The flow improver of claim 1, wherein said hydrophobic compound is selected from the group consisting of:
wherein R1 is H or a C1-C10 alkyl radical, and R2 is H, a C1-C30 alkyl radical, a C5-C30 substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical, a C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical, an aryl-substituted C1-C10 alkyl radical, a —(CH2CH2O)x—RA or —(CH2CH(CH3)O)x—RA radical wherein x is in the range of from 1 to 50 and RA is H, a C1-C30 alkyl radical, or a C6-C30 alkylaryl radical;
R3-arene-R4 (B)
wherein arene is a phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, or phenanthrenyl, R3 is CH═CH2 or CH3—C═CH2, and R4 is H, a C1-C30 alkyl radical, a C5-C30 substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical, Cl, SO3, ORB, or COORC, wherein RB is H, a C1-C30 alkyl radical, a C5-C30 substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical, a C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical, or an aryl-substituted C1-C10 alkyl radical, and wherein RC is H, a C1-C30 alkyl radical, a C5-C30 substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical, a C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical, or an aryl-substituted C1-C10 alkyl radical;
wherein R5 is H, a C1-C30 alkyl radical, or a C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical;
wherein R6 is H, a C1-C30 alkyl radical, or a C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical;
wherein R7 is H or a C1-C18 alkyl radical, and R8 is H, a C1-C18 alkyl radical, or Cl;
wherein R9 and R10 are independently H, a C1-C30 alkyl radical, a C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical, a C5-C30 substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical, or heterocyclic radicals;
wherein R11 and R12 are independently H, a C1-C30 alkyl radical, a C6-C2o substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical, a C5-C30 substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical, or heterocyclic radicals;
wherein R13 and R14 are independently H, a C1-C30 alkyl radical, a C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical, a C5-C30 substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical, or heterocyclic radicals;
wherein R15 is H, a C1-C30 alkyl radical, a C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical, a C5-C30 substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical, or heterocyclic radicals;
wherein R16 is H, a C1-C30 alkyl radical, or a C6-C20 aryl radical;
wherein R17 and R18 are independently H, a C1-C30 alkyl radical, a C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical, a C5-C30 substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical, or heterocyclic radicals; and
wherein R19 and R20 are independently H, a C1-C30 alkyl radical, a C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical, a C5-C30 substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical, or heterocyclic radicals. 3. The flow improver of claim 1, wherein said first amphiphilic compound is a polymerizable surfactant, wherein the weight ratio of repeat units of said hydrophobic compound to repeat units of said first amphiphilic compound in said shell copolymer is in the range of from about 0.5:1 to about 40:1. 4. The flow improver of claim 3, wherein said hydrophobic compound comprises an acrylate and/or methacrylate. 5. The flow improver of claim 1, wherein said first amphiphilic compound is polyethylene glycol methacrylate and/or said hydrophobic compound is 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate. 6. The flow improver of claim 1, wherein said shell copolymer further comprises repeat units of a second amphiphilic compound, wherein said first amphiphilic compound is a non-ionic polymerizable surfactant and said second amphiphilic compound is an ionic polymerizable surfactant, wherein the weight ratio of repeat units of said first amphiphilic compound to repeat units of said second amphiphilic compound in said shell copolymer is in the range of from about 0.25:1 to about 30:1. 7. The flow improver of claim 1, wherein at least 90 weight percent of said solid particles have a particle size greater than 25 nanometers and at least 90 weight percent of said solid particles have a particle size less than 500 nanometers, wherein the average thickness of said shell is in the range of from about 0.1 to about 20 percent of the average particle diameter of said solid particles. 8. The flow improver of claim 1, wherein said flow improver is in the form of a latex comprising said solid particles dispersed in a liquid continuous phase, wherein said latex comprises said solid particles in an amount in the range of from about 10 to about 60 weight percent. 9. A latex flow improver comprising: an aqueous continuous phase and a plurality of polymeric particles dispersed in said continuous phase, wherein said polymeric particles comprise a core and a shell at least partly surrounding said core, wherein said core comprises a drag reducing polymer formed by polymerization, wherein said shell is formed around said core by emulsion polymerizing at least one hydrophobic monomer and at least one polymerizable surfactant in the presence of said core and wherein said core and said shell formed by polymerization are less than 10 microns and;
wherein the latex flow improver results in lowered polymeric film build up in a pump over a flow improver without polymeric particles; wherein said shell comprises repeat units of a monomer in an amount in the range of from about 25 to about 98 weight percent. 10. The flow improver of claim 9, wherein said hydrophobic monomer is a methacrylate or acrylate monomer. 11. The flow improver of claim 9, wherein the emulsion polymerization carried out to form said shell includes the use of a first non-ionic polymerizable surfactant and a second ionic polymerizable surfactant, wherein said shell comprises repeat units of said first polymerizable surfactant in an amount in the range of from about 2 to about 50 weight percent and repeat units of said second polymerizable surfactant in an amount in the range of from about 0.05 to about 30 weight percent. 12. The flow improver of claim 9, wherein said polymeric particles have an average particle size less than about 1 micron, wherein the average thickness of said shell is in the range of from about 0.5 to about 30 nanometers. 13. A process for making a flow improver comprising:
(a) forming a plurality of core particles of a drag reducing polymer by emulsion polymerization; and (b) forming shells around at least a portion of said core particles by emulsion polymerization to thereby produce a plurality of core-shell particles. 14. The process of claim 13, wherein said emulsion polymerization of step (a) is carried out in a first reaction mixture comprising a first liquid continuous phase, wherein said emulsion polymerization of step (b) is carried out in a second reaction mixture comprising a second liquid continuous phase and at least a portion of said core particles, wherein said second liquid continuous phase comprises at least a portion of said first liquid continuous phase. 15. The process of claim 14, wherein said second liquid continuous phase comprises substantially all of said first liquid continuous phase. 16. The process of claim 13, wherein said forming of step (b) includes polymerizing one or more shell-forming monomers and at least one polymerizable surfactant so that said shell comprises repeat units of said shell-forming monomer and repeat units of said at least one polymerizable surfactant. 17. The process of claim 16, wherein said shell-forming monomers comprise an acrylate and/or methacrylate monomer. 18. The process of claim 16, wherein said shell-forming monomers and said polymerizable surfactant do not chemically react with said core particles during said forming of step (b). 19. The process of claim 13, wherein said shells comprise repeat units of a hydrophobic monomer, a non-ionic polymerizable surfactant, and an ionic polymerizable surfactant, wherein the weight ratio of repeat units of said hydrophobic monomer to repeat units of said non-ionic polymerizable surfactant in said shells is in the range of from about 0.5:1 to about 40:1, wherein the weight ratio of repeat units of said non-ionic polymerizable surfactant to repeat units of said ionic polymerizable surfactant in said shells is in the range of from about 0.25:1 to about 30:1. 20. A process for reducing pressure loss associated with the turbulent flow of a fluid through a conduit, said process comprising: using a pump to inject a latex flow improver into said fluid flowing through said conduit, wherein said flow improver comprises solid particles having a polymeric core and a polymeric shell at least partly surrounding said core, wherein said core comprises a drag reducing polymer, wherein said shell comprises a shell copolymer having repeat units of a hydrophobic compound and repeat units of a first amphiphilic compound. 21. The process of claim 20, wherein said solid particles have a mean particle size of less than 1 micron, wherein said shell has a thickness in the range of from about 0.5 to about 30 nanometers. 22. The process of claim 20, wherein said shell further comprises repeat units of a second amphiphilic compound, wherein said first amphiphilic compound is a non-ionic polymerizable surfactant and said second amphiphilic compound is an ionic polymerizable surfactant, wherein the weight ratio of repeat units of said first polymerizable surfactant to repeat units of said second polymerizable surfactant in said shell is in the range of from about 0.25:1 to about 30:1. 23. The process of claim 22, wherein said pump injects said flow improver at a pressure of at least 500 psig, wherein said flow improver is injected into said fluid at a rate sufficient to provide in the range of from about 0.1 to about 200 ppmw of said drag reducing polymer in said fluid, wherein said fluid is a hydrocarbon-containing fluid. | 1,700 |
3,665 | 14,856,539 | 1,776 | Method and relative system for the extraction of the gases contained in drilling mud, preferably, in a managed pressure drilling system, comprising the phases of: extraction of the drilling mud from the return piping, preferably, under pressure, sending of said mud to a degasser and extraction of the gases dissolved in the drilling mud by means of said degasser; characterised in that monitoring is provided of the quantity of drilling mud extracted from said piping, and a regulation of the quantity of mud to be extracted from said piping, said regulation being performed on the basis of said monitoring in such a way that the volumetric flow rate of mud which is sent to said degasser is constant. | 1. A method for the extraction of gases contained in drilling mud, preferably, but not exclusively, in a managed pressure drilling system, comprising the steps of:
extracting the drilling mud by return piping, wherein said mud circulates after rising to the surface from a drilling well; sending of said mud to a degasser; extracting gases from said drilling mud by means of said degasser; wherein said method provides for monitoring of a quantity of drilling mud extracted by the return piping, and a regulation of the quantity of mud to be extracted by said return piping, said regulation being performed on the basis of said monitoring in such a way that the volumetric flow rate of mud which is sent to said degasser is constant. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said monitoring of the quantity of drilling mud extracted by the return piping is performed by monitoring means placed downstream of a point of extraction of the mud by said return piping and upstream of said degasser. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein said regulation of the quantity of mud to be extracted by said return piping is performed by regulation means placed downstream of the point of extraction of the mud by said return piping and upstream of said monitoring means. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein said regulation means are suitable for receiving electronic signals coming from said monitoring means, the quantity of mud extracted by said return piping being dependent on said signals coming from said monitoring means. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein said monitoring means comprise a can suitable for collecting the drilling mud extracted by the return piping, the mud collected in said can being subsequently sent to said degasser. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein said monitoring means comprise a level sensor suitable for measuring the level reached by the drilling mud inside said can. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein said regulation means comprise an automatic valve with proportional opening suitable for receiving in input the drilling mud extracted by the return piping and to send in output to said can a quantity of mud proportional to the signal sent by said level sensor to said valve. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein said extraction of the mud by the return piping takes place by means of a self-cleaning filtration probe. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein said volumetric flow rate of mud which from said can arrives at said degasser is equal to approximately 3 litres per minute. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein said level sensor is a microwave level sensor. 11. Method according to claim 9, wherein the mud is brought to a temperature between 50° C. and 70° C. before said extraction of the gases from said drilling mud by means of said degasser. 12. The method according to claim 10, wherein the mud is brought to a temperature between 50° C. and 70° C. before said extraction of the gases from said drilling mud by means of said degasser. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein said regulation of the quantity of mud to be extracted by said return piping is performed by regulation means placed downstream of the point of extraction of the mud by said return piping and upstream of said monitoring means. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein said regulation means are suitable for receiving electronic signals coming from said monitoring means, the quantity of mud extracted by said return piping being dependent on said signals coming from said monitoring means. 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein said monitoring means comprise a can suitable for collecting the drilling mud extracted by the return piping, the mud collected in said can being subsequently sent to said degasser. 16. The method according to claim 1, wherein said monitoring means comprise a level sensor suitable for measuring the level reached by the drilling mud inside said can. 17. The method according to claim 1, wherein said regulation means comprise an automatic valve with proportional opening suitable for receiving in input the drilling mud extracted by the return piping and to send in output to said can a quantity of mud proportional to the signal sent by said level sensor to said valve. 18. The method according to claim 1, wherein said extraction of the mud by the return piping takes place by means of a self-cleaning filtration probe. 19. The method according to claim 1, wherein said volumetric flow rate of mud which from said can arrives at said degasser is equal to approximately 3 litres per minute. 20. The method according to claim 1, wherein said level sensor is a microwave level sensor. | Method and relative system for the extraction of the gases contained in drilling mud, preferably, in a managed pressure drilling system, comprising the phases of: extraction of the drilling mud from the return piping, preferably, under pressure, sending of said mud to a degasser and extraction of the gases dissolved in the drilling mud by means of said degasser; characterised in that monitoring is provided of the quantity of drilling mud extracted from said piping, and a regulation of the quantity of mud to be extracted from said piping, said regulation being performed on the basis of said monitoring in such a way that the volumetric flow rate of mud which is sent to said degasser is constant.1. A method for the extraction of gases contained in drilling mud, preferably, but not exclusively, in a managed pressure drilling system, comprising the steps of:
extracting the drilling mud by return piping, wherein said mud circulates after rising to the surface from a drilling well; sending of said mud to a degasser; extracting gases from said drilling mud by means of said degasser; wherein said method provides for monitoring of a quantity of drilling mud extracted by the return piping, and a regulation of the quantity of mud to be extracted by said return piping, said regulation being performed on the basis of said monitoring in such a way that the volumetric flow rate of mud which is sent to said degasser is constant. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said monitoring of the quantity of drilling mud extracted by the return piping is performed by monitoring means placed downstream of a point of extraction of the mud by said return piping and upstream of said degasser. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein said regulation of the quantity of mud to be extracted by said return piping is performed by regulation means placed downstream of the point of extraction of the mud by said return piping and upstream of said monitoring means. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein said regulation means are suitable for receiving electronic signals coming from said monitoring means, the quantity of mud extracted by said return piping being dependent on said signals coming from said monitoring means. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein said monitoring means comprise a can suitable for collecting the drilling mud extracted by the return piping, the mud collected in said can being subsequently sent to said degasser. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein said monitoring means comprise a level sensor suitable for measuring the level reached by the drilling mud inside said can. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein said regulation means comprise an automatic valve with proportional opening suitable for receiving in input the drilling mud extracted by the return piping and to send in output to said can a quantity of mud proportional to the signal sent by said level sensor to said valve. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein said extraction of the mud by the return piping takes place by means of a self-cleaning filtration probe. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein said volumetric flow rate of mud which from said can arrives at said degasser is equal to approximately 3 litres per minute. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein said level sensor is a microwave level sensor. 11. Method according to claim 9, wherein the mud is brought to a temperature between 50° C. and 70° C. before said extraction of the gases from said drilling mud by means of said degasser. 12. The method according to claim 10, wherein the mud is brought to a temperature between 50° C. and 70° C. before said extraction of the gases from said drilling mud by means of said degasser. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein said regulation of the quantity of mud to be extracted by said return piping is performed by regulation means placed downstream of the point of extraction of the mud by said return piping and upstream of said monitoring means. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein said regulation means are suitable for receiving electronic signals coming from said monitoring means, the quantity of mud extracted by said return piping being dependent on said signals coming from said monitoring means. 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein said monitoring means comprise a can suitable for collecting the drilling mud extracted by the return piping, the mud collected in said can being subsequently sent to said degasser. 16. The method according to claim 1, wherein said monitoring means comprise a level sensor suitable for measuring the level reached by the drilling mud inside said can. 17. The method according to claim 1, wherein said regulation means comprise an automatic valve with proportional opening suitable for receiving in input the drilling mud extracted by the return piping and to send in output to said can a quantity of mud proportional to the signal sent by said level sensor to said valve. 18. The method according to claim 1, wherein said extraction of the mud by the return piping takes place by means of a self-cleaning filtration probe. 19. The method according to claim 1, wherein said volumetric flow rate of mud which from said can arrives at said degasser is equal to approximately 3 litres per minute. 20. The method according to claim 1, wherein said level sensor is a microwave level sensor. | 1,700 |
3,666 | 14,886,443 | 1,787 | This invention relates to water-resistant gypsum products manufactured with water-based emulsions comprising polymerizable siloxane compound and an anionic polyacrylamide; and methods for making a water-resistant gypsum product, comprising a step of preparing a water-based siloxane emulsion in a turbine emulsifier. | 1. A gypsum product comprising a gypsum core sandwiched between two sheets of paper, wherein the gypsum core comprises a silicone/polyacrylamide matrix and wherein the gypsum core is prepared by:
mixing a gypsum slurry comprising calcined gypsum and water with an emulsion comprising a polymerizable siloxane compound and an anionic polyacrylamide; allowing the mixture to set; and thereby forming the gypsum core comprising the silicone/polyacrylamide matrix. 2. The gypsum product of claim 1, wherein the anionic polyacrylamide is a high molecular weight polyacrylamide with the molecular weight in the range from about 10,000,000 to about 60,000,000. 3. The gypsum product of claim 1, wherein the anionic polyacrylamide is a high-molecular weight polyacrylamide selected from the group consisting of: a high-molecular weight polyacrylamide with medium-high anionic charge and a high-molecular weight polyacrylamide with low anionic charge. 4. The gypsum product of claim 1, wherein about 10% to 50% of the anionic polyacrylamide is hydrolyzed. 5. The gypsum product of claim 1, wherein the anionic polyacrylamide is a high-molecular weight homopolymer and wherein about 30% to about 60% of the high-molecular weight homopolymer is hydrolyzed. 6. The gypsum product of claim 1, wherein the anionic polyacrylamide is a high-molecular weight homopolymer and wherein about 5% to about 15% of the high-molecular weight homopolymer is hydrolyzed. 7. The gypsum product of claim 1, wherein the polymerizable siloxane compound is selected from the group consisting of polymethylhydrogensiloxane and polydimethylsiloxane. 8. The gypsum product of claim 1, wherein the emulsion comprises the polymerizable siloxane compound in the amount from about 1% to about 40%, by weight of the emulsion. 9. The gypsum product of claim 1, wherein the emulsion comprises the anionic polyacrylamide in the amount from about 0.01% to about 10% by weight of the emulsion. 10. The gypsum product of claim 1, wherein the average size of siloxane particles in the emulsion is no larger than 20 microns. 11. The gypsum product of claim 1, wherein the gypsum slurry further optionally comprises at least one of: a surfactant, binder, foam, defoamer, filler, fiber, set accelerator, set retarder, dispersant, biocide and fungicide. 12. The gypsum product of claim 11, wherein the gypsum slurry further comprises a compound is selected from the group consisting of dead-burned magnesium oxide, class C fly ash, and the combination of dead-burned magnesium oxide; and the selected compound is added to the gypsum slurry. 13. A method of making a gypsum product, the method comprising:
feeding a polymerizable siloxane compound and water into a turbine emulsifier; mixing the polymerizable siloxane compound and water until an emulsion is obtained; sending a portion of the emulsion into a gypsum slurry mixer; mixing the emulsion with a gypsum slurry in the mixer; forming a gypsum product from the mixture of the gypsum slurry with the emulsion; and allowing the gypsum product to set. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the mixing of the polymerizable siloxane compound and water is monitored for size of siloxane particles in the emulsion. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the mixing of the polymerizable siloxane compound and water into the emulsion is performed until the average size of siloxane particles in the emulsion is no larger than 20 microns. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein an anionic polyacrylamide is fed into the turbine emulsifier and is mixed with the polymerizable siloxane compound and water until the emulsion is obtained. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the mixing of the polymerizable siloxane compound, water and anionic polyacrylamide is monitored for size of siloxane particles in the emulsion. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the mixing of the polymerizable siloxane compound, water and anionic polyacrylamide into the emulsion is performed until the average size of siloxane particles in the emulsion is no larger than 20 microns. 19. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of forming the gypsum product comprises sandwiching the mixture of the gypsum slurry and the emulsion between two paper sheets. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the polymerizable siloxane compound and the anionic polyacrylamide are mixed in the amounts such that the final concentration of the polymerizable siloxane compound in the emulsion is from 1% to 40%, by weight of the emulsion; and the final concentration of the anionic polyacrylamide in the emulsion is from 0.01% to 10%, by weight of the emulsion. | This invention relates to water-resistant gypsum products manufactured with water-based emulsions comprising polymerizable siloxane compound and an anionic polyacrylamide; and methods for making a water-resistant gypsum product, comprising a step of preparing a water-based siloxane emulsion in a turbine emulsifier.1. A gypsum product comprising a gypsum core sandwiched between two sheets of paper, wherein the gypsum core comprises a silicone/polyacrylamide matrix and wherein the gypsum core is prepared by:
mixing a gypsum slurry comprising calcined gypsum and water with an emulsion comprising a polymerizable siloxane compound and an anionic polyacrylamide; allowing the mixture to set; and thereby forming the gypsum core comprising the silicone/polyacrylamide matrix. 2. The gypsum product of claim 1, wherein the anionic polyacrylamide is a high molecular weight polyacrylamide with the molecular weight in the range from about 10,000,000 to about 60,000,000. 3. The gypsum product of claim 1, wherein the anionic polyacrylamide is a high-molecular weight polyacrylamide selected from the group consisting of: a high-molecular weight polyacrylamide with medium-high anionic charge and a high-molecular weight polyacrylamide with low anionic charge. 4. The gypsum product of claim 1, wherein about 10% to 50% of the anionic polyacrylamide is hydrolyzed. 5. The gypsum product of claim 1, wherein the anionic polyacrylamide is a high-molecular weight homopolymer and wherein about 30% to about 60% of the high-molecular weight homopolymer is hydrolyzed. 6. The gypsum product of claim 1, wherein the anionic polyacrylamide is a high-molecular weight homopolymer and wherein about 5% to about 15% of the high-molecular weight homopolymer is hydrolyzed. 7. The gypsum product of claim 1, wherein the polymerizable siloxane compound is selected from the group consisting of polymethylhydrogensiloxane and polydimethylsiloxane. 8. The gypsum product of claim 1, wherein the emulsion comprises the polymerizable siloxane compound in the amount from about 1% to about 40%, by weight of the emulsion. 9. The gypsum product of claim 1, wherein the emulsion comprises the anionic polyacrylamide in the amount from about 0.01% to about 10% by weight of the emulsion. 10. The gypsum product of claim 1, wherein the average size of siloxane particles in the emulsion is no larger than 20 microns. 11. The gypsum product of claim 1, wherein the gypsum slurry further optionally comprises at least one of: a surfactant, binder, foam, defoamer, filler, fiber, set accelerator, set retarder, dispersant, biocide and fungicide. 12. The gypsum product of claim 11, wherein the gypsum slurry further comprises a compound is selected from the group consisting of dead-burned magnesium oxide, class C fly ash, and the combination of dead-burned magnesium oxide; and the selected compound is added to the gypsum slurry. 13. A method of making a gypsum product, the method comprising:
feeding a polymerizable siloxane compound and water into a turbine emulsifier; mixing the polymerizable siloxane compound and water until an emulsion is obtained; sending a portion of the emulsion into a gypsum slurry mixer; mixing the emulsion with a gypsum slurry in the mixer; forming a gypsum product from the mixture of the gypsum slurry with the emulsion; and allowing the gypsum product to set. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the mixing of the polymerizable siloxane compound and water is monitored for size of siloxane particles in the emulsion. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the mixing of the polymerizable siloxane compound and water into the emulsion is performed until the average size of siloxane particles in the emulsion is no larger than 20 microns. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein an anionic polyacrylamide is fed into the turbine emulsifier and is mixed with the polymerizable siloxane compound and water until the emulsion is obtained. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the mixing of the polymerizable siloxane compound, water and anionic polyacrylamide is monitored for size of siloxane particles in the emulsion. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the mixing of the polymerizable siloxane compound, water and anionic polyacrylamide into the emulsion is performed until the average size of siloxane particles in the emulsion is no larger than 20 microns. 19. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of forming the gypsum product comprises sandwiching the mixture of the gypsum slurry and the emulsion between two paper sheets. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the polymerizable siloxane compound and the anionic polyacrylamide are mixed in the amounts such that the final concentration of the polymerizable siloxane compound in the emulsion is from 1% to 40%, by weight of the emulsion; and the final concentration of the anionic polyacrylamide in the emulsion is from 0.01% to 10%, by weight of the emulsion. | 1,700 |
3,667 | 15,004,122 | 1,723 | A battery pack according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, an enclosure and a battery assembly retained relative to the enclosure. One of the battery assembly and the enclosure includes a groove configured to receive a flange of the other of the battery assembly and the enclosure as the battery assembly is slid into engagement with the enclosure. | 1. A battery pack, comprising:
an enclosure; a battery assembly retained relative to said enclosure; and one of said battery assembly and said enclosure includes a groove configured to receive a flange of the other of said battery assembly and said enclosure as said battery assembly is slid into engagement with said enclosure. 2. The battery pack as recited in claim 1, wherein an array plate of said battery assembly includes a first side region facing toward a battery cell and a second side region facing in a direction away from said battery cell. 3. The battery pack as recited in claim 2, wherein said flange or said groove is disposed on said second side region of said array plate. 4. The battery pack as recited in claim 1, wherein said groove extends horizontally across an array plate of said battery assembly or a wall of said enclosure. 5. The battery pack as recited in claim 1, wherein said battery assembly includes said flange and said enclosure includes said groove. 6. The battery pack as recited in claim 5, wherein said flange extends from an array plate of said battery assembly and said groove is formed in a wall of said enclosure. 7. The battery pack as recited in claim 1, wherein said battery assembly includes said groove and said enclosure includes said flange. 8. The battery pack as recited in claim 1, wherein said battery assembly includes a first array plate and a second array plate disposed at the longitudinal extents of said battery assembly, and each of said first array plate and said second array plate includes either said flange or said groove. 9. The battery pack as recited in claim 1, wherein either said battery assembly or said enclosure includes a plurality of flanges. 10. The battery pack as recited in claim 1, wherein said flange is L-shaped. 11. The battery pack as recited in claim 1, comprising at least one fastener extending through a wall of said enclosure and into an array plate of said battery assembly. 12. The battery pack as recited in claim 1, wherein said battery assembly includes a plurality of battery cells disposed between a first array plate and a second array plate. 13. A method, comprising:
sliding a battery assembly into an enclosure of a battery pack such that a flange of either the battery assembly or the enclosure engages a groove of the other of the battery assembly and the enclosure. 14. The method as recited in claim 13, wherein the sliding step includes:
sliding the battery assembly horizontally into the enclosure from an open side of the enclosure toward an opposite wall of the enclosure. 15. The method as recited in claim 13, comprising:
positioning the battery assembly proximate to an open side of the enclosure; moving the battery assembly until the flange is received within the groove; and after the moving step, performing the sliding step. 16. The method as recited in claim 15, comprising:
sliding a second battery assembly into the enclosure such that the second battery assembly is positioned adjacent to the battery assembly. 17. The method as recited in claim 13, wherein the flange is part of the battery assembly and the groove is part of the enclosure. 18. The method as recited in claim 13, wherein the flange is part of the enclosure and the groove is part of the battery assembly. | A battery pack according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, an enclosure and a battery assembly retained relative to the enclosure. One of the battery assembly and the enclosure includes a groove configured to receive a flange of the other of the battery assembly and the enclosure as the battery assembly is slid into engagement with the enclosure.1. A battery pack, comprising:
an enclosure; a battery assembly retained relative to said enclosure; and one of said battery assembly and said enclosure includes a groove configured to receive a flange of the other of said battery assembly and said enclosure as said battery assembly is slid into engagement with said enclosure. 2. The battery pack as recited in claim 1, wherein an array plate of said battery assembly includes a first side region facing toward a battery cell and a second side region facing in a direction away from said battery cell. 3. The battery pack as recited in claim 2, wherein said flange or said groove is disposed on said second side region of said array plate. 4. The battery pack as recited in claim 1, wherein said groove extends horizontally across an array plate of said battery assembly or a wall of said enclosure. 5. The battery pack as recited in claim 1, wherein said battery assembly includes said flange and said enclosure includes said groove. 6. The battery pack as recited in claim 5, wherein said flange extends from an array plate of said battery assembly and said groove is formed in a wall of said enclosure. 7. The battery pack as recited in claim 1, wherein said battery assembly includes said groove and said enclosure includes said flange. 8. The battery pack as recited in claim 1, wherein said battery assembly includes a first array plate and a second array plate disposed at the longitudinal extents of said battery assembly, and each of said first array plate and said second array plate includes either said flange or said groove. 9. The battery pack as recited in claim 1, wherein either said battery assembly or said enclosure includes a plurality of flanges. 10. The battery pack as recited in claim 1, wherein said flange is L-shaped. 11. The battery pack as recited in claim 1, comprising at least one fastener extending through a wall of said enclosure and into an array plate of said battery assembly. 12. The battery pack as recited in claim 1, wherein said battery assembly includes a plurality of battery cells disposed between a first array plate and a second array plate. 13. A method, comprising:
sliding a battery assembly into an enclosure of a battery pack such that a flange of either the battery assembly or the enclosure engages a groove of the other of the battery assembly and the enclosure. 14. The method as recited in claim 13, wherein the sliding step includes:
sliding the battery assembly horizontally into the enclosure from an open side of the enclosure toward an opposite wall of the enclosure. 15. The method as recited in claim 13, comprising:
positioning the battery assembly proximate to an open side of the enclosure; moving the battery assembly until the flange is received within the groove; and after the moving step, performing the sliding step. 16. The method as recited in claim 15, comprising:
sliding a second battery assembly into the enclosure such that the second battery assembly is positioned adjacent to the battery assembly. 17. The method as recited in claim 13, wherein the flange is part of the battery assembly and the groove is part of the enclosure. 18. The method as recited in claim 13, wherein the flange is part of the enclosure and the groove is part of the battery assembly. | 1,700 |
3,668 | 14,801,899 | 1,789 | This invention relates to a carpet tile that includes a polyolefin secondary backing layer. In particular, this invention relates to modular carpet tiles having at least one layer of polyolefin-containing thermoplastic polymer in the secondary backing of the carpet tile. By modifying the composition of the carpet tiles in this manner, the carpet tiles are able to withstand the high temperatures associated with surface printing of the tiles, while still maintaining cold temperature flexibility. | 1. A carpet comprising the following sequential layers:
a. pile yarns tufted through a primary backing to form a primary composite layer; b. a precoat layer comprised of a polymer; and c. a backing layer comprised of a thermoplastic olefin polymer, wherein the polymer exhibits low temperature flexibility and high temperature resistance. 2. The carpet of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic olefin polymer is a polymer blend. 3. The carpet of claim 2, wherein the thermoplastic olefin polymer blend comprises:
a. 5 wt % to 80 wt % of a first polymer with low temperature flexibility, and b. 1 wt % to 20 wt % of a second polymer with high temperature resistance. 4. The carpet of claim 3, wherein the first polymer with low temperature flexibility is an olefin-containing elastomer. 5. The carpet of claim 4, wherein the first polymer with low temperature flexibility is a propylene-containing elastomer. 6. The carpet of claim 5, wherein the first polymer with low temperature flexibility is a propylene based co-polymer. 7. The carpet of claim 6, wherein the first polymer with low temperature flexibility is a propylene based co-polymer with 50% to 91% propylene monomer in the chain. 8. The carpet of claim 3, wherein the second polymer with high temperature resistance is an olefin polymer. 9. The carpet of claim 8, wherein the second polymer with high temperature resistance is a propylene-based polymer. 10. The carpet of claim 9, wherein the second polymer is a propylene-based polymer with isotactic index ≧0.90. 11. The carpet of claim 10, wherein the second polymer with high temperature resistance is a propylene-based polymer with heat of fusion of at least 5 J/g. 12. The carpet of any of claims 1 to 11, wherein the carpet further includes a reinforcement layer following the primary composite layer. 13. The carpet of any of claims 1 to 12, wherein the carpet further includes a laminate layer comprised of olefin-containing thermoplastic polymer. 14. The carpet of claim 13, wherein the olefin-containing thermoplastic polymer of the laminate layer exhibits low temperature flexibility and high temperature resistance. 15. The carpet of claim 13, wherein the olefin-containing thermoplastic polymer in the laminate layer does not exhibit low temperature flexibility and high temperature resistance. 16. The carpet of claim 14, wherein the olefin-containing thermoplastic polymer is a polymer blend. 17. The carpet of claim 16, wherein the olefin-containing thermoplastic polymer blend comprises:
a. 5 wt % to 80 wt % of a first polymer with low temperature flexibility, and b. 1 wt % to 20 wt % of a second polymer with high temperature resistance. 18. The carpet of claim 17, wherein the first polymer with low temperature flexibility is an olefin-containing elastomer. 19. The carpet of claim 18, wherein the first polymer with low temperature flexibility is a propylene-containing elastomer. 20. The carpet of claim 19, wherein the first polymer with low temperature flexibility is a propylene-based co-polymer. 21. The carpet of claim 20, wherein the first polymer with low temperature flexibility is a propylene-based co-polymer with 50% to 91% propylene monomer in the polymer chain. 22. The carpet of claim 17, wherein the second polymer with high temperature resistance is an olefin polymer. 23. The carpet of claim 22, wherein the second polymer with high temperature resistance is a propylene-based polymer. 24. The carpet of claim 1, wherein the carpet is a carpet tile. 25. A carpet comprising the following sequential layers:
a. pile yarns tufted through a primary backing to form a primary composite layer; b. a precoat layer comprised of a polymer; and c. a backing layer comprised of: (i) a thermoplastic olefin-containing polymer, wherein the polymer exhibits low temperature flexibility and high temperature resistance, and (ii) a bulking agent, wherein (i) and (ii) form a bulked thermoplastic olefin polymer. 26. The carpet of claim 25, wherein the bulked thermoplastic olefin polymer is a polymer blend. 27. The carpet of claim 26, wherein the bulked thermoplastic olefin polymer blend comprises:
a. 5 wt % to 49 wt % of a first polymer with low temperature flexibility, b. 1 wt % to 45 wt % of a second polymer with high temperature resistance, and c. ≧50 wt % bulking agent. 28. The carpet of claim 27, wherein the first polymer with low temperature flexibility is an olefin-containing elastomer. 29. The carpet of claim 28, wherein the first polymer with low temperature flexibility is a propylene-containing elastomer. 30. The carpet of claim 29, wherein the first polymer with low temperature flexibility is a propylene-based co-polymer. 31. The carpet of claim 30, wherein the first polymer with low temperature flexibility is a propylene-based co-polymer with 50% to 91% propylene monomer in the polymer chain. 32. The carpet of claim 27, wherein the second polymer with high temperature resistance is an olefin polymer. 33. The carpet of claim 32, wherein the second polymer with high temperature resistance is a propylene-based polymer. 34. The carpet of claim 33, wherein the second polymer is a propylene-based polymer with isotactic index ≧0.90. 35. The carpet of claim 33, wherein the second polymer with high temperature resistance is a propylene-based polymer with heat of fusion of at least 5 J/g. 36. The carpet of any of claims 25 to 35, wherein the carpet further includes a reinforcement layer following the primary composite layer. 37. The carpet of any of claims 25 to 36, wherein the carpet further includes a laminate layer comprising an olefin-containing thermoplastic polymer, and wherein the polymer optionally includes a bulking agent. 38. The carpet of claim 37, wherein the olefin-containing thermoplastic polymer in the laminate layer exhibits low temperature flexibility and high temperature resistance. 39. The carpet of claim 37, wherein the olefin-containing thermoplastic polymer in the laminate layer does not exhibit low temperature flexibility and high temperature resistance. 40. The carpet of claim 38, wherein the olefin-containing thermoplastic polymer is a polymer blend. 41. The carpet of claim 40, wherein the olefin-containing thermoplastic polymer blend comprises:
a. 5 wt % to 80 wt % of a first polymer with low temperature flexibility, b. 1 wt % to 20 wt % of a second polymer with high temperature resistance, and c. Optionally, a bulking agent. 42. The carpet of claim 41, wherein the first polymer with low temperature flexibility is an olefin-containing elastomer. 43. The carpet of claim 42, wherein the first polymer with low temperature flexibility is a propylene-containing elastomer. 44. The carpet of claim 43, wherein the first polymer with low temperature flexibility is a propylene-based co-polymer. 45. The carpet of claim 44, wherein the first polymer with low temperature flexibility is a propylene-based co-polymer with 50% to 91% propylene monomer in the polymer chain. 46. The carpet of claim 41, wherein the second polymer with high temperature resistance is an olefin polymer. 47. The carpet of claim 46, wherein the second polymer with high temperature resistance is a propylene-based polymer. 48. The carpet of claim 25, wherein the backing layer further includes a compatibilizing agent in the range from 0.1 wt % to 10 wt %. 49. The carpet of claim 48, wherein the compatibilizing agent is selected from the group consisting of maleic anhydride modified olefin-containing polymer, polyester copolymer, surfactants, steric acid, and mixtures thereof. 50. The carpet of claim 25, wherein the carpet is a carpet tile. 51. The carpet of claim 50, wherein the carpet tile is digitally printed to form a printed carpet tile. 52. The carpet of claim 51, wherein the thermoplastic polyolefin polymer in the backing of the printed carpet is free from visual deformation resulting from the printing process. 53. The carpet of claim 7 or 31, wherein the first polymer is a single-site catalyzed propylene elastomer. | This invention relates to a carpet tile that includes a polyolefin secondary backing layer. In particular, this invention relates to modular carpet tiles having at least one layer of polyolefin-containing thermoplastic polymer in the secondary backing of the carpet tile. By modifying the composition of the carpet tiles in this manner, the carpet tiles are able to withstand the high temperatures associated with surface printing of the tiles, while still maintaining cold temperature flexibility.1. A carpet comprising the following sequential layers:
a. pile yarns tufted through a primary backing to form a primary composite layer; b. a precoat layer comprised of a polymer; and c. a backing layer comprised of a thermoplastic olefin polymer, wherein the polymer exhibits low temperature flexibility and high temperature resistance. 2. The carpet of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic olefin polymer is a polymer blend. 3. The carpet of claim 2, wherein the thermoplastic olefin polymer blend comprises:
a. 5 wt % to 80 wt % of a first polymer with low temperature flexibility, and b. 1 wt % to 20 wt % of a second polymer with high temperature resistance. 4. The carpet of claim 3, wherein the first polymer with low temperature flexibility is an olefin-containing elastomer. 5. The carpet of claim 4, wherein the first polymer with low temperature flexibility is a propylene-containing elastomer. 6. The carpet of claim 5, wherein the first polymer with low temperature flexibility is a propylene based co-polymer. 7. The carpet of claim 6, wherein the first polymer with low temperature flexibility is a propylene based co-polymer with 50% to 91% propylene monomer in the chain. 8. The carpet of claim 3, wherein the second polymer with high temperature resistance is an olefin polymer. 9. The carpet of claim 8, wherein the second polymer with high temperature resistance is a propylene-based polymer. 10. The carpet of claim 9, wherein the second polymer is a propylene-based polymer with isotactic index ≧0.90. 11. The carpet of claim 10, wherein the second polymer with high temperature resistance is a propylene-based polymer with heat of fusion of at least 5 J/g. 12. The carpet of any of claims 1 to 11, wherein the carpet further includes a reinforcement layer following the primary composite layer. 13. The carpet of any of claims 1 to 12, wherein the carpet further includes a laminate layer comprised of olefin-containing thermoplastic polymer. 14. The carpet of claim 13, wherein the olefin-containing thermoplastic polymer of the laminate layer exhibits low temperature flexibility and high temperature resistance. 15. The carpet of claim 13, wherein the olefin-containing thermoplastic polymer in the laminate layer does not exhibit low temperature flexibility and high temperature resistance. 16. The carpet of claim 14, wherein the olefin-containing thermoplastic polymer is a polymer blend. 17. The carpet of claim 16, wherein the olefin-containing thermoplastic polymer blend comprises:
a. 5 wt % to 80 wt % of a first polymer with low temperature flexibility, and b. 1 wt % to 20 wt % of a second polymer with high temperature resistance. 18. The carpet of claim 17, wherein the first polymer with low temperature flexibility is an olefin-containing elastomer. 19. The carpet of claim 18, wherein the first polymer with low temperature flexibility is a propylene-containing elastomer. 20. The carpet of claim 19, wherein the first polymer with low temperature flexibility is a propylene-based co-polymer. 21. The carpet of claim 20, wherein the first polymer with low temperature flexibility is a propylene-based co-polymer with 50% to 91% propylene monomer in the polymer chain. 22. The carpet of claim 17, wherein the second polymer with high temperature resistance is an olefin polymer. 23. The carpet of claim 22, wherein the second polymer with high temperature resistance is a propylene-based polymer. 24. The carpet of claim 1, wherein the carpet is a carpet tile. 25. A carpet comprising the following sequential layers:
a. pile yarns tufted through a primary backing to form a primary composite layer; b. a precoat layer comprised of a polymer; and c. a backing layer comprised of: (i) a thermoplastic olefin-containing polymer, wherein the polymer exhibits low temperature flexibility and high temperature resistance, and (ii) a bulking agent, wherein (i) and (ii) form a bulked thermoplastic olefin polymer. 26. The carpet of claim 25, wherein the bulked thermoplastic olefin polymer is a polymer blend. 27. The carpet of claim 26, wherein the bulked thermoplastic olefin polymer blend comprises:
a. 5 wt % to 49 wt % of a first polymer with low temperature flexibility, b. 1 wt % to 45 wt % of a second polymer with high temperature resistance, and c. ≧50 wt % bulking agent. 28. The carpet of claim 27, wherein the first polymer with low temperature flexibility is an olefin-containing elastomer. 29. The carpet of claim 28, wherein the first polymer with low temperature flexibility is a propylene-containing elastomer. 30. The carpet of claim 29, wherein the first polymer with low temperature flexibility is a propylene-based co-polymer. 31. The carpet of claim 30, wherein the first polymer with low temperature flexibility is a propylene-based co-polymer with 50% to 91% propylene monomer in the polymer chain. 32. The carpet of claim 27, wherein the second polymer with high temperature resistance is an olefin polymer. 33. The carpet of claim 32, wherein the second polymer with high temperature resistance is a propylene-based polymer. 34. The carpet of claim 33, wherein the second polymer is a propylene-based polymer with isotactic index ≧0.90. 35. The carpet of claim 33, wherein the second polymer with high temperature resistance is a propylene-based polymer with heat of fusion of at least 5 J/g. 36. The carpet of any of claims 25 to 35, wherein the carpet further includes a reinforcement layer following the primary composite layer. 37. The carpet of any of claims 25 to 36, wherein the carpet further includes a laminate layer comprising an olefin-containing thermoplastic polymer, and wherein the polymer optionally includes a bulking agent. 38. The carpet of claim 37, wherein the olefin-containing thermoplastic polymer in the laminate layer exhibits low temperature flexibility and high temperature resistance. 39. The carpet of claim 37, wherein the olefin-containing thermoplastic polymer in the laminate layer does not exhibit low temperature flexibility and high temperature resistance. 40. The carpet of claim 38, wherein the olefin-containing thermoplastic polymer is a polymer blend. 41. The carpet of claim 40, wherein the olefin-containing thermoplastic polymer blend comprises:
a. 5 wt % to 80 wt % of a first polymer with low temperature flexibility, b. 1 wt % to 20 wt % of a second polymer with high temperature resistance, and c. Optionally, a bulking agent. 42. The carpet of claim 41, wherein the first polymer with low temperature flexibility is an olefin-containing elastomer. 43. The carpet of claim 42, wherein the first polymer with low temperature flexibility is a propylene-containing elastomer. 44. The carpet of claim 43, wherein the first polymer with low temperature flexibility is a propylene-based co-polymer. 45. The carpet of claim 44, wherein the first polymer with low temperature flexibility is a propylene-based co-polymer with 50% to 91% propylene monomer in the polymer chain. 46. The carpet of claim 41, wherein the second polymer with high temperature resistance is an olefin polymer. 47. The carpet of claim 46, wherein the second polymer with high temperature resistance is a propylene-based polymer. 48. The carpet of claim 25, wherein the backing layer further includes a compatibilizing agent in the range from 0.1 wt % to 10 wt %. 49. The carpet of claim 48, wherein the compatibilizing agent is selected from the group consisting of maleic anhydride modified olefin-containing polymer, polyester copolymer, surfactants, steric acid, and mixtures thereof. 50. The carpet of claim 25, wherein the carpet is a carpet tile. 51. The carpet of claim 50, wherein the carpet tile is digitally printed to form a printed carpet tile. 52. The carpet of claim 51, wherein the thermoplastic polyolefin polymer in the backing of the printed carpet is free from visual deformation resulting from the printing process. 53. The carpet of claim 7 or 31, wherein the first polymer is a single-site catalyzed propylene elastomer. | 1,700 |
3,669 | 14,776,338 | 1,792 | Apparatus and methods for producing multiple extruded products having different characteristics from the extruded stream of a single main extruder are provided. A satellite extruder assembly is removably attached to a main extruder allowing for the production of a plurality of different extrusion products from a single stream from one main extruder that is divided into multiple streams channeled to a plurality of satellite extruders. Each of the extruders may be operated at different temperature, pressure, moisture and shear conditions. Additional components may be selectively added to one or more of the material streams. | 1. A multi-barrel extrusion system (1) comprising:
a. a primary extruder (10); b. a plurality of satellite extruders (30A, 30B, 30C, 30D); c. each extruder having an axially rotatable screw (15, 28) within a barrel (12, 31A, 31B, 31C, 31D) and configured to move material from a barrel inlet (13, 35), through the barrel and out through a barrel outlet (14, 36); and d. a manifold (24) interconnecting said primary extruder (10) and plurality of satellite extruders (30A, 30B, 30C, 30D), the manifold having an inlet (23) and a plurality of separate outlets (25) and operable to separate said material passing through the barrel outlet (14) of said primary extruder (10) into a plurality of separate material streams, each stream passing through one of said manifold outlets (25) and into an inlet (35) of one of said satellite extruders (30A, 30B, 30C, 30D). 2. A method of increasing starch gelatinization in a starch-containing pet food product, comprising the steps of:
a. providing a multi-extrusion apparatus (1) including
a primary extruder (10) and a plurality of satellite extruders (30A, 30B, 30C, 30D), each extruder having an axially rotatable screw (15, 28) within a barrel (12, 31A, 31B, 31C, 31D) and configured to move material from a barrel inlet (13, 35), through the barrel and out through a barrel outlet (14, 36), a manifold (24) having an inlet (23) and a plurality of separate outlets (25) and operable to separate said material passing through the barrel outlet (14) of said primary extruder into a plurality of separate material streams, each stream passing through one of said manifold outlets (25) and into an inlet (35) of one of the said satellite extruders (30A, 30B, 30C, 30D);
b. processing a starch-containing pet food mixture by extrusion through the primary extruder (10); c. next passing the extruded starch-containing mixture through the manifold (24) to form a plurality of separate material streams and directing each of the streams to an inlet (35) of one of the satellite extruders (30A, 30B, 30C, 30D); and d. processing the material streams by extrusion through individual ones of the satellite extruders (30A, 30B, 30C, 30D). 3-20. (canceled) 21. The method of claim 2, wherein a temperature sensitive ingredient is added to at least one of the satellite extruders (30A, 30B, 30C, 30D). 22. The method of claim 2, wherein the bioavailability of the temperature sensitive ingredients is increased in the final extrusion product in comparison to final extrusion products processed in a single extruder. 23. The method of claim 2, wherein the shear conditions within at least one of the satellite extruders (30A, 30B, 30C, 30D) differ from the shear conditions within the primary extruder (10). 24. The method claim 2, wherein one or more hydration competitive components are added to at least one of the plurality of separate material streams, but not to the starch containing mixture in the primary extruder (10). 25. The method of claim 2, wherein one or more shear sensitive ingredients are added to at least one of the plurality of separate material streams, but not to the starch containing mixture in the primary extruder (10). 26. The method of claim 2, further including the steps of:
a. processing the starch-containing mixture by extrusion through the primary extruder (10) at a temperature for a period of time; and b. processing at least one of the plurality of separate material streams by extrusion through one of the satellite extruders (30A, 30B, 30C, 30D) at a reduced temperature for a longer period of time. 27. The method of claim 2 and of reducing back pressure on the primary extruder (10), further including the steps of:
a. operating the extruder screw (15) of the primary extruder at a rate of speed; and
b. operating at least one of the extruder screws (28) from one of the satellite extruders at a reduced rate of speed. 28. A method of manufacturing a plurality of extruded food products from a single edible mixture, comprising the steps of:
a. providing an extrusion apparatus (1) including a primary extruder (10) and a plurality of satellite extruders (30A, 30B, 30C, 30D), each extruder having an axially rotatable screw (15, 28) within a barrel (12, 31A, 31B, 31C, 31D) and configured to move a material from a barrel inlet (13, 35), through the barrel and out through a barrel outlet (14, 36), a manifold (24) having an inlet (23) and a plurality of separate outlets (25) and operable to separate the material passing through the barrel outlet (14) of the primary extruder into a plurality of separate material streams, each stream passing through one of the manifold outlets (25) and into an inlet (35) of one of the satellite extruders (30A, 30B, 30C, 30D); b. processing the edible mixture by extrusion through the primary extruder (10); c. next passing the extruded edible mixture through the manifold (24) to form a plurality of separate material streams and passing the separate material streams into an inlet (35) of one of the satellite extruders; and d. processing the material streams in each the satellite extruders (30A, 30B, 30C, 30D) to form a plurality of extruded food products. 29. The method of claim 28 further including the step of:
subjecting the extruded food products to a further step of drying or finishing by combining the plurality of products extruded from each of the satellite extruders (30A, 30B, 30C, 30D) and transferring them to a drying or finishing apparatus. 30. The method of claim 28 further including the step of:
subjecting the extruded food products to a further step of drying or finishing by combining the plurality of products extruded from at least two of the satellite extruders (30A, 30B, 30C, 30D) and transferring them to a drying or finishing apparatus. 31. The method of claim 28 further including the step of:
subjecting the extruded food products to a further step of drying or finishing by transferring the products extruded from each of the satellite extruders (30A, 30B, 30C, 30D) to a respective individual drying or finishing apparatus. | Apparatus and methods for producing multiple extruded products having different characteristics from the extruded stream of a single main extruder are provided. A satellite extruder assembly is removably attached to a main extruder allowing for the production of a plurality of different extrusion products from a single stream from one main extruder that is divided into multiple streams channeled to a plurality of satellite extruders. Each of the extruders may be operated at different temperature, pressure, moisture and shear conditions. Additional components may be selectively added to one or more of the material streams.1. A multi-barrel extrusion system (1) comprising:
a. a primary extruder (10); b. a plurality of satellite extruders (30A, 30B, 30C, 30D); c. each extruder having an axially rotatable screw (15, 28) within a barrel (12, 31A, 31B, 31C, 31D) and configured to move material from a barrel inlet (13, 35), through the barrel and out through a barrel outlet (14, 36); and d. a manifold (24) interconnecting said primary extruder (10) and plurality of satellite extruders (30A, 30B, 30C, 30D), the manifold having an inlet (23) and a plurality of separate outlets (25) and operable to separate said material passing through the barrel outlet (14) of said primary extruder (10) into a plurality of separate material streams, each stream passing through one of said manifold outlets (25) and into an inlet (35) of one of said satellite extruders (30A, 30B, 30C, 30D). 2. A method of increasing starch gelatinization in a starch-containing pet food product, comprising the steps of:
a. providing a multi-extrusion apparatus (1) including
a primary extruder (10) and a plurality of satellite extruders (30A, 30B, 30C, 30D), each extruder having an axially rotatable screw (15, 28) within a barrel (12, 31A, 31B, 31C, 31D) and configured to move material from a barrel inlet (13, 35), through the barrel and out through a barrel outlet (14, 36), a manifold (24) having an inlet (23) and a plurality of separate outlets (25) and operable to separate said material passing through the barrel outlet (14) of said primary extruder into a plurality of separate material streams, each stream passing through one of said manifold outlets (25) and into an inlet (35) of one of the said satellite extruders (30A, 30B, 30C, 30D);
b. processing a starch-containing pet food mixture by extrusion through the primary extruder (10); c. next passing the extruded starch-containing mixture through the manifold (24) to form a plurality of separate material streams and directing each of the streams to an inlet (35) of one of the satellite extruders (30A, 30B, 30C, 30D); and d. processing the material streams by extrusion through individual ones of the satellite extruders (30A, 30B, 30C, 30D). 3-20. (canceled) 21. The method of claim 2, wherein a temperature sensitive ingredient is added to at least one of the satellite extruders (30A, 30B, 30C, 30D). 22. The method of claim 2, wherein the bioavailability of the temperature sensitive ingredients is increased in the final extrusion product in comparison to final extrusion products processed in a single extruder. 23. The method of claim 2, wherein the shear conditions within at least one of the satellite extruders (30A, 30B, 30C, 30D) differ from the shear conditions within the primary extruder (10). 24. The method claim 2, wherein one or more hydration competitive components are added to at least one of the plurality of separate material streams, but not to the starch containing mixture in the primary extruder (10). 25. The method of claim 2, wherein one or more shear sensitive ingredients are added to at least one of the plurality of separate material streams, but not to the starch containing mixture in the primary extruder (10). 26. The method of claim 2, further including the steps of:
a. processing the starch-containing mixture by extrusion through the primary extruder (10) at a temperature for a period of time; and b. processing at least one of the plurality of separate material streams by extrusion through one of the satellite extruders (30A, 30B, 30C, 30D) at a reduced temperature for a longer period of time. 27. The method of claim 2 and of reducing back pressure on the primary extruder (10), further including the steps of:
a. operating the extruder screw (15) of the primary extruder at a rate of speed; and
b. operating at least one of the extruder screws (28) from one of the satellite extruders at a reduced rate of speed. 28. A method of manufacturing a plurality of extruded food products from a single edible mixture, comprising the steps of:
a. providing an extrusion apparatus (1) including a primary extruder (10) and a plurality of satellite extruders (30A, 30B, 30C, 30D), each extruder having an axially rotatable screw (15, 28) within a barrel (12, 31A, 31B, 31C, 31D) and configured to move a material from a barrel inlet (13, 35), through the barrel and out through a barrel outlet (14, 36), a manifold (24) having an inlet (23) and a plurality of separate outlets (25) and operable to separate the material passing through the barrel outlet (14) of the primary extruder into a plurality of separate material streams, each stream passing through one of the manifold outlets (25) and into an inlet (35) of one of the satellite extruders (30A, 30B, 30C, 30D); b. processing the edible mixture by extrusion through the primary extruder (10); c. next passing the extruded edible mixture through the manifold (24) to form a plurality of separate material streams and passing the separate material streams into an inlet (35) of one of the satellite extruders; and d. processing the material streams in each the satellite extruders (30A, 30B, 30C, 30D) to form a plurality of extruded food products. 29. The method of claim 28 further including the step of:
subjecting the extruded food products to a further step of drying or finishing by combining the plurality of products extruded from each of the satellite extruders (30A, 30B, 30C, 30D) and transferring them to a drying or finishing apparatus. 30. The method of claim 28 further including the step of:
subjecting the extruded food products to a further step of drying or finishing by combining the plurality of products extruded from at least two of the satellite extruders (30A, 30B, 30C, 30D) and transferring them to a drying or finishing apparatus. 31. The method of claim 28 further including the step of:
subjecting the extruded food products to a further step of drying or finishing by transferring the products extruded from each of the satellite extruders (30A, 30B, 30C, 30D) to a respective individual drying or finishing apparatus. | 1,700 |
3,670 | 15,100,392 | 1,747 | There is provided a smoking article having an aerosol generating substrate and a mouthpiece. The mouthpiece indudes a cavity at least partially filled with a particulate material, such as activated carbon,and contains at least one breakable capsule of a liquid flavourant at least partially surrounded by the particulate material, such that the force required to break the capsule within the mouthpiece to release the liquid flavourant is less than three times the inherent burst strength of the capsule. | 1. A smoking article comprising:
an aerosol generating substrate; and a mouthpiece comprising a cavity at least partially filled with a particulate material and containing a breakable capsule of a liquid flavourant at least partially surrounded by the particulate material, wherein the force required to break the capsule within the mouthpiece to release the liquid flavourant is less than three times the inherent burst strength of the capsule. 2. A smoking article according to claim 1, wherein the breakable capsule has an inherent burst strength of at least 10 Newtons. 3. A smoking article according to claim 1, wherein the breakable capsule has an inherent burst strength of at least 25 Newtons. 4. A smoking article according to claim 1 wherein the force required to break the capsule within the mouthpiece to release the liquid flavourant is less than 50 Newtons. 5. A smoking article according to claim 1 wherein the particulate material has a mesh size such that at least 95% of the particles fall between 12 and 20 mesh. 6. A smoking article according to claim 1 wherein the hardness of the particulate material is at least 90% when measured in a Ball Pan Hardness test conducted in accordance with ASTM D3802. 7. A smoking article according to claim 1 wherein the number average particle size of the particulate material is less than half of the maximum diameter of the breakable capsule. 8. A smoking article according to claim 1 wherein the particulate material comprises at least one sorbent material. 9. A smoking article according to claim 8, wherein the at least one sorbent material has a total pore volume, and at least 30 percent of the total pore volume of the sorbent material is provided by pore sizes in the range of about 2 nm to about 50 nm. 10. A smoking article according to claim 8 wherein the BET surface area of the at least one sorbent material is less than 1500 square metres per gram. 11. A smoking article according to claim 1 wherein the particulate material has a bulk density of at least 0.3 grams per cubic centimeter. 12. A smoking article according to claim 1, wherein the length of the cavity, in the longitudinal direction of the mouthpiece, is at least about 1.5 mm greater than the maximum diameter of the breakable capsule. 13. A smoking article according to claim 1 wherein the breakable capsule comprises an outer shell encapsulating the liquid flavourant, wherein the outer shell has a thickness of at least 30 microns. 14. A smoking article according to claim 1, wherein the outer shelter segment and a rod end filter segment, wherein the cavity is defined between the mouth end filter segment and the rod end filter segment. 15. A filter for a smoking article, the filter comprising a cavity at least partially filled with a particulate material and containing a breakable capsule of a liquid flavourant at least partially surrounded by the particulate material, wherein the force required to break the capsule within the mouthpiece to release the liquid flavourant is less than three times the inherent burst strength of the capsule. 16. A smoking article comprising:
an aerosol generating substrate; and a mouthpiece comprising a cavity at least partially filled with a particulate material and containing a breakable capsule of a liquid flavourant at least partially surrounded by the particulate material, wherein the force required to break the capsule within the mouthpiece to release the liquid flavourant is less than three times the inherent burst strength of the capsule, wherein the particulate material has a mesh size such that at least 95% of the particles fall between 12 and 20 mesh, and wherein the breakable capsule comprises a outer shell encapsulating the liquid flavourant, wherein the outer shell has a thickness of at least 30 microns. 17. A smoking article according to claim 16, wherein the hardness of the particulate material is at least 90% when measured in a Ball Pan Hardness tests less than half of the maximum diameter of the breakable ASTM D3802. 18. A smoking article according to claim 16, wherein the number average particle size of the particulate material is less than half of the maximum diameter of the breakable capsule. 19. A smoking article according to claim 16, wherein the particulate material comprises at least one sorbent material. 20. A smoking article according to claim 19, wherein the at least one sorbent material has a total pore volume, and at least 30 percent of the total pore volume of the sorbent material is provided by pore sizes in the range of about 2 nm to about 50 nm. | There is provided a smoking article having an aerosol generating substrate and a mouthpiece. The mouthpiece indudes a cavity at least partially filled with a particulate material, such as activated carbon,and contains at least one breakable capsule of a liquid flavourant at least partially surrounded by the particulate material, such that the force required to break the capsule within the mouthpiece to release the liquid flavourant is less than three times the inherent burst strength of the capsule.1. A smoking article comprising:
an aerosol generating substrate; and a mouthpiece comprising a cavity at least partially filled with a particulate material and containing a breakable capsule of a liquid flavourant at least partially surrounded by the particulate material, wherein the force required to break the capsule within the mouthpiece to release the liquid flavourant is less than three times the inherent burst strength of the capsule. 2. A smoking article according to claim 1, wherein the breakable capsule has an inherent burst strength of at least 10 Newtons. 3. A smoking article according to claim 1, wherein the breakable capsule has an inherent burst strength of at least 25 Newtons. 4. A smoking article according to claim 1 wherein the force required to break the capsule within the mouthpiece to release the liquid flavourant is less than 50 Newtons. 5. A smoking article according to claim 1 wherein the particulate material has a mesh size such that at least 95% of the particles fall between 12 and 20 mesh. 6. A smoking article according to claim 1 wherein the hardness of the particulate material is at least 90% when measured in a Ball Pan Hardness test conducted in accordance with ASTM D3802. 7. A smoking article according to claim 1 wherein the number average particle size of the particulate material is less than half of the maximum diameter of the breakable capsule. 8. A smoking article according to claim 1 wherein the particulate material comprises at least one sorbent material. 9. A smoking article according to claim 8, wherein the at least one sorbent material has a total pore volume, and at least 30 percent of the total pore volume of the sorbent material is provided by pore sizes in the range of about 2 nm to about 50 nm. 10. A smoking article according to claim 8 wherein the BET surface area of the at least one sorbent material is less than 1500 square metres per gram. 11. A smoking article according to claim 1 wherein the particulate material has a bulk density of at least 0.3 grams per cubic centimeter. 12. A smoking article according to claim 1, wherein the length of the cavity, in the longitudinal direction of the mouthpiece, is at least about 1.5 mm greater than the maximum diameter of the breakable capsule. 13. A smoking article according to claim 1 wherein the breakable capsule comprises an outer shell encapsulating the liquid flavourant, wherein the outer shell has a thickness of at least 30 microns. 14. A smoking article according to claim 1, wherein the outer shelter segment and a rod end filter segment, wherein the cavity is defined between the mouth end filter segment and the rod end filter segment. 15. A filter for a smoking article, the filter comprising a cavity at least partially filled with a particulate material and containing a breakable capsule of a liquid flavourant at least partially surrounded by the particulate material, wherein the force required to break the capsule within the mouthpiece to release the liquid flavourant is less than three times the inherent burst strength of the capsule. 16. A smoking article comprising:
an aerosol generating substrate; and a mouthpiece comprising a cavity at least partially filled with a particulate material and containing a breakable capsule of a liquid flavourant at least partially surrounded by the particulate material, wherein the force required to break the capsule within the mouthpiece to release the liquid flavourant is less than three times the inherent burst strength of the capsule, wherein the particulate material has a mesh size such that at least 95% of the particles fall between 12 and 20 mesh, and wherein the breakable capsule comprises a outer shell encapsulating the liquid flavourant, wherein the outer shell has a thickness of at least 30 microns. 17. A smoking article according to claim 16, wherein the hardness of the particulate material is at least 90% when measured in a Ball Pan Hardness tests less than half of the maximum diameter of the breakable ASTM D3802. 18. A smoking article according to claim 16, wherein the number average particle size of the particulate material is less than half of the maximum diameter of the breakable capsule. 19. A smoking article according to claim 16, wherein the particulate material comprises at least one sorbent material. 20. A smoking article according to claim 19, wherein the at least one sorbent material has a total pore volume, and at least 30 percent of the total pore volume of the sorbent material is provided by pore sizes in the range of about 2 nm to about 50 nm. | 1,700 |
3,671 | 15,027,800 | 1,744 | A method of molding a component includes the steps of providing a plurality of fibers, applying the fibers with a low temperature sizing to form a plurality of sized fibers, forming a preform from the plurality of sized fibers, placing the preform in a mold, and de-sizing the preform by heating the mold to an initial temperature that is sufficient to break down the low temperature sizing to a gaseous phase. A molding apparatus is also disclosed. | 1. A method of molding a component comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a plurality of fibers; (b) applying the fibers with a low temperature sizing to form a plurality of sized fibers; (c) forming a preform from the plurality of sized fibers; (d) placing the preform in a mold; and (e) de-sizing the preform by heating the mold to an initial temperature that is sufficient to break down the low temperature sizing to a gaseous phase. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of fibers are high temperature fibers formed from a material that is capable of being processed at a temperature that is 600 degrees Fahrenheit or greater. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the plurality of fibers are comprised of a polyimide-matrix composite material. 4. The method according to claim 2, wherein the low temperature sizing is comprised of a material capable of complete decomposition at temperatures less than 850 degrees Fahrenheit. 5. The method according to claim 1, including (f) removing the gaseous phase of the low temperature sizing from the mold via at least one of a vacuum pressure and a positive pressure. 6. The method according to claim 5, including (g) heating the mold to an infusion temperature and injecting an infusion liquid to completely infuse the preform with the infusion liquid. 7. The method according to claim 6, including (h) heating the mold to a curing temperature for a predetermined period of time to provide a cured preform. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the preform is comprised of a non-pre-impregnated material. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the preform comprises a three-dimensional dry-shaped preform. 10. The method according to claim 10, wherein the dry-shaped preform is formed by at least one of braiding and weaving. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the preform comprises a two-dimensional stack of tackified fabric. 12. A method of molding a component comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a plurality of fibers; (b) applying the fibers with a low temperature sizing to form a plurality of sized fibers; (c) forming a preform from the plurality of sized fibers; (d) placing the preform in a mold; (e) de-sizing the preform by heating the mold to an initial temperature that is sufficient to break down the low temperature sizing to a gaseous phase; (f) removing the gaseous phase of the low temperature sizing from the mold; (g) heating the mold to an infusion temperature and injecting an infusion liquid to infuse the preform; and (h) heating the mold to a curing temperature to form a cured polyimide-matrix composite material. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein step (g) is performed subsequent to step (f). 14. The method according to claim 12, wherein the low temperature sizing is comprised of a material capable of complete decomposition at temperatures less than 850 degrees Fahrenheit. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the infusion liquid is resin. 16. The method according to claim 14, wherein step (f) includes removing the gaseous phase with a vacuum pump. 17. A molding apparatus comprising:
a mold defining an internal cavity; a shaped reinforcement configured to be positioned within the internal cavity, the shaped reinforcement comprised of a plurality of fibers sized with a low temperature sizing; a heat source configured to heat the mold, wherein the preform is de-sized by the heat source heating the mold to an initial temperature that is sufficient to break down the low temperature sizing to a gaseous phase; a vacuum pump configured to remove the gaseous phase of the low temperature sizing material or a pressurized gas flow designed to remove the gaseous phase of the low temperature sizing material; and an injector configured to inject an infusion liquid to infuse a de-sized shaped reinforcement, wherein the heat source heats the mold to an infusion temperature such that the infusion liquid completely wets-out the fibers to provide an infused shaped reinforcement, and wherein the heat source heats the infused shaped reinforcement to a curing temperature. 18. The apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the plurality of fibers are high temperature fibers and wherein the low temperature sizing is comprised of a material capable of complete decomposition at temperatures less than 850 degrees Fahrenheit. 19. The apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the infusion liquid is resin. 20. The apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the preform is comprised of a non-pre-impregnated material. | A method of molding a component includes the steps of providing a plurality of fibers, applying the fibers with a low temperature sizing to form a plurality of sized fibers, forming a preform from the plurality of sized fibers, placing the preform in a mold, and de-sizing the preform by heating the mold to an initial temperature that is sufficient to break down the low temperature sizing to a gaseous phase. A molding apparatus is also disclosed.1. A method of molding a component comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a plurality of fibers; (b) applying the fibers with a low temperature sizing to form a plurality of sized fibers; (c) forming a preform from the plurality of sized fibers; (d) placing the preform in a mold; and (e) de-sizing the preform by heating the mold to an initial temperature that is sufficient to break down the low temperature sizing to a gaseous phase. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of fibers are high temperature fibers formed from a material that is capable of being processed at a temperature that is 600 degrees Fahrenheit or greater. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the plurality of fibers are comprised of a polyimide-matrix composite material. 4. The method according to claim 2, wherein the low temperature sizing is comprised of a material capable of complete decomposition at temperatures less than 850 degrees Fahrenheit. 5. The method according to claim 1, including (f) removing the gaseous phase of the low temperature sizing from the mold via at least one of a vacuum pressure and a positive pressure. 6. The method according to claim 5, including (g) heating the mold to an infusion temperature and injecting an infusion liquid to completely infuse the preform with the infusion liquid. 7. The method according to claim 6, including (h) heating the mold to a curing temperature for a predetermined period of time to provide a cured preform. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the preform is comprised of a non-pre-impregnated material. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the preform comprises a three-dimensional dry-shaped preform. 10. The method according to claim 10, wherein the dry-shaped preform is formed by at least one of braiding and weaving. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the preform comprises a two-dimensional stack of tackified fabric. 12. A method of molding a component comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a plurality of fibers; (b) applying the fibers with a low temperature sizing to form a plurality of sized fibers; (c) forming a preform from the plurality of sized fibers; (d) placing the preform in a mold; (e) de-sizing the preform by heating the mold to an initial temperature that is sufficient to break down the low temperature sizing to a gaseous phase; (f) removing the gaseous phase of the low temperature sizing from the mold; (g) heating the mold to an infusion temperature and injecting an infusion liquid to infuse the preform; and (h) heating the mold to a curing temperature to form a cured polyimide-matrix composite material. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein step (g) is performed subsequent to step (f). 14. The method according to claim 12, wherein the low temperature sizing is comprised of a material capable of complete decomposition at temperatures less than 850 degrees Fahrenheit. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the infusion liquid is resin. 16. The method according to claim 14, wherein step (f) includes removing the gaseous phase with a vacuum pump. 17. A molding apparatus comprising:
a mold defining an internal cavity; a shaped reinforcement configured to be positioned within the internal cavity, the shaped reinforcement comprised of a plurality of fibers sized with a low temperature sizing; a heat source configured to heat the mold, wherein the preform is de-sized by the heat source heating the mold to an initial temperature that is sufficient to break down the low temperature sizing to a gaseous phase; a vacuum pump configured to remove the gaseous phase of the low temperature sizing material or a pressurized gas flow designed to remove the gaseous phase of the low temperature sizing material; and an injector configured to inject an infusion liquid to infuse a de-sized shaped reinforcement, wherein the heat source heats the mold to an infusion temperature such that the infusion liquid completely wets-out the fibers to provide an infused shaped reinforcement, and wherein the heat source heats the infused shaped reinforcement to a curing temperature. 18. The apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the plurality of fibers are high temperature fibers and wherein the low temperature sizing is comprised of a material capable of complete decomposition at temperatures less than 850 degrees Fahrenheit. 19. The apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the infusion liquid is resin. 20. The apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the preform is comprised of a non-pre-impregnated material. | 1,700 |
3,672 | 14,780,702 | 1,734 | A case hardening steel includes a chemical composition containing C: 0.10 mass % to 0.35 mass %, Si: 0.01 mass % to 0.13 mass %, Mn: 0.30 mass % to 0.80 mass %, P: 0.02 mass % or less, S: 0.03 mass % or less, Al: 0.01 mass % to 0.045 mass %, Cr: 0.5 mass % to 3.0 mass %, B: 0.0005 mass % to 0.0040 mass %, Nb: 0.003 mass % to 0.080 mass %, N: 0.0080 mass % or less, Ti as an impurity: 0.005 mass % or less, and the balance being Fe and incidental impurities, and satisfying Formulae (1) and (2):
3.0[% Si]+9.2[% Cr]+10.3[% Mn]≧10.0 (1)
3.0[% Si]+1.0[% Mn]<1.0 (2)
where [% M] represents the content of element M (mass %). | 1-2. (canceled) 3. A case hardening steel comprising a chemical composition containing
C: 0.10 mass % to 0.35 mass %, Si: 0.01 mass % to 0.13 mass %, Mn: 0.30 mass % to 0.80 mass %, P: 0.02 mass % or less, S: 0.03 mass % or less, Al: 0.01 mass % to 0.045 mass %, Cr: 0.5 mass % to 3.0 mass %, B: 0.0005 mass % to 0.0040 mass %, Nb: 0.003 mass % to 0.080 mass %, N: 0.0080 mass % or less, Ti as an impurity: 0.005 mass % or less, and the balance being Fe and incidental impurities, and satisfying Formulae (1) and (2):
3.0[% Si]+9.2[% Cr]+10.3[% Mn]≧10.0 (1)
3.0[% Si]+1.0[% Mn]<1.0 (2)
where [% M] represents the content of element M (mass %). 4. The case hardening steel according to claim 3, wherein the chemical composition further contains one or more of
Cu: 0.5 mass % or less, Ni: 0.5 mass % or less, and V: 0.1 mass % or less. | A case hardening steel includes a chemical composition containing C: 0.10 mass % to 0.35 mass %, Si: 0.01 mass % to 0.13 mass %, Mn: 0.30 mass % to 0.80 mass %, P: 0.02 mass % or less, S: 0.03 mass % or less, Al: 0.01 mass % to 0.045 mass %, Cr: 0.5 mass % to 3.0 mass %, B: 0.0005 mass % to 0.0040 mass %, Nb: 0.003 mass % to 0.080 mass %, N: 0.0080 mass % or less, Ti as an impurity: 0.005 mass % or less, and the balance being Fe and incidental impurities, and satisfying Formulae (1) and (2):
3.0[% Si]+9.2[% Cr]+10.3[% Mn]≧10.0 (1)
3.0[% Si]+1.0[% Mn]<1.0 (2)
where [% M] represents the content of element M (mass %).1-2. (canceled) 3. A case hardening steel comprising a chemical composition containing
C: 0.10 mass % to 0.35 mass %, Si: 0.01 mass % to 0.13 mass %, Mn: 0.30 mass % to 0.80 mass %, P: 0.02 mass % or less, S: 0.03 mass % or less, Al: 0.01 mass % to 0.045 mass %, Cr: 0.5 mass % to 3.0 mass %, B: 0.0005 mass % to 0.0040 mass %, Nb: 0.003 mass % to 0.080 mass %, N: 0.0080 mass % or less, Ti as an impurity: 0.005 mass % or less, and the balance being Fe and incidental impurities, and satisfying Formulae (1) and (2):
3.0[% Si]+9.2[% Cr]+10.3[% Mn]≧10.0 (1)
3.0[% Si]+1.0[% Mn]<1.0 (2)
where [% M] represents the content of element M (mass %). 4. The case hardening steel according to claim 3, wherein the chemical composition further contains one or more of
Cu: 0.5 mass % or less, Ni: 0.5 mass % or less, and V: 0.1 mass % or less. | 1,700 |
3,673 | 14,496,329 | 1,786 | A coated composite material comprising a composite substrate comprises a polymeric matrix with fibre reinforcement, a surface of the composite substrate being coated with a two-phase primer layer E and a coating layer A adhered to said outer surface of the two-phase primer layer E. The two-phase primer layer E comprises a reinforcing phase of material elements bound in a predefined distribution by a polymeric phase and at least partially exposed at an outer surface of the primer layer so as to provide a surface texture. | 1. A coated composite material comprising:
a composite substrate comprising a polymeric matrix with fibre reinforcement; a surface of the composite substrate being coated with: (i) a two-phase primer layer comprising a reinforcing phase of material elements bound in a predefined distribution by a polymeric phase and at least partially exposed at an outer surface of the primer layer so as to provide a surface texture; and (ii) a coating layer adhered to said outer surface of the two-phase primer layer. 2. A coated composite material according to claim 1, wherein the surface texture has a depth, determined by the predefined distribution of the reinforcing phase, that is chosen depending on the coating layer. 3. A coated composite material according to claim 2, wherein the surface texture is approximately homogenous across the outer surface of the two-phase primer layer. 4. A coated composite material according to claim 3, wherein the two-phase primer layer has a substantially constant thickness. 5. A coated composite material according to claim 4, wherein the reinforcing phase of material elements comprises fibrous elements. 6. A coated composite material according to claim 1, wherein the reinforcing phase of material elements comprises one or more plastic materials. 7. A coated composite material according to claim 1, wherein the polymeric phase comprises a film adhesive. 8. A coated composite material according to claim 1, wherein a single coating layer is adhered to said outer surface of the two-phase primer layer. 9. A coated composite material according to claim 1, wherein the coating layer consists of a metallic, ceramic or composite thermal spray coating. 10. A coated composite material according to claim 1, wherein the coating layer is deposited on said outer surface by a thermal spraying technique chosen from one or more of: wire arc spraying; high velocity oxy-fuel spraying; plasma spraying; flame spraying; detonation spraying; warm spraying; or cold spraying. 11. A method of manufacturing a coated composite material, the method comprising:
providing a composite substrate comprising a polymeric matrix with fibre reinforcement; coating a surface of the composite substrate with a two-phase primer layer comprising a reinforcing phase of material elements bound in a predefined distribution by a polymeric phase such that the reinforcing phase is at least partially exposed at an outer surface of the primer layer so as to provide a surface texture; and depositing a coating layer on said outer surface of the primer layer. 12. A method according to claim 11, further comprising: curing the two-phase primer layer after it has been deposited on a surface of the composite substrate. 13. A method according to claim 12, further comprising: preparing a surface of the composite substrate before coating the surface with the two-phase primer layer. 14. A coated composite material manufactured according to the method of claim 13. | A coated composite material comprising a composite substrate comprises a polymeric matrix with fibre reinforcement, a surface of the composite substrate being coated with a two-phase primer layer E and a coating layer A adhered to said outer surface of the two-phase primer layer E. The two-phase primer layer E comprises a reinforcing phase of material elements bound in a predefined distribution by a polymeric phase and at least partially exposed at an outer surface of the primer layer so as to provide a surface texture.1. A coated composite material comprising:
a composite substrate comprising a polymeric matrix with fibre reinforcement; a surface of the composite substrate being coated with: (i) a two-phase primer layer comprising a reinforcing phase of material elements bound in a predefined distribution by a polymeric phase and at least partially exposed at an outer surface of the primer layer so as to provide a surface texture; and (ii) a coating layer adhered to said outer surface of the two-phase primer layer. 2. A coated composite material according to claim 1, wherein the surface texture has a depth, determined by the predefined distribution of the reinforcing phase, that is chosen depending on the coating layer. 3. A coated composite material according to claim 2, wherein the surface texture is approximately homogenous across the outer surface of the two-phase primer layer. 4. A coated composite material according to claim 3, wherein the two-phase primer layer has a substantially constant thickness. 5. A coated composite material according to claim 4, wherein the reinforcing phase of material elements comprises fibrous elements. 6. A coated composite material according to claim 1, wherein the reinforcing phase of material elements comprises one or more plastic materials. 7. A coated composite material according to claim 1, wherein the polymeric phase comprises a film adhesive. 8. A coated composite material according to claim 1, wherein a single coating layer is adhered to said outer surface of the two-phase primer layer. 9. A coated composite material according to claim 1, wherein the coating layer consists of a metallic, ceramic or composite thermal spray coating. 10. A coated composite material according to claim 1, wherein the coating layer is deposited on said outer surface by a thermal spraying technique chosen from one or more of: wire arc spraying; high velocity oxy-fuel spraying; plasma spraying; flame spraying; detonation spraying; warm spraying; or cold spraying. 11. A method of manufacturing a coated composite material, the method comprising:
providing a composite substrate comprising a polymeric matrix with fibre reinforcement; coating a surface of the composite substrate with a two-phase primer layer comprising a reinforcing phase of material elements bound in a predefined distribution by a polymeric phase such that the reinforcing phase is at least partially exposed at an outer surface of the primer layer so as to provide a surface texture; and depositing a coating layer on said outer surface of the primer layer. 12. A method according to claim 11, further comprising: curing the two-phase primer layer after it has been deposited on a surface of the composite substrate. 13. A method according to claim 12, further comprising: preparing a surface of the composite substrate before coating the surface with the two-phase primer layer. 14. A coated composite material manufactured according to the method of claim 13. | 1,700 |
3,674 | 13,896,040 | 1,747 | A wrapper for a smoking article has a base web and a plurality of crenellated bands, each having a diffusivity value in the range of 0 to about 0.2 cm/sec. The add-on material can be applied by gravure printing in a single pass in a chevron pattern such that an apex of the element is co-linear with substantially symmetrically spaced points on a trailing, outer edge of an adjacent chevron element. Testing elements may be simultaneously printed with the add-on material to monitor diffusivity and/or presence of add-on material. | 1. A wrapper of a smoking article comprising a tobacco rod, said wrapper comprising:
a base web having a longitudinal direction and a transverse direction; and an add-on material applied to said base web according to a pattern comprising a plurality of generally transverse bands including a leading edge portion and a trailing edge portion, said bands spaced from one another in a longitudinal direction of said base web, at least one of said leading edge and said trailing edge being crenellated, each band having a diffusivity in the range of 0 to about 0.2 cm/sec, said add-on material comprising an occluding component and an anti-wrinkling agent, said add-on material having been applied to the base web as an aqueous solution; said bands being in a condition of said add-on material having been applied to the base web in a single pass application while being maintained by thermal conditioning at a desired viscosity and film-forming capability; said rows being in a condition of having been applied to the base web in a chevron form. 2. The wrapper of claim 1, wherein both said leading edge portion and said trailing edge portion are crenellated. 3. The wrapper of claim 1, wherein each band has a width “w” and further comprises a solid band portion of a width “x” greater than a width “y” of said crenellated edge portion. 4. The wrapper of claim 1, wherein said chevron form extends in a transverse direction of the base web and pointing in the longitudinal direction. 5. The wrapper of claim 4, wherein said chevron form includes an apex and an angle at said apex, said angle in the range of about 0.5° to about 5°. 6. The wrapper of claim 2, wherein said crenellated edge portions include merlons and crenels of essential a same transverse dimension. 7. The wrapper of claim 6, wherein each merlon extends transversely in the range of about 4 mm, and extends in the range of about 3 mm in the longitudinal direction. 8. The wrapper of claim 1, wherein only one on said leading and trailing edge portions is crenellated, said crenellated edge portion including merlons and crenels of essentially a same transverse dimension, each merlon extending about 3 mm in the transverse direction and extending about 3 mm in the longitudinal direction. 9. The wrapper of claim 1, wherein the anti-wrinkling agent is selected from the group consisting of propylene glycol; 1,2 propylene glycol; and glycerin. 10. The wrapper of claim 9, wherein the add-on material includes calcium carbonate. 11. The wrapper of claim 1, wherein the base web has a permeability of greater than about 20 CORESTA in regions other than said bands. 12. The wrapper of claim 10, wherein the add-on material comprises in the ranges of about 20 to about 22 wt % starch, about 7 to about 9 wt % propylene glycol; about 10 to about 12 wt % calcium carbonate and a remainder substantially comprising water, all said ranges being with respect to a total weight of said add-on material. 13. The wrapper of claim 10, wherein said thermal conditioning comprises maintaining said add-on material in a solution at a temperature ranging from about 120° F. to about 150° F. until applied. 14. The wrapper of claim 13, wherein said desired viscosity ranges from about 16.5 seconds to about 19.5 seconds as measured by a Zahn #2 cup at 120° F. at time of application. 15. The wrapper of claim 14, wherein said desired film-forming capability comprises release of at least one of amylopectin and amylose from a starch in said solution. 16. The wrapper of claim 1, wherein said base web is in a condition of having included, prior to a slitting into bobbins, a lane of registration marks configured to facilitate at least one of testing for diffusivity and testing for a presence of said pattern. 17. A smoking article comprising a tobacco rod having a wrapper, said wrapper comprising:
a base web having a longitudinal direction and a transverse direction; and an add-on material applied to said base web according to a pattern comprising a plurality of generally transverse bands including a leading edge portion and a trailing edge portion, said bands spaced from one another in a longitudinal direction of said base web, at least one of said leading edge and said trailing edge being crenellated, each band having a diffusivity in the range of 0 to about 0.2 cm/sec, said add-on material comprising an occluding component and an anti-wrinkling agent, said add-on materials having been applied to the base web as an aqueous solution; said bands being in a condition of said add-on material having been applied to the base web in a single pass application while being maintained by thermal conditioning at a desired viscosity and film-forming capability; said rows being in a condition of having been applied to the base web in a chevron form. 18. The smoking article of claim 17, wherein both said leading edge portion and said trailing edge portion are crenellated. 19. The smoking article of claim 17, wherein each band has a width “w” and further comprises a solid band portion of a width “x” greater than a width “y” of said crenellated edge portion. 20. The smoking article of claim 17, wherein said chevron form extends in a transverse direction of the base web and pointing in the longitudinal direction. 21. The smoking article of claim 20, wherein said chevron form includes an apex and an angle at said apex, said angle in the range of about 0.5° to about 5°. 22. The smoking article of claim 18, wherein said crenellated edge portions include merlons and crenels of essential a same transverse dimension. 23. The smoking article of claim 22, wherein each merlon extends transversely in the range of about 4 mm, and extends in the range of about 3 mm in the longitudinal direction. 24. The smoking article of claim 17, wherein only one on said leading and trailing edge portions is crenellated, said crenellated edge portion including merlons and crenels of essential a same transverse dimension, each merlon extending about 3 mm in the transverse direction and extending about 3 mm in the longitudinal direction. 25. The smoking article of claim 17, wherein the anti-wrinkling agent is selected from the group consisting of propylene glycol; 1,2 propylene glycol; and glycerin. 26. The smoking article of claim 25, wherein the add-on material includes calcium carbonate. 27. The smoking article of claim 17, wherein the base web has a permeability of greater than about 20 CORESTA in regions other than said bands. 28. The smoking article of claim 26, wherein the add-on material comprises in the ranges of about 20 to about 22 wt % starch, about 7 to about 9 wt % propylene glycol; about 10 to about 12 wt % calcium carbonate and a remainder substantially comprising water, all said ranges being with respect to a total weight of said add-on material. 29. The smoking article of claim 26, wherein said thermal conditioning comprises maintaining said add-on material in a solution at a temperature ranging from about 120° F. to about 150° F. until applied. 30. The smoking article of claim 29, wherein said desired viscosity ranges from about 16.5 seconds to about 19.5 seconds as measured by a Zahn #2 cup at 120° F. at time of application. 31. The smoking article of claim 30, wherein said desired film-forming capability comprises release of at least one of amylopectin and amylose from a starch in said solution. 32. The smoking article of claim 1, wherein said base web is in a condition of having included, prior to a slitting into bobbins, a lane of registration marks configured to facilitate at least one of testing for diffusivity and testing for a presence of said pattern. 33. A smoking article comprising:
a rod of smokeable material, said rod comprising a filler and a wrapper, the rod having a circumferential direction and an axial direction; the wrapper further including:
a base web;
a plurality of banded regions having at least two bands formed of add-on material, the band being spaced from one another in the axial direction, the bands comprise a crenellated edge potion and a diffusivity in the range of 0.0 to about 0.1 cm/sec. 34. The smoking article of claim 33, wherein said bands comprise two crenellated edge potions. 35. The smoking article of claim 33, wherein the add-on material comprises starch, calcium carbonate, and an anti-wrinkling agent. 36. The smoking article of claim 35, wherein the add-on material is aqueous when applied. 37. The smoking article of claim 36, wherein the anti-wrinkling agent is selected from the group consisting of propylene glycol; 1,2 propylene glycol; and glycerin. 38. The smoking article of claim 33, wherein the base web has a permeability of greater than about 20 CORESTA. 39. The smoking article of claim 33, wherein the base web has a permeability of less than about 100 CORESTA. 40. The smoking article of claim 34, having an IP performance of less than about 15%; and having an SE performance less than about 50%. 41. A smoking article comprising a tobacco rod, said tobacco rod comprising a wrapper, said wrapper comprising a plurality of bands arranged in circumferential extending, longitudinally spaced-apart, rows, said bands of such number, size and diffusivity value and crenellated form such that said smoking article exhibits an IP performance of less than about 15%; and exhibits an average SE performance less than about 50%. 42. A method of achieving ignition propensity performance in a smoking article together with statistically fewer self-extinguishments in such smoking articles, comprising:
establishing on a wrapper of said smoking article a plurality of crenellated bands arranged in circumferential extending, longitudinally spaced-apart relation; said establishing step including establishing said bands at predetermined size and diffusivity value such that said smoking article exhibits an IP performance of less than about 15%; and exhibits an average SE performance less than about 50%. 43. The method of claim 42, wherein said diffusivity value is established in the range of 0 to about 0.2 cm/sec. 44. The method of claim 43 further including establishing the bands by single-pass printing an aqueous solution containing starch, calcium carbonate, and an anti-wrinkling agent. 45. The method of claim 44, said establishing further comprises applying the rows of bands to a base web according to a chevron form. 46. A process of making wrapper for a smoking article comprising:
applying an add-on material on a base web in the form of a plurality of crenellated bands; and controlling diffusivity values in the bands to lie in the range of 0 to about 0.2 cm/sec using an aqueous solution of starch, calcium carbonate, and an anti-wrinkling agent. 47. The process of claim 46, further including selecting the anti-wrinkling agent from the group consisting of propylene glycol; 1,2 propylene glycol; and glycerin. 48. The process of claim 45 further including slitting the base web to form bobbins. 49. The process of claim 45, wherein the bands are applied to the base web in a chevron pattern. 50. The process of claim 49, wherein the zones of bands are applied to the base web in a chevron pattern such that an apex of a lagging chevron is essentially transverse of an outer edge portion of a leading chevron. 51. The process of claim 50, wherein the chevron pattern has an angle with respect to the transverse direction of the web, which angle lies in the range of about 0.5° to about 5°. 52. A wrapper substantially free of creases and frayed edges, the wrapper in a condition of having been formed by:
printing an add-on material on a base web in the form of a plurality of crenellated bands; and controlling diffusivity in the bands to lie in the range of 0 to about 0.2 cm/sec using an aqueous solution of starch, calcium carbonate, and an anti-wrinkling agent, the aqueous solution in a condition of having been maintained at a temperature ranging from about 120° F. to about 140° F. during preparation and application. | A wrapper for a smoking article has a base web and a plurality of crenellated bands, each having a diffusivity value in the range of 0 to about 0.2 cm/sec. The add-on material can be applied by gravure printing in a single pass in a chevron pattern such that an apex of the element is co-linear with substantially symmetrically spaced points on a trailing, outer edge of an adjacent chevron element. Testing elements may be simultaneously printed with the add-on material to monitor diffusivity and/or presence of add-on material.1. A wrapper of a smoking article comprising a tobacco rod, said wrapper comprising:
a base web having a longitudinal direction and a transverse direction; and an add-on material applied to said base web according to a pattern comprising a plurality of generally transverse bands including a leading edge portion and a trailing edge portion, said bands spaced from one another in a longitudinal direction of said base web, at least one of said leading edge and said trailing edge being crenellated, each band having a diffusivity in the range of 0 to about 0.2 cm/sec, said add-on material comprising an occluding component and an anti-wrinkling agent, said add-on material having been applied to the base web as an aqueous solution; said bands being in a condition of said add-on material having been applied to the base web in a single pass application while being maintained by thermal conditioning at a desired viscosity and film-forming capability; said rows being in a condition of having been applied to the base web in a chevron form. 2. The wrapper of claim 1, wherein both said leading edge portion and said trailing edge portion are crenellated. 3. The wrapper of claim 1, wherein each band has a width “w” and further comprises a solid band portion of a width “x” greater than a width “y” of said crenellated edge portion. 4. The wrapper of claim 1, wherein said chevron form extends in a transverse direction of the base web and pointing in the longitudinal direction. 5. The wrapper of claim 4, wherein said chevron form includes an apex and an angle at said apex, said angle in the range of about 0.5° to about 5°. 6. The wrapper of claim 2, wherein said crenellated edge portions include merlons and crenels of essential a same transverse dimension. 7. The wrapper of claim 6, wherein each merlon extends transversely in the range of about 4 mm, and extends in the range of about 3 mm in the longitudinal direction. 8. The wrapper of claim 1, wherein only one on said leading and trailing edge portions is crenellated, said crenellated edge portion including merlons and crenels of essentially a same transverse dimension, each merlon extending about 3 mm in the transverse direction and extending about 3 mm in the longitudinal direction. 9. The wrapper of claim 1, wherein the anti-wrinkling agent is selected from the group consisting of propylene glycol; 1,2 propylene glycol; and glycerin. 10. The wrapper of claim 9, wherein the add-on material includes calcium carbonate. 11. The wrapper of claim 1, wherein the base web has a permeability of greater than about 20 CORESTA in regions other than said bands. 12. The wrapper of claim 10, wherein the add-on material comprises in the ranges of about 20 to about 22 wt % starch, about 7 to about 9 wt % propylene glycol; about 10 to about 12 wt % calcium carbonate and a remainder substantially comprising water, all said ranges being with respect to a total weight of said add-on material. 13. The wrapper of claim 10, wherein said thermal conditioning comprises maintaining said add-on material in a solution at a temperature ranging from about 120° F. to about 150° F. until applied. 14. The wrapper of claim 13, wherein said desired viscosity ranges from about 16.5 seconds to about 19.5 seconds as measured by a Zahn #2 cup at 120° F. at time of application. 15. The wrapper of claim 14, wherein said desired film-forming capability comprises release of at least one of amylopectin and amylose from a starch in said solution. 16. The wrapper of claim 1, wherein said base web is in a condition of having included, prior to a slitting into bobbins, a lane of registration marks configured to facilitate at least one of testing for diffusivity and testing for a presence of said pattern. 17. A smoking article comprising a tobacco rod having a wrapper, said wrapper comprising:
a base web having a longitudinal direction and a transverse direction; and an add-on material applied to said base web according to a pattern comprising a plurality of generally transverse bands including a leading edge portion and a trailing edge portion, said bands spaced from one another in a longitudinal direction of said base web, at least one of said leading edge and said trailing edge being crenellated, each band having a diffusivity in the range of 0 to about 0.2 cm/sec, said add-on material comprising an occluding component and an anti-wrinkling agent, said add-on materials having been applied to the base web as an aqueous solution; said bands being in a condition of said add-on material having been applied to the base web in a single pass application while being maintained by thermal conditioning at a desired viscosity and film-forming capability; said rows being in a condition of having been applied to the base web in a chevron form. 18. The smoking article of claim 17, wherein both said leading edge portion and said trailing edge portion are crenellated. 19. The smoking article of claim 17, wherein each band has a width “w” and further comprises a solid band portion of a width “x” greater than a width “y” of said crenellated edge portion. 20. The smoking article of claim 17, wherein said chevron form extends in a transverse direction of the base web and pointing in the longitudinal direction. 21. The smoking article of claim 20, wherein said chevron form includes an apex and an angle at said apex, said angle in the range of about 0.5° to about 5°. 22. The smoking article of claim 18, wherein said crenellated edge portions include merlons and crenels of essential a same transverse dimension. 23. The smoking article of claim 22, wherein each merlon extends transversely in the range of about 4 mm, and extends in the range of about 3 mm in the longitudinal direction. 24. The smoking article of claim 17, wherein only one on said leading and trailing edge portions is crenellated, said crenellated edge portion including merlons and crenels of essential a same transverse dimension, each merlon extending about 3 mm in the transverse direction and extending about 3 mm in the longitudinal direction. 25. The smoking article of claim 17, wherein the anti-wrinkling agent is selected from the group consisting of propylene glycol; 1,2 propylene glycol; and glycerin. 26. The smoking article of claim 25, wherein the add-on material includes calcium carbonate. 27. The smoking article of claim 17, wherein the base web has a permeability of greater than about 20 CORESTA in regions other than said bands. 28. The smoking article of claim 26, wherein the add-on material comprises in the ranges of about 20 to about 22 wt % starch, about 7 to about 9 wt % propylene glycol; about 10 to about 12 wt % calcium carbonate and a remainder substantially comprising water, all said ranges being with respect to a total weight of said add-on material. 29. The smoking article of claim 26, wherein said thermal conditioning comprises maintaining said add-on material in a solution at a temperature ranging from about 120° F. to about 150° F. until applied. 30. The smoking article of claim 29, wherein said desired viscosity ranges from about 16.5 seconds to about 19.5 seconds as measured by a Zahn #2 cup at 120° F. at time of application. 31. The smoking article of claim 30, wherein said desired film-forming capability comprises release of at least one of amylopectin and amylose from a starch in said solution. 32. The smoking article of claim 1, wherein said base web is in a condition of having included, prior to a slitting into bobbins, a lane of registration marks configured to facilitate at least one of testing for diffusivity and testing for a presence of said pattern. 33. A smoking article comprising:
a rod of smokeable material, said rod comprising a filler and a wrapper, the rod having a circumferential direction and an axial direction; the wrapper further including:
a base web;
a plurality of banded regions having at least two bands formed of add-on material, the band being spaced from one another in the axial direction, the bands comprise a crenellated edge potion and a diffusivity in the range of 0.0 to about 0.1 cm/sec. 34. The smoking article of claim 33, wherein said bands comprise two crenellated edge potions. 35. The smoking article of claim 33, wherein the add-on material comprises starch, calcium carbonate, and an anti-wrinkling agent. 36. The smoking article of claim 35, wherein the add-on material is aqueous when applied. 37. The smoking article of claim 36, wherein the anti-wrinkling agent is selected from the group consisting of propylene glycol; 1,2 propylene glycol; and glycerin. 38. The smoking article of claim 33, wherein the base web has a permeability of greater than about 20 CORESTA. 39. The smoking article of claim 33, wherein the base web has a permeability of less than about 100 CORESTA. 40. The smoking article of claim 34, having an IP performance of less than about 15%; and having an SE performance less than about 50%. 41. A smoking article comprising a tobacco rod, said tobacco rod comprising a wrapper, said wrapper comprising a plurality of bands arranged in circumferential extending, longitudinally spaced-apart, rows, said bands of such number, size and diffusivity value and crenellated form such that said smoking article exhibits an IP performance of less than about 15%; and exhibits an average SE performance less than about 50%. 42. A method of achieving ignition propensity performance in a smoking article together with statistically fewer self-extinguishments in such smoking articles, comprising:
establishing on a wrapper of said smoking article a plurality of crenellated bands arranged in circumferential extending, longitudinally spaced-apart relation; said establishing step including establishing said bands at predetermined size and diffusivity value such that said smoking article exhibits an IP performance of less than about 15%; and exhibits an average SE performance less than about 50%. 43. The method of claim 42, wherein said diffusivity value is established in the range of 0 to about 0.2 cm/sec. 44. The method of claim 43 further including establishing the bands by single-pass printing an aqueous solution containing starch, calcium carbonate, and an anti-wrinkling agent. 45. The method of claim 44, said establishing further comprises applying the rows of bands to a base web according to a chevron form. 46. A process of making wrapper for a smoking article comprising:
applying an add-on material on a base web in the form of a plurality of crenellated bands; and controlling diffusivity values in the bands to lie in the range of 0 to about 0.2 cm/sec using an aqueous solution of starch, calcium carbonate, and an anti-wrinkling agent. 47. The process of claim 46, further including selecting the anti-wrinkling agent from the group consisting of propylene glycol; 1,2 propylene glycol; and glycerin. 48. The process of claim 45 further including slitting the base web to form bobbins. 49. The process of claim 45, wherein the bands are applied to the base web in a chevron pattern. 50. The process of claim 49, wherein the zones of bands are applied to the base web in a chevron pattern such that an apex of a lagging chevron is essentially transverse of an outer edge portion of a leading chevron. 51. The process of claim 50, wherein the chevron pattern has an angle with respect to the transverse direction of the web, which angle lies in the range of about 0.5° to about 5°. 52. A wrapper substantially free of creases and frayed edges, the wrapper in a condition of having been formed by:
printing an add-on material on a base web in the form of a plurality of crenellated bands; and controlling diffusivity in the bands to lie in the range of 0 to about 0.2 cm/sec using an aqueous solution of starch, calcium carbonate, and an anti-wrinkling agent, the aqueous solution in a condition of having been maintained at a temperature ranging from about 120° F. to about 140° F. during preparation and application. | 1,700 |
3,675 | 13,376,127 | 1,787 | The present invention refers to a multilayer barrier film comprising a substrate layer coated with a barrier layer, wherein the barrier layer is made of a material selected from the group consisting of a metal oxide, a metal carbide, a metal nitride and a metal oxynitride; a nanostructured metal compound layer arranged on the barrier layer; and a planarising layer arranged on the nanostructured layer, wherein the planarising layer comprises a nanostructured material which is distributed in a polymeric binder, wherein the nanostructured material is made of carbon, or a metal or a metal oxide or a mixture of the aforementioned substances. The present invention also refers to a method of obtaining those multilayer barrier films. | 1. A multilayer barrier film comprising:
a substrate layer coated on one side with a barrier layer, wherein the barrier layer is made of a material selected from the group consisting of a metal oxide, a metal carbide, a metal nitride and a metal oxynitride; a nanostructured metal compound layer arranged on the barrier layer; and a planarising layer arranged on the nanostructured layer, wherein the planarising layer comprises a nanostructured material which is distributed in a polymeric binder, wherein the nanostructured material is made of carbon, or a metal or a metal oxide or a mixture of the aforementioned substances. 2. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the nanostructured metal compound is selected from the group consisting of a metal sulfite, a metal phosphate, a metal, a metal nitride, a metal oxynitride and a metal oxide. 3. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the nanostructured metal compound is a nanostructured metal oxide. 4. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the metal of the metal carbide, metal sulfite, metal phosphate, metal, metal nitride, metal oxynitride and metal oxide is independently selected from the group consisting of metals from periodic groups 2 to 14. 5. The multilayer barrier film of claim 4, wherein the metal from the periodic groups 2 to 14 is selected from the group consisting of aluminium, gallium, indium, indium-doped tin, thallium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, molybdenum, chromium, tungsten, zinc, silicon, germanium, tin, barium, strontium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, tantalum, yttrium and vanadium and mixtures thereof. 6. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of TiO2, Al2O3, ZrO2, ZnO, BaO, SrO, CaO and MgO, VO2, CrO2, MoO2, LiMn2O4, cadmium stannate (Cd2SnO4), cadmium indate (CdIn2O4), zinc stannate (Zn2SnO4 and ZnSnO3), zinc indium oxide (Zn2In2O5) and mixtures thereof. 7. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the metal nitride is selected from the group consisting of TiN, AlN, ZrN, Zn3N2, Ba3N2, Sr3N2, Ca3N2 and Mg3N2, VN, CrN and MoN. 8. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the metal oxynitride is selected from the group consisting of TiOxNy, AlON, ZrON, Zn3(N1-xOx)2-y, SrON, VON, CrON, MoON and stoichiometric equivalents thereof. 9. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the nanostructured metal compound layer is extending into or filling (partially or fully) the defects comprised in the barrier layer. 10. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the nanostructure of the nanostructured metal compound layer is selected from the group consisting of a nanowire, a single-crystal nanostructure, a double-crystal nanostructure, a polycrystalline nanostructure and an amorphous nanostructure. 11. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1. wherein the nanostructured material comprised in the planarising layer is rod-shaped. 12. The multilayer barrier film of claim 11, wherein the rod-shape has a diameter of between about 10 nm to about 50 nm, a length of about 50 to about 400 nm, and an aspect ratio of about 5 or more. 13. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the nanostructured material of the planarising layer has a length of less than 200 nm. 14. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the nanostructured material of the planarising layer has a surface area to weight ratio of between about 1 m2/g to about 200 m2/g. 15. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the polymeric binder is a material selected from the group consisting of polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, polyacrylamide, polyepoxide, parylene, polysiloxanes and polyurethane. 16. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the amount of nanostructured material in the planarising layer is between about 0.0000001% to about 50% by weight related to the total weight of the monomer of the polymeric binder. 17. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the planarising layer further comprises an UV absorbing organic compound. 18. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the UV absorbing organic compound is selected from the group consisting of 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, isoamyl p-methoxycinnamate, 2-hydroxyphenyl benzotriazole, 2-hydroxy-benzophenone, 2-hydroxy-phenyltriazine and oxalanilide. 19. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the substrate is an organic polymer or an inorganic polymer or a mixture thereof. 20. The multilayer barrier film of claim 19, wherein the organic polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyacetate, polypropylene, cellophane, poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne, poly(ethylene-2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate) (PEN), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(4-methyl-2-pentyne), polyimide, polycarbonate (PC), polyethylene, polyethersulfone (PES), epoxy resins, polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene, polyurethane, polyacrylate, polyacrylamide, polydimethylphenylene oxide, styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers, polyolefin, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), nylon, nitrocellulose, cellulose and acetate. 21. The multilayer barrier film of claim 19, wherein the inorganic polymer is selected from the group consisting of silica (glass), nano-clays, silicones, polydimethylsiloxanes, biscyclopentadienyl iron, indium tin oxide, polyphosphazenes and derivatives thereof. 22. The multilayer barrier film of claim 19, wherein said polymers are transparent or semi-transparent or opaque. 23. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the barrier layer, nanostructured metal compound layer and planarising layer are arranged on both sides of the substrate. 24. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein a further barrier layer is arranged on the planarising layer. 25. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the substrate has a thickness of between about 1 μm to about 3 mm. 26. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the barrier layer has a thickness of between about 5 nm to about 500 nm. 27. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the nanostructured metal compound layer has a thickness of between about 200 nm to about 10 μm. 28. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the planarising layer has a thickness of between about 200 nm to about 1 μm. 29. A method of manufacturing a multilayer barrier film comprising:
a substrate layer coated on one side with a barrier layer, wherein the barrier layer is made of a material selected from the group consisting of a metal oxide, a metal carbide, a metal nitride and a metal oxynitride; a nanostructured metal compound layer arranged on the barrier layer; and a planarising layer arranged on the nanostructured layer, wherein the planarising layer comprises a nanostructured material which is distributed in a polymeric binder, wherein the nanostructured material is made of carbon, or a metal or a metal oxide or a mixture of the aforementioned substances, wherein the method comprises: providing a barrier layer coated substrate; applying a solution of a metal particle precursor dissolved in an organic solvent on the barrier layer to obtain a seed layer; growing metal nanocrystals via a solvent thermal method to obtain a nanostructured metal compound layer; depositing a planarising layer on the nanostructured metal compound layer. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the seed layer can be applied by any of the methods selected from the group consisting of spin coating, imprinting methods, such as ink jet printing or screen printing; and roll to roll coating methods, such as tip coating or slot die coating. 31. A multilayer barrier film comprising:
a substrate layer coated on one side with a barrier layer, wherein the barrier layer is made of a material selected from the group consisting of a metal oxide, a metal carbide, a metal nitride and a metal oxynitride; a nanostructured metal compound layer arranged on the barrier layer; and a planarising layer arranged on the nanostructured layer wherein the planarising layer comprises a nanostructured material which is distributed in a polymeric binder, wherein the nanostructured material is made of carbon, or a metal or a metal oxide or a mixture of the aforementioned substances, obtained by a method comprising: providing a barrier layer coated substrate; applying a solution of a metal particle precursor dissolved in an organic solvent on the barrier layer to obtain a seed layer; growing metal nanocrystals via a solvent thermal method to obtain a nanostructured metal compound layer; depositing a planarising layer on the nanostructured metal compound layer. | The present invention refers to a multilayer barrier film comprising a substrate layer coated with a barrier layer, wherein the barrier layer is made of a material selected from the group consisting of a metal oxide, a metal carbide, a metal nitride and a metal oxynitride; a nanostructured metal compound layer arranged on the barrier layer; and a planarising layer arranged on the nanostructured layer, wherein the planarising layer comprises a nanostructured material which is distributed in a polymeric binder, wherein the nanostructured material is made of carbon, or a metal or a metal oxide or a mixture of the aforementioned substances. The present invention also refers to a method of obtaining those multilayer barrier films.1. A multilayer barrier film comprising:
a substrate layer coated on one side with a barrier layer, wherein the barrier layer is made of a material selected from the group consisting of a metal oxide, a metal carbide, a metal nitride and a metal oxynitride; a nanostructured metal compound layer arranged on the barrier layer; and a planarising layer arranged on the nanostructured layer, wherein the planarising layer comprises a nanostructured material which is distributed in a polymeric binder, wherein the nanostructured material is made of carbon, or a metal or a metal oxide or a mixture of the aforementioned substances. 2. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the nanostructured metal compound is selected from the group consisting of a metal sulfite, a metal phosphate, a metal, a metal nitride, a metal oxynitride and a metal oxide. 3. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the nanostructured metal compound is a nanostructured metal oxide. 4. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the metal of the metal carbide, metal sulfite, metal phosphate, metal, metal nitride, metal oxynitride and metal oxide is independently selected from the group consisting of metals from periodic groups 2 to 14. 5. The multilayer barrier film of claim 4, wherein the metal from the periodic groups 2 to 14 is selected from the group consisting of aluminium, gallium, indium, indium-doped tin, thallium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, molybdenum, chromium, tungsten, zinc, silicon, germanium, tin, barium, strontium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, tantalum, yttrium and vanadium and mixtures thereof. 6. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of TiO2, Al2O3, ZrO2, ZnO, BaO, SrO, CaO and MgO, VO2, CrO2, MoO2, LiMn2O4, cadmium stannate (Cd2SnO4), cadmium indate (CdIn2O4), zinc stannate (Zn2SnO4 and ZnSnO3), zinc indium oxide (Zn2In2O5) and mixtures thereof. 7. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the metal nitride is selected from the group consisting of TiN, AlN, ZrN, Zn3N2, Ba3N2, Sr3N2, Ca3N2 and Mg3N2, VN, CrN and MoN. 8. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the metal oxynitride is selected from the group consisting of TiOxNy, AlON, ZrON, Zn3(N1-xOx)2-y, SrON, VON, CrON, MoON and stoichiometric equivalents thereof. 9. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the nanostructured metal compound layer is extending into or filling (partially or fully) the defects comprised in the barrier layer. 10. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the nanostructure of the nanostructured metal compound layer is selected from the group consisting of a nanowire, a single-crystal nanostructure, a double-crystal nanostructure, a polycrystalline nanostructure and an amorphous nanostructure. 11. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1. wherein the nanostructured material comprised in the planarising layer is rod-shaped. 12. The multilayer barrier film of claim 11, wherein the rod-shape has a diameter of between about 10 nm to about 50 nm, a length of about 50 to about 400 nm, and an aspect ratio of about 5 or more. 13. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the nanostructured material of the planarising layer has a length of less than 200 nm. 14. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the nanostructured material of the planarising layer has a surface area to weight ratio of between about 1 m2/g to about 200 m2/g. 15. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the polymeric binder is a material selected from the group consisting of polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, polyacrylamide, polyepoxide, parylene, polysiloxanes and polyurethane. 16. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the amount of nanostructured material in the planarising layer is between about 0.0000001% to about 50% by weight related to the total weight of the monomer of the polymeric binder. 17. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the planarising layer further comprises an UV absorbing organic compound. 18. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the UV absorbing organic compound is selected from the group consisting of 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, isoamyl p-methoxycinnamate, 2-hydroxyphenyl benzotriazole, 2-hydroxy-benzophenone, 2-hydroxy-phenyltriazine and oxalanilide. 19. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the substrate is an organic polymer or an inorganic polymer or a mixture thereof. 20. The multilayer barrier film of claim 19, wherein the organic polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyacetate, polypropylene, cellophane, poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne, poly(ethylene-2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate) (PEN), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(4-methyl-2-pentyne), polyimide, polycarbonate (PC), polyethylene, polyethersulfone (PES), epoxy resins, polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene, polyurethane, polyacrylate, polyacrylamide, polydimethylphenylene oxide, styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers, polyolefin, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), nylon, nitrocellulose, cellulose and acetate. 21. The multilayer barrier film of claim 19, wherein the inorganic polymer is selected from the group consisting of silica (glass), nano-clays, silicones, polydimethylsiloxanes, biscyclopentadienyl iron, indium tin oxide, polyphosphazenes and derivatives thereof. 22. The multilayer barrier film of claim 19, wherein said polymers are transparent or semi-transparent or opaque. 23. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the barrier layer, nanostructured metal compound layer and planarising layer are arranged on both sides of the substrate. 24. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein a further barrier layer is arranged on the planarising layer. 25. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the substrate has a thickness of between about 1 μm to about 3 mm. 26. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the barrier layer has a thickness of between about 5 nm to about 500 nm. 27. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the nanostructured metal compound layer has a thickness of between about 200 nm to about 10 μm. 28. The multilayer barrier film of claim 1, wherein the planarising layer has a thickness of between about 200 nm to about 1 μm. 29. A method of manufacturing a multilayer barrier film comprising:
a substrate layer coated on one side with a barrier layer, wherein the barrier layer is made of a material selected from the group consisting of a metal oxide, a metal carbide, a metal nitride and a metal oxynitride; a nanostructured metal compound layer arranged on the barrier layer; and a planarising layer arranged on the nanostructured layer, wherein the planarising layer comprises a nanostructured material which is distributed in a polymeric binder, wherein the nanostructured material is made of carbon, or a metal or a metal oxide or a mixture of the aforementioned substances, wherein the method comprises: providing a barrier layer coated substrate; applying a solution of a metal particle precursor dissolved in an organic solvent on the barrier layer to obtain a seed layer; growing metal nanocrystals via a solvent thermal method to obtain a nanostructured metal compound layer; depositing a planarising layer on the nanostructured metal compound layer. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the seed layer can be applied by any of the methods selected from the group consisting of spin coating, imprinting methods, such as ink jet printing or screen printing; and roll to roll coating methods, such as tip coating or slot die coating. 31. A multilayer barrier film comprising:
a substrate layer coated on one side with a barrier layer, wherein the barrier layer is made of a material selected from the group consisting of a metal oxide, a metal carbide, a metal nitride and a metal oxynitride; a nanostructured metal compound layer arranged on the barrier layer; and a planarising layer arranged on the nanostructured layer wherein the planarising layer comprises a nanostructured material which is distributed in a polymeric binder, wherein the nanostructured material is made of carbon, or a metal or a metal oxide or a mixture of the aforementioned substances, obtained by a method comprising: providing a barrier layer coated substrate; applying a solution of a metal particle precursor dissolved in an organic solvent on the barrier layer to obtain a seed layer; growing metal nanocrystals via a solvent thermal method to obtain a nanostructured metal compound layer; depositing a planarising layer on the nanostructured metal compound layer. | 1,700 |
3,676 | 15,317,154 | 1,796 | The present invention discloses a fused sheet for electromagnetic wave absorption/extinction and shielding, and for electronic equipment high heat dissipation. The fused sheet for electromagnetic wave absorption/extinction and shielding, and for electronic equipment high heat dissipation of the present invention includes a premolded graphite sheet prepared by molding a graphite substrate into a sheet form having a density in a range of 0.1-1.5 g/cm 3 and an incomplete state of crystal structure; and a porous metal sheet having a plurality of pores connected to upper and lower surfaces of the porous metal sheet, wherein the premolded graphite sheet is stacked on one surface of the porous metal sheet, and press molded to be integrally attached and combined, so as to have a density of 1.6 g/cm 3 -6.0 g/cm 3 | 1. A fused sheet for electromagnetic wave absorption/extinction and shielding, comprising:
a premolded graphite sheet prepared by molding a graphite substrate including graphite into a sheet form, wherein the premolded graphite sheet has a density in a range of 0.1-1.5 g/cm3 and an incomplete state of crystal structure; and a porous metal sheet having a plurality of pores including fine holes or gaps and having a size of 0.01 mm-0.5 mm connected to upper and lower surfaces of the porous metal sheet, wherein the premolded graphite sheet is stacked on one surface of the porous metal sheet, and press molded such that a portion of crystal particles of the graphite substrate is impregnated into the plurality of pores to be physically attached and combined to the plurality of pores, so as to have a density of 2.0 g/cm3-6.0 g/cm3. 2. The fused sheet for electromagnetic wave absorption/extinction and shielding of claim 1, wherein the graphite sheet is prepared by compression molding graphite or graphite powder, using a graphite composition of any one of more of organic-, inorganic- and ceramic-based materials with graphite, or molding any one of mixtures a heat dissipation resin of any one or more of organic-, inorganic- and ceramic-based materials with graphite. 3. The fused sheet for electromagnetic wave absorption/extinction and shielding of claim 1, wherein as the porous metal sheet, a sintered sheet prepared by heating copper-, tin-, zinc-, aluminum- or stainless-based metal powder having a particle size of 1 μm-200 μm at a temperature lower than a melting temperature by 10-30% to be sintered, which is then pressed, is used. 4. The fused sheet for electromagnetic wave absorption/extinction and shielding of claim 1, wherein the porous metal sheet is a metal electrolysis cast sheet prepared by immersing a molding frame formed of a resin vaporized or liquefied at a high temperature in an electrolysis cast solution to be current applied, so as to electrodeposit a metal to form an electrodeposited layer, and heating the molding frame having this electrodeposited layer formed thereon to remove the resin. 5. The fused sheet for electromagnetic wave absorption/extinction and shielding of claim 1, wherein the porous metal sheet is a sheet member formed by forming pores on a thin plate formed of a copper-, tin-, zinc-, aluminum- or stainless-based metal material by a punching, laser or etching method, in which based on one surface to which the premolded graphite sheet is attached, the pores include a curved portion forming a curved shape with the surface and an inclined portion where a diameter is gradually decreased from this curved portion to an interior, so that the crystal structure of the premolded graphite sheet is not broken in a state that the premolded graphite sheet is attached by press molding. 6. The fused sheet for electromagnetic wave absorption/extinction and shielding of claim 1, wherein the porous metal sheet is a net sheet formed by weaving warp wires and weft wires formed of a metal material having a circular section to be intercrossed. 7. The fused sheet for electromagnetic wave absorption/extinction and shielding of claim 1, further comprising a heat dissipation film layer formed of metal and organic/inorganic-based resin, which is integrally attached on the other surface of the porous metal sheet to which the graphite sheet is not attached, by pressing, application or impregnation, and a portion of which is impregnated through the pores formed on the surface of the porous metal sheet into the graphite sheet on the opposite surface of the porous metal sheet, and bound thereto, in which the heat dissipation film layer is formed by stacking any one or more of an insulating material formed by coating an insulation resin composition of any one or more of PVC, PC, urethane, silicone, ABS and UV, an adherend formed by applying a resin having an adhesive component, an adhesive material formed by attaching a double-sided tape, and a metal thin plate formed by attaching a thin plate of aluminum or aluminum alloy. 8. A method of manufacturing a fused sheet for electromagnetic wave absorption/extinction and shielding, comprising: preparing a premolded graphite sheet by molding a graphite substrate into a sheet form having a density in a range of 0.1 g/cm3-1.5 g/cm3 and an incomplete state of crystal structure; performing molding into a porous metal sheet by heating copper-, tin-, zinc-, aluminum- or stainless-based metal powder having a melting temperature of 300° C.-1800° C. and a particle size of 1 μm-200 μm under a condition of a temperature atmosphere lower than the melting temperature by 10-30% for 10 to 300 minutes to obtain a porous sintered body having pores having a size of 0.05 mm-3.0 mm; and forming a fused sheet having a density in a range of 2.0 g/cm3-6.0 g/cm3, and pores having a particle size of 0.01 mm-0.5 mm by stacking the premolded graphite sheet on one surface of the porous metal sheet and performing press molding so that the graphite crystals forming the graphite sheet are impregnated into the pores on a surface of the porous metal sheet to be integrally attached and combined. 9. A method of manufacturing a fused sheet for electromagnetic wave absorption/extinction and shielding, comprising: preparing a premolded graphite sheet by molding a graphite substrate into a sheet form having a density in a range of 0.1 g/cm3-1.5 g/cm3 and an incomplete state of crystal structure; performing molding into a premolded porous metal sheet by applying a current flow solution on an outer surface of a plate-shaped molding frame formed of a resin vaporized or liquefied at high temperature to form a current flow layer, immersing the current flow layer in an electrolysis casting solution to be current applied, electrodepositing a metal to form an electrodeposited layer, and then heating the molding frame to remove the resin; performing molding into a porous metal sheet by pressing the premolded porous metal sheet 1 to 10 times, so as to have a thickness of 0.01 mm-50 mm; and forming a fused sheet having a density in a range of 2.0 g/cm3-6.0 g/cm3 and pores having a particle size of 0.01 mm-0.5 mm by stacking the premolded graphite sheet on one surface of the porous metal sheet and performing press molding so that graphite crystals forming the graphite sheet are impregnated into the pores on a surface of the porous metal sheet to be integrally attached and combined. 10. A method of manufacturing a fused sheet for electromagnetic wave absorption/extinction and shielding, comprising: preparing a premolded graphite sheet by molding a graphite substrate into a sheet form having a density in a range of 0.1 g/cm3-1.5 g/cm3 and an incomplete state of crystal structure; performing molding into a porous metal sheet by forming pores on a thin plate formed of a copper-, tin-, zinc-, aluminum- or stainless-based metal material by a punching, laser or etching method to obtain a sheet member, in which based on one surface to which the premolded graphite sheet is attached, the pores include a curved portion forming a curved shape with the surface and an inclined portion where a diameter is gradually decreased from this curved portion to an interior, so that the crystal structure of the premolded graphite sheet is not broken in a state that the premolded graphite sheet is attached by press molding; and forming a fused sheet having a density in a range of 2.0 g/cm3-6.0 g/cm3, and pores having a particle size of 0.01 mm-0.5 mm by stacking the premolded graphite sheet on one surface of the porous metal sheet and performing press molding so that the graphite crystals forming the graphite sheet are impregnated into the pores on a surface of the porous metal sheet to be integrally attached and combined. 11. A method of manufacturing a fused sheet for electromagnetic wave absorption/extinction and shielding, comprising: preparing a premolded graphite sheet by molding a graphite substrate into a sheet form having a density in a range of 0.1 g/cm3-1.5 g/cm3 and an incomplete state of crystal structure; performing molding into a net-shaped porous metal sheet by weaving weft wires and warp wires formed of a metal material having a circular section so as to be intercrossed to each other, thereby forming pores between the weft wires and the warp wires; and forming a fused sheet having a density in a range of 2.0 g/cm3-6.0 g/cm3 and pores having a particle size of 0.01 mm-0.5 mm by stacking the premolded graphite sheet on one surface of the porous metal sheet and performing press molding so that the graphite crystals forming the graphite sheet are impregnated into the pores on a surface of the porous metal sheet to be integrally attached and combined. 12. The method of manufacturing a fused sheet for electromagnetic wave absorption/extinction and shielding of claim 9, further comprising: performing molding into an amorphous metal sheet by heating the porous metal sheet at 500° C.-600° C. for 10-40 minutes to be amorphized, subsequently to the molding of the porous metal sheet; and attaching the premolded graphite sheet to the amorphous metal sheet and performing compression molding. 13. The method of manufacturing a fused sheet for electronic wave absorption/extinction and shielding of claim 9, further comprising: forming a heat dissipation film layer formed of an organic/inorganic-based resin, by integrally attaching the heat dissipation film layer on the other surface of the porous metal sheet on which the premolded graphite sheet is not attached, by pressing, application or impregnation, so that a portion of the heat dissipation film layer is impregnated through the pores formed on the surface of the porous metal sheet into the graphite sheet on the opposite surface of the porous metal sheet, and produces integral binding force; or forming a heat dissipation film layer provided as a thin plate formed of aluminum or aluminum alloy, by integrally attaching the heat dissipation film layer on the other surface of the porous metal sheet on which the premolded graphite sheet is not attached, by pressing, application or impregnation, so that a portion of the heat dissipation film layer is impregnated into the pores formed on a surface of the porous metal sheet to produce binding force. 14. A fused sheet for electronic equipment high heat dissipation, comprising:
a premolded graphite sheet prepared by molding a graphite substrate including graphite into a sheet form, wherein the premolded graphite sheet has a density in a range of 0.1-1.5 g/cm3 and an incomplete state of crystal structure; and a porous metal sheet having a plurality of pores including fine holes or gaps and having a size of 0.001 mm-0.05 mm connected to upper and lower surfaces of the porous metal sheet, wherein the premolded graphite sheet is stacked on one surface of the porous metal sheet, and press molded such that a portion of crystal particles of the graphite substrate is impregnated into the plurality of pores to be physically attached and combined to the plurality of pores, so as to have a density of 2.0 g/cm3-6.0 g/cm3. 15. The fused sheet for electronic equipment high heat dissipation of claim 14, further comprising a heat dissipation film layer formed of metal and organic/inorganic-based resin, which is integrally attached on the other surface of the porous metal sheet to which the graphite sheet is not attached, by pressing, application or impregnation, and a portion of which is impregnated through the pores formed on the surface of the porous metal sheet into the graphite sheet on the opposite surface of the porous metal sheet, and bound thereto. 16. The fused sheet for electronic equipment high heat dissipation of claim 14, wherein the graphite sheet is prepared by compression molding graphite or graphite powder, using a graphite composition of any one of more of organic-, inorganic- and ceramic-based materials with graphite, or molding any one of mixtures a heat dissipation resin of any one or more of organic-, inorganic- and ceramic-based materials with graphite, the porous metal sheet, and as the porous metal sheet, a sintered sheet prepared by heating copper-, tin-, zinc-, aluminum- or stainless-based metal powder having a particle size of 1 μm-200 μm at a temperature lower than a melting temperature by 10-30% to be sintered, which is then pressed, is used. 17. The fused sheet for electronic equipment high heat dissipation of claim 14, wherein the porous metal sheet is a metal electrolyte cast sheet prepared by immersing a molding frame formed of a resin vaporized or liquefied at a high temperature in an electrolysis cast solution to be current applied, thereby electrodepositing a metal to form an electrodeposited layer, and heating the molding frame having this electrodeposited layer formed thereon to remove the resin. 18. The fused sheet for electronic equipment high heat dissipation of claim 14, wherein the porous metal sheet is a sheet member formed by forming pores on a thin plate formed of a copper-, tin-, zinc-, aluminum- or stainless-based metal material by a punching, laser or etching method, in which based on one surface to which the premolded graphite sheet is attached, the pores include a curved portion forming a curved shape with the surface and an inclined portion where a diameter is gradually decreased from this curved portion to an interior, so that the crystal structure of the premolded graphite sheet is not broken in a state that the premolded graphite sheet is attached by press molding. 19. The fused sheet for electronic equipment high heat dissipation of claim 14, wherein the porous metal sheet is a net sheet formed by weaving warp wires and weft wires formed of a metal material having a circular section to be intercrossed. 20. The fused sheet for electronic equipment high heat dissipation of claim 15, wherein the heat dissipation film layer is formed by stacking any one or more of an insulating material formed by coating an insulation resin composition of any one or more of PVC, PC, urethane, silicone, ABS and UV, an adherend formed by applying a resin having an adhesive component, an adhesive material formed by attaching a double-sided tape, and a metal thin plate formed by attaching a thin plate of aluminum or aluminum alloy. 21.-26. (canceled) | The present invention discloses a fused sheet for electromagnetic wave absorption/extinction and shielding, and for electronic equipment high heat dissipation. The fused sheet for electromagnetic wave absorption/extinction and shielding, and for electronic equipment high heat dissipation of the present invention includes a premolded graphite sheet prepared by molding a graphite substrate into a sheet form having a density in a range of 0.1-1.5 g/cm 3 and an incomplete state of crystal structure; and a porous metal sheet having a plurality of pores connected to upper and lower surfaces of the porous metal sheet, wherein the premolded graphite sheet is stacked on one surface of the porous metal sheet, and press molded to be integrally attached and combined, so as to have a density of 1.6 g/cm 3 -6.0 g/cm 31. A fused sheet for electromagnetic wave absorption/extinction and shielding, comprising:
a premolded graphite sheet prepared by molding a graphite substrate including graphite into a sheet form, wherein the premolded graphite sheet has a density in a range of 0.1-1.5 g/cm3 and an incomplete state of crystal structure; and a porous metal sheet having a plurality of pores including fine holes or gaps and having a size of 0.01 mm-0.5 mm connected to upper and lower surfaces of the porous metal sheet, wherein the premolded graphite sheet is stacked on one surface of the porous metal sheet, and press molded such that a portion of crystal particles of the graphite substrate is impregnated into the plurality of pores to be physically attached and combined to the plurality of pores, so as to have a density of 2.0 g/cm3-6.0 g/cm3. 2. The fused sheet for electromagnetic wave absorption/extinction and shielding of claim 1, wherein the graphite sheet is prepared by compression molding graphite or graphite powder, using a graphite composition of any one of more of organic-, inorganic- and ceramic-based materials with graphite, or molding any one of mixtures a heat dissipation resin of any one or more of organic-, inorganic- and ceramic-based materials with graphite. 3. The fused sheet for electromagnetic wave absorption/extinction and shielding of claim 1, wherein as the porous metal sheet, a sintered sheet prepared by heating copper-, tin-, zinc-, aluminum- or stainless-based metal powder having a particle size of 1 μm-200 μm at a temperature lower than a melting temperature by 10-30% to be sintered, which is then pressed, is used. 4. The fused sheet for electromagnetic wave absorption/extinction and shielding of claim 1, wherein the porous metal sheet is a metal electrolysis cast sheet prepared by immersing a molding frame formed of a resin vaporized or liquefied at a high temperature in an electrolysis cast solution to be current applied, so as to electrodeposit a metal to form an electrodeposited layer, and heating the molding frame having this electrodeposited layer formed thereon to remove the resin. 5. The fused sheet for electromagnetic wave absorption/extinction and shielding of claim 1, wherein the porous metal sheet is a sheet member formed by forming pores on a thin plate formed of a copper-, tin-, zinc-, aluminum- or stainless-based metal material by a punching, laser or etching method, in which based on one surface to which the premolded graphite sheet is attached, the pores include a curved portion forming a curved shape with the surface and an inclined portion where a diameter is gradually decreased from this curved portion to an interior, so that the crystal structure of the premolded graphite sheet is not broken in a state that the premolded graphite sheet is attached by press molding. 6. The fused sheet for electromagnetic wave absorption/extinction and shielding of claim 1, wherein the porous metal sheet is a net sheet formed by weaving warp wires and weft wires formed of a metal material having a circular section to be intercrossed. 7. The fused sheet for electromagnetic wave absorption/extinction and shielding of claim 1, further comprising a heat dissipation film layer formed of metal and organic/inorganic-based resin, which is integrally attached on the other surface of the porous metal sheet to which the graphite sheet is not attached, by pressing, application or impregnation, and a portion of which is impregnated through the pores formed on the surface of the porous metal sheet into the graphite sheet on the opposite surface of the porous metal sheet, and bound thereto, in which the heat dissipation film layer is formed by stacking any one or more of an insulating material formed by coating an insulation resin composition of any one or more of PVC, PC, urethane, silicone, ABS and UV, an adherend formed by applying a resin having an adhesive component, an adhesive material formed by attaching a double-sided tape, and a metal thin plate formed by attaching a thin plate of aluminum or aluminum alloy. 8. A method of manufacturing a fused sheet for electromagnetic wave absorption/extinction and shielding, comprising: preparing a premolded graphite sheet by molding a graphite substrate into a sheet form having a density in a range of 0.1 g/cm3-1.5 g/cm3 and an incomplete state of crystal structure; performing molding into a porous metal sheet by heating copper-, tin-, zinc-, aluminum- or stainless-based metal powder having a melting temperature of 300° C.-1800° C. and a particle size of 1 μm-200 μm under a condition of a temperature atmosphere lower than the melting temperature by 10-30% for 10 to 300 minutes to obtain a porous sintered body having pores having a size of 0.05 mm-3.0 mm; and forming a fused sheet having a density in a range of 2.0 g/cm3-6.0 g/cm3, and pores having a particle size of 0.01 mm-0.5 mm by stacking the premolded graphite sheet on one surface of the porous metal sheet and performing press molding so that the graphite crystals forming the graphite sheet are impregnated into the pores on a surface of the porous metal sheet to be integrally attached and combined. 9. A method of manufacturing a fused sheet for electromagnetic wave absorption/extinction and shielding, comprising: preparing a premolded graphite sheet by molding a graphite substrate into a sheet form having a density in a range of 0.1 g/cm3-1.5 g/cm3 and an incomplete state of crystal structure; performing molding into a premolded porous metal sheet by applying a current flow solution on an outer surface of a plate-shaped molding frame formed of a resin vaporized or liquefied at high temperature to form a current flow layer, immersing the current flow layer in an electrolysis casting solution to be current applied, electrodepositing a metal to form an electrodeposited layer, and then heating the molding frame to remove the resin; performing molding into a porous metal sheet by pressing the premolded porous metal sheet 1 to 10 times, so as to have a thickness of 0.01 mm-50 mm; and forming a fused sheet having a density in a range of 2.0 g/cm3-6.0 g/cm3 and pores having a particle size of 0.01 mm-0.5 mm by stacking the premolded graphite sheet on one surface of the porous metal sheet and performing press molding so that graphite crystals forming the graphite sheet are impregnated into the pores on a surface of the porous metal sheet to be integrally attached and combined. 10. A method of manufacturing a fused sheet for electromagnetic wave absorption/extinction and shielding, comprising: preparing a premolded graphite sheet by molding a graphite substrate into a sheet form having a density in a range of 0.1 g/cm3-1.5 g/cm3 and an incomplete state of crystal structure; performing molding into a porous metal sheet by forming pores on a thin plate formed of a copper-, tin-, zinc-, aluminum- or stainless-based metal material by a punching, laser or etching method to obtain a sheet member, in which based on one surface to which the premolded graphite sheet is attached, the pores include a curved portion forming a curved shape with the surface and an inclined portion where a diameter is gradually decreased from this curved portion to an interior, so that the crystal structure of the premolded graphite sheet is not broken in a state that the premolded graphite sheet is attached by press molding; and forming a fused sheet having a density in a range of 2.0 g/cm3-6.0 g/cm3, and pores having a particle size of 0.01 mm-0.5 mm by stacking the premolded graphite sheet on one surface of the porous metal sheet and performing press molding so that the graphite crystals forming the graphite sheet are impregnated into the pores on a surface of the porous metal sheet to be integrally attached and combined. 11. A method of manufacturing a fused sheet for electromagnetic wave absorption/extinction and shielding, comprising: preparing a premolded graphite sheet by molding a graphite substrate into a sheet form having a density in a range of 0.1 g/cm3-1.5 g/cm3 and an incomplete state of crystal structure; performing molding into a net-shaped porous metal sheet by weaving weft wires and warp wires formed of a metal material having a circular section so as to be intercrossed to each other, thereby forming pores between the weft wires and the warp wires; and forming a fused sheet having a density in a range of 2.0 g/cm3-6.0 g/cm3 and pores having a particle size of 0.01 mm-0.5 mm by stacking the premolded graphite sheet on one surface of the porous metal sheet and performing press molding so that the graphite crystals forming the graphite sheet are impregnated into the pores on a surface of the porous metal sheet to be integrally attached and combined. 12. The method of manufacturing a fused sheet for electromagnetic wave absorption/extinction and shielding of claim 9, further comprising: performing molding into an amorphous metal sheet by heating the porous metal sheet at 500° C.-600° C. for 10-40 minutes to be amorphized, subsequently to the molding of the porous metal sheet; and attaching the premolded graphite sheet to the amorphous metal sheet and performing compression molding. 13. The method of manufacturing a fused sheet for electronic wave absorption/extinction and shielding of claim 9, further comprising: forming a heat dissipation film layer formed of an organic/inorganic-based resin, by integrally attaching the heat dissipation film layer on the other surface of the porous metal sheet on which the premolded graphite sheet is not attached, by pressing, application or impregnation, so that a portion of the heat dissipation film layer is impregnated through the pores formed on the surface of the porous metal sheet into the graphite sheet on the opposite surface of the porous metal sheet, and produces integral binding force; or forming a heat dissipation film layer provided as a thin plate formed of aluminum or aluminum alloy, by integrally attaching the heat dissipation film layer on the other surface of the porous metal sheet on which the premolded graphite sheet is not attached, by pressing, application or impregnation, so that a portion of the heat dissipation film layer is impregnated into the pores formed on a surface of the porous metal sheet to produce binding force. 14. A fused sheet for electronic equipment high heat dissipation, comprising:
a premolded graphite sheet prepared by molding a graphite substrate including graphite into a sheet form, wherein the premolded graphite sheet has a density in a range of 0.1-1.5 g/cm3 and an incomplete state of crystal structure; and a porous metal sheet having a plurality of pores including fine holes or gaps and having a size of 0.001 mm-0.05 mm connected to upper and lower surfaces of the porous metal sheet, wherein the premolded graphite sheet is stacked on one surface of the porous metal sheet, and press molded such that a portion of crystal particles of the graphite substrate is impregnated into the plurality of pores to be physically attached and combined to the plurality of pores, so as to have a density of 2.0 g/cm3-6.0 g/cm3. 15. The fused sheet for electronic equipment high heat dissipation of claim 14, further comprising a heat dissipation film layer formed of metal and organic/inorganic-based resin, which is integrally attached on the other surface of the porous metal sheet to which the graphite sheet is not attached, by pressing, application or impregnation, and a portion of which is impregnated through the pores formed on the surface of the porous metal sheet into the graphite sheet on the opposite surface of the porous metal sheet, and bound thereto. 16. The fused sheet for electronic equipment high heat dissipation of claim 14, wherein the graphite sheet is prepared by compression molding graphite or graphite powder, using a graphite composition of any one of more of organic-, inorganic- and ceramic-based materials with graphite, or molding any one of mixtures a heat dissipation resin of any one or more of organic-, inorganic- and ceramic-based materials with graphite, the porous metal sheet, and as the porous metal sheet, a sintered sheet prepared by heating copper-, tin-, zinc-, aluminum- or stainless-based metal powder having a particle size of 1 μm-200 μm at a temperature lower than a melting temperature by 10-30% to be sintered, which is then pressed, is used. 17. The fused sheet for electronic equipment high heat dissipation of claim 14, wherein the porous metal sheet is a metal electrolyte cast sheet prepared by immersing a molding frame formed of a resin vaporized or liquefied at a high temperature in an electrolysis cast solution to be current applied, thereby electrodepositing a metal to form an electrodeposited layer, and heating the molding frame having this electrodeposited layer formed thereon to remove the resin. 18. The fused sheet for electronic equipment high heat dissipation of claim 14, wherein the porous metal sheet is a sheet member formed by forming pores on a thin plate formed of a copper-, tin-, zinc-, aluminum- or stainless-based metal material by a punching, laser or etching method, in which based on one surface to which the premolded graphite sheet is attached, the pores include a curved portion forming a curved shape with the surface and an inclined portion where a diameter is gradually decreased from this curved portion to an interior, so that the crystal structure of the premolded graphite sheet is not broken in a state that the premolded graphite sheet is attached by press molding. 19. The fused sheet for electronic equipment high heat dissipation of claim 14, wherein the porous metal sheet is a net sheet formed by weaving warp wires and weft wires formed of a metal material having a circular section to be intercrossed. 20. The fused sheet for electronic equipment high heat dissipation of claim 15, wherein the heat dissipation film layer is formed by stacking any one or more of an insulating material formed by coating an insulation resin composition of any one or more of PVC, PC, urethane, silicone, ABS and UV, an adherend formed by applying a resin having an adhesive component, an adhesive material formed by attaching a double-sided tape, and a metal thin plate formed by attaching a thin plate of aluminum or aluminum alloy. 21.-26. (canceled) | 1,700 |
3,677 | 14,432,950 | 1,787 | The present disclosure is directed to a composition comprising (a) a vinylidene chloride/methyl acrylate interpolymer having greater than 6 wt % methyl acrylate mer units in the interpolymer, (b) greater than 6 wt % of an epoxy plasticizer; and (c) less than 4 wt % of an acrylate polymer. The composition exhibits a crystallization time greater than 25 minutes to crystallization at 35° C. Films made from the present composition show improved processability and find advantageous application as permeable barrier film for food packaging, for specialty food packaging, and for gassy cheese. | 1. A composition comprising:
(A) A vinylidene chloride/methyl acrylate interpolymer having greater than 6 wt % methyl acrylate mer units in the interpolymer; (B) Greater than 6 wt % of an epoxy plasticizer; and (C) Less than 4 wt % of an acrylate polymer; wherein
the composition has a crystallization time greater than 25 minutes to crystallization at 35° C. measured with a differential scanning calorimeter. 2. (canceled) 3. The composition of claim 1 wherein the composition has a crystallization time greater than 50 minutes to crystallization at 35° C. 4. The composition of claim 1 wherein the composition has a crystallization time greater than 75 minutes to crystallization at 35° C. 5. The composition of claim 1 wherein the vinylidene chloride/methyl acrylate interpolymer has from 6.5 wt % to 9 wt % methyl acrylate mer units in the polymer. 6. The composition of claim 1 wherein the epoxy plasticizer has a molecular weight greater than 600 Daltons. 7. The composition of claim 1 wherein the epoxy plasticizer is epoxidized soybean oil. 8. The composition of claim 1 wherein the acrylate polymer is a polymer comprising an acrylate monomer, a methacrylate monomer, a styrene monomer, and combinations thereof. 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the acrylate polymer is an interpolymer of methyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate. 10. The composition of claim 1 comprising from:
(A) Greater than 86 wt % to 93.5 wt % vinylidene chloride/methyl acrylate interpolymer, the interpolymer having from 6.5% to 9% methyl acrylate mer units in the polymer;
(B) Greater than 6 wt % to 10 wt % epoxidized soybean oil; and
(C) 0.5 wt % to less than 4 wt % of an acrylate polymer that is an interpolymer of methyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate. 11. The composition of claim 1 having an oxygen transmission rate of 1.5 to 9.0 cc-mil/100 in2-atm-day as measured in accordance with ASTM D 3985. 12. An article comprising the composition of claim 1. 13. The article of claim 12 wherein the article is selected from the group consisting of a film, a sheet, a fiber, and combinations thereof. 14. The article of claim 13 wherein the article is a packaging film having an oxygen transmission rate of 1.5 to 15.0 cc-mil/100 in2-atm-day. 15. A multi-layer film comprising:
(A) First and second surface layers; and (B) An inner layer disposed between the surface layers, the inner layer comprising the composition of claim 1. | The present disclosure is directed to a composition comprising (a) a vinylidene chloride/methyl acrylate interpolymer having greater than 6 wt % methyl acrylate mer units in the interpolymer, (b) greater than 6 wt % of an epoxy plasticizer; and (c) less than 4 wt % of an acrylate polymer. The composition exhibits a crystallization time greater than 25 minutes to crystallization at 35° C. Films made from the present composition show improved processability and find advantageous application as permeable barrier film for food packaging, for specialty food packaging, and for gassy cheese.1. A composition comprising:
(A) A vinylidene chloride/methyl acrylate interpolymer having greater than 6 wt % methyl acrylate mer units in the interpolymer; (B) Greater than 6 wt % of an epoxy plasticizer; and (C) Less than 4 wt % of an acrylate polymer; wherein
the composition has a crystallization time greater than 25 minutes to crystallization at 35° C. measured with a differential scanning calorimeter. 2. (canceled) 3. The composition of claim 1 wherein the composition has a crystallization time greater than 50 minutes to crystallization at 35° C. 4. The composition of claim 1 wherein the composition has a crystallization time greater than 75 minutes to crystallization at 35° C. 5. The composition of claim 1 wherein the vinylidene chloride/methyl acrylate interpolymer has from 6.5 wt % to 9 wt % methyl acrylate mer units in the polymer. 6. The composition of claim 1 wherein the epoxy plasticizer has a molecular weight greater than 600 Daltons. 7. The composition of claim 1 wherein the epoxy plasticizer is epoxidized soybean oil. 8. The composition of claim 1 wherein the acrylate polymer is a polymer comprising an acrylate monomer, a methacrylate monomer, a styrene monomer, and combinations thereof. 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the acrylate polymer is an interpolymer of methyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate. 10. The composition of claim 1 comprising from:
(A) Greater than 86 wt % to 93.5 wt % vinylidene chloride/methyl acrylate interpolymer, the interpolymer having from 6.5% to 9% methyl acrylate mer units in the polymer;
(B) Greater than 6 wt % to 10 wt % epoxidized soybean oil; and
(C) 0.5 wt % to less than 4 wt % of an acrylate polymer that is an interpolymer of methyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate. 11. The composition of claim 1 having an oxygen transmission rate of 1.5 to 9.0 cc-mil/100 in2-atm-day as measured in accordance with ASTM D 3985. 12. An article comprising the composition of claim 1. 13. The article of claim 12 wherein the article is selected from the group consisting of a film, a sheet, a fiber, and combinations thereof. 14. The article of claim 13 wherein the article is a packaging film having an oxygen transmission rate of 1.5 to 15.0 cc-mil/100 in2-atm-day. 15. A multi-layer film comprising:
(A) First and second surface layers; and (B) An inner layer disposed between the surface layers, the inner layer comprising the composition of claim 1. | 1,700 |
3,678 | 15,175,774 | 1,713 | A method of manufacturing a medical device is disclosed. The method comprises laser cutting a tubular member. The tubular member may have an inner surface, an outer surface and a tubular wall defining a thickness extending therebetween. The method may also include laser cutting the member. Laser cutting may include removing a portion of the thickness of the tubular wall at one or more discrete locations along the tubular wall. The method may also include chemically etching the one or more discrete locations to form a slot within the tubular wall at the one or more discrete locations along the tubular member. | 1. A method of manufacturing a medical device, the method comprising:
laser cutting a tubular member, the tubular member having an inner surface, an outer surface and a tubular wall defining a thickness extending therebetween, wherein laser cutting the member includes removing a portion of the thickness of the tubular wall at one or more discrete locations along the tubular member; and chemically etching the one or more discrete locations to form a slot within the tubular wall at the one or more discrete locations along the tubular member. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein laser cutting includes laser cutting with a femtosecond laser. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein forming a slot within the tubular wall includes removing the tubular wall from the outside surface to the inner surface of the tubular member. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein forming a slot within the tubular wall includes removing a portion of the tubular wall from the outside surface to a location between the outside surface and the inner surface of the tubular member. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein laser cutting the tubular member includes ablating a portion of the tubular wall. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein laser cutting to remove a portion of the thickness of the tubular wall includes removing at least 80% of the thickness of the tubular wall. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein laser cutting creates a first wall portion and a second wall portion, and wherein the first wall portion is longitudinally aligned with the second wall portion and wherein a connecting portion extends between the first wall portion and the second wall portion. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the connecting portion is continuous. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the connecting portion is discontinuous. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising performing laser cutting prior to chemical etching. 11. A method of manufacturing a medical device, the method comprising:
laser cutting a tubular member, the tubular member having an inner diameter, an outer diameter and a tubular wall defining a thickness, wherein laser cutting the member includes removing a portion of the thickness of the tubular wall to form one or more cavities in the tubular wall; and chemically etching the tubular member to form a slot within the tubular wall at the one or more cavities along the tubular member. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein laser cutting includes using a femtosecond laser. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein removing a portion of the thickness of the tubular wall includes removing at least 80% of the tubular wall. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein laser cutting includes ablating a portion of the tubular wall. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein chemically etching the tubular member includes bathing the tubular member in an acid bath while rotating the tubular member, translating the tubular member, or both. 16. A medical device, comprising:
an elongate shaft including a tubular member, the tubular member having an inner surface, an outer surface, a tubular wall extending between the outer surface and the inner surface and a plurality of slots extending from the outer surface to the inner surface; and wherein the plurality of slots are created by laser cutting one or more cavities in the tubular wall at one or more discrete locations along the outer surface of the tubular member and chemically etching the one or more cavities. 17. The medical device of claim 16, wherein laser cutting includes using a femtosecond laser. 18. The medical device of claim 16, wherein laser cutting includes ablation a portion of the tubular wall. 19. The medical device of claim 16, wherein creating the one or more cavities includes removing a portion of the tubular wall, and wherein chemically etching includes removing the remaining portion of the tubular wall. 20. The medical device of claim 19, wherein removing a portion of the tubular wall includes removing at least 80% of a thickness of the tubular wall. | A method of manufacturing a medical device is disclosed. The method comprises laser cutting a tubular member. The tubular member may have an inner surface, an outer surface and a tubular wall defining a thickness extending therebetween. The method may also include laser cutting the member. Laser cutting may include removing a portion of the thickness of the tubular wall at one or more discrete locations along the tubular wall. The method may also include chemically etching the one or more discrete locations to form a slot within the tubular wall at the one or more discrete locations along the tubular member.1. A method of manufacturing a medical device, the method comprising:
laser cutting a tubular member, the tubular member having an inner surface, an outer surface and a tubular wall defining a thickness extending therebetween, wherein laser cutting the member includes removing a portion of the thickness of the tubular wall at one or more discrete locations along the tubular member; and chemically etching the one or more discrete locations to form a slot within the tubular wall at the one or more discrete locations along the tubular member. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein laser cutting includes laser cutting with a femtosecond laser. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein forming a slot within the tubular wall includes removing the tubular wall from the outside surface to the inner surface of the tubular member. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein forming a slot within the tubular wall includes removing a portion of the tubular wall from the outside surface to a location between the outside surface and the inner surface of the tubular member. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein laser cutting the tubular member includes ablating a portion of the tubular wall. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein laser cutting to remove a portion of the thickness of the tubular wall includes removing at least 80% of the thickness of the tubular wall. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein laser cutting creates a first wall portion and a second wall portion, and wherein the first wall portion is longitudinally aligned with the second wall portion and wherein a connecting portion extends between the first wall portion and the second wall portion. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the connecting portion is continuous. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the connecting portion is discontinuous. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising performing laser cutting prior to chemical etching. 11. A method of manufacturing a medical device, the method comprising:
laser cutting a tubular member, the tubular member having an inner diameter, an outer diameter and a tubular wall defining a thickness, wherein laser cutting the member includes removing a portion of the thickness of the tubular wall to form one or more cavities in the tubular wall; and chemically etching the tubular member to form a slot within the tubular wall at the one or more cavities along the tubular member. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein laser cutting includes using a femtosecond laser. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein removing a portion of the thickness of the tubular wall includes removing at least 80% of the tubular wall. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein laser cutting includes ablating a portion of the tubular wall. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein chemically etching the tubular member includes bathing the tubular member in an acid bath while rotating the tubular member, translating the tubular member, or both. 16. A medical device, comprising:
an elongate shaft including a tubular member, the tubular member having an inner surface, an outer surface, a tubular wall extending between the outer surface and the inner surface and a plurality of slots extending from the outer surface to the inner surface; and wherein the plurality of slots are created by laser cutting one or more cavities in the tubular wall at one or more discrete locations along the outer surface of the tubular member and chemically etching the one or more cavities. 17. The medical device of claim 16, wherein laser cutting includes using a femtosecond laser. 18. The medical device of claim 16, wherein laser cutting includes ablation a portion of the tubular wall. 19. The medical device of claim 16, wherein creating the one or more cavities includes removing a portion of the tubular wall, and wherein chemically etching includes removing the remaining portion of the tubular wall. 20. The medical device of claim 19, wherein removing a portion of the tubular wall includes removing at least 80% of a thickness of the tubular wall. | 1,700 |
3,679 | 14,656,287 | 1,726 | A method for fabricating a photovoltaic device includes forming a two dimensional material on a first monocrystalline substrate. A single crystal absorber layer including Cu—Zn—Sn—S(Se) (CZTSSe) is grown over the first monocrystalline substrate. The single crystal absorber layer is exfoliated from the two dimensional material. The single crystal absorber layer is transferred to a second substrate, and the single crystal absorber layer is placed on a conductive layer formed on the second substrate. Additional layers are formed on the single crystal absorber layer to complete the photovoltaic device. | 1.-14. (canceled) 15. A photovoltaic device, comprising:
a first contact layer formed on a first substrate; a single crystal absorber layer including Cu—Zn—Sn—S(Se) (CZTSSe) placed directly on the first contact layer; a buffer layer formed in contact with the single crystal absorber layer; and a transparent conductive contact layer formed over the buffer layer formed on the single crystal absorber layer. 16. The device as recited in claim 15, wherein the CZTSSe includes Cu2−xZn1+ySn(S1−z Sez)4+q wherein 0≦x≦1; 0≦y≦1; 0≦z≦1; −1≦q≦1. 17. The device as recited in claim 15, wherein the buffer layer includes a material from one of group IV, III-V, II-VI and I-III-VI2. 18. The device as recited in claim 15, wherein the buffer layer includes at least one of GaAs, Cu—In—Ga—S,Se (CIGSSe), CdTe, CdS, Ge, ZnS, Zn(O,S), In2S3 or ZnO. 19. The device as recited in claim 15, wherein the buffer layer includes two or more layers. 20. The device as recited in claim 15, wherein the CZTSSe includes Ge replacing some or all of the Sn. 21. The device as recited in claim 15, wherein the buffer layer includes a single crystal semiconductor layer. 22. The device as recited in claim 15, wherein the buffer layer includes an amorphous material. 23. The device as recited in claim 15, wherein the first contact layer includes an amorphous material. 24. The device as recited in claim 15, wherein the first contact layer includes molybdenum. 25. The device as recited in claim 15, wherein the first contact layer includes gold. 26. The device as recited in claim 15, wherein the single crystal absorber layer includes a Kesterite structure having a (112) single crystal orientation. | A method for fabricating a photovoltaic device includes forming a two dimensional material on a first monocrystalline substrate. A single crystal absorber layer including Cu—Zn—Sn—S(Se) (CZTSSe) is grown over the first monocrystalline substrate. The single crystal absorber layer is exfoliated from the two dimensional material. The single crystal absorber layer is transferred to a second substrate, and the single crystal absorber layer is placed on a conductive layer formed on the second substrate. Additional layers are formed on the single crystal absorber layer to complete the photovoltaic device.1.-14. (canceled) 15. A photovoltaic device, comprising:
a first contact layer formed on a first substrate; a single crystal absorber layer including Cu—Zn—Sn—S(Se) (CZTSSe) placed directly on the first contact layer; a buffer layer formed in contact with the single crystal absorber layer; and a transparent conductive contact layer formed over the buffer layer formed on the single crystal absorber layer. 16. The device as recited in claim 15, wherein the CZTSSe includes Cu2−xZn1+ySn(S1−z Sez)4+q wherein 0≦x≦1; 0≦y≦1; 0≦z≦1; −1≦q≦1. 17. The device as recited in claim 15, wherein the buffer layer includes a material from one of group IV, III-V, II-VI and I-III-VI2. 18. The device as recited in claim 15, wherein the buffer layer includes at least one of GaAs, Cu—In—Ga—S,Se (CIGSSe), CdTe, CdS, Ge, ZnS, Zn(O,S), In2S3 or ZnO. 19. The device as recited in claim 15, wherein the buffer layer includes two or more layers. 20. The device as recited in claim 15, wherein the CZTSSe includes Ge replacing some or all of the Sn. 21. The device as recited in claim 15, wherein the buffer layer includes a single crystal semiconductor layer. 22. The device as recited in claim 15, wherein the buffer layer includes an amorphous material. 23. The device as recited in claim 15, wherein the first contact layer includes an amorphous material. 24. The device as recited in claim 15, wherein the first contact layer includes molybdenum. 25. The device as recited in claim 15, wherein the first contact layer includes gold. 26. The device as recited in claim 15, wherein the single crystal absorber layer includes a Kesterite structure having a (112) single crystal orientation. | 1,700 |
3,680 | 14,920,044 | 1,767 | The present invention is directed to a pneumatic tire having a tread comprising a vulcanizable rubber composition comprising, based on 100 parts by weight of elastomer (phr),
(A) from about 40 to about 90 phr of a solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber having a glass transition temperature (Tg) ranging from −65° C. to −55° C.; (B) from about 60 to about 10 phr of polybutadiene having a cis 1,4 content greater than 95 percent and a Tg ranging from −80 to −110° C.; and (C) from 45 to 65 phr of a hydrocarbon resin having a Tg ranging from −20° C. to 20° C.; (D) less than 10 phr of oil; (E) from 120 to 160 phr of silica;
wherein the total amount of resin and oil is less than 70 phr, and the weight ratio of silica to resin is greater than 2. | 1. A pneumatic tire having a tread comprising a vulcanizable rubber composition comprising, based on 100 parts by weight of elastomer (phr),
(A) from about 40 to about 90 phr of a solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber having a glass transition temperature (Tg) ranging from −65° C. to −60° C.; (B) from about 60 to about 10 phr of polybutadiene having a cis 1,4 content greater than 95 percent and a Tg ranging from −80 to −110° C.; and (C) from 45 to 65 phr of a coumarone-indene resin having a Tg ranging from −30 to −10° C.; (D) from 1 to 5 phr of oil; (E) from 120 to 160 phr of silica;
wherein the total amount of coumarone-indene resin and oil is less than 70 phr, and the weight ratio of silica to coumarone-indene resin is greater than 2. 2. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber is functionalized with an alkoxysilane group and at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of primary amines and thiols. 3. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of silica to hydrocarbon resin is greater than 2.2. 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the coumarone-indene resin has a softening point temperature ranging from 0 to 60° C. 7. (canceled) 8. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the oil is selected from the group consisting of aromatic, paraffinic, naphthenic, MES, TDAE, heavy naphthenic oils, and vegetable oils. 9. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the coumarone-indene resin comprises residues of coumarone, indene, and at least one residues selected from the group consisting of methyl coumarone, styrene, α-methylstyrene, methylindene, vinyltoluene, dicyclopentadiene, cycopentadiene, isoprene and piperlyene. 10. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber functionalized with an alkoxysilane group and a primary amine group, and is represented by the formula (1) or (2)
wherein P is a (co)polymer chain of a conjugated diolefin or a conjugated diolefin and an aromatic vinyl compound, R1 is an alkylene group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, R2 and R3 are each independently an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an allyl group or an aryl group, n is an integer of 1 or 2, m is an integer of 1 or 2, and k is an integer of 1 or 2, with the proviso that n+m+k is an integer of 3 or 4,
wherein P, R1, R2 and R3 have the same definitions as give for the above-mentioned formula (1), j is an integer of 1 to 3, and h is an integer of 1 to 3, with the provision that j+h is an integer of 2 to 4. 11. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber is functionalized with an alkoxysilane group and a primary amine group comprises the reaction product of a living polymer chain and a terminating agent of the formula
RN—(CH2)x—Si—(OR′)3, I
wherein R in combination with the nitrogen (N) atom is a protected amine group, R′ represents a group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms selected from an alkyl, a cycloalkyl, an allyl, or an aryl; and X is an integer from 1 to 20. 12. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber is functionalized with an alkoxysilane group and a thiol, and comprises the reaction product of a living anionic polymer and a silane-sulfide modifier represented by the formula
(R4O)xR4 ySi—R5—S—SiR4 3
wherein Si is silicon; S is sulfur; O is oxygen; x is an integer selected from 1, 2 and 3; y is an integer selected from 0, 1, and 2; x+y=3; R4 is the same or different and is (C1-C16) alkyl; and R′ is aryl, and alkyl aryl, or (C1-C16) alkyl. | The present invention is directed to a pneumatic tire having a tread comprising a vulcanizable rubber composition comprising, based on 100 parts by weight of elastomer (phr),
(A) from about 40 to about 90 phr of a solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber having a glass transition temperature (Tg) ranging from −65° C. to −55° C.; (B) from about 60 to about 10 phr of polybutadiene having a cis 1,4 content greater than 95 percent and a Tg ranging from −80 to −110° C.; and (C) from 45 to 65 phr of a hydrocarbon resin having a Tg ranging from −20° C. to 20° C.; (D) less than 10 phr of oil; (E) from 120 to 160 phr of silica;
wherein the total amount of resin and oil is less than 70 phr, and the weight ratio of silica to resin is greater than 2.1. A pneumatic tire having a tread comprising a vulcanizable rubber composition comprising, based on 100 parts by weight of elastomer (phr),
(A) from about 40 to about 90 phr of a solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber having a glass transition temperature (Tg) ranging from −65° C. to −60° C.; (B) from about 60 to about 10 phr of polybutadiene having a cis 1,4 content greater than 95 percent and a Tg ranging from −80 to −110° C.; and (C) from 45 to 65 phr of a coumarone-indene resin having a Tg ranging from −30 to −10° C.; (D) from 1 to 5 phr of oil; (E) from 120 to 160 phr of silica;
wherein the total amount of coumarone-indene resin and oil is less than 70 phr, and the weight ratio of silica to coumarone-indene resin is greater than 2. 2. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber is functionalized with an alkoxysilane group and at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of primary amines and thiols. 3. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of silica to hydrocarbon resin is greater than 2.2. 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the coumarone-indene resin has a softening point temperature ranging from 0 to 60° C. 7. (canceled) 8. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the oil is selected from the group consisting of aromatic, paraffinic, naphthenic, MES, TDAE, heavy naphthenic oils, and vegetable oils. 9. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the coumarone-indene resin comprises residues of coumarone, indene, and at least one residues selected from the group consisting of methyl coumarone, styrene, α-methylstyrene, methylindene, vinyltoluene, dicyclopentadiene, cycopentadiene, isoprene and piperlyene. 10. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber functionalized with an alkoxysilane group and a primary amine group, and is represented by the formula (1) or (2)
wherein P is a (co)polymer chain of a conjugated diolefin or a conjugated diolefin and an aromatic vinyl compound, R1 is an alkylene group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, R2 and R3 are each independently an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an allyl group or an aryl group, n is an integer of 1 or 2, m is an integer of 1 or 2, and k is an integer of 1 or 2, with the proviso that n+m+k is an integer of 3 or 4,
wherein P, R1, R2 and R3 have the same definitions as give for the above-mentioned formula (1), j is an integer of 1 to 3, and h is an integer of 1 to 3, with the provision that j+h is an integer of 2 to 4. 11. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber is functionalized with an alkoxysilane group and a primary amine group comprises the reaction product of a living polymer chain and a terminating agent of the formula
RN—(CH2)x—Si—(OR′)3, I
wherein R in combination with the nitrogen (N) atom is a protected amine group, R′ represents a group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms selected from an alkyl, a cycloalkyl, an allyl, or an aryl; and X is an integer from 1 to 20. 12. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber is functionalized with an alkoxysilane group and a thiol, and comprises the reaction product of a living anionic polymer and a silane-sulfide modifier represented by the formula
(R4O)xR4 ySi—R5—S—SiR4 3
wherein Si is silicon; S is sulfur; O is oxygen; x is an integer selected from 1, 2 and 3; y is an integer selected from 0, 1, and 2; x+y=3; R4 is the same or different and is (C1-C16) alkyl; and R′ is aryl, and alkyl aryl, or (C1-C16) alkyl. | 1,700 |
3,681 | 14,659,927 | 1,749 | The beverage appliance of the present invention includes a venturi having a steam inlet and a milk inlet. The steam inlet and milk inlet each include a solenoid valve configurable between an open state and a closed state. The solenoid valves are electrically coupled to a processor and are controllable through first and second switches. In operation, upon activation of the first switch, the solenoid valves are controlled to their open states to deliver milk and steam to the venturi to produce frothed milk. When a desired amount of frothed milk has been dispensed, the user deactivates the first switch and the processor controls only the milk inlet solenoid valve to its closed state. The steam inlet solenoid valve remains in its open state for a predetermined amount of time such that a burst of steam only is forced through the venturi and distribution lines to purge them of milk. | 1. A brewed beverage appliance, comprising:
a housing; a steam source; a milk reservoir; a brewed beverage dispensing spout; a frothed milk dispensing spout; a milk frothing unit fluidly coupled to said frothed milk dispensing spout, said milk frothing unit having a steam inlet for receiving steam from said steam source and a milk inlet for receiving milk from said milk reservoir; a first valve associated with said milk inlet and controllable between an open state and a closed state to control a flow of milk to said milk frothing unit; a second valve associated with said steam inlet and controllable between an open state and a closed state to control a flow of steam to said milk frothing unit. 2. The brewed beverage appliance of claim 1, further comprising:
a processor electrically coupled to said first and said second valves and configured to control said first and second valves between said open and closed states. 3. The brewed beverage appliance of claim 2, wherein:
said processor is configured to control said first valve and said second valve to said open states to permit said flow of milk and said flow of steam into said milk frothing unit to produce frothed milk; and wherein said processor operates according to a control algorithm such that when a desired quantity of frothed milk is dispensed from said frothed milk dispensing spout, said first valve is controlled to said closed state and said second valve is maintained in said open state for a predetermined amount of time to cleanse said milk frothing unit and milk dispensing spout. 4. The brewed beverage appliance of claim 1, further comprising:
a first switch electrically coupled to said first valve for manually controlling said first valve between said open and closed states; and a second switch electrically coupled to said second valve for manually controlling said second valve between said open and closed states. | The beverage appliance of the present invention includes a venturi having a steam inlet and a milk inlet. The steam inlet and milk inlet each include a solenoid valve configurable between an open state and a closed state. The solenoid valves are electrically coupled to a processor and are controllable through first and second switches. In operation, upon activation of the first switch, the solenoid valves are controlled to their open states to deliver milk and steam to the venturi to produce frothed milk. When a desired amount of frothed milk has been dispensed, the user deactivates the first switch and the processor controls only the milk inlet solenoid valve to its closed state. The steam inlet solenoid valve remains in its open state for a predetermined amount of time such that a burst of steam only is forced through the venturi and distribution lines to purge them of milk.1. A brewed beverage appliance, comprising:
a housing; a steam source; a milk reservoir; a brewed beverage dispensing spout; a frothed milk dispensing spout; a milk frothing unit fluidly coupled to said frothed milk dispensing spout, said milk frothing unit having a steam inlet for receiving steam from said steam source and a milk inlet for receiving milk from said milk reservoir; a first valve associated with said milk inlet and controllable between an open state and a closed state to control a flow of milk to said milk frothing unit; a second valve associated with said steam inlet and controllable between an open state and a closed state to control a flow of steam to said milk frothing unit. 2. The brewed beverage appliance of claim 1, further comprising:
a processor electrically coupled to said first and said second valves and configured to control said first and second valves between said open and closed states. 3. The brewed beverage appliance of claim 2, wherein:
said processor is configured to control said first valve and said second valve to said open states to permit said flow of milk and said flow of steam into said milk frothing unit to produce frothed milk; and wherein said processor operates according to a control algorithm such that when a desired quantity of frothed milk is dispensed from said frothed milk dispensing spout, said first valve is controlled to said closed state and said second valve is maintained in said open state for a predetermined amount of time to cleanse said milk frothing unit and milk dispensing spout. 4. The brewed beverage appliance of claim 1, further comprising:
a first switch electrically coupled to said first valve for manually controlling said first valve between said open and closed states; and a second switch electrically coupled to said second valve for manually controlling said second valve between said open and closed states. | 1,700 |
3,682 | 14,183,954 | 1,787 | Disclosed herein is a multilayer film comprising two outer layers; where each outer layer comprises polyethylene; two tie layers; where each tie layer comprises a crystalline block copolymer composite; where each tie layer has a first face and a second face that are opposed to each other, and where the first face of each tie layer contacts at least one outer layer; and a core layer; where the core layer comprises a polypropylene; where the second face of each tie layer contacts the core layer. Disclosed herein is a method comprising coextruding a multilayered film comprising two outer layers; where each outer layer comprises polyethylene; two tie layers; where each tie layer comprises a crystalline block copolymer composite; where each tie layer has a first face and a second face that are opposed to each other, and where the first face of each tie layer contacts at least one outer layer; and a core layer; where the core layer comprises a polypropylene; where the second face of each tie layer contacts the core layer; and coextruding the multilayered blown film. | 1. A multilayer film comprising:
two outer layers; where each outer layer comprises polyethylene; two tie layers; where each tie layer comprises a crystalline block copolymer composite; where each tie layer has a first face and a second face that are opposed to each other, and where the first face of each tie layer contacts at least one outer layer; and a core layer; where the core layer comprises a polypropylene; where the second face of each tie layer contacts the core layer. 2. The multilayer film of claim 1, where the polyethylene comprises a linear low density polyethylene or an ethylene-α-olefin copolymer. 3. The multilayer film of claim 2, where the linear low density polyethylene in each outer layer has a melt index I2 of 0.25 to 2.5 g/10 minutes when measured as per ASTM D 1238 at 190° C. and 2.16 kg. 4. The multilayer film of claim 2, where the ethylene-α-olefin copolymer is ethylene/propylene, ethylene/butene, ethylene/1-hexene, ethylene/1-octene, ethylene/styrene, ethylene/propylene/1-octene, ethylene/propylene/butene, ethylene/butene/1-octene, ethylene/butene/styrene, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing ethylene-α-olefin copolymers. 5. The multilayer film of claim 3, where the outer layer further comprises low density polyethylene and/or high density polyethylene. 6. The multilayer film of claim 4, where the outer layer further comprises low density polyethylene and/or high density polyethylene. 7. The multilayer film of claim 1, where the crystalline block copolymer composite comprises a crystalline ethylene based polymer, a crystalline alpha-olefin based polymer, and a block copolymer comprising a crystalline ethylene block and a crystalline alpha-olefin block, wherein the crystalline ethylene block of the block copolymer is the same composition as the crystalline ethylene based polymer in the block composite and the crystalline alpha-olefin block of the block copolymer is the same composition as the crystalline alpha-olefin based polymer of the block composite. 8. The multilayer film of claim 1, where each tie layer further comprises an elastomer; and where the elastomer is a homogeneously branched ethylene-α-olefin copolymer, a polyolefin elastomer, a vinyl aromatic block copolymer, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing elastomers. 9. The multilayer film of claim 8, where each tie layer further comprises polypropylene and/or polyethylene. 10. The multilayer film of claim 1, where the polypropylene is selected from the groups consisting of random copolymer polypropylene, impact copolymer polypropylene, high impact polypropylene, high melt strength polypropylene, isotactic polypropylene, syndiotactic polypropylene, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing polypropylenes. 11. The multilayer film of claim 10, where the core layer further comprises polyethylene or an elastomer; and where the elastomer is a homogeneously branched ethylene-α-olefin copolymer, a polyolefin elastomer, a vinyl aromatic block copolymer, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing elastomers. 12. The multilayer film of claim 1, where the crystalline block composite has a melt flow ratio 0.1 to 30 dg/min, when measured as per ASTM D 1238 at 230° C. and 2.16 kilograms. 13. The multilayer film of claim 1, where the crystalline block composite comprises 5 to 95 weight percent crystalline ethylene blocks and 95 to 5 wt percent crystalline alpha-olefin blocks. 14. The multilayer film of claim 1, where the crystalline block composite has a crystalline block composite index of 0.3 to 1.0. 15. An article comprising the multilayer film of claim 1. 16. A method comprising:
coextruding a multilayered film comprising:
two outer layers; where each outer layer comprises polyethylene;
two tie layers; where each tie layer comprises a crystalline block copolymer composite; where each tie layer has a first face and a second face that are opposed to each other, and where the first face of each tie layer contacts at least one outer layer; and
a core layer; where the core layer comprises a polypropylene; where the second face of each tie layer contacts the core layer; and
blowing the multilayered film. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising laminating the film in a roll mill. | Disclosed herein is a multilayer film comprising two outer layers; where each outer layer comprises polyethylene; two tie layers; where each tie layer comprises a crystalline block copolymer composite; where each tie layer has a first face and a second face that are opposed to each other, and where the first face of each tie layer contacts at least one outer layer; and a core layer; where the core layer comprises a polypropylene; where the second face of each tie layer contacts the core layer. Disclosed herein is a method comprising coextruding a multilayered film comprising two outer layers; where each outer layer comprises polyethylene; two tie layers; where each tie layer comprises a crystalline block copolymer composite; where each tie layer has a first face and a second face that are opposed to each other, and where the first face of each tie layer contacts at least one outer layer; and a core layer; where the core layer comprises a polypropylene; where the second face of each tie layer contacts the core layer; and coextruding the multilayered blown film.1. A multilayer film comprising:
two outer layers; where each outer layer comprises polyethylene; two tie layers; where each tie layer comprises a crystalline block copolymer composite; where each tie layer has a first face and a second face that are opposed to each other, and where the first face of each tie layer contacts at least one outer layer; and a core layer; where the core layer comprises a polypropylene; where the second face of each tie layer contacts the core layer. 2. The multilayer film of claim 1, where the polyethylene comprises a linear low density polyethylene or an ethylene-α-olefin copolymer. 3. The multilayer film of claim 2, where the linear low density polyethylene in each outer layer has a melt index I2 of 0.25 to 2.5 g/10 minutes when measured as per ASTM D 1238 at 190° C. and 2.16 kg. 4. The multilayer film of claim 2, where the ethylene-α-olefin copolymer is ethylene/propylene, ethylene/butene, ethylene/1-hexene, ethylene/1-octene, ethylene/styrene, ethylene/propylene/1-octene, ethylene/propylene/butene, ethylene/butene/1-octene, ethylene/butene/styrene, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing ethylene-α-olefin copolymers. 5. The multilayer film of claim 3, where the outer layer further comprises low density polyethylene and/or high density polyethylene. 6. The multilayer film of claim 4, where the outer layer further comprises low density polyethylene and/or high density polyethylene. 7. The multilayer film of claim 1, where the crystalline block copolymer composite comprises a crystalline ethylene based polymer, a crystalline alpha-olefin based polymer, and a block copolymer comprising a crystalline ethylene block and a crystalline alpha-olefin block, wherein the crystalline ethylene block of the block copolymer is the same composition as the crystalline ethylene based polymer in the block composite and the crystalline alpha-olefin block of the block copolymer is the same composition as the crystalline alpha-olefin based polymer of the block composite. 8. The multilayer film of claim 1, where each tie layer further comprises an elastomer; and where the elastomer is a homogeneously branched ethylene-α-olefin copolymer, a polyolefin elastomer, a vinyl aromatic block copolymer, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing elastomers. 9. The multilayer film of claim 8, where each tie layer further comprises polypropylene and/or polyethylene. 10. The multilayer film of claim 1, where the polypropylene is selected from the groups consisting of random copolymer polypropylene, impact copolymer polypropylene, high impact polypropylene, high melt strength polypropylene, isotactic polypropylene, syndiotactic polypropylene, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing polypropylenes. 11. The multilayer film of claim 10, where the core layer further comprises polyethylene or an elastomer; and where the elastomer is a homogeneously branched ethylene-α-olefin copolymer, a polyolefin elastomer, a vinyl aromatic block copolymer, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing elastomers. 12. The multilayer film of claim 1, where the crystalline block composite has a melt flow ratio 0.1 to 30 dg/min, when measured as per ASTM D 1238 at 230° C. and 2.16 kilograms. 13. The multilayer film of claim 1, where the crystalline block composite comprises 5 to 95 weight percent crystalline ethylene blocks and 95 to 5 wt percent crystalline alpha-olefin blocks. 14. The multilayer film of claim 1, where the crystalline block composite has a crystalline block composite index of 0.3 to 1.0. 15. An article comprising the multilayer film of claim 1. 16. A method comprising:
coextruding a multilayered film comprising:
two outer layers; where each outer layer comprises polyethylene;
two tie layers; where each tie layer comprises a crystalline block copolymer composite; where each tie layer has a first face and a second face that are opposed to each other, and where the first face of each tie layer contacts at least one outer layer; and
a core layer; where the core layer comprises a polypropylene; where the second face of each tie layer contacts the core layer; and
blowing the multilayered film. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising laminating the film in a roll mill. | 1,700 |
3,683 | 15,331,544 | 1,718 | Apparatus, system, and method of depositing thin and ultra-thin parylene are described. In an example, a core deposition chamber is used. The core deposition chamber includes a base and a rigid, removable cover configured to mate and seal with the base to create the core deposition chamber and to define an inside and an outside of the core deposition chamber. The core deposition chamber also includes a conduit through a top of the cover. The conduit has a lumen connecting the inside to the outside of the core deposition chamber. The lumen has a length and a cross-section. The cross-section has a width between 50 μm and 6000 μm. The length is less than 140 times the cross-section width. The core deposition chamber can be placed in an outer deposition chamber and can achieve parylene deposition less than 1 μm thick inside the core deposition chamber. | 1-31. (canceled) 32. A parylene deposition metering apparatus comprising:
a base; a rigid, removable cover configured to mate and seal with the base to create an enclosed, core deposition chamber and define an inside and an outside of the core deposition chamber, the base and the cover configured to withstand an internal vacuum pressure relative to the outside of at least 3.0 Pa; and a conduit through a top of the cover and proximate a center of the top of the cover, the conduit having a lumen connecting the inside to the outside of the core deposition chamber, the lumen having a length and a cross-section, the cross-section having a width between 50 μm and 6000 μm, the length being less than 140 times the cross-section width. 33. The parylene deposition metering apparatus of claim 32, wherein the cross-section is circular and the cross-section width is a diameter,
whereby the cross-section diameter and length are configured to enable controlled effusion of an outside parylene monomer at 4.6 Pa and 273.14 K through the lumen to the inside of the core deposition chamber, the effusion resulting in a reduced deposition rate compared to outside of the core deposition chamber. 34. The parylene deposition metering apparatus of claim 32, further comprising:
at least one notch along a secant of the conduit at a predetermined axial position of the conduit, thereby enabling a user to more easily cut or sever the conduit to a new, predetermined length. 35. The parylene deposition metering apparatus of claim 32, wherein the length is less than 40 times the cross-section width for parylene C deposition. 36. The parylene deposition metering apparatus of claim 32, wherein the length is greater than 7 times the cross-section width. 37. The parylene deposition metering apparatus of claim 32, wherein the core deposition chamber has a volume between 1 cubic centimeter and 10,000 cubic centimeters. 38. The parylene deposition metering apparatus of claim 32, further comprising a tube that defines the conduit through the top of the cover. 39. The parylene deposition metering apparatus of claim 32, further comprising an opening that defines the conduit through the top of the cover. 40. The parylene deposition metering apparatus of claim 32, wherein the cross section of the conduit corresponds to a Knudsen number (Kn) of a monomer between 0.1 and 12. 41. The parylene deposition metering apparatus of claim 32, wherein the base comprises a rigid, removable tray that is opposite to the cover and that is configured to mate and seal with the based and to retain a substrate inside the core deposition chamber. 42. The parylene deposition metering apparatus of claim 41, wherein a distance between an inner side of the cover and an inner side of the tray is between 1 centimeter and 40 centimeters. 43. The parylene deposition metering apparatus of claim 32, wherein the conduit is a first conduit, wherein the cover comprises a plurality of additional conduits, and wherein each additional conduit has substantially a same length and cross-section as the first conduit. 44. The parylene deposition metering apparatus of claim 32, wherein the cover is disposable after a first predefined number of parylene deposition, wherein the base is disposable after a second predefined number of parylene deposition, and wherein the second predefined number is larger than the first predefined number. 45. The parylene deposition metering apparatus of claim 32, further comprising a label that identifies at least one of a dimension of the conduit, a pressure differential relative to a pressure inside the core deposition chamber, or an identifier of the core deposition chamber. 46. The parylene deposition metering apparatus of claim 45, wherein the label comprises a radio frequency identifier-identification (RFID) tag that encodes the at least one of: the dimension, the pressure differential, or the identifier. 47. The parylene deposition metering apparatus of claim 45, wherein the label comprises a barcode that encodes the at least one of: the dimension, the pressure differential, or the identifier. 48. A parylene deposition system comprising:
a vaporizer configured to vaporize a polymer dimer into a dimeric gas; a pyrolysis tube connected to the vaporizer and configured to pyrolize the dimeric gas into a monomeric gas; an outer deposition chamber connected to the pyrolysis tube and having an interior configured to receive the monomeric gas; and a core deposition chamber placeable in and removable from the outer deposition chamber and configured to effuse the monomeric gas from interior of the outer deposition chamber into an interior of the core deposition chamber, the core deposition chamber comprising:
a base,
a rigid, removable cover configured to mate and seal with the base and define the interior of the core deposition chamber, and
a conduit through a top of the cover and proximate a center of the top of the cover, the conduit having a lumen connecting the interior of the core deposition chamber to the interior of the outer core deposition chamber, the lumen having a length and a cross-section, the cross-section having a width between 50 μm and 6000 μm, the length being less than 140 times the cross-section width. 49. The parylene deposition system of claim 48, further comprising a label reader, wherein the core deposition chamber comprises a label that identifies at least one of: a dimension of the conduit, a pressure differential relative to a pressure inside the core deposition chamber, or an identifier of the core deposition chamber. 50. The parylene deposition system of claim 49, wherein the system is configured to set a deposition time and a pressure inside the outer parylene deposition chamber based on a read of the label by the label reader. 51. A method of depositing parylene onto a micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) device, the method comprising:
vaporizing a parylene dimer into a dimeric gas in a vaporizer; pyrolyzing the dimeric gas into a monomeric gas in a pyrolysis tube connected to the vaporizer; receiving the monomeric gas in an outer deposition chamber connected to the pyrolysis tube; effusing the monomeric gas into a core deposition chamber from the outer deposition chamber, wherein:
the monomeric gas is effused via conduit through a top cover the core deposition chamber, and
the conduit has a lumen connecting an inside of the core deposition chamber to an inside of the outer deposition chamber, the lumen having a length and a cross-section, the cross-section having a width between 50 μm and 6000 μm, the length being less than 140 times the cross-section width; and
depositing parylene, based on the monomeric gas effused into the core deposition chamber, onto a surface of a MEMS device contained in the core deposition chamber. | Apparatus, system, and method of depositing thin and ultra-thin parylene are described. In an example, a core deposition chamber is used. The core deposition chamber includes a base and a rigid, removable cover configured to mate and seal with the base to create the core deposition chamber and to define an inside and an outside of the core deposition chamber. The core deposition chamber also includes a conduit through a top of the cover. The conduit has a lumen connecting the inside to the outside of the core deposition chamber. The lumen has a length and a cross-section. The cross-section has a width between 50 μm and 6000 μm. The length is less than 140 times the cross-section width. The core deposition chamber can be placed in an outer deposition chamber and can achieve parylene deposition less than 1 μm thick inside the core deposition chamber.1-31. (canceled) 32. A parylene deposition metering apparatus comprising:
a base; a rigid, removable cover configured to mate and seal with the base to create an enclosed, core deposition chamber and define an inside and an outside of the core deposition chamber, the base and the cover configured to withstand an internal vacuum pressure relative to the outside of at least 3.0 Pa; and a conduit through a top of the cover and proximate a center of the top of the cover, the conduit having a lumen connecting the inside to the outside of the core deposition chamber, the lumen having a length and a cross-section, the cross-section having a width between 50 μm and 6000 μm, the length being less than 140 times the cross-section width. 33. The parylene deposition metering apparatus of claim 32, wherein the cross-section is circular and the cross-section width is a diameter,
whereby the cross-section diameter and length are configured to enable controlled effusion of an outside parylene monomer at 4.6 Pa and 273.14 K through the lumen to the inside of the core deposition chamber, the effusion resulting in a reduced deposition rate compared to outside of the core deposition chamber. 34. The parylene deposition metering apparatus of claim 32, further comprising:
at least one notch along a secant of the conduit at a predetermined axial position of the conduit, thereby enabling a user to more easily cut or sever the conduit to a new, predetermined length. 35. The parylene deposition metering apparatus of claim 32, wherein the length is less than 40 times the cross-section width for parylene C deposition. 36. The parylene deposition metering apparatus of claim 32, wherein the length is greater than 7 times the cross-section width. 37. The parylene deposition metering apparatus of claim 32, wherein the core deposition chamber has a volume between 1 cubic centimeter and 10,000 cubic centimeters. 38. The parylene deposition metering apparatus of claim 32, further comprising a tube that defines the conduit through the top of the cover. 39. The parylene deposition metering apparatus of claim 32, further comprising an opening that defines the conduit through the top of the cover. 40. The parylene deposition metering apparatus of claim 32, wherein the cross section of the conduit corresponds to a Knudsen number (Kn) of a monomer between 0.1 and 12. 41. The parylene deposition metering apparatus of claim 32, wherein the base comprises a rigid, removable tray that is opposite to the cover and that is configured to mate and seal with the based and to retain a substrate inside the core deposition chamber. 42. The parylene deposition metering apparatus of claim 41, wherein a distance between an inner side of the cover and an inner side of the tray is between 1 centimeter and 40 centimeters. 43. The parylene deposition metering apparatus of claim 32, wherein the conduit is a first conduit, wherein the cover comprises a plurality of additional conduits, and wherein each additional conduit has substantially a same length and cross-section as the first conduit. 44. The parylene deposition metering apparatus of claim 32, wherein the cover is disposable after a first predefined number of parylene deposition, wherein the base is disposable after a second predefined number of parylene deposition, and wherein the second predefined number is larger than the first predefined number. 45. The parylene deposition metering apparatus of claim 32, further comprising a label that identifies at least one of a dimension of the conduit, a pressure differential relative to a pressure inside the core deposition chamber, or an identifier of the core deposition chamber. 46. The parylene deposition metering apparatus of claim 45, wherein the label comprises a radio frequency identifier-identification (RFID) tag that encodes the at least one of: the dimension, the pressure differential, or the identifier. 47. The parylene deposition metering apparatus of claim 45, wherein the label comprises a barcode that encodes the at least one of: the dimension, the pressure differential, or the identifier. 48. A parylene deposition system comprising:
a vaporizer configured to vaporize a polymer dimer into a dimeric gas; a pyrolysis tube connected to the vaporizer and configured to pyrolize the dimeric gas into a monomeric gas; an outer deposition chamber connected to the pyrolysis tube and having an interior configured to receive the monomeric gas; and a core deposition chamber placeable in and removable from the outer deposition chamber and configured to effuse the monomeric gas from interior of the outer deposition chamber into an interior of the core deposition chamber, the core deposition chamber comprising:
a base,
a rigid, removable cover configured to mate and seal with the base and define the interior of the core deposition chamber, and
a conduit through a top of the cover and proximate a center of the top of the cover, the conduit having a lumen connecting the interior of the core deposition chamber to the interior of the outer core deposition chamber, the lumen having a length and a cross-section, the cross-section having a width between 50 μm and 6000 μm, the length being less than 140 times the cross-section width. 49. The parylene deposition system of claim 48, further comprising a label reader, wherein the core deposition chamber comprises a label that identifies at least one of: a dimension of the conduit, a pressure differential relative to a pressure inside the core deposition chamber, or an identifier of the core deposition chamber. 50. The parylene deposition system of claim 49, wherein the system is configured to set a deposition time and a pressure inside the outer parylene deposition chamber based on a read of the label by the label reader. 51. A method of depositing parylene onto a micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) device, the method comprising:
vaporizing a parylene dimer into a dimeric gas in a vaporizer; pyrolyzing the dimeric gas into a monomeric gas in a pyrolysis tube connected to the vaporizer; receiving the monomeric gas in an outer deposition chamber connected to the pyrolysis tube; effusing the monomeric gas into a core deposition chamber from the outer deposition chamber, wherein:
the monomeric gas is effused via conduit through a top cover the core deposition chamber, and
the conduit has a lumen connecting an inside of the core deposition chamber to an inside of the outer deposition chamber, the lumen having a length and a cross-section, the cross-section having a width between 50 μm and 6000 μm, the length being less than 140 times the cross-section width; and
depositing parylene, based on the monomeric gas effused into the core deposition chamber, onto a surface of a MEMS device contained in the core deposition chamber. | 1,700 |
3,684 | 15,722,123 | 1,785 | A site-specific photographic camouflage arrangement and method for making the same are provided. The site-specific photographic camouflage arrangement includes a digital photographic image and distorting disruptive patterns placed on the digital photographic image to create visual confusion to disguise the recognizable form of a camouflaged object by breaking up its outline. | 1. A camouflage pattern comprising:
a photographic image; and a disruptive pattern of at least one color configured on the photographic image, the at least one color being selected from a range of colors from at least one of the photographic image or an operating environment in which the camouflage is intended to be used. 2. The camouflage pattern according to claim 1, further comprising additional micropatterns configured on the photographic image, the micropatterns being smaller than the disruptive patterns. 3. The camouflage pattern according to claim 2, wherein the micropatterns include one or more additional colors selected from the range of colors, the one or more additional colors including colors not used in the disruptive pattern. 4. The camouflage pattern according to claim 2, further comprising one or more additional disruptive patterns configured on the photographic image, the one or more additional disruptive patterns including one or more additional colors not used in the disruptive pattern and selected from the range of colors. 5. The camouflage pattern according to claim 1, wherein the photographic image comprises a digital image. 6. A substrate having the camouflage pattern according to claim 1 configured thereon. | A site-specific photographic camouflage arrangement and method for making the same are provided. The site-specific photographic camouflage arrangement includes a digital photographic image and distorting disruptive patterns placed on the digital photographic image to create visual confusion to disguise the recognizable form of a camouflaged object by breaking up its outline.1. A camouflage pattern comprising:
a photographic image; and a disruptive pattern of at least one color configured on the photographic image, the at least one color being selected from a range of colors from at least one of the photographic image or an operating environment in which the camouflage is intended to be used. 2. The camouflage pattern according to claim 1, further comprising additional micropatterns configured on the photographic image, the micropatterns being smaller than the disruptive patterns. 3. The camouflage pattern according to claim 2, wherein the micropatterns include one or more additional colors selected from the range of colors, the one or more additional colors including colors not used in the disruptive pattern. 4. The camouflage pattern according to claim 2, further comprising one or more additional disruptive patterns configured on the photographic image, the one or more additional disruptive patterns including one or more additional colors not used in the disruptive pattern and selected from the range of colors. 5. The camouflage pattern according to claim 1, wherein the photographic image comprises a digital image. 6. A substrate having the camouflage pattern according to claim 1 configured thereon. | 1,700 |
3,685 | 13,873,282 | 1,783 | An article having a nanostructured surface and a method of making the same are described. The article can include a substrate and a nanostructured layer bonded to the substrate. The nanostructured layer can include a plurality of spaced apart nanostructured features comprising a contiguous, protrusive material and the nanostructured features can be sufficiently small that the nanostructured layer is optically transparent. A surface of the nanostructured features can be coated with a continuous hydrophobic coating. The method can include providing a substrate; depositing a film on the substrate; decomposing the film to form a decomposed film; and etching the decomposed film to form the nanostructured layer. | 1-11. (canceled) 12. An article having a nanostructured surface layer, comprising:
a substrate; and a nanostructured layer bonded to said substrate, wherein said nanostructured layer comprises a plurality of spaced apart nanostructured features comprising a contiguous, protrusive material, wherein said nanostructured features are sufficiently small that said nanostructured layer is optically transparent. 13. The article according to claim 12, further comprising:
a continuous hydrophobic coating disposed on said plurality of spaced apart nanostructured features. 14. The article according to claim 13, wherein said continuous hydrophobic coating comprises a self-assembled monolayer. 15. The article according to claim 13, further comprising an oil pinned in a plurality of nanopores formed by a said plurality of nanostructured features. 16. The article according to claim 12, wherein a width, length and height of each of said plurality of spaced apart nanostructured features ranges from 1 to 500 nm. 17. The article according to claim 12, wherein said nanostructured layer is atomically bonded to said substrate. 18. The article according to claim 12, wherein said nanostructured layer is chemically bonded directly to said substrate. 19. The article according to claim 12, wherein said plurality of spaced apart nanostructured features provide an anti-reflective surface. 20. The article according to claim 19, wherein said plurality of spaced apart nanostructures features provide an effective refractive index gradient, wherein said effective refractive index gradient increases monotonically towards said substrate. | An article having a nanostructured surface and a method of making the same are described. The article can include a substrate and a nanostructured layer bonded to the substrate. The nanostructured layer can include a plurality of spaced apart nanostructured features comprising a contiguous, protrusive material and the nanostructured features can be sufficiently small that the nanostructured layer is optically transparent. A surface of the nanostructured features can be coated with a continuous hydrophobic coating. The method can include providing a substrate; depositing a film on the substrate; decomposing the film to form a decomposed film; and etching the decomposed film to form the nanostructured layer.1-11. (canceled) 12. An article having a nanostructured surface layer, comprising:
a substrate; and a nanostructured layer bonded to said substrate, wherein said nanostructured layer comprises a plurality of spaced apart nanostructured features comprising a contiguous, protrusive material, wherein said nanostructured features are sufficiently small that said nanostructured layer is optically transparent. 13. The article according to claim 12, further comprising:
a continuous hydrophobic coating disposed on said plurality of spaced apart nanostructured features. 14. The article according to claim 13, wherein said continuous hydrophobic coating comprises a self-assembled monolayer. 15. The article according to claim 13, further comprising an oil pinned in a plurality of nanopores formed by a said plurality of nanostructured features. 16. The article according to claim 12, wherein a width, length and height of each of said plurality of spaced apart nanostructured features ranges from 1 to 500 nm. 17. The article according to claim 12, wherein said nanostructured layer is atomically bonded to said substrate. 18. The article according to claim 12, wherein said nanostructured layer is chemically bonded directly to said substrate. 19. The article according to claim 12, wherein said plurality of spaced apart nanostructured features provide an anti-reflective surface. 20. The article according to claim 19, wherein said plurality of spaced apart nanostructures features provide an effective refractive index gradient, wherein said effective refractive index gradient increases monotonically towards said substrate. | 1,700 |
3,686 | 13,181,420 | 1,783 | Resilient cores preferably for inflatable bodies having resilient slabs that define a plurality of generally columnar holes or resilient arrays of generally columnar solids, methods for making such slabs and arrays, and articles incorporating the same wherein the cores further includes thermal transmission mitigation means for improving a core's resistance to heat transfer beyond the core's innate insulative properties. Non-exclusive and non-exhaustive examples of such thermal transmission mitigation means in slab core embodiments include consideration to hole or bore geometric cross section, frequency, pattern and orientation, the introduction of a thermal barrier at or within at least some holes or bores, and/or slab material selection/treatment. Non-exclusive and non-exhaustive examples of such thermal transmission mitigation means in array core embodiments include consideration to the geometric cross section, frequency (density), pattern and orientation of the solids, the introduction of thermal barriers within inter-solid spaces and/or solid material selection/treatment. | 1. A resilient core of material comprising:
a mechanically unitary slab having a first major surface in general opposing relationship to a second major surface, with a common perimeter surface joining the two major surfaces; a plurality of holes or bores defined by the slab wherein each hole or bore has an orientation relative to at least one major surface that is defined by axis and a geometric cross section, and the plurality of holes or bores defines an arrangement thereof and has a density; and thermal transmission mitigation means for improving the core's resistance to heat transfer relative to the core's innate insulative properties. 2. The resilient core of claim 1 wherein the thermal transmission mitigation means comprises a treatment of the slab. 3. The resilient core of claim 2 wherein the treatment of the slab comprises orienting an axis of at least some of the holes or bores to form oblique open or oblique occluded holes or bores. 4. The resilient core of claim 1 wherein the thermal transmission mitigation means comprises an addition to the slab. 5. The resilient core of claim 4 wherein the addition comprises the inclusions of a barrier. 6. The resilient core of claim 4 wherein the addition comprises the inclusion of at least some plug elements. | Resilient cores preferably for inflatable bodies having resilient slabs that define a plurality of generally columnar holes or resilient arrays of generally columnar solids, methods for making such slabs and arrays, and articles incorporating the same wherein the cores further includes thermal transmission mitigation means for improving a core's resistance to heat transfer beyond the core's innate insulative properties. Non-exclusive and non-exhaustive examples of such thermal transmission mitigation means in slab core embodiments include consideration to hole or bore geometric cross section, frequency, pattern and orientation, the introduction of a thermal barrier at or within at least some holes or bores, and/or slab material selection/treatment. Non-exclusive and non-exhaustive examples of such thermal transmission mitigation means in array core embodiments include consideration to the geometric cross section, frequency (density), pattern and orientation of the solids, the introduction of thermal barriers within inter-solid spaces and/or solid material selection/treatment.1. A resilient core of material comprising:
a mechanically unitary slab having a first major surface in general opposing relationship to a second major surface, with a common perimeter surface joining the two major surfaces; a plurality of holes or bores defined by the slab wherein each hole or bore has an orientation relative to at least one major surface that is defined by axis and a geometric cross section, and the plurality of holes or bores defines an arrangement thereof and has a density; and thermal transmission mitigation means for improving the core's resistance to heat transfer relative to the core's innate insulative properties. 2. The resilient core of claim 1 wherein the thermal transmission mitigation means comprises a treatment of the slab. 3. The resilient core of claim 2 wherein the treatment of the slab comprises orienting an axis of at least some of the holes or bores to form oblique open or oblique occluded holes or bores. 4. The resilient core of claim 1 wherein the thermal transmission mitigation means comprises an addition to the slab. 5. The resilient core of claim 4 wherein the addition comprises the inclusions of a barrier. 6. The resilient core of claim 4 wherein the addition comprises the inclusion of at least some plug elements. | 1,700 |
3,687 | 15,925,876 | 1,784 | A clad material includes a first layer made of stainless steel and a second layer made of Cu or a Cu alloy and roll-bonded to the first layer. In the clad material, a grain size of the second layer measured by a comparison method of JIS H 0501 is 0.150 mm or less. | 1. A clad material comprising:
a first layer made of stainless steel; and a second layer made of Cu or a Cu alloy and roll-bonded to the first layer, wherein a grain size of the second layer measured by a comparison method of JIS H 0501 is 0.150 mm or less. 2. The clad material according to claim 1, wherein the grain size of the second layer is 0.130 mm or less. 3. The clad material according to claim 1, further comprising a third layer made of stainless steel and roll-bonded to a side of the second layer opposite to the first layer. 4. The clad material according to claim 1, wherein the stainless steel is austenitic stainless steel. 5-12. (canceled) | A clad material includes a first layer made of stainless steel and a second layer made of Cu or a Cu alloy and roll-bonded to the first layer. In the clad material, a grain size of the second layer measured by a comparison method of JIS H 0501 is 0.150 mm or less.1. A clad material comprising:
a first layer made of stainless steel; and a second layer made of Cu or a Cu alloy and roll-bonded to the first layer, wherein a grain size of the second layer measured by a comparison method of JIS H 0501 is 0.150 mm or less. 2. The clad material according to claim 1, wherein the grain size of the second layer is 0.130 mm or less. 3. The clad material according to claim 1, further comprising a third layer made of stainless steel and roll-bonded to a side of the second layer opposite to the first layer. 4. The clad material according to claim 1, wherein the stainless steel is austenitic stainless steel. 5-12. (canceled) | 1,700 |
3,688 | 14,418,154 | 1,777 | A filter element ( 1 ), with a preferably multilayer structure of a fiber medium ( 3 ) that has, in pleated form, filter pleats ( 5, 7 ) of different pleat heights (h 1, h 2 ), with filter pleats ( 7 ) with a first pleat height (h 1 ) and with filter pleats ( 5 ) with an opposing lower second pleat height (h 2 ), wherein the filter element has a throughflow direction for fluid to be cleaned away from a dirty side to a clean side (R), is characterized in that the transitions arranged adjacent to the clean side (R) or the dirty side (S) all conclude along a fictitious circular cylinder ( 9 ), which penetrates the filter medium ( 3 ) coaxially to its longitudinal axis (LA). | 1. A filter element having a filter medium (3) with a preferably multilayer structure, which includes, in pleated form, filter pleats (5, 7) having different pleat heights (h1, h2), with filter pleats (7) having a first pleat height (h1) and with filter pleats (5) having a comparatively lower second pleat height (h2), wherein the filter element has a flow-through direction for fluid to be cleaned from a dirty side (S) to a clean, side (R), characterized in that the transitions of all the filter pleats (5, 7) situated adjacent to the clean side (R) or to the dirty side (S) end along a fictitious circular cylinder (9), which extends through the filter medium (3) coaxially to its longitudinal axis (LA). 2. The filter element according to claim 1, characterized in that the filter pleats (7) having the first pleat height (h1) and the filter pleats (5) having the second pleat height (h2) are situated largely alternatingly relative to one another. 3. The filter element according to claim 1, characterized in that the filter pleats (5) having the second pleat height (112) stabilize the alignment and/or configuration of the filter pleats (7) having the first pleat height (h1). 4. The filter element according to claim 3, characterized in that the filter pleats (5) having the second pleat height (h2) prevent the filter pleats (7) having the first pleat height (h1) from contacting or adhering to one another, to the extent the filter pleats (7) having the first pleat height (h1) project toward the dirty side (S) or toward the clean side (R) over the filter pleats (5) having the second pleat height h2). 5. The filter element according to claim 1, characterized in that the effective filter surface of the filter medium (3), in spite of the reduction in filter surface area, is the same, but preferably increased, as compared to a filter medium having filter pleats of uniform height comparable to the first pleat height (h1). 6. The filter element according to claim 1, characterized in that the clean side (R) is situated on the inside of the filter element, which is encompassed by the filter medium (3) while forming the fictitious circular cylinder (9). 7. The filter clement according to claim 1, characterized in that the clean side (R) is situated on an outside of the filter medium (3), which faces away from the fictitious circular cylinder (9). 8. The filter element according to claim 1, characterized in that the respective filter pleat (5, 7) is formed from two planar filter surfaces (11, 13) lying against one another which, connected, form the pleated filter medium (3), and which have the same bend radius (BR) in the region of the transition (15) to the respective adjacently situated filter pleat (7, 5). 9. The filter element according claim 1, characterized in that the filter pleats (5, 7) are supported by a support tube (9) toward the clean side (R) or the dirty side (S), by means of which the fictitious circular cylinder (9) is formed. 10. The filter element according to claim 1, characterized in that the filter pleats (5) having the second pleat height (h2) take up approximately ¼ to ¾, preferably approximately ⅔ the height of the filter pleats (7) having the first pleat height (h1). 11. The filter element according to claim 1, characterized in that, the filter pleat (5) having the second pleat height (h2), which in each case is bounded by an adjacent filter pleat (7) having the first pleat height (h1), forms a type of M-pleat configuration (M), as seen in axial to view of the filler medium (3) and from the clean side (R) or the dirty side (S). 12. The filter element according to claim 11, characterized in that to obtain slit-like fine filtration regions (16) at the base (17) of the filter medium (3) on the clean side, the individual filter pleats (5, 7) of differing pleat heights (h1, h2) split conically apart, while forming the M-pleat configuration (M). 13. The filter element according to claim 11, characterized in that due to the M-pleat configuration (M) between two adjacent filter pleats (7) of the first pleat height (h1), which bound a filter pleat (5) of the second pleat height (h2), an open holding space (19) for fluid is formed on the dirty side (S) or on the clean side (R) in the manner of a fictitious cylindrical segment, which, during operation of the filter element, results in a standardization and, preferably, in a reduction of the flow velocity of the fluid through the filter element. 14. The filter element according to claim 11, characterized in that during operation of the filter element, in which the latter is normally perfused by a fluid contaminated with particles, which results in an electrostatic charging of the filter element, this charging, due to the M-pleat configuration, is reduced as a result of the reduction of the fluid flow velocity induced by the respective holding space (19). | A filter element ( 1 ), with a preferably multilayer structure of a fiber medium ( 3 ) that has, in pleated form, filter pleats ( 5, 7 ) of different pleat heights (h 1, h 2 ), with filter pleats ( 7 ) with a first pleat height (h 1 ) and with filter pleats ( 5 ) with an opposing lower second pleat height (h 2 ), wherein the filter element has a throughflow direction for fluid to be cleaned away from a dirty side to a clean side (R), is characterized in that the transitions arranged adjacent to the clean side (R) or the dirty side (S) all conclude along a fictitious circular cylinder ( 9 ), which penetrates the filter medium ( 3 ) coaxially to its longitudinal axis (LA).1. A filter element having a filter medium (3) with a preferably multilayer structure, which includes, in pleated form, filter pleats (5, 7) having different pleat heights (h1, h2), with filter pleats (7) having a first pleat height (h1) and with filter pleats (5) having a comparatively lower second pleat height (h2), wherein the filter element has a flow-through direction for fluid to be cleaned from a dirty side (S) to a clean, side (R), characterized in that the transitions of all the filter pleats (5, 7) situated adjacent to the clean side (R) or to the dirty side (S) end along a fictitious circular cylinder (9), which extends through the filter medium (3) coaxially to its longitudinal axis (LA). 2. The filter element according to claim 1, characterized in that the filter pleats (7) having the first pleat height (h1) and the filter pleats (5) having the second pleat height (h2) are situated largely alternatingly relative to one another. 3. The filter element according to claim 1, characterized in that the filter pleats (5) having the second pleat height (112) stabilize the alignment and/or configuration of the filter pleats (7) having the first pleat height (h1). 4. The filter element according to claim 3, characterized in that the filter pleats (5) having the second pleat height (h2) prevent the filter pleats (7) having the first pleat height (h1) from contacting or adhering to one another, to the extent the filter pleats (7) having the first pleat height (h1) project toward the dirty side (S) or toward the clean side (R) over the filter pleats (5) having the second pleat height h2). 5. The filter element according to claim 1, characterized in that the effective filter surface of the filter medium (3), in spite of the reduction in filter surface area, is the same, but preferably increased, as compared to a filter medium having filter pleats of uniform height comparable to the first pleat height (h1). 6. The filter element according to claim 1, characterized in that the clean side (R) is situated on the inside of the filter element, which is encompassed by the filter medium (3) while forming the fictitious circular cylinder (9). 7. The filter clement according to claim 1, characterized in that the clean side (R) is situated on an outside of the filter medium (3), which faces away from the fictitious circular cylinder (9). 8. The filter element according to claim 1, characterized in that the respective filter pleat (5, 7) is formed from two planar filter surfaces (11, 13) lying against one another which, connected, form the pleated filter medium (3), and which have the same bend radius (BR) in the region of the transition (15) to the respective adjacently situated filter pleat (7, 5). 9. The filter element according claim 1, characterized in that the filter pleats (5, 7) are supported by a support tube (9) toward the clean side (R) or the dirty side (S), by means of which the fictitious circular cylinder (9) is formed. 10. The filter element according to claim 1, characterized in that the filter pleats (5) having the second pleat height (h2) take up approximately ¼ to ¾, preferably approximately ⅔ the height of the filter pleats (7) having the first pleat height (h1). 11. The filter element according to claim 1, characterized in that, the filter pleat (5) having the second pleat height (h2), which in each case is bounded by an adjacent filter pleat (7) having the first pleat height (h1), forms a type of M-pleat configuration (M), as seen in axial to view of the filler medium (3) and from the clean side (R) or the dirty side (S). 12. The filter element according to claim 11, characterized in that to obtain slit-like fine filtration regions (16) at the base (17) of the filter medium (3) on the clean side, the individual filter pleats (5, 7) of differing pleat heights (h1, h2) split conically apart, while forming the M-pleat configuration (M). 13. The filter element according to claim 11, characterized in that due to the M-pleat configuration (M) between two adjacent filter pleats (7) of the first pleat height (h1), which bound a filter pleat (5) of the second pleat height (h2), an open holding space (19) for fluid is formed on the dirty side (S) or on the clean side (R) in the manner of a fictitious cylindrical segment, which, during operation of the filter element, results in a standardization and, preferably, in a reduction of the flow velocity of the fluid through the filter element. 14. The filter element according to claim 11, characterized in that during operation of the filter element, in which the latter is normally perfused by a fluid contaminated with particles, which results in an electrostatic charging of the filter element, this charging, due to the M-pleat configuration, is reduced as a result of the reduction of the fluid flow velocity induced by the respective holding space (19). | 1,700 |
3,689 | 13,390,821 | 1,729 | A catalyst layer includes (i) an electrocatalyst, and (ii) a water electrolysis catalyst, iridium or iridium oxide and one or more metals M or an oxide thereof, wherein M is selected from transition metals and/or Sn, with the exception of ruthenium. Such a catalyst layer has utility in fuel cells that experience high electrochemical potentials. | 1. A catalyst layer comprising:
(i) an electrocatalyst, and (ii) a water electrolysis catalyst, wherein the water electrolysis catalyst comprises iridium or iridium oxide and one or more metals M or an oxide thereof, wherein M is selected from the group consisting of transition metals and Sn, with the exception of ruthenium. 2. A catalyst layer according to claim 1, wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Group IVB, VB and VIB metals and Sn. 3. A catalyst layer according to claim 2, wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta and Sn. 4. A catalyst layer according to claim 1, wherein the water electrolysis catalyst is unsupported. 5. A catalyst layer according to claim 1, wherein the electrocatalyst comprises a metal which is selected from the group consisting of
(i) platinum group metals, (ii) gold or silver, (iii) a base metal,
and an oxide thereof. 6. A catalyst layer according to claim 1, wherein the electrocatalyst is supported on an inert support. 7. A catalyst layer according to claim 6, wherein the inert support is non-carbonaceous. 8. A catalyst layer according to claim 1, wherein the electrocatalyst is unsupported. 9. A catalyst layer according to claim 8, wherein the electrocatalyst is unsupported platinum. 10. An electrode comprising a gas diffusion layer and a catalyst layer as claimed in claim 1. 11. A catalysed membrane comprising a solid polymeric membrane and a catalyst layer as claimed in claim 1. 12. A catalysed transfer substrate comprising a transfer substrate and a catalyst layer as claimed in claim 1. 13. A membrane electrode assembly comprising a catalyst layer as claimed in claim 1. 14. A fuel cell comprising a catalyst layer as claimed in claim 1. 15. A membrane electrode assembly comprising an electrode as claimed in claim 10. 16. A membrane electrode assembly comprising a catalysed membrane as claimed in claim 11. 17. A fuel cell comprising an electrode as claimed in claim 10. 18. A fuel cell comprising a catalysed membrane as claimed in claim 11. | A catalyst layer includes (i) an electrocatalyst, and (ii) a water electrolysis catalyst, iridium or iridium oxide and one or more metals M or an oxide thereof, wherein M is selected from transition metals and/or Sn, with the exception of ruthenium. Such a catalyst layer has utility in fuel cells that experience high electrochemical potentials.1. A catalyst layer comprising:
(i) an electrocatalyst, and (ii) a water electrolysis catalyst, wherein the water electrolysis catalyst comprises iridium or iridium oxide and one or more metals M or an oxide thereof, wherein M is selected from the group consisting of transition metals and Sn, with the exception of ruthenium. 2. A catalyst layer according to claim 1, wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Group IVB, VB and VIB metals and Sn. 3. A catalyst layer according to claim 2, wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta and Sn. 4. A catalyst layer according to claim 1, wherein the water electrolysis catalyst is unsupported. 5. A catalyst layer according to claim 1, wherein the electrocatalyst comprises a metal which is selected from the group consisting of
(i) platinum group metals, (ii) gold or silver, (iii) a base metal,
and an oxide thereof. 6. A catalyst layer according to claim 1, wherein the electrocatalyst is supported on an inert support. 7. A catalyst layer according to claim 6, wherein the inert support is non-carbonaceous. 8. A catalyst layer according to claim 1, wherein the electrocatalyst is unsupported. 9. A catalyst layer according to claim 8, wherein the electrocatalyst is unsupported platinum. 10. An electrode comprising a gas diffusion layer and a catalyst layer as claimed in claim 1. 11. A catalysed membrane comprising a solid polymeric membrane and a catalyst layer as claimed in claim 1. 12. A catalysed transfer substrate comprising a transfer substrate and a catalyst layer as claimed in claim 1. 13. A membrane electrode assembly comprising a catalyst layer as claimed in claim 1. 14. A fuel cell comprising a catalyst layer as claimed in claim 1. 15. A membrane electrode assembly comprising an electrode as claimed in claim 10. 16. A membrane electrode assembly comprising a catalysed membrane as claimed in claim 11. 17. A fuel cell comprising an electrode as claimed in claim 10. 18. A fuel cell comprising a catalysed membrane as claimed in claim 11. | 1,700 |
3,690 | 13,970,932 | 1,797 | A tissue tester for providing an indication of the presence of disease including a first paper tissue sheet; and a filter patch treated with a color changing indicator affixed to the first paper tissue sheet. The tester may also consist of a single sheet of filter paper treated with a solution of turmeric and alcohol. The color indicator changes from yellow to brown when disease is indicated in respiratory secretions. | 1. A tissue tester for providing an indication of the presence of disease comprising:
a first paper tissue sheet; and a filter patch treated with a color changing indicator affixed to the first paper tissue sheet. 2. The tissue tester of claim 1, wherein the filter patch is juxtaposed between the first paper tissue sheet and a second paper tissue sheet to form a tissue tester. 3. The tissue tester of claim 1 wherein the treated filter patch is treated in a solution of turmeric and alcohol. 4. The tissue tester of claim 1 wherein the treated filter patch is affixed to a sheet of single ply or multi-ply tissue paper by a fixative selected from the group consisting of adhesive, glue, paste, tape, threading, by hook and loop material, threading, embossing and combinations thereof. 5. The tissue tester of claim 1 wherein the treated filter patch comprises an area smaller than the first paper tissue sheet. 6. The tissue tester of claim 1 wherein the treated filter patch is treated in a solution having a ratio of about 20 ml turmeric to about 237 ml alcohol. 7. The tissue tester of claim 1 wherein the treated filter patch comprises white filter paper. 8. A method for making an early indication, drug free, self-administered tester patch for use in a tester to determine when an individual may harbor respiratory pathogens that may induce illness comprising:
mixing turmeric and alcohol in solution; soaking filter paper in the solution; removing the filter paper from the solution; and drying the filter paper until the alcohol evaporates. 9. The method of claim 8 further comprising cutting the treated filter paper into sections and affixing at least one section to tissue paper to form a tissue tester sheet. 10. The method of claim 9 further comprising contacting the tissue tester with respiratory secretions wherein at least a portion of the tissue tester changes color when illness is indicated. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the color change is from a yellow hue to a brown hue. 12. The method of claim 8 wherein mixing turmeric and alcohol in solution comprises mixing in the ratio of about 20 ml of turmeric to 237 ml of rubbing alcohol. 13. The method of claim 8 wherein soaking filter paper in the solution comprises soaking white filter paper in the solution for up to 30 seconds. 14. A method for making a self-administered tester to determine when an individual may harbor respiratory pathogens that may induce illness comprising:
mixing turmeric and alcohol in solution, wherein mixing turmeric and alcohol in solution comprises mixing in the ratio of about 20 ml of turmeric to 237 ml of rubbing alcohol; soaking filter paper in the solution for up to 30 seconds; removing the filter paper from the solution; drying the filter paper until the alcohol evaporates; cutting the treated filter paper into sections; affixing at least one section to tissue paper to form a tissue tester sheet; and contacting the tissue tester with respiratory secretions wherein at least a portion of the tissue tester changes color from a yellow hue to a brown hue when illness is indicated. 15. A tissue tester product made by the process of claim 14. 16. A tester for providing an indication of the presence of disease comprising a filter paper sheet treated in a solution of turmeric and alcohol having a ratio of about 20 ml turmeric to about 237 ml alcohol. 17. The tester of claim 16 wherein the treated filter paper comprises white filter paper. 18. The tester of claim 16 wherein at least a portion of the filter paper sheet changes color when exposed to respiratory excretions secretions containing a pathogen. 19. The tester of claim 18 wherein the color change is from a yellow hue to a brown hue. 20. The method of claim 16 wherein the filter paper sheet is treated by soaking it in the solution for up to 30 seconds. | A tissue tester for providing an indication of the presence of disease including a first paper tissue sheet; and a filter patch treated with a color changing indicator affixed to the first paper tissue sheet. The tester may also consist of a single sheet of filter paper treated with a solution of turmeric and alcohol. The color indicator changes from yellow to brown when disease is indicated in respiratory secretions.1. A tissue tester for providing an indication of the presence of disease comprising:
a first paper tissue sheet; and a filter patch treated with a color changing indicator affixed to the first paper tissue sheet. 2. The tissue tester of claim 1, wherein the filter patch is juxtaposed between the first paper tissue sheet and a second paper tissue sheet to form a tissue tester. 3. The tissue tester of claim 1 wherein the treated filter patch is treated in a solution of turmeric and alcohol. 4. The tissue tester of claim 1 wherein the treated filter patch is affixed to a sheet of single ply or multi-ply tissue paper by a fixative selected from the group consisting of adhesive, glue, paste, tape, threading, by hook and loop material, threading, embossing and combinations thereof. 5. The tissue tester of claim 1 wherein the treated filter patch comprises an area smaller than the first paper tissue sheet. 6. The tissue tester of claim 1 wherein the treated filter patch is treated in a solution having a ratio of about 20 ml turmeric to about 237 ml alcohol. 7. The tissue tester of claim 1 wherein the treated filter patch comprises white filter paper. 8. A method for making an early indication, drug free, self-administered tester patch for use in a tester to determine when an individual may harbor respiratory pathogens that may induce illness comprising:
mixing turmeric and alcohol in solution; soaking filter paper in the solution; removing the filter paper from the solution; and drying the filter paper until the alcohol evaporates. 9. The method of claim 8 further comprising cutting the treated filter paper into sections and affixing at least one section to tissue paper to form a tissue tester sheet. 10. The method of claim 9 further comprising contacting the tissue tester with respiratory secretions wherein at least a portion of the tissue tester changes color when illness is indicated. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the color change is from a yellow hue to a brown hue. 12. The method of claim 8 wherein mixing turmeric and alcohol in solution comprises mixing in the ratio of about 20 ml of turmeric to 237 ml of rubbing alcohol. 13. The method of claim 8 wherein soaking filter paper in the solution comprises soaking white filter paper in the solution for up to 30 seconds. 14. A method for making a self-administered tester to determine when an individual may harbor respiratory pathogens that may induce illness comprising:
mixing turmeric and alcohol in solution, wherein mixing turmeric and alcohol in solution comprises mixing in the ratio of about 20 ml of turmeric to 237 ml of rubbing alcohol; soaking filter paper in the solution for up to 30 seconds; removing the filter paper from the solution; drying the filter paper until the alcohol evaporates; cutting the treated filter paper into sections; affixing at least one section to tissue paper to form a tissue tester sheet; and contacting the tissue tester with respiratory secretions wherein at least a portion of the tissue tester changes color from a yellow hue to a brown hue when illness is indicated. 15. A tissue tester product made by the process of claim 14. 16. A tester for providing an indication of the presence of disease comprising a filter paper sheet treated in a solution of turmeric and alcohol having a ratio of about 20 ml turmeric to about 237 ml alcohol. 17. The tester of claim 16 wherein the treated filter paper comprises white filter paper. 18. The tester of claim 16 wherein at least a portion of the filter paper sheet changes color when exposed to respiratory excretions secretions containing a pathogen. 19. The tester of claim 18 wherein the color change is from a yellow hue to a brown hue. 20. The method of claim 16 wherein the filter paper sheet is treated by soaking it in the solution for up to 30 seconds. | 1,700 |
3,691 | 14,579,032 | 1,731 | The present application is directed to combination effect pigments comprising an effect pigment and carbon black, wherein the carbon black is adherently deposited on the effect pigment interposed within the substrate and at least one subsequent layer of the effect pigment. This structure of the combination effect pigment results in advantageous non-staining properties of the pigment and maximizes color effects of the carbon black. | 1. A combination effect pigment comprising
i) an effect pigment, which effect pigment comprises a platelet like substrate and at least one layer, and ii) a hydrous oxide or a hydroxide precipitate of carbon black and a polyvalent cation and the carbon black precipitate is between the substrate and the at least one layer and the at least one layer is different than the carbon black precipitate. 2. The combination effect pigment according to claim 1, wherein the at least one layer is an optical layer. 3. The combination effect pigment according to claim 1, wherein the at least one layer is a SiO2 layer. 4. The combination effect pigment according to claim 2, wherein the precipitate is between the substrate and the at least one layer. 5. The combination effect pigment according to claim 4, wherein the combination effect pigment comprises only one optical layer. 6. The combination effect pigment according to claim 1, wherein the precipitate is interposed between two optical layers. 7. The combination effect pigment according to claim 1, wherein the precipitate is interposed between an optical layer and an SiO2 layer. 8. The combination effect pigment according to claim 1, wherein the precipitate is in direct contact with the substrate. 9. The combination effect pigment according to claim 2, wherein the optical layer is a metal oxide. 10. The combination effect pigment according to claim 9, wherein the metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of TiO2, In2O3, ZrO2, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, Cr2O3, CeO2, ZnO, SnO2 and mixtures thereof. 11. The combination effect pigment according to claim 1, wherein the substrate is selected from the group consisting of iron oxide, synthetic mica, natural mica, basic lead carbonate, flaky barium sulfate, SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, glass, ZnO, ZrO2, SnO2, BiOCl, chromium oxide, BN, MgO flakes, Si3N4, graphite, aluminum, titanium, aluminum alloys, bronzes, iron and perlite. 12. The combination effect pigment according to claim 1 wherein the polyvalent cation is selected from the group consisting of Al, Cr, Ti, Zn, Mg, Zr, Fe, Ce and Sn. 13. The combination effect pigment according to claim 12, wherein the polyvalent cation is selected from the group consisting of AI(III), Cr(III), Zn(II), Mg(II), Ti(IV), Zr(IV), Fe(II), Fe(III), Ce(III) and Sn(IV). 14. The combination effect pigment according to claim 13, wherein the polyvalent cation has a suitable anionic counterion selected from the group consisting of chloride, nitrate and sulfate. 15. The combination effect pigment according to claim 1, wherein the carbon black loading on the effect pigment ranges from about 0.01 to about 3 wt. % based on the total weight of the uncoated substrate. 16. The combination effect pigment according to claim 11, wherein the polyvalent cation ranges from about 0.01 to about 1 wt. % based on the total weight of the uncoated substrate. 17. The combination effect pigment according to claim 16, wherein the weight ratio of carbon black to the polyvalent cation ranges from about 3 to 1 to about 1 to 3. 18. The combination effect pigment according to claim 1, wherein the layer structure of the effect pigment is at least any one of the layer structures below:
Substrate/SiO2/Carbon Black Precipitate/SiO2 Substrate/Carbon Black Precipitate/SiO2 Substrate/Carbon Black Precipitate/TiO2 Substrate/TiO2/Carbon Black Precipitate/TiO2 Substrate/Carbon Black Precipitate/TiO2/SiO2 Substrate/TiO2/Carbon Black Precipitate/SiO2 Substrate/SiO2/TiO2/Carbon Black Precipitate/Fe2O3 Substrate/TiO2/Carbon Black/SiO2/Carbon Black Precipitate/TiO2 Substrate/Fe2O3/SiO2/Carbon Black Precipitate/TiO2/SiO2 Substrate/SnO2/TiO2/Carbon Black Precipitate/TiO2 Substrate/TiO2/SiO2/Carbon Black Precipitate/Fe2O3 Substrate/TiO2/SiO2/Carbon Black Precipitate/TiO2 Substrate/TiO2/Carbon Black Precipitate/SiO2/Fe2O3 Substrate/TiO2/Carbon Black Precipitate/SiO2/TiO2 Substrate/Fe2O3/SiO2/Carbon Black Precipitate/Fe2O3 Substrate/Fe2O3/SiO2/Carbon Black Precipitate/TiO2 Substrate/Fe2O3/Carbon Black Precipitate/SiO2/Fe2O3 Substrate/Fe2O3/Carbon Black Precipitate/SiO2/TiO2 or Substrate/TiO2/SiO2/Carbon Black Precipitate/Cr2O3. 19. A paint, ink-jet, coatings, printing ink, plastic, cosmetic, glazes for ceramics and glass containing the combination effect pigment according to claim 1. 20. A cosmetic containing the combination effect pigment according to claim 1. 21. The cosmetic according to claim 20, wherein the cosmetic is in the form of sticks, ointments, creams, emulsions, suspensions, dispersions, powders or solutions. 22. The cosmetic according to claim 20, wherein the cosmetic is a lipstick, mascara preparation, blusher, eye-shadows, foundation, eyeliners, powder or nail varnishes. 23. A method of preparing the combination effect pigment according to claim 1 comprising
providing a slurry or suspension of carbon black, platelets and a polyvalent cation,
forming a hydrous oxide or hydroxide precipitate with the polyvalent cation and carbon black at a given pH,
forming at least one layer over the precipitate, and
drying the formed combination effect pigment, with the proviso that the at least one layer is different than the carbon black precipitate. 24. A method of reducing carbon black staining in an effect pigment according to claim 1 comprising the steps of:
forming a hydrous oxide or a hydroxide precipitate of carbon black and a polyvalent cation on a platelet substrate and at least partially covering of said precipitate with at least one subsequent layer, with the proviso that the at least one subsequent layer is different than the precipitate of carbon black and the polyvalent cation. | The present application is directed to combination effect pigments comprising an effect pigment and carbon black, wherein the carbon black is adherently deposited on the effect pigment interposed within the substrate and at least one subsequent layer of the effect pigment. This structure of the combination effect pigment results in advantageous non-staining properties of the pigment and maximizes color effects of the carbon black.1. A combination effect pigment comprising
i) an effect pigment, which effect pigment comprises a platelet like substrate and at least one layer, and ii) a hydrous oxide or a hydroxide precipitate of carbon black and a polyvalent cation and the carbon black precipitate is between the substrate and the at least one layer and the at least one layer is different than the carbon black precipitate. 2. The combination effect pigment according to claim 1, wherein the at least one layer is an optical layer. 3. The combination effect pigment according to claim 1, wherein the at least one layer is a SiO2 layer. 4. The combination effect pigment according to claim 2, wherein the precipitate is between the substrate and the at least one layer. 5. The combination effect pigment according to claim 4, wherein the combination effect pigment comprises only one optical layer. 6. The combination effect pigment according to claim 1, wherein the precipitate is interposed between two optical layers. 7. The combination effect pigment according to claim 1, wherein the precipitate is interposed between an optical layer and an SiO2 layer. 8. The combination effect pigment according to claim 1, wherein the precipitate is in direct contact with the substrate. 9. The combination effect pigment according to claim 2, wherein the optical layer is a metal oxide. 10. The combination effect pigment according to claim 9, wherein the metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of TiO2, In2O3, ZrO2, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, Cr2O3, CeO2, ZnO, SnO2 and mixtures thereof. 11. The combination effect pigment according to claim 1, wherein the substrate is selected from the group consisting of iron oxide, synthetic mica, natural mica, basic lead carbonate, flaky barium sulfate, SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, glass, ZnO, ZrO2, SnO2, BiOCl, chromium oxide, BN, MgO flakes, Si3N4, graphite, aluminum, titanium, aluminum alloys, bronzes, iron and perlite. 12. The combination effect pigment according to claim 1 wherein the polyvalent cation is selected from the group consisting of Al, Cr, Ti, Zn, Mg, Zr, Fe, Ce and Sn. 13. The combination effect pigment according to claim 12, wherein the polyvalent cation is selected from the group consisting of AI(III), Cr(III), Zn(II), Mg(II), Ti(IV), Zr(IV), Fe(II), Fe(III), Ce(III) and Sn(IV). 14. The combination effect pigment according to claim 13, wherein the polyvalent cation has a suitable anionic counterion selected from the group consisting of chloride, nitrate and sulfate. 15. The combination effect pigment according to claim 1, wherein the carbon black loading on the effect pigment ranges from about 0.01 to about 3 wt. % based on the total weight of the uncoated substrate. 16. The combination effect pigment according to claim 11, wherein the polyvalent cation ranges from about 0.01 to about 1 wt. % based on the total weight of the uncoated substrate. 17. The combination effect pigment according to claim 16, wherein the weight ratio of carbon black to the polyvalent cation ranges from about 3 to 1 to about 1 to 3. 18. The combination effect pigment according to claim 1, wherein the layer structure of the effect pigment is at least any one of the layer structures below:
Substrate/SiO2/Carbon Black Precipitate/SiO2 Substrate/Carbon Black Precipitate/SiO2 Substrate/Carbon Black Precipitate/TiO2 Substrate/TiO2/Carbon Black Precipitate/TiO2 Substrate/Carbon Black Precipitate/TiO2/SiO2 Substrate/TiO2/Carbon Black Precipitate/SiO2 Substrate/SiO2/TiO2/Carbon Black Precipitate/Fe2O3 Substrate/TiO2/Carbon Black/SiO2/Carbon Black Precipitate/TiO2 Substrate/Fe2O3/SiO2/Carbon Black Precipitate/TiO2/SiO2 Substrate/SnO2/TiO2/Carbon Black Precipitate/TiO2 Substrate/TiO2/SiO2/Carbon Black Precipitate/Fe2O3 Substrate/TiO2/SiO2/Carbon Black Precipitate/TiO2 Substrate/TiO2/Carbon Black Precipitate/SiO2/Fe2O3 Substrate/TiO2/Carbon Black Precipitate/SiO2/TiO2 Substrate/Fe2O3/SiO2/Carbon Black Precipitate/Fe2O3 Substrate/Fe2O3/SiO2/Carbon Black Precipitate/TiO2 Substrate/Fe2O3/Carbon Black Precipitate/SiO2/Fe2O3 Substrate/Fe2O3/Carbon Black Precipitate/SiO2/TiO2 or Substrate/TiO2/SiO2/Carbon Black Precipitate/Cr2O3. 19. A paint, ink-jet, coatings, printing ink, plastic, cosmetic, glazes for ceramics and glass containing the combination effect pigment according to claim 1. 20. A cosmetic containing the combination effect pigment according to claim 1. 21. The cosmetic according to claim 20, wherein the cosmetic is in the form of sticks, ointments, creams, emulsions, suspensions, dispersions, powders or solutions. 22. The cosmetic according to claim 20, wherein the cosmetic is a lipstick, mascara preparation, blusher, eye-shadows, foundation, eyeliners, powder or nail varnishes. 23. A method of preparing the combination effect pigment according to claim 1 comprising
providing a slurry or suspension of carbon black, platelets and a polyvalent cation,
forming a hydrous oxide or hydroxide precipitate with the polyvalent cation and carbon black at a given pH,
forming at least one layer over the precipitate, and
drying the formed combination effect pigment, with the proviso that the at least one layer is different than the carbon black precipitate. 24. A method of reducing carbon black staining in an effect pigment according to claim 1 comprising the steps of:
forming a hydrous oxide or a hydroxide precipitate of carbon black and a polyvalent cation on a platelet substrate and at least partially covering of said precipitate with at least one subsequent layer, with the proviso that the at least one subsequent layer is different than the precipitate of carbon black and the polyvalent cation. | 1,700 |
3,692 | 13,202,469 | 1,727 | A vehicle ( 1 ) comprises a passenger compartment ( 2 ) in which a front seat ( 32 F), a rear seat ( 32 R), and a floor ( 33 ) between the front seat ( 32 F) and the rear seat ( 38 R) are provided. A first group (S 1 ) of batteries ( 3 ) is mounted under the front seat ( 32 F), a second group (S 2 ) of the batteries ( 3 ) is mounted under the floor ( 33 ), and a third group (S 3 ) of the batteries ( 3 ) is mounted under a rear seat ( 32 R). By setting a height (h 2 ) of the second group (S 2 ) of the batteries ( 3 ) to be lower than respective heights (h 1 , h 3 ) of the first and third groups (S 1 , S 3 ) of the batteries ( 3 ), a battery mounting capacity of the vehicle ( 1 ) can be increased without affecting the comfort of the passenger compartment ( 2 ). | 1-17. (canceled) 18. A vehicle battery mounting structure for mounting a plurality of batteries under a floor panel of a vehicle, comprising:
a first group of the batteries; a second group of the batteries disposed to the rear of the first group of the batteries with respect to a vehicle longitudinal direction; and a third group of the batteries disposed to the rear of the second group of the batteries with respect to the vehicle longitudinal direction; wherein a height of the second group of the batteries is set to be lower than a height of the first group of the batteries and a height of the third group of the batteries, and the height of the third group of the batteries is set to be higher than the height of the first group of the batteries. 19. The vehicle battery mounting structure as defined in claim 18, wherein the second group of the batteries comprises a plurality of the batteries stacked in a vertical direction and the third group of the batteries comprises a plurality of the batteries stacked in a vehicle transverse direction. 20. The vehicle battery mounting structure as defined in claim 19, wherein the first group of the batteries comprises a plurality of the batteries stacked in a vertical direction. 21. The vehicle battery mounting structure as defined in claim 18, further comprising a battery mounting frame in which the first group of the batteries, the second group of the batteries, and the third group of the batteries are fixed in advance as a battery assembly, and the first group of the batteries, the second group of the batteries, and the third group of the batteries are fixed in the vehicle via the battery mounting frame. 22. The vehicle battery mounting structure as defined in claim 21, wherein the battery mounting frame comprises a rectangular frame having a rectangular planar shape and a reinforcing member fixed to an inside of the rectangular frame. 23. The vehicle battery mounting structure as defined in claim 22, wherein the rectangular frame comprises a front edge member disposed at a front end thereof with respect to the vehicle longitudinal direction, and the reinforcing member comprises a girder fixed to an inside of the rectangular frame in a vehicle transverse direction and a beam connecting a girder and the front edge member, the girder and the beam forming a T-shape in a plan view. 24. The vehicle battery mounting structure as defined in claim 22, wherein the vehicle comprises a fixed member for fixing the battery mounting frame. 25. The vehicle battery mounting structure as defined in claim 23, wherein the first group of the batteries and the second group of the batteries are fixed to the rectangular frame in front of the girder with respect to the vehicle longitudinal direction and the third group of the batteries is fixed to the rectangular frame to the rear of the girder with respect to the vehicle longitudinal direction. 26. The vehicle battery mounting structure as defined in claim 18, wherein the vehicle comprises a passenger compartment in which a front seat, a rear seat, and a floor located between the front seat and the rear seat are provided, the first group of the batteries is mounted under the front seat, the second group of the batteries is mounted under the floor, and the third group of the batteries is mounted under the rear seat. 27. The vehicle battery mounting structure as defined in claim 21, further comprising a case formed into a predetermined shape and fixed to the battery mounting frame so as to accommodate the first group of the batteries, the second group of the batteries, and the third group of the batteries. 28. The vehicle battery mounting structure as defined in claim 18, wherein the first group of the batteries and the second group of the batteries comprise a space in a center part with respect to a vehicle transverse direction, and the batteries in the first group and the second group comprise terminals projecting into the space. 29. The vehicle battery mounting structure as defined in claim 28, wherein the batteries of the third group comprise terminals projecting frontward with respect to a vehicle longitudinal direction. 30. The vehicle battery mounting structure as defined in claim 28, wherein the vehicle comprises a passenger compartment, a front compartment located in front of the passenger compartment with respect to the vehicle longitudinal direction, and an electric equipment comprising an electric motor and a related device as a motive force source for traveling and accommodated in the front compartment, and the vehicle battery mounting structure further comprises a harness for connecting the terminals of the batteries of the first, second, and third groups, and the electric equipment. 31. A battery case fixed in a vehicle for accommodating a stack of batteries, comprising:
a first battery housing part; a second battery housing part disposed in the rear of the first battery housing part with respect to a vehicle longitudinal direction; and a third battery housing part disposed in the rear of the second battery housing part with respect to the vehicle longitudinal direction; wherein a height of the second battery housing part is set to be lower than a height of the first battery housing part and a height of the third battery housing part, and the height of the third group of the batteries is set to be higher than the height of the first group of the batteries. 32. A battery mounting space formed in a floor panel of a vehicle to face downward, comprising:
a first recess; a second recess formed to the rear of the first recess with respect to a vehicle longitudinal direction; and a third recess formed to the rear of the second recess with respect to the vehicle longitudinal direction; wherein a height of a bottom of the second recess is set to be lower than a height of a bottom of the first recess and a height of a bottom of the third recess, and the height of the third group of the batteries is set to be higher than the height of the first group of the batteries. 33. A battery assembly fixed in a vehicle, comprising:
a first group of batteries; a second group of the batteries disposed to the rear of the first group of the batteries with respect to a vehicle longitudinal direction; and a third group of the batteries disposed to the rear of the second group of the batteries with respect to the vehicle longitudinal direction; wherein a height of the second group of the batteries is set to be lower than a height of the first group of the batteries and a height of the third group of the batteries, and the height of the third group of the batteries is set to be higher than the height of the first group of the batteries. | A vehicle ( 1 ) comprises a passenger compartment ( 2 ) in which a front seat ( 32 F), a rear seat ( 32 R), and a floor ( 33 ) between the front seat ( 32 F) and the rear seat ( 38 R) are provided. A first group (S 1 ) of batteries ( 3 ) is mounted under the front seat ( 32 F), a second group (S 2 ) of the batteries ( 3 ) is mounted under the floor ( 33 ), and a third group (S 3 ) of the batteries ( 3 ) is mounted under a rear seat ( 32 R). By setting a height (h 2 ) of the second group (S 2 ) of the batteries ( 3 ) to be lower than respective heights (h 1 , h 3 ) of the first and third groups (S 1 , S 3 ) of the batteries ( 3 ), a battery mounting capacity of the vehicle ( 1 ) can be increased without affecting the comfort of the passenger compartment ( 2 ).1-17. (canceled) 18. A vehicle battery mounting structure for mounting a plurality of batteries under a floor panel of a vehicle, comprising:
a first group of the batteries; a second group of the batteries disposed to the rear of the first group of the batteries with respect to a vehicle longitudinal direction; and a third group of the batteries disposed to the rear of the second group of the batteries with respect to the vehicle longitudinal direction; wherein a height of the second group of the batteries is set to be lower than a height of the first group of the batteries and a height of the third group of the batteries, and the height of the third group of the batteries is set to be higher than the height of the first group of the batteries. 19. The vehicle battery mounting structure as defined in claim 18, wherein the second group of the batteries comprises a plurality of the batteries stacked in a vertical direction and the third group of the batteries comprises a plurality of the batteries stacked in a vehicle transverse direction. 20. The vehicle battery mounting structure as defined in claim 19, wherein the first group of the batteries comprises a plurality of the batteries stacked in a vertical direction. 21. The vehicle battery mounting structure as defined in claim 18, further comprising a battery mounting frame in which the first group of the batteries, the second group of the batteries, and the third group of the batteries are fixed in advance as a battery assembly, and the first group of the batteries, the second group of the batteries, and the third group of the batteries are fixed in the vehicle via the battery mounting frame. 22. The vehicle battery mounting structure as defined in claim 21, wherein the battery mounting frame comprises a rectangular frame having a rectangular planar shape and a reinforcing member fixed to an inside of the rectangular frame. 23. The vehicle battery mounting structure as defined in claim 22, wherein the rectangular frame comprises a front edge member disposed at a front end thereof with respect to the vehicle longitudinal direction, and the reinforcing member comprises a girder fixed to an inside of the rectangular frame in a vehicle transverse direction and a beam connecting a girder and the front edge member, the girder and the beam forming a T-shape in a plan view. 24. The vehicle battery mounting structure as defined in claim 22, wherein the vehicle comprises a fixed member for fixing the battery mounting frame. 25. The vehicle battery mounting structure as defined in claim 23, wherein the first group of the batteries and the second group of the batteries are fixed to the rectangular frame in front of the girder with respect to the vehicle longitudinal direction and the third group of the batteries is fixed to the rectangular frame to the rear of the girder with respect to the vehicle longitudinal direction. 26. The vehicle battery mounting structure as defined in claim 18, wherein the vehicle comprises a passenger compartment in which a front seat, a rear seat, and a floor located between the front seat and the rear seat are provided, the first group of the batteries is mounted under the front seat, the second group of the batteries is mounted under the floor, and the third group of the batteries is mounted under the rear seat. 27. The vehicle battery mounting structure as defined in claim 21, further comprising a case formed into a predetermined shape and fixed to the battery mounting frame so as to accommodate the first group of the batteries, the second group of the batteries, and the third group of the batteries. 28. The vehicle battery mounting structure as defined in claim 18, wherein the first group of the batteries and the second group of the batteries comprise a space in a center part with respect to a vehicle transverse direction, and the batteries in the first group and the second group comprise terminals projecting into the space. 29. The vehicle battery mounting structure as defined in claim 28, wherein the batteries of the third group comprise terminals projecting frontward with respect to a vehicle longitudinal direction. 30. The vehicle battery mounting structure as defined in claim 28, wherein the vehicle comprises a passenger compartment, a front compartment located in front of the passenger compartment with respect to the vehicle longitudinal direction, and an electric equipment comprising an electric motor and a related device as a motive force source for traveling and accommodated in the front compartment, and the vehicle battery mounting structure further comprises a harness for connecting the terminals of the batteries of the first, second, and third groups, and the electric equipment. 31. A battery case fixed in a vehicle for accommodating a stack of batteries, comprising:
a first battery housing part; a second battery housing part disposed in the rear of the first battery housing part with respect to a vehicle longitudinal direction; and a third battery housing part disposed in the rear of the second battery housing part with respect to the vehicle longitudinal direction; wherein a height of the second battery housing part is set to be lower than a height of the first battery housing part and a height of the third battery housing part, and the height of the third group of the batteries is set to be higher than the height of the first group of the batteries. 32. A battery mounting space formed in a floor panel of a vehicle to face downward, comprising:
a first recess; a second recess formed to the rear of the first recess with respect to a vehicle longitudinal direction; and a third recess formed to the rear of the second recess with respect to the vehicle longitudinal direction; wherein a height of a bottom of the second recess is set to be lower than a height of a bottom of the first recess and a height of a bottom of the third recess, and the height of the third group of the batteries is set to be higher than the height of the first group of the batteries. 33. A battery assembly fixed in a vehicle, comprising:
a first group of batteries; a second group of the batteries disposed to the rear of the first group of the batteries with respect to a vehicle longitudinal direction; and a third group of the batteries disposed to the rear of the second group of the batteries with respect to the vehicle longitudinal direction; wherein a height of the second group of the batteries is set to be lower than a height of the first group of the batteries and a height of the third group of the batteries, and the height of the third group of the batteries is set to be higher than the height of the first group of the batteries. | 1,700 |
3,693 | 15,399,419 | 1,716 | An evaporation source for organic material is described. The evaporation source includes an evaporation crucible, wherein the evaporation crucible is configured to evaporate the organic material; a distribution pipe with one or more outlets, wherein the distribution pipe is in fluid communication with the evaporation crucible and wherein the distribution pipe is rotatable around an axis during evaporation; and a support for the distribution pipe, wherein the support is connectable to a first drive or includes the first drive, wherein the first drive is configured for a translational movement of the support and the distribution pipe. | 1-20. (canceled) 21. An evaporation source for organic material, comprising:
an evaporation crucible, wherein the evaporation crucible is configured to evaporate the organic material; a distribution pipe with one or more outlets, wherein the distribution pipe is in fluid communication with the evaporation crucible and wherein the distribution pipe is rotatable around an axis during evaporation; and at least one side shield for shielding the organic material. 22. The evaporation source according to claim 21, further comprising:
a support for the distribution pipe, wherein the support is connectable to a first drive or includes the first drive, wherein the first drive is configured for a translational movement of the support and the distribution pipe. 23. The evaporation source according to claim 22, wherein the at least one side shield is configured to follow the translational movement of the support and the distribution pipe. 24. The evaporation source according to claim 21, wherein the at least one side shield comprises a further side shield. 25. The evaporation source according to claim 21, wherein the at least one side shield is stationary when conducting the rotation of the distribution pipes around the axis. 26. The evaporation source according to claim 21, wherein the at least side shield is configured to delimit evaporation of organic materials in a direction towards a substrate. 27. The evaporation source according to claim 21, wherein the at least side shield is configured for an evaporation sideward in an idle mode. 28. The evaporation source according to claim 21, wherein the distribution pipe is rotatable towards the side shield to avoid vapor exiting the evaporation source. 29. The evaporation source according to claim 21, further comprising:
an evaporator control housing, wherein the distribution pipe is rotatable by a rotation of the evaporator control housing. 30. The evaporation source according to claim 21, wherein the evaporation crucible is mounted on the evaporator control housing, wherein the distribution pipe and the evaporation crucible are mounted to be rotatable together. 31. The evaporation source according to claim 30, wherein the distribution pipe, the evaporation crucible and the evaporator control housing are rotatable together. 32. The evaporation source according to claim 22, wherein the at least one shield is mounted fixedly on the support. 33. The evaporation source according to claim 32, wherein the at least one shield is mounted fixedly to not rotate together with the distribution pipe. 34. The evaporation source according to claim 21, wherein the vapor distribution showerhead is a linear vapor distribution showerhead. 35. The evaporation source according to claim 21, wherein the distribution pipe provides a line source extending essentially vertically and/or wherein the axis of rotating the distribution pipe extends essentially vertically. 36. The evaporation source according to claim 21, wherein the distribution pipe is rotatable by at least 160°. 37. The evaporation source according to claim 21, wherein the distribution pipe is rotatable around the axis by a second drive rotating the distribution pipe relative to the support. 38. The evaporation source according to claim 37, wherein the support includes a support housing configured to maintain atmospheric pressure therein, and wherein the support supports the distribution pipe via a rotatable vacuum feed-through. 39. The evaporation source according to claim 21, further comprising:
at least one second evaporation crucible supported by the support; and at least one second distribution pipe supported by the support, wherein the at least one second distribution pipe is in fluid communication with the at least one second evaporation crucible. 40. A deposition apparatus for depositing organic material in a vacuum chamber, comprising:
the vacuum chamber; an evaporation source for organic material, wherein the evaporation source comprises:
an evaporation crucible, wherein the evaporation crucible is configured to evaporate the organic material;
a distribution pipe with one or more outlets, wherein the distribution pipe is in fluid communication with the evaporation crucible and wherein the distribution pipe is rotatable around an axis during evaporation; and
at least one side shield for shielding the organic material, wherein the evaporation source evaporates the organic material in the vacuum chamber; and
a substrate support system disposed in the vacuum chamber and having at least two tracks, wherein the at least two tracks of the substrate support system are configured for essentially vertical support of the substrate or a carrier carrying the substrate in the vacuum chamber. 41. The deposition apparatus according to claim 40, wherein the at least one side shield is configured to delimit evaporation of organic materials in a direction towards the substrate. 42. A method for evaporating an organic material, comprising:
moving a first substrate in an essentially vertical first processing position; moving an evaporation source along the first substrate with at least a translational movement whilst the evaporation source evaporates the organic material; moving a second substrate in an essentially vertical second processing position different from the first processing position; rotating a distribution pipe of the evaporation source around an axis during evaporation; shielding evaporation of the organic material with at least one side shield; and moving the evaporation source along the second substrate with at least a further translational movement whilst the evaporation source evaporates the organic material. 43. The method according to claim 42, further comprising:
rotating the distribution pipe for an evaporation sideward in an idle mode. 44. The method according to claim 42, further comprising:
rotating the distribution pipe towards the side shield in order to avoid vapor exiting the evaporation source. 45. The method according to claim 42, wherein the rotating the distribution pipe of the evaporation source around the axis during evaporation is conducted in a first rotation direction, and further comprising:
further rotating the distribution pipe of the evaporation source around the axis during evaporation after the moving the evaporation source along the second substrate, wherein the further rotating is conducted in the first rotation direction. 46. The method according to claim 42, further comprising:
blocking a vapor beam with the side shield. | An evaporation source for organic material is described. The evaporation source includes an evaporation crucible, wherein the evaporation crucible is configured to evaporate the organic material; a distribution pipe with one or more outlets, wherein the distribution pipe is in fluid communication with the evaporation crucible and wherein the distribution pipe is rotatable around an axis during evaporation; and a support for the distribution pipe, wherein the support is connectable to a first drive or includes the first drive, wherein the first drive is configured for a translational movement of the support and the distribution pipe.1-20. (canceled) 21. An evaporation source for organic material, comprising:
an evaporation crucible, wherein the evaporation crucible is configured to evaporate the organic material; a distribution pipe with one or more outlets, wherein the distribution pipe is in fluid communication with the evaporation crucible and wherein the distribution pipe is rotatable around an axis during evaporation; and at least one side shield for shielding the organic material. 22. The evaporation source according to claim 21, further comprising:
a support for the distribution pipe, wherein the support is connectable to a first drive or includes the first drive, wherein the first drive is configured for a translational movement of the support and the distribution pipe. 23. The evaporation source according to claim 22, wherein the at least one side shield is configured to follow the translational movement of the support and the distribution pipe. 24. The evaporation source according to claim 21, wherein the at least one side shield comprises a further side shield. 25. The evaporation source according to claim 21, wherein the at least one side shield is stationary when conducting the rotation of the distribution pipes around the axis. 26. The evaporation source according to claim 21, wherein the at least side shield is configured to delimit evaporation of organic materials in a direction towards a substrate. 27. The evaporation source according to claim 21, wherein the at least side shield is configured for an evaporation sideward in an idle mode. 28. The evaporation source according to claim 21, wherein the distribution pipe is rotatable towards the side shield to avoid vapor exiting the evaporation source. 29. The evaporation source according to claim 21, further comprising:
an evaporator control housing, wherein the distribution pipe is rotatable by a rotation of the evaporator control housing. 30. The evaporation source according to claim 21, wherein the evaporation crucible is mounted on the evaporator control housing, wherein the distribution pipe and the evaporation crucible are mounted to be rotatable together. 31. The evaporation source according to claim 30, wherein the distribution pipe, the evaporation crucible and the evaporator control housing are rotatable together. 32. The evaporation source according to claim 22, wherein the at least one shield is mounted fixedly on the support. 33. The evaporation source according to claim 32, wherein the at least one shield is mounted fixedly to not rotate together with the distribution pipe. 34. The evaporation source according to claim 21, wherein the vapor distribution showerhead is a linear vapor distribution showerhead. 35. The evaporation source according to claim 21, wherein the distribution pipe provides a line source extending essentially vertically and/or wherein the axis of rotating the distribution pipe extends essentially vertically. 36. The evaporation source according to claim 21, wherein the distribution pipe is rotatable by at least 160°. 37. The evaporation source according to claim 21, wherein the distribution pipe is rotatable around the axis by a second drive rotating the distribution pipe relative to the support. 38. The evaporation source according to claim 37, wherein the support includes a support housing configured to maintain atmospheric pressure therein, and wherein the support supports the distribution pipe via a rotatable vacuum feed-through. 39. The evaporation source according to claim 21, further comprising:
at least one second evaporation crucible supported by the support; and at least one second distribution pipe supported by the support, wherein the at least one second distribution pipe is in fluid communication with the at least one second evaporation crucible. 40. A deposition apparatus for depositing organic material in a vacuum chamber, comprising:
the vacuum chamber; an evaporation source for organic material, wherein the evaporation source comprises:
an evaporation crucible, wherein the evaporation crucible is configured to evaporate the organic material;
a distribution pipe with one or more outlets, wherein the distribution pipe is in fluid communication with the evaporation crucible and wherein the distribution pipe is rotatable around an axis during evaporation; and
at least one side shield for shielding the organic material, wherein the evaporation source evaporates the organic material in the vacuum chamber; and
a substrate support system disposed in the vacuum chamber and having at least two tracks, wherein the at least two tracks of the substrate support system are configured for essentially vertical support of the substrate or a carrier carrying the substrate in the vacuum chamber. 41. The deposition apparatus according to claim 40, wherein the at least one side shield is configured to delimit evaporation of organic materials in a direction towards the substrate. 42. A method for evaporating an organic material, comprising:
moving a first substrate in an essentially vertical first processing position; moving an evaporation source along the first substrate with at least a translational movement whilst the evaporation source evaporates the organic material; moving a second substrate in an essentially vertical second processing position different from the first processing position; rotating a distribution pipe of the evaporation source around an axis during evaporation; shielding evaporation of the organic material with at least one side shield; and moving the evaporation source along the second substrate with at least a further translational movement whilst the evaporation source evaporates the organic material. 43. The method according to claim 42, further comprising:
rotating the distribution pipe for an evaporation sideward in an idle mode. 44. The method according to claim 42, further comprising:
rotating the distribution pipe towards the side shield in order to avoid vapor exiting the evaporation source. 45. The method according to claim 42, wherein the rotating the distribution pipe of the evaporation source around the axis during evaporation is conducted in a first rotation direction, and further comprising:
further rotating the distribution pipe of the evaporation source around the axis during evaporation after the moving the evaporation source along the second substrate, wherein the further rotating is conducted in the first rotation direction. 46. The method according to claim 42, further comprising:
blocking a vapor beam with the side shield. | 1,700 |
3,694 | 14,783,611 | 1,761 | A transparent antistatic composition based on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), including: 55% to 99.9% by weight of PMMA, and 0.1% to 45% by weight of at least one polyamide (PA) block-containing and polyether (PE) block-containing copolymer (PEBA) including polyethylene glycol (PEG), with respect to the total composition weight, said copolymer including in the range 50% to 80% by weight of PEG with respect to the total weight of copolymer. Also, the use of a composition of this type for the manufacture of at least a portion of the following items: an industrial part, an automobile part, a safety accessory, sign, luminous strip, signalling and advertizing panel, display, etching, furniture, shop fitting, decoration, contact ball, dental prosthesis, ophthalmological implant, membrane for hemodialysis, optic fibers, artwork, sculpture, camera lenses, disposable camera lenses, printing support, in particular a support for direct printing with UV inks for pictures, photographs, window glass, panoramic roof. | 1. A transparent antistatic composition based on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), comprising:
55% to 99.9% by weight of PMMA, and 0.1% to 45% by weight of at least one polyamide (PA) block-containing and polyether (PE) block-containing copolymer (PEBA) comprising polyethylene glycol (PEG),
with respect to the total composition weight,
wherein said copolymer comprises in the range between 50% to 80% by weight of PEG with respect to the total weight of copolymer. 2. The composition as claimed in claim 1, comprising:
65% to 97% by weight of PMMA, and 3% to 35% by weight of copolymer comprising PEG, with respect to the total composition weight. 3. The composition as claimed in claim 1, in which said copolymer comprises 55% to 75% by weight of PEG with respect to the total weight of copolymer. 4. The composition as claimed in claim 1, in which said at least one polyamide block comprises at least one of the following polyamide monomers: 6, 11, 12, 5.4, 5.9, 5.10, 5.12, 5.13, 5.14, 5.16, 5.18, 5.36, 6.4, 6.9, 6.10, 6.12, 6.13, 6.14, 6.16, 6.18, 6.36, 10.4, 10.9, 10.10, 10.12, 10.13, 10.14, 10.16, 10.18, 10.36, 10.T, 12.4, 12.9, 12.10, 12.12, 12.13, 12.14, 12.16, 12.18, 12.36, 12.T and mixtures thereof or copolymers. 5. The composition as claimed in claim 1, in which the PA blocks comprise at least 30% by weight of PA 11 with respect to the total weight of PA blocks. 6. The composition as claimed in claim 1, in which said copolymer further comprises at least one polyether other than PEG selected from PTMG, PPG, PO3G, and mixtures thereof. 7. The composition as claimed in claim 1, in which said copolymer comprises at least one PEBA selected from: PA6-PEG, PA11-PEG, PA12-PEG, PA10.10-PEG, PA10.12-PEG and mixtures thereof. 8. The composition as claimed in claim 1, in which said copolymer comprising PA blocks and PE blocks is a segmented block copolymer comprising three different types of blocks, said copolymer being selected from copolyetheresteramides and copolyetheramideurethanes. 9. The composition as claimed in claim 1, in which said copolymer has an inherent viscosity of 2 or less. 10. The composition as claimed in claim 1, in which said PMMA, said PA blocks and/or said PE blocks are obtained at least in part from renewable starting materials. 11. The composition as claimed in claim 10, comprising a quantity of biocarbon of at least 1%, which corresponds to a 14C/12C isotopic ratio of at least 1.2×10−14. 12. The composition as claimed in claim 11, comprising a quantity of biocarbon of more than 5%. 13. The composition as claimed in claim 1, comprising no organic salt. 14. The composition as claimed in claim 1, further comprising 0.1% to 10% by weight of at least one organic salt in the molten state with respect to the total composition weight. 15. The composition as claimed in claim 6, in which said at least one organic salt comprises at least one cation comprising at least one of the following molecules: ammonium, sulfonium, pyridinium, pyrrolidinium, imidazolium, imidazolinium, phosphonium, lithium, guanidinium, piperidinium, thiazolium, triazolium, oxazolium, pyrazolium, and mixtures thereof. 16. The composition as claimed in any one of claim 6, in which said at least one organic salt comprises at least one anion comprising at least one of the following molecules: imides; borates; phosphates; phosphinates and phosphonates; amides; aluminates, halides; cyanates; acetates; sulfonates, trifluoromethanesulfonate; sulfates. 17. The composition as claimed in claim 1, further comprising at least one agent improving the surface conductivity selected from: hygroscopic agents; fatty acids; lubricants; metals; metallic films; metallic powders; metallic nanopowders; aluminosilicates; amines; esters; fibers; carbon black; carbon fibers; carbon nanotubes; polyethylene glycol; intrinsically conductive polymers; masterbatches; and mixtures thereof. 18. The composition as claimed in claim 1, further comprising at least one additive and/or adjuvant selected from organic or inorganic fillers, reinforcing agents, plasticizers, stabilizers, antioxidants, UV screens, flame retardants, carbon black, carbon nanotubes; mineral or organic colorants, pigments, colorants, unmoulding agents, lubricants, foaming agents, shock resistant agents, shrink resistant agents, flame retardants, nucleating agents, and mixtures thereof. 19. A method of using a composition as claimed in claim 1, for the manufacture of at least a portion of the following items: an industrial part, an automobile part, a safety accessory, sign, luminous strip, signalling and advertizing panel, display, etching, furniture, shop fitting, decoration, contact ball, dental prosthesis, ophthalmological implant, membrane for hemodialysis, optic fibers, artwork, sculpture, camera lenses, disposable camera lenses, printing support, in particular a support for direct printing with UV inks for pictures, photographs, window glass, panoramic roof. | A transparent antistatic composition based on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), including: 55% to 99.9% by weight of PMMA, and 0.1% to 45% by weight of at least one polyamide (PA) block-containing and polyether (PE) block-containing copolymer (PEBA) including polyethylene glycol (PEG), with respect to the total composition weight, said copolymer including in the range 50% to 80% by weight of PEG with respect to the total weight of copolymer. Also, the use of a composition of this type for the manufacture of at least a portion of the following items: an industrial part, an automobile part, a safety accessory, sign, luminous strip, signalling and advertizing panel, display, etching, furniture, shop fitting, decoration, contact ball, dental prosthesis, ophthalmological implant, membrane for hemodialysis, optic fibers, artwork, sculpture, camera lenses, disposable camera lenses, printing support, in particular a support for direct printing with UV inks for pictures, photographs, window glass, panoramic roof.1. A transparent antistatic composition based on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), comprising:
55% to 99.9% by weight of PMMA, and 0.1% to 45% by weight of at least one polyamide (PA) block-containing and polyether (PE) block-containing copolymer (PEBA) comprising polyethylene glycol (PEG),
with respect to the total composition weight,
wherein said copolymer comprises in the range between 50% to 80% by weight of PEG with respect to the total weight of copolymer. 2. The composition as claimed in claim 1, comprising:
65% to 97% by weight of PMMA, and 3% to 35% by weight of copolymer comprising PEG, with respect to the total composition weight. 3. The composition as claimed in claim 1, in which said copolymer comprises 55% to 75% by weight of PEG with respect to the total weight of copolymer. 4. The composition as claimed in claim 1, in which said at least one polyamide block comprises at least one of the following polyamide monomers: 6, 11, 12, 5.4, 5.9, 5.10, 5.12, 5.13, 5.14, 5.16, 5.18, 5.36, 6.4, 6.9, 6.10, 6.12, 6.13, 6.14, 6.16, 6.18, 6.36, 10.4, 10.9, 10.10, 10.12, 10.13, 10.14, 10.16, 10.18, 10.36, 10.T, 12.4, 12.9, 12.10, 12.12, 12.13, 12.14, 12.16, 12.18, 12.36, 12.T and mixtures thereof or copolymers. 5. The composition as claimed in claim 1, in which the PA blocks comprise at least 30% by weight of PA 11 with respect to the total weight of PA blocks. 6. The composition as claimed in claim 1, in which said copolymer further comprises at least one polyether other than PEG selected from PTMG, PPG, PO3G, and mixtures thereof. 7. The composition as claimed in claim 1, in which said copolymer comprises at least one PEBA selected from: PA6-PEG, PA11-PEG, PA12-PEG, PA10.10-PEG, PA10.12-PEG and mixtures thereof. 8. The composition as claimed in claim 1, in which said copolymer comprising PA blocks and PE blocks is a segmented block copolymer comprising three different types of blocks, said copolymer being selected from copolyetheresteramides and copolyetheramideurethanes. 9. The composition as claimed in claim 1, in which said copolymer has an inherent viscosity of 2 or less. 10. The composition as claimed in claim 1, in which said PMMA, said PA blocks and/or said PE blocks are obtained at least in part from renewable starting materials. 11. The composition as claimed in claim 10, comprising a quantity of biocarbon of at least 1%, which corresponds to a 14C/12C isotopic ratio of at least 1.2×10−14. 12. The composition as claimed in claim 11, comprising a quantity of biocarbon of more than 5%. 13. The composition as claimed in claim 1, comprising no organic salt. 14. The composition as claimed in claim 1, further comprising 0.1% to 10% by weight of at least one organic salt in the molten state with respect to the total composition weight. 15. The composition as claimed in claim 6, in which said at least one organic salt comprises at least one cation comprising at least one of the following molecules: ammonium, sulfonium, pyridinium, pyrrolidinium, imidazolium, imidazolinium, phosphonium, lithium, guanidinium, piperidinium, thiazolium, triazolium, oxazolium, pyrazolium, and mixtures thereof. 16. The composition as claimed in any one of claim 6, in which said at least one organic salt comprises at least one anion comprising at least one of the following molecules: imides; borates; phosphates; phosphinates and phosphonates; amides; aluminates, halides; cyanates; acetates; sulfonates, trifluoromethanesulfonate; sulfates. 17. The composition as claimed in claim 1, further comprising at least one agent improving the surface conductivity selected from: hygroscopic agents; fatty acids; lubricants; metals; metallic films; metallic powders; metallic nanopowders; aluminosilicates; amines; esters; fibers; carbon black; carbon fibers; carbon nanotubes; polyethylene glycol; intrinsically conductive polymers; masterbatches; and mixtures thereof. 18. The composition as claimed in claim 1, further comprising at least one additive and/or adjuvant selected from organic or inorganic fillers, reinforcing agents, plasticizers, stabilizers, antioxidants, UV screens, flame retardants, carbon black, carbon nanotubes; mineral or organic colorants, pigments, colorants, unmoulding agents, lubricants, foaming agents, shock resistant agents, shrink resistant agents, flame retardants, nucleating agents, and mixtures thereof. 19. A method of using a composition as claimed in claim 1, for the manufacture of at least a portion of the following items: an industrial part, an automobile part, a safety accessory, sign, luminous strip, signalling and advertizing panel, display, etching, furniture, shop fitting, decoration, contact ball, dental prosthesis, ophthalmological implant, membrane for hemodialysis, optic fibers, artwork, sculpture, camera lenses, disposable camera lenses, printing support, in particular a support for direct printing with UV inks for pictures, photographs, window glass, panoramic roof. | 1,700 |
3,695 | 13,725,229 | 1,717 | A method of coating a component having a multiple of cooling holes includes removing at least a portion of a prior coating; directing a gas through at least one of the multiple of cooling holes; and applying a coat layer while directing the gas through at least one of the | 1. A method of coating a component having a multiple of cooling holes comprising:
removing at least a portion of a prior coating; directing a gas through at least one of the multiple of cooling holes; and applying a coat layer while directing the gas through at least one of the multiple of cooling holes. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising removing all layers of a top coat of the prior coating. 3. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising removing all layers of a ceramic top coat of the prior coating. 4. The method as recited in claim 3, further comprising removing at least one layer of a nickel alloy bond coat of the prior coating. 5. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising removing all layers of a ceramic top coat of the prior coating and at least one layer of the prior coating. 6. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising directing air through at least one of the multiple of cooling holes. 7. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising applying one coat layer without directing the gas through at least one of the multiple of cooling holes 8. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising directing air through at least one of the multiple of cooling holes at a pressure between 10-200 psi. 9. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising directing air through at least one of the multiple of cooling holes at a pressure of approximately 100 psi. 10. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising mapping the multiple of cooling holes. 11. The method as recited in claim 10, further comprising finish drilling the multiple of cooling holes. 12. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising cleaning the multiple of cooling holes. 13. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising dressing the multiple of cooling holes to obtain a desired flow quality. 14. A method of coating a component having a multiple of cooling holes comprising:
directing a gas through at least one of the multiple of cooling holes; and applying a coat layer while directing the gas through at least one of the multiple of cooling holes. 15. The method as recited in claim 14, further comprising directing air through at least one of the multiple of cooling holes. 16. The method as recited in claim 14, further comprising applying one coat layer without directing the gas through at least one of the multiple of cooling holes 17. The method as recited in claim 14, further comprising cleaning the multiple of cooling holes. 18. A repaired component having a multiple of cooling holes comprising:
a component with a multiple of cooling holes and a repaired area with a prior coating and a newly applied coating. 19. The repaired component as recited in claim 18, wherein the prior coating includes at least one layer of a bond coat. 20. The repaired component as recited in claim 18, wherein at least one of the multiple of cooling holes are within the repaired area. | A method of coating a component having a multiple of cooling holes includes removing at least a portion of a prior coating; directing a gas through at least one of the multiple of cooling holes; and applying a coat layer while directing the gas through at least one of the1. A method of coating a component having a multiple of cooling holes comprising:
removing at least a portion of a prior coating; directing a gas through at least one of the multiple of cooling holes; and applying a coat layer while directing the gas through at least one of the multiple of cooling holes. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising removing all layers of a top coat of the prior coating. 3. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising removing all layers of a ceramic top coat of the prior coating. 4. The method as recited in claim 3, further comprising removing at least one layer of a nickel alloy bond coat of the prior coating. 5. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising removing all layers of a ceramic top coat of the prior coating and at least one layer of the prior coating. 6. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising directing air through at least one of the multiple of cooling holes. 7. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising applying one coat layer without directing the gas through at least one of the multiple of cooling holes 8. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising directing air through at least one of the multiple of cooling holes at a pressure between 10-200 psi. 9. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising directing air through at least one of the multiple of cooling holes at a pressure of approximately 100 psi. 10. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising mapping the multiple of cooling holes. 11. The method as recited in claim 10, further comprising finish drilling the multiple of cooling holes. 12. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising cleaning the multiple of cooling holes. 13. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising dressing the multiple of cooling holes to obtain a desired flow quality. 14. A method of coating a component having a multiple of cooling holes comprising:
directing a gas through at least one of the multiple of cooling holes; and applying a coat layer while directing the gas through at least one of the multiple of cooling holes. 15. The method as recited in claim 14, further comprising directing air through at least one of the multiple of cooling holes. 16. The method as recited in claim 14, further comprising applying one coat layer without directing the gas through at least one of the multiple of cooling holes 17. The method as recited in claim 14, further comprising cleaning the multiple of cooling holes. 18. A repaired component having a multiple of cooling holes comprising:
a component with a multiple of cooling holes and a repaired area with a prior coating and a newly applied coating. 19. The repaired component as recited in claim 18, wherein the prior coating includes at least one layer of a bond coat. 20. The repaired component as recited in claim 18, wherein at least one of the multiple of cooling holes are within the repaired area. | 1,700 |
3,696 | 14,643,859 | 1,789 | A composition is described, which comprises a crystallizable polyetherimide derived from the polymerization of: (a) a dianhydride component, comprising more than 96.8 mole % of 4,4′-bisphenol A dianhydride or a chemical equivalent thereof; and (b) a diamine component comprising a diamine or a chemical equivalent thereof, wherein the crystallizable polyetherimide has a T m ranging from 250° C. to 400° C. and the difference between the T m and T g of the composition is more than 50° C. Further described are articles, such as fibers, made from the composition, methods for making the composition, methods for making the articles, and methods for using the articles. | 1. A composition comprising a crystallizable polyetherimide derived from:
(a) a dianhydride component, comprising 96.8 mole % or more of 4,4′-bisphenol A dianhydride or a chemical equivalent thereof; and (b) a diamine component comprising a diamine or a chemical equivalent thereof; wherein the crystallizable polyetherimide has a Tm from 250° C. to 400° C. and the difference between the Tm and Tg of the composition is equal to or more than 50° C. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the diamine component comprises para-phenylenediamine or a chemical equivalent thereof. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the diamine component consists essentially of para-phenylenediamine or a chemical equivalent thereof. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the diamine component is p-phenylenediamine and the composition further comprises less than 5.0 mole % of meta-phenylenediamine or a chemical equivalent thereof. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the diamine component is p-phenylenediamine, and wherein the composition further comprises less than 2.0 mole % of meta-phenylenediamine or a chemical equivalent thereof. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the diamine component is p-phenylenediamine substantially free of meta-phenylenediamine or a chemical equivalent thereof. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the diamine is selected from the group consisting of p-phenylenediamine; benzidine; 1,5-diaminonaphthalene; bis(4-aminophenyl)methane; bis(4-aminophenyl)propane; bis(4-aminophenyl)sulfide; bis(4-aminophenyl)sulfone; bis(4-aminophenyl)ether; 4,4′-diaminodiphenylpropane; 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane(4,4′-methylenedianiline); 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfide; 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone; 4,4′-diaminodiphenylether(4,4′-oxydianiline); 1,5-diaminonaphthalene; 3,3′dimethylbenzidine; 4,3′-diaminodiphenylether; 1,3-bis(4-aminophenoxy)benzene; 4,4′-bis(4-aminophenoxy)biphenyl; chemical equivalents of the foregoing diamines; and combinations thereof. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises at least one stabilizer. 9. The composition of claim 8, wherein the stabilizer is a phosphorous-containing stabilizer. 10. The composition of claim 1, having an apparent viscosity, measured at a shear rate of 1000 s−1, of more than 0 and less than 10,000 poise at a temperature of less than 400° C. 11. The composition of claim 1, having a viscosity, measured at a shear rate of 1000 s−1, of more than 100 and less than 7000 poise at a temperature of less than 400° C. 12. The composition of claim 1, wherein a fiber comprising the composition has a tensile strength from 2 to 20 grams per denier. 13. The composition of claim 1, wherein a fiber comprising the composition a hot-air shrinkage of less than or equal to 20% after exposure to 260° C. air for 10 minutes. 14. The composition of claim 1, wherein a fiber comprising the composition a hot-air shrinkage of less than or equal to 10% after exposure to 260° C. air for 10 minutes. 15. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises an end-capping agent. 16. The composition of claim 15, wherein the endcapping agent is selected from the group consisting of phthalic anhydride, aniline, and combinations thereof. 17. A fiber comprising
a crystallized polyetherimide composition derived from the polymerization of:
(a) a dianhydride component, comprising more than 96.8 mole % of 4,4′-bisphenol A dianhydride or a chemical equivalent thereof; and
(b) a diamine component comprising a diamine or a chemical equivalent thereof;
wherein the fiber has a Tm from 250° C. to 400° C. and the difference between the Tm and Tg of the fiber is equal to or more than 50° C. 18. The fiber of claim 17, wherein the diamine component comprises para-phenylenediamine or a chemical equivalent thereof. 19. The fiber of claim 17, wherein the diamine component consists essentially of para-phenylenediamine or a chemical equivalent thereof. 20. The fiber of claim 17, wherein the diamine component is p-phenylenediamine, and the composition further comprises less than 5.0 mole % of meta-phenylenediamine or a chemical equivalent thereof. 21. The fiber of claim 17, wherein the diamine component is p-phenylenediamine, and the composition further comprises less than 2.0 mole % of meta-phenylenediamine or a chemical equivalent thereof. 22. The fiber of claim 17, wherein the diamine is selected from the group consisting of p-phenylenediamine; benzidine; 1,5-diaminonaphthalene; bis(4-aminophenyl)methane; bis(4-aminophenyl)propane; bis(4-aminophenyl)sulfide; bis(4-aminophenyl)sulfone; bis(4-aminophenyl)ether; 4,4′-diaminodiphenylpropane; 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane(4,4′-methylenedianiline); 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfide; 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone; 4,4′-diaminodiphenylether(4,4′-oxydianiline); 1,5-diaminonaphthalene; 3,3′dimethylbenzidine; 4,3′-diaminodiphenylether; 1,3-bis(4-aminophenoxy)benzene; 4,4′-bis(4-aminophenoxy)biphenyl; chemical equivalents of the foregoing diamines; and combinations thereof. 23. The fiber of claim 17, wherein the composition further comprises at least one stabilizer. 24. The fiber of claim 23, wherein the stabilizer is a phosphorous-containing stabilizer. 25. The fiber of claim 17, wherein the composition further comprises an end-capping agent. 26. The composition of claim 17, wherein the endcapping agent is selected from the group consisting of phthalic anhydride, aniline, and combinations thereof. 27. The fiber of claim 17, wherein the fiber has a tensile strength from 2 to 20 grams per denier. 28. The fiber of claim 17, wherein the fiber has a hot-air shrinkage of less than or equal to 20% after exposure to 260° C. air for 10 minutes. 29. The fiber of claim 17, wherein the fiber has a hot-air shrinkage of less than or equal to 10% after exposure to 260° C. air for 10 minutes. 30. An article comprising a plurality of the fibers of claim 17. 31. The article of claim 30, wherein article is a non-woven fabric. 32. The article of claim 30, wherein article is a woven fabric. 33. A method of making a fiber, comprising
extruding, through an orifice under conditions sufficient to form at least one fiber, a crystallizable polyetherimide composition derived from the polymerization of:
(a) a dianhydride component, comprising more than 96.8 mole % of 4,4′-bisphenol A dianhydride or a chemical equivalent thereof; and
(b) a diamine component comprising a diamine or a chemical equivalent thereof;
wherein the crystallizable polyetherimide has a Tm ranging from 250° C. to 400° C. and the difference between the Tm and Tg of the composition is equal to or more than 50° C. 34. The method of claim 33 wherein the method further comprises drawing the at least one fiber. 35. The method of claim 33, wherein the method further comprises heat-treating the at least one fiber under a constraint effective to crystallize the polyetherimide. 36. The method of claim 33, wherein the method further comprises weaving fiber into a fabric. 37. The method of claim 33, wherein the method further comprises combining a plurality of the fibers into a yarn and then weaving a fabric from the yarn. 38. A crystallizable polyetherimide composition derived from the polymerization of:
(a) a dianhydride component, comprising more than 96.8 mole % of 4,4′-bisphenol A dianhydride or a chemical equivalent thereof; and (b) a diamine component comprising p-phenylene diamine or a chemical equivalent thereof, and having less than 5 mole % meta-phenylenediamine or a chemical equivalent thereof; wherein the crystallizable polyetherimide composition has
a Tm from 250° C. to 400° C.;
a viscosity, measured at a shear rate of 1000 s−1, of more than 100 and less than 10,000 poise at a temperature of less than 400° C., and further
wherein the difference between the Tm and a Tg of the crystallizable polyetherimide composition is equal to or greater than 50° C. 39. The composition of claim 38, wherein the diamine component consists essentially of para-phenylenediamine or a chemical equivalent thereof. 40. The composition of claim 38, wherein the diamine component is p-phenylenediamine and the composition further comprises less than 5.0 mole % of meta-phenylenediamine or a chemical equivalent thereof. 41. The composition of claim 38, wherein the composition has a viscosity, measured at a shear rate of 1000 s−1, of more than 100 and less than 10,000 poise at a temperature of less than 400° C. 42. The composition of claim 38, wherein the composition further comprises an end-capping agent. 43. The composition of claim 42, wherein the endcapping agent is selected from the group consisting of phthalic anhydride, aniline, and combinations thereof. | A composition is described, which comprises a crystallizable polyetherimide derived from the polymerization of: (a) a dianhydride component, comprising more than 96.8 mole % of 4,4′-bisphenol A dianhydride or a chemical equivalent thereof; and (b) a diamine component comprising a diamine or a chemical equivalent thereof, wherein the crystallizable polyetherimide has a T m ranging from 250° C. to 400° C. and the difference between the T m and T g of the composition is more than 50° C. Further described are articles, such as fibers, made from the composition, methods for making the composition, methods for making the articles, and methods for using the articles.1. A composition comprising a crystallizable polyetherimide derived from:
(a) a dianhydride component, comprising 96.8 mole % or more of 4,4′-bisphenol A dianhydride or a chemical equivalent thereof; and (b) a diamine component comprising a diamine or a chemical equivalent thereof; wherein the crystallizable polyetherimide has a Tm from 250° C. to 400° C. and the difference between the Tm and Tg of the composition is equal to or more than 50° C. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the diamine component comprises para-phenylenediamine or a chemical equivalent thereof. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the diamine component consists essentially of para-phenylenediamine or a chemical equivalent thereof. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the diamine component is p-phenylenediamine and the composition further comprises less than 5.0 mole % of meta-phenylenediamine or a chemical equivalent thereof. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the diamine component is p-phenylenediamine, and wherein the composition further comprises less than 2.0 mole % of meta-phenylenediamine or a chemical equivalent thereof. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the diamine component is p-phenylenediamine substantially free of meta-phenylenediamine or a chemical equivalent thereof. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the diamine is selected from the group consisting of p-phenylenediamine; benzidine; 1,5-diaminonaphthalene; bis(4-aminophenyl)methane; bis(4-aminophenyl)propane; bis(4-aminophenyl)sulfide; bis(4-aminophenyl)sulfone; bis(4-aminophenyl)ether; 4,4′-diaminodiphenylpropane; 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane(4,4′-methylenedianiline); 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfide; 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone; 4,4′-diaminodiphenylether(4,4′-oxydianiline); 1,5-diaminonaphthalene; 3,3′dimethylbenzidine; 4,3′-diaminodiphenylether; 1,3-bis(4-aminophenoxy)benzene; 4,4′-bis(4-aminophenoxy)biphenyl; chemical equivalents of the foregoing diamines; and combinations thereof. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises at least one stabilizer. 9. The composition of claim 8, wherein the stabilizer is a phosphorous-containing stabilizer. 10. The composition of claim 1, having an apparent viscosity, measured at a shear rate of 1000 s−1, of more than 0 and less than 10,000 poise at a temperature of less than 400° C. 11. The composition of claim 1, having a viscosity, measured at a shear rate of 1000 s−1, of more than 100 and less than 7000 poise at a temperature of less than 400° C. 12. The composition of claim 1, wherein a fiber comprising the composition has a tensile strength from 2 to 20 grams per denier. 13. The composition of claim 1, wherein a fiber comprising the composition a hot-air shrinkage of less than or equal to 20% after exposure to 260° C. air for 10 minutes. 14. The composition of claim 1, wherein a fiber comprising the composition a hot-air shrinkage of less than or equal to 10% after exposure to 260° C. air for 10 minutes. 15. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises an end-capping agent. 16. The composition of claim 15, wherein the endcapping agent is selected from the group consisting of phthalic anhydride, aniline, and combinations thereof. 17. A fiber comprising
a crystallized polyetherimide composition derived from the polymerization of:
(a) a dianhydride component, comprising more than 96.8 mole % of 4,4′-bisphenol A dianhydride or a chemical equivalent thereof; and
(b) a diamine component comprising a diamine or a chemical equivalent thereof;
wherein the fiber has a Tm from 250° C. to 400° C. and the difference between the Tm and Tg of the fiber is equal to or more than 50° C. 18. The fiber of claim 17, wherein the diamine component comprises para-phenylenediamine or a chemical equivalent thereof. 19. The fiber of claim 17, wherein the diamine component consists essentially of para-phenylenediamine or a chemical equivalent thereof. 20. The fiber of claim 17, wherein the diamine component is p-phenylenediamine, and the composition further comprises less than 5.0 mole % of meta-phenylenediamine or a chemical equivalent thereof. 21. The fiber of claim 17, wherein the diamine component is p-phenylenediamine, and the composition further comprises less than 2.0 mole % of meta-phenylenediamine or a chemical equivalent thereof. 22. The fiber of claim 17, wherein the diamine is selected from the group consisting of p-phenylenediamine; benzidine; 1,5-diaminonaphthalene; bis(4-aminophenyl)methane; bis(4-aminophenyl)propane; bis(4-aminophenyl)sulfide; bis(4-aminophenyl)sulfone; bis(4-aminophenyl)ether; 4,4′-diaminodiphenylpropane; 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane(4,4′-methylenedianiline); 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfide; 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone; 4,4′-diaminodiphenylether(4,4′-oxydianiline); 1,5-diaminonaphthalene; 3,3′dimethylbenzidine; 4,3′-diaminodiphenylether; 1,3-bis(4-aminophenoxy)benzene; 4,4′-bis(4-aminophenoxy)biphenyl; chemical equivalents of the foregoing diamines; and combinations thereof. 23. The fiber of claim 17, wherein the composition further comprises at least one stabilizer. 24. The fiber of claim 23, wherein the stabilizer is a phosphorous-containing stabilizer. 25. The fiber of claim 17, wherein the composition further comprises an end-capping agent. 26. The composition of claim 17, wherein the endcapping agent is selected from the group consisting of phthalic anhydride, aniline, and combinations thereof. 27. The fiber of claim 17, wherein the fiber has a tensile strength from 2 to 20 grams per denier. 28. The fiber of claim 17, wherein the fiber has a hot-air shrinkage of less than or equal to 20% after exposure to 260° C. air for 10 minutes. 29. The fiber of claim 17, wherein the fiber has a hot-air shrinkage of less than or equal to 10% after exposure to 260° C. air for 10 minutes. 30. An article comprising a plurality of the fibers of claim 17. 31. The article of claim 30, wherein article is a non-woven fabric. 32. The article of claim 30, wherein article is a woven fabric. 33. A method of making a fiber, comprising
extruding, through an orifice under conditions sufficient to form at least one fiber, a crystallizable polyetherimide composition derived from the polymerization of:
(a) a dianhydride component, comprising more than 96.8 mole % of 4,4′-bisphenol A dianhydride or a chemical equivalent thereof; and
(b) a diamine component comprising a diamine or a chemical equivalent thereof;
wherein the crystallizable polyetherimide has a Tm ranging from 250° C. to 400° C. and the difference between the Tm and Tg of the composition is equal to or more than 50° C. 34. The method of claim 33 wherein the method further comprises drawing the at least one fiber. 35. The method of claim 33, wherein the method further comprises heat-treating the at least one fiber under a constraint effective to crystallize the polyetherimide. 36. The method of claim 33, wherein the method further comprises weaving fiber into a fabric. 37. The method of claim 33, wherein the method further comprises combining a plurality of the fibers into a yarn and then weaving a fabric from the yarn. 38. A crystallizable polyetherimide composition derived from the polymerization of:
(a) a dianhydride component, comprising more than 96.8 mole % of 4,4′-bisphenol A dianhydride or a chemical equivalent thereof; and (b) a diamine component comprising p-phenylene diamine or a chemical equivalent thereof, and having less than 5 mole % meta-phenylenediamine or a chemical equivalent thereof; wherein the crystallizable polyetherimide composition has
a Tm from 250° C. to 400° C.;
a viscosity, measured at a shear rate of 1000 s−1, of more than 100 and less than 10,000 poise at a temperature of less than 400° C., and further
wherein the difference between the Tm and a Tg of the crystallizable polyetherimide composition is equal to or greater than 50° C. 39. The composition of claim 38, wherein the diamine component consists essentially of para-phenylenediamine or a chemical equivalent thereof. 40. The composition of claim 38, wherein the diamine component is p-phenylenediamine and the composition further comprises less than 5.0 mole % of meta-phenylenediamine or a chemical equivalent thereof. 41. The composition of claim 38, wherein the composition has a viscosity, measured at a shear rate of 1000 s−1, of more than 100 and less than 10,000 poise at a temperature of less than 400° C. 42. The composition of claim 38, wherein the composition further comprises an end-capping agent. 43. The composition of claim 42, wherein the endcapping agent is selected from the group consisting of phthalic anhydride, aniline, and combinations thereof. | 1,700 |
3,697 | 14,553,864 | 1,733 | A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component. The process having the steps of: combining water, at least one zinc phosphate forming compound and at least one chromium forming compound, being chromium (III) or chromium (IV) compounds, to form a first solution; separately combining at least one silicate compound with water to form a second solution; combining the first solution with the second solution such as to form a mixed aqueous solution; optionally combining the mixed aqueous solution with at least one acrylic resin to form a coating mixture; and, applying the coating mixture to the zinc or zinc-alloy surface of the metal substrate forming a covalent bond with the zinc or zinc-alloy surface, and the coating providing chemical resistance for at least 150 hours in accordance with ASTM B117 standards where the zinc or zinc-alloy coating of the metal substrate has a weight of 0.04 oz/ft 2 (12.20 g/m 2 ). | 1. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component comprising the steps of:
combining water, at least one zinc phosphate forming compound and at least one chromium forming compound to form a first solution; separately combining at least one silicate compound with water to form a second solution; combining the first solution with the second solution such as to form a mixed aqueous solution; combining the mixed aqueous solution with at least one acrylic resin to form a coating mixture; and applying the coating mixture to a metal substrate having a zinc or zinc-alloy surface to form a coating on the metal substrate that reacts with the zinc or zinc-alloy surface of the metal substrate forming a covalent bond with the zinc or zinc-alloy surface, and the coating providing chemical resistance for at least 150 hours in accordance with ASTM B117 standards where the zinc or zinc-alloy coating of the metal substrate has a weight of 0.04 oz/ft2 (12.20 g/m2). 2. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 1, further comprising the step of heating the coated metal substrate to further the reaction between the applied coating mixture and the surface of the metal substrate. 3. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 1 wherein the zinc or zinc-alloy surface is selected from the group consisting of zinc, zinc alloy, zinc-aluminum alloy, zinc-iron alloy, zinc-aluminum-magnesium alloy and combinations thereof. 4. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 1 wherein the first solution comprises:
not less than 4 and not more than 27 percent by weight of the at least one zinc phosphate forming compound;
not less than 5 and not more than 27 percent by weight of the at least one chromium forming compound; and
balance water. 5. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 1 wherein the first solution comprises:
not less than 5 and not more than 27 percent by weight of the at least one zinc phosphate forming compound;
not less than 5 and not more than 27 percent by weight of the at least one chromium forming compound; and
balance water. 6. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 1 wherein the second solution comprises:
not less than 10 and not more than 50 percent by weight of at least one silicate compound; and
balance water. 7. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 1, wherein the coating mixture comprises:
not less than 20 and not more than 95 percent by weight of the first solution; not less than 5 and not more than 12 percent by weight of the second solution; not less than 5 and not more than 30 percent by weight of the at least one acrylic resin; and balance water. 8. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 1 wherein the at least one acrylic resin has a pH value of no greater than 3.5. 9. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 1 wherein the at least the coating mixture has a pH value of no greater than 2.5. 10. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in 1 wherein the at least one silicate compound comprises a potassium silicate compound. 11. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 1 wherein the at least one chromium forming compound comprises a trivalent chromium forming compound. 12. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 11 wherein the trivalent chromium forming compound is selected from the group consisting of chromium chloride hydrate, chromium (III) potassium sulfate, chromium hydroxide, chromium (III) fluoride, chromium (III) sulfate, chromium (III) sulfide, chromium (III) oxide, chromium (III) 2-ethylhexanoate, chromium (III) nitride, chromium tricarbonyl and mixtures thereof. 13. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 1 wherein the at least one chromium forming compound comprises a hexavalent chromium forming compound. 14. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 13 wherein the hexavalent chromium forming compound is selected from the group consisting of chromium (VI) halides, hexafluoride, chromyl chloride, sodium chromate, chromium (VI) peroxide, sodium chromate, chromium (VI) oxide, dichromate, potassium chromate, calcium chromate, barium chromate, chromium (VI) oxide peroxide, and mixtures thereof. 15. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 1 wherein the step of applying the coating mixture comprises rolling the coating mixture onto the metal component surface. 16. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 1 wherein the step of applying the coating mixture comprises spraying the coating mixture onto the metal component surface. 17. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 1 wherein the step of applying the coating mixture comprises submersing at least a portion of the metal substrate with a zinc or zinc-alloy surface into a bath of the coating mixture. 18. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 1 wherein the step of applying the coating mixture solution further comprises filling any voids in the zinc or zinc-alloy surface with the coating mixture solution. 19. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 1 wherein the coating provides electrical conductivity. 20. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 1 wherein the coating is water-repellant. 21. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 1 wherein the coating provides an enhanced surface for a zinc or zinc-alloy coated metal component for adhesion to paints. 22. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 1 wherein the coating is self-healing. 23. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component comprising the steps of:
combining water, at least one zinc phosphate forming compound and at least one chromium forming compound to form a first solution; separately combining at least one silicate compound with water to form a second solution; combining the first solution with the second solution such as to form a coating mixture; and applying the coating mixture to a metal substrate having a zinc or zinc-alloy surface to form a coating on the metal substrate that reacts with the zinc or zinc-alloy surface of the metal substrate forming a covalent bond with the zinc or zinc-alloy surface, and the coating providing chemical resistance for at least 150 hours in accordance with ASTM B117 standards where the zinc or zinc-alloy coating of the metal substrate has a weight of 0.04 oz/ft2 (12.20 g/m2). 24. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 23, further comprising the step of heating the coated metal substrate to further the reaction between the applied coating mixture and the surface of the substrate. 25. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 23 wherein the zinc or zinc-alloy surface is selected from the group consisting of zinc, zinc alloy, zinc-aluminum alloy, zinc-iron alloy, zinc-aluminum-magnesium alloy and combinations thereof. 26. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 23 wherein the first solution comprises:
not less than 4 and not more than 27 percent by weight of the at least one zinc phosphate forming compound;
not less than 5 and not more than 27 percent by weight of the at least one chromium forming compound; and
balance water. 27. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 23 wherein the first solution comprises:
not less than 5 and not more than 27 percent by weight of the at least one zinc phosphate forming compound;
not less than 5 and not more than 27 percent by weight of the at least one chromium forming compound; and
balance water. 28. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 23 wherein the second solution comprises:
not less than 10 and not more than 50 percent by weight of at least one silicate compound; and
balance water. 29. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 23, wherein the coating mixture comprises:
not less than 20 and not more than 95 percent by weight of the first solution; not less than 5 and not more than 12 percent by weight of the second solution; and balance water. 30. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in 23 wherein the at least one silicate compound comprises a potassium silicate compound. 31. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 23 wherein the coating mixture has a pH value of no greater than 2.5. 32. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 23 wherein the at least one chromium forming compound comprises a trivalent chromium forming compound. 33. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 32 wherein the trivalent chromium forming compound is selected from the group consisting of chromium chloride hydrate, chromium (III) potassium sulfate, chromium hydroxide, chromium (III) fluoride, chromium (III) sulfate, chromium (III) sulfide, chromium (III) oxide, chromium (III) 2-ethylhexanoate, chromium (III) nitride, chromium tricarbonyl and mixtures thereof. 34. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 23 wherein the at least one chromium forming compound comprises a hexavalent chromium forming compound. 35. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 34 wherein the hexavalent chromium forming compound is selected from the group consisting of chromium (VI) halides, hexafluoride, chromyl chloride, sodium chromate, chromium (VI) peroxide, sodium chromate, chromium (VI) oxide, dichromate, potassium chromate, calcium chromate, barium chromate, chromium (VI) oxide peroxide, and mixtures thereof. 36. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 23 wherein the step of applying the coating mixture comprises rolling the coating mixture onto the metal component surface. 37. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 23 wherein the step of applying the coating mixture comprises spraying the coating mixture onto the metal component surface. 38. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 23 wherein the step of applying the coating mixture comprises submersing at least a portion of the metal substrate with a zinc or zinc-alloy surface into a bath of the coating mixture. 39. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 23 wherein the step of applying the coating mixture solution further comprises filling any voids in the zinc or zinc-alloy surface with the coating mixture solution. 40. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 23 wherein the coating provides electrical conductivity. 41. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 23 wherein the coating is water-repellant. 42. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 23 wherein the coating provides an enhanced surface for a zinc or zinc-alloy coated metal component for adhesion to paints. 43. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 23 wherein the coating is self-healing. 44. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating comprising the steps of:
combining water, at least one zinc phosphate forming compound and at least one chromium forming compound to form a first solution; separately combining at least one silicate compound with water to form a second solution; combining the first solution with the second solution such as to form a mixed aqueous solution; combining the mixed aqueous solution with at least one acrylic resin to form a coating mixture; and applying the coating mixture to a metal substrate having a zinc or zinc-alloy surface to form a coating on the metal substrate that reacts with the zinc or zinc-alloy surface of the metal substrate forming a covalent bond with the zinc or zinc-alloy surface, and the coating providing chemical resistance for at least 150 hours in accordance with ASTM B117 standards where the zinc or zinc-alloy coating of the metal substrate has a weight of 0.04 oz/ft2 (12.20 g/m2). 45. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 44, further comprising the step of heating the coated metal substrate to further the reaction between the applied coating mixture and the surface of the metal substrate. 46. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 44, wherein the zinc or zinc-alloy surface is selected from the group consisting of zinc, zinc alloy, zinc-aluminum alloy, zinc-iron alloy, zinc-aluminum-magnesium alloy and combinations thereof. 47. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 44, wherein the first solution comprises:
not less than 4 and not more than 27 percent by weight of the at least one zinc phosphate forming compound; not less than 5 and not more than 27 percent by weight of the at least one chromium forming compound; and balance water. 48. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 44, wherein the first solution comprises:
not less than 5 and not more than 27 percent by weight of the at least one zinc phosphate forming compound; not less than 5 and not more than 27 percent by weight of the at least one chromium forming compound; and balance water. 49. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 44 wherein the second solution comprises:
not less than 10 and not more than 50 percent by weight of at least one silicate compound; and
balance water. 50. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 44, wherein the coating mixture comprises:
not less than 20 and not more than 95 percent by weight of the first solution; not less than 5 and not more than 12 percent by weight of the second solution; not less than 5 and not more than 30 percent by weight of the at least one acrylic resin; and balance water. 51. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 44 wherein the at least one acrylic resin has a pH value of no greater than 3.5. 52. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 44 wherein the coating mixture has a pH value of no greater than 2.5. 53. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in 44 wherein the at least one silicate compound comprises a potassium silicate compound. 54. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 44 wherein the at least one chromium forming compound comprises a trivalent chromium forming compound. 55. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 54 wherein the trivalent chromium forming compound is selected from the group consisting of chromium chloride hydrate, chromium (III) potassium sulfate, chromium hydroxide, chromium (III) fluoride, chromium (III) sulfate, chromium (III) sulfide, chromium (III) oxide, chromium (III) 2-ethylhexanoate, chromium (III) nitride, chromium tricarbonyl and mixtures thereof. 56. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 44 wherein the at least one chromium forming compound comprises a hexavalent chromium forming compound. 57. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 56 wherein the hexavalent chromium forming compound is selected from the group consisting of chromium (VI) halides, hexafluoride, chromyl chloride, sodium chromate, chromium (VI) peroxide, sodium chromate, chromium (VI) oxide, dichromate, potassium chromate, calcium chromate, barium chromate, chromium (VI) oxide peroxide, and mixtures thereof. 58. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 44 wherein the step of applying the coating mixture comprises rolling the coating mixture onto the metal component surface. 59. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 44 wherein the step of applying the coating mixture comprises spraying the coating mixture onto the metal component surface. 60. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 44 wherein the step of applying the coating mixture comprises submersing at least a portion of the metal substrate with a zinc or zinc-alloy surface into a bath of the coating mixture. 61. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 44 wherein the step of applying the coating mixture solution further comprises filling any voids in the zinc or zinc-alloy surface with the coating mixture solution. 62. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 44 wherein the corrosion-resistant metal component coating provides electrical conductivity. 63. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 44 wherein the corrosion-resistant metal component coating is water-repellant. 64. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 44 wherein the corrosion-resistant metal component coating provides an enhanced surface for a zinc or zinc-alloy coated metal component for adhesion to paints. 65. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 44 wherein the corrosion-resistant metal component coating is self-healing. 66. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating comprising the steps of:
combining water, at least one zinc phosphate forming compound and at least one chromium forming compound to form a first solution; separately combining at least one silicate compound with water to form a second solution; combining the first solution with the second solution such as to form a coating mixture; and applying the coating mixture to a metal substrate having a zinc or zinc-alloy surface to form a coating on the metal substrate that reacts with the zinc or zinc-alloy surface of the metal substrate forming a covalent bond with the zinc or zinc-alloy surface, and the coating providing chemical resistance for at least 150 hours in accordance with ASTM B117 standards where the zinc or zinc-alloy coating of the metal substrate has a weight of 0.04 oz/ft2 (12.20 g/m2). 67. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 66, further comprising the step of heating the coated metal substrate to further the reaction between the applied coating mixture and the surface of the metal substrate. 68. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 66, wherein the zinc or zinc-alloy surface is selected from the group consisting of zinc, zinc alloy, zinc-aluminum alloy, zinc-iron alloy, zinc-aluminum-magnesium alloy and combinations thereof. 69. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 66, wherein the first solution comprises:
not less than 4 and not more than 27 percent by weight of the at least one zinc phosphate forming compound; not less than 5 and not more than 27 percent by weight of the at least one chromium forming compound; and balance water. 70. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 66, wherein the first solution comprises:
not less than 5 and not more than 27 percent by weight of the at least one zinc phosphate forming compound; not less than 5 and not more than 27 percent by weight of the at least one chromium forming compound; and balance water. 71. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 66 wherein the second solution comprises:
not less than 10 and not more than 50 percent by weight of at least one silicate compound; and
balance water. 72. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 66, wherein the coating mixture comprises:
not less than 20 and not more than 95 percent by weight of the first solution; not less than 5 and not more than 12 percent by weight of the second solution; and balance water. 73. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 66 wherein the coating mixture has a pH value of no greater than 2.5. 74. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in 66 wherein the at least one silicate compound comprises a potassium silicate compound. 75. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 66 wherein the at least one chromium forming compound comprises a trivalent chromium forming compound. 76. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 75 wherein the trivalent chromium forming compound is selected from the group consisting of chromium chloride hydrate, chromium (III) potassium sulfate, chromium hydroxide, chromium (III) fluoride, chromium (III) sulfate, chromium (III) sulfide, chromium (III) oxide, chromium (III) 2-ethylhexanoate, chromium (III) nitride, chromium tricarbonyl and mixtures thereof. 77. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 66 wherein the at least one chromium forming compound comprises a hexavalent chromium forming compound. 78. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 77 wherein the hexavalent chromium forming compound is selected from the group consisting of chromium (VI) halides, hexafluoride, chromyl chloride, sodium chromate, chromium (VI) peroxide, sodium chromate, chromium (VI) oxide, dichromate, potassium chromate, calcium chromate, barium chromate, chromium (VI) oxide peroxide, and mixtures thereof. 79. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 66 wherein the step of applying the coating mixture comprises rolling the coating mixture onto the metal component surface. 80. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 66 wherein the step of applying the coating mixture comprises spraying the coating mixture onto the metal component surface. 81. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 66 wherein the step of applying the coating mixture comprises submersing at least a portion of the metal substrate with a zinc or zinc-alloy surface into a bath of the coating mixture. 82. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 66 wherein the step of applying the coating mixture solution further comprises filling any voids in the zinc or zinc-alloy surface with the coating mixture solution. 83. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 66 wherein the step of applying the coating mixture solution further comprises filling any voids in the zinc or zinc-alloy surface with the coating mixture solution. 84. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 66 wherein the corrosion-resistant metal component coating provides electrical conductivity. 85. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 66 wherein the corrosion-resistant metal component coating is water-repellant. 86. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 66 wherein the corrosion-resistant metal component coating provides an enhanced surface for a zinc or zinc-alloy coated metal component for adhesion to paints. 87. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 66 wherein the corrosion-resistant metal component coating is self-healing. | A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component. The process having the steps of: combining water, at least one zinc phosphate forming compound and at least one chromium forming compound, being chromium (III) or chromium (IV) compounds, to form a first solution; separately combining at least one silicate compound with water to form a second solution; combining the first solution with the second solution such as to form a mixed aqueous solution; optionally combining the mixed aqueous solution with at least one acrylic resin to form a coating mixture; and, applying the coating mixture to the zinc or zinc-alloy surface of the metal substrate forming a covalent bond with the zinc or zinc-alloy surface, and the coating providing chemical resistance for at least 150 hours in accordance with ASTM B117 standards where the zinc or zinc-alloy coating of the metal substrate has a weight of 0.04 oz/ft 2 (12.20 g/m 2 ).1. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component comprising the steps of:
combining water, at least one zinc phosphate forming compound and at least one chromium forming compound to form a first solution; separately combining at least one silicate compound with water to form a second solution; combining the first solution with the second solution such as to form a mixed aqueous solution; combining the mixed aqueous solution with at least one acrylic resin to form a coating mixture; and applying the coating mixture to a metal substrate having a zinc or zinc-alloy surface to form a coating on the metal substrate that reacts with the zinc or zinc-alloy surface of the metal substrate forming a covalent bond with the zinc or zinc-alloy surface, and the coating providing chemical resistance for at least 150 hours in accordance with ASTM B117 standards where the zinc or zinc-alloy coating of the metal substrate has a weight of 0.04 oz/ft2 (12.20 g/m2). 2. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 1, further comprising the step of heating the coated metal substrate to further the reaction between the applied coating mixture and the surface of the metal substrate. 3. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 1 wherein the zinc or zinc-alloy surface is selected from the group consisting of zinc, zinc alloy, zinc-aluminum alloy, zinc-iron alloy, zinc-aluminum-magnesium alloy and combinations thereof. 4. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 1 wherein the first solution comprises:
not less than 4 and not more than 27 percent by weight of the at least one zinc phosphate forming compound;
not less than 5 and not more than 27 percent by weight of the at least one chromium forming compound; and
balance water. 5. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 1 wherein the first solution comprises:
not less than 5 and not more than 27 percent by weight of the at least one zinc phosphate forming compound;
not less than 5 and not more than 27 percent by weight of the at least one chromium forming compound; and
balance water. 6. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 1 wherein the second solution comprises:
not less than 10 and not more than 50 percent by weight of at least one silicate compound; and
balance water. 7. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 1, wherein the coating mixture comprises:
not less than 20 and not more than 95 percent by weight of the first solution; not less than 5 and not more than 12 percent by weight of the second solution; not less than 5 and not more than 30 percent by weight of the at least one acrylic resin; and balance water. 8. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 1 wherein the at least one acrylic resin has a pH value of no greater than 3.5. 9. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 1 wherein the at least the coating mixture has a pH value of no greater than 2.5. 10. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in 1 wherein the at least one silicate compound comprises a potassium silicate compound. 11. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 1 wherein the at least one chromium forming compound comprises a trivalent chromium forming compound. 12. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 11 wherein the trivalent chromium forming compound is selected from the group consisting of chromium chloride hydrate, chromium (III) potassium sulfate, chromium hydroxide, chromium (III) fluoride, chromium (III) sulfate, chromium (III) sulfide, chromium (III) oxide, chromium (III) 2-ethylhexanoate, chromium (III) nitride, chromium tricarbonyl and mixtures thereof. 13. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 1 wherein the at least one chromium forming compound comprises a hexavalent chromium forming compound. 14. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 13 wherein the hexavalent chromium forming compound is selected from the group consisting of chromium (VI) halides, hexafluoride, chromyl chloride, sodium chromate, chromium (VI) peroxide, sodium chromate, chromium (VI) oxide, dichromate, potassium chromate, calcium chromate, barium chromate, chromium (VI) oxide peroxide, and mixtures thereof. 15. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 1 wherein the step of applying the coating mixture comprises rolling the coating mixture onto the metal component surface. 16. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 1 wherein the step of applying the coating mixture comprises spraying the coating mixture onto the metal component surface. 17. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 1 wherein the step of applying the coating mixture comprises submersing at least a portion of the metal substrate with a zinc or zinc-alloy surface into a bath of the coating mixture. 18. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 1 wherein the step of applying the coating mixture solution further comprises filling any voids in the zinc or zinc-alloy surface with the coating mixture solution. 19. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 1 wherein the coating provides electrical conductivity. 20. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 1 wherein the coating is water-repellant. 21. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 1 wherein the coating provides an enhanced surface for a zinc or zinc-alloy coated metal component for adhesion to paints. 22. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 1 wherein the coating is self-healing. 23. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component comprising the steps of:
combining water, at least one zinc phosphate forming compound and at least one chromium forming compound to form a first solution; separately combining at least one silicate compound with water to form a second solution; combining the first solution with the second solution such as to form a coating mixture; and applying the coating mixture to a metal substrate having a zinc or zinc-alloy surface to form a coating on the metal substrate that reacts with the zinc or zinc-alloy surface of the metal substrate forming a covalent bond with the zinc or zinc-alloy surface, and the coating providing chemical resistance for at least 150 hours in accordance with ASTM B117 standards where the zinc or zinc-alloy coating of the metal substrate has a weight of 0.04 oz/ft2 (12.20 g/m2). 24. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 23, further comprising the step of heating the coated metal substrate to further the reaction between the applied coating mixture and the surface of the substrate. 25. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 23 wherein the zinc or zinc-alloy surface is selected from the group consisting of zinc, zinc alloy, zinc-aluminum alloy, zinc-iron alloy, zinc-aluminum-magnesium alloy and combinations thereof. 26. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 23 wherein the first solution comprises:
not less than 4 and not more than 27 percent by weight of the at least one zinc phosphate forming compound;
not less than 5 and not more than 27 percent by weight of the at least one chromium forming compound; and
balance water. 27. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 23 wherein the first solution comprises:
not less than 5 and not more than 27 percent by weight of the at least one zinc phosphate forming compound;
not less than 5 and not more than 27 percent by weight of the at least one chromium forming compound; and
balance water. 28. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 23 wherein the second solution comprises:
not less than 10 and not more than 50 percent by weight of at least one silicate compound; and
balance water. 29. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 23, wherein the coating mixture comprises:
not less than 20 and not more than 95 percent by weight of the first solution; not less than 5 and not more than 12 percent by weight of the second solution; and balance water. 30. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in 23 wherein the at least one silicate compound comprises a potassium silicate compound. 31. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 23 wherein the coating mixture has a pH value of no greater than 2.5. 32. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 23 wherein the at least one chromium forming compound comprises a trivalent chromium forming compound. 33. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 32 wherein the trivalent chromium forming compound is selected from the group consisting of chromium chloride hydrate, chromium (III) potassium sulfate, chromium hydroxide, chromium (III) fluoride, chromium (III) sulfate, chromium (III) sulfide, chromium (III) oxide, chromium (III) 2-ethylhexanoate, chromium (III) nitride, chromium tricarbonyl and mixtures thereof. 34. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 23 wherein the at least one chromium forming compound comprises a hexavalent chromium forming compound. 35. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 34 wherein the hexavalent chromium forming compound is selected from the group consisting of chromium (VI) halides, hexafluoride, chromyl chloride, sodium chromate, chromium (VI) peroxide, sodium chromate, chromium (VI) oxide, dichromate, potassium chromate, calcium chromate, barium chromate, chromium (VI) oxide peroxide, and mixtures thereof. 36. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 23 wherein the step of applying the coating mixture comprises rolling the coating mixture onto the metal component surface. 37. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 23 wherein the step of applying the coating mixture comprises spraying the coating mixture onto the metal component surface. 38. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 23 wherein the step of applying the coating mixture comprises submersing at least a portion of the metal substrate with a zinc or zinc-alloy surface into a bath of the coating mixture. 39. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 23 wherein the step of applying the coating mixture solution further comprises filling any voids in the zinc or zinc-alloy surface with the coating mixture solution. 40. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 23 wherein the coating provides electrical conductivity. 41. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 23 wherein the coating is water-repellant. 42. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 23 wherein the coating provides an enhanced surface for a zinc or zinc-alloy coated metal component for adhesion to paints. 43. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component as claimed in claim 23 wherein the coating is self-healing. 44. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating comprising the steps of:
combining water, at least one zinc phosphate forming compound and at least one chromium forming compound to form a first solution; separately combining at least one silicate compound with water to form a second solution; combining the first solution with the second solution such as to form a mixed aqueous solution; combining the mixed aqueous solution with at least one acrylic resin to form a coating mixture; and applying the coating mixture to a metal substrate having a zinc or zinc-alloy surface to form a coating on the metal substrate that reacts with the zinc or zinc-alloy surface of the metal substrate forming a covalent bond with the zinc or zinc-alloy surface, and the coating providing chemical resistance for at least 150 hours in accordance with ASTM B117 standards where the zinc or zinc-alloy coating of the metal substrate has a weight of 0.04 oz/ft2 (12.20 g/m2). 45. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 44, further comprising the step of heating the coated metal substrate to further the reaction between the applied coating mixture and the surface of the metal substrate. 46. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 44, wherein the zinc or zinc-alloy surface is selected from the group consisting of zinc, zinc alloy, zinc-aluminum alloy, zinc-iron alloy, zinc-aluminum-magnesium alloy and combinations thereof. 47. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 44, wherein the first solution comprises:
not less than 4 and not more than 27 percent by weight of the at least one zinc phosphate forming compound; not less than 5 and not more than 27 percent by weight of the at least one chromium forming compound; and balance water. 48. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 44, wherein the first solution comprises:
not less than 5 and not more than 27 percent by weight of the at least one zinc phosphate forming compound; not less than 5 and not more than 27 percent by weight of the at least one chromium forming compound; and balance water. 49. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 44 wherein the second solution comprises:
not less than 10 and not more than 50 percent by weight of at least one silicate compound; and
balance water. 50. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 44, wherein the coating mixture comprises:
not less than 20 and not more than 95 percent by weight of the first solution; not less than 5 and not more than 12 percent by weight of the second solution; not less than 5 and not more than 30 percent by weight of the at least one acrylic resin; and balance water. 51. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 44 wherein the at least one acrylic resin has a pH value of no greater than 3.5. 52. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 44 wherein the coating mixture has a pH value of no greater than 2.5. 53. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in 44 wherein the at least one silicate compound comprises a potassium silicate compound. 54. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 44 wherein the at least one chromium forming compound comprises a trivalent chromium forming compound. 55. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 54 wherein the trivalent chromium forming compound is selected from the group consisting of chromium chloride hydrate, chromium (III) potassium sulfate, chromium hydroxide, chromium (III) fluoride, chromium (III) sulfate, chromium (III) sulfide, chromium (III) oxide, chromium (III) 2-ethylhexanoate, chromium (III) nitride, chromium tricarbonyl and mixtures thereof. 56. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 44 wherein the at least one chromium forming compound comprises a hexavalent chromium forming compound. 57. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 56 wherein the hexavalent chromium forming compound is selected from the group consisting of chromium (VI) halides, hexafluoride, chromyl chloride, sodium chromate, chromium (VI) peroxide, sodium chromate, chromium (VI) oxide, dichromate, potassium chromate, calcium chromate, barium chromate, chromium (VI) oxide peroxide, and mixtures thereof. 58. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 44 wherein the step of applying the coating mixture comprises rolling the coating mixture onto the metal component surface. 59. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 44 wherein the step of applying the coating mixture comprises spraying the coating mixture onto the metal component surface. 60. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 44 wherein the step of applying the coating mixture comprises submersing at least a portion of the metal substrate with a zinc or zinc-alloy surface into a bath of the coating mixture. 61. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 44 wherein the step of applying the coating mixture solution further comprises filling any voids in the zinc or zinc-alloy surface with the coating mixture solution. 62. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 44 wherein the corrosion-resistant metal component coating provides electrical conductivity. 63. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 44 wherein the corrosion-resistant metal component coating is water-repellant. 64. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 44 wherein the corrosion-resistant metal component coating provides an enhanced surface for a zinc or zinc-alloy coated metal component for adhesion to paints. 65. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 44 wherein the corrosion-resistant metal component coating is self-healing. 66. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating comprising the steps of:
combining water, at least one zinc phosphate forming compound and at least one chromium forming compound to form a first solution; separately combining at least one silicate compound with water to form a second solution; combining the first solution with the second solution such as to form a coating mixture; and applying the coating mixture to a metal substrate having a zinc or zinc-alloy surface to form a coating on the metal substrate that reacts with the zinc or zinc-alloy surface of the metal substrate forming a covalent bond with the zinc or zinc-alloy surface, and the coating providing chemical resistance for at least 150 hours in accordance with ASTM B117 standards where the zinc or zinc-alloy coating of the metal substrate has a weight of 0.04 oz/ft2 (12.20 g/m2). 67. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 66, further comprising the step of heating the coated metal substrate to further the reaction between the applied coating mixture and the surface of the metal substrate. 68. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 66, wherein the zinc or zinc-alloy surface is selected from the group consisting of zinc, zinc alloy, zinc-aluminum alloy, zinc-iron alloy, zinc-aluminum-magnesium alloy and combinations thereof. 69. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 66, wherein the first solution comprises:
not less than 4 and not more than 27 percent by weight of the at least one zinc phosphate forming compound; not less than 5 and not more than 27 percent by weight of the at least one chromium forming compound; and balance water. 70. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 66, wherein the first solution comprises:
not less than 5 and not more than 27 percent by weight of the at least one zinc phosphate forming compound; not less than 5 and not more than 27 percent by weight of the at least one chromium forming compound; and balance water. 71. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 66 wherein the second solution comprises:
not less than 10 and not more than 50 percent by weight of at least one silicate compound; and
balance water. 72. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 66, wherein the coating mixture comprises:
not less than 20 and not more than 95 percent by weight of the first solution; not less than 5 and not more than 12 percent by weight of the second solution; and balance water. 73. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 66 wherein the coating mixture has a pH value of no greater than 2.5. 74. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in 66 wherein the at least one silicate compound comprises a potassium silicate compound. 75. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 66 wherein the at least one chromium forming compound comprises a trivalent chromium forming compound. 76. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 75 wherein the trivalent chromium forming compound is selected from the group consisting of chromium chloride hydrate, chromium (III) potassium sulfate, chromium hydroxide, chromium (III) fluoride, chromium (III) sulfate, chromium (III) sulfide, chromium (III) oxide, chromium (III) 2-ethylhexanoate, chromium (III) nitride, chromium tricarbonyl and mixtures thereof. 77. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 66 wherein the at least one chromium forming compound comprises a hexavalent chromium forming compound. 78. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 77 wherein the hexavalent chromium forming compound is selected from the group consisting of chromium (VI) halides, hexafluoride, chromyl chloride, sodium chromate, chromium (VI) peroxide, sodium chromate, chromium (VI) oxide, dichromate, potassium chromate, calcium chromate, barium chromate, chromium (VI) oxide peroxide, and mixtures thereof. 79. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 66 wherein the step of applying the coating mixture comprises rolling the coating mixture onto the metal component surface. 80. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 66 wherein the step of applying the coating mixture comprises spraying the coating mixture onto the metal component surface. 81. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 66 wherein the step of applying the coating mixture comprises submersing at least a portion of the metal substrate with a zinc or zinc-alloy surface into a bath of the coating mixture. 82. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 66 wherein the step of applying the coating mixture solution further comprises filling any voids in the zinc or zinc-alloy surface with the coating mixture solution. 83. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 66 wherein the step of applying the coating mixture solution further comprises filling any voids in the zinc or zinc-alloy surface with the coating mixture solution. 84. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 66 wherein the corrosion-resistant metal component coating provides electrical conductivity. 85. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 66 wherein the corrosion-resistant metal component coating is water-repellant. 86. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 66 wherein the corrosion-resistant metal component coating provides an enhanced surface for a zinc or zinc-alloy coated metal component for adhesion to paints. 87. A process for making a corrosion-resistant metal component coating as claimed in claim 66 wherein the corrosion-resistant metal component coating is self-healing. | 1,700 |
3,698 | 15,322,655 | 1,792 | Meat crisps and methods of producing the crisps are provided. The meat crisp is a crunchy meat product comprised of at least ground meat or whole muscle meat pieces. Generally the meat is dehydrated and the crunchy meat crisp has a water activity (A w ) of about 0.3 to about 0.6. The meat crisp also may have a moisture percentage of about 4.5% to about 15%, a crisp thickness of about 0.025-in. to about 0.25-in., and a crispness value of less than 731 kg·seconds such that the meat crisp has an appearance, texture, flavor, eating quality, and/or mouth feel similar to other snack chips such as potato or corn chips. The meat crisp may be produced by slicing a cooked meat log and then dehydrating the cooked slice. Alternatively, the meat crisp may be produced by forming thin raw meat films or sheets that are subsequently cooked and dehydrated. | 1. A meat crisp product comprising:
a crunchy meat crisp comprised of at least a ground meat, the ground meat being dehydrated and having a water activity (Aw) in a range of about 0.3 to about 0.6, a moisture percentage in a range of about 4.5% to about 15%, a crisp thickness in a range of about 0.025-in. (about 0.635 mm) to about 0.25-in. (about 6.35 mm), and a crispness value of less than about 731 kg·seconds. 2. The meat crisp product of claim 1 wherein the water activity is about 0.4 to about 0.55. 3. The meat crisp product of claim 1 wherein the moisture percentage is about 4.5% to about 12%. 4. The meat crisp product of claim 1 wherein the crisp thickness is about 0.02-in. (about 0.508 mm) to about 0.04-in. (about 1.016 mm). 5. The meat crisp product of claim 1 further comprising the meat crisp having a fat percentage about 6% to about 30%. 6. (canceled) 7. The meat crisp product of claim 1 further comprising the meat crisp having a protein percentage of about 40% to about 75% . 8. (canceled) 9. (canceled) 10. (canceled) 11. The meat crisp product of claim 1 further comprising the meat crisp having a pH of about 4.75 to about 6.5. 12. (canceled) 13. The meat crisp product of claim 1 wherein the meat crisp is prepared from a raw meat mixture including the ground meat having a particle size in a range of about 0.0625-in. (about 1.59 mm) to about 0.5-in. (about 12.7 mm). 14. The meat crisp product of claim 13 wherein the particle size is about 0.078-in. (about 1.98 mm) to about 0.188-in. (about 4.78 mm). 15. (canceled) 16. The meat crisp product of claim 13 wherein the raw meat mixture comprises about 60% to about 95% of raw meat, added water of about 5% to about 30%, and added, non-water ingredients of less than about 10% of the raw meat mixture. 17. The meat crisp product of claim 1 wherein the crispness value of the crunchy meat crisp is less than about 500 kg·seconds. 18. (canceled) 19. The meat crisp product of claim 16 wherein the raw meat mixture comprises about 30% added water, about 5% added, non-meat ingredients, and about 65% meat product. 20. The meat crisp product of any of claims 16 wherein the raw meat mixture comprises about 5% added water, about 2% added, non-meat ingredients, and about 93% meat product. 21. A meat crisp product comprising:
a crunchy meat crisp comprised of meat including at least one of a whole muscle meat product or a whole muscle meat batter, the meat being dehydrated and having a water activity in a range of about 0.3 to about 0.6, a moisture percentage in a range of about 5% to about 15%, a crisp thickness in a range of about 0.025-in. (about 0.635 mm) to about 0.25-in. (about 6.35 mm), and a crispness value of less than about 731 kg·seconds. 22. The meat crisp product of claim 21 wherein the water activity is about 0.4 to about 0.55. 23. The meat crisp product of claim 21 wherein the moisture percentage is about 4.5% to about 12%. 24. The meat crisp product of claim 21 wherein the crisp thickness is about 0.02-in. (about 0.508 mm) to about 0.04-in. (about 1.016 mm). 25. The meat crisp product of claim 21 further comprising the meat crisp having a fat percentage of about 6% to about 30%. 26. (canceled) 27. The meat crisp product of claim 21 further comprising the meat crisp having a protein percentage of about 40% to about 75% . 28. (canceled) 29. (canceled) 30. (canceled) 31. (canceled) 32. (canceled) 33. The meat crisp product of claim 21 wherein the meat crisp is prepared from a raw meat mixture including whole muscle meat portions having a piece size of about 0.5-in. (about 12.7 mm) to about 1.0-in. (about 25.4 mm). 34. (canceled) 35. (canceled) 36. (canceled) 37. (canceled) 38. (canceled) 39. (canceled) 40. (canceled) 41. (canceled) 42. (canceled) 43. (canceled) 44. (canceled) 45. (canceled) 46. (canceled) 47. (canceled) 48. (canceled) 49. (canceled) 50. (canceled) | Meat crisps and methods of producing the crisps are provided. The meat crisp is a crunchy meat product comprised of at least ground meat or whole muscle meat pieces. Generally the meat is dehydrated and the crunchy meat crisp has a water activity (A w ) of about 0.3 to about 0.6. The meat crisp also may have a moisture percentage of about 4.5% to about 15%, a crisp thickness of about 0.025-in. to about 0.25-in., and a crispness value of less than 731 kg·seconds such that the meat crisp has an appearance, texture, flavor, eating quality, and/or mouth feel similar to other snack chips such as potato or corn chips. The meat crisp may be produced by slicing a cooked meat log and then dehydrating the cooked slice. Alternatively, the meat crisp may be produced by forming thin raw meat films or sheets that are subsequently cooked and dehydrated.1. A meat crisp product comprising:
a crunchy meat crisp comprised of at least a ground meat, the ground meat being dehydrated and having a water activity (Aw) in a range of about 0.3 to about 0.6, a moisture percentage in a range of about 4.5% to about 15%, a crisp thickness in a range of about 0.025-in. (about 0.635 mm) to about 0.25-in. (about 6.35 mm), and a crispness value of less than about 731 kg·seconds. 2. The meat crisp product of claim 1 wherein the water activity is about 0.4 to about 0.55. 3. The meat crisp product of claim 1 wherein the moisture percentage is about 4.5% to about 12%. 4. The meat crisp product of claim 1 wherein the crisp thickness is about 0.02-in. (about 0.508 mm) to about 0.04-in. (about 1.016 mm). 5. The meat crisp product of claim 1 further comprising the meat crisp having a fat percentage about 6% to about 30%. 6. (canceled) 7. The meat crisp product of claim 1 further comprising the meat crisp having a protein percentage of about 40% to about 75% . 8. (canceled) 9. (canceled) 10. (canceled) 11. The meat crisp product of claim 1 further comprising the meat crisp having a pH of about 4.75 to about 6.5. 12. (canceled) 13. The meat crisp product of claim 1 wherein the meat crisp is prepared from a raw meat mixture including the ground meat having a particle size in a range of about 0.0625-in. (about 1.59 mm) to about 0.5-in. (about 12.7 mm). 14. The meat crisp product of claim 13 wherein the particle size is about 0.078-in. (about 1.98 mm) to about 0.188-in. (about 4.78 mm). 15. (canceled) 16. The meat crisp product of claim 13 wherein the raw meat mixture comprises about 60% to about 95% of raw meat, added water of about 5% to about 30%, and added, non-water ingredients of less than about 10% of the raw meat mixture. 17. The meat crisp product of claim 1 wherein the crispness value of the crunchy meat crisp is less than about 500 kg·seconds. 18. (canceled) 19. The meat crisp product of claim 16 wherein the raw meat mixture comprises about 30% added water, about 5% added, non-meat ingredients, and about 65% meat product. 20. The meat crisp product of any of claims 16 wherein the raw meat mixture comprises about 5% added water, about 2% added, non-meat ingredients, and about 93% meat product. 21. A meat crisp product comprising:
a crunchy meat crisp comprised of meat including at least one of a whole muscle meat product or a whole muscle meat batter, the meat being dehydrated and having a water activity in a range of about 0.3 to about 0.6, a moisture percentage in a range of about 5% to about 15%, a crisp thickness in a range of about 0.025-in. (about 0.635 mm) to about 0.25-in. (about 6.35 mm), and a crispness value of less than about 731 kg·seconds. 22. The meat crisp product of claim 21 wherein the water activity is about 0.4 to about 0.55. 23. The meat crisp product of claim 21 wherein the moisture percentage is about 4.5% to about 12%. 24. The meat crisp product of claim 21 wherein the crisp thickness is about 0.02-in. (about 0.508 mm) to about 0.04-in. (about 1.016 mm). 25. The meat crisp product of claim 21 further comprising the meat crisp having a fat percentage of about 6% to about 30%. 26. (canceled) 27. The meat crisp product of claim 21 further comprising the meat crisp having a protein percentage of about 40% to about 75% . 28. (canceled) 29. (canceled) 30. (canceled) 31. (canceled) 32. (canceled) 33. The meat crisp product of claim 21 wherein the meat crisp is prepared from a raw meat mixture including whole muscle meat portions having a piece size of about 0.5-in. (about 12.7 mm) to about 1.0-in. (about 25.4 mm). 34. (canceled) 35. (canceled) 36. (canceled) 37. (canceled) 38. (canceled) 39. (canceled) 40. (canceled) 41. (canceled) 42. (canceled) 43. (canceled) 44. (canceled) 45. (canceled) 46. (canceled) 47. (canceled) 48. (canceled) 49. (canceled) 50. (canceled) | 1,700 |
3,699 | 14,235,863 | 1,787 | An electrical steel sheet with an insulation coating excellent in punchability, coating adhesion property and coating film property after annealing, even without containing any chromium compound in the insulation coating. The insulation coating is formed by applying a surface-treatment agent to at least one side of the electrical steel sheet and drying the surface-treatment agent. The surface-treatment agent contains trialkoxysilane and/or dialkoxysilane (A) in which a substituent bound to Si is constituted only by at least one non-reactive substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an alkyl group, and a phenyl group; and a silane coupling agent (B), at a mass ratio (A/B) of 0.05 to 1.0. | 1. An electrical steel sheet with an insulation coating formed by applying a surface-treatment agent to at least one side of the electrical steel sheet and drying the surface-treatment agent,
wherein the surface-treatment agent contains trialkoxysilane and/or dialkoxysilane (A) in which a substituent bound to Si is constituted only by at least one non-reactive substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an alkyl group, and a phenyl group; and a silane coupling agent (B), at a mass ratio (A/B) of 0.05 to 1.0. 2. The electrical steel sheet with an insulation coating according to claim 1, wherein the surface-treatment agent contains plate-like silica (C) having an average particle size of 0.08 μm to 0.9 μm and an aspect ratio of 10 to 100, and the content of the plate-like silica is 2 mass % to 30 mass % with respect to a total solid content of the surface-treatment agent. 3. The electrical steel sheet with an insulation coating according to claim 2, wherein the plate-like silica (C) has an average particle size of 0.1 μm to 0.3 μm and an aspect ratio of 10 to 50. 4. The electrical steel sheet with an insulation coating according to claim 1, wherein the surface-treatment agent contains 0.5 mass % to 30 mass % of a lubricant (D) with respect to a total solid content of the surface-treatment agent. 5. The electrical steel sheet with an insulation coating according to claim 2, wherein the surface-treatment agent contains 0.5 mass % to 30 mass % of a lubricant (D) with respect to a total solid content of the surface-treatment agent. 6. The electrical steel sheet with an insulation coating according to claim 3, wherein the surface-treatment agent contains 0.5 mass % to 30 mass % of a lubricant (D) with respect to a total solid content of the surface-treatment agent. | An electrical steel sheet with an insulation coating excellent in punchability, coating adhesion property and coating film property after annealing, even without containing any chromium compound in the insulation coating. The insulation coating is formed by applying a surface-treatment agent to at least one side of the electrical steel sheet and drying the surface-treatment agent. The surface-treatment agent contains trialkoxysilane and/or dialkoxysilane (A) in which a substituent bound to Si is constituted only by at least one non-reactive substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an alkyl group, and a phenyl group; and a silane coupling agent (B), at a mass ratio (A/B) of 0.05 to 1.0.1. An electrical steel sheet with an insulation coating formed by applying a surface-treatment agent to at least one side of the electrical steel sheet and drying the surface-treatment agent,
wherein the surface-treatment agent contains trialkoxysilane and/or dialkoxysilane (A) in which a substituent bound to Si is constituted only by at least one non-reactive substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an alkyl group, and a phenyl group; and a silane coupling agent (B), at a mass ratio (A/B) of 0.05 to 1.0. 2. The electrical steel sheet with an insulation coating according to claim 1, wherein the surface-treatment agent contains plate-like silica (C) having an average particle size of 0.08 μm to 0.9 μm and an aspect ratio of 10 to 100, and the content of the plate-like silica is 2 mass % to 30 mass % with respect to a total solid content of the surface-treatment agent. 3. The electrical steel sheet with an insulation coating according to claim 2, wherein the plate-like silica (C) has an average particle size of 0.1 μm to 0.3 μm and an aspect ratio of 10 to 50. 4. The electrical steel sheet with an insulation coating according to claim 1, wherein the surface-treatment agent contains 0.5 mass % to 30 mass % of a lubricant (D) with respect to a total solid content of the surface-treatment agent. 5. The electrical steel sheet with an insulation coating according to claim 2, wherein the surface-treatment agent contains 0.5 mass % to 30 mass % of a lubricant (D) with respect to a total solid content of the surface-treatment agent. 6. The electrical steel sheet with an insulation coating according to claim 3, wherein the surface-treatment agent contains 0.5 mass % to 30 mass % of a lubricant (D) with respect to a total solid content of the surface-treatment agent. | 1,700 |
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