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3,700 | 15,297,270 | 1,718 | Methods for depositing film comprising exposing a substrate surface to an organic-based poisoning agent to preferentially inhibit film growth at the top of a feature relative to the bottom of the feature and depositing a film. The substrate can be exposed to the poisoning agent any number of times to promote bottom-up growth of the film in the feature. | 1. A processing method comprising:
exposing a substrate surface having at least one feature thereon to an organic-based poisoning agent comprising an inhibitor to preferentially poison a top of the feature relative to a bottom of the feature; and depositing a film in the feature in a bottom-up manner. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein depositing the film in the feature comprises sequentially exposing the substrate surface to a precursor and a reactant. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein exposing the substrate surface to the poisoning agent occurs before each exposure to the precursor. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate surface is exposed to the poisoning agent after depositing a film with a thickness in the range of about 10 Å to about 50 Å. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the poisoning agent comprises a plasma. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the plasma comprises one or more of NH3, N2, Ar, H2O, CO2, N2O, H2 and/or hydrazine. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the poisoning agent is introduced into a plasma. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the poisoning agent is introduced into the plasma in a sub-saturative amount. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the organic-based poisoning agent comprises one or more of hydrazine, water, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, alkyls, amines, alkenes, epoxides, polyamines and/or alcohols. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the organic-based poisoning agent thermally reacts with the surface. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the organic-based poisoning agent is introduced in a small amount to react preferentially with the top of the feature. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the feature has an aspect ratio greater than or equal to 10:1. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising repeating the exposure to the organic-based poisoning agent and the film deposition to fill the feature. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the film deposited in the feature has a wet etch rate ratio less than 2. 15. A processing method comprising:
positioning a substrate surface in a processing chamber, the substrate surface having at least one feature thereon, the at least one feature creating a gap with a bottom, top and sidewalls; exposing the substrate surface to an organic-based poisoning agent to preferentially inhibit film growth at the top of the feature relative to a bottom of the feature; sequentially exposing the substrate surface to a precursor and a reactant to deposit a layer in the gap; and repeating exposure to the precursor and reactant to fill the gap of the feature in a bottom-up manner. 16. The processing method of claim 15, wherein the organic-based poisoning agent comprises a plasma. 17. The processing method of claim 16, wherein the plasma is a directional plasma. 18. The processing method of claim 15, wherein poisoning the substrate occurs after sequentially exposing the substrate to the precursor and the reactant in the range of two to about 10 times. 19. The processing method of claim 15, wherein the substrate surface is exposed to the organic-based poisoning agent prior to each exposure to the precursor. 20. A processing method comprising:
placing a substrate having a substrate surface into a processing chamber comprising a plurality of sections, each section separated from adjacent sections by a gas curtain, the substrate surface having at least one feature with a top, bottom and sides and an aspect ratio greater than or equal to 10:1; exposing at least a portion of the substrate surface to a first process condition in a first section of the processing chamber, the first process condition comprising an organic-based poisoning agent to preferentially inhibit film growth at the top of the feature relative to the bottom of the feature; laterally moving the substrate surface through a gas curtain to a second section of the processing chamber; exposing the substrate surface to a second process condition in the second section of the processing chamber, the second process condition comprising silicon precursor; laterally moving the substrate surface through a gas curtain to a third section of the processing chamber; exposing the substrate surface to a third process condition in the third section of the processing chamber, the third process condition comprising an oxygen-containing reactant to form a SiO2 film; and repeating exposure to the first section, second section and third section including lateral movement of the substrate surface to fill the feature. | Methods for depositing film comprising exposing a substrate surface to an organic-based poisoning agent to preferentially inhibit film growth at the top of a feature relative to the bottom of the feature and depositing a film. The substrate can be exposed to the poisoning agent any number of times to promote bottom-up growth of the film in the feature.1. A processing method comprising:
exposing a substrate surface having at least one feature thereon to an organic-based poisoning agent comprising an inhibitor to preferentially poison a top of the feature relative to a bottom of the feature; and depositing a film in the feature in a bottom-up manner. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein depositing the film in the feature comprises sequentially exposing the substrate surface to a precursor and a reactant. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein exposing the substrate surface to the poisoning agent occurs before each exposure to the precursor. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate surface is exposed to the poisoning agent after depositing a film with a thickness in the range of about 10 Å to about 50 Å. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the poisoning agent comprises a plasma. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the plasma comprises one or more of NH3, N2, Ar, H2O, CO2, N2O, H2 and/or hydrazine. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the poisoning agent is introduced into a plasma. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the poisoning agent is introduced into the plasma in a sub-saturative amount. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the organic-based poisoning agent comprises one or more of hydrazine, water, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, alkyls, amines, alkenes, epoxides, polyamines and/or alcohols. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the organic-based poisoning agent thermally reacts with the surface. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the organic-based poisoning agent is introduced in a small amount to react preferentially with the top of the feature. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the feature has an aspect ratio greater than or equal to 10:1. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising repeating the exposure to the organic-based poisoning agent and the film deposition to fill the feature. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the film deposited in the feature has a wet etch rate ratio less than 2. 15. A processing method comprising:
positioning a substrate surface in a processing chamber, the substrate surface having at least one feature thereon, the at least one feature creating a gap with a bottom, top and sidewalls; exposing the substrate surface to an organic-based poisoning agent to preferentially inhibit film growth at the top of the feature relative to a bottom of the feature; sequentially exposing the substrate surface to a precursor and a reactant to deposit a layer in the gap; and repeating exposure to the precursor and reactant to fill the gap of the feature in a bottom-up manner. 16. The processing method of claim 15, wherein the organic-based poisoning agent comprises a plasma. 17. The processing method of claim 16, wherein the plasma is a directional plasma. 18. The processing method of claim 15, wherein poisoning the substrate occurs after sequentially exposing the substrate to the precursor and the reactant in the range of two to about 10 times. 19. The processing method of claim 15, wherein the substrate surface is exposed to the organic-based poisoning agent prior to each exposure to the precursor. 20. A processing method comprising:
placing a substrate having a substrate surface into a processing chamber comprising a plurality of sections, each section separated from adjacent sections by a gas curtain, the substrate surface having at least one feature with a top, bottom and sides and an aspect ratio greater than or equal to 10:1; exposing at least a portion of the substrate surface to a first process condition in a first section of the processing chamber, the first process condition comprising an organic-based poisoning agent to preferentially inhibit film growth at the top of the feature relative to the bottom of the feature; laterally moving the substrate surface through a gas curtain to a second section of the processing chamber; exposing the substrate surface to a second process condition in the second section of the processing chamber, the second process condition comprising silicon precursor; laterally moving the substrate surface through a gas curtain to a third section of the processing chamber; exposing the substrate surface to a third process condition in the third section of the processing chamber, the third process condition comprising an oxygen-containing reactant to form a SiO2 film; and repeating exposure to the first section, second section and third section including lateral movement of the substrate surface to fill the feature. | 1,700 |
3,701 | 15,198,698 | 1,797 | A wet cell apparatus is provided and includes a sensor body defining a nano-pore by which respective cell interiors are fluidly communicative and a scanning probe microscope (SPM) tip. The SPM tip is configured to draw a molecule through the nano-pore from one of the respective cell interiors whereby sensing components of the sensor body identify molecule components as the molecule passes through the nano-pore. | 1. A wet cell apparatus, comprising:
a sensor body defining a nano-pore by which respective cell interiors are fluidly communicative; and a scanning probe microscope (SPM) tip configured to draw a molecule through the nano-pore from one of the respective cell interiors whereby sensing components of the sensor body identify molecule components as the molecule passes through the nano-pore. 2. The wet cell apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the molecule comprises a DNA strand, an RNA strand or a macro-molecule and the SPM tip has a chemical affinity with the molecule. 3. The wet cell apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the sensing components identify bases of the molecule. 4. The wet cell apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the nano-pore is provided as a plurality of nano-pores and the SPM tip is provided as one or more SPM tips that are configured to draw a molecule through each of the plurality of nano-pores. 5. The wet cell apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the sensor body comprises a multi-level body formed of dielectric material. 6. The wet cell apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the sensing components comprise:
electrodes disposed proximate to the nano-pore; a ground element disposed about the nano-pore; and electrical elements electrically communicative with the electrodes and the ground ring to sense characteristics of the molecule components. 7. The wet cell apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the electrodes comprise multiple electrodes at multiple levels of the sensor body and the ground element comprises a ground ring surrounding the nano-pore. 8. The wet cell apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the electrodes comprise taps extending into the nano-pore. 9. The wet cell apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the SPM tip comprises:
a cantilever beam; and a tapered tip, which is orthogonally coupled to a distal end of the cantilever beam and which has an affinity with the molecule. 10. The wet cell apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a controller coupled to the SPM tip and configured to control a position of the SPM tip. 11. A wet cell apparatus, comprising:
lower and upper cells; a sensor body formed to define a nano-pore disposed to permit fluid communication between respective interiors of the lower and upper cells; and a scanning probe microscope (SPM) tip configured to draw a molecule from the interior of the lower cell into the interior of the upper cell through the nano-pore, the sensor body comprising sensing components configured to identify components of the molecule as the molecule passes through the nano-pore. 12. The wet cell apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the molecule comprises a DNA strand, an RNA strand or a macro-molecule and the SPM tip has a chemical affinity with the molecule. 13. The wet cell apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the sensing components identify bases of the molecule. 14. The wet cell apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the nano-pore is provided as a plurality of nano-pores and the SPM tip is provided as one or more SPM tips that are configured to draw a molecule through each of the plurality of nano-pores. 15. The wet cell apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the sensor body comprises a multi-level body formed of dielectric material. 16. The wet cell apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the sensing components comprise:
electrodes disposed proximate to the nano-pore; a ground element disposed about the nano-pore; and electrical elements electrically communicative with the electrodes and the ground ring to sense characteristics of the components of the molecule. 17. The wet cell apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the electrodes comprise multiple electrodes at multiple levels of the sensor body and the ground element comprises a ground ring surrounding the nano-pore. 18. The wet cell apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the electrodes comprise taps extending into the nano-pore. 19. The wet cell apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the SPM tip comprises:
a cantilever beam; and a tapered tip, which is orthogonally coupled to a distal end of the cantilever beam and which has an affinity with the molecule. 20. A method of operating a wet cell apparatus comprising lower and upper cells disposed on either side of a sensor body comprising sensing components and defining a nano-pore with respective interiors of the lower and upper cells charged with a fluid and the interior of the lower cell initially charged with molecules, the method comprising:
controlling a scanning probe microscope (SPM) tip to draw at least one of the molecules from the interior of the lower cell into the interior of the upper cell through the nano-pore; and identifying components of the molecule as the molecule passes through the nano-pore and interacts with the sensing components. | A wet cell apparatus is provided and includes a sensor body defining a nano-pore by which respective cell interiors are fluidly communicative and a scanning probe microscope (SPM) tip. The SPM tip is configured to draw a molecule through the nano-pore from one of the respective cell interiors whereby sensing components of the sensor body identify molecule components as the molecule passes through the nano-pore.1. A wet cell apparatus, comprising:
a sensor body defining a nano-pore by which respective cell interiors are fluidly communicative; and a scanning probe microscope (SPM) tip configured to draw a molecule through the nano-pore from one of the respective cell interiors whereby sensing components of the sensor body identify molecule components as the molecule passes through the nano-pore. 2. The wet cell apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the molecule comprises a DNA strand, an RNA strand or a macro-molecule and the SPM tip has a chemical affinity with the molecule. 3. The wet cell apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the sensing components identify bases of the molecule. 4. The wet cell apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the nano-pore is provided as a plurality of nano-pores and the SPM tip is provided as one or more SPM tips that are configured to draw a molecule through each of the plurality of nano-pores. 5. The wet cell apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the sensor body comprises a multi-level body formed of dielectric material. 6. The wet cell apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the sensing components comprise:
electrodes disposed proximate to the nano-pore; a ground element disposed about the nano-pore; and electrical elements electrically communicative with the electrodes and the ground ring to sense characteristics of the molecule components. 7. The wet cell apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the electrodes comprise multiple electrodes at multiple levels of the sensor body and the ground element comprises a ground ring surrounding the nano-pore. 8. The wet cell apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the electrodes comprise taps extending into the nano-pore. 9. The wet cell apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the SPM tip comprises:
a cantilever beam; and a tapered tip, which is orthogonally coupled to a distal end of the cantilever beam and which has an affinity with the molecule. 10. The wet cell apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a controller coupled to the SPM tip and configured to control a position of the SPM tip. 11. A wet cell apparatus, comprising:
lower and upper cells; a sensor body formed to define a nano-pore disposed to permit fluid communication between respective interiors of the lower and upper cells; and a scanning probe microscope (SPM) tip configured to draw a molecule from the interior of the lower cell into the interior of the upper cell through the nano-pore, the sensor body comprising sensing components configured to identify components of the molecule as the molecule passes through the nano-pore. 12. The wet cell apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the molecule comprises a DNA strand, an RNA strand or a macro-molecule and the SPM tip has a chemical affinity with the molecule. 13. The wet cell apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the sensing components identify bases of the molecule. 14. The wet cell apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the nano-pore is provided as a plurality of nano-pores and the SPM tip is provided as one or more SPM tips that are configured to draw a molecule through each of the plurality of nano-pores. 15. The wet cell apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the sensor body comprises a multi-level body formed of dielectric material. 16. The wet cell apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the sensing components comprise:
electrodes disposed proximate to the nano-pore; a ground element disposed about the nano-pore; and electrical elements electrically communicative with the electrodes and the ground ring to sense characteristics of the components of the molecule. 17. The wet cell apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the electrodes comprise multiple electrodes at multiple levels of the sensor body and the ground element comprises a ground ring surrounding the nano-pore. 18. The wet cell apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the electrodes comprise taps extending into the nano-pore. 19. The wet cell apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the SPM tip comprises:
a cantilever beam; and a tapered tip, which is orthogonally coupled to a distal end of the cantilever beam and which has an affinity with the molecule. 20. A method of operating a wet cell apparatus comprising lower and upper cells disposed on either side of a sensor body comprising sensing components and defining a nano-pore with respective interiors of the lower and upper cells charged with a fluid and the interior of the lower cell initially charged with molecules, the method comprising:
controlling a scanning probe microscope (SPM) tip to draw at least one of the molecules from the interior of the lower cell into the interior of the upper cell through the nano-pore; and identifying components of the molecule as the molecule passes through the nano-pore and interacts with the sensing components. | 1,700 |
3,702 | 15,006,094 | 1,729 | An exemplary battery assembly includes an endwall, an endplate, and a flange secured within a recess to secure the endwall relative to the endplate. One of the endwall or the endplate provides the flange, and the other of the endwall or the endplate provides the recess. | 1. A battery assembly, comprising:
an endwall; an endplate; and a flange secured within a recess to secure the endwall relative to the endplate, one of the endwall or the endplate providing the flange, the other of the endwall or the endplate providing the recess. 2. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein the endwall provides the recess and the endplate provides the flange. 3. The battery assembly of claim 1, further comprising a fastener that secures the flange within the recess of the endplate or the endwall, the fastener extending from the flange through an open bore within the other of the endwall or the endplate. 4. The battery assembly of claim 3, wherein the fastener holds a cover or a tray of a battery pack enclosure against the endwall. 5. The battery assembly of claim 3, wherein the fastener is threadably secured directly to the flange. 6. The battery assembly of claim 3, wherein the fastener is threadably secured directly to a threaded bore within the other of the endwall or the endplate. 7. The battery assembly of claim 3, wherein the fastener extends through an aperture in the flange from a first side of the flange to an opposite, second side of the flange. 8. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein the endwall is part of a battery enclosure, and the endplate is a first endplate that sandwiches an array of battery cells together with a second endplate to provide a battery array, wherein the battery enclosure provides an open area to receive the battery array. 9. The battery assembly of claim 8, wherein the battery enclosure holds the battery array and a plurality of other battery arrays. 10. A method of securing a battery array within a battery pack enclosure, comprising:
securing a flange within a recess, wherein an endplate of the battery array provides one of the flange or the recess, and an endwall of the battery pack enclosure provides the other of the flange or the recess. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the endwall provides the recess and the endplate provides the flange. 12. The method of claim 10, further comprising securing the flange using a fastener, and accessing the fastener during the securing from a position outside the battery pack enclosure. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising using the fastener to move the flange against a side of the recess during the securing. 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising threadably securing the fastener directly to the flange during the securing. 15. The method of claim 12, further comprising threadably securing the fastener to the endplate if the endplate provides the recess, and threadably securing the fastener to the endwall if the endwall provides the recess. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the fastener extends through an aperture in the flange from a first side of the flange to an opposite, second side of the flange. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the fastener extends through an open bore in the endwall if the recess is in the endwall, and the fastener extends through an open bore in the endplate if the recess is in the endplate. 18. The method of claim 10, further comprising securing a cover and a floor of the battery pack enclosure to the endwall prior to securing the flange within the recess. | An exemplary battery assembly includes an endwall, an endplate, and a flange secured within a recess to secure the endwall relative to the endplate. One of the endwall or the endplate provides the flange, and the other of the endwall or the endplate provides the recess.1. A battery assembly, comprising:
an endwall; an endplate; and a flange secured within a recess to secure the endwall relative to the endplate, one of the endwall or the endplate providing the flange, the other of the endwall or the endplate providing the recess. 2. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein the endwall provides the recess and the endplate provides the flange. 3. The battery assembly of claim 1, further comprising a fastener that secures the flange within the recess of the endplate or the endwall, the fastener extending from the flange through an open bore within the other of the endwall or the endplate. 4. The battery assembly of claim 3, wherein the fastener holds a cover or a tray of a battery pack enclosure against the endwall. 5. The battery assembly of claim 3, wherein the fastener is threadably secured directly to the flange. 6. The battery assembly of claim 3, wherein the fastener is threadably secured directly to a threaded bore within the other of the endwall or the endplate. 7. The battery assembly of claim 3, wherein the fastener extends through an aperture in the flange from a first side of the flange to an opposite, second side of the flange. 8. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein the endwall is part of a battery enclosure, and the endplate is a first endplate that sandwiches an array of battery cells together with a second endplate to provide a battery array, wherein the battery enclosure provides an open area to receive the battery array. 9. The battery assembly of claim 8, wherein the battery enclosure holds the battery array and a plurality of other battery arrays. 10. A method of securing a battery array within a battery pack enclosure, comprising:
securing a flange within a recess, wherein an endplate of the battery array provides one of the flange or the recess, and an endwall of the battery pack enclosure provides the other of the flange or the recess. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the endwall provides the recess and the endplate provides the flange. 12. The method of claim 10, further comprising securing the flange using a fastener, and accessing the fastener during the securing from a position outside the battery pack enclosure. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising using the fastener to move the flange against a side of the recess during the securing. 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising threadably securing the fastener directly to the flange during the securing. 15. The method of claim 12, further comprising threadably securing the fastener to the endplate if the endplate provides the recess, and threadably securing the fastener to the endwall if the endwall provides the recess. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the fastener extends through an aperture in the flange from a first side of the flange to an opposite, second side of the flange. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the fastener extends through an open bore in the endwall if the recess is in the endwall, and the fastener extends through an open bore in the endplate if the recess is in the endplate. 18. The method of claim 10, further comprising securing a cover and a floor of the battery pack enclosure to the endwall prior to securing the flange within the recess. | 1,700 |
3,703 | 15,108,766 | 1,788 | A process for forming a composite sandwich panel assembly is provided that includes positioning a top sheet and a bottom sheet on opposing sides of an open pore matrix core. The top sheet, bottom sheet, and core are exposed to a heat source with the application of a clamping pressure to the top and the bottom sheet. The heat source is then removed and the clamping pressure maintained for a period of time. The clamping pressure is removed when the top sheet, bottom sheet, and core have cooled and fused together. An assembly formed by such a process is also provided. | 1. A process for forming a composite sandwich panel assembly, said method comprising:
positioning a top sheet and a bottom sheet on opposing sides of an open pore matrix core, at least one of said top sheet, said bottom sheet, and said core comprising fibers; exposing said top sheet, said bottom sheet, and said core to a heat source; applying a clamping pressure to said top and said bottom sheet; removing the heat source and maintaining the clamping pressure; and removing the clamping pressure when said top sheet, said bottom sheet, and said core have cooled and fused together, said top sheet, said bottom sheet, and said core are all made of thermoplastic polymer material. 2. The process of claim 1 wherein said top sheet, said bottom sheet, and said core are all formed of the same thermoplastic polymer material. 3. The process of claim 1 wherein said fibers are at least one of glass, carbon, or other synthetic fibers. 4. The process of claim 1 wherein said fibers are natural fibers. 5. The process of claim 4 wherein said natural fibers are at least one of coconut fibers, bamboo fibers, sugar cane fibers, or banana skin fibers. 6. The process of claim 1 wherein said fibers are not oriented. 7. The process of claim 1 wherein said core is at least one of a pattern of honeycomb, diamonds, squares, triangles, parallelograms, or circles. 8. The process of claim 1 further comprising a phase change material is said core. 9. A composite sandwich panel assembly, said assembly comprising:
a top sheet and a bottom sheet fused to opposing sides of an open pore matrix core; and fibers in at least one of said top sheet, said bottom sheet, or said core; said top sheet, said bottom sheet, or said core are all made of the same thermoplastic polymer material. 10. The assembly of claim 9 wherein said thermoplastic polymer is at least one of a polypropylene, or a nylon material. 11. The assembly of claim 9 wherein at least one of said top sheet, said bottom sheet, or said core further comprise fibers. 12. The assembly of claim 11 wherein said fibers are at least one of glass, carbon, or other synthetic fibers. 13. The assembly of claim 11 wherein said fibers are natural fibers. 14. The assembly of claim 13 wherein said natural fibers are at least one of coconut fibers, bamboo fibers, sugar cane fibers, or banana skin fibers. 15. The assembly of claim 11 wherein said fibers are not oriented. 16. The assembly of claim 9 wherein said core is at least one of a pattern of honeycomb, diamonds, squares, triangles, parallelograms, or circles. 17. The assembly of claim 9 further comprising a phase change material within said core. | A process for forming a composite sandwich panel assembly is provided that includes positioning a top sheet and a bottom sheet on opposing sides of an open pore matrix core. The top sheet, bottom sheet, and core are exposed to a heat source with the application of a clamping pressure to the top and the bottom sheet. The heat source is then removed and the clamping pressure maintained for a period of time. The clamping pressure is removed when the top sheet, bottom sheet, and core have cooled and fused together. An assembly formed by such a process is also provided.1. A process for forming a composite sandwich panel assembly, said method comprising:
positioning a top sheet and a bottom sheet on opposing sides of an open pore matrix core, at least one of said top sheet, said bottom sheet, and said core comprising fibers; exposing said top sheet, said bottom sheet, and said core to a heat source; applying a clamping pressure to said top and said bottom sheet; removing the heat source and maintaining the clamping pressure; and removing the clamping pressure when said top sheet, said bottom sheet, and said core have cooled and fused together, said top sheet, said bottom sheet, and said core are all made of thermoplastic polymer material. 2. The process of claim 1 wherein said top sheet, said bottom sheet, and said core are all formed of the same thermoplastic polymer material. 3. The process of claim 1 wherein said fibers are at least one of glass, carbon, or other synthetic fibers. 4. The process of claim 1 wherein said fibers are natural fibers. 5. The process of claim 4 wherein said natural fibers are at least one of coconut fibers, bamboo fibers, sugar cane fibers, or banana skin fibers. 6. The process of claim 1 wherein said fibers are not oriented. 7. The process of claim 1 wherein said core is at least one of a pattern of honeycomb, diamonds, squares, triangles, parallelograms, or circles. 8. The process of claim 1 further comprising a phase change material is said core. 9. A composite sandwich panel assembly, said assembly comprising:
a top sheet and a bottom sheet fused to opposing sides of an open pore matrix core; and fibers in at least one of said top sheet, said bottom sheet, or said core; said top sheet, said bottom sheet, or said core are all made of the same thermoplastic polymer material. 10. The assembly of claim 9 wherein said thermoplastic polymer is at least one of a polypropylene, or a nylon material. 11. The assembly of claim 9 wherein at least one of said top sheet, said bottom sheet, or said core further comprise fibers. 12. The assembly of claim 11 wherein said fibers are at least one of glass, carbon, or other synthetic fibers. 13. The assembly of claim 11 wherein said fibers are natural fibers. 14. The assembly of claim 13 wherein said natural fibers are at least one of coconut fibers, bamboo fibers, sugar cane fibers, or banana skin fibers. 15. The assembly of claim 11 wherein said fibers are not oriented. 16. The assembly of claim 9 wherein said core is at least one of a pattern of honeycomb, diamonds, squares, triangles, parallelograms, or circles. 17. The assembly of claim 9 further comprising a phase change material within said core. | 1,700 |
3,704 | 15,485,763 | 1,783 | Provided is a graphite plate, consisting essentially of: graphite; and pores, wherein said graphite plate has a porosity from 1% to 30%. Further provided is a method for producing a graphite plate, including: applying welding pressure to at least one glass-like carbon material in a state in which said at least one glass-like carbon material is maintained in an inert atmosphere under heating conditions, to produce a graphite plate having a porosity from 1% to 30%. | 1. A graphite plate, consisting essentially of:
graphite; and pores, wherein said graphite plate has a porosity from 1% to 30%. 2. The graphite plate according to claim 1, having an X-ray diffraction-based mosaic spread from 3° to 6.5°. 3. The graphite plate according to claim 1, having a heat conductivity from 1000 W/m·K to 1500 W/m·K. 4. The graphite plate according to claim 1, having a thickness from 50 μm to 1.5 mm. 5. A method for producing a graphite plate, comprising applying welding pressure to at least one glass-like carbon material in a state in which said at least one glass-like carbon material is maintained in an inert atmosphere under heating conditions, to produce a graphite plate having a porosity from 1% to 30%. 6. The method according to claim 5, further comprising subjecting at least one polymer film to a heat treatment at 400° C. to 2000° C. to obtain the at least one glass-like carbon material. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the welding pressure is applied to the at least one glass-like carbon material in a state in which said at least one glass-like carbon material is maintained in an inert atmosphere at a temperature higher than the temperature in the heat treatment. 8. The method according to claim 5, wherein the at least one glass-like carbon material includes stacked glass-like carbon materials. 9. The method according to claim 8, further comprising subjecting stacked polymer films to a heat treatment at 400° C. to 200° C. to obtain the stacked glass-like carbon materials. 10. The method according to claim 8, further comprising stacking multiple glass-like carbon materials to obtain the stacked glass-like carbon materials. 11. The method according to claim 10, further comprising subjecting multiple polymer films to a heat treatment at 400° C. to 2000° C. to obtain the multiple glass-like carbon materials. 12. The method according to claim 5, wherein the welding pressure is from 5 MPa to 20 MPa. | Provided is a graphite plate, consisting essentially of: graphite; and pores, wherein said graphite plate has a porosity from 1% to 30%. Further provided is a method for producing a graphite plate, including: applying welding pressure to at least one glass-like carbon material in a state in which said at least one glass-like carbon material is maintained in an inert atmosphere under heating conditions, to produce a graphite plate having a porosity from 1% to 30%.1. A graphite plate, consisting essentially of:
graphite; and pores, wherein said graphite plate has a porosity from 1% to 30%. 2. The graphite plate according to claim 1, having an X-ray diffraction-based mosaic spread from 3° to 6.5°. 3. The graphite plate according to claim 1, having a heat conductivity from 1000 W/m·K to 1500 W/m·K. 4. The graphite plate according to claim 1, having a thickness from 50 μm to 1.5 mm. 5. A method for producing a graphite plate, comprising applying welding pressure to at least one glass-like carbon material in a state in which said at least one glass-like carbon material is maintained in an inert atmosphere under heating conditions, to produce a graphite plate having a porosity from 1% to 30%. 6. The method according to claim 5, further comprising subjecting at least one polymer film to a heat treatment at 400° C. to 2000° C. to obtain the at least one glass-like carbon material. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the welding pressure is applied to the at least one glass-like carbon material in a state in which said at least one glass-like carbon material is maintained in an inert atmosphere at a temperature higher than the temperature in the heat treatment. 8. The method according to claim 5, wherein the at least one glass-like carbon material includes stacked glass-like carbon materials. 9. The method according to claim 8, further comprising subjecting stacked polymer films to a heat treatment at 400° C. to 200° C. to obtain the stacked glass-like carbon materials. 10. The method according to claim 8, further comprising stacking multiple glass-like carbon materials to obtain the stacked glass-like carbon materials. 11. The method according to claim 10, further comprising subjecting multiple polymer films to a heat treatment at 400° C. to 2000° C. to obtain the multiple glass-like carbon materials. 12. The method according to claim 5, wherein the welding pressure is from 5 MPa to 20 MPa. | 1,700 |
3,705 | 13,825,013 | 1,725 | A method and system for cost-effectively converting a feedstock using thermal plasma, or other styles of gassifiers, into an energy transfer system using a blended syngas. The feedstock is any organic material or fossil fuel to generate a syngas. The syngas is blended with any fuel of a higher thermal content (BTU) level, such as natural gas. The blended syngas high thermal content fuel can be used in any energy transfer device such as a boiler for simple cycle Rankine systems, an internal combustion engine generator, or a combined cycle turbine generator system. The quality of the high thermal content fuel is monitored using a thermal content monitoring feedback system and a quenching arrangement. | 1. A method of extracting energy from a gassifier, the method comprising the steps of:
delivering a feed stock product to the gassifier; extracting a fuel product from the gassifier, the extracted fuel product having a first thermal content characteristic; delivering the extracted fuel product to a fuel blending system; and mixing a further fuel product having a second thermal content characteristic with the extracted fuel product in the blending system, the second thermal content characteristic corresponding to a higher thermal content than the first thermal content characteristic, to form a blended fuel product of greater quality than the extracted fuel product issued by the gassifier. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the gassifier is a plasma gassifier. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the gassifier is inductively heated. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the gassifier is inductively heated and plasma assisted. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein there is provided the further step of delivering the blended fuel product to a power transfer device. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the power transfer device is a combined cycle electricity generation system. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the combined cycle electricity generation system includes a gas turbine power generation system. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the combined cycle electricity generation system includes a steam turbine power generation system. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein there is provided the further step of forming steam to power the steam turbine power generation system from thermal energy contained in an exhaust gas stream of the gas turbine power generation system. 10. The method of claim 2, wherein, prior to performing said step of delivering the feed stock product to the plasma gassifier, there is provided the further step of passing the feed stock product through a pre-gassifier. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein there is provided the further step of delivering a reclaimed heat to the pre-gassifier. 12. The method of claim 2, wherein the extracted fuel product is extracted syngas and the blended fuel product is a blended syngas product. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the further fuel product is natural gas. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein, prior to performing said step of delivering the extracted syngas to a fuel blending system, there is provided the further step of passing the feed stock product through a pre-gassifier. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein there is provided the further step of delivering a reclaimed heat to the pre-gassifier. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein prior to performing said step of delivering the reclaimed heat to the pre-gassifier there is provided the further step of reclaiming heat from the extracted syngas. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein prior to performing said step of reclaiming heat from the extracted syngas there is provided the further step of subjecting the extracted syngas to a cleansing operation. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein said step of subjecting the extracted syngas to a cleansing operation comprises the step of subjecting the extracted syngas to a quenching operation. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein said step of subjecting the extracted syngas to a quenching operation comprises the further step of reducing a temperature of the extracted syngas. 20. The method of claim 12, wherein there is provided the further step of monitoring the thermal content of the extracted syngas. 21. The method of claim 20, where said step of monitoring the thermal content of the blended syngas product comprises the further step of measuring the thermal content of the extracted syngas with the use of a thermal content measuring device. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein there is provided the further step of controlling a final thermal content of the blended syngas product in response to said step of measuring the thermal content of the extracted syngas. 23. The method of claim 21, where the thermal content measuring device is a flame ionization detector (FID). 24. The method of claim 21, where the thermal content measuring device is a calorimeter 25. The method of claim 21, where the thermal content measuring device is a spectrometer. 26. A method of extracting energy from a plasma gassifier, the method comprising the steps of:
extracting syngas from the plasma gassifier, the extracted syngas having a first thermal content characteristic; delivering the extracted syngas to a fuel blending system; and mixing a further fuel product having a second thermal content characteristic with the extracted syngas in the blending system, the second thermal content characteristic corresponding to a higher thermal content than the first thermal content characteristic, to form a blended syngas fuel product of greater quality than the extracted syngas. 27. A method of producing energy, the method comprising the step of extracting energy from an inductively heated gassifier. 28. A method of producing energy, the method comprising the step of extracting energy from an inductively heated and plasma assisted gassifier. | A method and system for cost-effectively converting a feedstock using thermal plasma, or other styles of gassifiers, into an energy transfer system using a blended syngas. The feedstock is any organic material or fossil fuel to generate a syngas. The syngas is blended with any fuel of a higher thermal content (BTU) level, such as natural gas. The blended syngas high thermal content fuel can be used in any energy transfer device such as a boiler for simple cycle Rankine systems, an internal combustion engine generator, or a combined cycle turbine generator system. The quality of the high thermal content fuel is monitored using a thermal content monitoring feedback system and a quenching arrangement.1. A method of extracting energy from a gassifier, the method comprising the steps of:
delivering a feed stock product to the gassifier; extracting a fuel product from the gassifier, the extracted fuel product having a first thermal content characteristic; delivering the extracted fuel product to a fuel blending system; and mixing a further fuel product having a second thermal content characteristic with the extracted fuel product in the blending system, the second thermal content characteristic corresponding to a higher thermal content than the first thermal content characteristic, to form a blended fuel product of greater quality than the extracted fuel product issued by the gassifier. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the gassifier is a plasma gassifier. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the gassifier is inductively heated. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the gassifier is inductively heated and plasma assisted. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein there is provided the further step of delivering the blended fuel product to a power transfer device. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the power transfer device is a combined cycle electricity generation system. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the combined cycle electricity generation system includes a gas turbine power generation system. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the combined cycle electricity generation system includes a steam turbine power generation system. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein there is provided the further step of forming steam to power the steam turbine power generation system from thermal energy contained in an exhaust gas stream of the gas turbine power generation system. 10. The method of claim 2, wherein, prior to performing said step of delivering the feed stock product to the plasma gassifier, there is provided the further step of passing the feed stock product through a pre-gassifier. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein there is provided the further step of delivering a reclaimed heat to the pre-gassifier. 12. The method of claim 2, wherein the extracted fuel product is extracted syngas and the blended fuel product is a blended syngas product. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the further fuel product is natural gas. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein, prior to performing said step of delivering the extracted syngas to a fuel blending system, there is provided the further step of passing the feed stock product through a pre-gassifier. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein there is provided the further step of delivering a reclaimed heat to the pre-gassifier. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein prior to performing said step of delivering the reclaimed heat to the pre-gassifier there is provided the further step of reclaiming heat from the extracted syngas. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein prior to performing said step of reclaiming heat from the extracted syngas there is provided the further step of subjecting the extracted syngas to a cleansing operation. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein said step of subjecting the extracted syngas to a cleansing operation comprises the step of subjecting the extracted syngas to a quenching operation. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein said step of subjecting the extracted syngas to a quenching operation comprises the further step of reducing a temperature of the extracted syngas. 20. The method of claim 12, wherein there is provided the further step of monitoring the thermal content of the extracted syngas. 21. The method of claim 20, where said step of monitoring the thermal content of the blended syngas product comprises the further step of measuring the thermal content of the extracted syngas with the use of a thermal content measuring device. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein there is provided the further step of controlling a final thermal content of the blended syngas product in response to said step of measuring the thermal content of the extracted syngas. 23. The method of claim 21, where the thermal content measuring device is a flame ionization detector (FID). 24. The method of claim 21, where the thermal content measuring device is a calorimeter 25. The method of claim 21, where the thermal content measuring device is a spectrometer. 26. A method of extracting energy from a plasma gassifier, the method comprising the steps of:
extracting syngas from the plasma gassifier, the extracted syngas having a first thermal content characteristic; delivering the extracted syngas to a fuel blending system; and mixing a further fuel product having a second thermal content characteristic with the extracted syngas in the blending system, the second thermal content characteristic corresponding to a higher thermal content than the first thermal content characteristic, to form a blended syngas fuel product of greater quality than the extracted syngas. 27. A method of producing energy, the method comprising the step of extracting energy from an inductively heated gassifier. 28. A method of producing energy, the method comprising the step of extracting energy from an inductively heated and plasma assisted gassifier. | 1,700 |
3,706 | 13,715,915 | 1,725 | A method of generating a blended syngas as a primary product from renewable feedstock, fossil fuels, or hazardous waste with the use of a gassifier arrangement. The generated syngas is blended with natural gas to form a blended fuel product that is delivered to a manufacturing facility or a natural gas power plant. | 1. A method of producing a fuel, the method comprising the steps of:
delivering a feedstock to a gassifier to generate a product syngas; and blending the product syngas with natural gas to form a blended syngas fuel. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein there is provided the step of delivering the blended syngas fuel to a selectable combination of a manufacturing plant and a natural gas power plant. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein prior to performing said step of blending there is provided the step of cleaning the product syngas. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein prior to performing said step of blending there is provided the step of accumulating the product syngas in a buffer. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein said step of accumulating comprises the steps of:
first compressing the product syngas; and storing the compressed product syngas in the buffer. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein there are provided the further steps of:
releasing the compressed product syngas from the buffer; and boosting the pressure of the compressed product syngas released from the buffer. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the feedstock is a selectable combination of an organic compound, a fossil fuel, and a hazardous material. 8. A method of producing a fuel, the method comprising the steps of:
operating a pregassifier on a selectable combination of waste heat, syngas, a fossil fuel, and a supplemental fuel; operating a gassifier to generate a product syngas, by delivering a feedstock to the gassifier; and blending the product syngas with natural gas to form a blended syngas fuel. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein there is provided the step of delivering the blended syngas fuel to a selectable combination of a manufacturing plant and a natural gas power plant. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein prior to performing said step of blending there is provided the step of cleaning the product syngas. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein prior to performing said step of blending there is provided the step of accumulating the product syngas in a buffer. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the feedstock is a selectable combination of an organic compound, fossil fuel, and a hazardous material. 13. A method of producing a fuel, the method comprising the steps of:
operating a pregassifier on a selectable combination of waste heat, syngas, a fossil fuel, and a supplemental fuel; operating a gassifier to generate a product syngas, the gassifier having a metal bath, an inductive heat source, and at least one plasma torch to reflect energy off the metal bath; delivering a feedstock to the gassifier; and blending a product syngas with natural gas to form a blended syngas fuel. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein there is provided the step of delivering the blended syngas to a selectable combination of a manufacturing plant and a natural gas power plant. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein prior to performing said step of blending there is provided the step of cleaning the product syngas. 16. The method of claim 13, prior to performing said step of blending there is provided the step of accumulating the product syngas in a buffer. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the feedstock is a selectable combination of an organic compound, a fossil fuel, and a hazardous material. 18. The method of claim 13, where the syngas is cleaned and buffered and compressed before blending with natural gas. 19. The method of claim 13, where the plasma torch operates in any combination of direct acting, indirect acting, AC driven, and DC driven. | A method of generating a blended syngas as a primary product from renewable feedstock, fossil fuels, or hazardous waste with the use of a gassifier arrangement. The generated syngas is blended with natural gas to form a blended fuel product that is delivered to a manufacturing facility or a natural gas power plant.1. A method of producing a fuel, the method comprising the steps of:
delivering a feedstock to a gassifier to generate a product syngas; and blending the product syngas with natural gas to form a blended syngas fuel. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein there is provided the step of delivering the blended syngas fuel to a selectable combination of a manufacturing plant and a natural gas power plant. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein prior to performing said step of blending there is provided the step of cleaning the product syngas. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein prior to performing said step of blending there is provided the step of accumulating the product syngas in a buffer. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein said step of accumulating comprises the steps of:
first compressing the product syngas; and storing the compressed product syngas in the buffer. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein there are provided the further steps of:
releasing the compressed product syngas from the buffer; and boosting the pressure of the compressed product syngas released from the buffer. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the feedstock is a selectable combination of an organic compound, a fossil fuel, and a hazardous material. 8. A method of producing a fuel, the method comprising the steps of:
operating a pregassifier on a selectable combination of waste heat, syngas, a fossil fuel, and a supplemental fuel; operating a gassifier to generate a product syngas, by delivering a feedstock to the gassifier; and blending the product syngas with natural gas to form a blended syngas fuel. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein there is provided the step of delivering the blended syngas fuel to a selectable combination of a manufacturing plant and a natural gas power plant. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein prior to performing said step of blending there is provided the step of cleaning the product syngas. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein prior to performing said step of blending there is provided the step of accumulating the product syngas in a buffer. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the feedstock is a selectable combination of an organic compound, fossil fuel, and a hazardous material. 13. A method of producing a fuel, the method comprising the steps of:
operating a pregassifier on a selectable combination of waste heat, syngas, a fossil fuel, and a supplemental fuel; operating a gassifier to generate a product syngas, the gassifier having a metal bath, an inductive heat source, and at least one plasma torch to reflect energy off the metal bath; delivering a feedstock to the gassifier; and blending a product syngas with natural gas to form a blended syngas fuel. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein there is provided the step of delivering the blended syngas to a selectable combination of a manufacturing plant and a natural gas power plant. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein prior to performing said step of blending there is provided the step of cleaning the product syngas. 16. The method of claim 13, prior to performing said step of blending there is provided the step of accumulating the product syngas in a buffer. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the feedstock is a selectable combination of an organic compound, a fossil fuel, and a hazardous material. 18. The method of claim 13, where the syngas is cleaned and buffered and compressed before blending with natural gas. 19. The method of claim 13, where the plasma torch operates in any combination of direct acting, indirect acting, AC driven, and DC driven. | 1,700 |
3,707 | 15,370,763 | 1,731 | To provide a method for producing chemically tempered glass, whereby frequency of replacement of the molten salt can be reduced. A method for producing chemically tempered glass, which comprises repeating ion exchange treatment of immersing glass in a molten salt, wherein the glass comprises, as represented by mole percentage, from 61 to 77% of SiO 2 , from 1 to 18% of Al 2 O 3 , from 3 to 15% of MgO, from 0 to 5% of CaO, from 0 to 4% of ZrO 2 , from 8 to 18% of Na 2 O and from 0 to 6% of K 2 O; SiO 2 +Al 2 O 3 is from 65 to 85%; MgO+CaO is from 3 to 15%; and R calculated by the following formula by using contents of the respective components, is at least 0.66:
R =0.029×SiO 2 +0.021×Al 2 O 3 +0.016×MgO−0.004×CaO+0.016×ZrO 2 +0.029×Na 2 O+0×K 2 O−2.002 | 1. (canceled) 2. A glass for chemical tempering, comprising, as represented by mole percentage based on the following oxides:
from 61 to 66.7% of SiO2; from 10.2 to 18% of Al2O3; from 0 to 9.1% of MgO; from 0 to 0.5% CaO; from 0 to 4% of ZrO2; from 11 to 14.6% of Na2O; from 0 to 1% of K2O; and at least one component selected from the group consisting of B2O3, SrO and BaO: wherein a content of the B2O3 is at most 4.2%, a total content of SiO2 and Al2O3 is at most 85%, and R′ calculated by the following formula by using contents of the respective components, is at least 0.66:
R′=0.029×SiO2+0.021×Al2O3+0.016×MgO−0.004×CaO+0.016×ZrO2+0.029×Na2O+0×K2O+0.028×B2O3+0.012×SrO+0.026×BaO−2.002. 3. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 2, wherein a content of Fe2O3 as represented by mass percentage is at most 0.15%. 4. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 2, further comprising at least one component selected from the group consisting of ZnO, Li2O and SnO2; wherein a total content of the ZnO, Li2O and SnO2 is at most 2%. 5. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 2, wherein the content of Na2O is from 13.6% to 14.6%. 6. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 2, wherein when SrO is present, a content of the SrO is at most 0.5%. 7. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 4, wherein when ZnO is present, a content of ZnO is at most 0.5%. 8. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 2, wherein a total content of SiO2, Al2O3, MgO, CaO, ZrO2, Na2O, K2O, B2O3, SrO and BaO is at least 98.5%. 9. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 2, wherein no K2O is contained. 10. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 2, wherein no Li2O is contained. 11. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 2, wherein no ZrO2 is contained. 12. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 2, wherein the glass for chemical tempering has a thickness of from 0.4 to 1.2 mm. 13. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 2, which further comprises at most 0.15% of SO3, a chloride and a fluoride as represented by mass percentage. 14. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 2, which is a cover glass for a display device. 15. A glass for chemical tempering, comprising, as represented by mole percentage based on the following oxides:
from 61 to 64.6% of SiO2, from 10.2 to 18% of Al2O3, from 0 to 9.1% of MgO; from 0 to 0.5% CaO; from 0 to 4% of ZrO2; from 11 to 15% of Na2O; from 0 to 1% of K2O; and from 3.4 to 5.6% of B2O3; wherein a content of Fe2O3 as represented by mass percentage is at most 0.15%, and R′ calculated by the following formula by using contents of the respective components, is at least 0.66:
R′=0.029×SiO2+0.021×Al2O3+0.016×MgO−0.004×CaO+0.016×ZrO2+0.029×Na2O+0×K2O+0.028×B2O3+0.012×SrO+0.026×BaO−2.002. 16. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 15, wherein the content of B2O3 is from 3.4% to 5%. 17. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 15, further comprising at least one component selected from the group consisting of ZnO, Li2O and SnO2; wherein a total content of the ZnO, Li2O and SnO2 is at most 2%. 18. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 15, wherein the content of Na2O is from 13.6% to 15%. 19. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 15, wherein a content of SrO is at most 0.5%. 20. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 15, wherein when ZnO is present, a content of the ZnO is at most 0.5%. 21. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 15, wherein a total content of SiO2, Al2O, MgO, CaO, ZrO2, Na2O, K2O, B2O3, SrO and BaO is at least 98.5%. 22. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 15, wherein no K2O is contained. 23. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 15, wherein no Li2O is contained. 24. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 15, wherein no ZrO2 is contained. 25. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 15, wherein the glass for chemical tempering has a thickness of from 0.4 to 1.2 mm. 26. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 15, which further comprises at most 0.15% of SO3, a chloride and a fluoride as represented by mass percentage. 27. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 15, which is a cover glass for a display device. | To provide a method for producing chemically tempered glass, whereby frequency of replacement of the molten salt can be reduced. A method for producing chemically tempered glass, which comprises repeating ion exchange treatment of immersing glass in a molten salt, wherein the glass comprises, as represented by mole percentage, from 61 to 77% of SiO 2 , from 1 to 18% of Al 2 O 3 , from 3 to 15% of MgO, from 0 to 5% of CaO, from 0 to 4% of ZrO 2 , from 8 to 18% of Na 2 O and from 0 to 6% of K 2 O; SiO 2 +Al 2 O 3 is from 65 to 85%; MgO+CaO is from 3 to 15%; and R calculated by the following formula by using contents of the respective components, is at least 0.66:
R =0.029×SiO 2 +0.021×Al 2 O 3 +0.016×MgO−0.004×CaO+0.016×ZrO 2 +0.029×Na 2 O+0×K 2 O−2.0021. (canceled) 2. A glass for chemical tempering, comprising, as represented by mole percentage based on the following oxides:
from 61 to 66.7% of SiO2; from 10.2 to 18% of Al2O3; from 0 to 9.1% of MgO; from 0 to 0.5% CaO; from 0 to 4% of ZrO2; from 11 to 14.6% of Na2O; from 0 to 1% of K2O; and at least one component selected from the group consisting of B2O3, SrO and BaO: wherein a content of the B2O3 is at most 4.2%, a total content of SiO2 and Al2O3 is at most 85%, and R′ calculated by the following formula by using contents of the respective components, is at least 0.66:
R′=0.029×SiO2+0.021×Al2O3+0.016×MgO−0.004×CaO+0.016×ZrO2+0.029×Na2O+0×K2O+0.028×B2O3+0.012×SrO+0.026×BaO−2.002. 3. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 2, wherein a content of Fe2O3 as represented by mass percentage is at most 0.15%. 4. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 2, further comprising at least one component selected from the group consisting of ZnO, Li2O and SnO2; wherein a total content of the ZnO, Li2O and SnO2 is at most 2%. 5. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 2, wherein the content of Na2O is from 13.6% to 14.6%. 6. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 2, wherein when SrO is present, a content of the SrO is at most 0.5%. 7. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 4, wherein when ZnO is present, a content of ZnO is at most 0.5%. 8. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 2, wherein a total content of SiO2, Al2O3, MgO, CaO, ZrO2, Na2O, K2O, B2O3, SrO and BaO is at least 98.5%. 9. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 2, wherein no K2O is contained. 10. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 2, wherein no Li2O is contained. 11. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 2, wherein no ZrO2 is contained. 12. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 2, wherein the glass for chemical tempering has a thickness of from 0.4 to 1.2 mm. 13. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 2, which further comprises at most 0.15% of SO3, a chloride and a fluoride as represented by mass percentage. 14. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 2, which is a cover glass for a display device. 15. A glass for chemical tempering, comprising, as represented by mole percentage based on the following oxides:
from 61 to 64.6% of SiO2, from 10.2 to 18% of Al2O3, from 0 to 9.1% of MgO; from 0 to 0.5% CaO; from 0 to 4% of ZrO2; from 11 to 15% of Na2O; from 0 to 1% of K2O; and from 3.4 to 5.6% of B2O3; wherein a content of Fe2O3 as represented by mass percentage is at most 0.15%, and R′ calculated by the following formula by using contents of the respective components, is at least 0.66:
R′=0.029×SiO2+0.021×Al2O3+0.016×MgO−0.004×CaO+0.016×ZrO2+0.029×Na2O+0×K2O+0.028×B2O3+0.012×SrO+0.026×BaO−2.002. 16. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 15, wherein the content of B2O3 is from 3.4% to 5%. 17. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 15, further comprising at least one component selected from the group consisting of ZnO, Li2O and SnO2; wherein a total content of the ZnO, Li2O and SnO2 is at most 2%. 18. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 15, wherein the content of Na2O is from 13.6% to 15%. 19. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 15, wherein a content of SrO is at most 0.5%. 20. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 15, wherein when ZnO is present, a content of the ZnO is at most 0.5%. 21. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 15, wherein a total content of SiO2, Al2O, MgO, CaO, ZrO2, Na2O, K2O, B2O3, SrO and BaO is at least 98.5%. 22. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 15, wherein no K2O is contained. 23. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 15, wherein no Li2O is contained. 24. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 15, wherein no ZrO2 is contained. 25. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 15, wherein the glass for chemical tempering has a thickness of from 0.4 to 1.2 mm. 26. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 15, which further comprises at most 0.15% of SO3, a chloride and a fluoride as represented by mass percentage. 27. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 15, which is a cover glass for a display device. | 1,700 |
3,708 | 14,205,645 | 1,733 | The invention relates to a method for producing a strip made of an AlMgSi alloy, in which a rolling ingot made of an AlMgSi alloy is cast, the rolling ingot is subjected to homogenization, the rolling ingot having been brought to rolling temperature is hot-rolled and is optionally cold-rolled to the final thickness thereafter. The problem of providing an improved method for producing aluminum strip made of an AlMgSi alloy, with which AlMgSi strips having very good shaping behaviour can be produced reliably, is solved in that immediately after exit from the final rolling pass, the hot strip has a temperature of between more than 130° C., preferably 135° C., and at most 250° C., preferably at most 230° C., and the hot strip is wound up at this temperature. | 1. A method for manufacturing a strip from an AlMgSi alloy, comprising casting a rolling ingot from an AlMgSi alloy, wherein the rolling ingot undergoes homogenization, the rolling ingot which has been brought to a rolling temperature is hot rolled then optionally cold rolled to final thickness, and the finished rolled strip is solution annealed and quenched, wherein immediately after being discharged from the last hot rolling pass, the hot strip is at a temperature of more than 130° C. to 250° C., preferably to 230° C., and the hot strip is coiled at this temperature. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the hot strip is quenched to the outlet temperature using at least one plate cooler and the hot rolling pass itself, loaded with emulsion. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein prior to the start of the cooling process, the temperature of the hot strip is more than 400° C. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the temperature of the hot strip after the penultimate roiling pass is more than 250° C. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the temperature of the hot strip after the last rolling pass prior to coiling is 200° C. to 230° C. 6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thickness of the prepared hot strip is 3 mm to 12 mm, preferably 5 mm to 8 mm. 7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the aluminium alloy is of alloy type A6xxx, preferably AA6014, A016, A2′6060, AA6111 or A6181. 8. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the finished, rolled aluminium strip undergoes a heat treatment, in which the aluminium strip is heated. to more than 100° C. after solution annealing and quenching and then coiled and aged at a temperature of more than 55° C., preferably more than 85° C. 9. Use of an aluminium strip manufactured by a method as claimed in claim 1 for a component, chassis or structural part or panel in automotive, aircraft or railway vehicle engineering, in particular as component, chassis part, external or internal panel in automotive engineering, preferably as a bodywork component. | The invention relates to a method for producing a strip made of an AlMgSi alloy, in which a rolling ingot made of an AlMgSi alloy is cast, the rolling ingot is subjected to homogenization, the rolling ingot having been brought to rolling temperature is hot-rolled and is optionally cold-rolled to the final thickness thereafter. The problem of providing an improved method for producing aluminum strip made of an AlMgSi alloy, with which AlMgSi strips having very good shaping behaviour can be produced reliably, is solved in that immediately after exit from the final rolling pass, the hot strip has a temperature of between more than 130° C., preferably 135° C., and at most 250° C., preferably at most 230° C., and the hot strip is wound up at this temperature.1. A method for manufacturing a strip from an AlMgSi alloy, comprising casting a rolling ingot from an AlMgSi alloy, wherein the rolling ingot undergoes homogenization, the rolling ingot which has been brought to a rolling temperature is hot rolled then optionally cold rolled to final thickness, and the finished rolled strip is solution annealed and quenched, wherein immediately after being discharged from the last hot rolling pass, the hot strip is at a temperature of more than 130° C. to 250° C., preferably to 230° C., and the hot strip is coiled at this temperature. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the hot strip is quenched to the outlet temperature using at least one plate cooler and the hot rolling pass itself, loaded with emulsion. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein prior to the start of the cooling process, the temperature of the hot strip is more than 400° C. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the temperature of the hot strip after the penultimate roiling pass is more than 250° C. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the temperature of the hot strip after the last rolling pass prior to coiling is 200° C. to 230° C. 6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thickness of the prepared hot strip is 3 mm to 12 mm, preferably 5 mm to 8 mm. 7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the aluminium alloy is of alloy type A6xxx, preferably AA6014, A016, A2′6060, AA6111 or A6181. 8. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the finished, rolled aluminium strip undergoes a heat treatment, in which the aluminium strip is heated. to more than 100° C. after solution annealing and quenching and then coiled and aged at a temperature of more than 55° C., preferably more than 85° C. 9. Use of an aluminium strip manufactured by a method as claimed in claim 1 for a component, chassis or structural part or panel in automotive, aircraft or railway vehicle engineering, in particular as component, chassis part, external or internal panel in automotive engineering, preferably as a bodywork component. | 1,700 |
3,709 | 15,278,150 | 1,732 | An aqueous binder composition for mineral fibers comprises: (a) a sugar syrup containing a reducing sugar and having a dextrose equivalent DE of at least 50 and less than 85; (b) a polycarboxylic acid component; (c) an amine component; and, optionally, (d) a reaction product of a polycarboxylic acid component (b) and an amine component (c). | 1. An aqueous binder composition, wherein the composition comprises:
(a) a sugar syrup comprising a reducing sugar and having a dextrose equivalent DE of at least 50 and less than 85; (b) a polycarboxylic acid component; (c) an amine component; and, optionally, (d) a reaction product of a polycarboxylic acid component (b) and an amine component (c). 2. The aqueous binder composition of claim 1, wherein sugar syrup (a) has a dextrose equivalent DE of at least 55 and less than 80. 3. The aqueous binder composition of claim herein sugar syrup (a) has a dextrose equivalent DE of at least 60 and less than 75. 4. The aqueous binder composition of claim 1, wherein sugar syrup (a) is selected from one or more of high DE glucose syrups, crude hydrolysates from starch-based glucose refining, treated crude hydrolysates from starch-based glucose refining, hydrols, and molasses. 5. The aqueous binder composition of claim 4, wherein the molasses is selected from one or more of cane molasses, beet molasses, citrus molasses, and wood molasses. 6. The aqueous binder composition of claim 1, wherein sugar syrup (a) is employed without any prior removal of proteins and/or oils. 7. The aqueous binder composition of claim 1, wherein the sugar syrup (a) has been subjected to ion exchange with at least one of a cationic resin and an anionic resin. 8. The aqueous binder composition of claim 1, wherein polycarboxylic acid component (b) is selected from one or more of dicarboxylic, tricarboxylic, tetracarboxcylic, pentacarboxylic, and like monomeric polycarboxylic acids, anhydrides, salts, and combinations thereof, as well as polymeric polycarboxylic acids, anhydrides, copolymers, salts, and combinations thereof. 9. The aqueous binder composition of claim 8, wherein polycarboxylic acid component (b) is selected from one or more of citric acid, aconitic acid, adipic acid, azelaic acid, butane tricarboxylic acid, butane tetracarboxylic acid, chlorendic acid, citraconic acid, dicyclopentadiene-maleic acid adducts, fully maleated rosin, maleated tall-oil fatty acids, fumaric acid, glutaric acid, isophthalic acid, itaconic acid, maleated rosin oxidized to alcohol then carboxylic acid, maleic acid, malic acid, mesaconic acid, oxalic acid, phthalic acid, tetrahydrophthalic acid, hexahydrophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, sebacic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, aspartic acid, trimellitic acid, pyromellitic acid, trimesic acid, and anhydrides, salts, and combinations thereof. 10. The aqueous binder composition of claim 1, wherein amine component (c) is selected from one or more of ammonia, primary amines, secondary amines, alkanolamines, amino acids, and urea. 11. The aqueous binder composition of claim 1, wherein polycarboxylic acid component (b) comprises at least one carboxylic anhydride and amine component (c) comprises at least one alkanolamine. 12. The aqueous binder composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises, based on a total weight (dry matter) of binder components (a), (b) and (c);
from 50 to 85 percent by weight of sugar syrup (a); from 5 to 25 percent by weight of polycarboxylic acid component (b); and. from 1 to 8 percent by weight of amine component (c). 13. The aqueous binder composition of claim 12, wherein polycarboxylic acid component (b) comprises at least one carboxylic anhydride and amine component (c) comprises at least one alkanolamine. 14. The aqueous binder composition of claim 13, wherein sugar syrup (a) has a dextrose equivalent DE of at least 60 and less than 75. 15. The aqueous binder composition of claim wherein the composition further comprises a curing accelerator. 16. The aqueous binder composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a pH of 6 or higher. 17. The aqueous binder composition of claim 14, wherein the composition has a pH of 6 or higher. 18. The aqueous binder composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises a reaction product (d). 19. A method of producing a bonded mineral fiber product, wherein the method comprises:
fiberizing a mineral melt to form mineral fibers; carrying the formed mineral fibers by a gas stream into a forming chamber; applying a thermosetting binder onto the mineral fibers to form coated fibers; depositing the coated fibers as a mineral fiber web on a receiver; and transferring the mineral fiber web to a curing oven for curing of the binder and forming a bonded mineral fiber product; the binder comprising the aqueous binder composition of claim 1. 20. A mineral fiber product comprising mineral fibers in contact with a cured binder composition, wherein the binder composition comprises the aqueous binder composition of claim 1. | An aqueous binder composition for mineral fibers comprises: (a) a sugar syrup containing a reducing sugar and having a dextrose equivalent DE of at least 50 and less than 85; (b) a polycarboxylic acid component; (c) an amine component; and, optionally, (d) a reaction product of a polycarboxylic acid component (b) and an amine component (c).1. An aqueous binder composition, wherein the composition comprises:
(a) a sugar syrup comprising a reducing sugar and having a dextrose equivalent DE of at least 50 and less than 85; (b) a polycarboxylic acid component; (c) an amine component; and, optionally, (d) a reaction product of a polycarboxylic acid component (b) and an amine component (c). 2. The aqueous binder composition of claim 1, wherein sugar syrup (a) has a dextrose equivalent DE of at least 55 and less than 80. 3. The aqueous binder composition of claim herein sugar syrup (a) has a dextrose equivalent DE of at least 60 and less than 75. 4. The aqueous binder composition of claim 1, wherein sugar syrup (a) is selected from one or more of high DE glucose syrups, crude hydrolysates from starch-based glucose refining, treated crude hydrolysates from starch-based glucose refining, hydrols, and molasses. 5. The aqueous binder composition of claim 4, wherein the molasses is selected from one or more of cane molasses, beet molasses, citrus molasses, and wood molasses. 6. The aqueous binder composition of claim 1, wherein sugar syrup (a) is employed without any prior removal of proteins and/or oils. 7. The aqueous binder composition of claim 1, wherein the sugar syrup (a) has been subjected to ion exchange with at least one of a cationic resin and an anionic resin. 8. The aqueous binder composition of claim 1, wherein polycarboxylic acid component (b) is selected from one or more of dicarboxylic, tricarboxylic, tetracarboxcylic, pentacarboxylic, and like monomeric polycarboxylic acids, anhydrides, salts, and combinations thereof, as well as polymeric polycarboxylic acids, anhydrides, copolymers, salts, and combinations thereof. 9. The aqueous binder composition of claim 8, wherein polycarboxylic acid component (b) is selected from one or more of citric acid, aconitic acid, adipic acid, azelaic acid, butane tricarboxylic acid, butane tetracarboxylic acid, chlorendic acid, citraconic acid, dicyclopentadiene-maleic acid adducts, fully maleated rosin, maleated tall-oil fatty acids, fumaric acid, glutaric acid, isophthalic acid, itaconic acid, maleated rosin oxidized to alcohol then carboxylic acid, maleic acid, malic acid, mesaconic acid, oxalic acid, phthalic acid, tetrahydrophthalic acid, hexahydrophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, sebacic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, aspartic acid, trimellitic acid, pyromellitic acid, trimesic acid, and anhydrides, salts, and combinations thereof. 10. The aqueous binder composition of claim 1, wherein amine component (c) is selected from one or more of ammonia, primary amines, secondary amines, alkanolamines, amino acids, and urea. 11. The aqueous binder composition of claim 1, wherein polycarboxylic acid component (b) comprises at least one carboxylic anhydride and amine component (c) comprises at least one alkanolamine. 12. The aqueous binder composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises, based on a total weight (dry matter) of binder components (a), (b) and (c);
from 50 to 85 percent by weight of sugar syrup (a); from 5 to 25 percent by weight of polycarboxylic acid component (b); and. from 1 to 8 percent by weight of amine component (c). 13. The aqueous binder composition of claim 12, wherein polycarboxylic acid component (b) comprises at least one carboxylic anhydride and amine component (c) comprises at least one alkanolamine. 14. The aqueous binder composition of claim 13, wherein sugar syrup (a) has a dextrose equivalent DE of at least 60 and less than 75. 15. The aqueous binder composition of claim wherein the composition further comprises a curing accelerator. 16. The aqueous binder composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a pH of 6 or higher. 17. The aqueous binder composition of claim 14, wherein the composition has a pH of 6 or higher. 18. The aqueous binder composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises a reaction product (d). 19. A method of producing a bonded mineral fiber product, wherein the method comprises:
fiberizing a mineral melt to form mineral fibers; carrying the formed mineral fibers by a gas stream into a forming chamber; applying a thermosetting binder onto the mineral fibers to form coated fibers; depositing the coated fibers as a mineral fiber web on a receiver; and transferring the mineral fiber web to a curing oven for curing of the binder and forming a bonded mineral fiber product; the binder comprising the aqueous binder composition of claim 1. 20. A mineral fiber product comprising mineral fibers in contact with a cured binder composition, wherein the binder composition comprises the aqueous binder composition of claim 1. | 1,700 |
3,710 | 15,341,171 | 1,796 | A light control film includes a plurality of spaced apart substantially parallel first light absorbing regions arranged along a first direction, each first light absorbing region having a width and a height, the plurality of first light absorbing regions including nonoverlapping first and second sub-pluralities of the plurality of first light absorbing regions, the first sub-plurality of the plurality of first light absorbing regions having a first viewing angle, the second sub-plurality of the plurality of first light absorbing regions having a different second viewing angle. | 1. A light control film comprising alternating light absorbing and light transmissive regions disposed between, and substantially perpendicular to, substantially parallel opposing major first and second surfaces, each light absorbing region tapering from a wider first end proximate the major first surface to a narrower second end proximate the major second surface, each light transmissive region terminating at, and aligned with, a corresponding optical lens at the major first surface, each light absorbing region partially filled with a light absorbing material so that the first end of each light absorbing region is recessed relative to a base of the optical lens on each lateral side of the light absorbing region and concave toward the major first surface. 2. The light control film of claim 1, such that when the light control film receives light from a Lambertian light source through the major first surface, light exits the light control film from the major second surface of the light control film having an intensity profile having a substantially flat-top and a half width at half maximum between about 10 degrees to about 20 degrees. 3. The light control film of claim 1, wherein the first end of each light absorbing region is recessed from the major first surface by a distance from about 5 microns to about 20 microns. 4. The light control film of claim 1, wherein the light absorbing regions have a first index of refraction and the light transmissive regions have a second index of refraction greater than the first index of refraction. 5. The light control film of claim 1 further comprising a first image formed thereon for viewing by a viewer. 6. The light control film of claim 5, wherein the first image is formed on the light transmissive, but not the light absorbing, regions. 7. The light control film of claim 5, wherein the first image comprises a printed image. 8. (canceled) 9. A system comprising the light control film of claim 5, disposed adjacent a background displaying a second image, the first image substantially camouflaging the second image. 10. An optical construction comprising:
a light control film comprising alternating light absorbing and light transmissive regions; and a lens sheet disposed on the light control film and comprising a plurality of lenses, each lens corresponding to and aligned with a different light transmissive region, a minimum lateral spacing between each pair of sequential light transmissive regions being w, a maximum lateral spacing between the lenses corresponding to the pair of sequential light transmissive regions being d, wherein d/w≤0.9. 11. The optical construction of claim 10, wherein a focal spot of each lens is located inside the corresponding light transmissive region. 12. The light control film of claim 10 further comprising a camouflaging image or pattern formed thereon for viewing by a viewer. 13. The light control film of claim 12, disposed adjacent a background displaying a second image, the first image substantially matching the second image thereby substantially camouflaging the light control film. 14. A light control film comprising alternating light absorbing and light transmissive regions and a plurality of unitary lenses, each unitary lens disposed on and aligned with a different light transmissive region and comprising:
a light focusing portion primarily for focusing light toward the light transmissive region corresponding to the lens; and a bonding portion primarily for bonding the lens to a surface. 15. The light control film of claim 14, wherein each corresponding unitary lens and light transmissive region form a unitary construction. 16. The light control film of claim 14, wherein in a plan view, each unitary lens has a projected area A and the bonding portion of the lens has a projected area B, B/A≤0.2. 17. The light control film of claim 14, wherein for each lens, the bonding portion of the lens has a maximum height H and a maximum width W, H/W≥1. 18. The light control film of claim 14, wherein each light absorbing region forms an oblique angle with a line normal to a plane of the light control film in a range from about 5 degrees to about 50 degrees. 19. The light control film of claim 14, wherein the light absorbing regions have a lower index of refraction and the light transmissive regions have a higher index of refraction. 20. An optical construction comprising the light control film of claim 14, and an optical film disposed on the light control film, wherein at least portions of the bonding portions of at least some of the unitary lenses penetrate the optical film. 21. The optical construction of claim 20, defining a plurality of unfilled voids between the light control film and the optical film. 22. An optical construction comprising the light control film of claim 14 disposed on a solar cell. 23. The optical construction of claim 22, wherein the solar cell comprises a plurality of electrodes, and wherein at least one light absorbing region is substantially coextensive and aligned with at least one electrode. 24. The optical construction of claim 22, wherein the solar cell comprises a plurality of electrodes, and wherein the light absorbing regions and the plurality of electrodes are arranged relative to one another so that the light absorbing regions substantially prevent light incident on the optical construction from reaching the electrodes. 25. The light control film of claim 22 further comprising a first image formed thereon for viewing by a viewer. 26. The light control film of claim 25, wherein the first image is formed on both the light absorbing and light transmissive regions. 27. The light control film of claim 25, wherein the first image is formed on the light transmissive, but not the light absorbing, regions. 28. The light control film of claim 25, wherein the first image comprises a printed image. 29. The light control film of claim 25, wherein the first image comprises a camouflaging image or pattern. 30. The light control film of claim 25, disposed adjacent a background displaying a second image, the first image substantially matching the second image thereby substantially camouflaging the solar cell. | A light control film includes a plurality of spaced apart substantially parallel first light absorbing regions arranged along a first direction, each first light absorbing region having a width and a height, the plurality of first light absorbing regions including nonoverlapping first and second sub-pluralities of the plurality of first light absorbing regions, the first sub-plurality of the plurality of first light absorbing regions having a first viewing angle, the second sub-plurality of the plurality of first light absorbing regions having a different second viewing angle.1. A light control film comprising alternating light absorbing and light transmissive regions disposed between, and substantially perpendicular to, substantially parallel opposing major first and second surfaces, each light absorbing region tapering from a wider first end proximate the major first surface to a narrower second end proximate the major second surface, each light transmissive region terminating at, and aligned with, a corresponding optical lens at the major first surface, each light absorbing region partially filled with a light absorbing material so that the first end of each light absorbing region is recessed relative to a base of the optical lens on each lateral side of the light absorbing region and concave toward the major first surface. 2. The light control film of claim 1, such that when the light control film receives light from a Lambertian light source through the major first surface, light exits the light control film from the major second surface of the light control film having an intensity profile having a substantially flat-top and a half width at half maximum between about 10 degrees to about 20 degrees. 3. The light control film of claim 1, wherein the first end of each light absorbing region is recessed from the major first surface by a distance from about 5 microns to about 20 microns. 4. The light control film of claim 1, wherein the light absorbing regions have a first index of refraction and the light transmissive regions have a second index of refraction greater than the first index of refraction. 5. The light control film of claim 1 further comprising a first image formed thereon for viewing by a viewer. 6. The light control film of claim 5, wherein the first image is formed on the light transmissive, but not the light absorbing, regions. 7. The light control film of claim 5, wherein the first image comprises a printed image. 8. (canceled) 9. A system comprising the light control film of claim 5, disposed adjacent a background displaying a second image, the first image substantially camouflaging the second image. 10. An optical construction comprising:
a light control film comprising alternating light absorbing and light transmissive regions; and a lens sheet disposed on the light control film and comprising a plurality of lenses, each lens corresponding to and aligned with a different light transmissive region, a minimum lateral spacing between each pair of sequential light transmissive regions being w, a maximum lateral spacing between the lenses corresponding to the pair of sequential light transmissive regions being d, wherein d/w≤0.9. 11. The optical construction of claim 10, wherein a focal spot of each lens is located inside the corresponding light transmissive region. 12. The light control film of claim 10 further comprising a camouflaging image or pattern formed thereon for viewing by a viewer. 13. The light control film of claim 12, disposed adjacent a background displaying a second image, the first image substantially matching the second image thereby substantially camouflaging the light control film. 14. A light control film comprising alternating light absorbing and light transmissive regions and a plurality of unitary lenses, each unitary lens disposed on and aligned with a different light transmissive region and comprising:
a light focusing portion primarily for focusing light toward the light transmissive region corresponding to the lens; and a bonding portion primarily for bonding the lens to a surface. 15. The light control film of claim 14, wherein each corresponding unitary lens and light transmissive region form a unitary construction. 16. The light control film of claim 14, wherein in a plan view, each unitary lens has a projected area A and the bonding portion of the lens has a projected area B, B/A≤0.2. 17. The light control film of claim 14, wherein for each lens, the bonding portion of the lens has a maximum height H and a maximum width W, H/W≥1. 18. The light control film of claim 14, wherein each light absorbing region forms an oblique angle with a line normal to a plane of the light control film in a range from about 5 degrees to about 50 degrees. 19. The light control film of claim 14, wherein the light absorbing regions have a lower index of refraction and the light transmissive regions have a higher index of refraction. 20. An optical construction comprising the light control film of claim 14, and an optical film disposed on the light control film, wherein at least portions of the bonding portions of at least some of the unitary lenses penetrate the optical film. 21. The optical construction of claim 20, defining a plurality of unfilled voids between the light control film and the optical film. 22. An optical construction comprising the light control film of claim 14 disposed on a solar cell. 23. The optical construction of claim 22, wherein the solar cell comprises a plurality of electrodes, and wherein at least one light absorbing region is substantially coextensive and aligned with at least one electrode. 24. The optical construction of claim 22, wherein the solar cell comprises a plurality of electrodes, and wherein the light absorbing regions and the plurality of electrodes are arranged relative to one another so that the light absorbing regions substantially prevent light incident on the optical construction from reaching the electrodes. 25. The light control film of claim 22 further comprising a first image formed thereon for viewing by a viewer. 26. The light control film of claim 25, wherein the first image is formed on both the light absorbing and light transmissive regions. 27. The light control film of claim 25, wherein the first image is formed on the light transmissive, but not the light absorbing, regions. 28. The light control film of claim 25, wherein the first image comprises a printed image. 29. The light control film of claim 25, wherein the first image comprises a camouflaging image or pattern. 30. The light control film of claim 25, disposed adjacent a background displaying a second image, the first image substantially matching the second image thereby substantially camouflaging the solar cell. | 1,700 |
3,711 | 16,043,442 | 1,777 | Methods for regenerating poisoned salt bath comprising providing a salt bath comprising at least one of KNO3 and NaNO3, providing an ion-exchangeable substrate comprising lithium cations, contacting at least a portion of the ion-exchangeable substrate with the salt bath, whereby lithium cations in the salt bath diffuse from the ion-exchangeable substrate and are dissolved in the salt bath, and selectively precipitating dissolved lithium cations from the salt bath using phosphate salt. The methods further include preventing or reducing the formation of surface defects in the ion-exchangeable substrate by preventing or reducing the formation of crystals on the surface of the ion-exchangeable substrate upon removal from the salt bath. | 1. A method for regenerating a salt bath comprising:
heating a salt bath comprising a phosphate salt and at least one of KNO3 and NaNO3 to a temperature of greater than or equal to 360° C. and less than or equal to 430° C.; contacting at least a portion of an ion-exchangeable substrate comprising lithium cations with the salt bath, whereby lithium cations diffuse from the ion-exchangeable substrate and are dissolved in the salt bath; and selectively precipitating dissolved lithium cations from the salt bath, wherein the concentration of dissolved lithium in the salt bath is greater than or equal to 0 wt % lithium and less than or equal to 2.0 wt % lithium. 2. The method for regenerating a salt bath of claim 1, wherein the ion-exchangeable substrate comprises greater than or equal to 2.0 mol % Li2O and less than or equal to 15 mol % Li2O. 3. The method for regenerating a salt bath of claim 1, wherein the dissolved lithium cations are selectively precipitated by reacting with the phosphate salt thereby forming at least one of insoluble Li3PO4, insoluble Li2NaPO4 or insoluble LiNa2PO4. 4. The method for regenerating a salt bath of claim 1, wherein the phosphate salt is selected from the group consisting of Na3PO4, K3PO4, Na2HPO4, K2HPO4, Na5P3O10, K5P3O10, Na2H2P2O7, Na4P2O7, K4P2O7, Na3P3O9, K3P3O9, and combinations thereof. 5. The method for regenerating a salt bath of claim 1, wherein the phosphate salt is added to the salt bath as a power, a pellet, an encapsulated powder, or a combination thereof. 6. The method for regenerating a salt bath of claim 1, wherein the concentration of lithium cations in the salt bath is greater than or equal to the concentration of phosphate salt in the bath. 7. The method for regenerating a salt bath of claim 1, wherein the salt bath has a pH of less than or equal to 10, as measured by dissolving 5 wt % of the salt in aqueous solution and measuring the pH at room temperature. 8. The method for regenerating a salt bath of claim 1, wherein the salt bath comprises from greater than or equal to 0.10 wt % and less than or equal to 10.0 wt % of the phosphate salt. 9. The method for regenerating a salt bath of claim 1, wherein the ion-exchangeable substrate comprises:
greater than or equal to 50 mol % SiO2 and less than or equal to 80 mol % SiO2; greater than or equal to 0 mol % B2O3 and less than or equal to 5 mol % B2O3; greater than or equal to 5 mol % Al2O3 and less than or equal to 30 mol % Al2O3; greater than or equal to 2 mol % Li2O and less than or equal to 25 mol % Li2O; greater than or equal to 0 mol % Na2O and less than or equal to 15 mol % Na2O; greater than or equal to 0 mol % MgO and less than or equal to 5 mol % MgO; greater than or equal to 0 mol % ZnO and less than or equal to 5 mol % ZnO; greater than or equal to 0 mol % SnO2 and less than or equal to 5 mol % SnO2; and greater than or equal to 0 mol % P2O5 and less than or equal to 10 mol % P2O5. 10. The method for regenerating a salt bath of claim 1, wherein the ion-exchangeable substrate has a diffusion rate of less than or equal to 8,000 μm2/hr. 11. A method for regenerating a salt bath comprising:
heating a salt bath comprising at least one of KNO3 and NaNO3 to a temperature of greater than or equal to 360° C. and less than or equal to 430° C.; contacting at least a portion of a first ion-exchangeable substrate comprising lithium with the salt bath, whereby lithium cations diffuse from the ion-exchangeable substrate and are dissolved in the salt bath; measuring a compressive stress of the first ion-exchangeable substrate after the first ion-exchangeable substrate is contacted with the salt bath; contacting at least a portion of subsequent ion-exchangeable substrates comprising lithium with the salt bath, whereby lithium cations diffuse from the subsequent ion-exchangeable substrates and are dissolved in the salt bath; measuring subsequent compressive stresses of the subsequent ion-exchangeable substrates after the subsequent ion-exchangeable substrates are contacted with the salt bath; adding a phosphate salt to the salt bath when a compressive stress of a subsequent ion-exchangeable substrate is from 10 MPa to 70 MPa less than the compressive stress of the first ion-exchangeable substrate; and selectively precipitating dissolved lithium cations from the salt bath, wherein the concentration of dissolved lithium in the salt bath is greater than or equal to 0 wt % lithium and less than or equal to 2.0 wt % lithium. 12. The method for regenerating a salt bath of claim 11, wherein the ion-exchangeable substrate comprises greater than or equal to 2.0 mol % Li2O and less than or equal to 15 mol % Li2O. 13. The method for regenerating a salt bath of claim 11, wherein the dissolved lithium cations are selectively precipitated by reacting with the phosphate salt thereby forming at least one of insoluble Li3PO4, insoluble Li2NaPO4 or insoluble LiNa2PO4. 14. The method for regenerating a salt bath of claim 11, wherein the phosphate salt is selected from the group consisting of Na3PO4, K3PO4, Na2HPO4, K2HPO4, Na5P3O10, K5P3O10, Na2H2P2O7, Na4P2O7, K4P2O7, Na3P3O9, K3P3O9, and combinations thereof. 15. The method for regenerating a salt bath of claim 11, wherein the phosphate salt is added to the salt bath as a power, a pellet, an encapsulated powder, or a combination thereof. 16. The method for regenerating a salt bath of claim 11, wherein the concentration of lithium cations in the salt bath is greater than or equal to the concentration of phosphate salt in the bath. 17. The method for regenerating a salt bath of claim 1, wherein the salt bath has a pH of less than or equal to 10, as measured by dissolving 5 wt % of the salt in aqueous solution and measuring the pH at room temperature. 18. The method for regenerating a salt bath of claim 11, wherein the ion-exchangeable substrate comprises:
greater than or equal to 50 mol % SiO2 and less than or equal to 80 mol % SiO2; greater than or equal to 0 mol % B2O3 and less than or equal to 5 mol % B2O3; greater than or equal to 5 mol % Al2O3 and less than or equal to 30 mol % Al2O3; greater than or equal to 2 mol % Li2O and less than or equal to 25 mol % Li2O; greater than or equal to 0 mol % Na2O and less than or equal to 15 mol % Na2O; greater than or equal to 0 mol % MgO and less than or equal to 5 mol % MgO; greater than or equal to 0 mol % ZnO and less than or equal to 5 mol % ZnO; greater than or equal to 0 mol % SnO2 and less than or equal to 5 mol % SnO2; and greater than or equal to 0 mol % P2O5 and less than or equal to 10 mol % P2O5. 19. The method for regenerating a salt bath of claim 11, wherein the ion-exchangeable substrate comprises glass, glass-ceramic, or combinations thereof. 20. The method for regenerating a salt bath of claim 11, wherein the ion-exchangeable substrate has a diffusion rate of less than or equal to 8,000 μm2/hr. | Methods for regenerating poisoned salt bath comprising providing a salt bath comprising at least one of KNO3 and NaNO3, providing an ion-exchangeable substrate comprising lithium cations, contacting at least a portion of the ion-exchangeable substrate with the salt bath, whereby lithium cations in the salt bath diffuse from the ion-exchangeable substrate and are dissolved in the salt bath, and selectively precipitating dissolved lithium cations from the salt bath using phosphate salt. The methods further include preventing or reducing the formation of surface defects in the ion-exchangeable substrate by preventing or reducing the formation of crystals on the surface of the ion-exchangeable substrate upon removal from the salt bath.1. A method for regenerating a salt bath comprising:
heating a salt bath comprising a phosphate salt and at least one of KNO3 and NaNO3 to a temperature of greater than or equal to 360° C. and less than or equal to 430° C.; contacting at least a portion of an ion-exchangeable substrate comprising lithium cations with the salt bath, whereby lithium cations diffuse from the ion-exchangeable substrate and are dissolved in the salt bath; and selectively precipitating dissolved lithium cations from the salt bath, wherein the concentration of dissolved lithium in the salt bath is greater than or equal to 0 wt % lithium and less than or equal to 2.0 wt % lithium. 2. The method for regenerating a salt bath of claim 1, wherein the ion-exchangeable substrate comprises greater than or equal to 2.0 mol % Li2O and less than or equal to 15 mol % Li2O. 3. The method for regenerating a salt bath of claim 1, wherein the dissolved lithium cations are selectively precipitated by reacting with the phosphate salt thereby forming at least one of insoluble Li3PO4, insoluble Li2NaPO4 or insoluble LiNa2PO4. 4. The method for regenerating a salt bath of claim 1, wherein the phosphate salt is selected from the group consisting of Na3PO4, K3PO4, Na2HPO4, K2HPO4, Na5P3O10, K5P3O10, Na2H2P2O7, Na4P2O7, K4P2O7, Na3P3O9, K3P3O9, and combinations thereof. 5. The method for regenerating a salt bath of claim 1, wherein the phosphate salt is added to the salt bath as a power, a pellet, an encapsulated powder, or a combination thereof. 6. The method for regenerating a salt bath of claim 1, wherein the concentration of lithium cations in the salt bath is greater than or equal to the concentration of phosphate salt in the bath. 7. The method for regenerating a salt bath of claim 1, wherein the salt bath has a pH of less than or equal to 10, as measured by dissolving 5 wt % of the salt in aqueous solution and measuring the pH at room temperature. 8. The method for regenerating a salt bath of claim 1, wherein the salt bath comprises from greater than or equal to 0.10 wt % and less than or equal to 10.0 wt % of the phosphate salt. 9. The method for regenerating a salt bath of claim 1, wherein the ion-exchangeable substrate comprises:
greater than or equal to 50 mol % SiO2 and less than or equal to 80 mol % SiO2; greater than or equal to 0 mol % B2O3 and less than or equal to 5 mol % B2O3; greater than or equal to 5 mol % Al2O3 and less than or equal to 30 mol % Al2O3; greater than or equal to 2 mol % Li2O and less than or equal to 25 mol % Li2O; greater than or equal to 0 mol % Na2O and less than or equal to 15 mol % Na2O; greater than or equal to 0 mol % MgO and less than or equal to 5 mol % MgO; greater than or equal to 0 mol % ZnO and less than or equal to 5 mol % ZnO; greater than or equal to 0 mol % SnO2 and less than or equal to 5 mol % SnO2; and greater than or equal to 0 mol % P2O5 and less than or equal to 10 mol % P2O5. 10. The method for regenerating a salt bath of claim 1, wherein the ion-exchangeable substrate has a diffusion rate of less than or equal to 8,000 μm2/hr. 11. A method for regenerating a salt bath comprising:
heating a salt bath comprising at least one of KNO3 and NaNO3 to a temperature of greater than or equal to 360° C. and less than or equal to 430° C.; contacting at least a portion of a first ion-exchangeable substrate comprising lithium with the salt bath, whereby lithium cations diffuse from the ion-exchangeable substrate and are dissolved in the salt bath; measuring a compressive stress of the first ion-exchangeable substrate after the first ion-exchangeable substrate is contacted with the salt bath; contacting at least a portion of subsequent ion-exchangeable substrates comprising lithium with the salt bath, whereby lithium cations diffuse from the subsequent ion-exchangeable substrates and are dissolved in the salt bath; measuring subsequent compressive stresses of the subsequent ion-exchangeable substrates after the subsequent ion-exchangeable substrates are contacted with the salt bath; adding a phosphate salt to the salt bath when a compressive stress of a subsequent ion-exchangeable substrate is from 10 MPa to 70 MPa less than the compressive stress of the first ion-exchangeable substrate; and selectively precipitating dissolved lithium cations from the salt bath, wherein the concentration of dissolved lithium in the salt bath is greater than or equal to 0 wt % lithium and less than or equal to 2.0 wt % lithium. 12. The method for regenerating a salt bath of claim 11, wherein the ion-exchangeable substrate comprises greater than or equal to 2.0 mol % Li2O and less than or equal to 15 mol % Li2O. 13. The method for regenerating a salt bath of claim 11, wherein the dissolved lithium cations are selectively precipitated by reacting with the phosphate salt thereby forming at least one of insoluble Li3PO4, insoluble Li2NaPO4 or insoluble LiNa2PO4. 14. The method for regenerating a salt bath of claim 11, wherein the phosphate salt is selected from the group consisting of Na3PO4, K3PO4, Na2HPO4, K2HPO4, Na5P3O10, K5P3O10, Na2H2P2O7, Na4P2O7, K4P2O7, Na3P3O9, K3P3O9, and combinations thereof. 15. The method for regenerating a salt bath of claim 11, wherein the phosphate salt is added to the salt bath as a power, a pellet, an encapsulated powder, or a combination thereof. 16. The method for regenerating a salt bath of claim 11, wherein the concentration of lithium cations in the salt bath is greater than or equal to the concentration of phosphate salt in the bath. 17. The method for regenerating a salt bath of claim 1, wherein the salt bath has a pH of less than or equal to 10, as measured by dissolving 5 wt % of the salt in aqueous solution and measuring the pH at room temperature. 18. The method for regenerating a salt bath of claim 11, wherein the ion-exchangeable substrate comprises:
greater than or equal to 50 mol % SiO2 and less than or equal to 80 mol % SiO2; greater than or equal to 0 mol % B2O3 and less than or equal to 5 mol % B2O3; greater than or equal to 5 mol % Al2O3 and less than or equal to 30 mol % Al2O3; greater than or equal to 2 mol % Li2O and less than or equal to 25 mol % Li2O; greater than or equal to 0 mol % Na2O and less than or equal to 15 mol % Na2O; greater than or equal to 0 mol % MgO and less than or equal to 5 mol % MgO; greater than or equal to 0 mol % ZnO and less than or equal to 5 mol % ZnO; greater than or equal to 0 mol % SnO2 and less than or equal to 5 mol % SnO2; and greater than or equal to 0 mol % P2O5 and less than or equal to 10 mol % P2O5. 19. The method for regenerating a salt bath of claim 11, wherein the ion-exchangeable substrate comprises glass, glass-ceramic, or combinations thereof. 20. The method for regenerating a salt bath of claim 11, wherein the ion-exchangeable substrate has a diffusion rate of less than or equal to 8,000 μm2/hr. | 1,700 |
3,712 | 14,142,982 | 1,718 | A reaction chamber includes an enclosure having an interior coated with a metal nitride compound providing an average reflectivity to internal infra-red radiation of greater than 90%. The metal nitride compound can be titanium nitride, zirconium nitride, hafnium nitride, or a nitride of another metal, and can be between 0.1 and 10 microns thick, preferably between 4 and 5 microns thick. The layer does not tarnish, and can withstand reaction chamber temperatures up to at least 250° C., preferably up to 300° C. It is applied by a deposition process, such as PVD, CVD, thermal spray, or cathodic arc, wherein the enclosure itself is the metal nitride deposition enclosure. Uniformity of deposition can be improved by rotating the deposition source through T degrees and back through T±d, with a total of 360/d repetitions. The reactor can be a CVD reactor that deposits polysilicon onto a heated filament. | 1. A chemical vapor deposition reactor comprising a reaction chamber formed by a base plate and an enclosure attachable to the base plate, wherein the enclosure has an interior surface comprising a metal nitride layer. 2. The chemical vapor deposition reactor of claim 1, wherein the reactor further comprises:
filament supports in the base plate at least one filament disposed within the reaction chamber on the filament supports; electrical feedthroughs in the base plate; an electric current source connectible to both ends of the filament via the electrical feedthroughs; a gas inlet in the base plate connectible to a source of reaction gas; and a gas outlet in the base plate whereby gas may be released from the reaction chamber. 3. The chemical vapor deposition reactor of claim 1, wherein the metal nitride layer includes a concentration of a metal that is not uniform across a thickness of the metal nitride layer. 4. The chemical vapor deposition reactor of claim 1, wherein the metal nitride layer has an average reflectivity of at least 90% for all infrared radiation having a wavelength between 0.8 microns and 15 microns. 5. The chemical vapor deposition reactor of claim 1, wherein the metal nitride layer is able to withstand enclosure wall temperatures up to at least 250° C. without failure. 6. The chemical vapor deposition reactor of claim 1, wherein the metal nitride layer has a thickness in the range 0.1 to 10 microns. 7. The chemical vapor deposition reactor of claim 1, wherein the metal nitride layer has a thickness in the range 4 to 5 microns. 8. The chemical vapor deposition reactor of claim 1, further comprising an intermediate metal layer applied between the interior surface of the enclosure and the layer of metal nitride. 9. The chemical vapor deposition reactor of claim 7, wherein the intermediate metal layer is a layer of titanium, zirconium, or hafnium. 10. The chemical vapor deposition reactor of claim 1, wherein the metal nitride layer comprises titanium nitride. 11. The chemical vapor deposition reactor of claim 1, wherein the metal nitride layer comprises zirconium nitride. 12. The chemical vapor deposition reactor of claim 1, wherein the metal nitride layer comprises hafnium nitride. 13. The chemical vapor deposition reactor of claim 1, wherein the enclosure comprises a grade of stainless steel alloy or another nickel alloy. 14. The chemical vapor deposition reactor of claim 1, wherein the chemical vapor deposition reactor is configured for depositing polysilicon onto a heated filament. 15. The chemical vapor deposition reactor of claim 1, wherein the metal nitride layer is able to withstand enclosure wall temperatures up to at least 300° C. without failure; 16. A method of producing an enclosure for a chemical vapor deposition (“CVD”) reactor, the enclosure having high thermal efficiency at elevated temperatures, the method comprising:
providing a CVD enclosure;
attaching a compatible deposition base plate to the CVD enclosure so as to form a sealed deposition chamber, the deposition base plate including a deposition source extending into an interior of the deposition chamber; and
depositing a metal nitride layer onto an interior surface of the CVD enclosure during a deposition period. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising varying relative concentrations of metal and nitrogen while depositing the metal nitride layer, thereby creating a metal nitride layer having a metal concentration that is not uniform across a thickness of the metal nitride layer. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the metal nitride layer has an average reflectivity of at least 90% for all infrared radiation having a wavelength between 0.8 microns and 15 microns. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the metal nitride layer is able to withstand CVD enclosure wall temperatures up to at least 250° C. without failure. 20. The method of claim 16, further comprising depositing the metal nitride layer until it has a thickness in the range 0.1 to 10 microns. 21. The method of claim 16, further comprising depositing the metal nitride layer until it has a thickness in the range 4 to 5 microns. 22. The method of claim 16, wherein the deposition source can be rotated, and the method further comprises rotating the deposition source during the deposition period. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the deposition source is rotated alternately in a clockwise direction and in a counterclockwise direction, said clockwise and counterclockwise rotations being of unequal rotation angles that differ from each other by an increment angle d, said clockwise rotations being repeated N times and said counterclockwise rotations being repeated N times during the deposition period, N being equal to 360/d multiplied by an integer. 24. The method of claim 16, wherein the metal nitride layer is deposited by magnetron sputtering, ion beam assisted magnetron sputtering, cathodic arc deposition, filtered cathodic arc deposition, electron beam evaporation, or thermal evaporation. 25. The method of claim 16, further comprising depositing an intermediate metal layer onto the interior surface of the CVD enclosure before depositing the layer of metal nitride onto the interior surface of the CVD enclosure. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the intermediate metal layer is a layer of titanium, zirconium, or hafnium. 27. The method of claim 16, wherein the metal nitride layer comprises titanium nitride. 28. The method of claim 16, wherein the metal nitride layer comprises zirconium nitride. 29. The method of claim 16, wherein the metal nitride layer comprises hafnium nitride. 30. The method of claim 16, wherein the CVD enclosure comprises a grade of stainless steel alloy or another nickel alloy. 31. The method of claim 16, wherein the CVD reactor is configured for depositing polysilicon onto a heated filament. 32. The method of claim 16, wherein the metal nitride layer is able to withstand CVD enclosure wall temperatures up to at least 300° C. without failure. | A reaction chamber includes an enclosure having an interior coated with a metal nitride compound providing an average reflectivity to internal infra-red radiation of greater than 90%. The metal nitride compound can be titanium nitride, zirconium nitride, hafnium nitride, or a nitride of another metal, and can be between 0.1 and 10 microns thick, preferably between 4 and 5 microns thick. The layer does not tarnish, and can withstand reaction chamber temperatures up to at least 250° C., preferably up to 300° C. It is applied by a deposition process, such as PVD, CVD, thermal spray, or cathodic arc, wherein the enclosure itself is the metal nitride deposition enclosure. Uniformity of deposition can be improved by rotating the deposition source through T degrees and back through T±d, with a total of 360/d repetitions. The reactor can be a CVD reactor that deposits polysilicon onto a heated filament.1. A chemical vapor deposition reactor comprising a reaction chamber formed by a base plate and an enclosure attachable to the base plate, wherein the enclosure has an interior surface comprising a metal nitride layer. 2. The chemical vapor deposition reactor of claim 1, wherein the reactor further comprises:
filament supports in the base plate at least one filament disposed within the reaction chamber on the filament supports; electrical feedthroughs in the base plate; an electric current source connectible to both ends of the filament via the electrical feedthroughs; a gas inlet in the base plate connectible to a source of reaction gas; and a gas outlet in the base plate whereby gas may be released from the reaction chamber. 3. The chemical vapor deposition reactor of claim 1, wherein the metal nitride layer includes a concentration of a metal that is not uniform across a thickness of the metal nitride layer. 4. The chemical vapor deposition reactor of claim 1, wherein the metal nitride layer has an average reflectivity of at least 90% for all infrared radiation having a wavelength between 0.8 microns and 15 microns. 5. The chemical vapor deposition reactor of claim 1, wherein the metal nitride layer is able to withstand enclosure wall temperatures up to at least 250° C. without failure. 6. The chemical vapor deposition reactor of claim 1, wherein the metal nitride layer has a thickness in the range 0.1 to 10 microns. 7. The chemical vapor deposition reactor of claim 1, wherein the metal nitride layer has a thickness in the range 4 to 5 microns. 8. The chemical vapor deposition reactor of claim 1, further comprising an intermediate metal layer applied between the interior surface of the enclosure and the layer of metal nitride. 9. The chemical vapor deposition reactor of claim 7, wherein the intermediate metal layer is a layer of titanium, zirconium, or hafnium. 10. The chemical vapor deposition reactor of claim 1, wherein the metal nitride layer comprises titanium nitride. 11. The chemical vapor deposition reactor of claim 1, wherein the metal nitride layer comprises zirconium nitride. 12. The chemical vapor deposition reactor of claim 1, wherein the metal nitride layer comprises hafnium nitride. 13. The chemical vapor deposition reactor of claim 1, wherein the enclosure comprises a grade of stainless steel alloy or another nickel alloy. 14. The chemical vapor deposition reactor of claim 1, wherein the chemical vapor deposition reactor is configured for depositing polysilicon onto a heated filament. 15. The chemical vapor deposition reactor of claim 1, wherein the metal nitride layer is able to withstand enclosure wall temperatures up to at least 300° C. without failure; 16. A method of producing an enclosure for a chemical vapor deposition (“CVD”) reactor, the enclosure having high thermal efficiency at elevated temperatures, the method comprising:
providing a CVD enclosure;
attaching a compatible deposition base plate to the CVD enclosure so as to form a sealed deposition chamber, the deposition base plate including a deposition source extending into an interior of the deposition chamber; and
depositing a metal nitride layer onto an interior surface of the CVD enclosure during a deposition period. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising varying relative concentrations of metal and nitrogen while depositing the metal nitride layer, thereby creating a metal nitride layer having a metal concentration that is not uniform across a thickness of the metal nitride layer. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the metal nitride layer has an average reflectivity of at least 90% for all infrared radiation having a wavelength between 0.8 microns and 15 microns. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the metal nitride layer is able to withstand CVD enclosure wall temperatures up to at least 250° C. without failure. 20. The method of claim 16, further comprising depositing the metal nitride layer until it has a thickness in the range 0.1 to 10 microns. 21. The method of claim 16, further comprising depositing the metal nitride layer until it has a thickness in the range 4 to 5 microns. 22. The method of claim 16, wherein the deposition source can be rotated, and the method further comprises rotating the deposition source during the deposition period. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the deposition source is rotated alternately in a clockwise direction and in a counterclockwise direction, said clockwise and counterclockwise rotations being of unequal rotation angles that differ from each other by an increment angle d, said clockwise rotations being repeated N times and said counterclockwise rotations being repeated N times during the deposition period, N being equal to 360/d multiplied by an integer. 24. The method of claim 16, wherein the metal nitride layer is deposited by magnetron sputtering, ion beam assisted magnetron sputtering, cathodic arc deposition, filtered cathodic arc deposition, electron beam evaporation, or thermal evaporation. 25. The method of claim 16, further comprising depositing an intermediate metal layer onto the interior surface of the CVD enclosure before depositing the layer of metal nitride onto the interior surface of the CVD enclosure. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the intermediate metal layer is a layer of titanium, zirconium, or hafnium. 27. The method of claim 16, wherein the metal nitride layer comprises titanium nitride. 28. The method of claim 16, wherein the metal nitride layer comprises zirconium nitride. 29. The method of claim 16, wherein the metal nitride layer comprises hafnium nitride. 30. The method of claim 16, wherein the CVD enclosure comprises a grade of stainless steel alloy or another nickel alloy. 31. The method of claim 16, wherein the CVD reactor is configured for depositing polysilicon onto a heated filament. 32. The method of claim 16, wherein the metal nitride layer is able to withstand CVD enclosure wall temperatures up to at least 300° C. without failure. | 1,700 |
3,713 | 15,586,074 | 1,788 | In one aspect, the present invention is directed to a coating composition. The coating composition comprises photocatalytic particles and an alkali metal silicate binder comprising an alkoxysilane. In another aspect, the present invention is directed to a coated article. The coated article has a photocatalytic coating with improved durability on its external surface that is formed from the aforesaid coating composition. | 1. A coated article, comprising:
an article having an external surface and a coating on the external surface of the article, wherein the coating is formed from a composition comprising between 30 weight % and 80 weight % crystalline anatase TiO2 photocatalytic particles and an alkali metal silicate binder, wherein the alkali metal silicate binder further comprises an alkoxysilane, wherein the alkoxysilane comprises tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropoxysilane, tetraisopropoxysilane, tetrabutoxysilane, tetrakis(s-butoxy)silane, tetrakis(2-ethyl-butoxy)silane, tetrakis(2-ethyl-hexoxy)silane, tetrakis(2-methoxy-ethoxy)silane, tetraphenoxysilane, hexaethoxydisiloxane, tetracetoxysilane, and di-t-butoxydiacetoxysilane, or combinations thereof, and wherein the article is selected from the group consisting of a roofing granule or a tile. 2. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the photocatalytic particles further comprise ZnO, WO3, SnO2, CaTiO3, Fe2O3, MoO3, Nb2O5, TixZr(1-x)O2, SiC, SrTiO3, CdS, GaP, InP, GaAs, BaTiO3, KNbO3, Ta2O5, Bi2O3, NiO, Cu2O, SiO2, MoS2, InPb, RuO2, CeO2, Ti(OH)4, or combinations thereof. 3. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the photocatalytic particles comprise crystalline rutile TiO2, crystalline ZnO, or combinations thereof. 4. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the photocatalytic particles are doped with C, N, S, F, Pt, Pd, Au, Ag, Os, Rh, RuO2, Nb, Cu, Sn, Ni, Fe, or combinations thereof. 5. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the alkoxysilane comprises tetraethoxysilane. 6. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the durability of the coating measured using the Coating Durability Test is more than about 70%. 7. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the alkali metal silicate binder comprises lithium silicate, sodium silicate, potassium silicate, or combinations thereof 8. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the alkali metal silicate binder further comprises a pigment. 9. A coated roofing granule, comprising:
a roofing granule having an external surface and a coating on the external surface of the roofing granule, wherein the coating is formed from a composition comprising between 30 weight % and 80 weight % crystalline anatase photocatalytic TiO2 particles and an alkali metal silicate binder, wherein the alkali metal silicate binder further comprises tetraethoxysilane, and the durability of the coating measured using the Coating Durability Test is more than about 70%. 10. A coating composition, comprising:
Between 30 weight % and 80 weight % crystalline anatase TiO2 photocatalytic particles and an alkali metal silicate binder, wherein the alkali metal silicate binder further comprises an alkoxysilane, wherein the alkoxysilane comprises tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropoxysilane, tetraisopropoxysilane, tetrabutoxysilane, tetrakis(s-butoxy)silane, tetrakis(2-ethyl-butoxy)silane, tetrakis(2-ethyl-hexoxy)silane, tetrakis(2-methoxy-ethoxy)silane, tetraphenoxysilane, hexaethoxydisiloxane, tetracetoxysilane, and di-t-butoxydiacetoxysilane, or combinations thereof, and wherein the alkali metal silicate binder comprises an alkali metal silicate selected from the group consisting of sodium silicate and potassium silicate. 11. The coating composition of claim 10, wherein the photocatalytic particles further comprise ZnO, WO3, SnO2, CaTiO3, Fe2O3, MoO3, Nb2O5, TixZr(1-x)O2, SiC, SrTiO3, CdS, GaP, InP, GaAs, BaTiO3, KNbO3, Ta2O5, Bi2O3, NiO, Cu2O, SiO2, MoS2, InPb, RuO2, CeO2, Ti(OH)4, or combinations thereof. 12. The coating composition of claim 10, wherein the photocatalytic particles further comprise crystalline rutile TiO2, crystalline ZnO, or combinations thereof 13. The coating composition of claim 10, wherein the photocatalytic particles are doped with C, N, S, F, Pt, Pd, Au, Ag, Os, Rh, RuO2, Nb, Cu, Sn, Ni, Fe, or combinations thereof. 14. The coating composition of claim 10, wherein the alkoxysilane comprises tetraethoxysilane. 15. The coating composition of claim 10, wherein the alkali metal silicate binder further comprises a pigment. | In one aspect, the present invention is directed to a coating composition. The coating composition comprises photocatalytic particles and an alkali metal silicate binder comprising an alkoxysilane. In another aspect, the present invention is directed to a coated article. The coated article has a photocatalytic coating with improved durability on its external surface that is formed from the aforesaid coating composition.1. A coated article, comprising:
an article having an external surface and a coating on the external surface of the article, wherein the coating is formed from a composition comprising between 30 weight % and 80 weight % crystalline anatase TiO2 photocatalytic particles and an alkali metal silicate binder, wherein the alkali metal silicate binder further comprises an alkoxysilane, wherein the alkoxysilane comprises tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropoxysilane, tetraisopropoxysilane, tetrabutoxysilane, tetrakis(s-butoxy)silane, tetrakis(2-ethyl-butoxy)silane, tetrakis(2-ethyl-hexoxy)silane, tetrakis(2-methoxy-ethoxy)silane, tetraphenoxysilane, hexaethoxydisiloxane, tetracetoxysilane, and di-t-butoxydiacetoxysilane, or combinations thereof, and wherein the article is selected from the group consisting of a roofing granule or a tile. 2. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the photocatalytic particles further comprise ZnO, WO3, SnO2, CaTiO3, Fe2O3, MoO3, Nb2O5, TixZr(1-x)O2, SiC, SrTiO3, CdS, GaP, InP, GaAs, BaTiO3, KNbO3, Ta2O5, Bi2O3, NiO, Cu2O, SiO2, MoS2, InPb, RuO2, CeO2, Ti(OH)4, or combinations thereof. 3. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the photocatalytic particles comprise crystalline rutile TiO2, crystalline ZnO, or combinations thereof. 4. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the photocatalytic particles are doped with C, N, S, F, Pt, Pd, Au, Ag, Os, Rh, RuO2, Nb, Cu, Sn, Ni, Fe, or combinations thereof. 5. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the alkoxysilane comprises tetraethoxysilane. 6. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the durability of the coating measured using the Coating Durability Test is more than about 70%. 7. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the alkali metal silicate binder comprises lithium silicate, sodium silicate, potassium silicate, or combinations thereof 8. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the alkali metal silicate binder further comprises a pigment. 9. A coated roofing granule, comprising:
a roofing granule having an external surface and a coating on the external surface of the roofing granule, wherein the coating is formed from a composition comprising between 30 weight % and 80 weight % crystalline anatase photocatalytic TiO2 particles and an alkali metal silicate binder, wherein the alkali metal silicate binder further comprises tetraethoxysilane, and the durability of the coating measured using the Coating Durability Test is more than about 70%. 10. A coating composition, comprising:
Between 30 weight % and 80 weight % crystalline anatase TiO2 photocatalytic particles and an alkali metal silicate binder, wherein the alkali metal silicate binder further comprises an alkoxysilane, wherein the alkoxysilane comprises tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropoxysilane, tetraisopropoxysilane, tetrabutoxysilane, tetrakis(s-butoxy)silane, tetrakis(2-ethyl-butoxy)silane, tetrakis(2-ethyl-hexoxy)silane, tetrakis(2-methoxy-ethoxy)silane, tetraphenoxysilane, hexaethoxydisiloxane, tetracetoxysilane, and di-t-butoxydiacetoxysilane, or combinations thereof, and wherein the alkali metal silicate binder comprises an alkali metal silicate selected from the group consisting of sodium silicate and potassium silicate. 11. The coating composition of claim 10, wherein the photocatalytic particles further comprise ZnO, WO3, SnO2, CaTiO3, Fe2O3, MoO3, Nb2O5, TixZr(1-x)O2, SiC, SrTiO3, CdS, GaP, InP, GaAs, BaTiO3, KNbO3, Ta2O5, Bi2O3, NiO, Cu2O, SiO2, MoS2, InPb, RuO2, CeO2, Ti(OH)4, or combinations thereof. 12. The coating composition of claim 10, wherein the photocatalytic particles further comprise crystalline rutile TiO2, crystalline ZnO, or combinations thereof 13. The coating composition of claim 10, wherein the photocatalytic particles are doped with C, N, S, F, Pt, Pd, Au, Ag, Os, Rh, RuO2, Nb, Cu, Sn, Ni, Fe, or combinations thereof. 14. The coating composition of claim 10, wherein the alkoxysilane comprises tetraethoxysilane. 15. The coating composition of claim 10, wherein the alkali metal silicate binder further comprises a pigment. | 1,700 |
3,714 | 14,999,531 | 1,763 | A system for forming a fragrant bead is disclosed which comprises a first container for mixing a fragrance with a polymer into a mixture, the first mixing container having a dispensing system for dispensing the mixture, and a second container for containing a surplus amount of cross-linker and for receiving the mixture dispensed from the first container, the surplus amount of cross-linker for reacting with the mixture to form a fragrant bead. | 1. A system for forming a fragrant bead comprising:
a first container for mixing a fragrance with a polymer into a mixture, the first mixing container having a dispensing system for dispensing the mixture; and a second container for containing a surplus amount of cross-linker and for receiving the mixture dispensed from the first container, the surplus amount of cross-linker for reacting with the mixture to form a fragrant bead. 2. The system for forming a fragrant bead of claim 1 wherein the polymer has a density and a specific gravity, the cross-linker has a density and a specific gravity, and the density and the specific gravity of the polymer is greater than the density and the specific gravity of the cross-linker. 3. The system for forming a fragrant bead of claim 1 wherein the polymer is derived from butadiene, isoprene or chloroprene. 4. The system for forming a fragrant bead of claim 1 wherein the polymer comprises maleinized polyisoprene of at least 200,000 molecular weight. 5. The system for forming a fragrant bead of claim 1 wherein the polymer is Lithene® N4-9000 10MA, which is a maleinized polybutadiene of a 9000 molecular weight before maleinization. 6. The system for forming a fragrant bead of claim 1 wherein the cross-linker comes from the amine family of polymers, including polypropoxy diamines, polypropoxy triamines and polyethoxydiamines 7. The system for forming a fragrant bead of claim 1 wherein the cross-linker is Jeffamine-T 403 or Jeffamine-XTJ 506. 8. The system for forming a fragrant bead of claim 1 wherein the mixture of the fragrance and the polymer may be a batch that is 61% fragrance, 27% Lithene N4-9000-10 MA, 5.% alkoxylated neopentyl glycol, and 7% Stepantex VT 90 9. A method for forming a fragrant bead comprising the steps of:
mixing a fragrance with a polymer together in a first container to form a mixture; and dispensing the mixture into a second container containing a surplus amount of a cross-linker for the mixture to react with the surplus amount of cross-linker to form a fragrant bead. 10. The method for forming a fragrant bead of claim 9 further comprising the step of providing a dispensing system for the first container. 11. The method for forming a fragrant bead of claim 9 further comprising the step of adding alcohol to the second container to mix the alcohol with the mixture. 12. The method for forming a fragrant bead of claim 9 further comprising the step of adding water to the container containing the surplus amount of the cross-linker. 13. The method for forming a fragrant bead of claim 9 wherein the polymer is derived from butadiene, isoprene or chloroprene. 14. The method for forming a fragrant bead of claim 9 wherein the polymer comprises maleinized polyisoprene of at least 200,000 molecular weight. 15. The method for forming a fragrant bead of claim 9 wherein the cross-linker comes from the amine family of polymers, including polypropoxy diamines, polypropoxy triamines and polyethoxydiamines 16. A system for forming a quantity of fragrant beads comprising:
a first mixing container for mixing a fragrance formulation, the first mixing container further having a conduit for dispensing the fragrance formulation; and a second mixing container being filled with a quantity of formed cellulose beads, the second mixing container for receiving the fragrance formulation for applying the fragrance formulation on the cellulose beads for forming a quantity of fragrant beads. 17. The system for forming a quantity of fragrant beads of claim 16 wherein the quantity of formed cellulose beads are formed by grinding cellulose into a powder, forming a slurry by combining the powder and water, and spraying the slurry onto a solid center. 18. The system for forming a quantity of fragrant beads of claim 16 wherein the mixture of the cellulose beads and the fragrance formulation is in the ranges of cellulose beads 65-95% and fragrance formulation 0-35%. 19. The system for forming a quantity of fragrant beads of claim 16 wherein the second mixing container may further have added therein other components such as laundry softeners, anti-static chemicals, brightening agents, odor eliminating chemicals, conditioners, and absorbing components 20. The system for forming a quantity of fragrant beads of claim 16 wherein the quantity of formed cellulose beads are formed by grinding cellulose into a powder, forming a slurry by combining the powder and water, and spraying the slurry onto a solid center, and tumbling the solid center during spraying of the slurry to build up coating of the solid center with the slurry. | A system for forming a fragrant bead is disclosed which comprises a first container for mixing a fragrance with a polymer into a mixture, the first mixing container having a dispensing system for dispensing the mixture, and a second container for containing a surplus amount of cross-linker and for receiving the mixture dispensed from the first container, the surplus amount of cross-linker for reacting with the mixture to form a fragrant bead.1. A system for forming a fragrant bead comprising:
a first container for mixing a fragrance with a polymer into a mixture, the first mixing container having a dispensing system for dispensing the mixture; and a second container for containing a surplus amount of cross-linker and for receiving the mixture dispensed from the first container, the surplus amount of cross-linker for reacting with the mixture to form a fragrant bead. 2. The system for forming a fragrant bead of claim 1 wherein the polymer has a density and a specific gravity, the cross-linker has a density and a specific gravity, and the density and the specific gravity of the polymer is greater than the density and the specific gravity of the cross-linker. 3. The system for forming a fragrant bead of claim 1 wherein the polymer is derived from butadiene, isoprene or chloroprene. 4. The system for forming a fragrant bead of claim 1 wherein the polymer comprises maleinized polyisoprene of at least 200,000 molecular weight. 5. The system for forming a fragrant bead of claim 1 wherein the polymer is Lithene® N4-9000 10MA, which is a maleinized polybutadiene of a 9000 molecular weight before maleinization. 6. The system for forming a fragrant bead of claim 1 wherein the cross-linker comes from the amine family of polymers, including polypropoxy diamines, polypropoxy triamines and polyethoxydiamines 7. The system for forming a fragrant bead of claim 1 wherein the cross-linker is Jeffamine-T 403 or Jeffamine-XTJ 506. 8. The system for forming a fragrant bead of claim 1 wherein the mixture of the fragrance and the polymer may be a batch that is 61% fragrance, 27% Lithene N4-9000-10 MA, 5.% alkoxylated neopentyl glycol, and 7% Stepantex VT 90 9. A method for forming a fragrant bead comprising the steps of:
mixing a fragrance with a polymer together in a first container to form a mixture; and dispensing the mixture into a second container containing a surplus amount of a cross-linker for the mixture to react with the surplus amount of cross-linker to form a fragrant bead. 10. The method for forming a fragrant bead of claim 9 further comprising the step of providing a dispensing system for the first container. 11. The method for forming a fragrant bead of claim 9 further comprising the step of adding alcohol to the second container to mix the alcohol with the mixture. 12. The method for forming a fragrant bead of claim 9 further comprising the step of adding water to the container containing the surplus amount of the cross-linker. 13. The method for forming a fragrant bead of claim 9 wherein the polymer is derived from butadiene, isoprene or chloroprene. 14. The method for forming a fragrant bead of claim 9 wherein the polymer comprises maleinized polyisoprene of at least 200,000 molecular weight. 15. The method for forming a fragrant bead of claim 9 wherein the cross-linker comes from the amine family of polymers, including polypropoxy diamines, polypropoxy triamines and polyethoxydiamines 16. A system for forming a quantity of fragrant beads comprising:
a first mixing container for mixing a fragrance formulation, the first mixing container further having a conduit for dispensing the fragrance formulation; and a second mixing container being filled with a quantity of formed cellulose beads, the second mixing container for receiving the fragrance formulation for applying the fragrance formulation on the cellulose beads for forming a quantity of fragrant beads. 17. The system for forming a quantity of fragrant beads of claim 16 wherein the quantity of formed cellulose beads are formed by grinding cellulose into a powder, forming a slurry by combining the powder and water, and spraying the slurry onto a solid center. 18. The system for forming a quantity of fragrant beads of claim 16 wherein the mixture of the cellulose beads and the fragrance formulation is in the ranges of cellulose beads 65-95% and fragrance formulation 0-35%. 19. The system for forming a quantity of fragrant beads of claim 16 wherein the second mixing container may further have added therein other components such as laundry softeners, anti-static chemicals, brightening agents, odor eliminating chemicals, conditioners, and absorbing components 20. The system for forming a quantity of fragrant beads of claim 16 wherein the quantity of formed cellulose beads are formed by grinding cellulose into a powder, forming a slurry by combining the powder and water, and spraying the slurry onto a solid center, and tumbling the solid center during spraying of the slurry to build up coating of the solid center with the slurry. | 1,700 |
3,715 | 14,913,103 | 1,742 | Method for forming a transparent article comprising: heating a polymer sheet 40 to form a heated sheet; creating a pressure differential across the heated sheet; pushing the heated sheet onto the contoured surface 20 to form a shaped article; and releasing the shaped article from the mold 12. Also included herein are articles made therefrom. | 1. A method for forming a transparent article, comprising:
non-contact heating a polymer sheet to form a heated sheet, wherein the polymer sheet has a thickness of greater than 2.5 mm; creating a pressure differential across the heated sheet; pushing the heated sheet onto a contoured surface of a mold to form a shaped article; and releasing the shaped article from the mold wherein the shaped article has a difference in thinning across the shaped article of less than or equal to 35%. 2. A method for forming a transparent article, comprising:
non-contact heating a polymer sheet to form a heated sheet, wherein the polymer sheet has a thickness of greater than 2.5 mm; creating a pressure differential across the heated sheet; isostatically forming the heated sheet onto a contoured surface to form a shaped article; and releasing the shaped article from the mold wherein the shaped article has a difference in thinning across the shaped article of less than or equal to 35%. 3. A method for forming a polycarbonate article, comprising:
heating a transparent polycarbonate sheet to form a heated sheet, having a transparency of greater than or equal to 1% measured according to ASTM D-1003-00 Procedure B, Spectrophotometer, using illuminant C with diffuse illumination and unidirectional viewing, wherein the polycarbonate sheet has a thickness of greater than 2.5 mm; creating a pressure differential across the heated sheet;
pushing the heated sheet onto a contoured surface of a mold to form a shaped article; and
releasing the shaped article from the mold;
wherein the polycarbonate sheet comprises greater than or equal to 50 wt % polycarbonate based upon a total weight of the polycarbonate sheet; wherein the polycarbonate sheet has at least one of a UV protective coating and an abrasion-resistant coating; and wherein the shaped article has a difference in thinning across the shaped article of less than or equal to 35%. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the thickness is greater than or equal to 3.0 mm. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the thickness is 3 mm to 18 mm. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the heating is to a temperature of the sheet of material of greater than HDT to (HDT +40° C.) as determined by ISO75-2. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the temperature is (HDT +5° C.) to (HDT +30° C.) as determined by ISO75-2. 8. The method claim 1, wherein the heating is to a temperature of the sheet of material of 10 to 65° C. above the Vicat softening temperature B/50, wherein the Vicat softening temperature B/50 is determined according to ISO 306 (50 N; 50° C./h). 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the pressure differential is less than 300 bar. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the pressure differential is 1 less than 200 bars. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein, without predrying the polymer sheet, a time for forming the shaped article from the polymer sheet is less than or equal to 10 minutes. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein a time for forming the shaped article from the polymer sheet is less than or equal to 5 minutes. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein a time for forming the shaped article from the polymer sheet is less than or equal to 3 minutes. 14. (canceled) 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the shaped article has no cracks visible to the unaided eye having normal vision. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the heating is achieved by way of radiant heating with the aid of infrared radiation. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymer sheet comprises polycarbonate. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymer sheet further comprises a drape formable coating, wherein the drape formable coating comprises at least one of a UV protective coating and an abrasion-resistant coating. 19. An article formed by the method of claim 1. 20. The method of claim 1, comprising no heating for greater than or equal to 15 minutes to dry the heated sheet before forming the shaped article. | Method for forming a transparent article comprising: heating a polymer sheet 40 to form a heated sheet; creating a pressure differential across the heated sheet; pushing the heated sheet onto the contoured surface 20 to form a shaped article; and releasing the shaped article from the mold 12. Also included herein are articles made therefrom.1. A method for forming a transparent article, comprising:
non-contact heating a polymer sheet to form a heated sheet, wherein the polymer sheet has a thickness of greater than 2.5 mm; creating a pressure differential across the heated sheet; pushing the heated sheet onto a contoured surface of a mold to form a shaped article; and releasing the shaped article from the mold wherein the shaped article has a difference in thinning across the shaped article of less than or equal to 35%. 2. A method for forming a transparent article, comprising:
non-contact heating a polymer sheet to form a heated sheet, wherein the polymer sheet has a thickness of greater than 2.5 mm; creating a pressure differential across the heated sheet; isostatically forming the heated sheet onto a contoured surface to form a shaped article; and releasing the shaped article from the mold wherein the shaped article has a difference in thinning across the shaped article of less than or equal to 35%. 3. A method for forming a polycarbonate article, comprising:
heating a transparent polycarbonate sheet to form a heated sheet, having a transparency of greater than or equal to 1% measured according to ASTM D-1003-00 Procedure B, Spectrophotometer, using illuminant C with diffuse illumination and unidirectional viewing, wherein the polycarbonate sheet has a thickness of greater than 2.5 mm; creating a pressure differential across the heated sheet;
pushing the heated sheet onto a contoured surface of a mold to form a shaped article; and
releasing the shaped article from the mold;
wherein the polycarbonate sheet comprises greater than or equal to 50 wt % polycarbonate based upon a total weight of the polycarbonate sheet; wherein the polycarbonate sheet has at least one of a UV protective coating and an abrasion-resistant coating; and wherein the shaped article has a difference in thinning across the shaped article of less than or equal to 35%. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the thickness is greater than or equal to 3.0 mm. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the thickness is 3 mm to 18 mm. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the heating is to a temperature of the sheet of material of greater than HDT to (HDT +40° C.) as determined by ISO75-2. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the temperature is (HDT +5° C.) to (HDT +30° C.) as determined by ISO75-2. 8. The method claim 1, wherein the heating is to a temperature of the sheet of material of 10 to 65° C. above the Vicat softening temperature B/50, wherein the Vicat softening temperature B/50 is determined according to ISO 306 (50 N; 50° C./h). 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the pressure differential is less than 300 bar. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the pressure differential is 1 less than 200 bars. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein, without predrying the polymer sheet, a time for forming the shaped article from the polymer sheet is less than or equal to 10 minutes. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein a time for forming the shaped article from the polymer sheet is less than or equal to 5 minutes. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein a time for forming the shaped article from the polymer sheet is less than or equal to 3 minutes. 14. (canceled) 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the shaped article has no cracks visible to the unaided eye having normal vision. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the heating is achieved by way of radiant heating with the aid of infrared radiation. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymer sheet comprises polycarbonate. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymer sheet further comprises a drape formable coating, wherein the drape formable coating comprises at least one of a UV protective coating and an abrasion-resistant coating. 19. An article formed by the method of claim 1. 20. The method of claim 1, comprising no heating for greater than or equal to 15 minutes to dry the heated sheet before forming the shaped article. | 1,700 |
3,716 | 13,174,179 | 1,785 | A foiled article and methods of making the foiled article. The foiled article includes a substrate with one or more foiled areas on one or both surfaces of the substrate. The foiled areas are formed by applying a predetermined pattern of toner or ink to the substrate, and bonding a foil material to the patterned areas by the application of heat. The foiled areas can then be printed to create a multi-colored foil, images, or text thereon. The foiled areas can be simultaneously printed with the non-foiled areas. The digital patterning of the toner or ink, as well as the optional digital printing of the foiled areas allow for variable images without the expenditure for stamping dies and printing plates, such that a short-run product can be produced at lower cost with faster turn around times than traditional foiling processes. | 1. A foiled article having at least one printed foiled feature comprising:
a substrate presenting a surface; a foil material bonded to at least a portion of the surface of the substrate to define at a first foiled area; and digitally printed matter printed over at least a portion of the first foiled area to form a first printed foiled feature. 2. The foiled article of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises paper, paperboard, cardboard, plastic, plastic film, glass, ceramics, fabric, metallized materials, laminates, or combinations thereof. 3. The foiled article of claim 1, wherein the digitally printed matter comprises text, color, graphics, images, patterns, or combinations thereof. 4. The foiled article of claim 1, wherein the digitally printed matter comprises variable data printed using one or more printing processes including inkjet printing, laser printing, electro-photographic, and xerographic printing. 5. The foiled article of claim 1, wherein the foil material is applied to the substrate by a hot foiling process, a cold foiling process, or a dieless foil process. 6. The foiled article of claim 1, wherein the surface of the substrate further comprises a first non-foiled area. 7. The foiled article of claim 6, wherein the digitally printed matter extends onto at least a portion of the first non-foiled area, such that the first printed foiled feature includes the first foiled area, the first non-foiled area, and the digitally printed matter. 8. The foiled article of claim 1, further comprising a bonding material sandwiched between the substrate and the foil material to bond the foil material to the surface of the substrate, the bonding material comprising toner, ink, adhesive, or combinations thereof. 9. The foiled article of claim 8, wherein the bonding material comprises toner, and the toner is digitally applied by an inkjet, an electro-photographic, or a xerographic process. 10. The foiled article of claim 9, wherein the toner is applied by an inkjet process, and wherein the foil material is applied by a dieless foiling process. 11. The foiled article of claim 9, wherein the toner comprises a combination of non-dimensional toner and dimensional toner adapted to form a raised image bonded to the substrate, such that the first foiled area comprises both raised and non-raised areas. 12. The foiled article of claim 1, further comprising a transparent coating layer covering at least a portion of the first foiled area, wherein the transparent coating layer comprises a UV-curable coating, EB-curable coating, heat-curable coating, IR-curable coating, LED-light curable coating, NIR-curable coating, microwave curable coating, or combinations thereof. 13. The foiled article of claim 12, wherein the digitally printed matter is applied to at least a portion of the transparent coating layer. 14. The foiled article of claim 12, wherein the transparent coating layer covers at least a portion of the first foiled area and the digitally printed matter. 15. The foiled article of claim 1, wherein the article comprises a greeting card, business card, poster, stamp, napkin, gift card, identification card, container, label, currency, certificate, diploma, calendar, passport, envelope, invitation, stationary, magnet, form, notepad, announcement, memo pad, post card, binder, or book. 16. The foiled article of claim 1, wherein the first foiled area comprises an entirety of the surface of the substrate. 17. A foiled article comprising:
a substrate presenting a surface; a foil material digitally applied to at least a portion of the surface of the substrate in a foil pattern to define a first foiled area, wherein the foil pattern is representative of a digital image file comprising a plurality of pixels, wherein each pixel of the digital image file corresponds to a defined position on the surface of the substrate; and digitally printed matter printed over at least a portion of the first foiled area to form a first printed foiled feature. 18. The foiled article of claim 17, further comprising a toner material applied in the foil pattern to at least a portion of the surface of the substrate, wherein the foil material bonds to the toner material to define the first foiled area. 19. The foiled article of claim 18, wherein the toner material is applied by an electro-photographic, an inkjet process, or a xerographic process. 20. The foiled article of claim 17, wherein the digitally printed matter comprises variable data printed using one or more digital printing processes including inkjet printing, laser printing, electro-photographic, and xerographic printing. | A foiled article and methods of making the foiled article. The foiled article includes a substrate with one or more foiled areas on one or both surfaces of the substrate. The foiled areas are formed by applying a predetermined pattern of toner or ink to the substrate, and bonding a foil material to the patterned areas by the application of heat. The foiled areas can then be printed to create a multi-colored foil, images, or text thereon. The foiled areas can be simultaneously printed with the non-foiled areas. The digital patterning of the toner or ink, as well as the optional digital printing of the foiled areas allow for variable images without the expenditure for stamping dies and printing plates, such that a short-run product can be produced at lower cost with faster turn around times than traditional foiling processes.1. A foiled article having at least one printed foiled feature comprising:
a substrate presenting a surface; a foil material bonded to at least a portion of the surface of the substrate to define at a first foiled area; and digitally printed matter printed over at least a portion of the first foiled area to form a first printed foiled feature. 2. The foiled article of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises paper, paperboard, cardboard, plastic, plastic film, glass, ceramics, fabric, metallized materials, laminates, or combinations thereof. 3. The foiled article of claim 1, wherein the digitally printed matter comprises text, color, graphics, images, patterns, or combinations thereof. 4. The foiled article of claim 1, wherein the digitally printed matter comprises variable data printed using one or more printing processes including inkjet printing, laser printing, electro-photographic, and xerographic printing. 5. The foiled article of claim 1, wherein the foil material is applied to the substrate by a hot foiling process, a cold foiling process, or a dieless foil process. 6. The foiled article of claim 1, wherein the surface of the substrate further comprises a first non-foiled area. 7. The foiled article of claim 6, wherein the digitally printed matter extends onto at least a portion of the first non-foiled area, such that the first printed foiled feature includes the first foiled area, the first non-foiled area, and the digitally printed matter. 8. The foiled article of claim 1, further comprising a bonding material sandwiched between the substrate and the foil material to bond the foil material to the surface of the substrate, the bonding material comprising toner, ink, adhesive, or combinations thereof. 9. The foiled article of claim 8, wherein the bonding material comprises toner, and the toner is digitally applied by an inkjet, an electro-photographic, or a xerographic process. 10. The foiled article of claim 9, wherein the toner is applied by an inkjet process, and wherein the foil material is applied by a dieless foiling process. 11. The foiled article of claim 9, wherein the toner comprises a combination of non-dimensional toner and dimensional toner adapted to form a raised image bonded to the substrate, such that the first foiled area comprises both raised and non-raised areas. 12. The foiled article of claim 1, further comprising a transparent coating layer covering at least a portion of the first foiled area, wherein the transparent coating layer comprises a UV-curable coating, EB-curable coating, heat-curable coating, IR-curable coating, LED-light curable coating, NIR-curable coating, microwave curable coating, or combinations thereof. 13. The foiled article of claim 12, wherein the digitally printed matter is applied to at least a portion of the transparent coating layer. 14. The foiled article of claim 12, wherein the transparent coating layer covers at least a portion of the first foiled area and the digitally printed matter. 15. The foiled article of claim 1, wherein the article comprises a greeting card, business card, poster, stamp, napkin, gift card, identification card, container, label, currency, certificate, diploma, calendar, passport, envelope, invitation, stationary, magnet, form, notepad, announcement, memo pad, post card, binder, or book. 16. The foiled article of claim 1, wherein the first foiled area comprises an entirety of the surface of the substrate. 17. A foiled article comprising:
a substrate presenting a surface; a foil material digitally applied to at least a portion of the surface of the substrate in a foil pattern to define a first foiled area, wherein the foil pattern is representative of a digital image file comprising a plurality of pixels, wherein each pixel of the digital image file corresponds to a defined position on the surface of the substrate; and digitally printed matter printed over at least a portion of the first foiled area to form a first printed foiled feature. 18. The foiled article of claim 17, further comprising a toner material applied in the foil pattern to at least a portion of the surface of the substrate, wherein the foil material bonds to the toner material to define the first foiled area. 19. The foiled article of claim 18, wherein the toner material is applied by an electro-photographic, an inkjet process, or a xerographic process. 20. The foiled article of claim 17, wherein the digitally printed matter comprises variable data printed using one or more digital printing processes including inkjet printing, laser printing, electro-photographic, and xerographic printing. | 1,700 |
3,717 | 14,548,658 | 1,781 | In a fuselage portion for an aircraft, in order to reduce the assembly clearance between the soleplate of a circumferential frame and a fuselage skin in composite material while limiting the mass of the fuselage portion, a ply drop-off is used comprising two portions oriented in the circumferential direction and having different respective slopes. | 1. A fuselage portion formed of composite material for an aircraft, comprising:
a fuselage skin comprising at least two regions of constant thickness having different thicknesses, comprising
a first region of greater constant thickness, and
a second region of lesser constant thickness, said regions being connected to one another by a first ply drop-off,
said first ply drop-off comprising at least two portions having different slopes each oriented in a circumferential direction orthogonal to a longitudinal direction of said fuselage portion, comprising
a first portion having a greater slope and
a second portion having a lesser slope,
the first and second portions being arranged on one and the same circumferential side relative to the first region. 2. The fuselage portion according to claim 1, wherein said slope of said first portion of said first ply drop-off is greater than or equal to 1/20 and said slope of said second portion of said first ply drop-off is less than or equal to 1/40. 3. The fuselage portion according to claim 2, wherein said slope of said second portion of said first ply drop-off is less than or equal to 1/70. 4. The fuselage portion according to claim 1, further comprising a first circumferential frame extending in a plane orthogonal to said longitudinal direction and comprising a soleplate applied to said regions of constant thickness and to said second portion of said first ply drop-off. 5. The fuselage portion according to claim 4, wherein said second portion of said first ply drop-off has a width between 1 times and 1.5 times a width of said soleplate of said first circumferential frame. 6. The fuselage portion according to claim 4, further comprising a second circumferential frame extending in a plane orthogonal to said longitudinal direction and comprising a soleplate applied to said regions of constant thickness and to a fourth portion of said first ply drop-off similar to said second portion of said first ply drop-off and separated from said second portion by a third portion of said first ply drop-off similar to said first portion thereof. 7. The fuselage portion according to claim 1, wherein said fuselage skin comprises
a third region of constant thickness having a thickness less than the thickness of said second region,
said third region being connected to said second region by a second ply drop-off comprising at least two portions having different slopes each oriented in said circumferential direction, comprising
a first portion having a greater slope and
a second portion having a lesser slope, the latter slope being less than said slope of said second region of said first ply drop-off, and
the first and second portions of the second ply drop-off being arranged on one and the same circumferential side relative to the second region. 8. The fuselage portion according to claim 1, wherein the fuselage portion comprises a forward section of an aircraft. 9. A forward section of an aircraft comprising a fuselage portion formed of composite material, comprising:
a fuselage skin comprising at least two regions of constant thickness having different thicknesses, comprising
a first region of greater constant thickness, and
a second region of lesser constant thickness, said regions being connected to one another by a first ply drop-off,
said first ply drop-off comprising at least two portions having different slopes each oriented in a circumferential direction orthogonal to a longitudinal direction of said fuselage portion, comprising
a first portion having a greater slope and
a second portion having a lesser slope,
the first and second portions being arranged on one and the same circumferential side relative to the first region. 10. An aircraft comprising a forward section comprising a fuselage portion formed of composite material, comprising:
a fuselage skin comprising at least two regions of constant thickness having different thicknesses, comprising
a first region of greater constant thickness, and
a second region of lesser constant thickness, said regions being connected to one another by a first ply drop-off,
said first ply drop-off comprising at least two portions having different slopes each oriented in a circumferential direction orthogonal to a longitudinal direction of said fuselage portion, comprising
a first portion having a greater slope and
a second portion having a lesser slope,
the first and second portions being arranged on one and the same circumferential side relative to the first region. | In a fuselage portion for an aircraft, in order to reduce the assembly clearance between the soleplate of a circumferential frame and a fuselage skin in composite material while limiting the mass of the fuselage portion, a ply drop-off is used comprising two portions oriented in the circumferential direction and having different respective slopes.1. A fuselage portion formed of composite material for an aircraft, comprising:
a fuselage skin comprising at least two regions of constant thickness having different thicknesses, comprising
a first region of greater constant thickness, and
a second region of lesser constant thickness, said regions being connected to one another by a first ply drop-off,
said first ply drop-off comprising at least two portions having different slopes each oriented in a circumferential direction orthogonal to a longitudinal direction of said fuselage portion, comprising
a first portion having a greater slope and
a second portion having a lesser slope,
the first and second portions being arranged on one and the same circumferential side relative to the first region. 2. The fuselage portion according to claim 1, wherein said slope of said first portion of said first ply drop-off is greater than or equal to 1/20 and said slope of said second portion of said first ply drop-off is less than or equal to 1/40. 3. The fuselage portion according to claim 2, wherein said slope of said second portion of said first ply drop-off is less than or equal to 1/70. 4. The fuselage portion according to claim 1, further comprising a first circumferential frame extending in a plane orthogonal to said longitudinal direction and comprising a soleplate applied to said regions of constant thickness and to said second portion of said first ply drop-off. 5. The fuselage portion according to claim 4, wherein said second portion of said first ply drop-off has a width between 1 times and 1.5 times a width of said soleplate of said first circumferential frame. 6. The fuselage portion according to claim 4, further comprising a second circumferential frame extending in a plane orthogonal to said longitudinal direction and comprising a soleplate applied to said regions of constant thickness and to a fourth portion of said first ply drop-off similar to said second portion of said first ply drop-off and separated from said second portion by a third portion of said first ply drop-off similar to said first portion thereof. 7. The fuselage portion according to claim 1, wherein said fuselage skin comprises
a third region of constant thickness having a thickness less than the thickness of said second region,
said third region being connected to said second region by a second ply drop-off comprising at least two portions having different slopes each oriented in said circumferential direction, comprising
a first portion having a greater slope and
a second portion having a lesser slope, the latter slope being less than said slope of said second region of said first ply drop-off, and
the first and second portions of the second ply drop-off being arranged on one and the same circumferential side relative to the second region. 8. The fuselage portion according to claim 1, wherein the fuselage portion comprises a forward section of an aircraft. 9. A forward section of an aircraft comprising a fuselage portion formed of composite material, comprising:
a fuselage skin comprising at least two regions of constant thickness having different thicknesses, comprising
a first region of greater constant thickness, and
a second region of lesser constant thickness, said regions being connected to one another by a first ply drop-off,
said first ply drop-off comprising at least two portions having different slopes each oriented in a circumferential direction orthogonal to a longitudinal direction of said fuselage portion, comprising
a first portion having a greater slope and
a second portion having a lesser slope,
the first and second portions being arranged on one and the same circumferential side relative to the first region. 10. An aircraft comprising a forward section comprising a fuselage portion formed of composite material, comprising:
a fuselage skin comprising at least two regions of constant thickness having different thicknesses, comprising
a first region of greater constant thickness, and
a second region of lesser constant thickness, said regions being connected to one another by a first ply drop-off,
said first ply drop-off comprising at least two portions having different slopes each oriented in a circumferential direction orthogonal to a longitudinal direction of said fuselage portion, comprising
a first portion having a greater slope and
a second portion having a lesser slope,
the first and second portions being arranged on one and the same circumferential side relative to the first region. | 1,700 |
3,718 | 14,008,022 | 1,722 | The invention relates to a liquid-crystalline medium which comprises at least one compound of the formula I,
in which
R 1 , R 1* , rings A and B, Z 1 , L 1 , L 2 , a and b have the meanings indicated in Claim 1,
and to the use thereof for an active-matrix display, in particular based on the VA, PSA, PS-VA, PALC, FFS, PS-FFS, IPS or PS-IPS effect. | 1. Liquid-crystalline medium based on a mixture of polar compounds, characterised in that it comprises at least one compound of the formula I,
in which
R1 and R1* each, independently of one another, denote an alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1 to 15 C atoms, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may each be replaced, independently of one another, by —C≡C—, —CF2O—, —CH═CH—,
—O—, —CO—O—, —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another, and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by halogen,
Z1 denotes —CH2O— or —OCH2—
a denotes 0, 1 or 2
b denotes 1 or 2,
each, independently of one another, denote
L1 and L2 each, independently of one another, denote F, Cl, CF3, OCF3 or CHF2. 2. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that it additionally comprises one or more compounds selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae IIA, IIB and IIC,
in which
R2A, R2B and R2C each, independently of one another, denote H, an alkyl radical having up to 15 C atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF3 or at least monosubstituted by halogen, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may be replaced by —O—, —S—,
—C≡C—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
L1-4 each, independently of one another, denote F or Cl,
Z2 and Z2′ each, independently of one another, denote a single bond, —CH2CH2—, —CH═CH—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CH2O—, —OCH2—, —COO—, —OCO—, —C2F4—, —CF═CF—, —CH═CHCH2O—,
p denotes 1 or 2,
q denotes 0 or 1, and
v denotes 1 to 6. 3. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim characterised in that it additionally comprises one or more compounds of the formula III,
in which
R31 and R32 each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl, alkoxyalkyl or alkoxy radical having up to 12 C atoms, and
denotes
Z3 denotes a single bond, —CH2CH2—, —CH═CH—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CH2O—, —OCH2—, —COO—, —OCO—, —C2F4—, —C4H8—, —CF═CF—. 4. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that the medium comprises at least one compound of the formulae I-1 to I-192,
in which
alkyl and alkyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms,
alkenyl denotes a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2-6 C atoms, and
alkoxy denotes a straight-chain alkoxy radical having 1-6 C atoms. 5. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that the medium additionally comprises one or more compounds of the formulae L-1 to L-11,
in which
R, R1 and R2 each, independently of one another, denote H, an alkyl radical having up to 15 C atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF3 or at least monosubstituted by halogen, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may be replaced by —O—, —S—,
—C≡C—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another, alkyl denotes an alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms, and
s denotes 1 or 2. 6. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that the medium additionally comprises one or more terphenyls of the formulae T-1 to T-21,
in which
R denotes a straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1-7 C atoms, and
m denotes 1-6. 7. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that the medium additionally comprises one or more compounds of the formulae O-1 to O-16,
in which
R1 and R2 each, independently of one another, denote H, an alkyl radical having up to 15 C atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF3 or at least monosubstituted by by halogen, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may be replaced by —O—, S—,
—C≡C—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another. 8. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that the medium additionally comprises one or more indane compounds of the formula In,
in which
R11, R12, R13 denote a straight-chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl or alkenyl radical having 1-5 C atoms,
R12 and R13 additionally also denote halogen,
denotes
denotes 0, 1 or 2. 9. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that the proportion of compounds of the formula I in the mixture as a whole is ≧1% by weight. 10. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that it additionally comprises one or more polymerisable compounds. 11. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that the concentration of the polymerisable compound(s), based on the medium, is 0.01-5% by weight. 12. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that the polymerisable compound(s) is (are) selected from compounds of the formula I*
Ra-A1-(Z1-A2)m-Rb I*
in which the individual radicals have the following meanings: Ra and Rb each, independently of one another, denote P, P-Sp-, H, halogen, SF5, NO2, a carbon group or hydrocarbon group, where at least one of the radicals Ra and Rb denotes or contains a group P or P-Sp-, P on each occurrence, identically or differently, denotes a polymerisable group, Sp on each occurrence, identically or differently, denotes a spacer group or a single bond, A1 and A2 each, independently of one another, denote an aromatic, heteroaromatic, alicyclic or heterocyclic group, preferably having 4 to 25 ring atoms, which may also contain fused rings, and which may also be mono- or polysubstituted by L, L denotes P-Sp-, H, OH, CH2OH, halogen, SF5, NO2, a carbon group or hydrocarbon group, Z1 on each occurrence, identically or differently, denotes —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CO—O—, —OCO—, —O—CO—O—, —OCH2—, —CH2O—, —SCH2—, —CH2S—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CF2S—, —SCF2—, —(CH2)n1—, —CF2CH2—, —CH2CF2—, —(CF2)n1—, —CH═CH—, —CF═CF—, —C≡C—, —CH═CH—COO—, —OCO—CH═CH—, CR0R00 or a single bond, R0 and R00 each, independently of one another, denote H or alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms, m denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, n1 denotes 1, 2, 3 or 4. 13. Process for the preparation of a liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that at least one compound of the formula I is mixed with at least one further mesogenic compound, and one or more additives and/or one or more stabilisers and/or one or more polymerisable compounds are optionally added. 14. An electro-optical display comprising liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1. 15. An electro-optical display according to claim 14, wherein VA, PVA and PS-VA, IPS, PS-IPS, FFS, PS-FFS or PALC display. 16. A method of generating of a tilt angle in a liquid-crystalline medium in a PS or PSA display comprising subjecting a liquid crystalline medium according to claim 10 within a PS or PSA display to in-situ polymerisation by application of an electric or magnetic field. 17. Electro-optical display having active-matrix addressing, characterised in that it contains, as dielectric, a liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1. 18. Electro-optical display according to claim 17, characterised in that it is a VA, PSA, PS-VA, PALC, FFS, PS-FFS or PS-IPS display. 19. Electro-optical display according to claim 17, containing an LC cell consisting of two substrates and two electrodes, where at least one substrate is transparent to light and at least one substrate has one or two electrodes, and a layer, located between the substrates, of a liquid-crystalline medium comprising a polymerised component and a low-molecular-weight component, where the polymerised component is obtainable by polymerisation of one or more polymerisable compounds in the liquid-crystalline medium between the substrates of the LC cell, preferably with application of an electrical voltage to the electrodes, and where the low-molecular-weight component is said liquid-crystalline medium. | The invention relates to a liquid-crystalline medium which comprises at least one compound of the formula I,
in which
R 1 , R 1* , rings A and B, Z 1 , L 1 , L 2 , a and b have the meanings indicated in Claim 1,
and to the use thereof for an active-matrix display, in particular based on the VA, PSA, PS-VA, PALC, FFS, PS-FFS, IPS or PS-IPS effect.1. Liquid-crystalline medium based on a mixture of polar compounds, characterised in that it comprises at least one compound of the formula I,
in which
R1 and R1* each, independently of one another, denote an alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1 to 15 C atoms, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may each be replaced, independently of one another, by —C≡C—, —CF2O—, —CH═CH—,
—O—, —CO—O—, —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another, and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by halogen,
Z1 denotes —CH2O— or —OCH2—
a denotes 0, 1 or 2
b denotes 1 or 2,
each, independently of one another, denote
L1 and L2 each, independently of one another, denote F, Cl, CF3, OCF3 or CHF2. 2. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that it additionally comprises one or more compounds selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae IIA, IIB and IIC,
in which
R2A, R2B and R2C each, independently of one another, denote H, an alkyl radical having up to 15 C atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF3 or at least monosubstituted by halogen, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may be replaced by —O—, —S—,
—C≡C—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
L1-4 each, independently of one another, denote F or Cl,
Z2 and Z2′ each, independently of one another, denote a single bond, —CH2CH2—, —CH═CH—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CH2O—, —OCH2—, —COO—, —OCO—, —C2F4—, —CF═CF—, —CH═CHCH2O—,
p denotes 1 or 2,
q denotes 0 or 1, and
v denotes 1 to 6. 3. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim characterised in that it additionally comprises one or more compounds of the formula III,
in which
R31 and R32 each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl, alkoxyalkyl or alkoxy radical having up to 12 C atoms, and
denotes
Z3 denotes a single bond, —CH2CH2—, —CH═CH—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CH2O—, —OCH2—, —COO—, —OCO—, —C2F4—, —C4H8—, —CF═CF—. 4. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that the medium comprises at least one compound of the formulae I-1 to I-192,
in which
alkyl and alkyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms,
alkenyl denotes a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2-6 C atoms, and
alkoxy denotes a straight-chain alkoxy radical having 1-6 C atoms. 5. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that the medium additionally comprises one or more compounds of the formulae L-1 to L-11,
in which
R, R1 and R2 each, independently of one another, denote H, an alkyl radical having up to 15 C atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF3 or at least monosubstituted by halogen, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may be replaced by —O—, —S—,
—C≡C—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another, alkyl denotes an alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms, and
s denotes 1 or 2. 6. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that the medium additionally comprises one or more terphenyls of the formulae T-1 to T-21,
in which
R denotes a straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1-7 C atoms, and
m denotes 1-6. 7. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that the medium additionally comprises one or more compounds of the formulae O-1 to O-16,
in which
R1 and R2 each, independently of one another, denote H, an alkyl radical having up to 15 C atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF3 or at least monosubstituted by by halogen, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may be replaced by —O—, S—,
—C≡C—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another. 8. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that the medium additionally comprises one or more indane compounds of the formula In,
in which
R11, R12, R13 denote a straight-chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl or alkenyl radical having 1-5 C atoms,
R12 and R13 additionally also denote halogen,
denotes
denotes 0, 1 or 2. 9. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that the proportion of compounds of the formula I in the mixture as a whole is ≧1% by weight. 10. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that it additionally comprises one or more polymerisable compounds. 11. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that the concentration of the polymerisable compound(s), based on the medium, is 0.01-5% by weight. 12. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that the polymerisable compound(s) is (are) selected from compounds of the formula I*
Ra-A1-(Z1-A2)m-Rb I*
in which the individual radicals have the following meanings: Ra and Rb each, independently of one another, denote P, P-Sp-, H, halogen, SF5, NO2, a carbon group or hydrocarbon group, where at least one of the radicals Ra and Rb denotes or contains a group P or P-Sp-, P on each occurrence, identically or differently, denotes a polymerisable group, Sp on each occurrence, identically or differently, denotes a spacer group or a single bond, A1 and A2 each, independently of one another, denote an aromatic, heteroaromatic, alicyclic or heterocyclic group, preferably having 4 to 25 ring atoms, which may also contain fused rings, and which may also be mono- or polysubstituted by L, L denotes P-Sp-, H, OH, CH2OH, halogen, SF5, NO2, a carbon group or hydrocarbon group, Z1 on each occurrence, identically or differently, denotes —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CO—O—, —OCO—, —O—CO—O—, —OCH2—, —CH2O—, —SCH2—, —CH2S—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CF2S—, —SCF2—, —(CH2)n1—, —CF2CH2—, —CH2CF2—, —(CF2)n1—, —CH═CH—, —CF═CF—, —C≡C—, —CH═CH—COO—, —OCO—CH═CH—, CR0R00 or a single bond, R0 and R00 each, independently of one another, denote H or alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms, m denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, n1 denotes 1, 2, 3 or 4. 13. Process for the preparation of a liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that at least one compound of the formula I is mixed with at least one further mesogenic compound, and one or more additives and/or one or more stabilisers and/or one or more polymerisable compounds are optionally added. 14. An electro-optical display comprising liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1. 15. An electro-optical display according to claim 14, wherein VA, PVA and PS-VA, IPS, PS-IPS, FFS, PS-FFS or PALC display. 16. A method of generating of a tilt angle in a liquid-crystalline medium in a PS or PSA display comprising subjecting a liquid crystalline medium according to claim 10 within a PS or PSA display to in-situ polymerisation by application of an electric or magnetic field. 17. Electro-optical display having active-matrix addressing, characterised in that it contains, as dielectric, a liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1. 18. Electro-optical display according to claim 17, characterised in that it is a VA, PSA, PS-VA, PALC, FFS, PS-FFS or PS-IPS display. 19. Electro-optical display according to claim 17, containing an LC cell consisting of two substrates and two electrodes, where at least one substrate is transparent to light and at least one substrate has one or two electrodes, and a layer, located between the substrates, of a liquid-crystalline medium comprising a polymerised component and a low-molecular-weight component, where the polymerised component is obtainable by polymerisation of one or more polymerisable compounds in the liquid-crystalline medium between the substrates of the LC cell, preferably with application of an electrical voltage to the electrodes, and where the low-molecular-weight component is said liquid-crystalline medium. | 1,700 |
3,719 | 14,937,916 | 1,761 | This invention relates to a cleaning composition encased within a film material. The film-encased cleaning composition is useful for cleaning appliances, such as washing machines. | 1. A film-encased cleaning composition comprised of:
(a) a granular cleaning material, wherein the cleaning material is comprised of: (i) a majority by weight of a percarbonate-based compound; (ii) an organic acid component; (iii) a metal chelating agent; and (iv) optionally, at least one component selected from the group consisting of a diluent, a filler, a preservative, an anti-corrosion agent, and a fragrance; and (b) a film component, wherein the film component is polymeric, and wherein the film forms an enclosure that surrounds the granular cleaning material such that the granular cleaning material is contained within the film enclosure. 2. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 1, wherein the percarbonate-based compound is present in the range from 1% to 95% by weight of the composition. 3. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 1, wherein the percarbonate-based compound is sodium percarbonate. 4. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 1, wherein the metal chelating agent is an organic acid. 5. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 4, wherein the organic acid is the same organic acid as component (ii) of claim 1. 6. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 1, wherein the organic acid component is present in the range from 0.001% to 60% by weight of the composition. 7. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 1, wherein the organic acid component is carboxylic acid. 8. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 7, wherein carboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of citric acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, gluconic acid, aspartic acid, adipic acid, lactic acid, and mixtures thereof. 9. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 1, wherein the film component is selected from the group consisting polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyalkylene oxides, acrylamide, acrylic acid, cellulose, cellulose ethers, cellulose esters, cellulose amides, polyvinyl acetates, polycarboxylic acids and salts, polyaminoacids or peptides, polyamides, polyacrylamide, copolymers of maleic/acrylic acids, polysaccharides, natural gums, and combinations thereof. 10. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 1, wherein the film component has a thickness in the range from 1 to 300 microns. 11. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 1, wherein the average particle size of the components comprising the granular material is characterized in that no more than 5% of the particles are greater than 1.7 mm in diameter and not more than 5% of the particles are less than 0.5 mm in diameter. 12. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 1, wherein at least one of the filler or diluent is a carbonate-based compound. 13. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 1, wherein the granular cleaning material further includes a polyol compound. 14. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 13, wherein the polyol compound is sorbitol. 15. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 1, wherein the granular cleaning material further includes a sugar compound. 16. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 15, wherein the sugar compound is dextrose. 17. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 1, wherein the granular cleaning material further includes a polyol compound and a sugar compound. 18. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 17, wherein the polyol compound is sorbitol and the sugar compound is dextrose. 19. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 1, wherein the metal chelating agent is carboxylic acid. 20. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 19, wherein the carboxylic acid is tartaric acid. | This invention relates to a cleaning composition encased within a film material. The film-encased cleaning composition is useful for cleaning appliances, such as washing machines.1. A film-encased cleaning composition comprised of:
(a) a granular cleaning material, wherein the cleaning material is comprised of: (i) a majority by weight of a percarbonate-based compound; (ii) an organic acid component; (iii) a metal chelating agent; and (iv) optionally, at least one component selected from the group consisting of a diluent, a filler, a preservative, an anti-corrosion agent, and a fragrance; and (b) a film component, wherein the film component is polymeric, and wherein the film forms an enclosure that surrounds the granular cleaning material such that the granular cleaning material is contained within the film enclosure. 2. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 1, wherein the percarbonate-based compound is present in the range from 1% to 95% by weight of the composition. 3. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 1, wherein the percarbonate-based compound is sodium percarbonate. 4. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 1, wherein the metal chelating agent is an organic acid. 5. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 4, wherein the organic acid is the same organic acid as component (ii) of claim 1. 6. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 1, wherein the organic acid component is present in the range from 0.001% to 60% by weight of the composition. 7. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 1, wherein the organic acid component is carboxylic acid. 8. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 7, wherein carboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of citric acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, gluconic acid, aspartic acid, adipic acid, lactic acid, and mixtures thereof. 9. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 1, wherein the film component is selected from the group consisting polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyalkylene oxides, acrylamide, acrylic acid, cellulose, cellulose ethers, cellulose esters, cellulose amides, polyvinyl acetates, polycarboxylic acids and salts, polyaminoacids or peptides, polyamides, polyacrylamide, copolymers of maleic/acrylic acids, polysaccharides, natural gums, and combinations thereof. 10. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 1, wherein the film component has a thickness in the range from 1 to 300 microns. 11. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 1, wherein the average particle size of the components comprising the granular material is characterized in that no more than 5% of the particles are greater than 1.7 mm in diameter and not more than 5% of the particles are less than 0.5 mm in diameter. 12. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 1, wherein at least one of the filler or diluent is a carbonate-based compound. 13. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 1, wherein the granular cleaning material further includes a polyol compound. 14. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 13, wherein the polyol compound is sorbitol. 15. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 1, wherein the granular cleaning material further includes a sugar compound. 16. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 15, wherein the sugar compound is dextrose. 17. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 1, wherein the granular cleaning material further includes a polyol compound and a sugar compound. 18. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 17, wherein the polyol compound is sorbitol and the sugar compound is dextrose. 19. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 1, wherein the metal chelating agent is carboxylic acid. 20. The film-encased cleaning composition of claim 19, wherein the carboxylic acid is tartaric acid. | 1,700 |
3,720 | 14,650,217 | 1,793 | A method for producing an acidified milkbase is disclosed, comprising the steps of: providing a milk-based solution of a milk raw material and an ideal whey protein solution; pasteurizing the milk-based solution to provide a pasteurized milk-based solution; cooling the pasteurized milk-based solution to provide a cooled milk-based solution; adding a coagulant to the cooled mixture and ripening to provide the acidified milk-based product. The milk base is used in the production of acidified milk product, such as quark, fresh cheese, yoghurt or viili. The acidified milk products have desirable organoleptic properties, such as fresh taste and soft, velvety texture. | 1. A method for producing an acidified milk base, comprising the steps of:
providing a milk-based solution of a milk raw material and an ideal whey protein solution, pasteurizing the milk-based solution to provide a pasteurized milk-based solution, cooling the pasteurized milk-based solution to provide a cooled milk-based solution, adding a coagulant to the cooled mixture and ripening to provide the acidified milk base. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the ideal whey protein solution is a microfiltration permeate obtained from microfiltration of milk. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the microfiltration permeate is concentrated by ultrafiltration to provide a concentrated ideal whey protein solution as an ultrafiltration retentate. 4. The method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the microfiltration, ultrafiltration or both are carried out by using diafiltration. 5. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the milk-based solution is not subjected to calcium depletion. 6. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the protein content of the ideal whey protein solution is in the range of about 4% to about 25%, specifically about 9%. 7. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the milk raw material is skim milk. 8. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein a ratio of whey protein to casein of the milk-based solution is in the range from about 21:79 to about 50:50, specifically about 21:79 to about 30:70, more specifically about 30:70. 9. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the pasteurization is carried out at a temperature from about 80° C. to about 95° C. for about 5 to about 15 minutes, specifically at about 87° C. for about 7 minutes. 10. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the pasteurized mixture is cooled to a temperature from 20° C. to 45° C., specifically to about 29° C. 11. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the acidified mixture is ripened for about 3 to about 25 hours, specifically about 20 hours. 12. The method of any of the preceding claims, further comprising a lactose hydrolysis step. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein a lactase enzyme is added prior to ripening. 14. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein a rennet is added prior to ripening. 15. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the protein content of the acidified milk base is about 2% to about 6%. 16. A use of the acidified milk base prepared by the method of any of claims 1 to 14 for the preparation of an acidified milk product, such as quark, fresh cheese, viili and yoghurt. 17. An acidified milk product having a ratio of whey protein to casein in the range from about 21:79 to about 50:50, comprising an ideal whey protein solution. 18. The acidified milk product of claim 17 having the ratio of whey protein to casein in the range from about 21:79 to about 30:70, specifically about 30:70. 19. The acidified milk product of claim 17 or 18, which is quark, fresh cheese, yoghurt or viili. 20. A method for producing an acidified milk product, comprising the steps of:
providing the acidified milk base prepared by the method of any of claims 1 to 15, sieving the acidified milk base to provide a sieved milk base, separating the sieved milk base to provide acidified milk product. 21. The method of claim 20, further comprising heat treatment of the acidified milk base. 22. The method of claim 20 or 21, wherein the total solids of the acidified milk product is about 14% to about 28%. 23. A method for producing yoghurt, comprising the steps of:
providing the acidified milk base prepared by the method of any of claims 1 to 15, mixing the acidified milk base to provide yoghurt. | A method for producing an acidified milkbase is disclosed, comprising the steps of: providing a milk-based solution of a milk raw material and an ideal whey protein solution; pasteurizing the milk-based solution to provide a pasteurized milk-based solution; cooling the pasteurized milk-based solution to provide a cooled milk-based solution; adding a coagulant to the cooled mixture and ripening to provide the acidified milk-based product. The milk base is used in the production of acidified milk product, such as quark, fresh cheese, yoghurt or viili. The acidified milk products have desirable organoleptic properties, such as fresh taste and soft, velvety texture.1. A method for producing an acidified milk base, comprising the steps of:
providing a milk-based solution of a milk raw material and an ideal whey protein solution, pasteurizing the milk-based solution to provide a pasteurized milk-based solution, cooling the pasteurized milk-based solution to provide a cooled milk-based solution, adding a coagulant to the cooled mixture and ripening to provide the acidified milk base. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the ideal whey protein solution is a microfiltration permeate obtained from microfiltration of milk. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the microfiltration permeate is concentrated by ultrafiltration to provide a concentrated ideal whey protein solution as an ultrafiltration retentate. 4. The method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the microfiltration, ultrafiltration or both are carried out by using diafiltration. 5. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the milk-based solution is not subjected to calcium depletion. 6. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the protein content of the ideal whey protein solution is in the range of about 4% to about 25%, specifically about 9%. 7. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the milk raw material is skim milk. 8. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein a ratio of whey protein to casein of the milk-based solution is in the range from about 21:79 to about 50:50, specifically about 21:79 to about 30:70, more specifically about 30:70. 9. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the pasteurization is carried out at a temperature from about 80° C. to about 95° C. for about 5 to about 15 minutes, specifically at about 87° C. for about 7 minutes. 10. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the pasteurized mixture is cooled to a temperature from 20° C. to 45° C., specifically to about 29° C. 11. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the acidified mixture is ripened for about 3 to about 25 hours, specifically about 20 hours. 12. The method of any of the preceding claims, further comprising a lactose hydrolysis step. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein a lactase enzyme is added prior to ripening. 14. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein a rennet is added prior to ripening. 15. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the protein content of the acidified milk base is about 2% to about 6%. 16. A use of the acidified milk base prepared by the method of any of claims 1 to 14 for the preparation of an acidified milk product, such as quark, fresh cheese, viili and yoghurt. 17. An acidified milk product having a ratio of whey protein to casein in the range from about 21:79 to about 50:50, comprising an ideal whey protein solution. 18. The acidified milk product of claim 17 having the ratio of whey protein to casein in the range from about 21:79 to about 30:70, specifically about 30:70. 19. The acidified milk product of claim 17 or 18, which is quark, fresh cheese, yoghurt or viili. 20. A method for producing an acidified milk product, comprising the steps of:
providing the acidified milk base prepared by the method of any of claims 1 to 15, sieving the acidified milk base to provide a sieved milk base, separating the sieved milk base to provide acidified milk product. 21. The method of claim 20, further comprising heat treatment of the acidified milk base. 22. The method of claim 20 or 21, wherein the total solids of the acidified milk product is about 14% to about 28%. 23. A method for producing yoghurt, comprising the steps of:
providing the acidified milk base prepared by the method of any of claims 1 to 15, mixing the acidified milk base to provide yoghurt. | 1,700 |
3,721 | 15,394,411 | 1,772 | A process comprising A) continuously introducing into a reaction zone i) ethylene, ii) an iron salt, iii) a pyridine bisimine, iv) an organoaluminum compound, and v) an organic reaction medium, and B) forming an oligomer product in the reaction zone, the reaction zone having i) an iron of the iron salt concentration in a range of 5×10 −4 mmol/kg to 5×10 −3 mmol/kg, ii) an aluminum of the organoaluminum compound to iron of the iron salt molar ratio in a range of 300:1 to 800:1, ii) an ethylene partial pressure in a range of 750 psig to 1200 psig, iv) an ethylene to organic reaction medium mass ratio in a range of 0.8 to 4.5, v) a temperature in a range of 75° C. to 95° C., and optionally vi) a hydrogen partial pressure of at least 5 psi. | 1. A process comprising:
A) continuously introducing into a reaction zone
i) ethylene,
ii) an iron salt,
iii) a pyridine bisimine,
iv) an organoaluminum compound, and
v) an organic reaction medium, and
B) forming an oligomer product in the reaction zone, the reaction zone having
i) an iron of the iron salt concentration in a range of 5×10−4 mmol/kg to 5×10−3 mmol/kg,
ii) an aluminum of the organoaluminum compound to iron of the iron salt molar ratio in a range of 300:1 to 800:1,
ii) an ethylene partial pressure in a range of 750 psig to 1200 psig,
iv) an ethylene to organic reaction medium mass ratio in a range of 0.8 to 4.5,
v) a temperature in a range of 75° C. to 95° C.; and optionally
vi) a hydrogen partial pressure of at least 5 psi. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the organic reaction medium comprises one or more C8 to C18 aliphatic hydrocarbons. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the organic reaction medium comprises one or more C8 to C16 olefinic aliphatic hydrocarbons. 4. The process of claim 2, wherein the organic reaction medium is substantially devoid of a halogenated compound. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the reaction zone has an aluminum of the organoaluminum compound concentration in the range of 0.75 mmol Al/kg to 2.6 mmol Al/kg, an aluminum of the organoaluminum compound to iron of the iron salt molar ratio in the range of 300:1 to 500:1, an ethylene partial pressure in the range of 750 to 1000 psi, and a temperature in the range of 80° C. to 90° C.; wherein the oligomer product formed in the reaction zone has a Schultz-Flory K value in the range of 0.4 to 0.9 and wherein the organic reaction medium consists essentially of one or more of C8 to C16 olefinic aliphatic hydrocarbons. 6. The process of claim 5, wherein the organic reaction medium is selected from the group consisting of 1-decene, 1-dodecene, 1-tetradecene, or any combination thereof. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the pyridine bisimine comprises
i) a 2,6-bis[(arylimine)hydrocarbyl]pyridine wherein the aryl groups can be the same or different, ii) a bis[(substituted arylimine)hydrocarbyl]pyridine, wherein the substituted aryl groups can be the same or different, or iii) an [(arylimine)hydrocarbyl],[(substituted arylimine)hydrocarbyl]pyridine. 8. The process of claim 7, wherein
1) one, two, or three of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen independently are a halogen a primary carbon atom group or a secondary carbon atom group; and the remainder of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen are hydrogen, 2) one of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen is a tertiary carbon atom group; none, one, or two of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen independently are a halogen, a primary carbon atom group or a secondary carbon atom group; and the remainder of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen are hydrogen, 3) two of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen independently are a tertiary carbon atom group; none, or one of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen independently are a halogen, a primary carbon atom group, or a secondary carbon atom group; and the remainder of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen are hydrogen, 4) one or two of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen independently are a tertiary carbon atom group(s); and the remainder of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen are hydrogen, 5) one or two of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen are a quaternary carbon atom group; and the remainder of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen are hydrogen, or 6) all four of the substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen are fluorine. 9. The process of claim 6, wherein the pyridine bisimine is selected from the group consisting of 2,6-bis[(phenylimine) methyl]pyridine, 2,6-bis[(2-methylphenylimine)methyl]pyridine, 2,6-bis [(2-ethylphenylimine)methyl]pyridine, 2,6-bis [(2-isopropylphenylimine)methyl]pyridine, 2,6-bis[(2,4-dimethylphenylimine)methyl]pyridine, 2-[(2,4,6-trimethylphenylimine)methyl]-6-[(4-methylphenylimine)methyl]pyridine, 2-[(2,4,6-trimethylphenylimine)methyl]-6-[(3,5-dimethylphenylimine)methyl]pyridine, and 2-[(2,4,6-trimethylphenylimine)methyl]-6-[(4-t-butylphenylimine)methyl]pyridine and combinations thereof. 10. A process comprising:
A) continuously introducing into a reaction zone
i) ethylene,
ii) a pyridine bisimine iron salt complex,
iii) an organoaluminum compound, and
iv) an organic reaction medium; and
B) forming an oligomer product in the reaction zone, the reaction zone having
i) an iron of the pyridine bisimine iron salt complex concentration in a range of 5×10−4 mmol/kg to 5×10−3 mmol/kg,
ii) an aluminum of the organoaluminum compound to iron of the pyridine bisimine iron salt complex molar ratio in a range of 300:1 to 800:1,
iii) an ethylene partial pressure in a range of 750 psig to 1200 psig,
iv) an ethylene to organic reaction medium mass ratio of 0.8 to 4.5, and
v) an average temperature in a range of 75° C. to 95° C.; and optionally
vi) a hydrogen partial pressure of at least 5 psi. 11. The process of claim 10, wherein the organic reaction medium comprises one or more C8 to C18 aliphatic hydrocarbons. 12. The process of claims 10, wherein the organic reaction medium comprises one or more C8 to C16 olefinic aliphatic hydrocarbons. 13. The process of claim 11, wherein the organic reaction medium is substantially devoid of a halogenated compound. 14. The process of claim 10, wherein the reaction zone has an aluminum of the organoaluminum compound concentration in the range of 0.75 mmol Al/kg to 2.6 mmol Al/kg, an aluminum of the organo aluminum compound to iron of the pyridine bisimine iron salt complex molar ratio in the range of 300:1 to 500:1, an ethylene partial pressure in the range of 750 to 1000 psi, a temperature in the range of 80° C. to 90° C.; wherein the oligomer product formed in the reaction zone has a Schultz-Flory K value in the range of 0.4 to 0.9; and wherein the organic reaction medium consists essentially of one or more C8 to C16 olefinic aliphatic hydrocarbons. 15. The process of claim 14, wherein the organic reaction medium consists essentially of 1-decene, 1-dodecene, 1-tetradecene, or any combination thereof. 16. The process of claim 10, wherein the pyridine bisimine or the pyridine bisimine of the pyridine bisimine iron salt complex comprises
i) a 2,6-bis[(arylimine)hydrocarbyl]pyridine wherein the aryl groups can be the same or different, ii) a bis[(substituted arylimine)hydrocarbyl]pyridine, wherein the substituted aryl groups can be the same or different, or iii) an [(arylimine)hydrocarbyl], [(substituted arylimine)hydrocarbyl]pyridine. 17. The process of claim 16, wherein
1) one, two, or three of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen independently are a halogen, a primary carbon atom group or a secondary carbon atom group; and the remainder of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen are hydrogen, 2) one of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen is a tertiary carbon atom group' none, one, or two of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen independently are a halogen, a primary carbon atom group or a secondary carbon atom group; and the remainder of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen are hydrogen, 3) two of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen independently are a tertiary carbon atom group; none, or one of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen independently are a halogen, a primary carbon atom group, or a secondary carbon atom group; and the remainder of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen are hydrogen, 4) one or two of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen independently are a tertiary carbon atom group(s); and the remainder of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen are hydrogen, 5) one or two of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen are a quaternary carbon atom group; and the remainder of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen are hydrogen, or 6) all four of the substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen are fluorine. 18. The process of claim 15, wherein the pyridine bisimine is selected from the group consisting of 2,6-bis[(phenylimine) methyl]pyridine, 2,6-bis[(2-methylphenylimine)methyl]pyridine, 2,6-bis [(2-ethylphenylimine)methyl]pyridine, 2,6-bis[(2-isopropylphenylimine)methyl]pyridine, 2,6-bis[(2,4-dimethylphenylimine)methyl]pyridine, 2-[(2,4,6-trimethylphenylimine)methyl]-6-[(4-methylphenylimine)methyl]pyridine, 2-[(2,4,6-trimethylphenylimine)methyl]-6-[(3,5 -dimethylphenylimine)methyl]pyridine, and 2-[(2,4,6-trimethylphenylimine)methyl]-6-[(4-t-butylphenylimine)methyl]pyridine. 19. A process comprising:
A) continuously introducing into a reaction zone
i) ethylene,
ii) an iron salt,
iii) a pyridine bisimine,
iv) an organoaluminum compound, and
v) an organic reaction medium comprising one or more C8 to C18 aliphatic hydrocarbons; and
B) forming an oligomer product in the reaction zone, the reaction zone having an average temperature in a range of 75° C. to 95° C. 20. The process of claim 19, wherein the organic reaction medium comprises one or more C8 to C16 olefinic aliphatic hydrocarbons. 21. The process of claim 20, wherein the organic reaction medium comprises 1-decene, 1-dodecene, 1-tetradecene, or any combination thereof. 22. The process of claim 19, wherein the pyridine bisimine comprises i) a 2,6-bis[(arylimine)hydrocarbyl]pyridine wherein the aryl groups can be the same or different, ii) a bis[(substituted arylimine)hydrocarbyl]pyridine, wherein the substituted aryl groups can be the same or different, or iii) a [(arylimine)hydrocarbyl],[(substituted arylimine)hydrocarbyl]pyridine. 23. A process comprising:
A) continuously introducing into a reaction zone
i) ethylene,
ii) an pyridine bisimine iron salt complex,
iii) an organoaluminum compound, and
iv) an organic reaction medium comprising one or more C8 to C18 aliphatic hydrocarbons; and
B) forming an oligomer product in the reaction zone, the reaction zone having an average temperature in a range of 75° C. to 95° C. 24. The process of claims 23, wherein the organic reaction medium comprises one or more C8 to C16 olefinic aliphatic hydrocarbons. 25. The process of claim 23, wherein the organic reaction medium comprises 1-decene, 1-dodecene, 1-tetradecene, or any combination thereof. 26. The process of claim 23 wherein the pyridine bisimine comprises i) a 2,6-bis[(arylimine)hydrocarbyl]pyridine wherein the aryl groups can be the same or different, ii) a bis[(substituted arylimine)hydrocarbyl]pyridine, wherein the substituted aryl groups can be the same or different, or iii) a [(arylimine)hydrocarbyl],[(substituted arylimine)hydrocarbyl]pyridine. | A process comprising A) continuously introducing into a reaction zone i) ethylene, ii) an iron salt, iii) a pyridine bisimine, iv) an organoaluminum compound, and v) an organic reaction medium, and B) forming an oligomer product in the reaction zone, the reaction zone having i) an iron of the iron salt concentration in a range of 5×10 −4 mmol/kg to 5×10 −3 mmol/kg, ii) an aluminum of the organoaluminum compound to iron of the iron salt molar ratio in a range of 300:1 to 800:1, ii) an ethylene partial pressure in a range of 750 psig to 1200 psig, iv) an ethylene to organic reaction medium mass ratio in a range of 0.8 to 4.5, v) a temperature in a range of 75° C. to 95° C., and optionally vi) a hydrogen partial pressure of at least 5 psi.1. A process comprising:
A) continuously introducing into a reaction zone
i) ethylene,
ii) an iron salt,
iii) a pyridine bisimine,
iv) an organoaluminum compound, and
v) an organic reaction medium, and
B) forming an oligomer product in the reaction zone, the reaction zone having
i) an iron of the iron salt concentration in a range of 5×10−4 mmol/kg to 5×10−3 mmol/kg,
ii) an aluminum of the organoaluminum compound to iron of the iron salt molar ratio in a range of 300:1 to 800:1,
ii) an ethylene partial pressure in a range of 750 psig to 1200 psig,
iv) an ethylene to organic reaction medium mass ratio in a range of 0.8 to 4.5,
v) a temperature in a range of 75° C. to 95° C.; and optionally
vi) a hydrogen partial pressure of at least 5 psi. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the organic reaction medium comprises one or more C8 to C18 aliphatic hydrocarbons. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the organic reaction medium comprises one or more C8 to C16 olefinic aliphatic hydrocarbons. 4. The process of claim 2, wherein the organic reaction medium is substantially devoid of a halogenated compound. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the reaction zone has an aluminum of the organoaluminum compound concentration in the range of 0.75 mmol Al/kg to 2.6 mmol Al/kg, an aluminum of the organoaluminum compound to iron of the iron salt molar ratio in the range of 300:1 to 500:1, an ethylene partial pressure in the range of 750 to 1000 psi, and a temperature in the range of 80° C. to 90° C.; wherein the oligomer product formed in the reaction zone has a Schultz-Flory K value in the range of 0.4 to 0.9 and wherein the organic reaction medium consists essentially of one or more of C8 to C16 olefinic aliphatic hydrocarbons. 6. The process of claim 5, wherein the organic reaction medium is selected from the group consisting of 1-decene, 1-dodecene, 1-tetradecene, or any combination thereof. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the pyridine bisimine comprises
i) a 2,6-bis[(arylimine)hydrocarbyl]pyridine wherein the aryl groups can be the same or different, ii) a bis[(substituted arylimine)hydrocarbyl]pyridine, wherein the substituted aryl groups can be the same or different, or iii) an [(arylimine)hydrocarbyl],[(substituted arylimine)hydrocarbyl]pyridine. 8. The process of claim 7, wherein
1) one, two, or three of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen independently are a halogen a primary carbon atom group or a secondary carbon atom group; and the remainder of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen are hydrogen, 2) one of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen is a tertiary carbon atom group; none, one, or two of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen independently are a halogen, a primary carbon atom group or a secondary carbon atom group; and the remainder of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen are hydrogen, 3) two of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen independently are a tertiary carbon atom group; none, or one of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen independently are a halogen, a primary carbon atom group, or a secondary carbon atom group; and the remainder of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen are hydrogen, 4) one or two of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen independently are a tertiary carbon atom group(s); and the remainder of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen are hydrogen, 5) one or two of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen are a quaternary carbon atom group; and the remainder of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen are hydrogen, or 6) all four of the substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen are fluorine. 9. The process of claim 6, wherein the pyridine bisimine is selected from the group consisting of 2,6-bis[(phenylimine) methyl]pyridine, 2,6-bis[(2-methylphenylimine)methyl]pyridine, 2,6-bis [(2-ethylphenylimine)methyl]pyridine, 2,6-bis [(2-isopropylphenylimine)methyl]pyridine, 2,6-bis[(2,4-dimethylphenylimine)methyl]pyridine, 2-[(2,4,6-trimethylphenylimine)methyl]-6-[(4-methylphenylimine)methyl]pyridine, 2-[(2,4,6-trimethylphenylimine)methyl]-6-[(3,5-dimethylphenylimine)methyl]pyridine, and 2-[(2,4,6-trimethylphenylimine)methyl]-6-[(4-t-butylphenylimine)methyl]pyridine and combinations thereof. 10. A process comprising:
A) continuously introducing into a reaction zone
i) ethylene,
ii) a pyridine bisimine iron salt complex,
iii) an organoaluminum compound, and
iv) an organic reaction medium; and
B) forming an oligomer product in the reaction zone, the reaction zone having
i) an iron of the pyridine bisimine iron salt complex concentration in a range of 5×10−4 mmol/kg to 5×10−3 mmol/kg,
ii) an aluminum of the organoaluminum compound to iron of the pyridine bisimine iron salt complex molar ratio in a range of 300:1 to 800:1,
iii) an ethylene partial pressure in a range of 750 psig to 1200 psig,
iv) an ethylene to organic reaction medium mass ratio of 0.8 to 4.5, and
v) an average temperature in a range of 75° C. to 95° C.; and optionally
vi) a hydrogen partial pressure of at least 5 psi. 11. The process of claim 10, wherein the organic reaction medium comprises one or more C8 to C18 aliphatic hydrocarbons. 12. The process of claims 10, wherein the organic reaction medium comprises one or more C8 to C16 olefinic aliphatic hydrocarbons. 13. The process of claim 11, wherein the organic reaction medium is substantially devoid of a halogenated compound. 14. The process of claim 10, wherein the reaction zone has an aluminum of the organoaluminum compound concentration in the range of 0.75 mmol Al/kg to 2.6 mmol Al/kg, an aluminum of the organo aluminum compound to iron of the pyridine bisimine iron salt complex molar ratio in the range of 300:1 to 500:1, an ethylene partial pressure in the range of 750 to 1000 psi, a temperature in the range of 80° C. to 90° C.; wherein the oligomer product formed in the reaction zone has a Schultz-Flory K value in the range of 0.4 to 0.9; and wherein the organic reaction medium consists essentially of one or more C8 to C16 olefinic aliphatic hydrocarbons. 15. The process of claim 14, wherein the organic reaction medium consists essentially of 1-decene, 1-dodecene, 1-tetradecene, or any combination thereof. 16. The process of claim 10, wherein the pyridine bisimine or the pyridine bisimine of the pyridine bisimine iron salt complex comprises
i) a 2,6-bis[(arylimine)hydrocarbyl]pyridine wherein the aryl groups can be the same or different, ii) a bis[(substituted arylimine)hydrocarbyl]pyridine, wherein the substituted aryl groups can be the same or different, or iii) an [(arylimine)hydrocarbyl], [(substituted arylimine)hydrocarbyl]pyridine. 17. The process of claim 16, wherein
1) one, two, or three of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen independently are a halogen, a primary carbon atom group or a secondary carbon atom group; and the remainder of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen are hydrogen, 2) one of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen is a tertiary carbon atom group' none, one, or two of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen independently are a halogen, a primary carbon atom group or a secondary carbon atom group; and the remainder of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen are hydrogen, 3) two of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen independently are a tertiary carbon atom group; none, or one of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen independently are a halogen, a primary carbon atom group, or a secondary carbon atom group; and the remainder of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen are hydrogen, 4) one or two of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen independently are a tertiary carbon atom group(s); and the remainder of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen are hydrogen, 5) one or two of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen are a quaternary carbon atom group; and the remainder of the aryl groups and/or substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen are hydrogen, or 6) all four of the substituted aryl groups positions ortho to the carbon atom attached to the imine nitrogen are fluorine. 18. The process of claim 15, wherein the pyridine bisimine is selected from the group consisting of 2,6-bis[(phenylimine) methyl]pyridine, 2,6-bis[(2-methylphenylimine)methyl]pyridine, 2,6-bis [(2-ethylphenylimine)methyl]pyridine, 2,6-bis[(2-isopropylphenylimine)methyl]pyridine, 2,6-bis[(2,4-dimethylphenylimine)methyl]pyridine, 2-[(2,4,6-trimethylphenylimine)methyl]-6-[(4-methylphenylimine)methyl]pyridine, 2-[(2,4,6-trimethylphenylimine)methyl]-6-[(3,5 -dimethylphenylimine)methyl]pyridine, and 2-[(2,4,6-trimethylphenylimine)methyl]-6-[(4-t-butylphenylimine)methyl]pyridine. 19. A process comprising:
A) continuously introducing into a reaction zone
i) ethylene,
ii) an iron salt,
iii) a pyridine bisimine,
iv) an organoaluminum compound, and
v) an organic reaction medium comprising one or more C8 to C18 aliphatic hydrocarbons; and
B) forming an oligomer product in the reaction zone, the reaction zone having an average temperature in a range of 75° C. to 95° C. 20. The process of claim 19, wherein the organic reaction medium comprises one or more C8 to C16 olefinic aliphatic hydrocarbons. 21. The process of claim 20, wherein the organic reaction medium comprises 1-decene, 1-dodecene, 1-tetradecene, or any combination thereof. 22. The process of claim 19, wherein the pyridine bisimine comprises i) a 2,6-bis[(arylimine)hydrocarbyl]pyridine wherein the aryl groups can be the same or different, ii) a bis[(substituted arylimine)hydrocarbyl]pyridine, wherein the substituted aryl groups can be the same or different, or iii) a [(arylimine)hydrocarbyl],[(substituted arylimine)hydrocarbyl]pyridine. 23. A process comprising:
A) continuously introducing into a reaction zone
i) ethylene,
ii) an pyridine bisimine iron salt complex,
iii) an organoaluminum compound, and
iv) an organic reaction medium comprising one or more C8 to C18 aliphatic hydrocarbons; and
B) forming an oligomer product in the reaction zone, the reaction zone having an average temperature in a range of 75° C. to 95° C. 24. The process of claims 23, wherein the organic reaction medium comprises one or more C8 to C16 olefinic aliphatic hydrocarbons. 25. The process of claim 23, wherein the organic reaction medium comprises 1-decene, 1-dodecene, 1-tetradecene, or any combination thereof. 26. The process of claim 23 wherein the pyridine bisimine comprises i) a 2,6-bis[(arylimine)hydrocarbyl]pyridine wherein the aryl groups can be the same or different, ii) a bis[(substituted arylimine)hydrocarbyl]pyridine, wherein the substituted aryl groups can be the same or different, or iii) a [(arylimine)hydrocarbyl],[(substituted arylimine)hydrocarbyl]pyridine. | 1,700 |
3,722 | 14,989,350 | 1,768 | The disclosure is directed to low molecular weight polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles that can be used to deliver agents deep into hydrocarbon reservoirs. Methods of making and using said polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles are also provided. | 1) A composition comprising a polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticle having a polyalkylenimine and a polyanion, said nanoparticle having a size of less than one micron. 2) The composition of claim 1), said polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticle intimately associated with a multivalent cation crosslinker. 3) The composition of claim 1), wherein said polyalkylenimine is polyethylenimine. 4) The composition of claim 1), wherein said polyanion is less than 10,000 Da. 5) The composition of claim 1), wherein said polyalkylenimine is less than 26,000 Da. 6) The composition of claim 1), wherein said polyanion is selected from ammonium, sodiated or potassiated polyacrylate, polyvinyl sulfonate, poly(styrene sulfonate), copolymers of acrylate with acrylamide, vinylsulfonate or styrene sulfonate, dextran sulfate, and anionic surfactants. 7) The composition of claim 6), wherein said anionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, alcohol propoxy sulfate, olefin sulfonates, and alpha olefin sulfonates. 8) The composition of claim 1), wherein said polyanion is sodium polyacrylate, potassium polyacrylate, or ammonium polyacrylate. 9) The composition of claim 2), wherein said multivalent cation crosslinker is a compound selected from the group consisting of zirconium acetate, sodium zirconium lactate, zirconium sulfate, zirconium tetrachloride, zirconium orthosulfate, zirconium oxychloride, zirconium carbonate, zirconium ammonium carbonate, zirconium acetylacetonate, chromium acetate, chromium propinonate, chromium malonate, chromium malate, chromium chloride, aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, aluminum citrate, tin chloride, tin sulfate, iron (III) chloride, iron (III) nitrate, iron (III) sulfate, iron (III) acetate, iron (III) citrate, titanium chloride, and titanium sulfate. 10) The composition of claim 1), further comprising monovalent or divalent cations selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, magnesium or calcium ions. 11) The composition of claim 1), wherein said polyelectrolyte complex comprised a nanoparticle with an average particle size of about 100 to 500 nm in diameter. 12) The composition of claim 1), wherein said polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles are stable in water, field brine and seawater. 13) A composition comprising a polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticle comprising a polyalkylenimine and ammonium polyacrylate, sodium polyacrylate or potassium polyacrylate, said polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticle having a size of less than one micron. 14) The composition of claim 13), said polyalkylenimine being less than 26,000 Da. 15) The composition of claim 13), said polyanion being less than 10,000 Da. 16) The composition of claim 13), said nanoparticle entrapping a multivalent cation. 17) The composition of claim 16), said multivalent cation comprising Zr(IV), Cr(III), Ti(IV), Fe(III) or Al(III). 18) A composition comprising a polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticle for delivery of an oil and gas chemical to a reservoir, said composition comprising a polyethylenimine of less than 26,000 Da and a polyanion of less than 10,000 Da intimately associated with an oil and gas field chemical to form a polyelectrolyte complex, said complex having an average particle size of less than one micron. 19) A composition for controlled release of an oil and gas field chemical comprising:
a) a polyanion of less than 10,000 Da and a polyethylenimine of less than 26,000 Da forming a polyelectrolyte complex; b) said polyelectrolyte complex intimately associated with an oil and gas chemical selected from the group consisting of a (a) a gel-forming or cross-linking agent, (b) a scale inhibitor, (c) a corrosion inhibitor, (d) an inhibitor of asphaltene or wax deposition, (e) a hydrogen sulfide scavenger, (f) a hydrate inhibitor, (g) a gel breaking agent, and (h) a surfactant; and c) said polyelectrolyte complex having an average particle size less than 1000 nm. 20) The composition of claim 19), said polyanion comprising sodium polyacrylate, ammonium polyacrylate, or potassium polyacrylate. 21) A composition comprising a polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticle comprising a polyethylenimine (PEI) of less than 26,000 Da and a sodium polyacrylate of less than 10,000 Da intimately associated with a chromium ion crosslinker, said nanoparticle having a size of less than one micron, wherein said nanoparticle has a predominance of negative charges and the amount of sodium polyacrylate exceeds the amount of PEI. 22) A composition comprising a polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticle comprising a polyethylenimine (PEI) of less than 26,000 Da and sodium polyacrylate of less than 10,000 Da intimately associated with a chromium or Fe(III) ion crosslinker, said nanoparticle having a size of less than one micron, wherein said nanoparticle has a predominance of positive charges and the amount of PEI exceeds the amount of sodium polyacrylate. 23) A composition comprising a polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticle comprising a polyethylenimine (PEI) of less than 26,000 Da and potassium polyacrylate of less than 10,000 Da intimately associated with a chromium or Fe(III) ion crosslinker, said nanoparticle having a size of less than one micron, wherein said nanoparticle has a predominance of positive charges and the amount of PEI exceeds the amount of potassium polyacrylate. 24) A composition comprising a polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticle comprising a polyethylenimine (PEI) of less than 26,000 Da and a polyanion of less than 10,000 Da intimately associated with at least one multivalent cation crosslinker, wherein said polyanion is selected from ammoniated, sodiated or postassiated polyacrylate, polyvinyl sulfonate, poly(sodium styrene sulfonate), copolymers of acrylate with acrylamide, vinylsulfonate or styrene sulfonate, dextran sulfate, and anionic surfactants, and where the at least one multivalent cation crosslinker is selected from aluminum, iron(III), titanium, chromium, zirconium and complexes of same. 25) A delayed gelling composition comprising:
a) a delayed gelling agent comprising a polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticle comprising a polyethylenimine of less than 26,000 Da and a ammonium polyacrylate, sodium polyacrylate or potassium polyacrylate of less than 10,000 Da intimately associated with at least one multivalent cation crosslinker, said nanoparticle having a size of less than one micron; b) a polymer having anionic sites that can be crosslinked with said at least one multivalent cation crosslinker; and c) a fluid. 26) A delayed gelling composition comprising:
a) a composition of claim 1; b) a polymer that can be crosslinked with a); and c) a fluid. 27) The composition of claim 25), where said polymer is an acrylate-based polymer. 28) The composition of claim 25), where said polymer is partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide. 29) The composition of claim 25), where said polymer is a polymer or copolymers of acrylate with acrylamide, N,N-dimethyacrylamide, tert-butyl acrylate, acryamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, sodium 2-acryamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate, or N,N, dimethyl acrylamide. 30) The composition of claim 25), where said at least one multivalent cation crosslinker is chromium(III) or Fe(III). 31) The composition of claim 25), where fluid is brine or seawater. 32) An improved method of sweeping a reservoir, wherein an injection fluid is injected into a reservoir to mobilize and produce oil, the improvement comprising injecting the composition of claim 1 plus a polymer plus a fluid into a reservoir, aging said composition and polymer to increase its viscosity, injecting additional injection fluid into said reservoir to mobilize oil, and producing said oil. 33) A method of improving sweep efficiency of a fluid flood of a reservoir, said method comprising:
a) injecting the composition of claim 25) into a reservoir; b) aging the composition to increase its viscosity; c) injecting an injection fluid into said reservoir to mobilize the oil; and d) producing said mobilized oil. 34) A delayed gelling composition comprising:
a) a delayed gelling agent comprising a polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticle comprising a polyethylenimine of less than 26,000 Da and a sodium, ammonium or potassium polyvinyl sulfonate of less than 10,000 Da intimately associated with at least one multivalent cation crosslinker, said nanoparticle having a size of less than one micron; b) a polymer having anionic sites that can be crosslinked with said at least one multivalent cation crosslinker; and c) a fluid. 35) The composition of claim 34), where said polymer is an acrylate-based polymer. 36) The composition of claim 34), where said polymer is partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide. 37) The composition of claim 34), where said polymer is a polymer or copolymers of acrylate with acrylamide, N,N-dimethyacrylamide, tert-butyl acrylate, acryamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, sodium 2-acryamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate, or N,N, dimethyl acrylamide. 38) The composition of claim 34), where said at least one multivalent cation crosslinker is chromium(III) or Fe(III). 39) The composition of claim 34), where fluid is brine or seawater. 40) A method of improving sweep efficiency of a fluid flood of a reservoir, said method comprising:
a) injecting the composition of claim 34), into a reservoir; b) aging the composition to increase its viscosity; c) injecting an injection fluid into said reservoir to mobilize the oil; and d) producing said mobilized oil. 41) A composition comprising a polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticle having a polyalkylenimine of less than 26,000 Da and a polyanion of less than 40,000 Da, said nanoparticle having a size of less than one micron. 42) The composition of claim 41), said polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticle intimately associated with a multivalent cation crosslinker. 43) The composition of claim 41), wherein said polyalkylenimine is polyethylenimine. 44) The composition of claim 41), wherein said polyanion is selected from an ammoniated, sodiated or potassiated polyacrylate, an ammoniated, sodiated or potassiated polyvinyl sulfonate, an ammoniated, sodiated or potassiated poly(styrene sulfonate), copolymers of acrylate with acrylamide, vinylsulfonate or styrene sulfonate, dextran sulfate, and anionic surfactants. 45) The composition of claim 44), wherein said anionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, alcohol propoxy sulfate, olefin sulfonates, and alpha olefin sulfonates. 46) The composition of claim 41), wherein said polyanion is ammoniated, sodiated or potassiated polyvinyl sulfonate. 47) The composition of claim 41), wherein said multivalent cation crosslinker is a compound selected from the group consisting of zirconium acetate, sodium zirconium lactate, zirconium sulfate, zirconium tetrachloride, zirconium orthosulfate, zirconium oxychloride, zirconium carbonate, zirconium ammonium carbonate, zirconium acetylacetonate, chromium acetate, chromium propinonate, chromium malonate, chromium malate, chromium chloride, aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, aluminum citrate, tin chloride, tin sulfate, iron (III) chloride, iron (III) nitrate, iron (III) sulfate, iron (III) acetate, iron (III) citrate, titanium chloride, and titanium sulfate. 48) A composition comprising a polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticle comprising a polyethylenimine (PEI) of less than 26,000 Da and a polyvinyl sulfonate of less than 10,000 Da intimately associated with a chromium ion crosslinker, said nanoparticle having a size of less than one micron, wherein said nanoparticle has a predominance of negative charges and the amount of polyvinyl sulfonate exceeds the amount of PEI. 49) A composition comprising a polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticle comprising a polyethylenimine (PEI) of less than 26,000 Da and polyvinyl sulfonate of less than 10,000 Da intimately associated with a chromium or Fe(III) ion crosslinker, said nanoparticle having a size of less than one micron, wherein said nanoparticle has a predominance of positive charges and the amount of PEI exceeds the amount of polyvinyl sulfonate. | The disclosure is directed to low molecular weight polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles that can be used to deliver agents deep into hydrocarbon reservoirs. Methods of making and using said polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles are also provided.1) A composition comprising a polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticle having a polyalkylenimine and a polyanion, said nanoparticle having a size of less than one micron. 2) The composition of claim 1), said polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticle intimately associated with a multivalent cation crosslinker. 3) The composition of claim 1), wherein said polyalkylenimine is polyethylenimine. 4) The composition of claim 1), wherein said polyanion is less than 10,000 Da. 5) The composition of claim 1), wherein said polyalkylenimine is less than 26,000 Da. 6) The composition of claim 1), wherein said polyanion is selected from ammonium, sodiated or potassiated polyacrylate, polyvinyl sulfonate, poly(styrene sulfonate), copolymers of acrylate with acrylamide, vinylsulfonate or styrene sulfonate, dextran sulfate, and anionic surfactants. 7) The composition of claim 6), wherein said anionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, alcohol propoxy sulfate, olefin sulfonates, and alpha olefin sulfonates. 8) The composition of claim 1), wherein said polyanion is sodium polyacrylate, potassium polyacrylate, or ammonium polyacrylate. 9) The composition of claim 2), wherein said multivalent cation crosslinker is a compound selected from the group consisting of zirconium acetate, sodium zirconium lactate, zirconium sulfate, zirconium tetrachloride, zirconium orthosulfate, zirconium oxychloride, zirconium carbonate, zirconium ammonium carbonate, zirconium acetylacetonate, chromium acetate, chromium propinonate, chromium malonate, chromium malate, chromium chloride, aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, aluminum citrate, tin chloride, tin sulfate, iron (III) chloride, iron (III) nitrate, iron (III) sulfate, iron (III) acetate, iron (III) citrate, titanium chloride, and titanium sulfate. 10) The composition of claim 1), further comprising monovalent or divalent cations selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, magnesium or calcium ions. 11) The composition of claim 1), wherein said polyelectrolyte complex comprised a nanoparticle with an average particle size of about 100 to 500 nm in diameter. 12) The composition of claim 1), wherein said polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles are stable in water, field brine and seawater. 13) A composition comprising a polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticle comprising a polyalkylenimine and ammonium polyacrylate, sodium polyacrylate or potassium polyacrylate, said polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticle having a size of less than one micron. 14) The composition of claim 13), said polyalkylenimine being less than 26,000 Da. 15) The composition of claim 13), said polyanion being less than 10,000 Da. 16) The composition of claim 13), said nanoparticle entrapping a multivalent cation. 17) The composition of claim 16), said multivalent cation comprising Zr(IV), Cr(III), Ti(IV), Fe(III) or Al(III). 18) A composition comprising a polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticle for delivery of an oil and gas chemical to a reservoir, said composition comprising a polyethylenimine of less than 26,000 Da and a polyanion of less than 10,000 Da intimately associated with an oil and gas field chemical to form a polyelectrolyte complex, said complex having an average particle size of less than one micron. 19) A composition for controlled release of an oil and gas field chemical comprising:
a) a polyanion of less than 10,000 Da and a polyethylenimine of less than 26,000 Da forming a polyelectrolyte complex; b) said polyelectrolyte complex intimately associated with an oil and gas chemical selected from the group consisting of a (a) a gel-forming or cross-linking agent, (b) a scale inhibitor, (c) a corrosion inhibitor, (d) an inhibitor of asphaltene or wax deposition, (e) a hydrogen sulfide scavenger, (f) a hydrate inhibitor, (g) a gel breaking agent, and (h) a surfactant; and c) said polyelectrolyte complex having an average particle size less than 1000 nm. 20) The composition of claim 19), said polyanion comprising sodium polyacrylate, ammonium polyacrylate, or potassium polyacrylate. 21) A composition comprising a polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticle comprising a polyethylenimine (PEI) of less than 26,000 Da and a sodium polyacrylate of less than 10,000 Da intimately associated with a chromium ion crosslinker, said nanoparticle having a size of less than one micron, wherein said nanoparticle has a predominance of negative charges and the amount of sodium polyacrylate exceeds the amount of PEI. 22) A composition comprising a polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticle comprising a polyethylenimine (PEI) of less than 26,000 Da and sodium polyacrylate of less than 10,000 Da intimately associated with a chromium or Fe(III) ion crosslinker, said nanoparticle having a size of less than one micron, wherein said nanoparticle has a predominance of positive charges and the amount of PEI exceeds the amount of sodium polyacrylate. 23) A composition comprising a polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticle comprising a polyethylenimine (PEI) of less than 26,000 Da and potassium polyacrylate of less than 10,000 Da intimately associated with a chromium or Fe(III) ion crosslinker, said nanoparticle having a size of less than one micron, wherein said nanoparticle has a predominance of positive charges and the amount of PEI exceeds the amount of potassium polyacrylate. 24) A composition comprising a polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticle comprising a polyethylenimine (PEI) of less than 26,000 Da and a polyanion of less than 10,000 Da intimately associated with at least one multivalent cation crosslinker, wherein said polyanion is selected from ammoniated, sodiated or postassiated polyacrylate, polyvinyl sulfonate, poly(sodium styrene sulfonate), copolymers of acrylate with acrylamide, vinylsulfonate or styrene sulfonate, dextran sulfate, and anionic surfactants, and where the at least one multivalent cation crosslinker is selected from aluminum, iron(III), titanium, chromium, zirconium and complexes of same. 25) A delayed gelling composition comprising:
a) a delayed gelling agent comprising a polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticle comprising a polyethylenimine of less than 26,000 Da and a ammonium polyacrylate, sodium polyacrylate or potassium polyacrylate of less than 10,000 Da intimately associated with at least one multivalent cation crosslinker, said nanoparticle having a size of less than one micron; b) a polymer having anionic sites that can be crosslinked with said at least one multivalent cation crosslinker; and c) a fluid. 26) A delayed gelling composition comprising:
a) a composition of claim 1; b) a polymer that can be crosslinked with a); and c) a fluid. 27) The composition of claim 25), where said polymer is an acrylate-based polymer. 28) The composition of claim 25), where said polymer is partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide. 29) The composition of claim 25), where said polymer is a polymer or copolymers of acrylate with acrylamide, N,N-dimethyacrylamide, tert-butyl acrylate, acryamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, sodium 2-acryamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate, or N,N, dimethyl acrylamide. 30) The composition of claim 25), where said at least one multivalent cation crosslinker is chromium(III) or Fe(III). 31) The composition of claim 25), where fluid is brine or seawater. 32) An improved method of sweeping a reservoir, wherein an injection fluid is injected into a reservoir to mobilize and produce oil, the improvement comprising injecting the composition of claim 1 plus a polymer plus a fluid into a reservoir, aging said composition and polymer to increase its viscosity, injecting additional injection fluid into said reservoir to mobilize oil, and producing said oil. 33) A method of improving sweep efficiency of a fluid flood of a reservoir, said method comprising:
a) injecting the composition of claim 25) into a reservoir; b) aging the composition to increase its viscosity; c) injecting an injection fluid into said reservoir to mobilize the oil; and d) producing said mobilized oil. 34) A delayed gelling composition comprising:
a) a delayed gelling agent comprising a polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticle comprising a polyethylenimine of less than 26,000 Da and a sodium, ammonium or potassium polyvinyl sulfonate of less than 10,000 Da intimately associated with at least one multivalent cation crosslinker, said nanoparticle having a size of less than one micron; b) a polymer having anionic sites that can be crosslinked with said at least one multivalent cation crosslinker; and c) a fluid. 35) The composition of claim 34), where said polymer is an acrylate-based polymer. 36) The composition of claim 34), where said polymer is partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide. 37) The composition of claim 34), where said polymer is a polymer or copolymers of acrylate with acrylamide, N,N-dimethyacrylamide, tert-butyl acrylate, acryamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, sodium 2-acryamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate, or N,N, dimethyl acrylamide. 38) The composition of claim 34), where said at least one multivalent cation crosslinker is chromium(III) or Fe(III). 39) The composition of claim 34), where fluid is brine or seawater. 40) A method of improving sweep efficiency of a fluid flood of a reservoir, said method comprising:
a) injecting the composition of claim 34), into a reservoir; b) aging the composition to increase its viscosity; c) injecting an injection fluid into said reservoir to mobilize the oil; and d) producing said mobilized oil. 41) A composition comprising a polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticle having a polyalkylenimine of less than 26,000 Da and a polyanion of less than 40,000 Da, said nanoparticle having a size of less than one micron. 42) The composition of claim 41), said polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticle intimately associated with a multivalent cation crosslinker. 43) The composition of claim 41), wherein said polyalkylenimine is polyethylenimine. 44) The composition of claim 41), wherein said polyanion is selected from an ammoniated, sodiated or potassiated polyacrylate, an ammoniated, sodiated or potassiated polyvinyl sulfonate, an ammoniated, sodiated or potassiated poly(styrene sulfonate), copolymers of acrylate with acrylamide, vinylsulfonate or styrene sulfonate, dextran sulfate, and anionic surfactants. 45) The composition of claim 44), wherein said anionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, alcohol propoxy sulfate, olefin sulfonates, and alpha olefin sulfonates. 46) The composition of claim 41), wherein said polyanion is ammoniated, sodiated or potassiated polyvinyl sulfonate. 47) The composition of claim 41), wherein said multivalent cation crosslinker is a compound selected from the group consisting of zirconium acetate, sodium zirconium lactate, zirconium sulfate, zirconium tetrachloride, zirconium orthosulfate, zirconium oxychloride, zirconium carbonate, zirconium ammonium carbonate, zirconium acetylacetonate, chromium acetate, chromium propinonate, chromium malonate, chromium malate, chromium chloride, aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, aluminum citrate, tin chloride, tin sulfate, iron (III) chloride, iron (III) nitrate, iron (III) sulfate, iron (III) acetate, iron (III) citrate, titanium chloride, and titanium sulfate. 48) A composition comprising a polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticle comprising a polyethylenimine (PEI) of less than 26,000 Da and a polyvinyl sulfonate of less than 10,000 Da intimately associated with a chromium ion crosslinker, said nanoparticle having a size of less than one micron, wherein said nanoparticle has a predominance of negative charges and the amount of polyvinyl sulfonate exceeds the amount of PEI. 49) A composition comprising a polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticle comprising a polyethylenimine (PEI) of less than 26,000 Da and polyvinyl sulfonate of less than 10,000 Da intimately associated with a chromium or Fe(III) ion crosslinker, said nanoparticle having a size of less than one micron, wherein said nanoparticle has a predominance of positive charges and the amount of PEI exceeds the amount of polyvinyl sulfonate. | 1,700 |
3,723 | 14,953,856 | 1,777 | Provided that elapsed time from the start of the flow-in of an eluent into a column is t0 and the mobility R f c (t/t0) of a component c in a sample is represented by a function of elapsed time t from the start of the flow-in of a sample into the column, elution time t r c from the flow-in of the sample into the column to the flow-out of the component c from the column is calculated by using Equation (1). In doing so, the mobility R f c (t/t0) in Equation (1) is represented by Equation (2).
∫
0
t
r
c
R
f
c
(
t
t
0
)
(
t
t
0
)
=
1
(
1
)
R
f
c
(
t
t
0
)
=
1
-
-
a
(
t
t
0
)
+
b
(
2
) | 1. An elution time calculating method for liquid chromatography in which an eluent is generated by mixing two solvents at a mixture ratio that is linearly changed from a first mixture ratio to a second mixture ratio higher than the first mixture ratio from a timing T0 to a timing T1, and the generated eluent and a sample composed of a plurality of components can pass through a column, the method calculating elution time “tr c” from a start of flow-in of the sample into the column to elution of a component “c” which is one of the components in the sample from the column, comprising the steps of:
determining a rate of change in the mixture ratio of the two solvents;
provided time from a start of flow-in of the eluent into the column to a start of flow-out of the eluent from the column is represented as “t0” and a mobility Rf c(t/t0) of the component “c” is a function of a timing “t” indicating elapsed time from the start of flow-in of the sample into the column, the mobility Rf c(t/t0) being represented by Equation (2), calculating an elution time “tr c” of the component “c” based on Equation (3),
R
f
c
(
t
t
0
)
=
1
-
-
a
(
t
t
0
)
+
b
(
2
)
[
(
t
t
0
)
+
1
a
-
a
(
t
t
0
)
+
b
]
0
t
r
c
=
1
(
3
)
wherein “a” indicates the rate of change in the mixture ratio whereas indicates a constant regarding an initial mobility. 2. A mixture ratio determining method for liquid chromatography in which an eluent is generated by mixing two solvents at a mixture ratio that is linearly changed from a first mixture ratio to a second mixture ratio higher than the first mixture ratio from a timing T0 to a timing T1, and the generated eluent and a sample composed of a plurality of components can pass through a column, the method calculating a mobility Rf c(t/t0) of a component “c” which is one of the components in elution time “tr c” from a start of flow-in of the sample into the column to elution of the component “c” from the column, the mobility Rf c(t/t0) being represented by Equation (2), comprising the steps of:
determining the elution time “tr c” from the start of flow-in of the sample into the column to elution of the component “c” in the sample from the column;
provided time from a start of flow-in of the eluent into the column to a start of flow-out of the eluent from the column is represented as “t0” and the mobility Rf c(t/t0) of the component “c” is a function of a timing “t” indicating elapsed time from the start of flow-in of the sample into the column, calculating the mobility Rf c(t/t0) of the component “c” by calculating a rate of change “a” of the mixture ratio and a constant “b” regarding an initial mobility based on Equation (3) for the elution time “tr c” of the component “c”.
R
f
c
(
t
t
0
)
=
1
-
-
a
(
t
t
0
)
+
b
(
2
)
[
(
t
t
0
)
+
1
a
-
a
(
t
t
0
)
+
b
]
0
t
r
c
=
1.
(
3
) | Provided that elapsed time from the start of the flow-in of an eluent into a column is t0 and the mobility R f c (t/t0) of a component c in a sample is represented by a function of elapsed time t from the start of the flow-in of a sample into the column, elution time t r c from the flow-in of the sample into the column to the flow-out of the component c from the column is calculated by using Equation (1). In doing so, the mobility R f c (t/t0) in Equation (1) is represented by Equation (2).
∫
0
t
r
c
R
f
c
(
t
t
0
)
(
t
t
0
)
=
1
(
1
)
R
f
c
(
t
t
0
)
=
1
-
-
a
(
t
t
0
)
+
b
(
2
)1. An elution time calculating method for liquid chromatography in which an eluent is generated by mixing two solvents at a mixture ratio that is linearly changed from a first mixture ratio to a second mixture ratio higher than the first mixture ratio from a timing T0 to a timing T1, and the generated eluent and a sample composed of a plurality of components can pass through a column, the method calculating elution time “tr c” from a start of flow-in of the sample into the column to elution of a component “c” which is one of the components in the sample from the column, comprising the steps of:
determining a rate of change in the mixture ratio of the two solvents;
provided time from a start of flow-in of the eluent into the column to a start of flow-out of the eluent from the column is represented as “t0” and a mobility Rf c(t/t0) of the component “c” is a function of a timing “t” indicating elapsed time from the start of flow-in of the sample into the column, the mobility Rf c(t/t0) being represented by Equation (2), calculating an elution time “tr c” of the component “c” based on Equation (3),
R
f
c
(
t
t
0
)
=
1
-
-
a
(
t
t
0
)
+
b
(
2
)
[
(
t
t
0
)
+
1
a
-
a
(
t
t
0
)
+
b
]
0
t
r
c
=
1
(
3
)
wherein “a” indicates the rate of change in the mixture ratio whereas indicates a constant regarding an initial mobility. 2. A mixture ratio determining method for liquid chromatography in which an eluent is generated by mixing two solvents at a mixture ratio that is linearly changed from a first mixture ratio to a second mixture ratio higher than the first mixture ratio from a timing T0 to a timing T1, and the generated eluent and a sample composed of a plurality of components can pass through a column, the method calculating a mobility Rf c(t/t0) of a component “c” which is one of the components in elution time “tr c” from a start of flow-in of the sample into the column to elution of the component “c” from the column, the mobility Rf c(t/t0) being represented by Equation (2), comprising the steps of:
determining the elution time “tr c” from the start of flow-in of the sample into the column to elution of the component “c” in the sample from the column;
provided time from a start of flow-in of the eluent into the column to a start of flow-out of the eluent from the column is represented as “t0” and the mobility Rf c(t/t0) of the component “c” is a function of a timing “t” indicating elapsed time from the start of flow-in of the sample into the column, calculating the mobility Rf c(t/t0) of the component “c” by calculating a rate of change “a” of the mixture ratio and a constant “b” regarding an initial mobility based on Equation (3) for the elution time “tr c” of the component “c”.
R
f
c
(
t
t
0
)
=
1
-
-
a
(
t
t
0
)
+
b
(
2
)
[
(
t
t
0
)
+
1
a
-
a
(
t
t
0
)
+
b
]
0
t
r
c
=
1.
(
3
) | 1,700 |
3,724 | 13,522,363 | 1,717 | A continuous self-metered process of forming a multilayer film comprising at least two superimposed polymer layers comprising the steps of: providing a substrate; providing two or more coating knives which are offset, independently from each other, from said substrate to form a gap normal to the surface of the substrate; moving the substrate relative to the coating knives in a downstream direction, providing curable liquid precursors of the polymers to the upstream side of the coating knives thereby coating the two or more precursors through the respective gaps as superimposed layers onto the substrate; optionally providing one or more solid films and applying these essentially simultaneously with the formation of the adjacent lower polymer layer, and curing the precursor of the multilayer film thus obtained; wherein a lower layer of a curable liquid precursor is covered by an adjacent upper layer of a curable liquid precursor or a film, respectively, essentially without exposing said lower layer of a curable liquid precursor. | 1. Continuous self-metered process of forming a multilayer film comprising at least two superimposed polymer layers comprising the steps of:
(i) providing a substrate; (ii) providing two or more coating knives which are offset, independently from each other, from said substrate to form a gap normal to the surface of the substrate; (iii) moving the substrate relative to the coating knives in a downstream direction; (iv) providing curable liquid precursors of the polymers to the upstream side of the coating knives thereby coating the two or more precursors through the respective gaps as superimposed layers onto the substrate (v) optionally providing one or more solid films and applying these essentially simultaneously with the formation of the adjacent lower polymer layer; and (vi) curing the precursor of the multilayer film thus obtained; and wherein a lower layer of a curable liquid precursor is covered by an adjacent upper layer of a curable liquid precursor or a film, respectively, essentially without exposing said lower layer of a curable liquid precursor. 2. Process according to claim 1 wherein a release liner is attached in step (v) to the exposed surface of the top layer of the precursor of the multilayer film essentially simultaneously with the formation of such top layer. 3. Process according to claim 1 wherein the coating knife has an upstream surface, a downstream surface and a bottom portion facing the substrate in the distance of the gap. 4. Process according to claim 1 wherein the coating knives are formed from materials selected from a group of materials comprising metals, polymeric materials, ceramics and glass. 5. Process according to claim 3 wherein the cross-sectional profile the coating knife exhibits at its transversely extending edge facing the web, is essentially planar, curved, concave or convex. 6. Process according to claim 1 wherein the liquid precursors are applied under ambient pressure or an over-pressure. 7. Process according to claim 1 wherein the liquid precursors of the polymer material are provided in one or more coating chambers essentially abutting each other and being bordered in downstream direction by a front wall, optionally one or more intermediate walls and a back wall, and, optionally, by a rolling bead positioned up-web relative to the front wall. 8. Process according to claim 7 wherein the upstream intermediate walls, the back wall and, if a rolling bead is present upstream relative to the front wall, the front wall are formed by coating knives. 9. Process according to claim 1 wherein the solid films are attached to form the lowest layer, the topmost layer or an intermediate layer of the precursor of the multilayer film. 10. Process according to claim 1 wherein the substrate and/or the solid film are selected from a group of materials comprising polymeric films or webs, metal films or webs, woven or non-woven webs, glass fibre reinforced webs, carbon fibre webs, polymer fibre webs or webs comprising endless filaments of glass, polymer, metal, carbon fibres and/or natural fibres. 11. Process according to claim 10 wherein at least the exposed surface of the substrate and/or at least one surface of a solid film facing the precursor of the multilayer film, is a release surface. 12. Process of claim 1 wherein the substrate forms an integral part of the multilayer film subsequent to the curing step. 13. Process according to claim 1 wherein the speed of substrate in MD with respect to the coating apparatus is between 0.05 and 100 m/min. 14. Process according to claim 1 wherein the precursor layers are cured thermally and/or by exposing them to actinic radiation after they have passed the back wall of the coating apparatus. 15. Process according to claim 1 wherein at least one of the precursors comprises at least one compound having a radiation curable ethylene group. 16. Process according to claim 1 wherein the liquid precursors have a Brookfield viscosity of at least 1,000 mPas at 25° C. 17. Multilayer film obtainable by the method of claim 1 wherein a release liner is attached in step (v) of the method of claim 1 to the exposed surface of the top layer of the precursor of the multilayer film essentially simultaneously with the formation of such top layer. 18. Light-transmissive multilayer film according to claim 17 comprising at least two superimposed polymer layers each having a transmission of at least 80% relative to visible light wherein the multilayer film exhibits a transmission relative to visible light which is higher than the transmission of a comparative multilayer film obtained by a method differing from the above method in that the release liner is attached to the exposed surface of the top layer surface at a position downstream to the formation of the top layer of the precursor of the multilayer film. 19. Multilayer film according to claim 18 wherein the ratio of the transmission of the multilayer film over the transmission of the comparative multilayer film is at least 1.002 20. Light-transmissive multilayer film comprising: at least two superimposed polymer layers wherein one of the outer layers comprises a polyurethane polymer obtainable from the polymerization of a liquid precursor comprising at least one ethylenically unsaturated urethane compound and wherein the other opposite outer layer comprises an adhesive, the multilayer film having a maximum wave-front aberration of a wavefront resulting from a planar wavefront of a wavelength of λ=635 nm impinging normally on the outer layer opposite to the adhesive outer layer and transmitted through the multilayer film, measured as the peak-to-valley value of the transmitted wavefront, of less than 6λ(=3,810 nm). 21. Multilayer film according to claim 21 wherein the ethylenically unsaturated polyurethane compound is a (meth)acrylate urethane compound. 22. Assembly comprising a light-transmissive multilayer film obtainable by the method of claim 1 and a glass substrate wherein the multilayer film comprises at least two superimposed polymer layers each having a transmission of at least 80% relative to visible light, wherein one of the outer layers of the multilayer film is an adhesive layer through which the multilayer is attached to the glass substrate and wherein the refractive index of the outer adhesive layer is lower than the refractive index of the opposite outer layer of the multilayer film. 23. Assembly according to claim 22 wherein the difference between the refractive indices of the adhesive layer and the opposite outer layer is less than 0.030. | A continuous self-metered process of forming a multilayer film comprising at least two superimposed polymer layers comprising the steps of: providing a substrate; providing two or more coating knives which are offset, independently from each other, from said substrate to form a gap normal to the surface of the substrate; moving the substrate relative to the coating knives in a downstream direction, providing curable liquid precursors of the polymers to the upstream side of the coating knives thereby coating the two or more precursors through the respective gaps as superimposed layers onto the substrate; optionally providing one or more solid films and applying these essentially simultaneously with the formation of the adjacent lower polymer layer, and curing the precursor of the multilayer film thus obtained; wherein a lower layer of a curable liquid precursor is covered by an adjacent upper layer of a curable liquid precursor or a film, respectively, essentially without exposing said lower layer of a curable liquid precursor.1. Continuous self-metered process of forming a multilayer film comprising at least two superimposed polymer layers comprising the steps of:
(i) providing a substrate; (ii) providing two or more coating knives which are offset, independently from each other, from said substrate to form a gap normal to the surface of the substrate; (iii) moving the substrate relative to the coating knives in a downstream direction; (iv) providing curable liquid precursors of the polymers to the upstream side of the coating knives thereby coating the two or more precursors through the respective gaps as superimposed layers onto the substrate (v) optionally providing one or more solid films and applying these essentially simultaneously with the formation of the adjacent lower polymer layer; and (vi) curing the precursor of the multilayer film thus obtained; and wherein a lower layer of a curable liquid precursor is covered by an adjacent upper layer of a curable liquid precursor or a film, respectively, essentially without exposing said lower layer of a curable liquid precursor. 2. Process according to claim 1 wherein a release liner is attached in step (v) to the exposed surface of the top layer of the precursor of the multilayer film essentially simultaneously with the formation of such top layer. 3. Process according to claim 1 wherein the coating knife has an upstream surface, a downstream surface and a bottom portion facing the substrate in the distance of the gap. 4. Process according to claim 1 wherein the coating knives are formed from materials selected from a group of materials comprising metals, polymeric materials, ceramics and glass. 5. Process according to claim 3 wherein the cross-sectional profile the coating knife exhibits at its transversely extending edge facing the web, is essentially planar, curved, concave or convex. 6. Process according to claim 1 wherein the liquid precursors are applied under ambient pressure or an over-pressure. 7. Process according to claim 1 wherein the liquid precursors of the polymer material are provided in one or more coating chambers essentially abutting each other and being bordered in downstream direction by a front wall, optionally one or more intermediate walls and a back wall, and, optionally, by a rolling bead positioned up-web relative to the front wall. 8. Process according to claim 7 wherein the upstream intermediate walls, the back wall and, if a rolling bead is present upstream relative to the front wall, the front wall are formed by coating knives. 9. Process according to claim 1 wherein the solid films are attached to form the lowest layer, the topmost layer or an intermediate layer of the precursor of the multilayer film. 10. Process according to claim 1 wherein the substrate and/or the solid film are selected from a group of materials comprising polymeric films or webs, metal films or webs, woven or non-woven webs, glass fibre reinforced webs, carbon fibre webs, polymer fibre webs or webs comprising endless filaments of glass, polymer, metal, carbon fibres and/or natural fibres. 11. Process according to claim 10 wherein at least the exposed surface of the substrate and/or at least one surface of a solid film facing the precursor of the multilayer film, is a release surface. 12. Process of claim 1 wherein the substrate forms an integral part of the multilayer film subsequent to the curing step. 13. Process according to claim 1 wherein the speed of substrate in MD with respect to the coating apparatus is between 0.05 and 100 m/min. 14. Process according to claim 1 wherein the precursor layers are cured thermally and/or by exposing them to actinic radiation after they have passed the back wall of the coating apparatus. 15. Process according to claim 1 wherein at least one of the precursors comprises at least one compound having a radiation curable ethylene group. 16. Process according to claim 1 wherein the liquid precursors have a Brookfield viscosity of at least 1,000 mPas at 25° C. 17. Multilayer film obtainable by the method of claim 1 wherein a release liner is attached in step (v) of the method of claim 1 to the exposed surface of the top layer of the precursor of the multilayer film essentially simultaneously with the formation of such top layer. 18. Light-transmissive multilayer film according to claim 17 comprising at least two superimposed polymer layers each having a transmission of at least 80% relative to visible light wherein the multilayer film exhibits a transmission relative to visible light which is higher than the transmission of a comparative multilayer film obtained by a method differing from the above method in that the release liner is attached to the exposed surface of the top layer surface at a position downstream to the formation of the top layer of the precursor of the multilayer film. 19. Multilayer film according to claim 18 wherein the ratio of the transmission of the multilayer film over the transmission of the comparative multilayer film is at least 1.002 20. Light-transmissive multilayer film comprising: at least two superimposed polymer layers wherein one of the outer layers comprises a polyurethane polymer obtainable from the polymerization of a liquid precursor comprising at least one ethylenically unsaturated urethane compound and wherein the other opposite outer layer comprises an adhesive, the multilayer film having a maximum wave-front aberration of a wavefront resulting from a planar wavefront of a wavelength of λ=635 nm impinging normally on the outer layer opposite to the adhesive outer layer and transmitted through the multilayer film, measured as the peak-to-valley value of the transmitted wavefront, of less than 6λ(=3,810 nm). 21. Multilayer film according to claim 21 wherein the ethylenically unsaturated polyurethane compound is a (meth)acrylate urethane compound. 22. Assembly comprising a light-transmissive multilayer film obtainable by the method of claim 1 and a glass substrate wherein the multilayer film comprises at least two superimposed polymer layers each having a transmission of at least 80% relative to visible light, wherein one of the outer layers of the multilayer film is an adhesive layer through which the multilayer is attached to the glass substrate and wherein the refractive index of the outer adhesive layer is lower than the refractive index of the opposite outer layer of the multilayer film. 23. Assembly according to claim 22 wherein the difference between the refractive indices of the adhesive layer and the opposite outer layer is less than 0.030. | 1,700 |
3,725 | 15,578,116 | 1,765 | A method of making a poly(phenylene ether) comprises: in an exotherm period, continuous addition of oxygen and a monohydric phenol to a non-polar solvent and a polymerization catalyst comprising a metal salt, an amine, and a quaternary ammonium salt in a vessel, to form a polymerization mixture, wherein the oxygen and monohydric phenol are added in a mole ratio of 0.5:1 to 1.2:1; and cessation of the continuous addition of the monohydric phenol; and in a build period, continuation of oxygen addition until there is no further increase in viscosity of the polymerization mixture. A poly(phenylene ether) having an intrinsic viscosity of 0.5 to 2.0 deciliters per gram, measured in chloroform using an Ubbelohde capillary glass viscometer at 25° C., a polydispersity of 1 to 10, and a unimodal molecular weight distribution, is made by the method. | 1. A method of making a poly(phenylene ether) having an intrinsic viscosity of 0.5 to 2.0 deciliters per gram, measured in chloroform using an Ubbelohde capillary glass viscometer at 25° C., a polydispersity of 1 to 10, and a unimodal molecular weight distribution comprising:
in an exotherm period, continuous addition of oxygen and a monohydric phenol of the structure:
wherein each occurrence of Z1 is independently halogen, unsubstituted or substituted C1-C12 hydrocarbyl provided that the hydrocarbyl group is not tertiary hydrocarbyl, C1-C12 hydrocarbylthio, C1-C12 hydrocarbyloxy, or C2-C12 halohydrocarbyloxy, wherein two to twelve carbon atoms separate the halogen and oxygen atoms; and each occurrence of Z2 is independently hydrogen, halogen, unsubstituted or substituted C1-C12 hydrocarbyl provided that the hydrocarbyl group is not tertiary hydrocarbyl, C1-C12 hydrocarbylthio, C1-C12 hydrocarbyloxy, or C2-C12 halohydrocarbyloxy, wherein two to twelve carbon atoms separate the halogen and oxygen atoms, to a non-polar solvent and a polymerization catalyst comprising a metal salt, an amine, and a quaternary ammonium salt in a vessel, to form a polymerization mixture, wherein the oxygen and monohydric phenol are added in a mole ratio of 0.5:1 to 10.2:1; and
cessation of the continuous addition of the monohydric phenol; and
in a build period, continuation of oxygen addition until there is no further increase in viscosity of the polymerization mixture. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the monohydric phenol is 2,6-dimethylphenol and the poly(phenylene ether) is poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether). 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the monohydric phenol comprises a first monohydric phenol that is 2,6-dimethylphenol and a second monohydric phenol that is 2-methyl-6-phenylphenol or 2,6-diphenylphenol; and the poly(phenylene ether) is poly(2,6-dimethylphenol-co-2-methyl-6-phenylphenol) or poly(2,6-dimethylphenol-co-2,6-diphenylphenol). 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the weight-average molecular weight of the poly(phenylene ether) is 60,000 to 500,000 daltons, as measured by gel permeation chromatography. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising, after completion of the exotherm period and build period:
cessation of oxygen addition; flushing oxygen from a gaseous head space above the polymerization mixture; addition of a aqueous chelating agent to the polymerization mixture; and in an equilibration period, holding the polymerization mixture for 0.1 to 24 hours at 30 to 80° C. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the monohydric phenol is 2,6-dimethylphenol; the poly(phenylene ether) is poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether); and after the equilibration period, the poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) has, based on the total weight of the poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether), 0.01 to 2 weight percent of biphenyl units:
derived from 2,2′,6,6′-diphenoquinone, as determined by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein:
the monohydric phenol is 2,6-dimethylphenol; the amine comprises dibutylamine; the poly(phenylene ether) is poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether); and after the equilibration period, the poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) has, based on the total weight of the poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether), 0.5 to 2.0 weight percent combined of dibutylamino groups covalently bound to internal 2,6-dimethylphenol repeat units as follows:
and to terminal 2,6-dimethylphenol units as follows:
as determined by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein a second portion of the monohydric phenol is continuously added to a first portion of the monohydric phenol, the non-polar solvent and polymerization catalyst; wherein the first portion comprises 1 to 20 weight percent of the monohydric phenol and the second portion comprises 80 to 99 weight percent of the monohydric phenol. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the second portion of monohydric phenol is added over a period of 10 to 120 minutes. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein:
the monohydric phenol is 2,6-dimethylphenol; the poly(phenylene ether) is poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) having an intrinsic viscosity of 0.8 to 1.7 deciliters per gram, measured in chloroform using an Ubbelohde capillary glass viscometer at 25° C., and a polydispersity of 3 to 6; the mole ratio is 1.0:1 to 1.2:1; oxidative polymerization comprises continuous addition of a second portion of the monohydric phenol and oxygen to a first portion of the monohydric phenol, the non-polar solvent, and polymerization catalyst; the first portion comprises 3 to 12 weight percent of the monohydric phenol and the second portion comprises 88 to 97 weight percent of the monohydric phenol. and the second portion of the monohydric phenol is added over a period of 20 to 60 minutes. 11. A poly(phenylene ether) having an intrinsic viscosity of 0.5 to 2.0 deciliters per gram, measured in chloroform using an Ubbelohde capillary glass viscometer at 25° C., a polydispersity of 1 to 10, and a unimodal molecular weight distribution, made by a method comprising:
in an exotherm period, continuous addition of oxygen and a monohydric phenol of the structure:
wherein each occurrence of Z1 is independently halogen, unsubstituted or substituted C1-C12 hydrocarbyl provided that the hydrocarbyl group is not tertiary hydrocarbyl, C1-C12 hydrocarbylthio, C1-C12 hydrocarbyloxy, or C2-C12 halohydrocarbyloxy, wherein two to twelve carbon atoms separate the halogen and oxygen atoms; and each occurrence of Z2 is independently hydrogen, halogen, unsubstituted or substituted C1-C12 hydrocarbyl provided that the hydrocarbyl group is not tertiary hydrocarbyl, C1-C12 hydrocarbylthio, C1-C12 hydrocarbyloxy, or C2-C12 halohydrocarbyloxy, wherein two to twelve carbon atoms separate the halogen and oxygen atoms, to a non-polar solvent and a polymerization catalyst comprising a metal salt, an amine, and a quaternary ammonium salt in a vessel, to form a polymerization mixture, wherein the oxygen and monohydric phenol are added in a mole ratio of 0.5:1 to 1.2:1; and
cessation of the continuous addition of the monohydric phenol; and
in a build period, continuation of oxygen addition until there is no further increase in viscosity of the polymerization mixture. 12. The poly(phenylene ether) of claim 11, wherein the monohydric phenol is 2,6-dimethylphenol, and the poly(phenylene ether) is poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether). 13. The poly(phenylene ether) of claim 11, wherein the monohydric phenol comprises a first monohydric phenol that is 2,6-dimethylphenol and a second monohydric phenol that is 2-methyl-6-phenylphenol or 2,6-diphenylphenol; and the poly(phenylene ether) is poly(2,6-dimethylphenol-co-2-methyl-6-phenylphenol) or poly(2,6-dimethylphenol-co-2,6-diphenylphenol). 14. The poly(phenylene ether) of claim 11, wherein the weight-average molecular weight of the poly(phenylene ether) is 60,000 to 500,000 daltons, as measured by gel permeation chromatography. 15. The poly(phenylene ether) of claim 11, wherein the method further comprises, after completion of the exotherm period and build period:
cessation of oxygen addition; flushing oxygen from a gaseous head space above the polymerization mixture; addition of a aqueous chelating agent to the polymerization mixture; and in an equilibration period, holding the polymerization mixture for 0.1 to 24 hours at 30 to 80° C. 16. The poly(phenylene ether) of claim 15, wherein the monohydric phenol is 2,6-dimethylphenol; the poly(phenylene ether) is poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether); and after the equilibration period, the poly(phenylene ether) has, based on the total weight of the poly(phenylene ether), 0.01 to 0.08 weight percent of biphenyl units:
derived from 2,2′,6,6′-diphenoquinone, as determined by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. 17. The poly(phenylene ether) of claim 15, wherein:
the monohydric phenol is 2,6-dimethylphenol; the amine comprises dibutylamine; the poly(phenylene ether) comprises poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether); and after the equilibration period, the poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) has, based on the total weight of the poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether), 0.1 to 1.2 weight percent combined of dibutylamino groups covalently bound to internal 2,6-dimethylphenol repeat units as follows:
and to terminal 2,6-dimethylphenol units as follows:
as determined by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. 18. The poly(phenylene ether) of claim 11, wherein a second portion of the monohydric phenol is continuously added to a first portion of the monohydric phenol, the non-polar solvent, and polymerization catalyst; wherein the first portion comprises 1 to 20 weight percent of the monohydric phenol and the second portion comprises 80 to 99 weight percent of the monohydric phenol. 19. The poly(phenylene ether) of claim 18, wherein the second portion of monohydric phenol is added over a period of 10 to 120 minutes. 20. The poly(phenylene ether) of claim 11, wherein:
the monohydric phenol is 2,6-dimethylphenol; the poly(phenylene ether) comprises poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) having an intrinsic viscosity of 0.8 to 1.7 deciliters per gram, measured in chloroform using an Ubbelohde capillary glass viscometer at 25° C. and a polydispersity of 3 to 6; the oxygen and monohydric phenol are added in a mole ratio of 1.0:1 to 1.2:1; oxidative polymerization comprises continuous addition of a second portion of the monohydric phenol and oxygen to a first portion of the monohydric phenol, the non-polar solvent, and polymerization catalyst; the first portion comprises 3 to 12 weight percent of the monohydric phenol and the second portion comprises 88 to 97 weight percent of the monohydric phenol; and the second portion of the monohydric phenol is added over a period of 30 to 60 minutes. | A method of making a poly(phenylene ether) comprises: in an exotherm period, continuous addition of oxygen and a monohydric phenol to a non-polar solvent and a polymerization catalyst comprising a metal salt, an amine, and a quaternary ammonium salt in a vessel, to form a polymerization mixture, wherein the oxygen and monohydric phenol are added in a mole ratio of 0.5:1 to 1.2:1; and cessation of the continuous addition of the monohydric phenol; and in a build period, continuation of oxygen addition until there is no further increase in viscosity of the polymerization mixture. A poly(phenylene ether) having an intrinsic viscosity of 0.5 to 2.0 deciliters per gram, measured in chloroform using an Ubbelohde capillary glass viscometer at 25° C., a polydispersity of 1 to 10, and a unimodal molecular weight distribution, is made by the method.1. A method of making a poly(phenylene ether) having an intrinsic viscosity of 0.5 to 2.0 deciliters per gram, measured in chloroform using an Ubbelohde capillary glass viscometer at 25° C., a polydispersity of 1 to 10, and a unimodal molecular weight distribution comprising:
in an exotherm period, continuous addition of oxygen and a monohydric phenol of the structure:
wherein each occurrence of Z1 is independently halogen, unsubstituted or substituted C1-C12 hydrocarbyl provided that the hydrocarbyl group is not tertiary hydrocarbyl, C1-C12 hydrocarbylthio, C1-C12 hydrocarbyloxy, or C2-C12 halohydrocarbyloxy, wherein two to twelve carbon atoms separate the halogen and oxygen atoms; and each occurrence of Z2 is independently hydrogen, halogen, unsubstituted or substituted C1-C12 hydrocarbyl provided that the hydrocarbyl group is not tertiary hydrocarbyl, C1-C12 hydrocarbylthio, C1-C12 hydrocarbyloxy, or C2-C12 halohydrocarbyloxy, wherein two to twelve carbon atoms separate the halogen and oxygen atoms, to a non-polar solvent and a polymerization catalyst comprising a metal salt, an amine, and a quaternary ammonium salt in a vessel, to form a polymerization mixture, wherein the oxygen and monohydric phenol are added in a mole ratio of 0.5:1 to 10.2:1; and
cessation of the continuous addition of the monohydric phenol; and
in a build period, continuation of oxygen addition until there is no further increase in viscosity of the polymerization mixture. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the monohydric phenol is 2,6-dimethylphenol and the poly(phenylene ether) is poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether). 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the monohydric phenol comprises a first monohydric phenol that is 2,6-dimethylphenol and a second monohydric phenol that is 2-methyl-6-phenylphenol or 2,6-diphenylphenol; and the poly(phenylene ether) is poly(2,6-dimethylphenol-co-2-methyl-6-phenylphenol) or poly(2,6-dimethylphenol-co-2,6-diphenylphenol). 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the weight-average molecular weight of the poly(phenylene ether) is 60,000 to 500,000 daltons, as measured by gel permeation chromatography. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising, after completion of the exotherm period and build period:
cessation of oxygen addition; flushing oxygen from a gaseous head space above the polymerization mixture; addition of a aqueous chelating agent to the polymerization mixture; and in an equilibration period, holding the polymerization mixture for 0.1 to 24 hours at 30 to 80° C. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the monohydric phenol is 2,6-dimethylphenol; the poly(phenylene ether) is poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether); and after the equilibration period, the poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) has, based on the total weight of the poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether), 0.01 to 2 weight percent of biphenyl units:
derived from 2,2′,6,6′-diphenoquinone, as determined by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein:
the monohydric phenol is 2,6-dimethylphenol; the amine comprises dibutylamine; the poly(phenylene ether) is poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether); and after the equilibration period, the poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) has, based on the total weight of the poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether), 0.5 to 2.0 weight percent combined of dibutylamino groups covalently bound to internal 2,6-dimethylphenol repeat units as follows:
and to terminal 2,6-dimethylphenol units as follows:
as determined by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein a second portion of the monohydric phenol is continuously added to a first portion of the monohydric phenol, the non-polar solvent and polymerization catalyst; wherein the first portion comprises 1 to 20 weight percent of the monohydric phenol and the second portion comprises 80 to 99 weight percent of the monohydric phenol. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the second portion of monohydric phenol is added over a period of 10 to 120 minutes. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein:
the monohydric phenol is 2,6-dimethylphenol; the poly(phenylene ether) is poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) having an intrinsic viscosity of 0.8 to 1.7 deciliters per gram, measured in chloroform using an Ubbelohde capillary glass viscometer at 25° C., and a polydispersity of 3 to 6; the mole ratio is 1.0:1 to 1.2:1; oxidative polymerization comprises continuous addition of a second portion of the monohydric phenol and oxygen to a first portion of the monohydric phenol, the non-polar solvent, and polymerization catalyst; the first portion comprises 3 to 12 weight percent of the monohydric phenol and the second portion comprises 88 to 97 weight percent of the monohydric phenol. and the second portion of the monohydric phenol is added over a period of 20 to 60 minutes. 11. A poly(phenylene ether) having an intrinsic viscosity of 0.5 to 2.0 deciliters per gram, measured in chloroform using an Ubbelohde capillary glass viscometer at 25° C., a polydispersity of 1 to 10, and a unimodal molecular weight distribution, made by a method comprising:
in an exotherm period, continuous addition of oxygen and a monohydric phenol of the structure:
wherein each occurrence of Z1 is independently halogen, unsubstituted or substituted C1-C12 hydrocarbyl provided that the hydrocarbyl group is not tertiary hydrocarbyl, C1-C12 hydrocarbylthio, C1-C12 hydrocarbyloxy, or C2-C12 halohydrocarbyloxy, wherein two to twelve carbon atoms separate the halogen and oxygen atoms; and each occurrence of Z2 is independently hydrogen, halogen, unsubstituted or substituted C1-C12 hydrocarbyl provided that the hydrocarbyl group is not tertiary hydrocarbyl, C1-C12 hydrocarbylthio, C1-C12 hydrocarbyloxy, or C2-C12 halohydrocarbyloxy, wherein two to twelve carbon atoms separate the halogen and oxygen atoms, to a non-polar solvent and a polymerization catalyst comprising a metal salt, an amine, and a quaternary ammonium salt in a vessel, to form a polymerization mixture, wherein the oxygen and monohydric phenol are added in a mole ratio of 0.5:1 to 1.2:1; and
cessation of the continuous addition of the monohydric phenol; and
in a build period, continuation of oxygen addition until there is no further increase in viscosity of the polymerization mixture. 12. The poly(phenylene ether) of claim 11, wherein the monohydric phenol is 2,6-dimethylphenol, and the poly(phenylene ether) is poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether). 13. The poly(phenylene ether) of claim 11, wherein the monohydric phenol comprises a first monohydric phenol that is 2,6-dimethylphenol and a second monohydric phenol that is 2-methyl-6-phenylphenol or 2,6-diphenylphenol; and the poly(phenylene ether) is poly(2,6-dimethylphenol-co-2-methyl-6-phenylphenol) or poly(2,6-dimethylphenol-co-2,6-diphenylphenol). 14. The poly(phenylene ether) of claim 11, wherein the weight-average molecular weight of the poly(phenylene ether) is 60,000 to 500,000 daltons, as measured by gel permeation chromatography. 15. The poly(phenylene ether) of claim 11, wherein the method further comprises, after completion of the exotherm period and build period:
cessation of oxygen addition; flushing oxygen from a gaseous head space above the polymerization mixture; addition of a aqueous chelating agent to the polymerization mixture; and in an equilibration period, holding the polymerization mixture for 0.1 to 24 hours at 30 to 80° C. 16. The poly(phenylene ether) of claim 15, wherein the monohydric phenol is 2,6-dimethylphenol; the poly(phenylene ether) is poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether); and after the equilibration period, the poly(phenylene ether) has, based on the total weight of the poly(phenylene ether), 0.01 to 0.08 weight percent of biphenyl units:
derived from 2,2′,6,6′-diphenoquinone, as determined by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. 17. The poly(phenylene ether) of claim 15, wherein:
the monohydric phenol is 2,6-dimethylphenol; the amine comprises dibutylamine; the poly(phenylene ether) comprises poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether); and after the equilibration period, the poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) has, based on the total weight of the poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether), 0.1 to 1.2 weight percent combined of dibutylamino groups covalently bound to internal 2,6-dimethylphenol repeat units as follows:
and to terminal 2,6-dimethylphenol units as follows:
as determined by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. 18. The poly(phenylene ether) of claim 11, wherein a second portion of the monohydric phenol is continuously added to a first portion of the monohydric phenol, the non-polar solvent, and polymerization catalyst; wherein the first portion comprises 1 to 20 weight percent of the monohydric phenol and the second portion comprises 80 to 99 weight percent of the monohydric phenol. 19. The poly(phenylene ether) of claim 18, wherein the second portion of monohydric phenol is added over a period of 10 to 120 minutes. 20. The poly(phenylene ether) of claim 11, wherein:
the monohydric phenol is 2,6-dimethylphenol; the poly(phenylene ether) comprises poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) having an intrinsic viscosity of 0.8 to 1.7 deciliters per gram, measured in chloroform using an Ubbelohde capillary glass viscometer at 25° C. and a polydispersity of 3 to 6; the oxygen and monohydric phenol are added in a mole ratio of 1.0:1 to 1.2:1; oxidative polymerization comprises continuous addition of a second portion of the monohydric phenol and oxygen to a first portion of the monohydric phenol, the non-polar solvent, and polymerization catalyst; the first portion comprises 3 to 12 weight percent of the monohydric phenol and the second portion comprises 88 to 97 weight percent of the monohydric phenol; and the second portion of the monohydric phenol is added over a period of 30 to 60 minutes. | 1,700 |
3,726 | 16,440,395 | 1,749 | Provided is a tire structure capable of being combined with a rim, and the tire structure includes an air tube, a core provided on the air tube, and a tire outer layer provided on the core, and the core includes a body part positioned above a transverse diameter of the air tube and a wing part positioned under the transverse diameter of the air tube, and a lower end of the wing part is placed under an upper surface of the rim. | 1. A tire structure capable of being combined with a rim, comprising:
an air tube; a core provided on the air tube; and a tire outer layer provided on the core, wherein the core includes a body part positioned above a transverse diameter of the air tube and a wing part positioned under the transverse diameter of the air tube, a lower end of the wing part is placed under an upper surface of the rim, when the air tube is inflated, a compression ratio of thickness for the body part of the core is from 10% to 50% or less, when the air tube is inflated, a compressed thickness of the body part includes a length in the range of 70% or less of a transverse outer diameter of the tire structure, the core has a shore C hardness of from 20 to 80, and the core and the tire outer layer have a shore C hardness ratio of from 0.2 to 1. 2. A tire combining structure in which the tire structure of claim 1 and a rim including both hooks are combined. 3. The tire combining structure of claim 2,
wherein a thickness of the wing part positioned at a contact portion between the hooks of the rim and the tire outer layer is from 3% to 30% of a distance between the both hooks of the rim. 4. The tire combining structure of claim 2,
wherein in a state where the air tube is inflated, an angle of a tangent line at a contact point between a vertical extension of a wall surface of the rim and the tire outer layer is in the range of from 20° to 80°. 5. The tire combining structure of claim 2,
wherein a contact portion where the tire outer layer, the core, and the air tube are all in contact with each other is present in a space under the upper surface of the rim. 6. A bicycle including the tire combining structure of claim 2. | Provided is a tire structure capable of being combined with a rim, and the tire structure includes an air tube, a core provided on the air tube, and a tire outer layer provided on the core, and the core includes a body part positioned above a transverse diameter of the air tube and a wing part positioned under the transverse diameter of the air tube, and a lower end of the wing part is placed under an upper surface of the rim.1. A tire structure capable of being combined with a rim, comprising:
an air tube; a core provided on the air tube; and a tire outer layer provided on the core, wherein the core includes a body part positioned above a transverse diameter of the air tube and a wing part positioned under the transverse diameter of the air tube, a lower end of the wing part is placed under an upper surface of the rim, when the air tube is inflated, a compression ratio of thickness for the body part of the core is from 10% to 50% or less, when the air tube is inflated, a compressed thickness of the body part includes a length in the range of 70% or less of a transverse outer diameter of the tire structure, the core has a shore C hardness of from 20 to 80, and the core and the tire outer layer have a shore C hardness ratio of from 0.2 to 1. 2. A tire combining structure in which the tire structure of claim 1 and a rim including both hooks are combined. 3. The tire combining structure of claim 2,
wherein a thickness of the wing part positioned at a contact portion between the hooks of the rim and the tire outer layer is from 3% to 30% of a distance between the both hooks of the rim. 4. The tire combining structure of claim 2,
wherein in a state where the air tube is inflated, an angle of a tangent line at a contact point between a vertical extension of a wall surface of the rim and the tire outer layer is in the range of from 20° to 80°. 5. The tire combining structure of claim 2,
wherein a contact portion where the tire outer layer, the core, and the air tube are all in contact with each other is present in a space under the upper surface of the rim. 6. A bicycle including the tire combining structure of claim 2. | 1,700 |
3,727 | 15,507,915 | 1,765 | Amide-based elastomer expanded particles comprising, as a base resin, a non-crosslinked amide-based elastomer having a Shore D hardness of 65 or less, and having an average cell diameter of 20 to 250 μm. | 1. Amide-based elastomer expanded particles comprising, as a base resin, a non-crosslinked amide-based elastomer having a Shore D hardness of 85 or less, and having an average cell diameter of 20 to 250 μm. 2. The amide-based elastomer expanded particles according to claim 1, comprising, as a base resin, a non-crosslinked amide-based elastomer having a Shore D hardness of 65 or less, and having a bulk density of 0.015 to 0.5 g/cm3 and an average cell diameter of 20 to 250 μm. 3. The amide-based elastomer expanded particles according to claim 1, wherein said non-crosslinked amide-based elastomer is an elastomer having both of a storage modulus at a temperature of crystallization temperature −10° C. and a storage modulus at a temperature of crystallization temperature −15° C. in a range of 4×106 to 4×107 Pa. 4. The amide-based elastomer expanded particles according to claim 1, wherein said non-crosslinked amide-based elastomer is an elastomer having an absolute value of α of 0.08 or more when expressed by equation y=αx+β, obtained from a storage modulus measured at a crystallization temperature and a storage modulus corresponding to a temperature which is 5° C. lower than a crystallization temperature, in a graph obtained by expressing a logarithm of a storage modulus on a y axis and a temperature on an x axis. 5. The amide-based elastomer expanded particles according to claim 1, wherein said amide-based elastomer expanded particles have an average particle diameter of more than 5 mm and 15 mm or less. 6. The amide-based elastomer expanded particles according to claim 1, comprising, as a base resin, said non-crosslinked amide-based elastomer, and having an average cell diameter of 20 to 250 μm and an average particle diameter of 1.5 to 5 mm. 7. The amide-based elastomer expanded particles according to claim 1, wherein said amide-based elastomer expanded particles have an outermost surface layer exhibiting an average cell diameter of 20 to 150 μm in a cross section thereof. 8. A method for manufacturing amide-based elastomer expanded particles according to claim 1, the method comprising the steps of:
impregnating a blowing agent into resin particles comprising a non-crosslinked amide-based elastomer to obtain expandable particles; and expanding said expandable particles. 9. The method for manufacturing amide-based elastomer expanded particles according to claim 8, wherein said resin particles comprise 100 parts by mass of a non-crosslinked amide-based elastomer and 0.02 to 1 part by mass of a cell adjusting agent. 10. The method for manufacturing amide-based elastomer expanded particles according to claim 9, wherein said cell adjusting agent is a fatty acid amide-based organic substance. 11. The method for manufacturing amide-based elastomer expanded particles according to claim 8, wherein said expandable particles are obtained by impregnating said blowing agent into said resin particles in the presence of water, and said water is used at 0.5 to 4 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of said resin particles. 12. An expanded molded article which is obtained by in-mold expanding the amide-based elastomer expanded particles according to claim 1. 13. The expanded molded article according to claim 12, wherein said expanded molded article has a compression set of 10% or less and a restitution coefficient of 50 or more. 14. A method for manufacturing an expanded molded article, the method comprising in-mold expanding the amide-based elastomer expanded particles according to claim 1. 15. The method for manufacturing an expanded molded article according to claim 14, wherein said in-mold expansion is performed using said amide-based elastomer expanded particles exhibiting a secondary expansion ratio of 1.5 to 4.0 times when heated with water steam at a gauge pressure of 0.27 MPa for 20 seconds. | Amide-based elastomer expanded particles comprising, as a base resin, a non-crosslinked amide-based elastomer having a Shore D hardness of 65 or less, and having an average cell diameter of 20 to 250 μm.1. Amide-based elastomer expanded particles comprising, as a base resin, a non-crosslinked amide-based elastomer having a Shore D hardness of 85 or less, and having an average cell diameter of 20 to 250 μm. 2. The amide-based elastomer expanded particles according to claim 1, comprising, as a base resin, a non-crosslinked amide-based elastomer having a Shore D hardness of 65 or less, and having a bulk density of 0.015 to 0.5 g/cm3 and an average cell diameter of 20 to 250 μm. 3. The amide-based elastomer expanded particles according to claim 1, wherein said non-crosslinked amide-based elastomer is an elastomer having both of a storage modulus at a temperature of crystallization temperature −10° C. and a storage modulus at a temperature of crystallization temperature −15° C. in a range of 4×106 to 4×107 Pa. 4. The amide-based elastomer expanded particles according to claim 1, wherein said non-crosslinked amide-based elastomer is an elastomer having an absolute value of α of 0.08 or more when expressed by equation y=αx+β, obtained from a storage modulus measured at a crystallization temperature and a storage modulus corresponding to a temperature which is 5° C. lower than a crystallization temperature, in a graph obtained by expressing a logarithm of a storage modulus on a y axis and a temperature on an x axis. 5. The amide-based elastomer expanded particles according to claim 1, wherein said amide-based elastomer expanded particles have an average particle diameter of more than 5 mm and 15 mm or less. 6. The amide-based elastomer expanded particles according to claim 1, comprising, as a base resin, said non-crosslinked amide-based elastomer, and having an average cell diameter of 20 to 250 μm and an average particle diameter of 1.5 to 5 mm. 7. The amide-based elastomer expanded particles according to claim 1, wherein said amide-based elastomer expanded particles have an outermost surface layer exhibiting an average cell diameter of 20 to 150 μm in a cross section thereof. 8. A method for manufacturing amide-based elastomer expanded particles according to claim 1, the method comprising the steps of:
impregnating a blowing agent into resin particles comprising a non-crosslinked amide-based elastomer to obtain expandable particles; and expanding said expandable particles. 9. The method for manufacturing amide-based elastomer expanded particles according to claim 8, wherein said resin particles comprise 100 parts by mass of a non-crosslinked amide-based elastomer and 0.02 to 1 part by mass of a cell adjusting agent. 10. The method for manufacturing amide-based elastomer expanded particles according to claim 9, wherein said cell adjusting agent is a fatty acid amide-based organic substance. 11. The method for manufacturing amide-based elastomer expanded particles according to claim 8, wherein said expandable particles are obtained by impregnating said blowing agent into said resin particles in the presence of water, and said water is used at 0.5 to 4 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of said resin particles. 12. An expanded molded article which is obtained by in-mold expanding the amide-based elastomer expanded particles according to claim 1. 13. The expanded molded article according to claim 12, wherein said expanded molded article has a compression set of 10% or less and a restitution coefficient of 50 or more. 14. A method for manufacturing an expanded molded article, the method comprising in-mold expanding the amide-based elastomer expanded particles according to claim 1. 15. The method for manufacturing an expanded molded article according to claim 14, wherein said in-mold expansion is performed using said amide-based elastomer expanded particles exhibiting a secondary expansion ratio of 1.5 to 4.0 times when heated with water steam at a gauge pressure of 0.27 MPa for 20 seconds. | 1,700 |
3,728 | 14,357,784 | 1,729 | A method for preparing an imidazole compound with the following formula: wherein Rf is a fluorinated alkyl group comprising between 1 and 5 carbon atoms, said method including: (a) the reaction of the diaminomaleonitrile with the following formula: with the compound with the following formula: wherein Y represents a chlorine atom or the OCORf group to form the salified amide compound with the following formula: at temperature T 1 , and (b) the dehydration of the salified amide compound with formula (IVa) and/or the corresponding amino (IVb) to form the imidazole compound with formula (III), at temperature T 2 higher than T 1 . | 1. A process for preparing an imidazole compound of formula:
in which Rf is a fluoro alkyl or alkoxy group comprising from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, the process comprising:
(a) the reaction of diaminomaleonitrile of formula:
with the compound of formula:
in which Y represents a chlorine atom or the group OCORf, in the presence of a solvent, to form the salified amide compound of formula (IVa) and/or the corresponding amine of formula (IVb):
at a temperature T1, and
(b) dehydration of the salified amide compound of formula (IVa) and/or the corresponding amine (IVb) to form the imidazole compound of formula (III), at a temperature T2 above T1. 2. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which Rf represents CF3, CHF2, CH2F, C2HF4, C2H2F3, C2H3F2, C2F5, C3F7, C3H2F5, C3H4F3, C4F9, C4H2F7, C4H4F5, C5F11, C3F6OCF3, C2F4OCF3, C2H2F2OCF3 or CF2OCF3. 3. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which T1 is from 0 to 80° C. 4. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which T2 is from 30 to 180° C. 5. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which step (a) lasts from 1 to 12 hours. 6. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which steps (a) and (b) are performed in the same solvent. 7. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which diaminomaleonitrile and the compound of formula (II) are dissolved in a solvent prior to step (a). 8. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which the temperature T2 corresponds to the boiling point of the solvent. 9. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which the second step is performed immediately after the first step. 10. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the product formed in step (a) is the compound of formula (IVa). 11. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the product formed in step (a) is the compound of formula (IVb). 12. A process for preparing a lithium imidazolate compound of formula:
in which Rf is a fluoro alkyl group comprising from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, the process comprising:
(a) preparation of the imidazole compound of formula:
according to the process of claim 1; and
(b) reaction of the imidazole compound of formula (Ill) with a lithium base. 13. The process as claimed in claim 12, in which the lithium base is chosen from lithium hydride, lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide, and combinations thereof. 14. A process for manufacturing an electrolyte composition, comprising the preparation of the lithium imidazolate of formula (V) according to the process of claim 12, and dissolution of this compound in a solvent. 15. A process for manufacturing a battery or a battery cell, comprising the manufacture of an electrolyte composition according to the process of claim 14 and the insertion of this electrolyte composition between an anode and a cathode. | A method for preparing an imidazole compound with the following formula: wherein Rf is a fluorinated alkyl group comprising between 1 and 5 carbon atoms, said method including: (a) the reaction of the diaminomaleonitrile with the following formula: with the compound with the following formula: wherein Y represents a chlorine atom or the OCORf group to form the salified amide compound with the following formula: at temperature T 1 , and (b) the dehydration of the salified amide compound with formula (IVa) and/or the corresponding amino (IVb) to form the imidazole compound with formula (III), at temperature T 2 higher than T 1 .1. A process for preparing an imidazole compound of formula:
in which Rf is a fluoro alkyl or alkoxy group comprising from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, the process comprising:
(a) the reaction of diaminomaleonitrile of formula:
with the compound of formula:
in which Y represents a chlorine atom or the group OCORf, in the presence of a solvent, to form the salified amide compound of formula (IVa) and/or the corresponding amine of formula (IVb):
at a temperature T1, and
(b) dehydration of the salified amide compound of formula (IVa) and/or the corresponding amine (IVb) to form the imidazole compound of formula (III), at a temperature T2 above T1. 2. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which Rf represents CF3, CHF2, CH2F, C2HF4, C2H2F3, C2H3F2, C2F5, C3F7, C3H2F5, C3H4F3, C4F9, C4H2F7, C4H4F5, C5F11, C3F6OCF3, C2F4OCF3, C2H2F2OCF3 or CF2OCF3. 3. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which T1 is from 0 to 80° C. 4. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which T2 is from 30 to 180° C. 5. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which step (a) lasts from 1 to 12 hours. 6. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which steps (a) and (b) are performed in the same solvent. 7. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which diaminomaleonitrile and the compound of formula (II) are dissolved in a solvent prior to step (a). 8. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which the temperature T2 corresponds to the boiling point of the solvent. 9. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which the second step is performed immediately after the first step. 10. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the product formed in step (a) is the compound of formula (IVa). 11. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the product formed in step (a) is the compound of formula (IVb). 12. A process for preparing a lithium imidazolate compound of formula:
in which Rf is a fluoro alkyl group comprising from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, the process comprising:
(a) preparation of the imidazole compound of formula:
according to the process of claim 1; and
(b) reaction of the imidazole compound of formula (Ill) with a lithium base. 13. The process as claimed in claim 12, in which the lithium base is chosen from lithium hydride, lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide, and combinations thereof. 14. A process for manufacturing an electrolyte composition, comprising the preparation of the lithium imidazolate of formula (V) according to the process of claim 12, and dissolution of this compound in a solvent. 15. A process for manufacturing a battery or a battery cell, comprising the manufacture of an electrolyte composition according to the process of claim 14 and the insertion of this electrolyte composition between an anode and a cathode. | 1,700 |
3,729 | 13,577,871 | 1,791 | A method of packaging a fresh meat product in a low oxygen environment is provided. The method comprises applying a natural plant component to a surface of the fresh meat product and sealing the fresh meat product in a package that contains a low oxygen environment. The natural plant component includes a sufficient amount of nitrites to convert myoglobin in the fresh meat product to nitrosomyoglobin and thereby improve the color of the fresh meat product. A meat color improvement solution and a pre-packaged food product are also provided. | 1. A method of packaging a fresh meat product in a low oxygen environment, comprising the steps of:
applying a natural plant component to a surface of said fresh meat product, said natural plant component including a sufficient amount of nitrites to convert myoglobin in said fresh meat product to nitrosomyoglobin and thereby improve the color of said fresh meat product; and sealing said fresh meat product in a package that contains a low oxygen environment. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said natural plant component is treated to convert naturally occurring nitrates therein to nitrites. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein said natural plant component is treated to convert naturally occurring nitrates therein to nitrites prior to applying said natural plant component to said fresh meat product. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein said natural plant component is treated to convert naturally occurring nitrates therein to nitrites by fermenting said natural plant component. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said natural plant component is selected from celery, celery extract, carrots, carrot extract, spinach, spinach extract, beets, beet extract and mixtures thereof. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein said natural plant component is selected from celery, celery extract and mixtures thereof. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein said natural plant component is celery powder that has been treated to convert naturally occurring nitrates therein to nitrites before it is applied to said fresh meat product. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein said fresh meat product is selected from beef, chicken and pork. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein said fresh meat product is beef 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said package contains no greater than about 1% by volume oxygen based on the total volume of gas in said package. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein said fresh meat product is sealed in said package by a vacuum packaging technique. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein said fresh meat product is sealed in said package in a manner such that the atmospheric pressure in said package is in the range of from about zero mbar to about 20 mbar. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein said fresh meat product is sealed in said package by a modified atmosphere packaging technique. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the atmosphere in said sealed package consists essentially of nitrogen. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein said natural plant component is applied to a surface of said fresh meat product by:
admixing said natural plant component in a base liquid to form a meat color improvement solution; and applying said meat color improvement solution to said surface. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein said base liquid consists essentially of water. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein said natural plant component is admixed in said base liquid in an amount sufficient to impart in the range of from about 10 parts per million nitrites to about 10,000 parts per million nitrites, based on the total parts of said meat color improvement solution, to said meat color improvement solution. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein said natural plant component is admixed in said base liquid in an amount sufficient to impart in the range of from about 100 parts per million nitrites to about 1,000 parts per million nitrites, based on the total parts of said meat color improvement solution, to said meat color improvement solution. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein said meat color improvement solution is applied to a surface of said fresh meat product by spraying said solution onto said surface. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein said meat color improvement solution is applied to a surface of the meat product by dipping said meat product into said solution. 21. The method of claim 18, wherein said meat color improvement solution further includes a diffusion mitigation agent for mitigating the diffusion of said nitrites into the interior of said fresh meat product. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein said meat color improvement solution comprises in the range of from about 0.001% to about 10% by weight, based on the total weight of said solution, of said diffusion mitigation agent. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein said meat color improvement solution comprises in the range of from about 0.005% to about 5% by weight, based on the total weight of said solution, of said diffusion mitigation agent. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein said diffusion mitigation agent increases the viscosity of said meat color improvement solution. 25. The method of claim 21, wherein said diffusion mitigation agent is selected from xanthan gum, hydrocolloids, starches and mixtures thereof. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein said diffusion mitigation agent is xanthan gum. 27. A method of packaging a fresh meat product in a low oxygen environment, comprising the steps of:
forming a meat color improvement solution, said meat color improvement solution including:
a base liquid;
a natural plant component present in said base liquid, said natural plant component including a sufficient amount of nitrites to convert myoglobin in said fresh meat product to nitrosomyoglobin and thereby improve the color of said fresh meat product; and
a diffusion mitigation agent present in said base liquid for mitigating the diffusion of said nitrites into the interior of said fresh meat product;
applying said meat color improvement solution to a surface of said fresh meat product; and sealing said fresh meat product in a package that contains a low oxygen environment. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein said base liquid consists essentially of water. 29. The method of claim 27, wherein said natural plant component is treated to convert naturally occurring nitrates therein to nitrites. 30. The method of claim 27, wherein said natural plant component is treated to convert naturally occurring nitrates therein to nitrites prior to applying said natural plant component to said fresh meat product. 31. The method of claim 27, wherein said natural plant component is selected from celery, celery extract, carrots, carrot extract, spinach, spinach extract, beets, beet extract and mixtures thereof. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein said natural plant component is selected from celery, celery extract and mixtures thereof. 33. The method of claim 27, wherein said fresh meat product is selected from beef, chicken and pork. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein said fresh meat product is beef. 35. The method of claim 27, wherein said package contains no greater than about 1% by volume oxygen based on the total volume of gas in said package. 36. The method of claim 27, wherein said fresh meat product is sealed in said package by a vacuum packaging technique. 37. The method of claim 27, wherein said fresh meat product is sealed in said package by a modified atmosphere packaging technique. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the atmosphere in said sealed package consists essentially of nitrogen and carbon dioxide. 39. The method of claim 27, wherein said natural plant component is admixed in said base liquid in an amount sufficient to impart in the range of from about 10 parts per million nitrites to about 10,000 parts per million nitrites, based on the total parts of said meat color improvement solution, to said meat color improvement solution. 40. The method of claim 27, wherein said meat color improvement solution comprises in the range of from about 0.001% to about 10% by weight, based on the total weight of said solution, of said diffusion mitigation agent. 41. The method of claim 27, wherein said diffusion mitigation agent increases the viscosity of the solution. 42. The method of claim 27, wherein said agent is selected from xanthan gum, hydrocolloids, starches and mixtures thereof. 43. The method of claim 42, wherein said agent is xanthan gum. 44. A meat color improvement solution for improving the color of a fresh meat product, comprising:
a base liquid; a natural plant component present in said base liquid, said natural plant component including a sufficient amount of nitrites to convert myoglobin in said fresh meat product to nitrosomyoglobin and thereby improve the color said fresh meat product; and a diffusion mitigation agent present in said base liquid for mitigating the diffusion of said nitrites into the interior of said fresh meat product. 45. The meat color improvement solution of claim 44, wherein said natural plant component is treated to convert naturally occurring nitrates therein to nitrites. 46. The meat color improvement solution of claim 45, wherein said natural plant component is selected from celery, celery extract and mixtures thereof. 47. The meat color improvement solution of claim 44, wherein said base liquid consists essentially of water. 48. The meat color improvement solution of claim 44, wherein said fresh meat product is selected from beef, chicken and pork. 49. The meat color improvement solution of claim 44, wherein said natural plant component is admixed in said base liquid in an amount sufficient to impart in the range of from about 10 parts per million nitrites to about 10,000 parts per million nitrites, based on the total parts of said meat color improvement solution, to said meat color improvement solution. 50. The method of claim 44, wherein said meat color improvement solution comprises in the range of from about 0.001% to about 10% by weight, based on the total weight of said solution, of said diffusion mitigation agent. 51. The meat color improvement solution of claim 44, wherein said diffusion mitigation agent is selected from xanthan gum, hydrocolloids, starches and mixtures thereof. 52. The meat color improvement solution of claim 51, wherein said diffusion mitigation agent is xanthan gum. 53. A pre-packaged food product comprising:
a fresh meat product that has been treated with a meat color improvement solution, said meat color improvement solution including:
a base liquid;
a natural plant component present in said base liquid, said natural plant component including a sufficient amount of nitrites to convert myoglobin in said fresh meat product to nitrosomyoglobin and thereby improve the color said fresh meat product; and
a diffusion mitigation agent present in said base liquid for mitigating the diffusion of said nitrites into the interior of said fresh meat product; and
a package containing said fresh meat product in a low oxygen environment. 54. The pre-packaged food product of claim 53, wherein said natural plant component is treated to convert naturally occurring nitrates therein to nitrites. 55. The pre-packaged food product of claim 53, wherein said natural plant component is selected from celery, celery extract, carrots, carrot extract, spinach, spinach extract, beets, beet extract and mixtures thereof. 56. The pre-packaged food product of claim 55, wherein said natural plant component is selected from celery, celery extract and mixtures thereof. 57. The pre-packaged food product of claim 53, wherein the fresh meat product is selected from beef, chicken and pork. 58. The pre-packaged food product of claim 53, wherein said diffusion mitigation agent is selected from xanthan gum, hydrocolloids, starches and mixtures thereof. 59. The pre-packaged food product of claim 58, wherein said diffusion mitigation agent is xanthan gum. | A method of packaging a fresh meat product in a low oxygen environment is provided. The method comprises applying a natural plant component to a surface of the fresh meat product and sealing the fresh meat product in a package that contains a low oxygen environment. The natural plant component includes a sufficient amount of nitrites to convert myoglobin in the fresh meat product to nitrosomyoglobin and thereby improve the color of the fresh meat product. A meat color improvement solution and a pre-packaged food product are also provided.1. A method of packaging a fresh meat product in a low oxygen environment, comprising the steps of:
applying a natural plant component to a surface of said fresh meat product, said natural plant component including a sufficient amount of nitrites to convert myoglobin in said fresh meat product to nitrosomyoglobin and thereby improve the color of said fresh meat product; and sealing said fresh meat product in a package that contains a low oxygen environment. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said natural plant component is treated to convert naturally occurring nitrates therein to nitrites. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein said natural plant component is treated to convert naturally occurring nitrates therein to nitrites prior to applying said natural plant component to said fresh meat product. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein said natural plant component is treated to convert naturally occurring nitrates therein to nitrites by fermenting said natural plant component. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said natural plant component is selected from celery, celery extract, carrots, carrot extract, spinach, spinach extract, beets, beet extract and mixtures thereof. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein said natural plant component is selected from celery, celery extract and mixtures thereof. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein said natural plant component is celery powder that has been treated to convert naturally occurring nitrates therein to nitrites before it is applied to said fresh meat product. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein said fresh meat product is selected from beef, chicken and pork. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein said fresh meat product is beef 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said package contains no greater than about 1% by volume oxygen based on the total volume of gas in said package. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein said fresh meat product is sealed in said package by a vacuum packaging technique. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein said fresh meat product is sealed in said package in a manner such that the atmospheric pressure in said package is in the range of from about zero mbar to about 20 mbar. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein said fresh meat product is sealed in said package by a modified atmosphere packaging technique. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the atmosphere in said sealed package consists essentially of nitrogen. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein said natural plant component is applied to a surface of said fresh meat product by:
admixing said natural plant component in a base liquid to form a meat color improvement solution; and applying said meat color improvement solution to said surface. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein said base liquid consists essentially of water. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein said natural plant component is admixed in said base liquid in an amount sufficient to impart in the range of from about 10 parts per million nitrites to about 10,000 parts per million nitrites, based on the total parts of said meat color improvement solution, to said meat color improvement solution. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein said natural plant component is admixed in said base liquid in an amount sufficient to impart in the range of from about 100 parts per million nitrites to about 1,000 parts per million nitrites, based on the total parts of said meat color improvement solution, to said meat color improvement solution. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein said meat color improvement solution is applied to a surface of said fresh meat product by spraying said solution onto said surface. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein said meat color improvement solution is applied to a surface of the meat product by dipping said meat product into said solution. 21. The method of claim 18, wherein said meat color improvement solution further includes a diffusion mitigation agent for mitigating the diffusion of said nitrites into the interior of said fresh meat product. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein said meat color improvement solution comprises in the range of from about 0.001% to about 10% by weight, based on the total weight of said solution, of said diffusion mitigation agent. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein said meat color improvement solution comprises in the range of from about 0.005% to about 5% by weight, based on the total weight of said solution, of said diffusion mitigation agent. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein said diffusion mitigation agent increases the viscosity of said meat color improvement solution. 25. The method of claim 21, wherein said diffusion mitigation agent is selected from xanthan gum, hydrocolloids, starches and mixtures thereof. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein said diffusion mitigation agent is xanthan gum. 27. A method of packaging a fresh meat product in a low oxygen environment, comprising the steps of:
forming a meat color improvement solution, said meat color improvement solution including:
a base liquid;
a natural plant component present in said base liquid, said natural plant component including a sufficient amount of nitrites to convert myoglobin in said fresh meat product to nitrosomyoglobin and thereby improve the color of said fresh meat product; and
a diffusion mitigation agent present in said base liquid for mitigating the diffusion of said nitrites into the interior of said fresh meat product;
applying said meat color improvement solution to a surface of said fresh meat product; and sealing said fresh meat product in a package that contains a low oxygen environment. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein said base liquid consists essentially of water. 29. The method of claim 27, wherein said natural plant component is treated to convert naturally occurring nitrates therein to nitrites. 30. The method of claim 27, wherein said natural plant component is treated to convert naturally occurring nitrates therein to nitrites prior to applying said natural plant component to said fresh meat product. 31. The method of claim 27, wherein said natural plant component is selected from celery, celery extract, carrots, carrot extract, spinach, spinach extract, beets, beet extract and mixtures thereof. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein said natural plant component is selected from celery, celery extract and mixtures thereof. 33. The method of claim 27, wherein said fresh meat product is selected from beef, chicken and pork. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein said fresh meat product is beef. 35. The method of claim 27, wherein said package contains no greater than about 1% by volume oxygen based on the total volume of gas in said package. 36. The method of claim 27, wherein said fresh meat product is sealed in said package by a vacuum packaging technique. 37. The method of claim 27, wherein said fresh meat product is sealed in said package by a modified atmosphere packaging technique. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the atmosphere in said sealed package consists essentially of nitrogen and carbon dioxide. 39. The method of claim 27, wherein said natural plant component is admixed in said base liquid in an amount sufficient to impart in the range of from about 10 parts per million nitrites to about 10,000 parts per million nitrites, based on the total parts of said meat color improvement solution, to said meat color improvement solution. 40. The method of claim 27, wherein said meat color improvement solution comprises in the range of from about 0.001% to about 10% by weight, based on the total weight of said solution, of said diffusion mitigation agent. 41. The method of claim 27, wherein said diffusion mitigation agent increases the viscosity of the solution. 42. The method of claim 27, wherein said agent is selected from xanthan gum, hydrocolloids, starches and mixtures thereof. 43. The method of claim 42, wherein said agent is xanthan gum. 44. A meat color improvement solution for improving the color of a fresh meat product, comprising:
a base liquid; a natural plant component present in said base liquid, said natural plant component including a sufficient amount of nitrites to convert myoglobin in said fresh meat product to nitrosomyoglobin and thereby improve the color said fresh meat product; and a diffusion mitigation agent present in said base liquid for mitigating the diffusion of said nitrites into the interior of said fresh meat product. 45. The meat color improvement solution of claim 44, wherein said natural plant component is treated to convert naturally occurring nitrates therein to nitrites. 46. The meat color improvement solution of claim 45, wherein said natural plant component is selected from celery, celery extract and mixtures thereof. 47. The meat color improvement solution of claim 44, wherein said base liquid consists essentially of water. 48. The meat color improvement solution of claim 44, wherein said fresh meat product is selected from beef, chicken and pork. 49. The meat color improvement solution of claim 44, wherein said natural plant component is admixed in said base liquid in an amount sufficient to impart in the range of from about 10 parts per million nitrites to about 10,000 parts per million nitrites, based on the total parts of said meat color improvement solution, to said meat color improvement solution. 50. The method of claim 44, wherein said meat color improvement solution comprises in the range of from about 0.001% to about 10% by weight, based on the total weight of said solution, of said diffusion mitigation agent. 51. The meat color improvement solution of claim 44, wherein said diffusion mitigation agent is selected from xanthan gum, hydrocolloids, starches and mixtures thereof. 52. The meat color improvement solution of claim 51, wherein said diffusion mitigation agent is xanthan gum. 53. A pre-packaged food product comprising:
a fresh meat product that has been treated with a meat color improvement solution, said meat color improvement solution including:
a base liquid;
a natural plant component present in said base liquid, said natural plant component including a sufficient amount of nitrites to convert myoglobin in said fresh meat product to nitrosomyoglobin and thereby improve the color said fresh meat product; and
a diffusion mitigation agent present in said base liquid for mitigating the diffusion of said nitrites into the interior of said fresh meat product; and
a package containing said fresh meat product in a low oxygen environment. 54. The pre-packaged food product of claim 53, wherein said natural plant component is treated to convert naturally occurring nitrates therein to nitrites. 55. The pre-packaged food product of claim 53, wherein said natural plant component is selected from celery, celery extract, carrots, carrot extract, spinach, spinach extract, beets, beet extract and mixtures thereof. 56. The pre-packaged food product of claim 55, wherein said natural plant component is selected from celery, celery extract and mixtures thereof. 57. The pre-packaged food product of claim 53, wherein the fresh meat product is selected from beef, chicken and pork. 58. The pre-packaged food product of claim 53, wherein said diffusion mitigation agent is selected from xanthan gum, hydrocolloids, starches and mixtures thereof. 59. The pre-packaged food product of claim 58, wherein said diffusion mitigation agent is xanthan gum. | 1,700 |
3,730 | 14,777,614 | 1,785 | A process for preparing printed matter is disclosed which comprises applying first a UV-curable ink containing photoinitiators followed by an overprint varnish and then UV curing such as the amount of photoinitiators is less than 6% by weight of the total weight of the ink. The present invention relates to a printing process by applying first a UV-curable ink followed by an overprint varnish (OPV) and curing. | 1. A printing process comprising:
(a) applying a UV-curable ink on a substrate; (b) applying UV to partially cure the UV-curable ink of step (a); (c) applying an overprint varnish (OPV) on the partially cured UV-curable ink; and (d) applying UV to cure the ink, wherein, the ink comprises one or more photoinitiators and the amount of photoinitiators in the ink is less than 6% by weight of the total weight of the ink. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the OPV is UV-curable comprising one or more photoinitiators. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the ink is a pigmented inkjet fluid. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the amount of ink photoinitiators is less than 5% by weight of the total weight of the ink. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the amount of ink photoinitiators is less than 4% by weight of the total weight of the ink. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the amount of ink photoinitiators is less than 3% by weight of the total weight of the ink. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the ink has a viscosity of less than 15.0 mPa·s at 50° C. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the photoinitiators in the ink are selected from the group consisting of: thioxanthone, phosphine oxide, α-aminoketone, 4,4′-Bis(alkylamino)benzophenone, 4-(Dialkylamino)benzophenone, anthraquinone types and blends thereof. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the OPV can be applied by a printing process selected from the group consisting of inkjet, flexographic printing, gravure printing, offset printing and roller coating. 10. The process of claim 2, wherein the OPV comprises one or more photoinitiators selected from the group consisting of: benzophenone, hydroxy-ketone, benzyldimethyl ketal, phenylglyoxalate, benzoin, benzoin ethers, dialkoxyacetophenone types and blends thereof. 11. The process of claim 2, wherein greater than 50% by weight of the photoinitiators in the OPV have principal absorption bands below 300 nm. 12. The process of claim 2, wherein greater than 50% by weight of the photoinitiators in the ink have principal absorption bands greater than 300 nm. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein the OPV, which when applied over the ink, has a UV-absorbance of less than 1.0 at wavelengths greater than 340 nm. 14. The process of claim 1, wherein the OPV, which when applied over the ink, has a UV-absorbance of less than 1.3 at wavelengths greater than 300 nm. 15. The process of claim 1, wherein the UV is applied in step (b) at a dose of less than 300 mJ/cm2. 16. The process of claim 1, wherein the UV is applied in step (d) at a dose of less than 400 mJ/cm2. 17. A printed substrate produced by the process of claim 1. 18. The printed substrate of claim 17 is a pharmaceutical, food or personal care application packaging. 19. An article coated or printed with a first layer of ink and a second layer of OPV on top of the first ink layer, wherein the ink comprises one or more photoinitiators and the amount of photoinitiators in the ink is less than 6% by weight of the total weight of the ink. 20. The article of claim 19, wherein the ink is a pigmented inkjet fluid. 21. The article of claim 19, wherein the amount of ink photoinitiators is less than 4% by weight of the total weight of the ink. 22. The article of claim 19, wherein the OPV comprises one or more photoinitiators. | A process for preparing printed matter is disclosed which comprises applying first a UV-curable ink containing photoinitiators followed by an overprint varnish and then UV curing such as the amount of photoinitiators is less than 6% by weight of the total weight of the ink. The present invention relates to a printing process by applying first a UV-curable ink followed by an overprint varnish (OPV) and curing.1. A printing process comprising:
(a) applying a UV-curable ink on a substrate; (b) applying UV to partially cure the UV-curable ink of step (a); (c) applying an overprint varnish (OPV) on the partially cured UV-curable ink; and (d) applying UV to cure the ink, wherein, the ink comprises one or more photoinitiators and the amount of photoinitiators in the ink is less than 6% by weight of the total weight of the ink. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the OPV is UV-curable comprising one or more photoinitiators. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the ink is a pigmented inkjet fluid. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the amount of ink photoinitiators is less than 5% by weight of the total weight of the ink. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the amount of ink photoinitiators is less than 4% by weight of the total weight of the ink. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the amount of ink photoinitiators is less than 3% by weight of the total weight of the ink. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the ink has a viscosity of less than 15.0 mPa·s at 50° C. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the photoinitiators in the ink are selected from the group consisting of: thioxanthone, phosphine oxide, α-aminoketone, 4,4′-Bis(alkylamino)benzophenone, 4-(Dialkylamino)benzophenone, anthraquinone types and blends thereof. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the OPV can be applied by a printing process selected from the group consisting of inkjet, flexographic printing, gravure printing, offset printing and roller coating. 10. The process of claim 2, wherein the OPV comprises one or more photoinitiators selected from the group consisting of: benzophenone, hydroxy-ketone, benzyldimethyl ketal, phenylglyoxalate, benzoin, benzoin ethers, dialkoxyacetophenone types and blends thereof. 11. The process of claim 2, wherein greater than 50% by weight of the photoinitiators in the OPV have principal absorption bands below 300 nm. 12. The process of claim 2, wherein greater than 50% by weight of the photoinitiators in the ink have principal absorption bands greater than 300 nm. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein the OPV, which when applied over the ink, has a UV-absorbance of less than 1.0 at wavelengths greater than 340 nm. 14. The process of claim 1, wherein the OPV, which when applied over the ink, has a UV-absorbance of less than 1.3 at wavelengths greater than 300 nm. 15. The process of claim 1, wherein the UV is applied in step (b) at a dose of less than 300 mJ/cm2. 16. The process of claim 1, wherein the UV is applied in step (d) at a dose of less than 400 mJ/cm2. 17. A printed substrate produced by the process of claim 1. 18. The printed substrate of claim 17 is a pharmaceutical, food or personal care application packaging. 19. An article coated or printed with a first layer of ink and a second layer of OPV on top of the first ink layer, wherein the ink comprises one or more photoinitiators and the amount of photoinitiators in the ink is less than 6% by weight of the total weight of the ink. 20. The article of claim 19, wherein the ink is a pigmented inkjet fluid. 21. The article of claim 19, wherein the amount of ink photoinitiators is less than 4% by weight of the total weight of the ink. 22. The article of claim 19, wherein the OPV comprises one or more photoinitiators. | 1,700 |
3,731 | 13,056,246 | 1,771 | Lube oil compositions and methods for making the same are provided. The lubricating oil composition can include at least one propylene-based polymer comprising 60 wt % to 98 wt % propylene derived units, other units derived from one or more other alpha olefins, and a base oil. The propylene-based polymer can have a triad tacticity of 90% or more, a heat of fusion of less than 80 J/g, and a weight average molecular weight (Mw) as measured by GPC of from 70,000 to 250,000. | 1. A lubricating oil composition comprising:
at least one propylene-based polymer comprising 60 wt % to 98 wt % propylene derived units and 2 wt % to 40 wt % units derived from one or more other alpha olefins, the propylene-based polymer having:
a triad tacticity of 90% or more,
a heat of fusion of less than 80 J/g,
a weight average molecular weight (Mw) as measured by GPC of from 70,000 to 250,000, and
a MWD of 2.0 to 2.5; and
a base oil. 2. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the propylene-based polymer comprises 70 wt % to 95 wt % propylene derived units and 5 wt % to 30 wt % units derived from one or more other alpha olefins. 3. (canceled) 4. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the propylene-based polymer comprises 80 wt % to 90 wt % propylene derived units and 5 wt % to 20 wt % units derived from one or more other alpha olefins. 5. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the propylene-based polymer comprises 80 wt % to 90 wt % propylene derived units and 10 wt % to 20 wt % units derived from one or more other alpha olefins. 6. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the propylene-based polymer comprises 80 wt % to 88 wt % propylene derived units and 12 wt % to 20 wt % units derived from one or more other alpha olefins. 7. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the alpha olefin is ethylene. 8. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the alpha olefin is butene. 9. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more other alpha olefins comprises one or more C4 to C12 alpha-olefins. 10. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the propylene derived units are isotactic. 11. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the weight average molecular weight (Mw) is about 80,000 to about 200,000. 12.-13. (canceled) 14. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the MWD is of from 2.1 to 2.4. 15. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the propylene-based polymer comprises of from 10 wt % to 20 wt % units derived from ethylene. 16. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the propylene-based polymer has a MFR (2.16 kg, 230° C.) as measured by ASTM-D1238 of from 3.0 g/10 min to about 21 g/10 min. 17. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one of a dispersant or pour point depressants. 18. (canceled) 19. A lubricating oil composition comprising:
of from 0.5 wt % to 15 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, at least one propylene-based polymer comprising 70 wt % to 95 wt % propylene derived units and 5 wt % to 30 wt % units derived from one or more other alpha olefins, the propylene-based polymer having:
a heat of fusion of less than 80 J/g,
a weight average molecular weight (Mw) as measured by GPC of from 100,000 to 150,000, and
a MWD of 2.0 to 2.5;
of from 60 wt % to 98 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, a base oil; of from 0.1 wt % to 20 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, one or more dispersants; and of from 0.1 wt % to 10 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, one or more pour point depressants. 20. (canceled) 21. The lubricating oil composition of claim 19, wherein the oil composition has a thickening efficiency of about 1.5 to 2.5, wherein the thickening efficiency is defined as:
TE=2/c×ln((kv of polymer+oil)/(kv of oil))/ln(2)
where c is the concentration of the propylene-based polymer. 22.-23. (canceled) 24. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the propylene-based polymer is present in an amount of from 1.0 wt % to 10 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition. 25.-26. (canceled) 27. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, comprising:
of from 0.5 wt % to 15 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, at least one propylene-based polymer comprising 80 wt % to 88 wt % propylene derived units and 12 wt % to 20 wt % units derived from one or more other alpha olefins, the propylene-based polymer having:
a triad tacticity of 90% or more;
a heat of fusion of less than 80 J/g;
a weight average molecular weight (Mw) as measured by GPC of from 100,000 to 250,000; and
a MWD of 2.0 to 2.5; and
of from 60 wt % to 98 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, a base oil; of from 0.1 wt % to 20 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, one or more dispersants; and of from 0.1 wt % to 10 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, one or more pour point depressants. 28. (canceled) 29. The lubricating oil composition of claim 27, wherein the oil composition has a thickening efficiency of about 1.5 to 2.5, wherein the thickening efficiency is defined as:
TE=2/c×ln((kv of polymer+oil)/(kv of oil))/ln(2)
where c is the concentration of the propylene-based polymer. 30.-32. (canceled) 33. A method for preparing a lubricating oil composition, the method comprising combining:
(i) at least one propylene-based polymer comprising 60 wt % to 98 wt % propylene derived units and 2 wt % to 40 wt % units derived from one or more other alpha olefins, the propylene-based polymer having:
a triad tacticity of 90% or more;
a heat of fusion of less than 80 J/g;
a weight average molecular weight (Mw) as measured by GPC of from 70,000 to 250,000; and
a MWD of 2.0 to 2.5; and
(ii) a base oil. 34. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the propylene-based polymer is grafted with a grafting monomer that is at least one ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid or acid derivative. 35. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the propylene-based polymer is grafted with at least one of maleic acid or maleic anhydride. 36. The lubricating oil composition of claim 34, wherein the grafted propylene-based polymer comprises from about 0.5 to about 6 wt % ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid or acid derivative. 37. The lubricating oil composition of claim 34, wherein the grafted propylene-based polymer comprises from about 1 to about 3 wt % maleic acid or maleic anhydride. 38. The lubricating oil composition of claim 34, wherein the grafted propylene-based polymer comprises from about 1.5 wt % maleic acid. | Lube oil compositions and methods for making the same are provided. The lubricating oil composition can include at least one propylene-based polymer comprising 60 wt % to 98 wt % propylene derived units, other units derived from one or more other alpha olefins, and a base oil. The propylene-based polymer can have a triad tacticity of 90% or more, a heat of fusion of less than 80 J/g, and a weight average molecular weight (Mw) as measured by GPC of from 70,000 to 250,000.1. A lubricating oil composition comprising:
at least one propylene-based polymer comprising 60 wt % to 98 wt % propylene derived units and 2 wt % to 40 wt % units derived from one or more other alpha olefins, the propylene-based polymer having:
a triad tacticity of 90% or more,
a heat of fusion of less than 80 J/g,
a weight average molecular weight (Mw) as measured by GPC of from 70,000 to 250,000, and
a MWD of 2.0 to 2.5; and
a base oil. 2. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the propylene-based polymer comprises 70 wt % to 95 wt % propylene derived units and 5 wt % to 30 wt % units derived from one or more other alpha olefins. 3. (canceled) 4. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the propylene-based polymer comprises 80 wt % to 90 wt % propylene derived units and 5 wt % to 20 wt % units derived from one or more other alpha olefins. 5. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the propylene-based polymer comprises 80 wt % to 90 wt % propylene derived units and 10 wt % to 20 wt % units derived from one or more other alpha olefins. 6. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the propylene-based polymer comprises 80 wt % to 88 wt % propylene derived units and 12 wt % to 20 wt % units derived from one or more other alpha olefins. 7. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the alpha olefin is ethylene. 8. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the alpha olefin is butene. 9. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more other alpha olefins comprises one or more C4 to C12 alpha-olefins. 10. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the propylene derived units are isotactic. 11. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the weight average molecular weight (Mw) is about 80,000 to about 200,000. 12.-13. (canceled) 14. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the MWD is of from 2.1 to 2.4. 15. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the propylene-based polymer comprises of from 10 wt % to 20 wt % units derived from ethylene. 16. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the propylene-based polymer has a MFR (2.16 kg, 230° C.) as measured by ASTM-D1238 of from 3.0 g/10 min to about 21 g/10 min. 17. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one of a dispersant or pour point depressants. 18. (canceled) 19. A lubricating oil composition comprising:
of from 0.5 wt % to 15 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, at least one propylene-based polymer comprising 70 wt % to 95 wt % propylene derived units and 5 wt % to 30 wt % units derived from one or more other alpha olefins, the propylene-based polymer having:
a heat of fusion of less than 80 J/g,
a weight average molecular weight (Mw) as measured by GPC of from 100,000 to 150,000, and
a MWD of 2.0 to 2.5;
of from 60 wt % to 98 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, a base oil; of from 0.1 wt % to 20 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, one or more dispersants; and of from 0.1 wt % to 10 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, one or more pour point depressants. 20. (canceled) 21. The lubricating oil composition of claim 19, wherein the oil composition has a thickening efficiency of about 1.5 to 2.5, wherein the thickening efficiency is defined as:
TE=2/c×ln((kv of polymer+oil)/(kv of oil))/ln(2)
where c is the concentration of the propylene-based polymer. 22.-23. (canceled) 24. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the propylene-based polymer is present in an amount of from 1.0 wt % to 10 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition. 25.-26. (canceled) 27. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, comprising:
of from 0.5 wt % to 15 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, at least one propylene-based polymer comprising 80 wt % to 88 wt % propylene derived units and 12 wt % to 20 wt % units derived from one or more other alpha olefins, the propylene-based polymer having:
a triad tacticity of 90% or more;
a heat of fusion of less than 80 J/g;
a weight average molecular weight (Mw) as measured by GPC of from 100,000 to 250,000; and
a MWD of 2.0 to 2.5; and
of from 60 wt % to 98 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, a base oil; of from 0.1 wt % to 20 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, one or more dispersants; and of from 0.1 wt % to 10 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, one or more pour point depressants. 28. (canceled) 29. The lubricating oil composition of claim 27, wherein the oil composition has a thickening efficiency of about 1.5 to 2.5, wherein the thickening efficiency is defined as:
TE=2/c×ln((kv of polymer+oil)/(kv of oil))/ln(2)
where c is the concentration of the propylene-based polymer. 30.-32. (canceled) 33. A method for preparing a lubricating oil composition, the method comprising combining:
(i) at least one propylene-based polymer comprising 60 wt % to 98 wt % propylene derived units and 2 wt % to 40 wt % units derived from one or more other alpha olefins, the propylene-based polymer having:
a triad tacticity of 90% or more;
a heat of fusion of less than 80 J/g;
a weight average molecular weight (Mw) as measured by GPC of from 70,000 to 250,000; and
a MWD of 2.0 to 2.5; and
(ii) a base oil. 34. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the propylene-based polymer is grafted with a grafting monomer that is at least one ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid or acid derivative. 35. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the propylene-based polymer is grafted with at least one of maleic acid or maleic anhydride. 36. The lubricating oil composition of claim 34, wherein the grafted propylene-based polymer comprises from about 0.5 to about 6 wt % ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid or acid derivative. 37. The lubricating oil composition of claim 34, wherein the grafted propylene-based polymer comprises from about 1 to about 3 wt % maleic acid or maleic anhydride. 38. The lubricating oil composition of claim 34, wherein the grafted propylene-based polymer comprises from about 1.5 wt % maleic acid. | 1,700 |
3,732 | 14,209,613 | 1,796 | Cables having a conductor with a polymeric covering layer and a non-extruded coating layer made of a material based on a liquid composition including a polymer resin and a fatty acid amide. Methods of making cables are also provided. | 1. A cable comprising:
a. one or more conductors; b. a polymeric covering layer; and c. a non-extruded coating layer made of a material based on a liquid composition, the liquid composition comprising a polymer resin and a fatty acid amide. 2. The cable of claim 1, wherein the one or more conductors comprise an optical conductor or an electrical conductor. 3. The cable of claim 1, wherein the covering layer comprises polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, high molecular weight polyethylene, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, linear-low-density polyethylene, very-low density polyethylene, maleated polypropylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, polyhexalene, polyoctene, ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer, thermoplastic elastomers, neoprenes, chlorinated polyethylenes, ethylene-propylene-diene ter-polymer, nitrile butadiene rubber/polyvinyl chloride, or copolymers or blends thereof. 4. The cable of claim 1, wherein the polymer resin comprises an epoxy or urethane. 5. The cable of claim 1, wherein the fatty acid amide comprises oleamide, erucamide, stearamide, behenamide, oleyl palmitamide, stearyl erucamide, ethylene-bis-stearamide, or ethylene-bis-oleamide. 6. The cable of claim 1, wherein the non-extruded coating layer has a thickness of about 5 mils or less. 7. The cable of claim 1, wherein the non-extruded coating layer comprises about 5% or less, by weight, of the fatty acid amide. 8. The cable of claim 1, wherein the polymer resin is cured. 9. The cable of claim 1, wherein the polymeric covering layer is an insulation layer or a jacket layer for the cable. 10. The cable of claim 1, wherein the polymeric covering layer surrounds the one or more conductors. 11. The cable of claim 1, wherein the non-extruded coating layer is applied to an outer surface of the polymeric covering layer. 12. The cable of claim 1, wherein the one or more conductors comprise a plurality of insulated conductors. 13. The cable of claim 12, wherein the polymeric covering layer surrounds the plurality of insulated conductors. 14. The cable of claim 1, wherein the liquid composition further comprises a solvent. 15. The method of making a cable, the method comprising:
a. providing one or more conductors covered with a polymeric covering layer; b. coating an outer surface of the polymeric covering layer with a liquid composition, the liquid composition comprising a polymer resin and a fatty acid amide; and c. curing the liquid polymer resin. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the one or more conductors comprise an optical conductor or an electrical conductor. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the polymeric covering layer comprises polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, high molecular weight polyethylene, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, linear-low-density polyethylene, very-low density polyethylene, maleated polypropylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, polyhexalene, polyoctene, ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer, thermoplastic elastomers, neoprenes, chlorinated polyethylenes, ethylene-propylene-diene ter-polymer, nitrile butadiene rubber/polyvinyl chloride, or copolymers or blends thereof. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the polymer resin comprises an epoxy or urethane. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the fatty acid amide comprises oleamide, erucamide, stearamide, behenamide, oleyl palmitamide, stearyl erucamide, ethylene-bis-stearamide, or ethylene-bis-oleamide. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the liquid composition further comprises a solvent. 21. The method of claim 15, wherein the liquid composition comprises about 5% or less, by weight, of the fatty acid amide. 22. The method of claim 15, wherein coating of the outer surface of the polymeric covering layer is accomplished by spraying, dipping, or painting. 23. The method of claim 15, wherein coating of the outer surface of the polymeric covering layer occurs at room temperature. 24. The method of claim 15, wherein prior to coating the outer surface of the polymeric covering layer, the outer surface of the polymeric covering layer is cleaned and dried. 25. The method of claim 15, wherein curing of the liquid polymer resin occurs at a temperature from about 200° C. to about 320° C. 26. The method of claim 15, wherein coating of the outer surface of the polymeric covering layer and curing of the liquid polymer resin are automated. 27. The method of claim 15, wherein the non-extruded coating layer has a thickness of about 5 mils or less. 28. The method of claim 15, wherein the polymeric covering layer is an insulation layer or a jacket layer for the cable. 29. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more conductors comprise a plurality of insulated conductors. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the polymeric covering layer covers the plurality of insulated conductors. | Cables having a conductor with a polymeric covering layer and a non-extruded coating layer made of a material based on a liquid composition including a polymer resin and a fatty acid amide. Methods of making cables are also provided.1. A cable comprising:
a. one or more conductors; b. a polymeric covering layer; and c. a non-extruded coating layer made of a material based on a liquid composition, the liquid composition comprising a polymer resin and a fatty acid amide. 2. The cable of claim 1, wherein the one or more conductors comprise an optical conductor or an electrical conductor. 3. The cable of claim 1, wherein the covering layer comprises polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, high molecular weight polyethylene, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, linear-low-density polyethylene, very-low density polyethylene, maleated polypropylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, polyhexalene, polyoctene, ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer, thermoplastic elastomers, neoprenes, chlorinated polyethylenes, ethylene-propylene-diene ter-polymer, nitrile butadiene rubber/polyvinyl chloride, or copolymers or blends thereof. 4. The cable of claim 1, wherein the polymer resin comprises an epoxy or urethane. 5. The cable of claim 1, wherein the fatty acid amide comprises oleamide, erucamide, stearamide, behenamide, oleyl palmitamide, stearyl erucamide, ethylene-bis-stearamide, or ethylene-bis-oleamide. 6. The cable of claim 1, wherein the non-extruded coating layer has a thickness of about 5 mils or less. 7. The cable of claim 1, wherein the non-extruded coating layer comprises about 5% or less, by weight, of the fatty acid amide. 8. The cable of claim 1, wherein the polymer resin is cured. 9. The cable of claim 1, wherein the polymeric covering layer is an insulation layer or a jacket layer for the cable. 10. The cable of claim 1, wherein the polymeric covering layer surrounds the one or more conductors. 11. The cable of claim 1, wherein the non-extruded coating layer is applied to an outer surface of the polymeric covering layer. 12. The cable of claim 1, wherein the one or more conductors comprise a plurality of insulated conductors. 13. The cable of claim 12, wherein the polymeric covering layer surrounds the plurality of insulated conductors. 14. The cable of claim 1, wherein the liquid composition further comprises a solvent. 15. The method of making a cable, the method comprising:
a. providing one or more conductors covered with a polymeric covering layer; b. coating an outer surface of the polymeric covering layer with a liquid composition, the liquid composition comprising a polymer resin and a fatty acid amide; and c. curing the liquid polymer resin. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the one or more conductors comprise an optical conductor or an electrical conductor. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the polymeric covering layer comprises polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, high molecular weight polyethylene, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, linear-low-density polyethylene, very-low density polyethylene, maleated polypropylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, polyhexalene, polyoctene, ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer, thermoplastic elastomers, neoprenes, chlorinated polyethylenes, ethylene-propylene-diene ter-polymer, nitrile butadiene rubber/polyvinyl chloride, or copolymers or blends thereof. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the polymer resin comprises an epoxy or urethane. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the fatty acid amide comprises oleamide, erucamide, stearamide, behenamide, oleyl palmitamide, stearyl erucamide, ethylene-bis-stearamide, or ethylene-bis-oleamide. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the liquid composition further comprises a solvent. 21. The method of claim 15, wherein the liquid composition comprises about 5% or less, by weight, of the fatty acid amide. 22. The method of claim 15, wherein coating of the outer surface of the polymeric covering layer is accomplished by spraying, dipping, or painting. 23. The method of claim 15, wherein coating of the outer surface of the polymeric covering layer occurs at room temperature. 24. The method of claim 15, wherein prior to coating the outer surface of the polymeric covering layer, the outer surface of the polymeric covering layer is cleaned and dried. 25. The method of claim 15, wherein curing of the liquid polymer resin occurs at a temperature from about 200° C. to about 320° C. 26. The method of claim 15, wherein coating of the outer surface of the polymeric covering layer and curing of the liquid polymer resin are automated. 27. The method of claim 15, wherein the non-extruded coating layer has a thickness of about 5 mils or less. 28. The method of claim 15, wherein the polymeric covering layer is an insulation layer or a jacket layer for the cable. 29. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more conductors comprise a plurality of insulated conductors. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the polymeric covering layer covers the plurality of insulated conductors. | 1,700 |
3,733 | 14,627,400 | 1,783 | Nanoscale colorants are introduced to adjust the hue of transparent conductive films, such as to provide a whiter film. The transparent conductive films can have sparse metal conductive layers, which can be formed using silver nanowires. Color of the film can be evaluated using standard color parameters. In particular, values of color parameter b* can be reduced with the nanoscale colorants without unacceptably changing other parameters, such as haze, a* and transparency. | 1. A transparent conductive film comprising a substrate, a transparent conductive layer supported by the substrate, a coating and one or more nanoscale pigments, wherein a value of b* for the film is reduced at least about 0.1 units and total transmittance of visible light in percent is not decreased by more than about 2 relative to the corresponding film without the nanoscale pigments wherein the nanoscale pigments in a dilute dispersion having a peak absorption between 525 nm and 675 nm. 2. The transparent conductive film of claim 1 wherein the nanoscale pigments comprise a metal nanoplate having an average thickness of no more than about 100 nanometers (nm). 3. The transparent conductive film of claim 1 wherein the nanoscale pigments comprise a metal nanoshell with a ceramic core having an average diameter of the primary particles of no more than about 100 nm. 4. The transparent conductive film of claim 1 wherein the transparent conductive layer comprises a sparse metal conductive layer. 5. The transparent conductive film of claim 1 wherein the transparent conductive layer comprises a fused metal nanostructured network. 6. The transparent conductive film of claim 1 wherein the haze in percent units does not increase by more than 0.5 relative to the corresponding film without the nanoscale pigment. 7. The transparent conductive film of claim 1 having a total transmittance of visible light of at least about 85% and a haze of no more than about 1.2%, wherein the transparent conductive layer has a sheet resistance of no more than about 100 ohms/sq. 8. The transparent conductive film of claim 7 wherein the absolute value of b* and a* in the color scale are each no more than about 1. 9. The transparent conductive film of claim 1 wherein the nanoscale pigment are in the coating at a concentration from about 0.1 wt % to about 50 wt %. 10. The transparent conductive film of claim 1 wherein transparent conductive film comprises a sparse metal conductive layer and wherein the nanoscale pigment and a polymer binder are in the sparse metal conductive layer and the nanoscale pigments are at a concentration in the layer from about 0.1 wt % to about 50 wt/o. 11. A transparent conductive film comprising a substrate, a transparent conductive layer supported by the substrate, and a coating comprising nanoscale metal elements and a polymer binder wherein the transparent conductive layer comprises a sparse metal conductive layer, and wherein nanostructured metal elements in a dilute dispersion having a peak absorption between 525 nm and 675 nm. 12. The transparent conductive film of claim 11 wherein the nanoscale metal elements comprise metal nanoshells, metal nanoplates, metal nanoribbons or a combination thereof. 13. The transparent conductive film of claim 11 wherein the coating has from about 0.1 wt % to about 50 wt % nanoscale metal elements. 14. The transparent conductive film of claim 11 wherein the polymer comprises polysiloxanes, polysilsesquioxanes, polyurethanes, acrylic resins, acrylic copolymers, cellulose ethers and esters, nitrocellulose, other water insoluble structural polysaccharides, polyethers, polyesters, polystyrene, polyimide, fluoropolymer, styrene-acrylate copolymers, styrene butadiene copolymers, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymers, polysulfides, epoxy containing polymers, copolymers thereof, and mixtures thereof. 15. The transparent conductive film of claim 11 wherein the film is hue adjusted as expressed as an absolute value of the color scale b*, a* or both being adjusted by at least about 0.1 relative to the equivalent film without the nanoscale metal elements. 16. The transparent conductive film of claim 11 having a total transmittance of visible light of at least about 85% and a haze of no more than about 1.2%. 17. The transparent conductive film of claim 11 having a thickness from about 5 microns to about 1 mm. 18. A transparent conductive film comprising a substrate and a transparent conductive layer comprising a sparse metal conductive element and a polymer binder, wherein the transparent conductive layer comprises nanostructured metal features having an absorption at 580 nm at least about 2 times the absorption at 475 nm, wherein the transparent conductive film has a value of b* is lowered by at least a value of about 0.1 and a value of % TT lowered by no more than about 2 relative to the equivalent transparent conductive layer without the nanostructured metal features. 19. The transparent conductive film of claim 18 wherein the sparse metal conductive element comprises a fused metal nanostructured network and wherein the nanostructured metal features may or may not be fusing into the fused metal nanostructured network. 20. The transparent conductive film of claim 18 wherein the metal nanoscale features comprise metal nanoplates, metal nanoshells or combinations thereof, which may be fused into the fused metal nanostructured network. 21. The transparent conductive film of claim 18 having a total transmittance of visible light of at least about 85% and absolute value of b* of no more than about 1.2 and a haze of no more than about 1.2%, and wherein the sparse metal conductive layer has a sheet resistance of no more than about 100 ohms/sq. 22. A coating solution comprising from about 0.02 wt % to about 80 wt % non-volatile polymer binder precursor compounds, from about 0.0001 wt % to about 2.5 wt % nanoscale metal elements, from about 0.01 wt % to about 1 wt % metal nanowires and solvent wherein the nanoscale metal elements have an absorption at 580 nm at least about 2 times the absorption at 475 nm and wherein nanostructured metal features in a dilute dispersion in water having a peak absorption between 525 nm and 675 nm. 23. (canceled) 24. The coating solution of claim 22 wherein the nanoscale metal elements comprise metal nanoplates, metal nanoshells, or metal nanoribbons or combinations thereof. 25. The coating solution of claim 22 wherein the polymer comprises polysiloxanes, polysilsesquioxanes, polyurethanes, acrylic resins, acrylic copolymers, cellulose ethers and esters, nitrocellulose, other water insoluble structural polysaccharides, polyethers, polyesters, polystyrene, polyimide, fluoropolymer, styrene-acrylate copolymers, styrene-butadiene copolymers, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymers, polysulfides, epoxy containing polymers, copolymers thereof, and mixtures thereof. 26. The coating solution of claim 22 wherein the solution can be coated to dry into a film with a thickness of no more than about 1 mm while having a total transmittance of visible light of at least 85% while adjusting the hue of the dried film as expressed as an absolute value of the color scale b*, a* or both being adjusted by at least about 0.1 relative to the equivalent film without the nanoscale metal elements. | Nanoscale colorants are introduced to adjust the hue of transparent conductive films, such as to provide a whiter film. The transparent conductive films can have sparse metal conductive layers, which can be formed using silver nanowires. Color of the film can be evaluated using standard color parameters. In particular, values of color parameter b* can be reduced with the nanoscale colorants without unacceptably changing other parameters, such as haze, a* and transparency.1. A transparent conductive film comprising a substrate, a transparent conductive layer supported by the substrate, a coating and one or more nanoscale pigments, wherein a value of b* for the film is reduced at least about 0.1 units and total transmittance of visible light in percent is not decreased by more than about 2 relative to the corresponding film without the nanoscale pigments wherein the nanoscale pigments in a dilute dispersion having a peak absorption between 525 nm and 675 nm. 2. The transparent conductive film of claim 1 wherein the nanoscale pigments comprise a metal nanoplate having an average thickness of no more than about 100 nanometers (nm). 3. The transparent conductive film of claim 1 wherein the nanoscale pigments comprise a metal nanoshell with a ceramic core having an average diameter of the primary particles of no more than about 100 nm. 4. The transparent conductive film of claim 1 wherein the transparent conductive layer comprises a sparse metal conductive layer. 5. The transparent conductive film of claim 1 wherein the transparent conductive layer comprises a fused metal nanostructured network. 6. The transparent conductive film of claim 1 wherein the haze in percent units does not increase by more than 0.5 relative to the corresponding film without the nanoscale pigment. 7. The transparent conductive film of claim 1 having a total transmittance of visible light of at least about 85% and a haze of no more than about 1.2%, wherein the transparent conductive layer has a sheet resistance of no more than about 100 ohms/sq. 8. The transparent conductive film of claim 7 wherein the absolute value of b* and a* in the color scale are each no more than about 1. 9. The transparent conductive film of claim 1 wherein the nanoscale pigment are in the coating at a concentration from about 0.1 wt % to about 50 wt %. 10. The transparent conductive film of claim 1 wherein transparent conductive film comprises a sparse metal conductive layer and wherein the nanoscale pigment and a polymer binder are in the sparse metal conductive layer and the nanoscale pigments are at a concentration in the layer from about 0.1 wt % to about 50 wt/o. 11. A transparent conductive film comprising a substrate, a transparent conductive layer supported by the substrate, and a coating comprising nanoscale metal elements and a polymer binder wherein the transparent conductive layer comprises a sparse metal conductive layer, and wherein nanostructured metal elements in a dilute dispersion having a peak absorption between 525 nm and 675 nm. 12. The transparent conductive film of claim 11 wherein the nanoscale metal elements comprise metal nanoshells, metal nanoplates, metal nanoribbons or a combination thereof. 13. The transparent conductive film of claim 11 wherein the coating has from about 0.1 wt % to about 50 wt % nanoscale metal elements. 14. The transparent conductive film of claim 11 wherein the polymer comprises polysiloxanes, polysilsesquioxanes, polyurethanes, acrylic resins, acrylic copolymers, cellulose ethers and esters, nitrocellulose, other water insoluble structural polysaccharides, polyethers, polyesters, polystyrene, polyimide, fluoropolymer, styrene-acrylate copolymers, styrene butadiene copolymers, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymers, polysulfides, epoxy containing polymers, copolymers thereof, and mixtures thereof. 15. The transparent conductive film of claim 11 wherein the film is hue adjusted as expressed as an absolute value of the color scale b*, a* or both being adjusted by at least about 0.1 relative to the equivalent film without the nanoscale metal elements. 16. The transparent conductive film of claim 11 having a total transmittance of visible light of at least about 85% and a haze of no more than about 1.2%. 17. The transparent conductive film of claim 11 having a thickness from about 5 microns to about 1 mm. 18. A transparent conductive film comprising a substrate and a transparent conductive layer comprising a sparse metal conductive element and a polymer binder, wherein the transparent conductive layer comprises nanostructured metal features having an absorption at 580 nm at least about 2 times the absorption at 475 nm, wherein the transparent conductive film has a value of b* is lowered by at least a value of about 0.1 and a value of % TT lowered by no more than about 2 relative to the equivalent transparent conductive layer without the nanostructured metal features. 19. The transparent conductive film of claim 18 wherein the sparse metal conductive element comprises a fused metal nanostructured network and wherein the nanostructured metal features may or may not be fusing into the fused metal nanostructured network. 20. The transparent conductive film of claim 18 wherein the metal nanoscale features comprise metal nanoplates, metal nanoshells or combinations thereof, which may be fused into the fused metal nanostructured network. 21. The transparent conductive film of claim 18 having a total transmittance of visible light of at least about 85% and absolute value of b* of no more than about 1.2 and a haze of no more than about 1.2%, and wherein the sparse metal conductive layer has a sheet resistance of no more than about 100 ohms/sq. 22. A coating solution comprising from about 0.02 wt % to about 80 wt % non-volatile polymer binder precursor compounds, from about 0.0001 wt % to about 2.5 wt % nanoscale metal elements, from about 0.01 wt % to about 1 wt % metal nanowires and solvent wherein the nanoscale metal elements have an absorption at 580 nm at least about 2 times the absorption at 475 nm and wherein nanostructured metal features in a dilute dispersion in water having a peak absorption between 525 nm and 675 nm. 23. (canceled) 24. The coating solution of claim 22 wherein the nanoscale metal elements comprise metal nanoplates, metal nanoshells, or metal nanoribbons or combinations thereof. 25. The coating solution of claim 22 wherein the polymer comprises polysiloxanes, polysilsesquioxanes, polyurethanes, acrylic resins, acrylic copolymers, cellulose ethers and esters, nitrocellulose, other water insoluble structural polysaccharides, polyethers, polyesters, polystyrene, polyimide, fluoropolymer, styrene-acrylate copolymers, styrene-butadiene copolymers, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymers, polysulfides, epoxy containing polymers, copolymers thereof, and mixtures thereof. 26. The coating solution of claim 22 wherein the solution can be coated to dry into a film with a thickness of no more than about 1 mm while having a total transmittance of visible light of at least 85% while adjusting the hue of the dried film as expressed as an absolute value of the color scale b*, a* or both being adjusted by at least about 0.1 relative to the equivalent film without the nanoscale metal elements. | 1,700 |
3,734 | 15,551,441 | 1,789 | A fiber structure includes a plurality of weft layers and a plurality of warp layers interlinked with three-dimensional or multilayer weaving, the fiber structure including at least first and second portions that are adjacent in the warp direction, the first portion presenting thickness in a direction perpendicular to the warp and weft directions that is greater than the thickness of the second portion. The weft layers situated in the core of the first portion of the fiber structure include braids. The weft layers extending on either side of the weft layers including the braids and going as far as the skin of the first portion include yarns or strands, the braids presenting a section greater than the section of the yarns or strands. | 1. A fiber structure comprising a plurality of weft layers and a plurality of warp layers interlinked with three-dimensional or multilayer weaving, the fiber structure comprising at least first and second portions that are adjacent in the warp direction, the first portion presenting thickness in a direction perpendicular to the warp and weft directions that is greater than a thickness of the second portion, wherein the weft layers situated in a core of the first portion of the fiber structure comprise braids and wherein the weft layers extending on either side of the weft layers comprising the braids and going as far as a skin of said first portion comprise yarns or strands, the braids presenting a section greater than the section of the yarns or strands. 2. A fiber structure according to claim 1, wherein the first and second portions comprise the same number of warp yarns woven continuously between said first and second portions, and wherein the layers of warp yarns present in the core of the first portion are burst so as to have a greater number of layers of warp yarns in the first portion than in the second portion. 3. A fiber structure according to claim 1, wherein one or more weft layers situated in the vicinity of the weft layers comprising the braids comprise yarns or strands of weight greater than a weight of the yarns or strands of the weft layers situated in the skin of the first portion. 4. A fiber structure according to claim 1, wherein at least some of the weft layers situated in the core of the first portion comprise braids or yarns or strands of section that decreases going towards the second portion. 5. A fiber structure according to claim 1, wherein the braids present a braiding angle of about 45°. 6. A part made of composite material comprising fiber reinforcement densified by a matrix, said fiber reinforcement being constituted by a fiber structure according to claim 1. 7. A part according to claim 6, said part corresponding to a turbine blade, the first portion of the fiber structure constituting the blade root portion of the fiber reinforcement. 8. A method of fabricating a fiber structure by three-dimensional or multilayer weaving between a plurality of weft layers and a plurality of warp layers, the fiber structure comprising at least first and second portions that are adjacent in the warp direction, the first portion presenting thickness in a direction perpendicular to the warp and weft directions that is greater than a thickness of the second portion, the method comprising inserting braids in the weft layers situated in the core of the first portion of the fiber structure, and using yarns or strands in the weft layers extending on either side of the weft layers comprising braids and going as far as the skin of said first portion, the braids presenting a section greater than the section of the yarns or strands. 9. A method according to claim 8, wherein the first and second portions comprise the same number of warp yarns woven continuously between said first and second portions, and wherein the layers of warp yarns present in the core of the first portion are burst so as to have a greater number of layers of warp yarns in the first portion than in the second portion. 10. A method according to claim 8, wherein one or more weft layers situated in the vicinity of the weft layers comprising the braids comprise yarns or strands of weight greater than a weight of the yarns or strands of the weft layers situated in the skin of the first portion. 11. A method according to claim 8, wherein at least some of the weft layers situated in the core of the first portion comprise braids or yarns or strands of section that decreases going towards the second portion. 12. A method according to of claim 8, wherein the braids present a braiding angle of about 45°. | A fiber structure includes a plurality of weft layers and a plurality of warp layers interlinked with three-dimensional or multilayer weaving, the fiber structure including at least first and second portions that are adjacent in the warp direction, the first portion presenting thickness in a direction perpendicular to the warp and weft directions that is greater than the thickness of the second portion. The weft layers situated in the core of the first portion of the fiber structure include braids. The weft layers extending on either side of the weft layers including the braids and going as far as the skin of the first portion include yarns or strands, the braids presenting a section greater than the section of the yarns or strands.1. A fiber structure comprising a plurality of weft layers and a plurality of warp layers interlinked with three-dimensional or multilayer weaving, the fiber structure comprising at least first and second portions that are adjacent in the warp direction, the first portion presenting thickness in a direction perpendicular to the warp and weft directions that is greater than a thickness of the second portion, wherein the weft layers situated in a core of the first portion of the fiber structure comprise braids and wherein the weft layers extending on either side of the weft layers comprising the braids and going as far as a skin of said first portion comprise yarns or strands, the braids presenting a section greater than the section of the yarns or strands. 2. A fiber structure according to claim 1, wherein the first and second portions comprise the same number of warp yarns woven continuously between said first and second portions, and wherein the layers of warp yarns present in the core of the first portion are burst so as to have a greater number of layers of warp yarns in the first portion than in the second portion. 3. A fiber structure according to claim 1, wherein one or more weft layers situated in the vicinity of the weft layers comprising the braids comprise yarns or strands of weight greater than a weight of the yarns or strands of the weft layers situated in the skin of the first portion. 4. A fiber structure according to claim 1, wherein at least some of the weft layers situated in the core of the first portion comprise braids or yarns or strands of section that decreases going towards the second portion. 5. A fiber structure according to claim 1, wherein the braids present a braiding angle of about 45°. 6. A part made of composite material comprising fiber reinforcement densified by a matrix, said fiber reinforcement being constituted by a fiber structure according to claim 1. 7. A part according to claim 6, said part corresponding to a turbine blade, the first portion of the fiber structure constituting the blade root portion of the fiber reinforcement. 8. A method of fabricating a fiber structure by three-dimensional or multilayer weaving between a plurality of weft layers and a plurality of warp layers, the fiber structure comprising at least first and second portions that are adjacent in the warp direction, the first portion presenting thickness in a direction perpendicular to the warp and weft directions that is greater than a thickness of the second portion, the method comprising inserting braids in the weft layers situated in the core of the first portion of the fiber structure, and using yarns or strands in the weft layers extending on either side of the weft layers comprising braids and going as far as the skin of said first portion, the braids presenting a section greater than the section of the yarns or strands. 9. A method according to claim 8, wherein the first and second portions comprise the same number of warp yarns woven continuously between said first and second portions, and wherein the layers of warp yarns present in the core of the first portion are burst so as to have a greater number of layers of warp yarns in the first portion than in the second portion. 10. A method according to claim 8, wherein one or more weft layers situated in the vicinity of the weft layers comprising the braids comprise yarns or strands of weight greater than a weight of the yarns or strands of the weft layers situated in the skin of the first portion. 11. A method according to claim 8, wherein at least some of the weft layers situated in the core of the first portion comprise braids or yarns or strands of section that decreases going towards the second portion. 12. A method according to of claim 8, wherein the braids present a braiding angle of about 45°. | 1,700 |
3,735 | 15,535,273 | 1,765 | The invention is directed to a polyethylene composition comprising 20-90 wt % of a LLDPE A and 80-10 wt % of a LLDPE B, wherein i) LLDPE A is obtainable by a process for producing a copolymer of ethylene and another α-olefin in the presence of an Advanced Ziegler-Natta catalyst, ii) LLDPE B is obtainable by a process for producing a copolymer of ethylene and another α-olefin in the presence of a metallocene catalyst. | 1. A polyethylene composition comprising 20-90 wt % of a LLDPE A and 80-10 wt % of a LLDPE B, wherein
i) LLDPE A is obtained by a process for producing a copolymer of ethylene and another α-olefin in the presence of an Advanced Ziegler-Natta catalyst, wherein the Ziegler-Natta catalyst is produced in a process comprising the steps of:
(a) contacting a dehydrated support having hydroxyl groups with a magnesium compound having the general formula MgR′R″, wherein R′ and R″ are the same or different and are independently selected from the group comprising an alkyl group, alkenyl group, alkadienyl group, aryl group, alkaryl group, alkenylaryl group and alkadienylaryl group;
(b) contacting the product obtained in step (a) with modifying compounds (A), (B) and (C), wherein: compound (A) is at least one compound selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid ester, ketone, acyl halide, aldehyde and alcohol;
compound (B) is a compound having the general formula R1 a(R2O)bSiY1 c, wherein a, b and c are each integers from 0 to 4 and the sum of a, b and c is equal to 4 with a proviso that when c is equal to 4 then modifying compound (A) is not an alcohol, Si is a silicon atom, O is an oxygen atom, Y1 is a halide atom and R1 and R2 are the same or different and are independently selected from the group comprising an alkyl group, alkenyl group, alkadienyl group, aryl group, alkaryl group, alkenylaryl group and alkadienylaryl group;
compound (C) is a compound having the general formula (R11O)4M1, wherein M1 is a titanium atom, a zirconium atom or a vanadium atom, O is an oxygen atom and R11 is selected from the group comprising an alkyl group, alkenyl group, alkadienyl group, aryl group, alkaryl group, alkenylaryl group and alkadienylaryl group; and
(c) contacting the product obtained in step (b) with a titanium halide compound having the general formula TiY4, wherein Ti is a titanium atom and Y is a halide atom,
ii) LLDPE B is obtained by a process for producing a copolymer of ethylene and another α-olefin in the presence of a metallocene catalyst. 2. The polyethylene composition according to claim 1, wherein the polyethylene composition comprises 45-88 wt % of LLDPE A and 55-12 wt % of LLDPE B. 3. The polyethylene composition according to claim 1, wherein the metallocene catalyst comprises a supported metallocene catalyst component, a catalyst activator and a modifier. 4. The polyethylene composition according to claim 1, wherein the support for the Ziegler-Natta catalyst is silica, alumina, magnesia, thoria, zirconia or mixtures thereof. 5. The polyethylene composition according to claim 1, wherein compound (A) is methyl n-propyl ketone, ethyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, acetic acid, isobutyric acid, isobutyraldehyde, ethanoyl chloride, ethanol or sec-butanol. 6. The polyethylene composition according to claim 1, wherein compound (B) is tetraethoxysilane, n-propyltriethoxysilane, isobutyltrimethoxysilane, dimethyldichlorosilane, n-butyltrichlorosilane or silicon tetrachloride. 7. The polyethylene composition according to claim 1, wherein compound (C) is titanium tetraethoxide, titanium tetra-n-butoxide or zirconium tetra-n-butoxide. 8. The polyethylene composition according to claim 1, wherein the metallocene catalyst comprises a metallocene component of the formula I
wherein
M is a transition metal selected from the group consisting of lanthanides and metals from group 3, 4, 5 or 6 of the Periodic System of Elements;
Q is an anionic ligand to M;
k represents the number of anionic ligands Q and equals the valence of M minus two divided by the valence of the anionic Q ligand;
R is a hydrocarbon bridging group; and
Z and X are substituents. 9. The polyethylene composition according to claim 3, wherein the catalyst activator is an
alumoxane, a perfluorophenylborane and/or a perfluorophenylborate. 10. The polyethylene composition according to claim 3, wherein the modifier is the product of reacting an aluminum compound of general formula (1)
with an amine compound of general formula (2)
wherein
R31 is hydrogen or a branched or straight, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group having 1-30 carbon atoms,
R32 and R33 are the same or different and selected from branched or straight,
substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon groups having 1-30 carbon atoms
R34 is hydrogen or a functional group with at least one active hydrogen
R35 is hydrogen or a branched, straight or cyclic, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group having 1-30 carbon atoms, and
R36 is a branched, straight or cyclic, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group having 1-30 carbon atoms. 11. The polyethylene composition according to claim 10, wherein the amine compound is octadecylamine, ethylhexylamine, cyclohexylamine, bis(4-aminocyclohexyl)methane, hexamethylenediamine, 1,3-benzenedimethanamine, 1-amino-3-aminomethyl-3,5, 5-trimethylcyclohexane or 6-amino-1,3-dimethyluracil. 12. The polyethylene composition according to claim 10, wherein the aluminum compound is a tri-alkylaluminum compound or a dialkylaluminumhydride. 13. The polyethylene composition according to claim 1, wherein during the process for producing a copolymer of ethylene and another α-olefin in the presence of a metallocene catalyst system a continuity aid agent is added, wherein said continuity aid agent is prepared separately prior to introduction into the process by reacting:
at least one metal alkyl or metal alkyl hydride compound of a metal from group IIA or IIIA of the Periodic System of the Elements, and
at least one compound of general formula R21 mY4R22 p′
wherein
R21 is a branched, straight, or cyclic, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 50,
R22 is hydrogen or a functional group with at least one active hydrogen,
Y4 is O, N, P or S,
p and m are each at least 1 and are such that the formula has no net charge,
the molar ratio of the metal of the metal alkyl compound and Y4 is 2:1 to 10:1. 14. A process comprising forming the polyethylene composition according to claim 1 to prepare an article. 15. An article comprising the polyethylene composition according to claim 1. 16. The polyethylene composition according to claim 1, wherein
compound (A) is methyl n-propyl ketone, ethyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, acetic acid, isobutyric acid, isobutyraldehyde, ethanoyl chloride, ethanol or sec-butanol; compound (B) is tetraethoxysilane, n-propyltriethoxysilane, isobutyltrimethoxysilane, dimethyldichlorosilane, n-butyltrichlorosilane or silicon tetrachloride; and compound (C) is titanium tetraethoxide, titanium tetra-n-butoxide or zirconium tetra-n-butoxide. 17. The polyethylene composition according to claim 16, wherein the metallocene catalyst comprises
a metallocene component of the formula I
wherein
M is a transition metal selected from the group consisting of lanthanides and metals from group 3, 4, 5 or 6 of the Periodic System of Elements;
Q is an anionic ligand to M;
k represents the number of anionic ligands Q and equals the valence of M minus two divided by the valence of the anionic Q ligand;
R is a hydrocarbon bridging group; and
Z and X are substituents;
a catalyst activator comprising alumoxane, a perfluorophenylborane and/or a perfluorophenylborate; and
a catalyst modifier that is the product of reacting an aluminum compound of general formula (1)
with an amine compound of general formula (2)
wherein
R31 is hydrogen or a branched or straight, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group having 1-30 carbon atoms,
R32 and R33 are the same or different and selected from branched or straight, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon groups having 1-30 carbon atoms
R34 is hydrogen or a functional group with at least one active hydrogen
R35 is hydrogen or a branched, straight or cyclic, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group having 1-30 carbon atoms, and
R36 is a branched, straight or cyclic, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group having 1-30 carbon atoms; 18. The polyethylene composition according to claim 17, wherein
the amine compound octadecylamine, ethylhexylamine, cyclohexylamine, bis(4-aminocyclohexyl)methane, hexamethylenediamine, 1,3-benzenedimethanamine, 1-amino-3-aminomethyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexane or 6-amino-1,3-dimethyluracil; and the aluminum compound is a tri-alkylaluminum compound or a dialkylaluminumhydride. 19. A process comprising blowing a film from the polyethylene composition of claim 18. 20. The article of claim 19, wherein the article is a blown film. | The invention is directed to a polyethylene composition comprising 20-90 wt % of a LLDPE A and 80-10 wt % of a LLDPE B, wherein i) LLDPE A is obtainable by a process for producing a copolymer of ethylene and another α-olefin in the presence of an Advanced Ziegler-Natta catalyst, ii) LLDPE B is obtainable by a process for producing a copolymer of ethylene and another α-olefin in the presence of a metallocene catalyst.1. A polyethylene composition comprising 20-90 wt % of a LLDPE A and 80-10 wt % of a LLDPE B, wherein
i) LLDPE A is obtained by a process for producing a copolymer of ethylene and another α-olefin in the presence of an Advanced Ziegler-Natta catalyst, wherein the Ziegler-Natta catalyst is produced in a process comprising the steps of:
(a) contacting a dehydrated support having hydroxyl groups with a magnesium compound having the general formula MgR′R″, wherein R′ and R″ are the same or different and are independently selected from the group comprising an alkyl group, alkenyl group, alkadienyl group, aryl group, alkaryl group, alkenylaryl group and alkadienylaryl group;
(b) contacting the product obtained in step (a) with modifying compounds (A), (B) and (C), wherein: compound (A) is at least one compound selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid ester, ketone, acyl halide, aldehyde and alcohol;
compound (B) is a compound having the general formula R1 a(R2O)bSiY1 c, wherein a, b and c are each integers from 0 to 4 and the sum of a, b and c is equal to 4 with a proviso that when c is equal to 4 then modifying compound (A) is not an alcohol, Si is a silicon atom, O is an oxygen atom, Y1 is a halide atom and R1 and R2 are the same or different and are independently selected from the group comprising an alkyl group, alkenyl group, alkadienyl group, aryl group, alkaryl group, alkenylaryl group and alkadienylaryl group;
compound (C) is a compound having the general formula (R11O)4M1, wherein M1 is a titanium atom, a zirconium atom or a vanadium atom, O is an oxygen atom and R11 is selected from the group comprising an alkyl group, alkenyl group, alkadienyl group, aryl group, alkaryl group, alkenylaryl group and alkadienylaryl group; and
(c) contacting the product obtained in step (b) with a titanium halide compound having the general formula TiY4, wherein Ti is a titanium atom and Y is a halide atom,
ii) LLDPE B is obtained by a process for producing a copolymer of ethylene and another α-olefin in the presence of a metallocene catalyst. 2. The polyethylene composition according to claim 1, wherein the polyethylene composition comprises 45-88 wt % of LLDPE A and 55-12 wt % of LLDPE B. 3. The polyethylene composition according to claim 1, wherein the metallocene catalyst comprises a supported metallocene catalyst component, a catalyst activator and a modifier. 4. The polyethylene composition according to claim 1, wherein the support for the Ziegler-Natta catalyst is silica, alumina, magnesia, thoria, zirconia or mixtures thereof. 5. The polyethylene composition according to claim 1, wherein compound (A) is methyl n-propyl ketone, ethyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, acetic acid, isobutyric acid, isobutyraldehyde, ethanoyl chloride, ethanol or sec-butanol. 6. The polyethylene composition according to claim 1, wherein compound (B) is tetraethoxysilane, n-propyltriethoxysilane, isobutyltrimethoxysilane, dimethyldichlorosilane, n-butyltrichlorosilane or silicon tetrachloride. 7. The polyethylene composition according to claim 1, wherein compound (C) is titanium tetraethoxide, titanium tetra-n-butoxide or zirconium tetra-n-butoxide. 8. The polyethylene composition according to claim 1, wherein the metallocene catalyst comprises a metallocene component of the formula I
wherein
M is a transition metal selected from the group consisting of lanthanides and metals from group 3, 4, 5 or 6 of the Periodic System of Elements;
Q is an anionic ligand to M;
k represents the number of anionic ligands Q and equals the valence of M minus two divided by the valence of the anionic Q ligand;
R is a hydrocarbon bridging group; and
Z and X are substituents. 9. The polyethylene composition according to claim 3, wherein the catalyst activator is an
alumoxane, a perfluorophenylborane and/or a perfluorophenylborate. 10. The polyethylene composition according to claim 3, wherein the modifier is the product of reacting an aluminum compound of general formula (1)
with an amine compound of general formula (2)
wherein
R31 is hydrogen or a branched or straight, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group having 1-30 carbon atoms,
R32 and R33 are the same or different and selected from branched or straight,
substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon groups having 1-30 carbon atoms
R34 is hydrogen or a functional group with at least one active hydrogen
R35 is hydrogen or a branched, straight or cyclic, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group having 1-30 carbon atoms, and
R36 is a branched, straight or cyclic, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group having 1-30 carbon atoms. 11. The polyethylene composition according to claim 10, wherein the amine compound is octadecylamine, ethylhexylamine, cyclohexylamine, bis(4-aminocyclohexyl)methane, hexamethylenediamine, 1,3-benzenedimethanamine, 1-amino-3-aminomethyl-3,5, 5-trimethylcyclohexane or 6-amino-1,3-dimethyluracil. 12. The polyethylene composition according to claim 10, wherein the aluminum compound is a tri-alkylaluminum compound or a dialkylaluminumhydride. 13. The polyethylene composition according to claim 1, wherein during the process for producing a copolymer of ethylene and another α-olefin in the presence of a metallocene catalyst system a continuity aid agent is added, wherein said continuity aid agent is prepared separately prior to introduction into the process by reacting:
at least one metal alkyl or metal alkyl hydride compound of a metal from group IIA or IIIA of the Periodic System of the Elements, and
at least one compound of general formula R21 mY4R22 p′
wherein
R21 is a branched, straight, or cyclic, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 50,
R22 is hydrogen or a functional group with at least one active hydrogen,
Y4 is O, N, P or S,
p and m are each at least 1 and are such that the formula has no net charge,
the molar ratio of the metal of the metal alkyl compound and Y4 is 2:1 to 10:1. 14. A process comprising forming the polyethylene composition according to claim 1 to prepare an article. 15. An article comprising the polyethylene composition according to claim 1. 16. The polyethylene composition according to claim 1, wherein
compound (A) is methyl n-propyl ketone, ethyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, acetic acid, isobutyric acid, isobutyraldehyde, ethanoyl chloride, ethanol or sec-butanol; compound (B) is tetraethoxysilane, n-propyltriethoxysilane, isobutyltrimethoxysilane, dimethyldichlorosilane, n-butyltrichlorosilane or silicon tetrachloride; and compound (C) is titanium tetraethoxide, titanium tetra-n-butoxide or zirconium tetra-n-butoxide. 17. The polyethylene composition according to claim 16, wherein the metallocene catalyst comprises
a metallocene component of the formula I
wherein
M is a transition metal selected from the group consisting of lanthanides and metals from group 3, 4, 5 or 6 of the Periodic System of Elements;
Q is an anionic ligand to M;
k represents the number of anionic ligands Q and equals the valence of M minus two divided by the valence of the anionic Q ligand;
R is a hydrocarbon bridging group; and
Z and X are substituents;
a catalyst activator comprising alumoxane, a perfluorophenylborane and/or a perfluorophenylborate; and
a catalyst modifier that is the product of reacting an aluminum compound of general formula (1)
with an amine compound of general formula (2)
wherein
R31 is hydrogen or a branched or straight, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group having 1-30 carbon atoms,
R32 and R33 are the same or different and selected from branched or straight, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon groups having 1-30 carbon atoms
R34 is hydrogen or a functional group with at least one active hydrogen
R35 is hydrogen or a branched, straight or cyclic, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group having 1-30 carbon atoms, and
R36 is a branched, straight or cyclic, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group having 1-30 carbon atoms; 18. The polyethylene composition according to claim 17, wherein
the amine compound octadecylamine, ethylhexylamine, cyclohexylamine, bis(4-aminocyclohexyl)methane, hexamethylenediamine, 1,3-benzenedimethanamine, 1-amino-3-aminomethyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexane or 6-amino-1,3-dimethyluracil; and the aluminum compound is a tri-alkylaluminum compound or a dialkylaluminumhydride. 19. A process comprising blowing a film from the polyethylene composition of claim 18. 20. The article of claim 19, wherein the article is a blown film. | 1,700 |
3,736 | 15,671,970 | 1,791 | The invention provides cereal plants having a high level of fructan useful for the production of a range of food, beverage, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products. The invention provides methods of producing high-fructan products from plants modified to comprise a reduced level of an endogenous polypeptide with starch synthase activity, and products so produced. In some embodiments, plants are modified by introduction of an agent such as a nucleic acid molecule which down regulates endogenous starch synthase II gene expression. | 1-47. (canceled) 48. A method of identifying a variety of cereal grain which has increased levels of fructan comprising:
(i) obtaining cereal grain which is altered in starch via synthesis or catabolism, (ii) determining the amount of fructan in the grain, (iii) comparing the level of fructan to that in wild-type grain which is not altered in starch via synthesis or catabolism, and (iv) if the fructan level is increased in the altered grain, selecting the grain. 49-64. (canceled) | The invention provides cereal plants having a high level of fructan useful for the production of a range of food, beverage, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products. The invention provides methods of producing high-fructan products from plants modified to comprise a reduced level of an endogenous polypeptide with starch synthase activity, and products so produced. In some embodiments, plants are modified by introduction of an agent such as a nucleic acid molecule which down regulates endogenous starch synthase II gene expression.1-47. (canceled) 48. A method of identifying a variety of cereal grain which has increased levels of fructan comprising:
(i) obtaining cereal grain which is altered in starch via synthesis or catabolism, (ii) determining the amount of fructan in the grain, (iii) comparing the level of fructan to that in wild-type grain which is not altered in starch via synthesis or catabolism, and (iv) if the fructan level is increased in the altered grain, selecting the grain. 49-64. (canceled) | 1,700 |
3,737 | 14,429,661 | 1,764 | An aqueous emulsion composition of organic peroxide without a protective colloid agent wherein the emulsifying agent is a nonionic surfactant chosen exclusively from a block copolymer including at least one alkylene oxide block, a block copolymer including at least two alkylene oxide blocks, an alkoxylated fatty alcohol, an alkoxylated fatty acid, an alkoxylated vegetable or animal oil (hydrogenated or not) or a mixture of a plurality of these elements. Also, a method for producing this composition and specific uses thereof. | 1. An aqueous organic peroxide emulsion composition devoid of protective colloid agent selected from a partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate or cellulose derivatives, the emulsion consisting of:
from 10% to 65% by weight of one or more organic peroxides, from 2% to 25% by weight of at least one antifreeze agent, from 0.01% to 10% by weight of an emulsifying agent, optionally at least one additive, water, the amount of which is determined so as to form the remainder of the composition (up to 100%), wherein the emulsifying agent consists of a nonionic surfactant chosen exclusively from: a block copolymer comprising at least two alkylene oxide blocks in which the two alkylene oxide blocks surround a block of hydrophobic polymer; or an alkoxylated fatty alcohol; or an alkoxylated fatty acid; or an alkoxylated (hydrogenated or nonhydrogenated) vegetable or animal oil; or a mixture of several of these components. 2. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the alkoxylated vegetable or animal oil is chosen from ethoxylated derivatives of mono-, di- or triglycerides and their mixtures. 3. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the alkoxylated vegetable or animal oil comprises a mixture of:
ethoxylated glycerol connected or not connected to one or more chains of fatty acids, the latter being or not being ethoxylated, fatty acids ethoxylated on the acid functional group and/or on the hydroxyl functional group carried by the fatty acid chain, and also variable proportions of fatty acids, of glycerol and of mono-, di- or triglycerides. 4. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fatty alcohol comprises an aromatic or nonaromatic, saturated or unsaturated, cyclic or noncyclic and linear or branched chain of 4 to 60 carbon atoms and between 3 and 80 alkylene oxide units. 5. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the vegetable oil is ethoxylated or ethoxylated hydrogenated. 6. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fatty alcohol comprises an aromatic or nonaromatic, saturated or unsaturated, cyclic or noncyclic and linear or branched chain of 4 to 60 carbon atoms and between 3 and 80 alkylene oxide units. 7. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the block copolymer comprises at least two alkylene oxide blocks, said alkylene oxide block comprising between 5 and 80 units. 8. The composition as claimed in claim 6, wherein the alkylene oxide units are ethylene oxide units alone or ethylene oxide and propylene oxide and/or butylene oxide units, 9. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the nonionic surfactant is present at a concentration of between 0.05% and 5% by weight in the emulsion. 10. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein it comprises more than 30% by weight of one or more organic peroxides. 11. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the organic peroxide or peroxides are chosen from peroxyesters, peroxydicarbonates and/or diacyl peroxides. 12. A process for the preparation of the composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein it comprises the stages, optionally successive, of:
dispersion of the antifreeze agent, optionally at least said additive and also the emulsifying agent in water in order to obtain a homogeneous aqueous phase, then the peroxide is added to the aqueous phase, and the mixture thus formed is emulsified during an emulsion stage at a temperature of less than 5° C. 13. A method of polymerization or the copolymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers, the method comprising adding the composition as claimed in claim 1 in the polymerization or the copolymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers. 14. The method as claimed in claim 13, wherein the ethylenically unsaturated monomers comprise vinyl chloride. | An aqueous emulsion composition of organic peroxide without a protective colloid agent wherein the emulsifying agent is a nonionic surfactant chosen exclusively from a block copolymer including at least one alkylene oxide block, a block copolymer including at least two alkylene oxide blocks, an alkoxylated fatty alcohol, an alkoxylated fatty acid, an alkoxylated vegetable or animal oil (hydrogenated or not) or a mixture of a plurality of these elements. Also, a method for producing this composition and specific uses thereof.1. An aqueous organic peroxide emulsion composition devoid of protective colloid agent selected from a partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate or cellulose derivatives, the emulsion consisting of:
from 10% to 65% by weight of one or more organic peroxides, from 2% to 25% by weight of at least one antifreeze agent, from 0.01% to 10% by weight of an emulsifying agent, optionally at least one additive, water, the amount of which is determined so as to form the remainder of the composition (up to 100%), wherein the emulsifying agent consists of a nonionic surfactant chosen exclusively from: a block copolymer comprising at least two alkylene oxide blocks in which the two alkylene oxide blocks surround a block of hydrophobic polymer; or an alkoxylated fatty alcohol; or an alkoxylated fatty acid; or an alkoxylated (hydrogenated or nonhydrogenated) vegetable or animal oil; or a mixture of several of these components. 2. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the alkoxylated vegetable or animal oil is chosen from ethoxylated derivatives of mono-, di- or triglycerides and their mixtures. 3. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the alkoxylated vegetable or animal oil comprises a mixture of:
ethoxylated glycerol connected or not connected to one or more chains of fatty acids, the latter being or not being ethoxylated, fatty acids ethoxylated on the acid functional group and/or on the hydroxyl functional group carried by the fatty acid chain, and also variable proportions of fatty acids, of glycerol and of mono-, di- or triglycerides. 4. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fatty alcohol comprises an aromatic or nonaromatic, saturated or unsaturated, cyclic or noncyclic and linear or branched chain of 4 to 60 carbon atoms and between 3 and 80 alkylene oxide units. 5. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the vegetable oil is ethoxylated or ethoxylated hydrogenated. 6. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fatty alcohol comprises an aromatic or nonaromatic, saturated or unsaturated, cyclic or noncyclic and linear or branched chain of 4 to 60 carbon atoms and between 3 and 80 alkylene oxide units. 7. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the block copolymer comprises at least two alkylene oxide blocks, said alkylene oxide block comprising between 5 and 80 units. 8. The composition as claimed in claim 6, wherein the alkylene oxide units are ethylene oxide units alone or ethylene oxide and propylene oxide and/or butylene oxide units, 9. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the nonionic surfactant is present at a concentration of between 0.05% and 5% by weight in the emulsion. 10. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein it comprises more than 30% by weight of one or more organic peroxides. 11. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the organic peroxide or peroxides are chosen from peroxyesters, peroxydicarbonates and/or diacyl peroxides. 12. A process for the preparation of the composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein it comprises the stages, optionally successive, of:
dispersion of the antifreeze agent, optionally at least said additive and also the emulsifying agent in water in order to obtain a homogeneous aqueous phase, then the peroxide is added to the aqueous phase, and the mixture thus formed is emulsified during an emulsion stage at a temperature of less than 5° C. 13. A method of polymerization or the copolymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers, the method comprising adding the composition as claimed in claim 1 in the polymerization or the copolymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers. 14. The method as claimed in claim 13, wherein the ethylenically unsaturated monomers comprise vinyl chloride. | 1,700 |
3,738 | 14,210,678 | 1,773 | An air filter including an open end, a closed end, and a filter area there between. The open end frictionally engages and seals an air port, while the closed end mates with the housing to secure the filter to the housing. The filter area is reinforced to provide a durable, reusable filter. The filter material is selected to provide depth loading and increase the particulate capacity of the filter. | 1. An air filter, comprising:
a first end having an opening, an interior surface defining the opening configured to deform and frictionally engage an air inlet; and a filter media coupled to and sealed to the first end. 2. The air filter of claim 1, wherein the interior surface is generally cylindrical to create a passage to a cavity surrounded by the filter media. 3. The air filter of claim 1, wherein the interior surface is contoured. 4. The air filter of claim 1, wherein the interior surface comprises at least 2 circumferential ribs surrounding the opening longitudinally spaced along the opening. 5. The air filter of claim 1, wherein the first end comprises a generally planar disk with a central opening, and a rim integrally formed with the generally planar disk extending in an outward longitudinal direction from the generally planar disk circumferentially surrounding the opening. 6. The air filter of claim 5, wherein the first end comprises a circumferential indention surrounding the rim. 7. The air filter of claim 1, wherein the interior surface comprises at least one peak and one trough so that the peak deforms when contacted by the air inlet. 8. The air filter of claim 7, wherein the peak and trough circumferentially surround and define the opening. 9. The air filter of claim 8, wherein the at least one peak is a circumferential ring projecting into the opening. 10. The air filter of claim 9, further comprises a second end opposite the first end, wherein the second end is closed and the filter media is sealed between the first end and the second end. 11. A method of filtering air, comprising:
coupling an air filter to an conduit such that an engagement surface of the air filter is deformed to sealingly engage the air filter to the conduit; and passing a contaminated air stream through a filter media of the air filter. 12. An air filter, comprising:
a first end configured to frictionally engage a conduit to pass a gas stream; a second end opposite the first end; and a filter media between the first end and the second end. 13. The air filter of claim 12, wherein the first end is a generally planar circular end, the second end is a generally planar circular end, and the filter material creates a cylindrical filter wall between an edge region of the first end and an edge region of the second end. 14. The air filter of claim 13, wherein the first end comprises an interior surface defining an opening through the first end; wherein the interior surface is configured to frictionally engage an inserted conduit. 15. The air filter of claim 14, wherein the interior surface comprises at least one projection fully surrounding the opening. 16. The air filter of claim 15, wherein the at least one projection is configured to deform to conform to an exterior surface of an inserted conduit. | An air filter including an open end, a closed end, and a filter area there between. The open end frictionally engages and seals an air port, while the closed end mates with the housing to secure the filter to the housing. The filter area is reinforced to provide a durable, reusable filter. The filter material is selected to provide depth loading and increase the particulate capacity of the filter.1. An air filter, comprising:
a first end having an opening, an interior surface defining the opening configured to deform and frictionally engage an air inlet; and a filter media coupled to and sealed to the first end. 2. The air filter of claim 1, wherein the interior surface is generally cylindrical to create a passage to a cavity surrounded by the filter media. 3. The air filter of claim 1, wherein the interior surface is contoured. 4. The air filter of claim 1, wherein the interior surface comprises at least 2 circumferential ribs surrounding the opening longitudinally spaced along the opening. 5. The air filter of claim 1, wherein the first end comprises a generally planar disk with a central opening, and a rim integrally formed with the generally planar disk extending in an outward longitudinal direction from the generally planar disk circumferentially surrounding the opening. 6. The air filter of claim 5, wherein the first end comprises a circumferential indention surrounding the rim. 7. The air filter of claim 1, wherein the interior surface comprises at least one peak and one trough so that the peak deforms when contacted by the air inlet. 8. The air filter of claim 7, wherein the peak and trough circumferentially surround and define the opening. 9. The air filter of claim 8, wherein the at least one peak is a circumferential ring projecting into the opening. 10. The air filter of claim 9, further comprises a second end opposite the first end, wherein the second end is closed and the filter media is sealed between the first end and the second end. 11. A method of filtering air, comprising:
coupling an air filter to an conduit such that an engagement surface of the air filter is deformed to sealingly engage the air filter to the conduit; and passing a contaminated air stream through a filter media of the air filter. 12. An air filter, comprising:
a first end configured to frictionally engage a conduit to pass a gas stream; a second end opposite the first end; and a filter media between the first end and the second end. 13. The air filter of claim 12, wherein the first end is a generally planar circular end, the second end is a generally planar circular end, and the filter material creates a cylindrical filter wall between an edge region of the first end and an edge region of the second end. 14. The air filter of claim 13, wherein the first end comprises an interior surface defining an opening through the first end; wherein the interior surface is configured to frictionally engage an inserted conduit. 15. The air filter of claim 14, wherein the interior surface comprises at least one projection fully surrounding the opening. 16. The air filter of claim 15, wherein the at least one projection is configured to deform to conform to an exterior surface of an inserted conduit. | 1,700 |
3,739 | 14,364,755 | 1,779 | Synthetic membranes for the removal, isolation or purification of substances from a liquid. The membranes include at least one hydrophobic polymer and at least one hydrophilic polymer. 5-40 wt.-% of particles having an average particles size of between 0.1 and 15 μm are entrapped. The membrane has a wall thickness of below 150 μm. Methods for preparing the membranes in various geometries, and use of the membranes for the adsorption, isolation and/or purification of substances from a liquid are explored. | 1. A membrane for the removal of substances from a liquid, the membrane comprising at least one hydrophobic polymer selected from the group consisting of polysulfones, polyethersulfones, polyarylethersulfones, polyamides and polyacrylonitriles and at least one hydrophilic polymer, the membrane comprising 1-40 wt.-% of at least one of hydrophilic particles and hydrophobic particles, the particles having an average diameter of between 0.1 μm and 15 μm. 2. The membrane according to claim 1, wherein the particles have an average diameter of between 0.1 μm and 10 μm. 3. The membrane according to claim 1 wherein the hydrophobic particles are chosen from the group consisting of activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, hydrophobic silica, styrenic polymers, polydivinylbenzene polymers and styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers. 4. The membrane according to claim 1, wherein the hydrophilic particles are anion or cation exchange particles. 5. The membrane according to claim 4 wherein the anion exchange particles are based on polyquaternary ammonium functionalized styrene divinylbenzene copolymers. 6. The membrane according to claim 5 wherein the anion exchange particles are based on polyquaternary ammonium functionalized vinylimidazolium methochloride vinylpyrrolidone copolymers. 7. The membrane according to claim 5 wherein the polyquaternary ammonium copolymer is a copolymer of styrene and divinylbenzene with dimethyl(2-hydroxyethyl) ammonium and/or trimethylbenzyl ammonium functional groups. 8. The membrane according to claim 1 wherein the membrane is one of a hollow fiber membrane and a flat sheet membrane. 9. The membrane according to claim 1 wherein the wall thickness of the hollow fiber is below 150 μm. 10. The membrane according to claim 1 wherein the particles are present in an amount of from 20 wt.-% to 35 wt.-% relative to the weight of the membrane. 11. The membrane according to claim 1 wherein the membrane is at least one of a microporous membrane, a protein separation membrane and an ultrafiltration membrane. 12. A method for preparing a hollow fiber membrane comprising at least one hydrophobic polymer selected from the group consisting of polysulfones, polyethersulfones, polyarylethersulfones, polyamides and polyacrylonitriles and at least one hydrophilic polymer, the membrane comprising 1-40 wt.-% of at least one of hydrophilic particles and hydrophobic particles, the particles having an average diameter of between 0.1 μm and 15 μm, the method comprising
(a) grinding the particles to an average diameter of at least 15 μm in an aqueous solution;
(b) combining the at least one hydrophilic and the at least one hydrophobic polymer with the suspension of (a);
(c) stirring the polymer particle suspension to obtain a homogeneous polymer solution wherein the particles are suspended;
(d) degassing the polymer particle suspension;
(e) extruding the polymer particle suspension through an outer ring slit of a nozzle, wherein a center fluid is extruded through an inner opening of the nozzle;
(f) immersing the precipitating fiber in a bath of non-solvent;
(g) washing the membrane. 13. A method for preparing a flat sheet membrane comprising at least one hydrophobic polymer selected from the group consisting of polysulfones, polyethersulfones, polyarylethersulfones, polyamides and polyacrylonitriles and at least one hydrophilic polymer, the membrane comprising 1-40 wt.-% of at least one of hydrophilic particles and hydrophobic particles, the particles having an average diameter of between 0.1 μm and 15 μm, the method comprising
(a) grinding the particles to an average diameter of at least 15 μm in an aqueous solution;
(b) combining the at least one hydrophilic and the at least one hydrophobic polymer with the suspension of (a);
(c) stirring the polymer particle suspension to obtain a homogeneous polymer solution wherein the particles are suspended;
(d) degassing the polymer particle suspension;
(e) casting the polymer particle suspension as a uniform film onto a smooth surface;
(f) washing the membrane. 14. The method according to claim 12, wherein the water of (a) is the total amount of water which is needed for forming the final polymer solution. 15. (canceled) 16. A method for at least one of the adsorption of compounds, the isolation of compounds and the purification of a liquid, the method comprising preparing a hollow fiber membrane comprising at least one hydrophobic polymer selected from the group consisting of polysulfones, polyethersulfones, polyarylethersulfones, polyamides and polyacrylonitriles and at least one hydrophilic polymer, the membrane comprising 1-40 wt.-% of at least one of hydrophilic particles and hydrophobic particles, the particles having an average diameter of between 0.1 μm and 15 μm, and exposing the at least one of the compounds and the liquid to the membrane. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the compounds are selected from the group consisting of nucleic acids, unconjugated bilirubin, chenodeoxycholic acid, diazepam, cytokines and endotoxins. 18. A device for at least one of the adsorption of compounds and purification of a liquid, the device comprising at least one of hollow fiber membranes and flat sheet membranes, the at least one of hollow fiber membranes and flat sheet membranes comprising at least one hydrophobic polymer selected from the group consisting of polysulfones, polyethersulfones, polyarylethersulfones, polyamides and polyacrylonitriles and at least one hydrophilic polymer, the at least one of hollow fiber membranes and flat sheet membranes comprising 1-40 wt.-% of at least one of hydrophilic particles and hydrophobic particles, the particles having an average diameter of between 0.1 μm and 15 μm. 19. The membrane according to claim 2 wherein the hydrophobic particles are chosen from the group consisting of activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, hydrophobic silica, styrenic polymers, polydivinylbenzene polymers and styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers. 20. The membrane according to claim 2 wherein the hydrophilic particles are anion or cation exchange particles. 21. The membrane according to claim 19 wherein the hydrophilic particles are anion or cation exchange particles. | Synthetic membranes for the removal, isolation or purification of substances from a liquid. The membranes include at least one hydrophobic polymer and at least one hydrophilic polymer. 5-40 wt.-% of particles having an average particles size of between 0.1 and 15 μm are entrapped. The membrane has a wall thickness of below 150 μm. Methods for preparing the membranes in various geometries, and use of the membranes for the adsorption, isolation and/or purification of substances from a liquid are explored.1. A membrane for the removal of substances from a liquid, the membrane comprising at least one hydrophobic polymer selected from the group consisting of polysulfones, polyethersulfones, polyarylethersulfones, polyamides and polyacrylonitriles and at least one hydrophilic polymer, the membrane comprising 1-40 wt.-% of at least one of hydrophilic particles and hydrophobic particles, the particles having an average diameter of between 0.1 μm and 15 μm. 2. The membrane according to claim 1, wherein the particles have an average diameter of between 0.1 μm and 10 μm. 3. The membrane according to claim 1 wherein the hydrophobic particles are chosen from the group consisting of activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, hydrophobic silica, styrenic polymers, polydivinylbenzene polymers and styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers. 4. The membrane according to claim 1, wherein the hydrophilic particles are anion or cation exchange particles. 5. The membrane according to claim 4 wherein the anion exchange particles are based on polyquaternary ammonium functionalized styrene divinylbenzene copolymers. 6. The membrane according to claim 5 wherein the anion exchange particles are based on polyquaternary ammonium functionalized vinylimidazolium methochloride vinylpyrrolidone copolymers. 7. The membrane according to claim 5 wherein the polyquaternary ammonium copolymer is a copolymer of styrene and divinylbenzene with dimethyl(2-hydroxyethyl) ammonium and/or trimethylbenzyl ammonium functional groups. 8. The membrane according to claim 1 wherein the membrane is one of a hollow fiber membrane and a flat sheet membrane. 9. The membrane according to claim 1 wherein the wall thickness of the hollow fiber is below 150 μm. 10. The membrane according to claim 1 wherein the particles are present in an amount of from 20 wt.-% to 35 wt.-% relative to the weight of the membrane. 11. The membrane according to claim 1 wherein the membrane is at least one of a microporous membrane, a protein separation membrane and an ultrafiltration membrane. 12. A method for preparing a hollow fiber membrane comprising at least one hydrophobic polymer selected from the group consisting of polysulfones, polyethersulfones, polyarylethersulfones, polyamides and polyacrylonitriles and at least one hydrophilic polymer, the membrane comprising 1-40 wt.-% of at least one of hydrophilic particles and hydrophobic particles, the particles having an average diameter of between 0.1 μm and 15 μm, the method comprising
(a) grinding the particles to an average diameter of at least 15 μm in an aqueous solution;
(b) combining the at least one hydrophilic and the at least one hydrophobic polymer with the suspension of (a);
(c) stirring the polymer particle suspension to obtain a homogeneous polymer solution wherein the particles are suspended;
(d) degassing the polymer particle suspension;
(e) extruding the polymer particle suspension through an outer ring slit of a nozzle, wherein a center fluid is extruded through an inner opening of the nozzle;
(f) immersing the precipitating fiber in a bath of non-solvent;
(g) washing the membrane. 13. A method for preparing a flat sheet membrane comprising at least one hydrophobic polymer selected from the group consisting of polysulfones, polyethersulfones, polyarylethersulfones, polyamides and polyacrylonitriles and at least one hydrophilic polymer, the membrane comprising 1-40 wt.-% of at least one of hydrophilic particles and hydrophobic particles, the particles having an average diameter of between 0.1 μm and 15 μm, the method comprising
(a) grinding the particles to an average diameter of at least 15 μm in an aqueous solution;
(b) combining the at least one hydrophilic and the at least one hydrophobic polymer with the suspension of (a);
(c) stirring the polymer particle suspension to obtain a homogeneous polymer solution wherein the particles are suspended;
(d) degassing the polymer particle suspension;
(e) casting the polymer particle suspension as a uniform film onto a smooth surface;
(f) washing the membrane. 14. The method according to claim 12, wherein the water of (a) is the total amount of water which is needed for forming the final polymer solution. 15. (canceled) 16. A method for at least one of the adsorption of compounds, the isolation of compounds and the purification of a liquid, the method comprising preparing a hollow fiber membrane comprising at least one hydrophobic polymer selected from the group consisting of polysulfones, polyethersulfones, polyarylethersulfones, polyamides and polyacrylonitriles and at least one hydrophilic polymer, the membrane comprising 1-40 wt.-% of at least one of hydrophilic particles and hydrophobic particles, the particles having an average diameter of between 0.1 μm and 15 μm, and exposing the at least one of the compounds and the liquid to the membrane. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the compounds are selected from the group consisting of nucleic acids, unconjugated bilirubin, chenodeoxycholic acid, diazepam, cytokines and endotoxins. 18. A device for at least one of the adsorption of compounds and purification of a liquid, the device comprising at least one of hollow fiber membranes and flat sheet membranes, the at least one of hollow fiber membranes and flat sheet membranes comprising at least one hydrophobic polymer selected from the group consisting of polysulfones, polyethersulfones, polyarylethersulfones, polyamides and polyacrylonitriles and at least one hydrophilic polymer, the at least one of hollow fiber membranes and flat sheet membranes comprising 1-40 wt.-% of at least one of hydrophilic particles and hydrophobic particles, the particles having an average diameter of between 0.1 μm and 15 μm. 19. The membrane according to claim 2 wherein the hydrophobic particles are chosen from the group consisting of activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, hydrophobic silica, styrenic polymers, polydivinylbenzene polymers and styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers. 20. The membrane according to claim 2 wherein the hydrophilic particles are anion or cation exchange particles. 21. The membrane according to claim 19 wherein the hydrophilic particles are anion or cation exchange particles. | 1,700 |
3,740 | 14,694,791 | 1,731 | In one aspect, cutting tools are provided comprising radiation ablation regions defining at least one of refractory surface microstructures and/or nanostructures. For example, a cutting tool described herein comprises at least one cutting edge formed by intersection of a flank face and a rake face, the flank face formed of a refractory material comprising radiation ablation regions defining at least one of surface microstructures and surface nanostructures, wherein surface pore structure of the refractory material is not occluded by the surface microstructures and surface nanostructures. | 1. A cutting tool comprising:
at least one cutting edge formed by intersection of a flank face and a rake face, the flank face formed of a refractory material comprising radiation ablation regions defining at least one of surface microstructures and surface nano structures, wherein surface pore structure of the refractory material is not occluded by the surface microstructures and surface nanostructures. 2. The cutting tool of claim 1, wherein the surface microstructures and surface nanostructures are of substantially uniform height within an ablation region. 3. The cutting tool of claim 1, wherein the surface microstructures and surface nanostructures are nodules. 4. The cutting tool of claim 1, wherein the surface microstructures and surface nanostructures are ridges. 5. The cutting tool of claim 1, wherein the surface microstructures and surface nanostructures have substantially uniform spacing within an ablation region. 6. The cutting tool of claim 1, wherein the rake face is free of one or more radiation ablation regions at a distance of at least 1 μm from the cutting edge. 7. The cutting tool of claim 1, wherein the refractory material is polycrystalline. 8. The cutting tool of claim 7, wherein the refractory material is polycrystalline diamond. 9. The cutting tool of claim 8, wherein the polycrystalline diamond has an average grain size of 0.5 μm to 50 μm. 10. The cutting tool of claim 8, wherein the polycrystalline diamond has a bimodal or multi-modal grain size distribution. 11. The cutting tool of claim 8, wherein the polycrystalline diamond is sintered or brazed to a support. 12. The cutting tool of claim 7, wherein the refractory material is selected from the group consisting of cemented carbide, single crystal diamond, CVD diamond, polycrystalline cubic boron nitride and polycrystalline ceramics. 13. The cutting tool of claim 1, wherein the cutting edge has a radius of 4 μm to 25 μm. 14. The cutting tool of claim 1, wherein the cutting edge has a radius of less than 5 μm. 15. The cutting tool of claim 1, wherein the cutting edge has a radius up to 60 μm. 16. The cutting tool of claim 1, wherein the flank face has a surface roughness (Ra) of 0.025 μm to 0.7 μm. 17. A method of making a cutting tool comprising:
providing a cutting insert comprising a rake face and body formed of a refractory material; and cutting through the rake face and body with a laser beam to provide a flank face forming a cutting edge with the rake face, the flank face comprising radiation ablation regions defining at least one of surface microstructures and surface nano structures, wherein pore structure of the refractory material is not occluded by the surface microstructures and surface nanostructures. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the laser beam is rotated during cutting. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the surface microstructures and surface nanostructures are nodules. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the surface microstructures and surface nanostructures are ridges. 21. The method of claim 17, wherein the surface microstructures and surface nanostructures have substantially uniform spacing within an ablation region. 22. The method of claim 17, wherein the rake face is free of one or more radiation ablation regions at a distance of at least 1 μm from the cutting edge. 23. The method of claim 17, wherein the refractory material is polycrystalline diamond. 24. The method of claim 17, wherein the refractory material is selected from the group consisting of cemented carbide, single crystal diamond, CVD diamond, polycrystalline cubic boron nitride and polycrystalline ceramics. 25. The method of claim 17, wherein the refractory material is graphite. 26. The method of claim 17, wherein the refractory material comprises a sp3 hybridized fraction and a sp2 hybridized fraction. 27. The method of claim 17, wherein the flank face has a surface roughness (Ra) of 0.025 μm to 0.7 μm. 28. The method of claim 17 further comprising processing the cutting edge with the laser beam to provide radiation ablation regions on the rake face. 29. A cutting tool comprising:
at least one cutting edge formed by intersection of a rake face and a flank face, the rake face formed of a refractory material comprising radiation ablation regions defining at least one of surface microstructures and surface nano structures, wherein surface pore structure of the refractory material is not occluded by the surface microstructures and surface nanostructures. 30. The cutting tool of claim 29, wherein the radiation ablation regions are located on one or more surface structures of the rake face. 31. The cutting tool of claim 30, wherein the surface structures include a chip breaker structure. 32. The cutting tool of claim 31, wherein the radiation ablation regions are located on a sidewall and bottom wall of the chip breaker structure. 33. The cutting tool of claim 29, wherein the surface microstructures and surface nanostructures are nodules. 34. The cutting tool of claim 29, wherein the surface microstructures and surface nanostructures are ridges. 35. The cutting tool of claim 29, wherein the surface microstructures and surface nanostructures have substantially uniform spacing within an ablation region. 36. The cutting tool of claim 29, wherein the refractory material is polycrystalline diamond. 37. The cutting tool of claim 36, wherein the polycrystalline diamond has a bimodal or multi-modal grain size distribution. 38. The cutting tool of claim 29, wherein the refractory material is selected from the group consisting of cemented carbide, single crystal diamond, polycrystalline CVD diamond, polycrystalline cubic boron nitride and polycrystalline ceramics. 39. The cutting tool of claim 29, wherein the radiation ablation regions have surface roughness (Sa) of 0.002 μm to 3 μm. 40. The cutting tool of claim 29, wherein the flank face is formed of a refractory material comprising radiation ablation regions defining at least one of surface microstructures and surface nanostructures, wherein surface pore structure of the rake face refractory material is not occluded by the surface microstructures and surface nanostructures. | In one aspect, cutting tools are provided comprising radiation ablation regions defining at least one of refractory surface microstructures and/or nanostructures. For example, a cutting tool described herein comprises at least one cutting edge formed by intersection of a flank face and a rake face, the flank face formed of a refractory material comprising radiation ablation regions defining at least one of surface microstructures and surface nanostructures, wherein surface pore structure of the refractory material is not occluded by the surface microstructures and surface nanostructures.1. A cutting tool comprising:
at least one cutting edge formed by intersection of a flank face and a rake face, the flank face formed of a refractory material comprising radiation ablation regions defining at least one of surface microstructures and surface nano structures, wherein surface pore structure of the refractory material is not occluded by the surface microstructures and surface nanostructures. 2. The cutting tool of claim 1, wherein the surface microstructures and surface nanostructures are of substantially uniform height within an ablation region. 3. The cutting tool of claim 1, wherein the surface microstructures and surface nanostructures are nodules. 4. The cutting tool of claim 1, wherein the surface microstructures and surface nanostructures are ridges. 5. The cutting tool of claim 1, wherein the surface microstructures and surface nanostructures have substantially uniform spacing within an ablation region. 6. The cutting tool of claim 1, wherein the rake face is free of one or more radiation ablation regions at a distance of at least 1 μm from the cutting edge. 7. The cutting tool of claim 1, wherein the refractory material is polycrystalline. 8. The cutting tool of claim 7, wherein the refractory material is polycrystalline diamond. 9. The cutting tool of claim 8, wherein the polycrystalline diamond has an average grain size of 0.5 μm to 50 μm. 10. The cutting tool of claim 8, wherein the polycrystalline diamond has a bimodal or multi-modal grain size distribution. 11. The cutting tool of claim 8, wherein the polycrystalline diamond is sintered or brazed to a support. 12. The cutting tool of claim 7, wherein the refractory material is selected from the group consisting of cemented carbide, single crystal diamond, CVD diamond, polycrystalline cubic boron nitride and polycrystalline ceramics. 13. The cutting tool of claim 1, wherein the cutting edge has a radius of 4 μm to 25 μm. 14. The cutting tool of claim 1, wherein the cutting edge has a radius of less than 5 μm. 15. The cutting tool of claim 1, wherein the cutting edge has a radius up to 60 μm. 16. The cutting tool of claim 1, wherein the flank face has a surface roughness (Ra) of 0.025 μm to 0.7 μm. 17. A method of making a cutting tool comprising:
providing a cutting insert comprising a rake face and body formed of a refractory material; and cutting through the rake face and body with a laser beam to provide a flank face forming a cutting edge with the rake face, the flank face comprising radiation ablation regions defining at least one of surface microstructures and surface nano structures, wherein pore structure of the refractory material is not occluded by the surface microstructures and surface nanostructures. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the laser beam is rotated during cutting. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the surface microstructures and surface nanostructures are nodules. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the surface microstructures and surface nanostructures are ridges. 21. The method of claim 17, wherein the surface microstructures and surface nanostructures have substantially uniform spacing within an ablation region. 22. The method of claim 17, wherein the rake face is free of one or more radiation ablation regions at a distance of at least 1 μm from the cutting edge. 23. The method of claim 17, wherein the refractory material is polycrystalline diamond. 24. The method of claim 17, wherein the refractory material is selected from the group consisting of cemented carbide, single crystal diamond, CVD diamond, polycrystalline cubic boron nitride and polycrystalline ceramics. 25. The method of claim 17, wherein the refractory material is graphite. 26. The method of claim 17, wherein the refractory material comprises a sp3 hybridized fraction and a sp2 hybridized fraction. 27. The method of claim 17, wherein the flank face has a surface roughness (Ra) of 0.025 μm to 0.7 μm. 28. The method of claim 17 further comprising processing the cutting edge with the laser beam to provide radiation ablation regions on the rake face. 29. A cutting tool comprising:
at least one cutting edge formed by intersection of a rake face and a flank face, the rake face formed of a refractory material comprising radiation ablation regions defining at least one of surface microstructures and surface nano structures, wherein surface pore structure of the refractory material is not occluded by the surface microstructures and surface nanostructures. 30. The cutting tool of claim 29, wherein the radiation ablation regions are located on one or more surface structures of the rake face. 31. The cutting tool of claim 30, wherein the surface structures include a chip breaker structure. 32. The cutting tool of claim 31, wherein the radiation ablation regions are located on a sidewall and bottom wall of the chip breaker structure. 33. The cutting tool of claim 29, wherein the surface microstructures and surface nanostructures are nodules. 34. The cutting tool of claim 29, wherein the surface microstructures and surface nanostructures are ridges. 35. The cutting tool of claim 29, wherein the surface microstructures and surface nanostructures have substantially uniform spacing within an ablation region. 36. The cutting tool of claim 29, wherein the refractory material is polycrystalline diamond. 37. The cutting tool of claim 36, wherein the polycrystalline diamond has a bimodal or multi-modal grain size distribution. 38. The cutting tool of claim 29, wherein the refractory material is selected from the group consisting of cemented carbide, single crystal diamond, polycrystalline CVD diamond, polycrystalline cubic boron nitride and polycrystalline ceramics. 39. The cutting tool of claim 29, wherein the radiation ablation regions have surface roughness (Sa) of 0.002 μm to 3 μm. 40. The cutting tool of claim 29, wherein the flank face is formed of a refractory material comprising radiation ablation regions defining at least one of surface microstructures and surface nanostructures, wherein surface pore structure of the rake face refractory material is not occluded by the surface microstructures and surface nanostructures. | 1,700 |
3,741 | 14,186,094 | 1,765 | A catalyst composition including a solution of at least one member selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal carboxylate and an alkaline earth metal carboxylate in a solvent which is nonreactive with the isocyanate groups of a polyisocyanate. | 1. A composition comprising a solution of at least one member selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal carboxylate and an alkaline earth metal carboxylate in a solvent which is nonreactive with the isocyanate groups of a polyisocyanate. 2. The composition of claim 1 wherein the carboxylate is selected from the group consisting of sodium carboxylate, potassium carboxylate and calcium carboxylate. 3. The composition of claim 1 wherein the carboxylate is derived from a linear or cyclic carboxylic acid or a polycarboxylic acid. 4. The composition of claim 3 wherein the carboxylic acid or polycarboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, 3-chloropropionic acid, pivalic acid, butyric acid, g-aminobutyric acid, valeric acid, acrylic acid, cinnamic acid, crotonic acid, oleic acid, benzoic acid, 2-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid, p-methylbenzoic acid, naphthoic acid, cyclopentanecarboxylic acid, 3,3-dimethylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid. 5. The composition of claim 3, wherein the carboxylic acid contains at least one carboxylic group and has a molecular weight ranging from about 46 to about 2000. 6. The composition of claim 1 wherein the carboxylate is derived from a carboxylic or polycarboxylic acid having 1 or more hydroxyl groups. 7. The composition of claim 6 wherein the carboxylate is selected from the group consisting of potassium lactate, potassium ricinoleate and potassium dimethylolpropionate. 8. The composition of claim 1 wherein the carboxylate is an octoate. 9. The composition of claim 8, wherein the carboxylate is lithium caprylate, sodium caprylate, potassium caprylate, calcium caprylate, lithium 2-ethylhexanoate, sodium 2-ethylhexanoate, calcium 2-ethylhexanoate or potassium 2-ethylhexanoate. 10. The composition of claim 1 wherein the solvent includes functional groups that are nonreactive with isocyanate groups during a chemical reaction. 11. The composition of claim 1 wherein the solvent is an aprotic solvent selected from the group consisting of a dialkyl sulfoxide, a N,N-dialkylalkanoamide, an aryl or alkyl phosphonate, a trialkyl phosphate, an organic carbonate, a tertiary amine, a ketone and any combination thereof. 12. The composition of claim 1 wherein the solvent is an aprotic solvent selected from the group consisting of diethyl-ethyl-phosphonate, tetramethylenesulfone, 1-methyl 2-pyrrolidinone, triethylphosphate, tributylethylphosphate, acetonitrile, dimethylcarbonate, dimethylbenzylamine, dimethylaminopropylhexahydrotriazine, pentamethyldiethylenamine, di-isobutylchetone, methyl n-amyl ketone and any combination thereof. 13. The composition of claim 1 wherein the solvent is an ether having substantially no free hydroxyl groups. 14. The composition of claim 1 wherein the solvent is an ester having substantially no free hydroxyl groups derived from a mono, di- or poly-carboxylic acid with a monol, diol, triol or glycol ether, a triglyceride derived from an aliphatic or aromatic acid with glycerol, an amide having substantially no free —NH groups derived from an aliphatic or aromatic carboxylic acid with an amine, or any combination thereof. 15. The composition of claim 1 wherein the solvent is a silane or siloxane polyalkyleneoxide copolymer having substantially no free hydroxyl groups. 16. The composition of claim 1 wherein the solvent is present in an amount of less than about 90 percent by weight of the composition. 17. The composition of claim 16 wherein the carboxylate is present in an amount of from about 10 percent to about 90 percent by weight based on the total weight of the solution, in particular from about 50 percent to about 80 percent by weight based on the total weight of the solution. 18. The composition of claim 16 wherein the solvent is present in an amount of from about 10 percent to about 90 percent by weight based on the total weight of the solution, in particular from about 20 percent to about 50 percent by weight based on the total weight of the solution. 19. The composition of claim 1 wherein water is present in an amount of less than about 25 percent by weight of the composition. 20. The composition of claim 19 wherein the amount of water present in the composition is less than about 5 percent by weight of the final weight of the composition. 21. The composition of claim 1 wherein the composition is added to an isocyanate prepolymer, an isocyanate prepolymer or a polyol component. 22. The composition of claim 1 further comprises an OH value of less than about 20 mg KOH/gram of the composition, in particular the OH value is less than about 10 mg/gram of the composition. 23. A composition having a solution of at least one member selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal carboxylate and alkaline earth metal carboxylate in a solvent which is nonreactive with the isocyanate groups of a polyisocyanate and water which is present in an amount of less than about 25 percent by weight of the composition, wherein the solvent is present in an amount of less than about 90 percent by weight of the composition. | A catalyst composition including a solution of at least one member selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal carboxylate and an alkaline earth metal carboxylate in a solvent which is nonreactive with the isocyanate groups of a polyisocyanate.1. A composition comprising a solution of at least one member selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal carboxylate and an alkaline earth metal carboxylate in a solvent which is nonreactive with the isocyanate groups of a polyisocyanate. 2. The composition of claim 1 wherein the carboxylate is selected from the group consisting of sodium carboxylate, potassium carboxylate and calcium carboxylate. 3. The composition of claim 1 wherein the carboxylate is derived from a linear or cyclic carboxylic acid or a polycarboxylic acid. 4. The composition of claim 3 wherein the carboxylic acid or polycarboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, 3-chloropropionic acid, pivalic acid, butyric acid, g-aminobutyric acid, valeric acid, acrylic acid, cinnamic acid, crotonic acid, oleic acid, benzoic acid, 2-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid, p-methylbenzoic acid, naphthoic acid, cyclopentanecarboxylic acid, 3,3-dimethylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid. 5. The composition of claim 3, wherein the carboxylic acid contains at least one carboxylic group and has a molecular weight ranging from about 46 to about 2000. 6. The composition of claim 1 wherein the carboxylate is derived from a carboxylic or polycarboxylic acid having 1 or more hydroxyl groups. 7. The composition of claim 6 wherein the carboxylate is selected from the group consisting of potassium lactate, potassium ricinoleate and potassium dimethylolpropionate. 8. The composition of claim 1 wherein the carboxylate is an octoate. 9. The composition of claim 8, wherein the carboxylate is lithium caprylate, sodium caprylate, potassium caprylate, calcium caprylate, lithium 2-ethylhexanoate, sodium 2-ethylhexanoate, calcium 2-ethylhexanoate or potassium 2-ethylhexanoate. 10. The composition of claim 1 wherein the solvent includes functional groups that are nonreactive with isocyanate groups during a chemical reaction. 11. The composition of claim 1 wherein the solvent is an aprotic solvent selected from the group consisting of a dialkyl sulfoxide, a N,N-dialkylalkanoamide, an aryl or alkyl phosphonate, a trialkyl phosphate, an organic carbonate, a tertiary amine, a ketone and any combination thereof. 12. The composition of claim 1 wherein the solvent is an aprotic solvent selected from the group consisting of diethyl-ethyl-phosphonate, tetramethylenesulfone, 1-methyl 2-pyrrolidinone, triethylphosphate, tributylethylphosphate, acetonitrile, dimethylcarbonate, dimethylbenzylamine, dimethylaminopropylhexahydrotriazine, pentamethyldiethylenamine, di-isobutylchetone, methyl n-amyl ketone and any combination thereof. 13. The composition of claim 1 wherein the solvent is an ether having substantially no free hydroxyl groups. 14. The composition of claim 1 wherein the solvent is an ester having substantially no free hydroxyl groups derived from a mono, di- or poly-carboxylic acid with a monol, diol, triol or glycol ether, a triglyceride derived from an aliphatic or aromatic acid with glycerol, an amide having substantially no free —NH groups derived from an aliphatic or aromatic carboxylic acid with an amine, or any combination thereof. 15. The composition of claim 1 wherein the solvent is a silane or siloxane polyalkyleneoxide copolymer having substantially no free hydroxyl groups. 16. The composition of claim 1 wherein the solvent is present in an amount of less than about 90 percent by weight of the composition. 17. The composition of claim 16 wherein the carboxylate is present in an amount of from about 10 percent to about 90 percent by weight based on the total weight of the solution, in particular from about 50 percent to about 80 percent by weight based on the total weight of the solution. 18. The composition of claim 16 wherein the solvent is present in an amount of from about 10 percent to about 90 percent by weight based on the total weight of the solution, in particular from about 20 percent to about 50 percent by weight based on the total weight of the solution. 19. The composition of claim 1 wherein water is present in an amount of less than about 25 percent by weight of the composition. 20. The composition of claim 19 wherein the amount of water present in the composition is less than about 5 percent by weight of the final weight of the composition. 21. The composition of claim 1 wherein the composition is added to an isocyanate prepolymer, an isocyanate prepolymer or a polyol component. 22. The composition of claim 1 further comprises an OH value of less than about 20 mg KOH/gram of the composition, in particular the OH value is less than about 10 mg/gram of the composition. 23. A composition having a solution of at least one member selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal carboxylate and alkaline earth metal carboxylate in a solvent which is nonreactive with the isocyanate groups of a polyisocyanate and water which is present in an amount of less than about 25 percent by weight of the composition, wherein the solvent is present in an amount of less than about 90 percent by weight of the composition. | 1,700 |
3,742 | 14,911,522 | 1,785 | The invention relates to an optical fiber preform ( 20 ) comprising a primary preform ( 21 ) and one or more purified silica-based overclad layers ( 22 ) surrounding said primary preform ( 21 ), the purified silica-based overclad layers ( 22 ) comprising lithium and aluminium, and having a ratio between lithium concentration [Li] and aluminium concentration [Al] satisfying the following inequality (Formula (I)).
1.10 3 ≦ [Li] / [Al] ≦20.10 3 (1) | 1. An optical fiber preform comprising a primary preform and at least one purified silica-based overclad layer surrounding the primary preform, the at least one purified silica-based overclad layer comprising lithium and aluminium, wherein the at least one purified silica-based overclad layer has a ratio between lithium concentration [Li] and aluminium concentration [Al] satisfying the following inequality:
1.10−3≦[Li]/[Al]≦20.10−3 2. The optical fiber preform according to claim 1, wherein the ratio between lithium concentration [Li] and aluminium concentration [Al] satisfies the following inequality:
4.10−3≦[Li]/[Al]≦10.10−3 3. The optical fiber preform according to claim 1, wherein the ratio between lithium concentration [Li] and aluminium concentration [Al] satisfies the following inequality:
4.10−3≦[Li]/[Al]≦6.10−3 4. An optical fiber made from the optical fiber preform according to claim 1. 5. A method for manufacturing an optical fiber preform from a primary preform, comprising the steps of:
depositing at least one silica-based overclad layer on the primary preform by injection of a powder of natural silica into a plasma provided by a plasma source, injecting, into the plasma, a purifying gas intended to react with lithium, and adjusting at least one purifying gas injection parameter such that the at least one silica-based overclad layer deposited on the primary preform has a ratio between lithium concentration [Li] and aluminium concentration [Al] satisfying the following inequality:
1.10−3≦[Li]/[Al]≦20.10−3 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the ratio between lithium concentration [Li] and aluminium concentration [Al] satisfies the following inequality:
4.10−3≦[Li]/[Al]≦10.10−3 7. The method according to claim 5, wherein the ratio between lithium concentration [Li] and aluminium concentration [Al] satisfies the following inequality:
4.10−3≦[Li]/[Al]≦6.10 −3 8. The method according to claim 5, wherein the method further comprises a step of controlling lithium concentration [Li] and aluminium concentration [Al] in the at least one silica-based overclad layer deposited on the primary preform, and wherein the step of adjusting at least one purifying gas injection parameter is carried out as a function of the result of the controlling step. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the method further comprises a step of injecting in the plasma a quantity of lithium adjusted as a function of the result of the controlling step. 10. The method according to claim 8, wherein the method further comprises a step of injecting in the plasma a quantity of aluminum adjusted as a function of the result of the controlling step. 11. The method according to claim 5, wherein the at least one purifying gas injection parameter comprises a purifying gas flow rate. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the purifying gas flow rate is set between 0 and 5000 sccm. 13. The method according to claim 5, wherein the purifying gas selected from the group comprising: SF6, C2F6, Cl2, CF4, NF3, CF3CI, C2Cl3CF3. 14. The method according to claim 11, wherein the purifying gas flow rate is set between 8 and 800 sccm. | The invention relates to an optical fiber preform ( 20 ) comprising a primary preform ( 21 ) and one or more purified silica-based overclad layers ( 22 ) surrounding said primary preform ( 21 ), the purified silica-based overclad layers ( 22 ) comprising lithium and aluminium, and having a ratio between lithium concentration [Li] and aluminium concentration [Al] satisfying the following inequality (Formula (I)).
1.10 3 ≦ [Li] / [Al] ≦20.10 3 (1)1. An optical fiber preform comprising a primary preform and at least one purified silica-based overclad layer surrounding the primary preform, the at least one purified silica-based overclad layer comprising lithium and aluminium, wherein the at least one purified silica-based overclad layer has a ratio between lithium concentration [Li] and aluminium concentration [Al] satisfying the following inequality:
1.10−3≦[Li]/[Al]≦20.10−3 2. The optical fiber preform according to claim 1, wherein the ratio between lithium concentration [Li] and aluminium concentration [Al] satisfies the following inequality:
4.10−3≦[Li]/[Al]≦10.10−3 3. The optical fiber preform according to claim 1, wherein the ratio between lithium concentration [Li] and aluminium concentration [Al] satisfies the following inequality:
4.10−3≦[Li]/[Al]≦6.10−3 4. An optical fiber made from the optical fiber preform according to claim 1. 5. A method for manufacturing an optical fiber preform from a primary preform, comprising the steps of:
depositing at least one silica-based overclad layer on the primary preform by injection of a powder of natural silica into a plasma provided by a plasma source, injecting, into the plasma, a purifying gas intended to react with lithium, and adjusting at least one purifying gas injection parameter such that the at least one silica-based overclad layer deposited on the primary preform has a ratio between lithium concentration [Li] and aluminium concentration [Al] satisfying the following inequality:
1.10−3≦[Li]/[Al]≦20.10−3 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the ratio between lithium concentration [Li] and aluminium concentration [Al] satisfies the following inequality:
4.10−3≦[Li]/[Al]≦10.10−3 7. The method according to claim 5, wherein the ratio between lithium concentration [Li] and aluminium concentration [Al] satisfies the following inequality:
4.10−3≦[Li]/[Al]≦6.10 −3 8. The method according to claim 5, wherein the method further comprises a step of controlling lithium concentration [Li] and aluminium concentration [Al] in the at least one silica-based overclad layer deposited on the primary preform, and wherein the step of adjusting at least one purifying gas injection parameter is carried out as a function of the result of the controlling step. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the method further comprises a step of injecting in the plasma a quantity of lithium adjusted as a function of the result of the controlling step. 10. The method according to claim 8, wherein the method further comprises a step of injecting in the plasma a quantity of aluminum adjusted as a function of the result of the controlling step. 11. The method according to claim 5, wherein the at least one purifying gas injection parameter comprises a purifying gas flow rate. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the purifying gas flow rate is set between 0 and 5000 sccm. 13. The method according to claim 5, wherein the purifying gas selected from the group comprising: SF6, C2F6, Cl2, CF4, NF3, CF3CI, C2Cl3CF3. 14. The method according to claim 11, wherein the purifying gas flow rate is set between 8 and 800 sccm. | 1,700 |
3,743 | 13,005,916 | 1,764 | The present invention provides a processing additive which can bring about improvements in moldability at Mooney viscosity levels at which the dispersibility in a melt-processable resin is high and which further can work at reduced addition levels. The present invention is a processing additive comprising a fluoropolymer having an acid value of not lower than 0.5 KOH mg/g. | 1. A processing additive comprising a fluoropolymer having an acid value of not lower than 0.5 KOH mg/g. 2. The processing additive according to claim 1, wherein the fluoropolymer is a fluoroelastomer. 3. The processing additive according to claim 1, wherein the fluoropolymer has a Mooney viscosity (ML(1+10), 121° C.) of not higher than 60 as measured according to ASTM D-1646. 4. The processing additive according to claim 1, wherein the fluoropolymer comprises at least one monomer unit selected from the group consisting of vinylidene fluoride, vinyl fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, a perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ether), a perfluoro(alkoxyalkyl vinyl ether), chlorotrifluoroethylene, trifluoroethylene, a monomer represented by the formula (1):
CH2═CX1(CF2)nX2 (1)
(wherein X1 is H or F, X2 is H, F or Cl and n is an integer of 1 to 10), ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, 2-butene, and vinylidene chloride. 5. The processing additive according to claim 1, wherein the fluoropolymer is a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene. 6. The processing additive according to claim 1, wherein the fluoropolymer is a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene and tetrafluoroethylene. 7. The processing additive according to claim 1 which further comprises 1 to 99% by mass of an interfacial agent. 8. The processing additive according to claim 7, wherein the interfacial agent comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a silicone-polyether copolymer, an aliphatic polyester, an aromatic polyester, a polyether polyol, an amine oxide, a carboxylic acid, an aliphatic ester, and a poly(oxyalkylene). 9. The processing additive according to claim 7, wherein the interfacial agent is a poly(oxyalkylene). 10. The processing additive according to claim 9, wherein the poly(oxyalkylene) is a polyethylene glycol. 11. The processing additive according to claim 1 which further comprises 1 to 30 parts by weight of an antiblocking agent per 100 parts by weight of the fluoropolymer. 12. The processing additive according to claim 11, wherein the antiblocking agent comprises at least one species selected from the group consisting of talc, silica and calcium carbonate. 13. A masterbatch of processing additive comprising the processing additive according to claim 1 and a melt-processable resin, wherein the content of the fluoropolymer is more than 0.1% by mass and not higher than 20% by mass, based on the sum of the mass of the fluoropolymer and the mass of the melt-processable resin. 14. The masterbatch of processing additive according to claim 13, wherein the melt-processable resin is a polyolefin resin. 15. A molding composition comprising the processing additive according to claim 1 and a melt-processable resin, wherein the content of the fluoropolymer is 0.0001 to 10% by mass based on the sum of the mass of the processing additive and the mass of the melt-processable resin. 16. The molding composition according to claim 15, wherein the melt-processable resin is a polyolefin resin. 17. A molded article being obtained by molding the molding composition according to claim 15. | The present invention provides a processing additive which can bring about improvements in moldability at Mooney viscosity levels at which the dispersibility in a melt-processable resin is high and which further can work at reduced addition levels. The present invention is a processing additive comprising a fluoropolymer having an acid value of not lower than 0.5 KOH mg/g.1. A processing additive comprising a fluoropolymer having an acid value of not lower than 0.5 KOH mg/g. 2. The processing additive according to claim 1, wherein the fluoropolymer is a fluoroelastomer. 3. The processing additive according to claim 1, wherein the fluoropolymer has a Mooney viscosity (ML(1+10), 121° C.) of not higher than 60 as measured according to ASTM D-1646. 4. The processing additive according to claim 1, wherein the fluoropolymer comprises at least one monomer unit selected from the group consisting of vinylidene fluoride, vinyl fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, a perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ether), a perfluoro(alkoxyalkyl vinyl ether), chlorotrifluoroethylene, trifluoroethylene, a monomer represented by the formula (1):
CH2═CX1(CF2)nX2 (1)
(wherein X1 is H or F, X2 is H, F or Cl and n is an integer of 1 to 10), ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, 2-butene, and vinylidene chloride. 5. The processing additive according to claim 1, wherein the fluoropolymer is a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene. 6. The processing additive according to claim 1, wherein the fluoropolymer is a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene and tetrafluoroethylene. 7. The processing additive according to claim 1 which further comprises 1 to 99% by mass of an interfacial agent. 8. The processing additive according to claim 7, wherein the interfacial agent comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a silicone-polyether copolymer, an aliphatic polyester, an aromatic polyester, a polyether polyol, an amine oxide, a carboxylic acid, an aliphatic ester, and a poly(oxyalkylene). 9. The processing additive according to claim 7, wherein the interfacial agent is a poly(oxyalkylene). 10. The processing additive according to claim 9, wherein the poly(oxyalkylene) is a polyethylene glycol. 11. The processing additive according to claim 1 which further comprises 1 to 30 parts by weight of an antiblocking agent per 100 parts by weight of the fluoropolymer. 12. The processing additive according to claim 11, wherein the antiblocking agent comprises at least one species selected from the group consisting of talc, silica and calcium carbonate. 13. A masterbatch of processing additive comprising the processing additive according to claim 1 and a melt-processable resin, wherein the content of the fluoropolymer is more than 0.1% by mass and not higher than 20% by mass, based on the sum of the mass of the fluoropolymer and the mass of the melt-processable resin. 14. The masterbatch of processing additive according to claim 13, wherein the melt-processable resin is a polyolefin resin. 15. A molding composition comprising the processing additive according to claim 1 and a melt-processable resin, wherein the content of the fluoropolymer is 0.0001 to 10% by mass based on the sum of the mass of the processing additive and the mass of the melt-processable resin. 16. The molding composition according to claim 15, wherein the melt-processable resin is a polyolefin resin. 17. A molded article being obtained by molding the molding composition according to claim 15. | 1,700 |
3,744 | 14,394,302 | 1,782 | A polypropylene-based film comprising at least three layers characterized by two skin layers and at least one core layer, wherein the at least one core layer and/or at least one skin layer comprises a polymer blend of: (i) a first propylene-based polymer which comprises (A) at least 60 weight percent (wt %) units derived from propylene, and (B) from 5 to 40 wt % units derived from ethylene, and wherein the first propylene-based polymer is characterized by a melting temperature (Tm) of less than or equal to 110° C., and (ii) a second propylene-based polymer selected from the group consisting of rPP and hPP and characterized by certain mechanical and/or sealing properties is provided. Also provided is a method of making the polypropylene-based film. | 1. A polypropylene-based film comprising:
at least three layers characterized by two skin layers and at least one core layer,
wherein the at least one core layer comprises a polymer blend of:
(i) a first propylene-based polymer which comprises (A) at least 60 weight percent (wt %) units derived from propylene, and (B) from 5 to 20 wt % units derived from ethylene, and wherein the first propylene-based polymer is characterized by a melting temperature (Tm) of less than or equal to 110° C., and
(ii) a second propylene-based polymer selected from the group consisting of rPP and hPP, and
wherein the film exhibits at least one of the following characteristics:
(a) change in Elmendorf tear MD of equal to or greater than 100% over a three-layer film comprising solely polypropylene consisting essentially of rPP, hPP or combinations thereof;
(b) change in dart impact resistance of equal to or greater than 60% over a three-layer film comprising solely polypropylene consisting essentially of rPP, hPP or combinations thereof; (c) change in 2% secant modulus of equal to or greater than 15% over a three-layer film comprising solely polypropylene consisting essentially of rPP, hPP or combinations thereof; and (d) change in puncture resistance of equal to or greater than 40% over a three-layer film comprising solely polypropylene consisting essentially of rPP, hPP or combinations thereof. 2. A polypropylene-based film comprising:
at least three layers characterized by two skin layers and at least one core layer,
wherein at least one of the two skin layers comprises a polymer blend of:
(i) a first propylene-based polymer which comprises (A) at least 60 weight percent (wt %) units derived from propylene, and (B) from 5 to 40 wt % units derived from ethylene, and wherein the first propylene-based polymer is characterized by a Tm of less than or equal to 110° C.; and
(ii) a second propylene-based polymer; and
wherein the film exhibits at least one of the following characteristics:
(a) change in Elmendorf tear MD of equal to or greater than 100% over a three-layer film comprising solely polypropylene consisting essentially of rPP, hPP or combinations thereof;
(b) change in dart impact resistance of equal to or greater than 60% over a three-layer film comprising solely polypropylene consisting essentially of rPP, hPP or combinations thereof;
(c) change in 2% secant modulus of equal to or greater than 15% over a three-layer film comprising solely polypropylene consisting essentially of rPP, hPP or combinations thereof;
(d) change in puncture resistance of equal to or greater than 40% over a three-layer film comprising solely polypropylene consisting essentially of rPP, hPP or combinations thereof;
(e) reduction in heat seal initiation temperature of equal to or greater than 10° C. in comparison a three-layer film comprising solely polypropylene consisting essentially of rPP, hPP or combinations thereof; and
(f) reduction in hot tack initiation temperature of equal to or greater than 20° C. in comparison a three-layer film comprising solely polypropylene consisting essentially of rPP, hPP or combinations thereof. 3. The polypropylene-based film according to claim 1, wherein the film is an extrusion coating and the first polypropylene-based polymer has an MFR of from 8 to 40 g/10 min. 4. The polypropylene-based film according to claim 1, wherein the film is a blown film and the first polypropylene-based polymer has an MFR of from 0.3 to 10 g/10 min. 5. The polypropylene-based film according to claim 1, wherein the film comprises three layers characterized by two skin layers and one core layer. 6. The polypropylene-based film according to claim 1, wherein the film comprises four layers characterized by two skin layers and two core layers. 7. The polypropylene-based film according to claim 1, wherein the film comprises five layers characterized by two skin layers and three core layers. 8. The polypropylene-based film according to claim 1, further comprising at least one tie layer disposed between at least one skin layer and at least one core layer. 9. The polypropylene-based film according to claim 1, wherein the total skin thickness comprises from 4 to 40 percent of the total thickness of the film. 10. A method of making the polypropylene-based film according to claim 1, comprising:
selecting a first propylene-based polymer; selecting a second propylene-based polymer; blending the first and second propylene-based polymers to form a polymer blend; forming the polypropylene-based film wherein at least one layer comprises the blend, wherein the first propylene-based polymer comprises from 5 to 40 wt % units derived from ethylene and the second propylene-based polymer is selected from the group consisting of rPP, hPP and combinations thereof. 11. The method according to claim 10 wherein the film is formed by a co-extrusion method selected from the group consisting of cast extrusion, extrusion blowing and extrusion coating. 12. The method according to claim 10 wherein the film is formed by a lamination method selected from the group consisting of thermal, ultrasonic and adhesive lamination. 13. An article comprising the propylene-based film according to claim 1. 14. The article according to claim 13, wherein the article is selected from the group consisting of food packaging, household packaging, coated fabrics, elastic films and fibers. 15. The article according to claim 13, wherein the article is a hygiene film. | A polypropylene-based film comprising at least three layers characterized by two skin layers and at least one core layer, wherein the at least one core layer and/or at least one skin layer comprises a polymer blend of: (i) a first propylene-based polymer which comprises (A) at least 60 weight percent (wt %) units derived from propylene, and (B) from 5 to 40 wt % units derived from ethylene, and wherein the first propylene-based polymer is characterized by a melting temperature (Tm) of less than or equal to 110° C., and (ii) a second propylene-based polymer selected from the group consisting of rPP and hPP and characterized by certain mechanical and/or sealing properties is provided. Also provided is a method of making the polypropylene-based film.1. A polypropylene-based film comprising:
at least three layers characterized by two skin layers and at least one core layer,
wherein the at least one core layer comprises a polymer blend of:
(i) a first propylene-based polymer which comprises (A) at least 60 weight percent (wt %) units derived from propylene, and (B) from 5 to 20 wt % units derived from ethylene, and wherein the first propylene-based polymer is characterized by a melting temperature (Tm) of less than or equal to 110° C., and
(ii) a second propylene-based polymer selected from the group consisting of rPP and hPP, and
wherein the film exhibits at least one of the following characteristics:
(a) change in Elmendorf tear MD of equal to or greater than 100% over a three-layer film comprising solely polypropylene consisting essentially of rPP, hPP or combinations thereof;
(b) change in dart impact resistance of equal to or greater than 60% over a three-layer film comprising solely polypropylene consisting essentially of rPP, hPP or combinations thereof; (c) change in 2% secant modulus of equal to or greater than 15% over a three-layer film comprising solely polypropylene consisting essentially of rPP, hPP or combinations thereof; and (d) change in puncture resistance of equal to or greater than 40% over a three-layer film comprising solely polypropylene consisting essentially of rPP, hPP or combinations thereof. 2. A polypropylene-based film comprising:
at least three layers characterized by two skin layers and at least one core layer,
wherein at least one of the two skin layers comprises a polymer blend of:
(i) a first propylene-based polymer which comprises (A) at least 60 weight percent (wt %) units derived from propylene, and (B) from 5 to 40 wt % units derived from ethylene, and wherein the first propylene-based polymer is characterized by a Tm of less than or equal to 110° C.; and
(ii) a second propylene-based polymer; and
wherein the film exhibits at least one of the following characteristics:
(a) change in Elmendorf tear MD of equal to or greater than 100% over a three-layer film comprising solely polypropylene consisting essentially of rPP, hPP or combinations thereof;
(b) change in dart impact resistance of equal to or greater than 60% over a three-layer film comprising solely polypropylene consisting essentially of rPP, hPP or combinations thereof;
(c) change in 2% secant modulus of equal to or greater than 15% over a three-layer film comprising solely polypropylene consisting essentially of rPP, hPP or combinations thereof;
(d) change in puncture resistance of equal to or greater than 40% over a three-layer film comprising solely polypropylene consisting essentially of rPP, hPP or combinations thereof;
(e) reduction in heat seal initiation temperature of equal to or greater than 10° C. in comparison a three-layer film comprising solely polypropylene consisting essentially of rPP, hPP or combinations thereof; and
(f) reduction in hot tack initiation temperature of equal to or greater than 20° C. in comparison a three-layer film comprising solely polypropylene consisting essentially of rPP, hPP or combinations thereof. 3. The polypropylene-based film according to claim 1, wherein the film is an extrusion coating and the first polypropylene-based polymer has an MFR of from 8 to 40 g/10 min. 4. The polypropylene-based film according to claim 1, wherein the film is a blown film and the first polypropylene-based polymer has an MFR of from 0.3 to 10 g/10 min. 5. The polypropylene-based film according to claim 1, wherein the film comprises three layers characterized by two skin layers and one core layer. 6. The polypropylene-based film according to claim 1, wherein the film comprises four layers characterized by two skin layers and two core layers. 7. The polypropylene-based film according to claim 1, wherein the film comprises five layers characterized by two skin layers and three core layers. 8. The polypropylene-based film according to claim 1, further comprising at least one tie layer disposed between at least one skin layer and at least one core layer. 9. The polypropylene-based film according to claim 1, wherein the total skin thickness comprises from 4 to 40 percent of the total thickness of the film. 10. A method of making the polypropylene-based film according to claim 1, comprising:
selecting a first propylene-based polymer; selecting a second propylene-based polymer; blending the first and second propylene-based polymers to form a polymer blend; forming the polypropylene-based film wherein at least one layer comprises the blend, wherein the first propylene-based polymer comprises from 5 to 40 wt % units derived from ethylene and the second propylene-based polymer is selected from the group consisting of rPP, hPP and combinations thereof. 11. The method according to claim 10 wherein the film is formed by a co-extrusion method selected from the group consisting of cast extrusion, extrusion blowing and extrusion coating. 12. The method according to claim 10 wherein the film is formed by a lamination method selected from the group consisting of thermal, ultrasonic and adhesive lamination. 13. An article comprising the propylene-based film according to claim 1. 14. The article according to claim 13, wherein the article is selected from the group consisting of food packaging, household packaging, coated fabrics, elastic films and fibers. 15. The article according to claim 13, wherein the article is a hygiene film. | 1,700 |
3,745 | 16,061,961 | 1,791 | A coated food product is produced by combining a plurality of dry ingredients to form a dry mix and combining the dry mix with water to form a dough. A plurality of base pieces is formed from the dough. A slurry is prepared by combining at least sucrose, fruit purée and calcium carbonate. The slurry is combined with the plurality of base pieces to coat the plurality of base pieces and form a plurality of coated base pieces. After preparing the slurry and before combining the slurry with the plurality of base pieces, the slurry is stored or held for at least 30 minutes. | 1. A method of producing a coated food product, the method comprising:
combining a plurality of dry ingredients to form a dry mix; combining the dry mix with water to form a dough; forming a plurality of base pieces from the dough; preparing a slurry by combining at least sucrose, fruit purée and calcium carbonate; and combining the slurry with the plurality of base pieces to coat the plurality of base pieces and form a plurality of coated base pieces. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising, after preparing the slurry and before combining the slurry with the plurality of base pieces, storing or holding the slurry for at least 30 minutes. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising, after combining the sucrose, fruit purée and calcium carbonate, transferring the slurry to an enrober. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the slurry has a pH of approximately 6.0-7.0. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the slurry includes approximately 1.0-1.5% calcium carbonate. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the dry mix includes approximately 0.1-2.0% calcium carbonate. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the slurry includes approximately 8-20% fruit purée. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the fruit purée has a pH below approximately 4.0. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the slurry includes approximately 70-80% sucrose. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the dry mix includes greater than approximately 80% oat flour. 11. A coated food product comprising:
a plurality of base pieces formed from a dough; and a coating on the plurality of base pieces, the coating including sucrose, fruit purée and calcium carbonate. 12. The food product of claim 11, wherein the coating has a pH of approximately 6.0-7.0. 13. The food product of claim 11, wherein the coating includes approximately 1.0-1.5% calcium carbonate. 14. The food product of claim 13, wherein the dough includes calcium carbonate. 15. The food product of claim 14, wherein the dough is made using oat flour. 16. The food product of claim 11, wherein the coating includes approximately 8-20% fruit purée. 17. The food product of claim 16, wherein the fruit purée has a pH below approximately 4.0. 18. The food product of claim 16, wherein the coating includes approximately 70-80% sucrose. | A coated food product is produced by combining a plurality of dry ingredients to form a dry mix and combining the dry mix with water to form a dough. A plurality of base pieces is formed from the dough. A slurry is prepared by combining at least sucrose, fruit purée and calcium carbonate. The slurry is combined with the plurality of base pieces to coat the plurality of base pieces and form a plurality of coated base pieces. After preparing the slurry and before combining the slurry with the plurality of base pieces, the slurry is stored or held for at least 30 minutes.1. A method of producing a coated food product, the method comprising:
combining a plurality of dry ingredients to form a dry mix; combining the dry mix with water to form a dough; forming a plurality of base pieces from the dough; preparing a slurry by combining at least sucrose, fruit purée and calcium carbonate; and combining the slurry with the plurality of base pieces to coat the plurality of base pieces and form a plurality of coated base pieces. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising, after preparing the slurry and before combining the slurry with the plurality of base pieces, storing or holding the slurry for at least 30 minutes. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising, after combining the sucrose, fruit purée and calcium carbonate, transferring the slurry to an enrober. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the slurry has a pH of approximately 6.0-7.0. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the slurry includes approximately 1.0-1.5% calcium carbonate. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the dry mix includes approximately 0.1-2.0% calcium carbonate. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the slurry includes approximately 8-20% fruit purée. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the fruit purée has a pH below approximately 4.0. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the slurry includes approximately 70-80% sucrose. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the dry mix includes greater than approximately 80% oat flour. 11. A coated food product comprising:
a plurality of base pieces formed from a dough; and a coating on the plurality of base pieces, the coating including sucrose, fruit purée and calcium carbonate. 12. The food product of claim 11, wherein the coating has a pH of approximately 6.0-7.0. 13. The food product of claim 11, wherein the coating includes approximately 1.0-1.5% calcium carbonate. 14. The food product of claim 13, wherein the dough includes calcium carbonate. 15. The food product of claim 14, wherein the dough is made using oat flour. 16. The food product of claim 11, wherein the coating includes approximately 8-20% fruit purée. 17. The food product of claim 16, wherein the fruit purée has a pH below approximately 4.0. 18. The food product of claim 16, wherein the coating includes approximately 70-80% sucrose. | 1,700 |
3,746 | 14,807,383 | 1,791 | A filling device comprises a modified vacuum-tilling head that introduces a viscous filling, such as a gravy, into a loaf matrix in a retortable can so that the tilling remains enclosed by the set loaf matrix after retorting. The tilling can remain as a viscous gravy or can set as a gel, depending on the formulation of the filling. Preferably the viscous filling is distributed horizontally into the loaf matrix, for example through horizontally-facing apertures, during a pause in the descent of the can away from the filling device. The flow of the filling can be controlled by synchronized pneumatic valves. | 1. A method for making a canned food product comprising a first composition and a second composition, the method comprising:
dispensing the first composition into a can; dispensing the second composition into the first composition from a nozzle comprising apertures that are positioned in the first composition, the apertures horizontally-facing relative to the can; and removing the nozzle from within the can, and the first composition encloses the second composition. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the first composition is a meat emulsion. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the second composition is a gravy. 4. The method of claim 1 further comprising retorting the can in which the first composition encloses the second composition. 4. The method of claim 4 wherein the can is retorted at a temperature from about 121° C. to about 128° C. for a time period from about 25 to about 50 minutes. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the nozzle extends from a filling device, the first composition is dispensed into the can with the can in a first position, the second composition is dispensed into the can with the can in a second position, and the distance from the filling device to the can in the second position is greater than the distance from the filling device to the can in the first position. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the first position of the can forms a sealing engagement of the can with the filling device, and a vacuum in the can pulls the first composition into the can. 8. The method of claim 6 wherein the removing of the nozzle from within the can comprises moving the can from the second position to a third position in which the distance from the can to the filling device is greater than the distance from the filling device to the can in the second position. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the can is maintained in the second position during the dispensing of the second composition such that movement of the can from the first position to the third position is not continuous. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the first composition completely encloses the second composition. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the canned food product is formulated for a companion animal. 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the dispensing of the second composition into the first composition comprises directing the second composition into a vertical passage of the nozzle and dispensing the second composition through the apertures in a substantially perpendicular direction relative to the vertical passage. 13. An apparatus for making a canned food product comprising a first composition and a second composition, the apparatus comprising:
a filler head comprising a first channel connected to a first supply; and a nozzle extending from the filler head, comprising horizontally-facing apertures, and connected to a second channel connected to a second supply. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, comprising a lifting plate configured to move a can into a sealing engagement with the filler head. 15. The apparatus of claim 14, comprising a pump that creates a vacuum in the sealed can such that a first composition is pulled from the first supply through the first channel into the can. 16. The apparatus of claim 13, comprising a piston that directs a second composition through the second channel into the nozzle. 17. The apparatus of claim 13, comprising a control mechanism configured to control movement of a lifting plate configured to move a can into a sealing engagement with the filler head, control operation of a pump that creates a vacuum in the scaled can such that a first composition is pulled from the first supply through the first channel into the sealed can, and control operation of a piston that directs a second composition through the second channel into the nozzle. 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the control mechanism is configured to move the lifting plate away from the filling device after the pump pulls a predetermined amount of the first composition into the can. 19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the control mechanism is configured to perform a pause of the movement of the lifting plate away from the filling device and activate the piston during the pause. 20. A canned food product made by a method comprising:
dispensing a meat emulsion into a can; dispensing a gravy into the meat emulsion from a nozzle comprising apertures that are positioned in the meat emulsion, the apertures horizontally-facing relative to the can; and removing the nozzle from within the can, and the meat emulsion encloses the gravy to form the canned food product. | A filling device comprises a modified vacuum-tilling head that introduces a viscous filling, such as a gravy, into a loaf matrix in a retortable can so that the tilling remains enclosed by the set loaf matrix after retorting. The tilling can remain as a viscous gravy or can set as a gel, depending on the formulation of the filling. Preferably the viscous filling is distributed horizontally into the loaf matrix, for example through horizontally-facing apertures, during a pause in the descent of the can away from the filling device. The flow of the filling can be controlled by synchronized pneumatic valves.1. A method for making a canned food product comprising a first composition and a second composition, the method comprising:
dispensing the first composition into a can; dispensing the second composition into the first composition from a nozzle comprising apertures that are positioned in the first composition, the apertures horizontally-facing relative to the can; and removing the nozzle from within the can, and the first composition encloses the second composition. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the first composition is a meat emulsion. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the second composition is a gravy. 4. The method of claim 1 further comprising retorting the can in which the first composition encloses the second composition. 4. The method of claim 4 wherein the can is retorted at a temperature from about 121° C. to about 128° C. for a time period from about 25 to about 50 minutes. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the nozzle extends from a filling device, the first composition is dispensed into the can with the can in a first position, the second composition is dispensed into the can with the can in a second position, and the distance from the filling device to the can in the second position is greater than the distance from the filling device to the can in the first position. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the first position of the can forms a sealing engagement of the can with the filling device, and a vacuum in the can pulls the first composition into the can. 8. The method of claim 6 wherein the removing of the nozzle from within the can comprises moving the can from the second position to a third position in which the distance from the can to the filling device is greater than the distance from the filling device to the can in the second position. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the can is maintained in the second position during the dispensing of the second composition such that movement of the can from the first position to the third position is not continuous. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the first composition completely encloses the second composition. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the canned food product is formulated for a companion animal. 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the dispensing of the second composition into the first composition comprises directing the second composition into a vertical passage of the nozzle and dispensing the second composition through the apertures in a substantially perpendicular direction relative to the vertical passage. 13. An apparatus for making a canned food product comprising a first composition and a second composition, the apparatus comprising:
a filler head comprising a first channel connected to a first supply; and a nozzle extending from the filler head, comprising horizontally-facing apertures, and connected to a second channel connected to a second supply. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, comprising a lifting plate configured to move a can into a sealing engagement with the filler head. 15. The apparatus of claim 14, comprising a pump that creates a vacuum in the sealed can such that a first composition is pulled from the first supply through the first channel into the can. 16. The apparatus of claim 13, comprising a piston that directs a second composition through the second channel into the nozzle. 17. The apparatus of claim 13, comprising a control mechanism configured to control movement of a lifting plate configured to move a can into a sealing engagement with the filler head, control operation of a pump that creates a vacuum in the scaled can such that a first composition is pulled from the first supply through the first channel into the sealed can, and control operation of a piston that directs a second composition through the second channel into the nozzle. 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the control mechanism is configured to move the lifting plate away from the filling device after the pump pulls a predetermined amount of the first composition into the can. 19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the control mechanism is configured to perform a pause of the movement of the lifting plate away from the filling device and activate the piston during the pause. 20. A canned food product made by a method comprising:
dispensing a meat emulsion into a can; dispensing a gravy into the meat emulsion from a nozzle comprising apertures that are positioned in the meat emulsion, the apertures horizontally-facing relative to the can; and removing the nozzle from within the can, and the meat emulsion encloses the gravy to form the canned food product. | 1,700 |
3,747 | 15,626,267 | 1,787 | The present invention provides a coating composition comprising 1% to 99% of a blend of two or more aspartic ester functional amines, 20% to 70% of an acrylate-containing compound; and 10% to 70% of one or more polyisocyanates, wherein the coating composition is 100% solids and wherein the coating composition has a maximum viscosity of no more than 600 cps at one hour. The ready-to-apply coating produced from this composition has extended working times without exhibiting “zippering” and may find use on countertops and floors. | 1. A coating composition comprising:
1% to 99% of a blend of two or more aspartic ester functional amines; 1% to 99% of an acrylate-containing compound; and 10% to 70% of one or more polyisocyanates, wherein the coating composition is 100% solids and wherein the coating composition has a maximum viscosity of no more than 600 cps at one hour. 2. The coating composition according to claim 1 further including a photoinitiator. 3. The coating composition according to claim 2, wherein the photoinitiator is present in an amount of 0.1% to 5%. 4. The coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the acrylate-containing compound has a functionality of 2 or more. 5. The coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the acrylate-containing compound has a functionality of 3 or more. 6. The coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the coating composition has a maximum viscosity of no more than 100 cps at one hour. 7. The coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the acrylate-containing compound is selected from the group consisting of 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, pentaerythritol (EO)n tetraacrylate, isobornyl acrylate, tripropylene glycol diacrylate and trimethylolpropane triacrylate. 8. The coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the acrylate-containing compound is trimethylolpropane triacrylate. 9. The coating composition according to claim 2, wherein the photoinitiator is selected from the group consisting of acylphosphine oxide derivatives, α-aminoalkylphenone derivatives, hydroxyalkylphenones, benzophenones, benzil ketals, methylbenzoyl formate and phenylacetophenones. 10. The coating composition according to claim 2, wherein the photoinitiator is a 50/50 mixture of bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phenylphosphineoxide and 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-propan-1-one. 11. The coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the polyisocyanate is selected from the group consisting of tetramethylene diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, 2,3,3-trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate, 1,4-cyclohexylene diisocyanate, 4,4′-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate, 4,4′-dicyclohexyl diisocyanate, 1-diisocyanato-3,3,5-trimethyl-5-isocyanatomethylcyclohexane (isophorone diisocyanate), 1,4-phenylene diisocyanate, 2,6-tolylene diisocyanate, 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate, 1,5-naphthylene diisocyanate, 2,4- or 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, α,α,α′,α′-tetramethyl-m- or p-xylylene diisocyanate, and triphenylmethane 4,4′,4″-triisocyanate and mixtures thereof. 12. The coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the polyisocyanate is hexamethylene diisocyanate. 13. A substrate coated with the composition according to claim 1. 14. The substrate according to claim 13, wherein the substrate is selected from the group consisting of countertops and floors. 15. The substrate according to claim 13, wherein the coating composition is cured by exposure to actinic radiation. 16. A cured coating produced by exposing to actinic radiation a coating composition comprising 1% to 99% of a blend of two or more aspartic ester functional amines, 20% to 70% of an acrylate-containing compound and 20% to 70% of one or more polyisocyanates, wherein the coating composition is 100% solids and wherein the coating composition has a maximum viscosity of no more than 600 cps at one hour. 17. The cured coating according to claim 16, wherein the acrylate-containing compound is selected from the group consisting of 1,6 hexanediol diacrylate, pentaerythritol (EO)n tetraacrylate, isobornyl acrylate, tripropylene glycol diacrylate and trimethylolpropane triacrylate. 18. The cured coating according to claim 16, wherein the acrylate-containing compound is trimethylolpropane triacrylate. 19. The cured coating according to claim 16, wherein the polyisocyanate is selected from the group consisting of tetramethylene diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, 2,3,3-trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate, 1,4-cyclohexylene diisocyanate, 4,4′-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate, 4,4′-dicyclohexyl diisocyanate, 1-diisocyanato-3,3,5-trimethyl-5-isocyanatomethylcyclohexane (isophorone diisocyanate), 1,4-phenylene diisocyanate, 2,6-tolylene diisocyanate, 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate, 1,5-naphthylene diisocyanate, 2,4- or 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, α,α,α′,α′-tetramethyl-m- or -p-xylylene diisocyanate, and triphenylmethane 4,4′,4″-triisocyanate and mixtures thereof. 20. The cured coating according to claim 16, wherein the cured coating has no zipper lines. | The present invention provides a coating composition comprising 1% to 99% of a blend of two or more aspartic ester functional amines, 20% to 70% of an acrylate-containing compound; and 10% to 70% of one or more polyisocyanates, wherein the coating composition is 100% solids and wherein the coating composition has a maximum viscosity of no more than 600 cps at one hour. The ready-to-apply coating produced from this composition has extended working times without exhibiting “zippering” and may find use on countertops and floors.1. A coating composition comprising:
1% to 99% of a blend of two or more aspartic ester functional amines; 1% to 99% of an acrylate-containing compound; and 10% to 70% of one or more polyisocyanates, wherein the coating composition is 100% solids and wherein the coating composition has a maximum viscosity of no more than 600 cps at one hour. 2. The coating composition according to claim 1 further including a photoinitiator. 3. The coating composition according to claim 2, wherein the photoinitiator is present in an amount of 0.1% to 5%. 4. The coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the acrylate-containing compound has a functionality of 2 or more. 5. The coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the acrylate-containing compound has a functionality of 3 or more. 6. The coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the coating composition has a maximum viscosity of no more than 100 cps at one hour. 7. The coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the acrylate-containing compound is selected from the group consisting of 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, pentaerythritol (EO)n tetraacrylate, isobornyl acrylate, tripropylene glycol diacrylate and trimethylolpropane triacrylate. 8. The coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the acrylate-containing compound is trimethylolpropane triacrylate. 9. The coating composition according to claim 2, wherein the photoinitiator is selected from the group consisting of acylphosphine oxide derivatives, α-aminoalkylphenone derivatives, hydroxyalkylphenones, benzophenones, benzil ketals, methylbenzoyl formate and phenylacetophenones. 10. The coating composition according to claim 2, wherein the photoinitiator is a 50/50 mixture of bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phenylphosphineoxide and 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-propan-1-one. 11. The coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the polyisocyanate is selected from the group consisting of tetramethylene diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, 2,3,3-trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate, 1,4-cyclohexylene diisocyanate, 4,4′-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate, 4,4′-dicyclohexyl diisocyanate, 1-diisocyanato-3,3,5-trimethyl-5-isocyanatomethylcyclohexane (isophorone diisocyanate), 1,4-phenylene diisocyanate, 2,6-tolylene diisocyanate, 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate, 1,5-naphthylene diisocyanate, 2,4- or 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, α,α,α′,α′-tetramethyl-m- or p-xylylene diisocyanate, and triphenylmethane 4,4′,4″-triisocyanate and mixtures thereof. 12. The coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the polyisocyanate is hexamethylene diisocyanate. 13. A substrate coated with the composition according to claim 1. 14. The substrate according to claim 13, wherein the substrate is selected from the group consisting of countertops and floors. 15. The substrate according to claim 13, wherein the coating composition is cured by exposure to actinic radiation. 16. A cured coating produced by exposing to actinic radiation a coating composition comprising 1% to 99% of a blend of two or more aspartic ester functional amines, 20% to 70% of an acrylate-containing compound and 20% to 70% of one or more polyisocyanates, wherein the coating composition is 100% solids and wherein the coating composition has a maximum viscosity of no more than 600 cps at one hour. 17. The cured coating according to claim 16, wherein the acrylate-containing compound is selected from the group consisting of 1,6 hexanediol diacrylate, pentaerythritol (EO)n tetraacrylate, isobornyl acrylate, tripropylene glycol diacrylate and trimethylolpropane triacrylate. 18. The cured coating according to claim 16, wherein the acrylate-containing compound is trimethylolpropane triacrylate. 19. The cured coating according to claim 16, wherein the polyisocyanate is selected from the group consisting of tetramethylene diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, 2,3,3-trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate, 1,4-cyclohexylene diisocyanate, 4,4′-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate, 4,4′-dicyclohexyl diisocyanate, 1-diisocyanato-3,3,5-trimethyl-5-isocyanatomethylcyclohexane (isophorone diisocyanate), 1,4-phenylene diisocyanate, 2,6-tolylene diisocyanate, 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate, 1,5-naphthylene diisocyanate, 2,4- or 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, α,α,α′,α′-tetramethyl-m- or -p-xylylene diisocyanate, and triphenylmethane 4,4′,4″-triisocyanate and mixtures thereof. 20. The cured coating according to claim 16, wherein the cured coating has no zipper lines. | 1,700 |
3,748 | 14,780,569 | 1,782 | A composition comprises polyalkylene terephthalate and terpolymer of alkylene diol, isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid, and polyalkylene terephthalate reinforcing fiber. The composition may be used to form an article, alone or with other thermoplastic material, at lower processing temperature, with higher melt flowability. The article formed is characterized with lower warpage and improved mechanical properties. The article may be useful for automotive, electrical, household, construction, and industrial applications. A method of preparing such thermoplastic polyester is also disclosed. | 1. A composition comprising i) polyalkylene terephthalate, ii) (polyalkylene isophthalate)-co-(polyalkylene terephthalate), iii) polyalkylene terephthalate-reinforcing fiber, and iv) optionally, one or more additives, wherein the alkylenes in component i) is selected from the group consisting of methylene group, ethylene group, propylene group, butylene group and cyclohexene dimethylene group, and the alkylene in component ii) is selected from the group consisting of methylene, ethylene, propylene and butylene. 2. The composition of claim 1 wherein component i) is polybutylene terephthalate and/or polyethylene terephthalate. 3. The composition of claim 1 or 2 wherein component ii) is (polyethylene isophthalate)-co-(polyethylene terephthalate). 4. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein component iii) is glass fiber. 5. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the component i) and ii) form a copolymer. 6. The composition of any one of claim 1 or 5, wherein the additives are independently selected from the group consisting of lubricants, thermal antioxidant, nucleating agents, and pigments. 7. The composition of claim 6, wherein, independently, the lubricant, if present, is pentaerythritol tetrastearate; the thermal antioxidant, if present, is selected from the group consisting of pentaerythritoltetrakis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionate), tetrakis(methylene-3-(3′,5′-di-tert-butyl-4′-hydroxyphenyl)propionate) methane, octadecyl-3-(3′,5′-di-tert-butyl-4′-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, 1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)benzene, and 4,4′-(2,2-diphenylpropyl)-diphenylamine; the nucleating agent, if present, is selected from the group consisting of talc, kaolin, mica, sodium carbonate, calcium sulfate, and barium sulfate; and/or the pigment, if present, is carbon black. 8. A process to produce a composition of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the components i) to iii) and optionally iv), or precursor of any of the components thereof, are compounded under the condition that component i) and ii) can be melt processed. 9. The process of claim 8, wherein the components i) and ii) are reacted by transesterification to form a copolymer. 10. The use of the composition of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the composition is melt formed, optionally together with one or more additional thermoplastic material, to form shaped article. 11. The use of claim 10, wherein the melt formation is blow molding, injection molding or extrusion. 12. The use of claim 10 or 11, wherein the additional thermoplastic material is polyvinyl chloride. 13. The use of any one of claims 10 to 12, wherein the shaped article is tubing, window profile, connector, tank or other extruded profile parts. 14. A shaped article comprising the composition of any one of claims 1 to 7. 15. The shaped article of claim 14, further comprising one or more additional thermoplastic material. 16. The shaped article of claim 14 or 15, wherein the additional thermoplastic material is polyvinyl chloride. 17. The shaped article of any one of claims 14 to 16, wherein the shaped article is tubing, window profile, connector, tank or other extruded profile parts. 18. A process to modify a first thermoplastic material with a second thermoplastic material, wherein the second thermoplastic material is melt formed together with the first thermoplastic material, wherein the melting point of the modified first thermoplastic material is reduced. 19. The use of the modified first thermoplastic material produced by the process of claim 18, wherein the modified first thermoplastic material is melt formed, optionally together with an additional third thermoplastic material. | A composition comprises polyalkylene terephthalate and terpolymer of alkylene diol, isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid, and polyalkylene terephthalate reinforcing fiber. The composition may be used to form an article, alone or with other thermoplastic material, at lower processing temperature, with higher melt flowability. The article formed is characterized with lower warpage and improved mechanical properties. The article may be useful for automotive, electrical, household, construction, and industrial applications. A method of preparing such thermoplastic polyester is also disclosed.1. A composition comprising i) polyalkylene terephthalate, ii) (polyalkylene isophthalate)-co-(polyalkylene terephthalate), iii) polyalkylene terephthalate-reinforcing fiber, and iv) optionally, one or more additives, wherein the alkylenes in component i) is selected from the group consisting of methylene group, ethylene group, propylene group, butylene group and cyclohexene dimethylene group, and the alkylene in component ii) is selected from the group consisting of methylene, ethylene, propylene and butylene. 2. The composition of claim 1 wherein component i) is polybutylene terephthalate and/or polyethylene terephthalate. 3. The composition of claim 1 or 2 wherein component ii) is (polyethylene isophthalate)-co-(polyethylene terephthalate). 4. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein component iii) is glass fiber. 5. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the component i) and ii) form a copolymer. 6. The composition of any one of claim 1 or 5, wherein the additives are independently selected from the group consisting of lubricants, thermal antioxidant, nucleating agents, and pigments. 7. The composition of claim 6, wherein, independently, the lubricant, if present, is pentaerythritol tetrastearate; the thermal antioxidant, if present, is selected from the group consisting of pentaerythritoltetrakis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionate), tetrakis(methylene-3-(3′,5′-di-tert-butyl-4′-hydroxyphenyl)propionate) methane, octadecyl-3-(3′,5′-di-tert-butyl-4′-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, 1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)benzene, and 4,4′-(2,2-diphenylpropyl)-diphenylamine; the nucleating agent, if present, is selected from the group consisting of talc, kaolin, mica, sodium carbonate, calcium sulfate, and barium sulfate; and/or the pigment, if present, is carbon black. 8. A process to produce a composition of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the components i) to iii) and optionally iv), or precursor of any of the components thereof, are compounded under the condition that component i) and ii) can be melt processed. 9. The process of claim 8, wherein the components i) and ii) are reacted by transesterification to form a copolymer. 10. The use of the composition of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the composition is melt formed, optionally together with one or more additional thermoplastic material, to form shaped article. 11. The use of claim 10, wherein the melt formation is blow molding, injection molding or extrusion. 12. The use of claim 10 or 11, wherein the additional thermoplastic material is polyvinyl chloride. 13. The use of any one of claims 10 to 12, wherein the shaped article is tubing, window profile, connector, tank or other extruded profile parts. 14. A shaped article comprising the composition of any one of claims 1 to 7. 15. The shaped article of claim 14, further comprising one or more additional thermoplastic material. 16. The shaped article of claim 14 or 15, wherein the additional thermoplastic material is polyvinyl chloride. 17. The shaped article of any one of claims 14 to 16, wherein the shaped article is tubing, window profile, connector, tank or other extruded profile parts. 18. A process to modify a first thermoplastic material with a second thermoplastic material, wherein the second thermoplastic material is melt formed together with the first thermoplastic material, wherein the melting point of the modified first thermoplastic material is reduced. 19. The use of the modified first thermoplastic material produced by the process of claim 18, wherein the modified first thermoplastic material is melt formed, optionally together with an additional third thermoplastic material. | 1,700 |
3,749 | 14,376,777 | 1,783 | Provided is a multilayer porous suction sheet having an unprecedented structure to prevent contact between a suction object and a suction surface of a suction unit when the sheet is disposed on the suction surface. The porous suction sheet includes a base layer having air permeability and a surface layer disposed on the base layer. The surface layer is made of a porous body composed of resin fine particles that are bonded together, one principal surface of the surface layer opposite to the other principal surface facing the base layer has a surface roughness (Ra) of 1.0 μm or less, and the base layer and the surface layer are coupled together by an air-permeable adhesive layer disposed between the base layer and the surface layer. The base layer and/or the surface layer is made of, for example, ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). | 1. A porous suction sheet that prevents contact between a suction object and a suction surface of a suction unit when the sheet is disposed on the suction surface, the porous suction sheet comprising:
a base layer having air permeability; and a surface layer disposed on the base layer, wherein the surface layer is made of a porous body composed of resin fine particles that are bonded together, one principal surface of the surface layer opposite to the other principal surface facing the base layer has a surface roughness (Ra) of 1.0 μm or less, and the base layer and the surface layer are coupled together by an air-permeable adhesive layer disposed between the base layer and the surface layer. 2. The porous suction sheet according to claim 1, wherein the resin fine particles are ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene fine particles. 3. The porous suction sheet according to claim 1, wherein the base layer is made of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene. 4. The porous suction sheet according to claim 1, wherein a coupling strength between the base layer and the surface layer provided by the air-permeable adhesive layer is 0.5 N/25 mm or more and 5.0 N/25 mm or less. 5. The porous suction sheet according to claim 1, wherein
the base layer is made of a porous body, and an average pore diameter of the surface layer is smaller than that of the base layer. 6. The porous suction sheet according to claim 1, wherein a thickness of the surface layer is smaller than that of the base layer. 7. A replaceable surface layer used in a porous suction sheet, the porous suction sheet preventing contact between a suction object and a suction surface of a suction unit when the sheet is disposed on the suction surface, the surface layer being used to form the porous suction sheet by being coupled to a base layer having air permeability, and the surface layer serving as a surface of the formed porous suction sheet that contacts the suction object when the porous suction sheet is disposed on the suction surface, wherein
the surface layer is made of a porous body composed of resin fine particles that are bonded together, an air-permeable adhesive layer is disposed on one principal surface of the surface layer so as to couple the surface layer and the base layer together, and the other principal surface of the surface layer has a surface roughness (Ra) of 1.0 μm or less. | Provided is a multilayer porous suction sheet having an unprecedented structure to prevent contact between a suction object and a suction surface of a suction unit when the sheet is disposed on the suction surface. The porous suction sheet includes a base layer having air permeability and a surface layer disposed on the base layer. The surface layer is made of a porous body composed of resin fine particles that are bonded together, one principal surface of the surface layer opposite to the other principal surface facing the base layer has a surface roughness (Ra) of 1.0 μm or less, and the base layer and the surface layer are coupled together by an air-permeable adhesive layer disposed between the base layer and the surface layer. The base layer and/or the surface layer is made of, for example, ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE).1. A porous suction sheet that prevents contact between a suction object and a suction surface of a suction unit when the sheet is disposed on the suction surface, the porous suction sheet comprising:
a base layer having air permeability; and a surface layer disposed on the base layer, wherein the surface layer is made of a porous body composed of resin fine particles that are bonded together, one principal surface of the surface layer opposite to the other principal surface facing the base layer has a surface roughness (Ra) of 1.0 μm or less, and the base layer and the surface layer are coupled together by an air-permeable adhesive layer disposed between the base layer and the surface layer. 2. The porous suction sheet according to claim 1, wherein the resin fine particles are ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene fine particles. 3. The porous suction sheet according to claim 1, wherein the base layer is made of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene. 4. The porous suction sheet according to claim 1, wherein a coupling strength between the base layer and the surface layer provided by the air-permeable adhesive layer is 0.5 N/25 mm or more and 5.0 N/25 mm or less. 5. The porous suction sheet according to claim 1, wherein
the base layer is made of a porous body, and an average pore diameter of the surface layer is smaller than that of the base layer. 6. The porous suction sheet according to claim 1, wherein a thickness of the surface layer is smaller than that of the base layer. 7. A replaceable surface layer used in a porous suction sheet, the porous suction sheet preventing contact between a suction object and a suction surface of a suction unit when the sheet is disposed on the suction surface, the surface layer being used to form the porous suction sheet by being coupled to a base layer having air permeability, and the surface layer serving as a surface of the formed porous suction sheet that contacts the suction object when the porous suction sheet is disposed on the suction surface, wherein
the surface layer is made of a porous body composed of resin fine particles that are bonded together, an air-permeable adhesive layer is disposed on one principal surface of the surface layer so as to couple the surface layer and the base layer together, and the other principal surface of the surface layer has a surface roughness (Ra) of 1.0 μm or less. | 1,700 |
3,750 | 14,388,643 | 1,792 | A capsule for beverages includes a casing provided with a base wall and with a side wall defining a cavity that is suitable for containing an initial product to be combined with a fluid to obtain a final product in a dispensing machine into which the capsule is insertible; the casing includes a flange-shaped edge connected to the side wall and arranged for being clamped and compressed in a condition of use in the dispensing machine; the capsule includes a cover element that is fixed to the edge to seal hermetically the cavity and is made of yieldable and/or soft plastic material and such as to be deformed by and take on the shape of an abutting element of the dispensing machine when compressed, such as to sealingly engage the abutting element. | 1-25. (canceled) 26. A capsule for beverages comprising a casing provided with a base wall and with a side wall defining a cavity that is suitable for containing an initial product to be combined with a fluid to obtain a final product in a dispensing machine into which said capsule is insertible, said casing comprising a flange-shaped edge connected to said side wall and arranged for being clamped and compressed in a condition of use in said dispensing machine, said capsule comprising a cover element fixed to said edge to seal hermetically said cavity, wherein said cover element is made of yieldable material such as to be deformed by and take on the shape of an abutting element of said dispensing machine when compressed, in such a manner as to sealingly engage said abutting element. 27. The capsule according to claim 26, wherein said cover element is made of expanded plastic material, in particular one among expanded polyethylene, expanded polypropylene, expanded polystyrene, expanded polyvinyl chloride, expanded polyamide. 28. The capsule according to claim 26, wherein said cover element is made of foamed plastic material. 29. The capsule according to claim 26, wherein said cover element is made of elastomeric plastic material. 30. The capsule according to claim 26, wherein said cover element has a thickness comprised between 200 and 1000 μm, in particular between 300 and 800 μm. 31. The capsule according to claim 26, wherein said yieldable material of said cover element is a material that is suitable for contacting and/or containing said initial product. 32. The capsule according to claim 26, wherein said cover element is perforable by an injection arrangement or extraction arrangement of said dispensing machine. 33. The capsule according to claim 26, comprising a further cover element associated with said cover element and interposed between the latter and said edge in such a manner as to face said cavity, said further cover element being made of a material that is impermeable, in particular to oxygen and to humidity. 34. The capsule according to claim 26, wherein said casing is made by forming a sheet of thermoformable plastic material. 35. A method for making a capsule for beverages containing an initial product, comprising the steps of:
forming a sheet of thermoformable plastic material so as to make a casing provided with a base wall and with a side wall defining a cavity; filling said cavity with said initial product; fixing a cover element to an edge of said casing such as to seal hermetically said cavity, said cover element being made of yieldable material arranged for being deformed and accommodated on, when compressed, an abutting element of a dispensing machine into which said capsule is insertible. 36. A capsule for beverages comprising a casing provided with a base wall and with a side wall defining a cavity that is suitable for containing an initial product to be combined with a fluid to obtain a final product in a dispensing machine into which said capsule is insertible, said casing comprising a flange-shaped edge connected to the side wall and arranged for being clamped and compressed in a condition of use in said dispensing machine, wherein said casing is made with a sheet of thermoformable plastic material which comprises at least a first layer made of yieldable material and such as to be deformed by and take on the shape of an abutting element of said dispensing machine when compressed, in such a manner as to sealingly engage said abutting element. 37. The capsule according to claim 36, wherein said sheet of thermoformable plastic material comprises a second layer of material that is in particular suitable for contacting and/or preserving said initial product. 38. The capsule according to claim 36, wherein said first layer is made of expanded plastic material, in particular one among expanded polyethylene, expanded polypropylene, expanded polystyrene, expanded polyvinyl chloride, expanded polyamide. 39. The capsule according to claim 36, wherein said first layer is made of foamed plastic material. 40. The capsule according to claim 36, wherein said first layer is made of elastomeric material, in particular rubber or silicone. 41. The capsule according to claim 36, wherein said first layer made of yieldable material is a material suitable for contacting and/or preserving said initial product. 42. The capsule according to claim 36, wherein said first layer has a thickness comprised between 200 and 1000 μm, in particular comprised between 300 and 800 μm. 43. The capsule according to claim 37, wherein said first layer and said second layer are co-extruded to form said sheet of thermoformable plastic material. 44. The capsule according to claim 37, wherein said first layer and said second layer are separately extruded and subsequently coupled to form said sheet of thermoformable plastic material. 45. The capsule according to claim 37, wherein said second layer has a thickness comprised between 50 and 800 μm, in particular between 50 and 300 μm. 46. The capsule according to claim 37, wherein said sheet of thermoformable material comprises a third layer interposed between said first layer and said second layer, said third layer being made of a material that is impermeable, in particular to oxygen and to humidity. 47. The capsule according to claim 36, comprising a cover element fixed to an edge of said casing to seal hermetically said cavity, said cover element being perforable by an injection arrangement or extraction arrangement of said dispensing machine. 48. A method for making a capsule for beverages comprising thermoforming a sheet of thermoformable plastic material which comprises at least a first layer of yieldable material, so as to form a casing of said capsule provided with a base wall and with a side wall defining a cavity that is suitable for containing an initial product. 49. The method according to claim 48, comprising, before said thermoforming, making said sheet of thermoformable plastic material by coextruding said first layer and a second layer of plastic material which is suitable for contacting and/or preserving said initial product. 50. The method according to claim 48, comprising, before said thermoforming, making said sheet of thermoformable plastic material by separately extruding and subsequently coupling said first layer and a second layer of appropriate plastic material that is suitable for contacting and/or preserving said initial product. | A capsule for beverages includes a casing provided with a base wall and with a side wall defining a cavity that is suitable for containing an initial product to be combined with a fluid to obtain a final product in a dispensing machine into which the capsule is insertible; the casing includes a flange-shaped edge connected to the side wall and arranged for being clamped and compressed in a condition of use in the dispensing machine; the capsule includes a cover element that is fixed to the edge to seal hermetically the cavity and is made of yieldable and/or soft plastic material and such as to be deformed by and take on the shape of an abutting element of the dispensing machine when compressed, such as to sealingly engage the abutting element.1-25. (canceled) 26. A capsule for beverages comprising a casing provided with a base wall and with a side wall defining a cavity that is suitable for containing an initial product to be combined with a fluid to obtain a final product in a dispensing machine into which said capsule is insertible, said casing comprising a flange-shaped edge connected to said side wall and arranged for being clamped and compressed in a condition of use in said dispensing machine, said capsule comprising a cover element fixed to said edge to seal hermetically said cavity, wherein said cover element is made of yieldable material such as to be deformed by and take on the shape of an abutting element of said dispensing machine when compressed, in such a manner as to sealingly engage said abutting element. 27. The capsule according to claim 26, wherein said cover element is made of expanded plastic material, in particular one among expanded polyethylene, expanded polypropylene, expanded polystyrene, expanded polyvinyl chloride, expanded polyamide. 28. The capsule according to claim 26, wherein said cover element is made of foamed plastic material. 29. The capsule according to claim 26, wherein said cover element is made of elastomeric plastic material. 30. The capsule according to claim 26, wherein said cover element has a thickness comprised between 200 and 1000 μm, in particular between 300 and 800 μm. 31. The capsule according to claim 26, wherein said yieldable material of said cover element is a material that is suitable for contacting and/or containing said initial product. 32. The capsule according to claim 26, wherein said cover element is perforable by an injection arrangement or extraction arrangement of said dispensing machine. 33. The capsule according to claim 26, comprising a further cover element associated with said cover element and interposed between the latter and said edge in such a manner as to face said cavity, said further cover element being made of a material that is impermeable, in particular to oxygen and to humidity. 34. The capsule according to claim 26, wherein said casing is made by forming a sheet of thermoformable plastic material. 35. A method for making a capsule for beverages containing an initial product, comprising the steps of:
forming a sheet of thermoformable plastic material so as to make a casing provided with a base wall and with a side wall defining a cavity; filling said cavity with said initial product; fixing a cover element to an edge of said casing such as to seal hermetically said cavity, said cover element being made of yieldable material arranged for being deformed and accommodated on, when compressed, an abutting element of a dispensing machine into which said capsule is insertible. 36. A capsule for beverages comprising a casing provided with a base wall and with a side wall defining a cavity that is suitable for containing an initial product to be combined with a fluid to obtain a final product in a dispensing machine into which said capsule is insertible, said casing comprising a flange-shaped edge connected to the side wall and arranged for being clamped and compressed in a condition of use in said dispensing machine, wherein said casing is made with a sheet of thermoformable plastic material which comprises at least a first layer made of yieldable material and such as to be deformed by and take on the shape of an abutting element of said dispensing machine when compressed, in such a manner as to sealingly engage said abutting element. 37. The capsule according to claim 36, wherein said sheet of thermoformable plastic material comprises a second layer of material that is in particular suitable for contacting and/or preserving said initial product. 38. The capsule according to claim 36, wherein said first layer is made of expanded plastic material, in particular one among expanded polyethylene, expanded polypropylene, expanded polystyrene, expanded polyvinyl chloride, expanded polyamide. 39. The capsule according to claim 36, wherein said first layer is made of foamed plastic material. 40. The capsule according to claim 36, wherein said first layer is made of elastomeric material, in particular rubber or silicone. 41. The capsule according to claim 36, wherein said first layer made of yieldable material is a material suitable for contacting and/or preserving said initial product. 42. The capsule according to claim 36, wherein said first layer has a thickness comprised between 200 and 1000 μm, in particular comprised between 300 and 800 μm. 43. The capsule according to claim 37, wherein said first layer and said second layer are co-extruded to form said sheet of thermoformable plastic material. 44. The capsule according to claim 37, wherein said first layer and said second layer are separately extruded and subsequently coupled to form said sheet of thermoformable plastic material. 45. The capsule according to claim 37, wherein said second layer has a thickness comprised between 50 and 800 μm, in particular between 50 and 300 μm. 46. The capsule according to claim 37, wherein said sheet of thermoformable material comprises a third layer interposed between said first layer and said second layer, said third layer being made of a material that is impermeable, in particular to oxygen and to humidity. 47. The capsule according to claim 36, comprising a cover element fixed to an edge of said casing to seal hermetically said cavity, said cover element being perforable by an injection arrangement or extraction arrangement of said dispensing machine. 48. A method for making a capsule for beverages comprising thermoforming a sheet of thermoformable plastic material which comprises at least a first layer of yieldable material, so as to form a casing of said capsule provided with a base wall and with a side wall defining a cavity that is suitable for containing an initial product. 49. The method according to claim 48, comprising, before said thermoforming, making said sheet of thermoformable plastic material by coextruding said first layer and a second layer of plastic material which is suitable for contacting and/or preserving said initial product. 50. The method according to claim 48, comprising, before said thermoforming, making said sheet of thermoformable plastic material by separately extruding and subsequently coupling said first layer and a second layer of appropriate plastic material that is suitable for contacting and/or preserving said initial product. | 1,700 |
3,751 | 13,945,202 | 1,774 | In one nonlimiting example, an automated system is provided for separating one or more components in a biological fluid, wherein the system comprises: (a) a centrifuge comprising one or more bucket configured to receive a container to effect said separating of one or more components in a fluid sample; and (b) the container, wherein the container includes one or more shaped feature that is complementary to a shaped feature of the bucket. | 1-52. (canceled) 1. A compact high speed centrifuge for use with sample containers, the centrifuge comprising:
a first portion comprising a thermally insulating material; a second portion comprising a thermally conductive material; wherein containers are arranged such that the containers are located in areas with the thermally insulating material; wherein the thermally conductive material is configured to channel heat in a direction leading away from the containers. 2. A compact high speed centrifuge for use with sample containers, the centrifuge comprising:
a centrifuge body; a drive mechanism for rotating said centrifuge body; an active cooling unit for minimizing heat transfer to the sample; wherein containers are arranged such that the containers are located in areas with reduced thermal exposure; said active cooling unit configured to cool the drive mechanism; wherein stator is located coaxially within a rotor of a motor in the drive mechanism. 3. A compact high speed centrifuge for use with sample containers, the centrifuge comprising:
a centrifuge body; a drive mechanism for rotating said centrifuge body; and a position detector for use in determining rotational position of the centrifuge body. 4-16. (canceled) | In one nonlimiting example, an automated system is provided for separating one or more components in a biological fluid, wherein the system comprises: (a) a centrifuge comprising one or more bucket configured to receive a container to effect said separating of one or more components in a fluid sample; and (b) the container, wherein the container includes one or more shaped feature that is complementary to a shaped feature of the bucket.1-52. (canceled) 1. A compact high speed centrifuge for use with sample containers, the centrifuge comprising:
a first portion comprising a thermally insulating material; a second portion comprising a thermally conductive material; wherein containers are arranged such that the containers are located in areas with the thermally insulating material; wherein the thermally conductive material is configured to channel heat in a direction leading away from the containers. 2. A compact high speed centrifuge for use with sample containers, the centrifuge comprising:
a centrifuge body; a drive mechanism for rotating said centrifuge body; an active cooling unit for minimizing heat transfer to the sample; wherein containers are arranged such that the containers are located in areas with reduced thermal exposure; said active cooling unit configured to cool the drive mechanism; wherein stator is located coaxially within a rotor of a motor in the drive mechanism. 3. A compact high speed centrifuge for use with sample containers, the centrifuge comprising:
a centrifuge body; a drive mechanism for rotating said centrifuge body; and a position detector for use in determining rotational position of the centrifuge body. 4-16. (canceled) | 1,700 |
3,752 | 14,598,625 | 1,774 | In one nonlimiting example, an automated system is provided for separating one or more components in a biological fluid, wherein the system comprises: (a) a centrifuge comprising one or more bucket configured to receive a container to effect said separating of one or more components in a fluid sample; and (b) the container, wherein the container includes one or more shaped feature that is complementary to a shaped feature of the bucket. | 1-33. (canceled) 34. A compact high speed centrifuge for use with low volume sample containers, the centrifuge comprising:
a centrifuge rotor; a motor for rotating said centrifuge rotor; and a detector integrated with the motor and configured to determine at least a rotational position of a rotating portion of the motor, wherein the detector uses at least two different types of encoder information to determine said rotational position. 35. The centrifuge as in claim 34 wherein the detector uses at least an optical encoder technique and a Hall-effect technique to determine rotational position. 36. The centrifuge as in claim 34 wherein the detector uses at least an optical encoder technique and a Hall-effect technique to determine at least rotational position and rotational velocity. 37. The centrifuge as in claim 34 wherein the detector has a first surface directed towards detecting one type of encoder information and a second surface directed towards detecting another type of encoder information. 38. The centrifuge as in claim 37 wherein the first surface and the second surface are oriented in different directions. 39. The centrifuge as in claim 37 wherein the first surface and the second surface are oriented in the same direction. 40. The centrifuge as in claim 34 comprising a plurality of detectors for determining rotational position. 41. The centrifuge as in claim 34 further comprising a first encoder disc providing a first type of encoder information and a second encoder disc providing a second type of encoder information. 42. The centrifuge as in claim 34 further comprising a first encoder disc providing optical encoder information and a second encoder disc providing magnetic encoder information. Preliminary Amendment 43. The centrifuge as in claim 41 further comprising an encoder disc providing the first type of encoder information and the second type of encoder information. 44. The centrifuge as in claim 34 further comprising an encoder disc providing both optical encoder information and magnetic encoder information. 45. A method comprising:
providing a motor; integrating a first type of encoder into the motor; integrating a second type of encoder into the motor; determining rotational position of a rotating portion of the motor using the first type of encoder; and determining rotational velocity of the rotating portion of the motor using the second type of encoder. 46. The method as in claim 45 wherein the first type of encoder provides optical encoder information. 47. The method as in claim 45 wherein the first type of encoder provides magnetic encoder information. 48. The method as in claim 45 wherein the first type of encoder provides Hall-effect encoder information. 49. The method as in claim 45 the first type of encoder and the second type of encoder provide different types of encoder information. 50. A system comprising:
a centrifuge comprising:
a centrifuge body;
at least one sample vessel holder coupled to the centrifuge body;
a drive mechanism for rotating said centrifuge body; and
a position detector for use in determining rotational position of the centrifuge body;
a fluid handling system configured to provide overhead access to the centrifuge and movable X-Y and Z directions; and a programmable processor configured to align a pipette head of the fluid handling system with a holder. 51. The system of claim 50 wherein the programmable processed has programming to rotate the centrifuge body to an appropriate position so that at least one vessel can be unloaded from a known position of the centrifuge body. 52. The system of claim 50 wherein the programmable processor has programming configured to use a pipette feature to engage the centrifuge body to rotate the centrifuge body until it is moved rotationally to a desired orientation. | In one nonlimiting example, an automated system is provided for separating one or more components in a biological fluid, wherein the system comprises: (a) a centrifuge comprising one or more bucket configured to receive a container to effect said separating of one or more components in a fluid sample; and (b) the container, wherein the container includes one or more shaped feature that is complementary to a shaped feature of the bucket.1-33. (canceled) 34. A compact high speed centrifuge for use with low volume sample containers, the centrifuge comprising:
a centrifuge rotor; a motor for rotating said centrifuge rotor; and a detector integrated with the motor and configured to determine at least a rotational position of a rotating portion of the motor, wherein the detector uses at least two different types of encoder information to determine said rotational position. 35. The centrifuge as in claim 34 wherein the detector uses at least an optical encoder technique and a Hall-effect technique to determine rotational position. 36. The centrifuge as in claim 34 wherein the detector uses at least an optical encoder technique and a Hall-effect technique to determine at least rotational position and rotational velocity. 37. The centrifuge as in claim 34 wherein the detector has a first surface directed towards detecting one type of encoder information and a second surface directed towards detecting another type of encoder information. 38. The centrifuge as in claim 37 wherein the first surface and the second surface are oriented in different directions. 39. The centrifuge as in claim 37 wherein the first surface and the second surface are oriented in the same direction. 40. The centrifuge as in claim 34 comprising a plurality of detectors for determining rotational position. 41. The centrifuge as in claim 34 further comprising a first encoder disc providing a first type of encoder information and a second encoder disc providing a second type of encoder information. 42. The centrifuge as in claim 34 further comprising a first encoder disc providing optical encoder information and a second encoder disc providing magnetic encoder information. Preliminary Amendment 43. The centrifuge as in claim 41 further comprising an encoder disc providing the first type of encoder information and the second type of encoder information. 44. The centrifuge as in claim 34 further comprising an encoder disc providing both optical encoder information and magnetic encoder information. 45. A method comprising:
providing a motor; integrating a first type of encoder into the motor; integrating a second type of encoder into the motor; determining rotational position of a rotating portion of the motor using the first type of encoder; and determining rotational velocity of the rotating portion of the motor using the second type of encoder. 46. The method as in claim 45 wherein the first type of encoder provides optical encoder information. 47. The method as in claim 45 wherein the first type of encoder provides magnetic encoder information. 48. The method as in claim 45 wherein the first type of encoder provides Hall-effect encoder information. 49. The method as in claim 45 the first type of encoder and the second type of encoder provide different types of encoder information. 50. A system comprising:
a centrifuge comprising:
a centrifuge body;
at least one sample vessel holder coupled to the centrifuge body;
a drive mechanism for rotating said centrifuge body; and
a position detector for use in determining rotational position of the centrifuge body;
a fluid handling system configured to provide overhead access to the centrifuge and movable X-Y and Z directions; and a programmable processor configured to align a pipette head of the fluid handling system with a holder. 51. The system of claim 50 wherein the programmable processed has programming to rotate the centrifuge body to an appropriate position so that at least one vessel can be unloaded from a known position of the centrifuge body. 52. The system of claim 50 wherein the programmable processor has programming configured to use a pipette feature to engage the centrifuge body to rotate the centrifuge body until it is moved rotationally to a desired orientation. | 1,700 |
3,753 | 14,814,485 | 1,729 | A positive electrode according to an embodiment includes a positive electrode current collector, a positive electrode mixture layer disposed on the current collector, and an intermediate layer disposed between the positive electrode current collector and the positive electrode mixture layer. The intermediate layer includes particles, the particles are mainly composed of a material having a thermal conductivity of 100 W/m·K or more and a specific resistance of 10 3 Ω·m or more, and the particles have a Vickers hardness of 5 GPa or more. | 1. A positive electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, comprising:
a positive electrode current collector; a positive electrode mixture layer disposed on the current collector; and an intermediate layer disposed between the positive electrode current collector and the positive electrode mixture layer, wherein the intermediate layer includes particles, the particles are mainly composed of a material having a thermal conductivity of 100 W/m·K or more and a specific resistance of 103 Ω·m or more, and the particles have a Vickers hardness of 5 GPa or more. 2. The positive electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the particles have an average particle diameter of 0.1 to 10 μm. 3. The positive electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the particles are at least one selected from the group consisting of diamond particles, aluminum nitride particles, and silicon carbide particles. 4. The positive electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the intermediate layer contains the particles in an amount of 70% to 95% by weight based on the total weight of the intermediate layer. 5. The positive electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the positive electrode mixture layer includes a positive electrode active material in an amount of 2.7 g/cm3 or more. 6. A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprising:
a positive electrode; a negative electrode; and a nonaqueous electrolyte, wherein the positive electrode includes: a positive electrode current collector; a positive electrode mixture layer disposed on the current collector; and an intermediate layer disposed between the positive electrode current collector and the positive electrode mixture layer, the intermediate layer includes particles, the particles are mainly composed of a material having a thermal conductivity of 100 W/m·K or more and a specific resistance of 103 Ω·m or more, and the particles have a Vickers hardness of 5 GPa or more. | A positive electrode according to an embodiment includes a positive electrode current collector, a positive electrode mixture layer disposed on the current collector, and an intermediate layer disposed between the positive electrode current collector and the positive electrode mixture layer. The intermediate layer includes particles, the particles are mainly composed of a material having a thermal conductivity of 100 W/m·K or more and a specific resistance of 10 3 Ω·m or more, and the particles have a Vickers hardness of 5 GPa or more.1. A positive electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, comprising:
a positive electrode current collector; a positive electrode mixture layer disposed on the current collector; and an intermediate layer disposed between the positive electrode current collector and the positive electrode mixture layer, wherein the intermediate layer includes particles, the particles are mainly composed of a material having a thermal conductivity of 100 W/m·K or more and a specific resistance of 103 Ω·m or more, and the particles have a Vickers hardness of 5 GPa or more. 2. The positive electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the particles have an average particle diameter of 0.1 to 10 μm. 3. The positive electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the particles are at least one selected from the group consisting of diamond particles, aluminum nitride particles, and silicon carbide particles. 4. The positive electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the intermediate layer contains the particles in an amount of 70% to 95% by weight based on the total weight of the intermediate layer. 5. The positive electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the positive electrode mixture layer includes a positive electrode active material in an amount of 2.7 g/cm3 or more. 6. A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprising:
a positive electrode; a negative electrode; and a nonaqueous electrolyte, wherein the positive electrode includes: a positive electrode current collector; a positive electrode mixture layer disposed on the current collector; and an intermediate layer disposed between the positive electrode current collector and the positive electrode mixture layer, the intermediate layer includes particles, the particles are mainly composed of a material having a thermal conductivity of 100 W/m·K or more and a specific resistance of 103 Ω·m or more, and the particles have a Vickers hardness of 5 GPa or more. | 1,700 |
3,754 | 14,571,394 | 1,761 | Textiles are hygienically cleaned by subjecting them to a low-temperature wash, generally less than 140°, and typically about 100° F. Once cleaned, they are subjected to a low temperature bleaching step at a pH of generally around 9 or less. The bleaching step is again conducted a low temperature, such as 140°, 100° F. Treated textiles can then be rinsed and treated to any typical post-washing operations. By conducting the washing and the bleaching at low temperatures, energy is saved. Further, maintaining the low temperature and low pH for the bleaching solution achieves better disinfection and, at the same time, minimizes damage to the textile. | 1. A method of laundering and bleaching textiles comprising:
washing said textiles at a temperature less than or equal to 140° F. in an alkaline detergent; bleaching said textile in a chlorine bleach solution at a temperature less than 140° F.; and wherein said chlorine bleach solution has a pH less than 9.5. 2. The method claimed in claim 1 wherein said textiles are washed at a temperature of from 85 to 140° F. 3. The method claimed in claim 2 wherein said textiles are washed at a temperature of 95 to 120° F. 4. The method claimed in claim 1 wherein said textiles are bleached a temperature of 85 to 140° F. 5. The method claimed in claim 4 wherein said textiles are bleached a temperature of 95 to 120° F. 6. The method claimed in claim 1 where in a buffer is added to said chlorine bleach solution to establish a pH, said pH less than 9.5. 7. The method claim and claim 1 wherein an acid is added to said chlorine bleach solution to lower said pH to less than 9.5. 8. The method claimed in claim 1 wherein said pH is from 7 to 9.5. 9. The method claimed in claim 8 wherein said pH is from 7-8. 10. The method claimed in claim 9 wherein said pH is from 7 to 7.5. 11. The method claimed in claim 1 wherein said chlorine bleach solution is a hypochlorite solution. 12. The method claimed in claim 11 wherein said hypochlorite is sodium hypochlorite. 13. The method claimed in claim 1 wherein said chlorine bleach solution has a concentration of 25 to 500 ppm. 14. A method of bleaching textiles comprising contacting said textiles with a chlorine bleach solution at a temperature less than 140° F. and a pH less than or equal to 9.5, for a time effective to bleach said textile. 15. The method claimed in claim 14 wherein said temperature is from 100-120° F. and said pH is from 7 to 9. 16. The method claimed in claim 14 wherein said time is from 4 to 30 minutes. 17. The method claimed in claim 14 wherein said textile is linen. | Textiles are hygienically cleaned by subjecting them to a low-temperature wash, generally less than 140°, and typically about 100° F. Once cleaned, they are subjected to a low temperature bleaching step at a pH of generally around 9 or less. The bleaching step is again conducted a low temperature, such as 140°, 100° F. Treated textiles can then be rinsed and treated to any typical post-washing operations. By conducting the washing and the bleaching at low temperatures, energy is saved. Further, maintaining the low temperature and low pH for the bleaching solution achieves better disinfection and, at the same time, minimizes damage to the textile.1. A method of laundering and bleaching textiles comprising:
washing said textiles at a temperature less than or equal to 140° F. in an alkaline detergent; bleaching said textile in a chlorine bleach solution at a temperature less than 140° F.; and wherein said chlorine bleach solution has a pH less than 9.5. 2. The method claimed in claim 1 wherein said textiles are washed at a temperature of from 85 to 140° F. 3. The method claimed in claim 2 wherein said textiles are washed at a temperature of 95 to 120° F. 4. The method claimed in claim 1 wherein said textiles are bleached a temperature of 85 to 140° F. 5. The method claimed in claim 4 wherein said textiles are bleached a temperature of 95 to 120° F. 6. The method claimed in claim 1 where in a buffer is added to said chlorine bleach solution to establish a pH, said pH less than 9.5. 7. The method claim and claim 1 wherein an acid is added to said chlorine bleach solution to lower said pH to less than 9.5. 8. The method claimed in claim 1 wherein said pH is from 7 to 9.5. 9. The method claimed in claim 8 wherein said pH is from 7-8. 10. The method claimed in claim 9 wherein said pH is from 7 to 7.5. 11. The method claimed in claim 1 wherein said chlorine bleach solution is a hypochlorite solution. 12. The method claimed in claim 11 wherein said hypochlorite is sodium hypochlorite. 13. The method claimed in claim 1 wherein said chlorine bleach solution has a concentration of 25 to 500 ppm. 14. A method of bleaching textiles comprising contacting said textiles with a chlorine bleach solution at a temperature less than 140° F. and a pH less than or equal to 9.5, for a time effective to bleach said textile. 15. The method claimed in claim 14 wherein said temperature is from 100-120° F. and said pH is from 7 to 9. 16. The method claimed in claim 14 wherein said time is from 4 to 30 minutes. 17. The method claimed in claim 14 wherein said textile is linen. | 1,700 |
3,755 | 13,639,328 | 1,777 | Novel chromatographic materials for chromatographic separations, columns, kits, and methods for preparation and separations with a superficially porous material comprising a substantially nonporous core and one or more layers of a porous shell material surrounding the core. The material of the invention is comprised of superficially porous particles and a narrow particle size distrution. The material of the invention is comprised of a superficially porous monolith, the substantially nonporous core material is silica; silica coated with an inorganic/organic hybrid surrounding material; a magnetic core material; a magnetic core material coated with silica; a high thermal conductivity core material; a high thermal conductivity core material coated with silica; a composite material; an inorganic/organic hybrid surrounding material; a composite material coated with silica; a magnetic core material coated with an inorganic/organic hybrid surrounding material; or a high thermal conductivity core material coated with an inorganic/organic hybrid surrounding material. | 1. A superficially porous material comprising a substantially nonporous core material and one or more layers of a porous shell material surrounding the core. 2. The superficially porous material of claim 1, wherein the material is comprised of superficially porous particles. 3. The superficially porous material of claim 1, wherein the material is a superficially porous monolith. 4. The superficially porous material of claim 2, wherein the material has a substantially narrow particle size distribution. 5. The superficially porous material of claim 2, wherein the core has a substantially narrow particle size distribution. 6. The superficially porous material of claim 2, wherein the 90/10 ratio of particle sizes is from 1.00-1.55, from 1.00-1.10, from 1.00-1.10, from 1.10-1.55, from 1.10-1.50 or from 1.30-1.45. 7-11. (canceled) 12. The superficially porous material of claim 1, wherein the material has chromatographically enhancing pore geometry. 13. The superficially porous material of claim 12, wherein the material has a small population of micropores. 14. The superficially porous material of claim 1, wherein the substantially nonporous core material is silica, silica coated with an inorganic/organic hybrid surrounding material, a magnetic core material, a magnetic core material coated with silica, a high thermal conductivity core material, a high thermal conductivity core material coated with silica, a composite material, a composite material coated with an inorganic/organic hybrid surrounding material, a composite material coated with silica, a magnetic core material coated with an inorganic/organic hybrid surrounding material or a high thermal conductivity core material coated with an inorganic/organic hybrid surrounding material. 15-24. (canceled) 25. The superficially porous material of claim 14, wherein the substantially nonporous core material is a composite material that comprises a magnetic additive material, a high thermal additive or a combination thereof. 26. The superficially porous material of claim 1 wherein the porous shell material is a porous silica, a porous composite material or a porous inorganic/organic hybrid material. 27. (canceled) 28. (canceled) 29. The superficially porous material of claim 1 comprising more than one layer of porous shell material wherein each layer is independently selected from a porous inorganic/organic hybrid material, a porous silica, a porous composite material or mixtures thereof. 30. The superficially porous material of claim 1, wherein; the substantially nonporous core is a composite material and the porous shell material is a porous silica; the substantially nonporous core is a composite material and the porous shell material is a porous inorganic/organic hybrid material; the substantially nonporous core is a composite material and the porous shell material is a composite material; the substantially nonporous core is silica and the porous shell material is a porous composite material; the substantially nonporous core is a silica and the porous shell material is a porous inorganic/organic hybrid material; the substantially nonporous core is a magnetic core material and the porous shell material is a porous silica; the substantially nonporous core is a magnetic core material and the porous shell material is a porous inorganic/organic hybrid material; the substantially nonporous core is a magnetic core material and the porous shell material is a composite material; the substantially nonporous core is a high thermal conductivity core material and the porous shell material is a porous silica; the substantially nonporous core is a high thermal conductivity core material and the porous shell material is a porous inorganic/organic hybrid material; or the substantially nonporous core is a high thermal conductivity core material and the porous shell material is a composite material. 31-40. (canceled) 41. The superficially porous material of claim 1, wherein:
the porous inorganic/organic hybrid material has the formula:
(SiO2)d/[R2((R)p(R1)qSiOt)m] (I)
wherein,
R and R1 are each independently C1-C18 alkoxy, C1-C18 alkyl, C1-C18 alkyl, C2-C18 alkenyl, C2-C18 alkynyl, C3-C18 cycloalkyl, C1-C18 heterocycloalkyl, C5-C18 aryl, C5-C18 aryloxy, or C1-C18 heteroaryl;
R2 is C1-C18 alkyl, C2-C18 alkenyl, C2-C18 alkynyl, C3-C18 cycloalkyl, C1-C18 heterocycloalkyl, C5-C18 aryl, C1-C18 heteroaryl; or absent; wherein each R2 is attached to two or more silicon atoms;
p and q are each independently 0.0 to 3.0,
t is 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5;
d is 0 to about 30;
m is an integer from 1-20; wherein R, R1 and R2 are optionally substituted; provided that: (1) when R2 is absent, m=1 and
t
=
(
4
-
(
p
+
q
)
)
2
,
when 0<p+q≦3; and
(2) when R2 is present, m=2-20 and
t
=
(
3
-
(
p
+
q
)
)
2
,
when p+q≦2;
the porous inorganic/organic hybrid material has the formula:
(SiO2)d/[(R)p(R1)gSiOt] (II)
wherein,
R and R1 are each independently C1-C18 alkoxy, C1-C18 alkyl, C1-C18 alkyl, C2-C18 alkenyl, C2-C18 alkynyl, C3-C18 cycloalkyl, C1-C18 heterocycloalkyl, C5-C18 aryl, C5-C18 aryloxy, or C1-C18 heteroaryl;
d is 0 to about 30;
p and q are each independently 0.0 to 3.0, provided that when p+q=1 then t=1.5;
when p+q=2 then t=1; or when p+q=3 then t=0.5;
the porous inorganic/organic hybrid material has the formula:
(SiO2)d/[R2((R1)rSiOt)m] (III)
wherein,
R1 is C1-C18 alkoxy, C1-C18 alkyl, C1-C18 alkyl, C2-C18 alkenyl, C2-C18 alkynyl, C3-C18 cycloalkyl, C1-C18 heterocycloalkyl, C5-C18 aryl, C5-C18 aryloxy, or C1-C18 heteroaryl;
R2 is C1-C18 alkyl, C2-C18 alkenyl, C2-C18 alkynyl, C3-C18 cycloalkyl, C1-C18 heterocycloalkyl, C5-C18 aryl, C1-C18 heteroaryl; or absent; wherein each R2 is attached to two or more silicon atoms;
d is 0 to about 30;
r is 0, 1 or 2, provided that when r=0 then t=1.5; when r=1 then t=1; or when r=2, then t=0.5; and
m is an integer from 1-20;
the porous inorganic/organic hybrid material has the formula:
(A)x(B)y(C)z (IV)
wherein the order of repeat units A, B, and C may be random, block, or a combination of random and block; A is an organic repeat unit which is covalently bonded to one or more repeat units A or B via an organic bond; B is an organosiloxane repeat unit which is bonded to one or more repeat units B or C via an inorganic siloxane bond and which may be further bonded to one or more repeat units A or B via an organic bond; C is an inorganic repeat unit which is bonded to one or more repeat units B or C via an inorganic bond; x and y are positive numbers, and z is a non negative number, wherein x+y+z=1. In certain embodiments, z=0, then 0.002≦x/y≦210, and when z≠0, then 0.0003≦y/z≦500 and 0.002≦x/(y+z)≦210; or
the porous inorganic/organic hybrid material has the formula:
(A)x(B)y(B*)y*(C)z (V)
wherein the order of repeat units A, B, B*, and C may be random, block, or a combination of random and block; A is an organic repeat unit which is covalently bonded to one or more repeat units A or B via an organic bond; B is an organosiloxane repeat unit which is bonded to one or more repeat units B or B* or C via an inorganic siloxane bond and which may be further bonded to one or more repeat units A or B via an organic bond, B* is an organosiloxane repeat unit which is bonded to one or more repeat units B or B* or C via an inorganic siloxane bond, wherein B* is an organosiloxane repeat unit that does not have reactive (i.e., polymerizable) organic components and may further have a protected functional group that may be deprotected after polymerization; C is an inorganic repeat unit which is bonded to one or more repeat units B or B* or C via an inorganic bond; x and y are positive numbers and z is a non negative number, wherein x+y+z=1. In certain embodiments, when z=0, then 0.002≦x/(y+y*)≦210, and when z≠0, then 0.0003≦(y+y*)/z≦500 and 0.002≦x/(y+y*+z)≦210. 42-45. (canceled) 46. The superficially porous material of claim 1, wherein the substantially nonporous core material is a composite material that comprises a magnetic additive material. 47. The superficially porous material of claim 46, wherein the magnetic additive material: has a mass magnetization at room temperature greater than 15 emu/g; is a ferromagnetic material; or is a ferrimagnetic material. 48. (canceled) 49. (canceled) 50. The superficially porous material of claim 46, wherein the magnetic additive material is a magnetite; maghemite; yttrium iron garnet; cobalt; CrO2; a ferrite containing iron and Al, Mg, Ni, Zn, Mn or Co; or a combination thereof. 51. The superficially porous material of claim 14, wherein the substantially nonporous core material is a magnetic core material that has: a mass magnetization at room temperature greater than 15 emu/g; is a ferromagnetic material; or is a ferrimagnetic material. 52. (canceled) 53. (canceled) 54. The superficially porous material of claim 51, wherein the magnetic core material is a magnetite; maghemite; yttrium iron garnet; cobalt; CrO2; a ferrite containing iron and Al, Mg, Ni, Zn, Mn or Co; or a combination thereof. 55. The superficially porous material of claim 1, wherein the substantially nonporous core material is a composite material that comprises a high thermal conductivity additive selected from the group consisting of crystalline or amorphous silicon carbide, aluminum, gold, silver, iron, copper, titanium, niobium, diamond, cerium, carbon, zirconium, barium, cerium, cobalt, copper, europium, gadolinium, iron, nickel, samarium, silicon, silver, titanium, zinc, boron, an oxide or a nitride thereof and combinations thereof. 56. (canceled) 57. The superficially porous material of claim 55, wherein the high thermal conductivity additive is diamond. 58. The superficially porous material of claim 1, wherein the substantially nonporous core material is a high thermal conductivity core material that is selected from the group consisting of crystalline or amorphous silicon carbide, aluminum, gold, silver, iron, copper, titanium, niobium, diamond, cerium, carbon, zirconium, barium, cerium, cobalt, copper, europium, gadolinium, iron, nickel, samarium, silicon, silver, titanium, zinc, boron, an oxide or a nitride thereof, and combinations thereof. 59. The superficially porous material of claim 58, wherein the high thermal conductivity core material is diamond. 60. The superficially porous material of claim 1 wherein the material has a highly spherical core morphology, a rod shaped core morphology, a bent-rod shaped core morphology, a toroid shaped core morphology, a dumbbell shaped core morphology or mixtures thereof. 61-65. (canceled) 66. The superficially porous material of claim 1, wherein the substantially nonporous core is silica; the porous shell material is silica; and the material has a rod shaped, bent-rod shaped, toroid shaped or dumbbell shaped core morphology or a mixture thereof. 67. The superficially porous material of claim 1, wherein the material: has a significantly higher thermal conductivity than fully porous silica particles of the same size; a significantly higher thermal conductivity than superficially porous silica particles of the same size; is capable of forming packed beds with improved permeability as compared to fully porous silica particles of the same size; is capable of forming packed beds with improved permeability as compared to superficially porous silica particles of the same size; has improved chemical stability to high pH mobile phases as compared to unbonded, fully porous silica particles of the same size; or has improved chemical stability to high pH mobile phases as compared to unbonded, superficially porous silica particles of the same size. 68-72. (canceled) 73. The superficially porous material of claim 1, wherein the porous layer is independently: from 0.05 μm to 5 μm. in thickness as measured perpendicular to the surface of the nonporous core; from 0.06 μm to 1 μm. in thickness as measured perpendicular to the surface of the nonporous core; or from 0.20 μm to 0.70 μm. in thickness as measured perpendicular to the surface of the nonporous core. 74. (canceled) 75. (canceled) 76. The superficially porous material of claim 1, wherein the core has a particle size of: 0.5-10 μm, 0.8-5.0 μm or 1.3-3.0 μm. 77. (canceled) 78. (canceled) 79. The superficially porous material of claim 1, wherein the average particle size of the material is between: 0.8-10.0 μm; 1.1-5.0 μm; or 1.3-2.9 μm. 80. (canceled) 81. (canceled) 82. The superficially porous material of claim 1, wherein the pores have an average diameter of: about 25-600 Å; about 60-350 Å; about 80-300 Å; or about 90-150 Å. 83-85. (canceled) 86. The superficially porous material of claim 1, wherein the average pore volume is of: about 0.11-0.50 cm3/g; about 0.09-0.45 cm3/g; about 0.17-0.30 cm3/g. 87. (canceled) 88. (canceled) 89. The superficially porous material of claim 1, wherein pore surface area is between about: 10 m2/g and 400 m2/g; about 15 m2/g and 300 m2/g; or about 60 m2/g and 200 m2/g. 90. (canceled) 91. (canceled) 92. The superficially porous material of claim 1, which has been further surface modified. 93. The superficially porous material of claim 92, which has been further surface modified by:
coating with a polymer; by coating with a polymer by a combination of organic group and silanol group modification; a combination of organic group modification and coating with a polymer; a combination of silanol group modification and coating with a polymer; formation of an organic covalent bond between the material's organic group and a modifying reagent; or a combination of organic group modification, silanol group modification and coating with a polymer. 94. The superficially porous material of claim 93, wherein said superficially porous material has a smooth surface or has a rough surface. 95. (canceled) 96. A method for preparing a superficially porous material comprising:
a.) providing a substantially nonporous core material; and b.) applying to said core material one or more layers of porous shell material to form a superficially porous material 97. The method for preparing a superficially porous material of claim 96, further comprising the step of:
c.) optimizing one or more properties of the superficially porous material. 98-102. (canceled) 103. The method for preparing a superficially porous material of claim 96, wherein each layer of porous shell material is independently selected from is a porous inorganic/organic hybrid material, a porous silica, a porous composite material or mixtures thereof. 104. The method for preparing a superficially porous material of claim 96, wherein the substantially nonporous core material is silica having a highly spherical particle morphology and wherein each layer of porous shell material is independently selected from is a porous inorganic/organic hybrid material, a porous composite material or mixtures thereof. 105. The method for preparing a superficially porous material claim 96, wherein each layer of porous shell material is applied using sols, a polyelectrolyte or a chemically degradable polymer, wherein:
a) the sols are inorganic sols, hybrid sols, nanoparticles, or mixtures thereof and b) the polyelectrolyte or chemically degradable polymer is removed from the material using chemical extraction, degradation, or thermal treatment at temperatures less than 500° C., or combinations thereof. 106. The method for preparing a superficially porous material claim 96, wherein each layer of porous shell material is applied by formation through an electrostatic or acid/base interaction of an ionizable group comprising the steps of:
a) prebonding the substantially nonporous core with an alkoxysilane that has an ionizable group, b) treating the substantially nonporous core to sols that are inorganic, hybrid, nanoparticle, or mixtures thereof, that have been prebonded with an alkoxysilane that has an ionizable group of the opposite charge to the ionizable group on the surface of the core; and c) forming additional layers on the material with sols that are inorganic, hybrid, nanoparticle, or mixtures thereof that have been prebonded with an alkoxysilane that has an ionizable group of opposite charge to the ionizable group of prior layer. 107. The method of claim 106, wherein the prebonding of the substantially nonporous core or sols includes washing with and acid or base, or a charged polyelectrolyte. 108. The method of claim 106, wherein the prebonding of the substantially nonporous core or sols includes chemical transformation of an accessible hybrid organic group. 109-161. (canceled) 162. A separations device having a stationary phase comprising the superficially porous material of claim 1. 163. The separations device of claim 162, wherein said device is selected from the group consisting of chromatographic columns, thin layer plates, filtration membranes, microfluidic separation devices, sample cleanup devices, solid supports, solid phase extraction devices, microchip separation devices, and microtiter plates. 164. (canceled) 165. (canceled) 166. A chromatographic column, comprising
a) a column having a cylindrical interior for accepting a packing material and b) a packed chromatographic bed comprising the superficially porous material of claim 1. 167. A chromatographic device, comprising
a) an interior channel for accepting a packing material and b) a packed chromatographic bed comprising the superficially porous material of claim 1. 168. A kit comprising the superficially porous material of claim 1, and instructions for use. 169. (canceled) 170. (canceled) | Novel chromatographic materials for chromatographic separations, columns, kits, and methods for preparation and separations with a superficially porous material comprising a substantially nonporous core and one or more layers of a porous shell material surrounding the core. The material of the invention is comprised of superficially porous particles and a narrow particle size distrution. The material of the invention is comprised of a superficially porous monolith, the substantially nonporous core material is silica; silica coated with an inorganic/organic hybrid surrounding material; a magnetic core material; a magnetic core material coated with silica; a high thermal conductivity core material; a high thermal conductivity core material coated with silica; a composite material; an inorganic/organic hybrid surrounding material; a composite material coated with silica; a magnetic core material coated with an inorganic/organic hybrid surrounding material; or a high thermal conductivity core material coated with an inorganic/organic hybrid surrounding material.1. A superficially porous material comprising a substantially nonporous core material and one or more layers of a porous shell material surrounding the core. 2. The superficially porous material of claim 1, wherein the material is comprised of superficially porous particles. 3. The superficially porous material of claim 1, wherein the material is a superficially porous monolith. 4. The superficially porous material of claim 2, wherein the material has a substantially narrow particle size distribution. 5. The superficially porous material of claim 2, wherein the core has a substantially narrow particle size distribution. 6. The superficially porous material of claim 2, wherein the 90/10 ratio of particle sizes is from 1.00-1.55, from 1.00-1.10, from 1.00-1.10, from 1.10-1.55, from 1.10-1.50 or from 1.30-1.45. 7-11. (canceled) 12. The superficially porous material of claim 1, wherein the material has chromatographically enhancing pore geometry. 13. The superficially porous material of claim 12, wherein the material has a small population of micropores. 14. The superficially porous material of claim 1, wherein the substantially nonporous core material is silica, silica coated with an inorganic/organic hybrid surrounding material, a magnetic core material, a magnetic core material coated with silica, a high thermal conductivity core material, a high thermal conductivity core material coated with silica, a composite material, a composite material coated with an inorganic/organic hybrid surrounding material, a composite material coated with silica, a magnetic core material coated with an inorganic/organic hybrid surrounding material or a high thermal conductivity core material coated with an inorganic/organic hybrid surrounding material. 15-24. (canceled) 25. The superficially porous material of claim 14, wherein the substantially nonporous core material is a composite material that comprises a magnetic additive material, a high thermal additive or a combination thereof. 26. The superficially porous material of claim 1 wherein the porous shell material is a porous silica, a porous composite material or a porous inorganic/organic hybrid material. 27. (canceled) 28. (canceled) 29. The superficially porous material of claim 1 comprising more than one layer of porous shell material wherein each layer is independently selected from a porous inorganic/organic hybrid material, a porous silica, a porous composite material or mixtures thereof. 30. The superficially porous material of claim 1, wherein; the substantially nonporous core is a composite material and the porous shell material is a porous silica; the substantially nonporous core is a composite material and the porous shell material is a porous inorganic/organic hybrid material; the substantially nonporous core is a composite material and the porous shell material is a composite material; the substantially nonporous core is silica and the porous shell material is a porous composite material; the substantially nonporous core is a silica and the porous shell material is a porous inorganic/organic hybrid material; the substantially nonporous core is a magnetic core material and the porous shell material is a porous silica; the substantially nonporous core is a magnetic core material and the porous shell material is a porous inorganic/organic hybrid material; the substantially nonporous core is a magnetic core material and the porous shell material is a composite material; the substantially nonporous core is a high thermal conductivity core material and the porous shell material is a porous silica; the substantially nonporous core is a high thermal conductivity core material and the porous shell material is a porous inorganic/organic hybrid material; or the substantially nonporous core is a high thermal conductivity core material and the porous shell material is a composite material. 31-40. (canceled) 41. The superficially porous material of claim 1, wherein:
the porous inorganic/organic hybrid material has the formula:
(SiO2)d/[R2((R)p(R1)qSiOt)m] (I)
wherein,
R and R1 are each independently C1-C18 alkoxy, C1-C18 alkyl, C1-C18 alkyl, C2-C18 alkenyl, C2-C18 alkynyl, C3-C18 cycloalkyl, C1-C18 heterocycloalkyl, C5-C18 aryl, C5-C18 aryloxy, or C1-C18 heteroaryl;
R2 is C1-C18 alkyl, C2-C18 alkenyl, C2-C18 alkynyl, C3-C18 cycloalkyl, C1-C18 heterocycloalkyl, C5-C18 aryl, C1-C18 heteroaryl; or absent; wherein each R2 is attached to two or more silicon atoms;
p and q are each independently 0.0 to 3.0,
t is 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5;
d is 0 to about 30;
m is an integer from 1-20; wherein R, R1 and R2 are optionally substituted; provided that: (1) when R2 is absent, m=1 and
t
=
(
4
-
(
p
+
q
)
)
2
,
when 0<p+q≦3; and
(2) when R2 is present, m=2-20 and
t
=
(
3
-
(
p
+
q
)
)
2
,
when p+q≦2;
the porous inorganic/organic hybrid material has the formula:
(SiO2)d/[(R)p(R1)gSiOt] (II)
wherein,
R and R1 are each independently C1-C18 alkoxy, C1-C18 alkyl, C1-C18 alkyl, C2-C18 alkenyl, C2-C18 alkynyl, C3-C18 cycloalkyl, C1-C18 heterocycloalkyl, C5-C18 aryl, C5-C18 aryloxy, or C1-C18 heteroaryl;
d is 0 to about 30;
p and q are each independently 0.0 to 3.0, provided that when p+q=1 then t=1.5;
when p+q=2 then t=1; or when p+q=3 then t=0.5;
the porous inorganic/organic hybrid material has the formula:
(SiO2)d/[R2((R1)rSiOt)m] (III)
wherein,
R1 is C1-C18 alkoxy, C1-C18 alkyl, C1-C18 alkyl, C2-C18 alkenyl, C2-C18 alkynyl, C3-C18 cycloalkyl, C1-C18 heterocycloalkyl, C5-C18 aryl, C5-C18 aryloxy, or C1-C18 heteroaryl;
R2 is C1-C18 alkyl, C2-C18 alkenyl, C2-C18 alkynyl, C3-C18 cycloalkyl, C1-C18 heterocycloalkyl, C5-C18 aryl, C1-C18 heteroaryl; or absent; wherein each R2 is attached to two or more silicon atoms;
d is 0 to about 30;
r is 0, 1 or 2, provided that when r=0 then t=1.5; when r=1 then t=1; or when r=2, then t=0.5; and
m is an integer from 1-20;
the porous inorganic/organic hybrid material has the formula:
(A)x(B)y(C)z (IV)
wherein the order of repeat units A, B, and C may be random, block, or a combination of random and block; A is an organic repeat unit which is covalently bonded to one or more repeat units A or B via an organic bond; B is an organosiloxane repeat unit which is bonded to one or more repeat units B or C via an inorganic siloxane bond and which may be further bonded to one or more repeat units A or B via an organic bond; C is an inorganic repeat unit which is bonded to one or more repeat units B or C via an inorganic bond; x and y are positive numbers, and z is a non negative number, wherein x+y+z=1. In certain embodiments, z=0, then 0.002≦x/y≦210, and when z≠0, then 0.0003≦y/z≦500 and 0.002≦x/(y+z)≦210; or
the porous inorganic/organic hybrid material has the formula:
(A)x(B)y(B*)y*(C)z (V)
wherein the order of repeat units A, B, B*, and C may be random, block, or a combination of random and block; A is an organic repeat unit which is covalently bonded to one or more repeat units A or B via an organic bond; B is an organosiloxane repeat unit which is bonded to one or more repeat units B or B* or C via an inorganic siloxane bond and which may be further bonded to one or more repeat units A or B via an organic bond, B* is an organosiloxane repeat unit which is bonded to one or more repeat units B or B* or C via an inorganic siloxane bond, wherein B* is an organosiloxane repeat unit that does not have reactive (i.e., polymerizable) organic components and may further have a protected functional group that may be deprotected after polymerization; C is an inorganic repeat unit which is bonded to one or more repeat units B or B* or C via an inorganic bond; x and y are positive numbers and z is a non negative number, wherein x+y+z=1. In certain embodiments, when z=0, then 0.002≦x/(y+y*)≦210, and when z≠0, then 0.0003≦(y+y*)/z≦500 and 0.002≦x/(y+y*+z)≦210. 42-45. (canceled) 46. The superficially porous material of claim 1, wherein the substantially nonporous core material is a composite material that comprises a magnetic additive material. 47. The superficially porous material of claim 46, wherein the magnetic additive material: has a mass magnetization at room temperature greater than 15 emu/g; is a ferromagnetic material; or is a ferrimagnetic material. 48. (canceled) 49. (canceled) 50. The superficially porous material of claim 46, wherein the magnetic additive material is a magnetite; maghemite; yttrium iron garnet; cobalt; CrO2; a ferrite containing iron and Al, Mg, Ni, Zn, Mn or Co; or a combination thereof. 51. The superficially porous material of claim 14, wherein the substantially nonporous core material is a magnetic core material that has: a mass magnetization at room temperature greater than 15 emu/g; is a ferromagnetic material; or is a ferrimagnetic material. 52. (canceled) 53. (canceled) 54. The superficially porous material of claim 51, wherein the magnetic core material is a magnetite; maghemite; yttrium iron garnet; cobalt; CrO2; a ferrite containing iron and Al, Mg, Ni, Zn, Mn or Co; or a combination thereof. 55. The superficially porous material of claim 1, wherein the substantially nonporous core material is a composite material that comprises a high thermal conductivity additive selected from the group consisting of crystalline or amorphous silicon carbide, aluminum, gold, silver, iron, copper, titanium, niobium, diamond, cerium, carbon, zirconium, barium, cerium, cobalt, copper, europium, gadolinium, iron, nickel, samarium, silicon, silver, titanium, zinc, boron, an oxide or a nitride thereof and combinations thereof. 56. (canceled) 57. The superficially porous material of claim 55, wherein the high thermal conductivity additive is diamond. 58. The superficially porous material of claim 1, wherein the substantially nonporous core material is a high thermal conductivity core material that is selected from the group consisting of crystalline or amorphous silicon carbide, aluminum, gold, silver, iron, copper, titanium, niobium, diamond, cerium, carbon, zirconium, barium, cerium, cobalt, copper, europium, gadolinium, iron, nickel, samarium, silicon, silver, titanium, zinc, boron, an oxide or a nitride thereof, and combinations thereof. 59. The superficially porous material of claim 58, wherein the high thermal conductivity core material is diamond. 60. The superficially porous material of claim 1 wherein the material has a highly spherical core morphology, a rod shaped core morphology, a bent-rod shaped core morphology, a toroid shaped core morphology, a dumbbell shaped core morphology or mixtures thereof. 61-65. (canceled) 66. The superficially porous material of claim 1, wherein the substantially nonporous core is silica; the porous shell material is silica; and the material has a rod shaped, bent-rod shaped, toroid shaped or dumbbell shaped core morphology or a mixture thereof. 67. The superficially porous material of claim 1, wherein the material: has a significantly higher thermal conductivity than fully porous silica particles of the same size; a significantly higher thermal conductivity than superficially porous silica particles of the same size; is capable of forming packed beds with improved permeability as compared to fully porous silica particles of the same size; is capable of forming packed beds with improved permeability as compared to superficially porous silica particles of the same size; has improved chemical stability to high pH mobile phases as compared to unbonded, fully porous silica particles of the same size; or has improved chemical stability to high pH mobile phases as compared to unbonded, superficially porous silica particles of the same size. 68-72. (canceled) 73. The superficially porous material of claim 1, wherein the porous layer is independently: from 0.05 μm to 5 μm. in thickness as measured perpendicular to the surface of the nonporous core; from 0.06 μm to 1 μm. in thickness as measured perpendicular to the surface of the nonporous core; or from 0.20 μm to 0.70 μm. in thickness as measured perpendicular to the surface of the nonporous core. 74. (canceled) 75. (canceled) 76. The superficially porous material of claim 1, wherein the core has a particle size of: 0.5-10 μm, 0.8-5.0 μm or 1.3-3.0 μm. 77. (canceled) 78. (canceled) 79. The superficially porous material of claim 1, wherein the average particle size of the material is between: 0.8-10.0 μm; 1.1-5.0 μm; or 1.3-2.9 μm. 80. (canceled) 81. (canceled) 82. The superficially porous material of claim 1, wherein the pores have an average diameter of: about 25-600 Å; about 60-350 Å; about 80-300 Å; or about 90-150 Å. 83-85. (canceled) 86. The superficially porous material of claim 1, wherein the average pore volume is of: about 0.11-0.50 cm3/g; about 0.09-0.45 cm3/g; about 0.17-0.30 cm3/g. 87. (canceled) 88. (canceled) 89. The superficially porous material of claim 1, wherein pore surface area is between about: 10 m2/g and 400 m2/g; about 15 m2/g and 300 m2/g; or about 60 m2/g and 200 m2/g. 90. (canceled) 91. (canceled) 92. The superficially porous material of claim 1, which has been further surface modified. 93. The superficially porous material of claim 92, which has been further surface modified by:
coating with a polymer; by coating with a polymer by a combination of organic group and silanol group modification; a combination of organic group modification and coating with a polymer; a combination of silanol group modification and coating with a polymer; formation of an organic covalent bond between the material's organic group and a modifying reagent; or a combination of organic group modification, silanol group modification and coating with a polymer. 94. The superficially porous material of claim 93, wherein said superficially porous material has a smooth surface or has a rough surface. 95. (canceled) 96. A method for preparing a superficially porous material comprising:
a.) providing a substantially nonporous core material; and b.) applying to said core material one or more layers of porous shell material to form a superficially porous material 97. The method for preparing a superficially porous material of claim 96, further comprising the step of:
c.) optimizing one or more properties of the superficially porous material. 98-102. (canceled) 103. The method for preparing a superficially porous material of claim 96, wherein each layer of porous shell material is independently selected from is a porous inorganic/organic hybrid material, a porous silica, a porous composite material or mixtures thereof. 104. The method for preparing a superficially porous material of claim 96, wherein the substantially nonporous core material is silica having a highly spherical particle morphology and wherein each layer of porous shell material is independently selected from is a porous inorganic/organic hybrid material, a porous composite material or mixtures thereof. 105. The method for preparing a superficially porous material claim 96, wherein each layer of porous shell material is applied using sols, a polyelectrolyte or a chemically degradable polymer, wherein:
a) the sols are inorganic sols, hybrid sols, nanoparticles, or mixtures thereof and b) the polyelectrolyte or chemically degradable polymer is removed from the material using chemical extraction, degradation, or thermal treatment at temperatures less than 500° C., or combinations thereof. 106. The method for preparing a superficially porous material claim 96, wherein each layer of porous shell material is applied by formation through an electrostatic or acid/base interaction of an ionizable group comprising the steps of:
a) prebonding the substantially nonporous core with an alkoxysilane that has an ionizable group, b) treating the substantially nonporous core to sols that are inorganic, hybrid, nanoparticle, or mixtures thereof, that have been prebonded with an alkoxysilane that has an ionizable group of the opposite charge to the ionizable group on the surface of the core; and c) forming additional layers on the material with sols that are inorganic, hybrid, nanoparticle, or mixtures thereof that have been prebonded with an alkoxysilane that has an ionizable group of opposite charge to the ionizable group of prior layer. 107. The method of claim 106, wherein the prebonding of the substantially nonporous core or sols includes washing with and acid or base, or a charged polyelectrolyte. 108. The method of claim 106, wherein the prebonding of the substantially nonporous core or sols includes chemical transformation of an accessible hybrid organic group. 109-161. (canceled) 162. A separations device having a stationary phase comprising the superficially porous material of claim 1. 163. The separations device of claim 162, wherein said device is selected from the group consisting of chromatographic columns, thin layer plates, filtration membranes, microfluidic separation devices, sample cleanup devices, solid supports, solid phase extraction devices, microchip separation devices, and microtiter plates. 164. (canceled) 165. (canceled) 166. A chromatographic column, comprising
a) a column having a cylindrical interior for accepting a packing material and b) a packed chromatographic bed comprising the superficially porous material of claim 1. 167. A chromatographic device, comprising
a) an interior channel for accepting a packing material and b) a packed chromatographic bed comprising the superficially porous material of claim 1. 168. A kit comprising the superficially porous material of claim 1, and instructions for use. 169. (canceled) 170. (canceled) | 1,700 |
3,756 | 14,463,730 | 1,797 | Methods and systems for acoustically treating material using an acoustic energy system having a movable outer surface that contacts a sample holder. The outer surface may be cylindrical and rotate about a central axis, e.g., so that a sample holder may be driven to move by the outer surface. Acoustic energy may be emitted from within the outer surface to a treatment area outside of, and near, the outer surface. Thus, a sample holder in contact with the outer surface may have a sample exposed to acoustic energy while rotation of the outer surface may move the sample holder relative to treatment area. One or more additional rollers or other components may bias the sample holder into contact with the outer surface, to e.g., so the sample holder is squeezed between the outer surface and a roller or other biasing component. | 1. A system for treating a material with acoustic energy, comprising:
a coupling medium container that is closed and defines an internal volume, the coupling medium container having an outer surface arranged to rotate about an axis; an acoustic energy source arranged to emit acoustic energy into the internal volume; and a coupling medium located in the internal volume of the coupling medium container, the coupling medium being arranged to transmit acoustic energy from the acoustic energy source to a treatment area outside of the coupling medium container and near the outer to surface; wherein a sample holder is positionable in contact with the outer surface of the coupling medium container and the outer surface is rotatable with movement of the sample holder relative to the treatment area. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the outer surface is cylindrical and the axis passes through a center longitudinal axis of the cylindrical outer surface. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the outer surface is rotatable with linear movement of the sample holder relative to the treatment area. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the outer surface is rotatable with movement of the sample holder along a direction parallel to a tangent of the outer surface. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the coupling medium is liquid. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the acoustic energy source is arranged to emit acoustic energy having a frequency of about 100 kHz to 100 MHz that creates a focal zone at the treatment area. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the coupling medium container is completely filled with the coupling medium. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the acoustic energy source is located inside the coupling medium container and is immersed in the coupling medium. 9. The system of claim 1, further comprising a heat exchanger arranged to exchange heat with the coupling medium. 10. The system of claim 1, further comprising a roller positioned above the treatment area and arranged to rotate about a roller axis, the roller arranged to contact a sample holder positioned between the coupling medium container and the roller and urge the sample holder into contact with the coupling medium container. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the roller and the outer surface are rotatable to move a sample holder relative to the treatment area. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the roller and the outer surface are rotatable to move a sample holder in a linear direction relative to the treatment area. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the outer surface includes a resilient material to contact the sample holder. 14. The system of claim 1, wherein the outer surface is arranged to engage with a sample holder having a plate shape. 15. The system of claim 1, wherein the outer surface is arranged to engage with a sample holder having a tube shape. 16. A method for treating a sample with acoustic energy, comprising:
emitting acoustic energy into a coupling medium located in a coupling medium container that is closed and defines an internal volume, the acoustic energy being transmitted by the coupling medium to a treatment area outside of the coupling medium container; positioning a sample holder in contact with an outer surface of the coupling medium container at the treatment area where a sample held by the sample holder is exposed to the acoustic energy; moving the sample holder relative to the treatment area; and rotating the outer surface of the coupling medium container with movement of the sample holder relative to the treatment area. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the step of moving includes moving the sample holder in response to rotation of the outer surface of the coupling medium container. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the step of rotating includes driving rotation of the outer surface of the coupling medium container using a motor. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the outer surface is cylindrical and the step of rotating includes rotating the outer surface about an axis that passes through a center longitudinal axis of the cylindrical outer surface. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the step of moving includes moving the sample holder along a linear path relative to the treatment area. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the linear path is parallel to a tangent of the outer surface. 22. The method of claim 16, wherein the coupling medium is liquid. 23. The method of claim 16, wherein the step of emitting acoustic energy includes emitting acoustic energy having a frequency of about 100 kHz to 100 MHz and creating a focal zone at the treatment area. 24. The method of claim 16, wherein the coupling medium container is completely filled with the coupling medium. 25. The method of claim 16, wherein the step of emitting includes emitting acoustic energy from an acoustic energy source that is located inside the coupling medium container and is immersed in the coupling medium. 26. The method of claim 16, further comprising exchanging heat between the coupling medium and a heat exchanger. 27. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of positioning includes positioning the sample holder between a roller positioned above the treatment area and arranged to rotate about a roller axis, the roller arranged to urge the sample holder into contact with the coupling medium container. 28. The method of claim 27, further comprising rotating the roller about the roller axis with movement of the sample holder relative to the treatment area. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the step of moving includes moving the sample holder in a linear direction relative to the treatment area. 30. The method of claim 16, wherein the outer surface includes a resilient material to contact the sample holder. 31. The method of claim 16, wherein the sample holder has a plate or tube shape. | Methods and systems for acoustically treating material using an acoustic energy system having a movable outer surface that contacts a sample holder. The outer surface may be cylindrical and rotate about a central axis, e.g., so that a sample holder may be driven to move by the outer surface. Acoustic energy may be emitted from within the outer surface to a treatment area outside of, and near, the outer surface. Thus, a sample holder in contact with the outer surface may have a sample exposed to acoustic energy while rotation of the outer surface may move the sample holder relative to treatment area. One or more additional rollers or other components may bias the sample holder into contact with the outer surface, to e.g., so the sample holder is squeezed between the outer surface and a roller or other biasing component.1. A system for treating a material with acoustic energy, comprising:
a coupling medium container that is closed and defines an internal volume, the coupling medium container having an outer surface arranged to rotate about an axis; an acoustic energy source arranged to emit acoustic energy into the internal volume; and a coupling medium located in the internal volume of the coupling medium container, the coupling medium being arranged to transmit acoustic energy from the acoustic energy source to a treatment area outside of the coupling medium container and near the outer to surface; wherein a sample holder is positionable in contact with the outer surface of the coupling medium container and the outer surface is rotatable with movement of the sample holder relative to the treatment area. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the outer surface is cylindrical and the axis passes through a center longitudinal axis of the cylindrical outer surface. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the outer surface is rotatable with linear movement of the sample holder relative to the treatment area. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the outer surface is rotatable with movement of the sample holder along a direction parallel to a tangent of the outer surface. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the coupling medium is liquid. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the acoustic energy source is arranged to emit acoustic energy having a frequency of about 100 kHz to 100 MHz that creates a focal zone at the treatment area. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the coupling medium container is completely filled with the coupling medium. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the acoustic energy source is located inside the coupling medium container and is immersed in the coupling medium. 9. The system of claim 1, further comprising a heat exchanger arranged to exchange heat with the coupling medium. 10. The system of claim 1, further comprising a roller positioned above the treatment area and arranged to rotate about a roller axis, the roller arranged to contact a sample holder positioned between the coupling medium container and the roller and urge the sample holder into contact with the coupling medium container. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the roller and the outer surface are rotatable to move a sample holder relative to the treatment area. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the roller and the outer surface are rotatable to move a sample holder in a linear direction relative to the treatment area. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the outer surface includes a resilient material to contact the sample holder. 14. The system of claim 1, wherein the outer surface is arranged to engage with a sample holder having a plate shape. 15. The system of claim 1, wherein the outer surface is arranged to engage with a sample holder having a tube shape. 16. A method for treating a sample with acoustic energy, comprising:
emitting acoustic energy into a coupling medium located in a coupling medium container that is closed and defines an internal volume, the acoustic energy being transmitted by the coupling medium to a treatment area outside of the coupling medium container; positioning a sample holder in contact with an outer surface of the coupling medium container at the treatment area where a sample held by the sample holder is exposed to the acoustic energy; moving the sample holder relative to the treatment area; and rotating the outer surface of the coupling medium container with movement of the sample holder relative to the treatment area. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the step of moving includes moving the sample holder in response to rotation of the outer surface of the coupling medium container. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the step of rotating includes driving rotation of the outer surface of the coupling medium container using a motor. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the outer surface is cylindrical and the step of rotating includes rotating the outer surface about an axis that passes through a center longitudinal axis of the cylindrical outer surface. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the step of moving includes moving the sample holder along a linear path relative to the treatment area. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the linear path is parallel to a tangent of the outer surface. 22. The method of claim 16, wherein the coupling medium is liquid. 23. The method of claim 16, wherein the step of emitting acoustic energy includes emitting acoustic energy having a frequency of about 100 kHz to 100 MHz and creating a focal zone at the treatment area. 24. The method of claim 16, wherein the coupling medium container is completely filled with the coupling medium. 25. The method of claim 16, wherein the step of emitting includes emitting acoustic energy from an acoustic energy source that is located inside the coupling medium container and is immersed in the coupling medium. 26. The method of claim 16, further comprising exchanging heat between the coupling medium and a heat exchanger. 27. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of positioning includes positioning the sample holder between a roller positioned above the treatment area and arranged to rotate about a roller axis, the roller arranged to urge the sample holder into contact with the coupling medium container. 28. The method of claim 27, further comprising rotating the roller about the roller axis with movement of the sample holder relative to the treatment area. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the step of moving includes moving the sample holder in a linear direction relative to the treatment area. 30. The method of claim 16, wherein the outer surface includes a resilient material to contact the sample holder. 31. The method of claim 16, wherein the sample holder has a plate or tube shape. | 1,700 |
3,757 | 15,796,005 | 1,784 | Compositions including a filler, an emissivity agent, a crosslinking facilitator, and a metal silicate binder are disclosed. The compositions can be curable at ambient conditions. Methods of coating overhead conductor and power transmission line accessories with such coating compositions are also disclosed. | 1. A composition comprising:
a filler; an emissivity agent; a crosslinking facilitator comprising a latent acid compound; and a metal silicate binder. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the latent acid compound is configured to release an acid component when subject to an environment having a pH of about 9 or more. 3. The composition of claim 1 crosslinks at a temperature of from about 15° C. to about 40° C. and at a pH of about 11 or less. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the filler comprises one or more of talc, calcined kaolin, aluminum oxide, aluminosilicate, and quartz. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the emissivity agent comprises one or more of silicon carbide, boron carbide, and titanium dioxide. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the latent acid compound comprises condensed aluminum phosphate. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the crosslinking facilitator further comprises an amphoteric metal powder. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the metal silicate binder comprises one or more of potassium silicate, sodium silicate, lithium silicate, and colloidal silica. 9. The composition of claim 1 comprises:
about 35% to about 45%, by dry weight, of the filler;
about 15% to about 22%, by dry weight, of the emissivity agent;
about 4% to about 10%, by dry weight, of the crosslinking facilitator; and
about 25% to about 40%, by dry weight, of the metal silicate binder. 10. The composition of claim 1 comprises the crosslinking facilitator at about 10% to about 30% by weight of the metal silicate binder. 11. The composition of claim 1 further comprising a liquid carrier, and wherein the total solids content of the composition is about 35% to about 55%. 12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the liquid carrier comprises water. 13. An aluminum substrate coated with a coating formed from the cured composition of claim 1. 14. The aluminum substrate of claim 13 is an overhead conductor, and wherein the overhead conductor prior to being coated is a pre-existing installed overhead conductor. 15. The aluminum substrate of claim 13 is an overhead conductor, and wherein the overhead conductor has an operating temperature that is about 10° C. lower than the operating temperature of an uncoated overhead conductor. 16. The aluminum substrate of claim 13 is an overhead conductor, and wherein the overhead conductor passes a 0.5 inch mandrel bend test. 17. A method of forming a coated article, comprising:
providing a coating composition comprising:
a filler;
an emissivity agent;
a crosslinking facilitator comprising a latent acid compound; and
a metal silicate binder;
applying the coating composition onto the outer surface of an article; and curing the coating composition at a temperature of from about 15° C. to about 40° C. to form the coated article. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the coating composition comprises two parts; and
wherein the first part and the second part are mixed together to form the coating composition; and wherein the first part comprises the filler, the emissivity agent, and the crosslinking facilitator and the second part comprises the metal silicate binder. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the touch to dry time is about 2 hours or less after curing is initiated. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein curing is complete after about 10 days. | Compositions including a filler, an emissivity agent, a crosslinking facilitator, and a metal silicate binder are disclosed. The compositions can be curable at ambient conditions. Methods of coating overhead conductor and power transmission line accessories with such coating compositions are also disclosed.1. A composition comprising:
a filler; an emissivity agent; a crosslinking facilitator comprising a latent acid compound; and a metal silicate binder. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the latent acid compound is configured to release an acid component when subject to an environment having a pH of about 9 or more. 3. The composition of claim 1 crosslinks at a temperature of from about 15° C. to about 40° C. and at a pH of about 11 or less. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the filler comprises one or more of talc, calcined kaolin, aluminum oxide, aluminosilicate, and quartz. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the emissivity agent comprises one or more of silicon carbide, boron carbide, and titanium dioxide. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the latent acid compound comprises condensed aluminum phosphate. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the crosslinking facilitator further comprises an amphoteric metal powder. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the metal silicate binder comprises one or more of potassium silicate, sodium silicate, lithium silicate, and colloidal silica. 9. The composition of claim 1 comprises:
about 35% to about 45%, by dry weight, of the filler;
about 15% to about 22%, by dry weight, of the emissivity agent;
about 4% to about 10%, by dry weight, of the crosslinking facilitator; and
about 25% to about 40%, by dry weight, of the metal silicate binder. 10. The composition of claim 1 comprises the crosslinking facilitator at about 10% to about 30% by weight of the metal silicate binder. 11. The composition of claim 1 further comprising a liquid carrier, and wherein the total solids content of the composition is about 35% to about 55%. 12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the liquid carrier comprises water. 13. An aluminum substrate coated with a coating formed from the cured composition of claim 1. 14. The aluminum substrate of claim 13 is an overhead conductor, and wherein the overhead conductor prior to being coated is a pre-existing installed overhead conductor. 15. The aluminum substrate of claim 13 is an overhead conductor, and wherein the overhead conductor has an operating temperature that is about 10° C. lower than the operating temperature of an uncoated overhead conductor. 16. The aluminum substrate of claim 13 is an overhead conductor, and wherein the overhead conductor passes a 0.5 inch mandrel bend test. 17. A method of forming a coated article, comprising:
providing a coating composition comprising:
a filler;
an emissivity agent;
a crosslinking facilitator comprising a latent acid compound; and
a metal silicate binder;
applying the coating composition onto the outer surface of an article; and curing the coating composition at a temperature of from about 15° C. to about 40° C. to form the coated article. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the coating composition comprises two parts; and
wherein the first part and the second part are mixed together to form the coating composition; and wherein the first part comprises the filler, the emissivity agent, and the crosslinking facilitator and the second part comprises the metal silicate binder. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the touch to dry time is about 2 hours or less after curing is initiated. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein curing is complete after about 10 days. | 1,700 |
3,758 | 14,391,089 | 1,765 | There is described a process for preparing a Schiff base crosslinkable aqueous dispersion of a polyurethane A (PUD) the process comprising (a) reacting components (1) to (4) as present to form an acidic isocyanate terminated prepolymer that comprises anionic or potentially anionic functional groups thereon; where: (1) component one comprises 10 to 80% by weight of at least one polyisocyanate optionally containing at least one anionic or potentially anionic dispersing group; (2) optional component two comprises up to 15% by weight of at least one isocyanate-reactive polyol containing at least one anionic or potentially anionic dispersing group; (3) component three comprises 15 to 85% by weight of at least one isocyanate reactive polyol other than component two if present, and having a weight average molecular weight greater than or equal to 500 Daltons optionally containing at least one anionic or potentially anionic dispersing group; and (4) optional component four comprises up to 20% by weight of at least one isocyanate reactive polyol other than component three and two if present and having a weight average molecular weight less than 500 Daltons; where if component two is not present component one or three contains at least one anionic or potentially anionic dispersing group; where the amounts of components one to four are expressed as a weight percentage calculated from the total amount of the above components (i.e. one and three and optional two and/or four where present) being 100%; and where the mixture used in step (a) is substantially free of volatile amines and N-alkyl pyrrolidinones; (b) adding to the reaction mixture from step (a) an alkali metal neutralising agent in an amount from 0.05 to 6 parts by weight substantially to neutralise the isocyanate terminated prepolymer obtained from step (a); where the amount (in weight parts) of the alkali metal neutralising agent is calculated based on the weight of alkali metal in the neutralising agent relative to the total amount of components one to four in step (a) being equal to 100 parts; and (c) reacting the neutralised prepolymer from step (b) with an active hydrogen compound to extend the chain of the prepolymer to form an aqueous dispersion of polyurethane A. and (ii) 90 to 5% by weight of a vinyl polymer B wherein the weight % amounts of (i) and (ii) are calculated as a percentage of the total amount of (i) and (ii) and these percentages add up to 100%; and where the composition is: substantially free of volatile amines and N-alkyl pyrrolidinones (preferably solvent free); and is neutralised with a metal neutralising agent and the composition comprises a polyamine of polyhydrazide compound. Another aspect of the invention provides an aqueous coating obtained from the above process, in which polyurethane A and/or vinyl polymer B is Schiff base cross-linkable under ambient conditions. | 1. A process for preparing a Schiff base crosslinkable aqueous dispersion of a polyurethane A the process comprising the steps of:
(a) reacting the following components one to four (two and four where present) to form an acidic isocyanate terminated prepolymer that comprises anionic or potentially anionic functional groups thereon; where:
(1) component one comprises 10 to 80% by weight of at least one polyisocyanate optionally containing at least one anionic or potentially anionic dispersing group;
(2) optional component two comprises up to 15% by weight of at least one isocyanate-reactive polyol containing at least one anionic or potentially anionic dispersing group;
(3) component three comprises 15 to 85% by weight of at least one isocyanate reactive polyol other than component two if present, and having a weight average molecular weight greater than or equal to 500 Daltons optionally containing at least one anionic or potentially anionic dispersing group; and
(4) optional component four comprises up to 20% by weight of at least one isocyanate reactive polyol other than component three and two if present and having a weight average molecular weight less than 500 Daltons;
where if component two is not present component one or three comprise at least one anionic or potentially anionic dispersing group;
where the amounts of components one to four are expressed as a weight percentage calculated from the total amount of the above components (i.e. one and three and optional two and/or four where present) being 100%; and where the mixture used in step (a) is substantially free of volatile amines and N-alkyl pyrrolidinones; (b) adding to the reaction mixture from step (a) an alkali metal neutralising agent in an amount from 0.05 to 6 parts by weight substantially to neutralise the isocyanate terminated prepolymer obtained from step (a); where the amount (in weight parts) of the alkali metal neutralising agent is calculated based on the weight of alkali metal in the neutralising agent relative to the total amount of components one to four in step (a) being equal to 100 parts; and (c) reacting the neutralised prepolymer from step (b) with an active hydrogen compound to extend the chain of the prepolymer to form an aqueous dispersion of polyurethane A 2. A process as claimed in claim 1, in which polyurethane A and/or vinyl polymer B are Schiff base cross-linkable under ambient conditions. 3. A process as claimed in claim 1, in which either component one two or three comprises at least one anionic or potentially anionic dispersing group. 4. A process as claimed in claim 1, in which step (a) comprises:
(a) reacting:
(1) 10 to 80% by weight of at least one polyisocyanate;
(2) 1 to 15% by weight of at least one isocyanate-reactive polyol containing at least one anionic or potentially anionic dispersing group;
(3) 15 to 85% by weight of at least one isocyanate reactive polyol other than (2), and having a weight average molecular weight≧500 Daltons; and
(4) optionally up to 20% by weight of at least one isocyanate reactive polyol other than (2) and (3) and having a weight average molecular weight<500 Dalton;
to form an acidic isocyanate terminated prepolymer that comprises anionic or potentially anionic functional groups and which is substantially free of volatile amines and N-alkyl pyrrolidinones. and
(ii) 90 to 5% by weight of a vinyl polymer B wherein the weight % amounts of (i) and (ii) are calculated as a percentage of the total amount of (i) and (ii) and these percentages add up to 100%; and where the composition is: substantially free of volatile amines and N-alkyl pyrrolidinones (preferably solvent free); and is neutralised with a metal neutralising agent and the composition comprises a polyamine of polyhydrazide compound. 5. A process as claimed in claim 1, in which step (b) occurs during or substantially immediately after step (a). 6. An aqueous dispersion of a polyurethane A obtained and/or obtainable by a process as claimed in claim 1. 7. A process for preparing an aqueous coating composition comprising bringing into intimate admixture components (i) and (ii): where
(i) component (i) comprises 10% to 95% by weight of a polyurethane dispersion A as claimed in claim 6; and (ii) component (ii) comprises 90% to 5% by weight of a vinyl polymer B optionally with a glass transition temperature≧15° C., where the weight % amounts of components (i) and (ii) are calculated as a percentage of the total amount of (i) and (ii) and these percentages add up to 100%; and where the composition: is substantially free of volatile amines and N-alkyl pyrrolidinones (preferably solvent free); is neutralised with a metal neutralising agent; and comprises a polyamine of polyhydrazide compound. 8. An aqueous coating composition comprising a polyurethane A and a vinyl polymer B, obtained and/or obtainable by a process as claimed in claim 6. 9. An aqueous coating composition comprising:
(i) 10 to 95% by weight of a polyurethane A obtained by the reaction of:
(a) an isocyanate terminated prepolymer formed from components one to five comprising:
(1) 10 to 80 parts by weight of at least one polyisocyanate
(2) 1 to 15 parts by weight of at least one isocyanate-reactive polyol containing at least one anionic or potentially anionic dispersing group
(3) 15 to 85 parts by weight of at least one isocyanate reactive polyol other than (2) of weight average molecular weight≧500 Daltons
(4) optionally up to 20 parts by weight of at least one isocyanate reactive polyol other than (2) or (3) of weight average molecular weight<500 Daltons
(5) 0.05 to 6 parts by weight of an alkali metal neutralising agent (preferably whose cation acts as counterion of the anionic group of (1), (2) or (3)).
where the amounts of (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5) are calculated as a weight parts relative to the total amount of components (1) to (5) being 100 weight parts.
(b) an active hydrogen chain extending compound; and
(ii) 90 to 5% by weight of an ambient self cross-linkable vinyl polymer B wherein the weight % amounts of (i) and (ii) are calculated as a percentage of the total amount of (i) and (ii) and these percentages add up to 100%; and where the composition is: substantially free of volatile amines and N-alkyl pyrrolidinones (preferably solvent free); and is neutralised with a metal neutralising agent and the composition comprises a polyamine of polyhydrazide compound. 10. An article and/or substrate coated by a composition as claimed in claim 8. 11. A method of coating an article and/or substrate comprising the steps of
(I) applying a coating composition as claimed in claim 8 to an article and/or substrate, and (II) drying the coating thereon to obtain a coated article and/or substrate. | There is described a process for preparing a Schiff base crosslinkable aqueous dispersion of a polyurethane A (PUD) the process comprising (a) reacting components (1) to (4) as present to form an acidic isocyanate terminated prepolymer that comprises anionic or potentially anionic functional groups thereon; where: (1) component one comprises 10 to 80% by weight of at least one polyisocyanate optionally containing at least one anionic or potentially anionic dispersing group; (2) optional component two comprises up to 15% by weight of at least one isocyanate-reactive polyol containing at least one anionic or potentially anionic dispersing group; (3) component three comprises 15 to 85% by weight of at least one isocyanate reactive polyol other than component two if present, and having a weight average molecular weight greater than or equal to 500 Daltons optionally containing at least one anionic or potentially anionic dispersing group; and (4) optional component four comprises up to 20% by weight of at least one isocyanate reactive polyol other than component three and two if present and having a weight average molecular weight less than 500 Daltons; where if component two is not present component one or three contains at least one anionic or potentially anionic dispersing group; where the amounts of components one to four are expressed as a weight percentage calculated from the total amount of the above components (i.e. one and three and optional two and/or four where present) being 100%; and where the mixture used in step (a) is substantially free of volatile amines and N-alkyl pyrrolidinones; (b) adding to the reaction mixture from step (a) an alkali metal neutralising agent in an amount from 0.05 to 6 parts by weight substantially to neutralise the isocyanate terminated prepolymer obtained from step (a); where the amount (in weight parts) of the alkali metal neutralising agent is calculated based on the weight of alkali metal in the neutralising agent relative to the total amount of components one to four in step (a) being equal to 100 parts; and (c) reacting the neutralised prepolymer from step (b) with an active hydrogen compound to extend the chain of the prepolymer to form an aqueous dispersion of polyurethane A. and (ii) 90 to 5% by weight of a vinyl polymer B wherein the weight % amounts of (i) and (ii) are calculated as a percentage of the total amount of (i) and (ii) and these percentages add up to 100%; and where the composition is: substantially free of volatile amines and N-alkyl pyrrolidinones (preferably solvent free); and is neutralised with a metal neutralising agent and the composition comprises a polyamine of polyhydrazide compound. Another aspect of the invention provides an aqueous coating obtained from the above process, in which polyurethane A and/or vinyl polymer B is Schiff base cross-linkable under ambient conditions.1. A process for preparing a Schiff base crosslinkable aqueous dispersion of a polyurethane A the process comprising the steps of:
(a) reacting the following components one to four (two and four where present) to form an acidic isocyanate terminated prepolymer that comprises anionic or potentially anionic functional groups thereon; where:
(1) component one comprises 10 to 80% by weight of at least one polyisocyanate optionally containing at least one anionic or potentially anionic dispersing group;
(2) optional component two comprises up to 15% by weight of at least one isocyanate-reactive polyol containing at least one anionic or potentially anionic dispersing group;
(3) component three comprises 15 to 85% by weight of at least one isocyanate reactive polyol other than component two if present, and having a weight average molecular weight greater than or equal to 500 Daltons optionally containing at least one anionic or potentially anionic dispersing group; and
(4) optional component four comprises up to 20% by weight of at least one isocyanate reactive polyol other than component three and two if present and having a weight average molecular weight less than 500 Daltons;
where if component two is not present component one or three comprise at least one anionic or potentially anionic dispersing group;
where the amounts of components one to four are expressed as a weight percentage calculated from the total amount of the above components (i.e. one and three and optional two and/or four where present) being 100%; and where the mixture used in step (a) is substantially free of volatile amines and N-alkyl pyrrolidinones; (b) adding to the reaction mixture from step (a) an alkali metal neutralising agent in an amount from 0.05 to 6 parts by weight substantially to neutralise the isocyanate terminated prepolymer obtained from step (a); where the amount (in weight parts) of the alkali metal neutralising agent is calculated based on the weight of alkali metal in the neutralising agent relative to the total amount of components one to four in step (a) being equal to 100 parts; and (c) reacting the neutralised prepolymer from step (b) with an active hydrogen compound to extend the chain of the prepolymer to form an aqueous dispersion of polyurethane A 2. A process as claimed in claim 1, in which polyurethane A and/or vinyl polymer B are Schiff base cross-linkable under ambient conditions. 3. A process as claimed in claim 1, in which either component one two or three comprises at least one anionic or potentially anionic dispersing group. 4. A process as claimed in claim 1, in which step (a) comprises:
(a) reacting:
(1) 10 to 80% by weight of at least one polyisocyanate;
(2) 1 to 15% by weight of at least one isocyanate-reactive polyol containing at least one anionic or potentially anionic dispersing group;
(3) 15 to 85% by weight of at least one isocyanate reactive polyol other than (2), and having a weight average molecular weight≧500 Daltons; and
(4) optionally up to 20% by weight of at least one isocyanate reactive polyol other than (2) and (3) and having a weight average molecular weight<500 Dalton;
to form an acidic isocyanate terminated prepolymer that comprises anionic or potentially anionic functional groups and which is substantially free of volatile amines and N-alkyl pyrrolidinones. and
(ii) 90 to 5% by weight of a vinyl polymer B wherein the weight % amounts of (i) and (ii) are calculated as a percentage of the total amount of (i) and (ii) and these percentages add up to 100%; and where the composition is: substantially free of volatile amines and N-alkyl pyrrolidinones (preferably solvent free); and is neutralised with a metal neutralising agent and the composition comprises a polyamine of polyhydrazide compound. 5. A process as claimed in claim 1, in which step (b) occurs during or substantially immediately after step (a). 6. An aqueous dispersion of a polyurethane A obtained and/or obtainable by a process as claimed in claim 1. 7. A process for preparing an aqueous coating composition comprising bringing into intimate admixture components (i) and (ii): where
(i) component (i) comprises 10% to 95% by weight of a polyurethane dispersion A as claimed in claim 6; and (ii) component (ii) comprises 90% to 5% by weight of a vinyl polymer B optionally with a glass transition temperature≧15° C., where the weight % amounts of components (i) and (ii) are calculated as a percentage of the total amount of (i) and (ii) and these percentages add up to 100%; and where the composition: is substantially free of volatile amines and N-alkyl pyrrolidinones (preferably solvent free); is neutralised with a metal neutralising agent; and comprises a polyamine of polyhydrazide compound. 8. An aqueous coating composition comprising a polyurethane A and a vinyl polymer B, obtained and/or obtainable by a process as claimed in claim 6. 9. An aqueous coating composition comprising:
(i) 10 to 95% by weight of a polyurethane A obtained by the reaction of:
(a) an isocyanate terminated prepolymer formed from components one to five comprising:
(1) 10 to 80 parts by weight of at least one polyisocyanate
(2) 1 to 15 parts by weight of at least one isocyanate-reactive polyol containing at least one anionic or potentially anionic dispersing group
(3) 15 to 85 parts by weight of at least one isocyanate reactive polyol other than (2) of weight average molecular weight≧500 Daltons
(4) optionally up to 20 parts by weight of at least one isocyanate reactive polyol other than (2) or (3) of weight average molecular weight<500 Daltons
(5) 0.05 to 6 parts by weight of an alkali metal neutralising agent (preferably whose cation acts as counterion of the anionic group of (1), (2) or (3)).
where the amounts of (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5) are calculated as a weight parts relative to the total amount of components (1) to (5) being 100 weight parts.
(b) an active hydrogen chain extending compound; and
(ii) 90 to 5% by weight of an ambient self cross-linkable vinyl polymer B wherein the weight % amounts of (i) and (ii) are calculated as a percentage of the total amount of (i) and (ii) and these percentages add up to 100%; and where the composition is: substantially free of volatile amines and N-alkyl pyrrolidinones (preferably solvent free); and is neutralised with a metal neutralising agent and the composition comprises a polyamine of polyhydrazide compound. 10. An article and/or substrate coated by a composition as claimed in claim 8. 11. A method of coating an article and/or substrate comprising the steps of
(I) applying a coating composition as claimed in claim 8 to an article and/or substrate, and (II) drying the coating thereon to obtain a coated article and/or substrate. | 1,700 |
3,759 | 14,875,126 | 1,781 | A topcoat layer that has a defined surface structure on an outer surface thereof once the topcoat layer is laminated to a substrate. The surface structure of the topcoat layer provides a matte surface finish to the underlying substrate. Any attempt to alter the substrate or the topcoat layer will result in disruption or destruction of the surface structure of the topcoat layer making such tampering evident. Replication of the surface structure of the topcoat layer by a counterfeiter is also difficult without the appropriate equipment. | 1. A topcoat film supply, comprising:
a base film having a first surface, the first surface is intentionally formed to have a surface structure with a desired topography having an average roughness of at least about 0.15 micron; and a radiation curable coating disposed on the first surface of the base film, the coating having an inner surface facing the first surface, the inner surface has a surface structure that is a mirror image of the surface structure of the first surface. 2. The topcoat film supply of claim 1, further comprising registration marks on the base film. 3. The topcoat film supply of claim 1, wherein the topcoat film supply is in roll form or in sheet form. 4. The topcoat film supply of claim 1, wherein the average roughness is less than about 75% of a thickness of the radiation curable coating. 5. A topcoat layer, comprising:
a radiation curable composition having an inner surface that, when the topcoat layer is laminated to a substrate, faces the substrate and an outer surface that, when the topcoat layer is laminated to the substrate, faces away from the substrate; the radiation curable composition includes:
(a) polymerizable composition comprising hard and flexible polymerizable subunits, wherein (i) the hard subunit comprises alkoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate with a degree of alkoxylation ranging from about 1 to about 10; (ii) the flexible subunit comprises alkoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate with a degree of alkoxylation ranging from about 10 to about 20; and (iii) the ratio of hard to flexible subunits in the composition is from about 1.5:1 to about 4:1; and
(b) polymeric binder;
and the outer surface has a surface structure with a desired topography having an average roughness of at least about 0.15 micron. 6. The topcoat layer of claim 5, wherein the average roughness is less than about 75% of a thickness of the topcoat layer. 7. An identification document, comprising:
an identification document substrate having printed data thereon and an upper surface; a topcoat layer laminated to the upper surface of the identification document substrate, the topcoat layer has an outer surface that faces away from the upper surface and that has a surface structure with a desired topography having an average roughness of at least about 0.15 micron; the topcoat layer is formed by a topcoat composition that includes:
(a) polymerizable composition comprising hard and flexible polymerizable subunits, wherein (i) the hard subunit comprises alkoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate with a degree of alkoxylation ranging from about 1 to about 10; (ii) the flexible subunit comprises alkoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate with a degree of alkoxylation ranging from about 10 to about 20; and (iii) the ratio of hard to flexible subunits in the composition is from about 1.5:1 to about 4:1; and
(b) polymeric binder. 8. The identification document of claim 7, wherein the identification document substrate is a plastic identification card, a plastic financial card, or a passport data page. 9. The identification document of claim 7, wherein the average roughness is less than about 75% of a thickness of the topcoat layer. 10. The identification document of claim 7, wherein the topcoat layer covers an entire area of the upper surface of the identification document substrate. 11. A topcoat film supply comprising:
a base film having a first surface, the first surface having a surface structure with an average roughness of at least about 0.15 micron; and a radiation curable composition disposed on the first surface of the base film, the radiation curable composition comprising:
(a) polymerizable composition comprising hard and flexible polymerizable subunits, wherein (i) the hard subunit comprises alkoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate with a degree of alkoxylation ranging from about 1 to about 10; (ii) the flexible subunit comprises alkoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate with a degree of alkoxylation ranging from about 10 to about 20; and (iii) the ratio of hard to flexible subunits in the composition is from about 1.5:1 to about 4:1; and
(b) a polymeric binder. 12. The topcoat film supply of claim 11, wherein the radiation curable composition is substantially plasticizer free and wherein the ratio by weight of the polymerizable composition to polymeric binder is between 0.75:1 and 1.50:1 inclusive. 13. The topcoat film supply of claim 11, wherein the radiation curable composition further comprises a polymerization initiator. 14. The topcoat film supply of claim 11, wherein the radiation curable composition further comprises a chain transfer agent. 15. The topcoat film supply of claim 14, wherein the chain transfer agent comprises 2-mercapto benzoxazole. 16. The topcoat film supply of claim 11, wherein the base film has a surface structure with an average roughness from about 0.3 to about 3 microns. 17. The topcoat film supply of claim 11, wherein the base film comprises an embossed polyester film. 18. The topcoat film supply of claim 11, wherein the base film contains an embossed design that is visible to the naked eye. 19. The topcoat film supply of claim 18, wherein the embossed design includes a design element that is only visible under magnification. | A topcoat layer that has a defined surface structure on an outer surface thereof once the topcoat layer is laminated to a substrate. The surface structure of the topcoat layer provides a matte surface finish to the underlying substrate. Any attempt to alter the substrate or the topcoat layer will result in disruption or destruction of the surface structure of the topcoat layer making such tampering evident. Replication of the surface structure of the topcoat layer by a counterfeiter is also difficult without the appropriate equipment.1. A topcoat film supply, comprising:
a base film having a first surface, the first surface is intentionally formed to have a surface structure with a desired topography having an average roughness of at least about 0.15 micron; and a radiation curable coating disposed on the first surface of the base film, the coating having an inner surface facing the first surface, the inner surface has a surface structure that is a mirror image of the surface structure of the first surface. 2. The topcoat film supply of claim 1, further comprising registration marks on the base film. 3. The topcoat film supply of claim 1, wherein the topcoat film supply is in roll form or in sheet form. 4. The topcoat film supply of claim 1, wherein the average roughness is less than about 75% of a thickness of the radiation curable coating. 5. A topcoat layer, comprising:
a radiation curable composition having an inner surface that, when the topcoat layer is laminated to a substrate, faces the substrate and an outer surface that, when the topcoat layer is laminated to the substrate, faces away from the substrate; the radiation curable composition includes:
(a) polymerizable composition comprising hard and flexible polymerizable subunits, wherein (i) the hard subunit comprises alkoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate with a degree of alkoxylation ranging from about 1 to about 10; (ii) the flexible subunit comprises alkoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate with a degree of alkoxylation ranging from about 10 to about 20; and (iii) the ratio of hard to flexible subunits in the composition is from about 1.5:1 to about 4:1; and
(b) polymeric binder;
and the outer surface has a surface structure with a desired topography having an average roughness of at least about 0.15 micron. 6. The topcoat layer of claim 5, wherein the average roughness is less than about 75% of a thickness of the topcoat layer. 7. An identification document, comprising:
an identification document substrate having printed data thereon and an upper surface; a topcoat layer laminated to the upper surface of the identification document substrate, the topcoat layer has an outer surface that faces away from the upper surface and that has a surface structure with a desired topography having an average roughness of at least about 0.15 micron; the topcoat layer is formed by a topcoat composition that includes:
(a) polymerizable composition comprising hard and flexible polymerizable subunits, wherein (i) the hard subunit comprises alkoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate with a degree of alkoxylation ranging from about 1 to about 10; (ii) the flexible subunit comprises alkoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate with a degree of alkoxylation ranging from about 10 to about 20; and (iii) the ratio of hard to flexible subunits in the composition is from about 1.5:1 to about 4:1; and
(b) polymeric binder. 8. The identification document of claim 7, wherein the identification document substrate is a plastic identification card, a plastic financial card, or a passport data page. 9. The identification document of claim 7, wherein the average roughness is less than about 75% of a thickness of the topcoat layer. 10. The identification document of claim 7, wherein the topcoat layer covers an entire area of the upper surface of the identification document substrate. 11. A topcoat film supply comprising:
a base film having a first surface, the first surface having a surface structure with an average roughness of at least about 0.15 micron; and a radiation curable composition disposed on the first surface of the base film, the radiation curable composition comprising:
(a) polymerizable composition comprising hard and flexible polymerizable subunits, wherein (i) the hard subunit comprises alkoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate with a degree of alkoxylation ranging from about 1 to about 10; (ii) the flexible subunit comprises alkoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate with a degree of alkoxylation ranging from about 10 to about 20; and (iii) the ratio of hard to flexible subunits in the composition is from about 1.5:1 to about 4:1; and
(b) a polymeric binder. 12. The topcoat film supply of claim 11, wherein the radiation curable composition is substantially plasticizer free and wherein the ratio by weight of the polymerizable composition to polymeric binder is between 0.75:1 and 1.50:1 inclusive. 13. The topcoat film supply of claim 11, wherein the radiation curable composition further comprises a polymerization initiator. 14. The topcoat film supply of claim 11, wherein the radiation curable composition further comprises a chain transfer agent. 15. The topcoat film supply of claim 14, wherein the chain transfer agent comprises 2-mercapto benzoxazole. 16. The topcoat film supply of claim 11, wherein the base film has a surface structure with an average roughness from about 0.3 to about 3 microns. 17. The topcoat film supply of claim 11, wherein the base film comprises an embossed polyester film. 18. The topcoat film supply of claim 11, wherein the base film contains an embossed design that is visible to the naked eye. 19. The topcoat film supply of claim 18, wherein the embossed design includes a design element that is only visible under magnification. | 1,700 |
3,760 | 14,879,330 | 1,724 | Provided is an electrode including a current collector and an active material layer. The active material layer includes an active material, a film including silicone, a conductive additive, and a binder. The active material is in the form of a particle. The film including silicone covers at least part of the active material. | 1. An electrode comprising:
a current collector; and an active material layer, wherein the active material layer includes an active material, a film including silicone, a conductive additive, and a binder, and wherein the active material is in the form of a particle, and wherein the film including silicone covers at least a part of the active material. 2. The electrode according to claim 1,
wherein the active material includes at least one of graphite, silicon, and silicon monoxide. 3. The electrode according to claim 1,
wherein the silicone includes a hydrophobic functional group. 4. The electrode according to claim 3,
wherein the hydrophobic functional group includes at least one of a phenyl group, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a carbonyl group, and an ester group. 5. The electrode according to claim 1,
wherein the silicone includes a hydrophilic functional group. 6. A power storage device comprising:
a first electrode; and a second electrode, wherein the first electrode is one of a positive electrode and a negative electrode, wherein the second electrode is the other of the positive electrode and the negative electrode, wherein the first electrode includes a current collector and an active material layer, wherein the active material layer includes an active material, a film including silicone, a conductive additive, and a binder, wherein the active material is in the form of a particle, and wherein the film including silicone covers at least a part of the active material. 7. An electronic device comprising:
the power storage device according to claim 6; and at least one of a display panel, a light source, an operation key, a speaker, and a microphone. 8. A method for manufacturing an electrode, comprising:
forming a mixed liquid of an active material, silicone, and a first solvent; forming an active material with a film thereon by spraying the mixed liquid from a nozzle and evaporating the first solvent; forming a paste including the active material with the film thereon, a conductive additive, a binder, and a second solvent; and forming an active material layer by applying the paste to a current collector and evaporating the second solvent. 9. The method for manufacturing an electrode, according to claim 8,
wherein the active material includes at least one of graphite, silicon, and silicon monoxide. 10. The method for manufacturing an electrode, according to claim 8,
wherein the silicone includes a hydrophobic functional group. 11. The method for manufacturing an electrode, according to claim 10,
wherein the hydrophobic functional group includes at least one of a phenyl group, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a carbonyl group, and an ester group. 12. The method for manufacturing an electrode, according to claim 8,
wherein the silicone includes a hydrophilic functional group. 13. A method for manufacturing an electrode, comprising:
forming a mixed liquid of an active material, silicone, a conductive additive, and a first solvent; forming a mixture with a film thereon by spraying the mixed liquid and evaporating the first solvent with a spray dryer; forming a paste including the mixture with the film thereon, a binder, and a second solvent; and forming an active material layer by applying the paste to a current collector and evaporating the second solvent. 14. The method for manufacturing an electrode, according to claim 13,
wherein the active material includes at least one of graphite, silicon, and silicon monoxide. 15. The method for manufacturing an electrode, according to claim 13,
wherein the silicone includes a hydrophobic functional group. 16. The method for manufacturing an electrode, according to claim 15,
wherein the hydrophobic functional group includes at least one of a phenyl group, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a carbonyl group, and an ester group. 17. The method for manufacturing an electrode, according to claim 13,
wherein the silicone includes a hydrophilic functional group. | Provided is an electrode including a current collector and an active material layer. The active material layer includes an active material, a film including silicone, a conductive additive, and a binder. The active material is in the form of a particle. The film including silicone covers at least part of the active material.1. An electrode comprising:
a current collector; and an active material layer, wherein the active material layer includes an active material, a film including silicone, a conductive additive, and a binder, and wherein the active material is in the form of a particle, and wherein the film including silicone covers at least a part of the active material. 2. The electrode according to claim 1,
wherein the active material includes at least one of graphite, silicon, and silicon monoxide. 3. The electrode according to claim 1,
wherein the silicone includes a hydrophobic functional group. 4. The electrode according to claim 3,
wherein the hydrophobic functional group includes at least one of a phenyl group, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a carbonyl group, and an ester group. 5. The electrode according to claim 1,
wherein the silicone includes a hydrophilic functional group. 6. A power storage device comprising:
a first electrode; and a second electrode, wherein the first electrode is one of a positive electrode and a negative electrode, wherein the second electrode is the other of the positive electrode and the negative electrode, wherein the first electrode includes a current collector and an active material layer, wherein the active material layer includes an active material, a film including silicone, a conductive additive, and a binder, wherein the active material is in the form of a particle, and wherein the film including silicone covers at least a part of the active material. 7. An electronic device comprising:
the power storage device according to claim 6; and at least one of a display panel, a light source, an operation key, a speaker, and a microphone. 8. A method for manufacturing an electrode, comprising:
forming a mixed liquid of an active material, silicone, and a first solvent; forming an active material with a film thereon by spraying the mixed liquid from a nozzle and evaporating the first solvent; forming a paste including the active material with the film thereon, a conductive additive, a binder, and a second solvent; and forming an active material layer by applying the paste to a current collector and evaporating the second solvent. 9. The method for manufacturing an electrode, according to claim 8,
wherein the active material includes at least one of graphite, silicon, and silicon monoxide. 10. The method for manufacturing an electrode, according to claim 8,
wherein the silicone includes a hydrophobic functional group. 11. The method for manufacturing an electrode, according to claim 10,
wherein the hydrophobic functional group includes at least one of a phenyl group, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a carbonyl group, and an ester group. 12. The method for manufacturing an electrode, according to claim 8,
wherein the silicone includes a hydrophilic functional group. 13. A method for manufacturing an electrode, comprising:
forming a mixed liquid of an active material, silicone, a conductive additive, and a first solvent; forming a mixture with a film thereon by spraying the mixed liquid and evaporating the first solvent with a spray dryer; forming a paste including the mixture with the film thereon, a binder, and a second solvent; and forming an active material layer by applying the paste to a current collector and evaporating the second solvent. 14. The method for manufacturing an electrode, according to claim 13,
wherein the active material includes at least one of graphite, silicon, and silicon monoxide. 15. The method for manufacturing an electrode, according to claim 13,
wherein the silicone includes a hydrophobic functional group. 16. The method for manufacturing an electrode, according to claim 15,
wherein the hydrophobic functional group includes at least one of a phenyl group, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a carbonyl group, and an ester group. 17. The method for manufacturing an electrode, according to claim 13,
wherein the silicone includes a hydrophilic functional group. | 1,700 |
3,761 | 15,006,448 | 1,789 | An insulating garment for use as thermal and moist repellent barrier in a firefighter bunker gear is disclosed, the garment being adapted to be worn by a firefighter under a bunker gear. The garment being made from a fire-resistant insulating fabric comprising: a first woven or knitted fire-resistant fabric layer; a second woven or knitted fire-resistant fabric layer; and at least one monofilament yarn interconnecting the first and second layers, thereby creating an insulating space between the layers. Each monofilament yarn is made of a material having a compressive strength from about 0.5 to about 2.5 cN·cm/cm 2 and a resilience superiors or equals to about 25% to maintain the insulating space between the layers and therefore thermal and moist insulation. Preferably, the material further has a high melting point and/or high transition temperatures. The material of the monofilament yarn may comprise polyphenylene sulphide (PPS), polyetheretherketone (PEEK) or Polyetherimide (ULTEM™). | 1) An insulating garment for use as thermal and moist repellent barrier in a firefighter bunker gear, the garment being adapted to be worn by a firefighter under a bunker gear, the garment being made from a fire-resistant insulating fabric comprising:
a first woven or knitted fire-resistant fabric layer; a second woven or knitted fire-resistant fabric layer; and at least one monofilament yarn interconnecting the first and second layers, thereby creating an insulating space between the layers, each monofilament yarn being made of a material having a compressive strength from about 0.5 to about 2.5 cN·cm/cm2 and a resilience superior or equal to about 25% to maintain the insulating space between the layers and therefore thermal and moist insulation. 2) The insulating garment of claim 1, further comprising a waterproof-breathable membrane laminated on one of the layers, the membrane being breathable and adapted to repel water and/or moisture. 3) The insulating garment of claim 1, wherein the garment comprises a top section forming a vest and a bottom portion forming pants, the vest and the pants having a size adapted to be worn by the firefighter. 4) The insulating garment of claim 3, wherein the vest and the pants comprise an attaching system adapted to removably attach the vest and the pants to an inside surface of the bunker gear. 5) The insulating garment of claim 1, wherein each monofilament yarn of the insulating fabric forms an angle of about 90° with each inside surface of the layers of the fabric. 6) The insulating garment of claim 1, wherein the insulating fabric comprises two monofilament yarns intermingling within the insulating space to improve compressive strength. 7) The insulating garment of claim 1, wherein the at least one monofilament yarn has a linear density of superior to 100 deniers and a melting point superior or equal to 200° C. 8) The insulating garment of claim 1, wherein the at least one monofilament yarn comprises Polyphenylene sulphide or PPS; Polyether ether ketone or PEEK; or Polyetherimide also known as ULTEM™. 9) The insulating garment of claim 1, wherein the first and second layers of the fabric have a linear density of between 100 and 265 dTex. 10) The insulating garment of claim 1, wherein the first and second fabric layers are made of spun yarn and/or multi-filament yarn comprising fire-resistant material selected from the group consisting of polyparaphenylene terephtalamide or PPD-T, also known as KEVLAR®; polyparaphenylene terephtalamide copolymer also known as Technora™ T240; polymetaphenylene isophtalamide or MPD-I also known as NOMEX™; poly(p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole or PBO also known as Zylon™; polyamide imide also known as Kermel™; polyimide and poly[2,2′-(m-phenylen)-5,5′-bisbenzimidazole]. 11) A method for the making of an insulating garment for use as thermal and moist repellent barrier in a firefighter bunker gear, the method comprising the steps of:
a) providing a first woven or knitted fire-resistant fabric layer; b) providing a second woven or knitted fire-resistant fabric layer; c) interconnecting the first and second layers with at least one monofilament yarn, thereby making a fire-resistant insulating fabric with an insulating space between the layers; and d) assembling the fire-resistant insulating fabric formed in step c) to form the insulating garment; wherein each monofilament yarn used in step c) is made of a material having a compressive strength from about 0.5 to about 2.5 cN·cm/cm2 and a resilience superiors or equals to about 25% in order to maintain the insulating space between the layers when the insulating garment is used under the bunker gear. 12) The method of claim 11, further comprising before step d) the step of laminating a waterproof-breathable membrane on one of the layers, the membrane being breathable and adapted to repel water and/or moisture. 13) The method of claim 11, wherein step d) comprises the steps of making a top section forming a vest and a bottom portion forming pants, the vest and the pants having a size adapted to be worn by the firefighter. 14) The method of claim 13, wherein step d) further comprises the steps of fixing to the vest and pants an attaching system adapted to removably attach the vest and the pants to an inside surface of the bunker gear. 15) The method of claim 11, wherein in step c) each monofilament yarn of the fabric once interconnecting the layers forms an angle of about 90° with each inside surface of the layers. 16) The method of claim 11, wherein step c) comprises the step of intermingling two monofilament yarns within the insulating space to improve compressive strength. 17) The method of claim 11, wherein the at least one monofilament yarn used in step c) has a linear density of superior to 100 deniers and a melting point superior or equals to 200° C. 18) The method of claim 11, wherein the at least one monofilament yarn used in step c) comprises Polyphenylene sulphide or PPS; Polyether ether ketone or PEEK; or Polyetherimide also known as ULTEM™. 19) The method of claim 11, wherein the first and second layers of the fabric have a linear density of between 100 and 265 dTex. 20) The method of claim 11, wherein the first and second layers of the fabric are made of spun yarn and/or multi-filament yarn comprising fire-resistant material selected from the group consisting of polyparaphenylene terephtalamide or PPD-T, also known as KEVLAR®; polyparaphenylene terephtalamide copolymer also known as Technora™ T240; polymetaphenylene isophtalamide or MPD-I also known as NOMEX™; poly(p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole or PBO also known as Zylon™; polyamide imide also known as Kermel™; polyimide and poly[2,2′-(m-phenylen)-5,5′-bisbenzimidazole]. | An insulating garment for use as thermal and moist repellent barrier in a firefighter bunker gear is disclosed, the garment being adapted to be worn by a firefighter under a bunker gear. The garment being made from a fire-resistant insulating fabric comprising: a first woven or knitted fire-resistant fabric layer; a second woven or knitted fire-resistant fabric layer; and at least one monofilament yarn interconnecting the first and second layers, thereby creating an insulating space between the layers. Each monofilament yarn is made of a material having a compressive strength from about 0.5 to about 2.5 cN·cm/cm 2 and a resilience superiors or equals to about 25% to maintain the insulating space between the layers and therefore thermal and moist insulation. Preferably, the material further has a high melting point and/or high transition temperatures. The material of the monofilament yarn may comprise polyphenylene sulphide (PPS), polyetheretherketone (PEEK) or Polyetherimide (ULTEM™).1) An insulating garment for use as thermal and moist repellent barrier in a firefighter bunker gear, the garment being adapted to be worn by a firefighter under a bunker gear, the garment being made from a fire-resistant insulating fabric comprising:
a first woven or knitted fire-resistant fabric layer; a second woven or knitted fire-resistant fabric layer; and at least one monofilament yarn interconnecting the first and second layers, thereby creating an insulating space between the layers, each monofilament yarn being made of a material having a compressive strength from about 0.5 to about 2.5 cN·cm/cm2 and a resilience superior or equal to about 25% to maintain the insulating space between the layers and therefore thermal and moist insulation. 2) The insulating garment of claim 1, further comprising a waterproof-breathable membrane laminated on one of the layers, the membrane being breathable and adapted to repel water and/or moisture. 3) The insulating garment of claim 1, wherein the garment comprises a top section forming a vest and a bottom portion forming pants, the vest and the pants having a size adapted to be worn by the firefighter. 4) The insulating garment of claim 3, wherein the vest and the pants comprise an attaching system adapted to removably attach the vest and the pants to an inside surface of the bunker gear. 5) The insulating garment of claim 1, wherein each monofilament yarn of the insulating fabric forms an angle of about 90° with each inside surface of the layers of the fabric. 6) The insulating garment of claim 1, wherein the insulating fabric comprises two monofilament yarns intermingling within the insulating space to improve compressive strength. 7) The insulating garment of claim 1, wherein the at least one monofilament yarn has a linear density of superior to 100 deniers and a melting point superior or equal to 200° C. 8) The insulating garment of claim 1, wherein the at least one monofilament yarn comprises Polyphenylene sulphide or PPS; Polyether ether ketone or PEEK; or Polyetherimide also known as ULTEM™. 9) The insulating garment of claim 1, wherein the first and second layers of the fabric have a linear density of between 100 and 265 dTex. 10) The insulating garment of claim 1, wherein the first and second fabric layers are made of spun yarn and/or multi-filament yarn comprising fire-resistant material selected from the group consisting of polyparaphenylene terephtalamide or PPD-T, also known as KEVLAR®; polyparaphenylene terephtalamide copolymer also known as Technora™ T240; polymetaphenylene isophtalamide or MPD-I also known as NOMEX™; poly(p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole or PBO also known as Zylon™; polyamide imide also known as Kermel™; polyimide and poly[2,2′-(m-phenylen)-5,5′-bisbenzimidazole]. 11) A method for the making of an insulating garment for use as thermal and moist repellent barrier in a firefighter bunker gear, the method comprising the steps of:
a) providing a first woven or knitted fire-resistant fabric layer; b) providing a second woven or knitted fire-resistant fabric layer; c) interconnecting the first and second layers with at least one monofilament yarn, thereby making a fire-resistant insulating fabric with an insulating space between the layers; and d) assembling the fire-resistant insulating fabric formed in step c) to form the insulating garment; wherein each monofilament yarn used in step c) is made of a material having a compressive strength from about 0.5 to about 2.5 cN·cm/cm2 and a resilience superiors or equals to about 25% in order to maintain the insulating space between the layers when the insulating garment is used under the bunker gear. 12) The method of claim 11, further comprising before step d) the step of laminating a waterproof-breathable membrane on one of the layers, the membrane being breathable and adapted to repel water and/or moisture. 13) The method of claim 11, wherein step d) comprises the steps of making a top section forming a vest and a bottom portion forming pants, the vest and the pants having a size adapted to be worn by the firefighter. 14) The method of claim 13, wherein step d) further comprises the steps of fixing to the vest and pants an attaching system adapted to removably attach the vest and the pants to an inside surface of the bunker gear. 15) The method of claim 11, wherein in step c) each monofilament yarn of the fabric once interconnecting the layers forms an angle of about 90° with each inside surface of the layers. 16) The method of claim 11, wherein step c) comprises the step of intermingling two monofilament yarns within the insulating space to improve compressive strength. 17) The method of claim 11, wherein the at least one monofilament yarn used in step c) has a linear density of superior to 100 deniers and a melting point superior or equals to 200° C. 18) The method of claim 11, wherein the at least one monofilament yarn used in step c) comprises Polyphenylene sulphide or PPS; Polyether ether ketone or PEEK; or Polyetherimide also known as ULTEM™. 19) The method of claim 11, wherein the first and second layers of the fabric have a linear density of between 100 and 265 dTex. 20) The method of claim 11, wherein the first and second layers of the fabric are made of spun yarn and/or multi-filament yarn comprising fire-resistant material selected from the group consisting of polyparaphenylene terephtalamide or PPD-T, also known as KEVLAR®; polyparaphenylene terephtalamide copolymer also known as Technora™ T240; polymetaphenylene isophtalamide or MPD-I also known as NOMEX™; poly(p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole or PBO also known as Zylon™; polyamide imide also known as Kermel™; polyimide and poly[2,2′-(m-phenylen)-5,5′-bisbenzimidazole]. | 1,700 |
3,762 | 14,335,257 | 1,714 | A system for cleaning dopant contamination in a process chamber is disclosed. The system includes a susceptor and a chamber kit component, a first plurality of lamps configured to heat the susceptor, a second plurality of lamps configured to heat the chamber kit component, and a gas supply configured to provide a chlorine cleaning gas. The system is configured to deposit a layer on a substrate at a deposition temperature and perform an in-situ clean of the process chamber, including the chamber kit component, at the deposition temperature. A method for cleaning dopant contamination includes depositing a layer over a substrate at a deposition temperature, performing an in-situ clean of the process chamber and a process kit component at the deposition temperature, unloading the substrate, and performing a dedicated clean at a clean temperature. In some examples, the clean temperature is about equal to the deposition temperature. | 1. A system for cleaning dopant contamination, comprising:
a susceptor disposed within a process chamber; at least one chamber kit component disposed within the process chamber; a first plurality of lamps configured to heat the susceptor; and a second plurality of lamps configured to heat the at least one chamber kit component; wherein the system is configured to deposit a doped semiconductor layer on a substrate loaded on the susceptor at a deposition temperature; and wherein the system is configured to perform an in-situ clean of the process chamber, and including the at least one chamber kit component, at the deposition temperature. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising:
an upper dome at least partially enclosing the process chamber; a plurality of elevator pins moveably coupled to the susceptor; and a plurality of lift arms configured to engage the elevator pins and vertically displace the susceptor from a first position to a second position, wherein a distance between the susceptor and the upper dome is smaller when the susceptor is in the second position. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the system is configured to perform the in-situ clean while the susceptor is in the second position in order to increase an upper dome temperature. 4. The system of claim 2, wherein the system is configured to perform the in-situ clean while the susceptor is in the first position in order to expose the at least one chamber kit component to a cleaning gas. 5. The system of claim 1, further comprising a gas supply fluidly coupled to the process chamber, wherein the gas supply is configured to provide to the process chamber at least one of a carrier gas, a precursor gas, a dopant gas, and a cleaning gas. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the gas supply is configured to provide to the process chamber a chlorine cleaning gas and a carrier gas. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one chamber kit component includes one selected from the group comprising: the susceptor; an upper dome; a lower dome; an upper base ring; a lower base ring; an upper clamp ring; a lower clamp ring; an upper liner; a lower liner; and a pre-heat ring. 8. The system of claim 1, further comprising at least one pyrometer configured to measure a system temperature, wherein the system is configured to control a power setting of at least one lamp of the first and second plurality of lamps based on the system temperature measurement of the at least one pyrometer. 9. A method of cleaning dopant contamination, comprising:
depositing an epitaxial layer over a substrate loaded onto a susceptor in a process chamber at a deposition temperature; performing an in-situ clean of the process chamber and at least one process kit component at the deposition temperature; unloading the substrate from the process chamber; and after the unloading the substrate from the process chamber, performing a dedicated clean of the process chamber and the at least one process kit component at a clean temperature. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the deposition temperature is between about 500° C. and about 700° C. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the in-situ clean is performed for a duration of from about 5 seconds to about 20 seconds. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the performing the in-situ clean further comprises flowing a chlorine gas into the process chamber. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the performing the in-situ clean further comprises flowing at least one of a helium gas and a nitrogen gas. 14. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
moving, by way of a lift arm engaged with an elevator pin movably coupled to the susceptor, the susceptor from a first position to a second position; wherein a distance between the susceptor and an upper dome is smaller when the susceptor is in the second position; and wherein, while the susceptor is in the second position, the upper dome is heated by at least one of convection and radiation heating due to the proximity of the susceptor to the upper dome. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
moving, by way of the lift arm engaged with the elevator pin, the susceptor from the second position to the first position, wherein the at least one process kit component is exposed as a result of the moving the susceptor to the first position. 16. A method of semiconductor device fabrication, comprising:
depositing a plurality of layers over a substrate in a process chamber at a first temperature; prior to unloading the substrate from the process chamber, flowing a cleaning gas into the process chamber; and performing, while the substrate remains in the process chamber, at least one clean of the process chamber and at least one process kit component at the first temperature. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
unloading the substrate from the process chamber; and performing a dedicated clean of the process chamber and the at least one process kit component at a second temperature. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the first temperature is about equal to the second temperature. 19. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
after depositing each layer of the plurality of layers, performing a clean of the process chamber and the at least one process kit component at the first temperature while the substrate remains in the process chamber. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the cleaning gas includes a chlorine gas. | A system for cleaning dopant contamination in a process chamber is disclosed. The system includes a susceptor and a chamber kit component, a first plurality of lamps configured to heat the susceptor, a second plurality of lamps configured to heat the chamber kit component, and a gas supply configured to provide a chlorine cleaning gas. The system is configured to deposit a layer on a substrate at a deposition temperature and perform an in-situ clean of the process chamber, including the chamber kit component, at the deposition temperature. A method for cleaning dopant contamination includes depositing a layer over a substrate at a deposition temperature, performing an in-situ clean of the process chamber and a process kit component at the deposition temperature, unloading the substrate, and performing a dedicated clean at a clean temperature. In some examples, the clean temperature is about equal to the deposition temperature.1. A system for cleaning dopant contamination, comprising:
a susceptor disposed within a process chamber; at least one chamber kit component disposed within the process chamber; a first plurality of lamps configured to heat the susceptor; and a second plurality of lamps configured to heat the at least one chamber kit component; wherein the system is configured to deposit a doped semiconductor layer on a substrate loaded on the susceptor at a deposition temperature; and wherein the system is configured to perform an in-situ clean of the process chamber, and including the at least one chamber kit component, at the deposition temperature. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising:
an upper dome at least partially enclosing the process chamber; a plurality of elevator pins moveably coupled to the susceptor; and a plurality of lift arms configured to engage the elevator pins and vertically displace the susceptor from a first position to a second position, wherein a distance between the susceptor and the upper dome is smaller when the susceptor is in the second position. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the system is configured to perform the in-situ clean while the susceptor is in the second position in order to increase an upper dome temperature. 4. The system of claim 2, wherein the system is configured to perform the in-situ clean while the susceptor is in the first position in order to expose the at least one chamber kit component to a cleaning gas. 5. The system of claim 1, further comprising a gas supply fluidly coupled to the process chamber, wherein the gas supply is configured to provide to the process chamber at least one of a carrier gas, a precursor gas, a dopant gas, and a cleaning gas. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the gas supply is configured to provide to the process chamber a chlorine cleaning gas and a carrier gas. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one chamber kit component includes one selected from the group comprising: the susceptor; an upper dome; a lower dome; an upper base ring; a lower base ring; an upper clamp ring; a lower clamp ring; an upper liner; a lower liner; and a pre-heat ring. 8. The system of claim 1, further comprising at least one pyrometer configured to measure a system temperature, wherein the system is configured to control a power setting of at least one lamp of the first and second plurality of lamps based on the system temperature measurement of the at least one pyrometer. 9. A method of cleaning dopant contamination, comprising:
depositing an epitaxial layer over a substrate loaded onto a susceptor in a process chamber at a deposition temperature; performing an in-situ clean of the process chamber and at least one process kit component at the deposition temperature; unloading the substrate from the process chamber; and after the unloading the substrate from the process chamber, performing a dedicated clean of the process chamber and the at least one process kit component at a clean temperature. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the deposition temperature is between about 500° C. and about 700° C. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the in-situ clean is performed for a duration of from about 5 seconds to about 20 seconds. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the performing the in-situ clean further comprises flowing a chlorine gas into the process chamber. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the performing the in-situ clean further comprises flowing at least one of a helium gas and a nitrogen gas. 14. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
moving, by way of a lift arm engaged with an elevator pin movably coupled to the susceptor, the susceptor from a first position to a second position; wherein a distance between the susceptor and an upper dome is smaller when the susceptor is in the second position; and wherein, while the susceptor is in the second position, the upper dome is heated by at least one of convection and radiation heating due to the proximity of the susceptor to the upper dome. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
moving, by way of the lift arm engaged with the elevator pin, the susceptor from the second position to the first position, wherein the at least one process kit component is exposed as a result of the moving the susceptor to the first position. 16. A method of semiconductor device fabrication, comprising:
depositing a plurality of layers over a substrate in a process chamber at a first temperature; prior to unloading the substrate from the process chamber, flowing a cleaning gas into the process chamber; and performing, while the substrate remains in the process chamber, at least one clean of the process chamber and at least one process kit component at the first temperature. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
unloading the substrate from the process chamber; and performing a dedicated clean of the process chamber and the at least one process kit component at a second temperature. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the first temperature is about equal to the second temperature. 19. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
after depositing each layer of the plurality of layers, performing a clean of the process chamber and the at least one process kit component at the first temperature while the substrate remains in the process chamber. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the cleaning gas includes a chlorine gas. | 1,700 |
3,763 | 14,755,403 | 1,722 | An array having nanopores is produced by coating a thin layer of metal or other material onto a substrate and creating a mask on the metal or other material by combining a first polymer and a second polymer. The first polymer self-assembles into nanodomains of the first polymer in the second polymer resulting in the formation of a uniform hexagonal pattern of the first polymer nanodomains in the second polymer over the entire surface of the metal or other material. The nanodomains are removed by etching to form nano-voids that extend through the polymer layer. Nanopores are created in the metal or other material layer by ion beam milling the metal through the nano-voids to produce nano-pores that extend through the metal or other material creating an array having nanopores. | 1. A nanolithography method for creating an array, comprising the steps of:
providing a substrate having surface; coating a layer of material on said surface of said substrate providing a material surface; forming a mask on said material surface by combining a first polymer and a second polymer to form self-assembled nanodomains of said first polymer in said second polymer and removing said nanodomains to form nano-voids in said mask; and ion beam milling said material through said nano-voids in said mask producing nano-pores in said material creating the array. 2. The nanolithography method for creating an array of claim 1 wherein said step of coating a layer of material on said surface of said substrate providing a material surface comprises controlling the coating of a layer of material on said surface of said substrate to produce said material surface that has a roughness in the range of Rrms 6.0 A to Rrms 20 A. 3. The nanolithography method for creating an array of claim 1 wherein said step of coating a layer of material on said surface of said substrate providing a material surface comprises controlling the coating of a layer of material on said surface of said substrate to produce said material surface that has a roughness in the range of Rrms 6.0 A to Rrms 7.0 A. 4. The nanolithography method for creating an array of claim 1 wherein said step of coating a layer of material on said surface of said substrate providing a material surface comprises controlling the coating of a layer of material on said surface of said substrate to produce said material surface that has a roughness of Rrms 6.5 A. 5. The nanolithography method for creating an array of claim 1 wherein said step of coating a layer of material on said surface of said substrate providing a material surface comprises coating a layer of metal on said surface of said substrate providing a metal surface. 6. The nanolithography method for creating an array of claim 5 wherein said metal comprises gold, silver, or aluminum. 7. The nanolithography method for creating an array of claim 1 wherein said step of coating a layer of material on said surface of said substrate providing a material surface comprises coating a layer of flexible metal on said surface of said substrate providing a flexible metal surface. 8. The nanolithography method for creating an array of claim 1 wherein said step of forming a mask on said material surface comprises combining a first polymer and a second polymer to form self-assembled cylindrical nanodomains of said first polymer in said second polymer and removing said cylindrical nanodomains to form cylindrical nano-voids in said mask. 9. The nanolithography method for creating an array of claim 1 wherein said step of forming a mask on said material surface comprises combining a first polymer and a second polymer to form self-assembled cylindrical nanodomains of said first polymer in said second polymer and removing said cylindrical nanodomains to form cylindrical nano-voids in said mask and wherein said step of ion beam milling said material through said nano-voids in said mask comprises ion beam milling said material through said cylindrical nano-voids in said mask. 10. The nanolithography method for creating an array of claim 1 wherein said step of forming a mask on said material surface comprises combining a first polymer and a second polymer to form self-assembled spherical nanodomains of said first polymer in said second polymer and removing said spherical nanodomains to form nano-voids in said mask. 11. The nanolithography method for creating an array of claim 1 wherein said step of combining a first polymer and a second polymer to form self-assembled nanodomains of said first polymer in said second polymer and removing said nanodomains to form nano-voids in said mask comprises combining a first polymer and a second polymer to form self-assembled nanodomains of said first polymer in said second polymer in a hexagonal pattern of said nanodomains of said first polymer in said second polymer and removing said nanodomains to form a hexagonal pattern of said nano-voids in said mask. 12. The nanolithography method for creating an array of claim 11 wherein said step of ion beam milling said material through said nano-voids in said mask comprises ion beam milling said material through said hexagonal pattern of said nano-voids in said mask producing a hexagonal pattern of said nano-pores in said material creating the array. 13. The nanolithography method for creating an array of claim 1 wherein said step of providing a substrate having surface comprises providing a substrate of silicon having a silicon surface. 14. The nanolithography method for creating an array of claim 1 wherein said step of providing a substrate having surface comprises providing a substrate of a porous material having a porous material surface. 15. The nanolithography method for creating an array of claim 1 wherein said step of providing a substrate having surface comprises providing a substrate of a flexible material having a flexible material surface. 16. A nanolithography method for producing a battery, comprising the steps of:
providing an anode substrate having an anode substrate surface, coating a layer of anode material on said anode substrate surface providing an anode material surface, forming a mask on said anode material surface by combining a first polymer and a second polymer to form self-assembled nanodomains of said first polymer in said second polymer and removing said nanodomains to form nano-voids in said mask, ion beam milling said anode material through said nano-voids in said mask producing nano-pores in said anode material creating an anode array of said anode substrate and said anode material with nano-pores, providing a cathode substrate having a cathode substrate surface, coating a layer of cathode material on said cathode substrate surface providing a cathode material surface, forming a mask on said cathode material surface by combining a first polymer and a second polymer to form self-assembled nanodomains of said first polymer in said second polymer and removing said nanodomains to form nano-voids in said mask, ion beam milling said cathode material through said nano-voids in said mask producing nano-pores in said cathode material creating a cathode array of said cathode substrate and said cathode material with nano-pores, providing an electrolyte between said anode array and said cathode array, and connecting a circuit between said anode array and said cathode array producing the battery. 17. The nanolithography method for producing a battery of claim 16 wherein the step of providing an anode substrate comprises providing an anode substrate made of an insulator material and wherein the step of providing a cathode substrate comprises providing an cathode substrate made of an insulator material. 18. A nanolithography method for producing a filter, comprising the steps of:
providing a substrate having a substrate surface, coating a layer of metal or other material on said substrate surface providing a metal or other material surface, forming a mask on said metal or other material surface by combining a first polymer and a second polymer to form self-assembled nanodomains of said first polymer in said second polymer and removing said nanodomains to form nano-voids in said mask, and ion beam milling said metal or other material through said nano-voids in said mask producing nano-pores in said metal or other material creating an array of said porous substrate and said metal or other material with nano-pores to produce said filter. 19. The nanolithography method for producing a filter of claim 18 wherein said step of wherein said step of coating a layer of material on said surface of said substrate providing a metal or other material surface comprises controlling the coating of a layer of metal or other material on said surface of said substrate to produce said metal or other material surface that has a roughness in the range of Rrms 6.0 A to Rrms 20 A. 20. The nanolithography method for producing a filter of claim 18 wherein said step of coating a layer of metal or other material on said surface of said substrate providing a metal or other material surface comprises controlling the coating of a layer of metal or other material on said surface of said substrate to produce said metal or other material surface that has a roughness in the range of Rrms 6.0 A to Rrms 7.0 A. 21. The nanolithography method for producing a filter of claim 18 wherein said step of coating a layer of metal or other material on said surface of said substrate providing a metal or other material surface comprises controlling the coating of a layer of metal or other material on said surface of said substrate to produce said metal or other material surface that has a roughness of Rrms 6.5 A. 22. The nanolithography method for producing a filter of claim 18 wherein said step of forming a mask on said metal or other material surface comprises combining a first polymer and a second polymer to form self-assembled cylindrical nanodomains of said first polymer in said second polymer and removing said cylindrical nanodomains to form cylindrical nano-voids in said mask. 23. The nanolithography method for producing a filter of claim 18 wherein said step of forming a mask on said metal or other material surface comprises combining a first polymer and a second polymer to form self-assembled cylindrical nanodomains of said first polymer in said second polymer and removing said cylindrical nanodomains to form cylindrical nano-voids in said mask and wherein said step of ion beam milling said metal or other material through said nano-voids in said mask comprises ion beam milling said metal or other material through said cylindrical nano-voids in said mask. 24. The nanolithography method for producing a filter of claim 18 wherein said step of combining a first polymer and a second polymer to form self-assembled nanodomains of said first polymer in said second polymer and removing said nanodomains to form nano-voids in said mask comprises combining a first polymer and a second polymer to form self-assembled nanodomains of said first polymer in said second polymer in a hexagonal pattern of said nanodomains of said first polymer in said second polymer and removing said nanodomains to form a hexagonal pattern of said nano-voids in said mask. 25. The nanolithography method for producing a filter of claim 18 wherein said step of ion beam milling said metal or other material through said nano-voids in said mask comprises ion beam milling said metal or other material through said hexagonal pattern of said nano-voids in said mask producing a hexagonal pattern of said nano-pores in said metal or other material creating the array. | An array having nanopores is produced by coating a thin layer of metal or other material onto a substrate and creating a mask on the metal or other material by combining a first polymer and a second polymer. The first polymer self-assembles into nanodomains of the first polymer in the second polymer resulting in the formation of a uniform hexagonal pattern of the first polymer nanodomains in the second polymer over the entire surface of the metal or other material. The nanodomains are removed by etching to form nano-voids that extend through the polymer layer. Nanopores are created in the metal or other material layer by ion beam milling the metal through the nano-voids to produce nano-pores that extend through the metal or other material creating an array having nanopores.1. A nanolithography method for creating an array, comprising the steps of:
providing a substrate having surface; coating a layer of material on said surface of said substrate providing a material surface; forming a mask on said material surface by combining a first polymer and a second polymer to form self-assembled nanodomains of said first polymer in said second polymer and removing said nanodomains to form nano-voids in said mask; and ion beam milling said material through said nano-voids in said mask producing nano-pores in said material creating the array. 2. The nanolithography method for creating an array of claim 1 wherein said step of coating a layer of material on said surface of said substrate providing a material surface comprises controlling the coating of a layer of material on said surface of said substrate to produce said material surface that has a roughness in the range of Rrms 6.0 A to Rrms 20 A. 3. The nanolithography method for creating an array of claim 1 wherein said step of coating a layer of material on said surface of said substrate providing a material surface comprises controlling the coating of a layer of material on said surface of said substrate to produce said material surface that has a roughness in the range of Rrms 6.0 A to Rrms 7.0 A. 4. The nanolithography method for creating an array of claim 1 wherein said step of coating a layer of material on said surface of said substrate providing a material surface comprises controlling the coating of a layer of material on said surface of said substrate to produce said material surface that has a roughness of Rrms 6.5 A. 5. The nanolithography method for creating an array of claim 1 wherein said step of coating a layer of material on said surface of said substrate providing a material surface comprises coating a layer of metal on said surface of said substrate providing a metal surface. 6. The nanolithography method for creating an array of claim 5 wherein said metal comprises gold, silver, or aluminum. 7. The nanolithography method for creating an array of claim 1 wherein said step of coating a layer of material on said surface of said substrate providing a material surface comprises coating a layer of flexible metal on said surface of said substrate providing a flexible metal surface. 8. The nanolithography method for creating an array of claim 1 wherein said step of forming a mask on said material surface comprises combining a first polymer and a second polymer to form self-assembled cylindrical nanodomains of said first polymer in said second polymer and removing said cylindrical nanodomains to form cylindrical nano-voids in said mask. 9. The nanolithography method for creating an array of claim 1 wherein said step of forming a mask on said material surface comprises combining a first polymer and a second polymer to form self-assembled cylindrical nanodomains of said first polymer in said second polymer and removing said cylindrical nanodomains to form cylindrical nano-voids in said mask and wherein said step of ion beam milling said material through said nano-voids in said mask comprises ion beam milling said material through said cylindrical nano-voids in said mask. 10. The nanolithography method for creating an array of claim 1 wherein said step of forming a mask on said material surface comprises combining a first polymer and a second polymer to form self-assembled spherical nanodomains of said first polymer in said second polymer and removing said spherical nanodomains to form nano-voids in said mask. 11. The nanolithography method for creating an array of claim 1 wherein said step of combining a first polymer and a second polymer to form self-assembled nanodomains of said first polymer in said second polymer and removing said nanodomains to form nano-voids in said mask comprises combining a first polymer and a second polymer to form self-assembled nanodomains of said first polymer in said second polymer in a hexagonal pattern of said nanodomains of said first polymer in said second polymer and removing said nanodomains to form a hexagonal pattern of said nano-voids in said mask. 12. The nanolithography method for creating an array of claim 11 wherein said step of ion beam milling said material through said nano-voids in said mask comprises ion beam milling said material through said hexagonal pattern of said nano-voids in said mask producing a hexagonal pattern of said nano-pores in said material creating the array. 13. The nanolithography method for creating an array of claim 1 wherein said step of providing a substrate having surface comprises providing a substrate of silicon having a silicon surface. 14. The nanolithography method for creating an array of claim 1 wherein said step of providing a substrate having surface comprises providing a substrate of a porous material having a porous material surface. 15. The nanolithography method for creating an array of claim 1 wherein said step of providing a substrate having surface comprises providing a substrate of a flexible material having a flexible material surface. 16. A nanolithography method for producing a battery, comprising the steps of:
providing an anode substrate having an anode substrate surface, coating a layer of anode material on said anode substrate surface providing an anode material surface, forming a mask on said anode material surface by combining a first polymer and a second polymer to form self-assembled nanodomains of said first polymer in said second polymer and removing said nanodomains to form nano-voids in said mask, ion beam milling said anode material through said nano-voids in said mask producing nano-pores in said anode material creating an anode array of said anode substrate and said anode material with nano-pores, providing a cathode substrate having a cathode substrate surface, coating a layer of cathode material on said cathode substrate surface providing a cathode material surface, forming a mask on said cathode material surface by combining a first polymer and a second polymer to form self-assembled nanodomains of said first polymer in said second polymer and removing said nanodomains to form nano-voids in said mask, ion beam milling said cathode material through said nano-voids in said mask producing nano-pores in said cathode material creating a cathode array of said cathode substrate and said cathode material with nano-pores, providing an electrolyte between said anode array and said cathode array, and connecting a circuit between said anode array and said cathode array producing the battery. 17. The nanolithography method for producing a battery of claim 16 wherein the step of providing an anode substrate comprises providing an anode substrate made of an insulator material and wherein the step of providing a cathode substrate comprises providing an cathode substrate made of an insulator material. 18. A nanolithography method for producing a filter, comprising the steps of:
providing a substrate having a substrate surface, coating a layer of metal or other material on said substrate surface providing a metal or other material surface, forming a mask on said metal or other material surface by combining a first polymer and a second polymer to form self-assembled nanodomains of said first polymer in said second polymer and removing said nanodomains to form nano-voids in said mask, and ion beam milling said metal or other material through said nano-voids in said mask producing nano-pores in said metal or other material creating an array of said porous substrate and said metal or other material with nano-pores to produce said filter. 19. The nanolithography method for producing a filter of claim 18 wherein said step of wherein said step of coating a layer of material on said surface of said substrate providing a metal or other material surface comprises controlling the coating of a layer of metal or other material on said surface of said substrate to produce said metal or other material surface that has a roughness in the range of Rrms 6.0 A to Rrms 20 A. 20. The nanolithography method for producing a filter of claim 18 wherein said step of coating a layer of metal or other material on said surface of said substrate providing a metal or other material surface comprises controlling the coating of a layer of metal or other material on said surface of said substrate to produce said metal or other material surface that has a roughness in the range of Rrms 6.0 A to Rrms 7.0 A. 21. The nanolithography method for producing a filter of claim 18 wherein said step of coating a layer of metal or other material on said surface of said substrate providing a metal or other material surface comprises controlling the coating of a layer of metal or other material on said surface of said substrate to produce said metal or other material surface that has a roughness of Rrms 6.5 A. 22. The nanolithography method for producing a filter of claim 18 wherein said step of forming a mask on said metal or other material surface comprises combining a first polymer and a second polymer to form self-assembled cylindrical nanodomains of said first polymer in said second polymer and removing said cylindrical nanodomains to form cylindrical nano-voids in said mask. 23. The nanolithography method for producing a filter of claim 18 wherein said step of forming a mask on said metal or other material surface comprises combining a first polymer and a second polymer to form self-assembled cylindrical nanodomains of said first polymer in said second polymer and removing said cylindrical nanodomains to form cylindrical nano-voids in said mask and wherein said step of ion beam milling said metal or other material through said nano-voids in said mask comprises ion beam milling said metal or other material through said cylindrical nano-voids in said mask. 24. The nanolithography method for producing a filter of claim 18 wherein said step of combining a first polymer and a second polymer to form self-assembled nanodomains of said first polymer in said second polymer and removing said nanodomains to form nano-voids in said mask comprises combining a first polymer and a second polymer to form self-assembled nanodomains of said first polymer in said second polymer in a hexagonal pattern of said nanodomains of said first polymer in said second polymer and removing said nanodomains to form a hexagonal pattern of said nano-voids in said mask. 25. The nanolithography method for producing a filter of claim 18 wherein said step of ion beam milling said metal or other material through said nano-voids in said mask comprises ion beam milling said metal or other material through said hexagonal pattern of said nano-voids in said mask producing a hexagonal pattern of said nano-pores in said metal or other material creating the array. | 1,700 |
3,764 | 15,868,104 | 1,714 | A household appliance for treating at least one item according to at least one cycle of operation includes a treating chamber for receiving the at least one item for treatment according to the at least one cycle of operation, a treating chemistry dispenser receiving a unit dose container having an electrically conductive element, a physical alteration element located proximate to the treating chemistry dispenser and operable to physically alter at least a portion of the electrically conductive element and a sensor for sensing the physical alteration. | 1. A household appliance for treating at least one item according to at least one cycle of operation, comprising:
a treating chamber for receiving the at least one item for treatment according to the at least one cycle of operation; a treating chemistry dispenser configured to receive a unit dose container having an electrically conductive element; a physical alteration element located proximate to the treating chemistry dispenser and operable to physically alter at least a portion of the electrically conductive element; an electrical sensor located proximate the unit dose container when it is received within the treating chemistry dispenser, where the electrical sensor is configured to sense a conductance through the electrically conductive element at a location where the physical alteration element has physically altered the electrically conductive element and provide an output indicative of the conductance; and a controller configured to implement the at least one cycle of operation; wherein the electrical sensor is operably coupled to and controlled by the controller and provides the output to the controller and wherein the controller is further configured to compare the sensed conductance to a reference conductance. 2. The household appliance of claim 1 wherein the controller is further configured to controller implement the at least one cycle of operation when the comparison indicates the unit dose container is an unused container. 3. The household appliance of claim 1 wherein the controller is further configured to cease implementing the at least one cycle of operation when the comparison indicates the sensed conductance and the reference conductance differ. 4. The household appliance of claim 1 wherein the controller is further configured to activate the physical alteration element after a dispensing of treating chemistry from the unit dose container during implementation of the at least one cycle of operation. 5. The household appliance of claim 1 wherein the electrical sensor is configured to apply an electrical potential between two portions of the electrically conductive element. 6. The household appliance of claim 1 wherein the treating chemistry dispenser further comprises a drawer being slidable between a load position, where the unit dose container may be loaded into the drawer, and a use position, where the unit dose container is positioned for dispensing. 7. The household appliance of claim 1 wherein the physical alteration element comprises a piercing element movable between a piercing position, where the piercing element extends through the electrically conductive element and into the unit dose container, and a non-piercing position, where the piercing element resides exteriorly of the unit dose container. 8. The household appliance of claim 7 wherein the piercing element comprises a needle having a hollow interior through which the treating chemistry may be withdrawn. 9. The household appliance of claim 8 wherein the treating chemistry dispenser comprises a pump fluidly coupled to the hollow interior of the needle to pump the treating chemistry from the unit dose container. 10. A household appliance for treating at least one item according to at least one cycle of operation, comprising:
a treating chamber for receiving the at least one item for treatment according to the at least one cycle of operation; a treating chemistry dispenser configured to receive a unit dose container having an electrically conductive element; a physical alteration element located proximate to the treating chemistry dispenser and operable to physically alter at least a portion of the electrically conductive element; an electrical sensor located proximate the unit dose container when it is received within the treating chemistry dispenser, where the electrical sensor is configured to electrically sense a characteristic of electricity flowing through the electrically conductive element at a location where the physical alteration element has physically altered the electrically conductive element and provide an output indicative of the characteristic; and a controller configured to receive the output from the electrical sensor and configured to implement the at least one cycle of operation based on the received output or cease implementing the at least one cycle of operation based on the received output. 11. The household appliance of claim 10 wherein the electrical sensor is operably coupled to and controlled by the controller, which activates the physical alteration element after a dispensing of treating chemistry from the unit dose container during implementation of the at least one cycle of operation. 12. The household appliance of claim 10 wherein the electrical sensor is configured to apply an electrical potential between two portions of the electrically conductive element. 13. The household appliance of claim 10 wherein the conductive element has at least one of a resistance and a conductance different from an adjacent portion of the unit dose container. 14. The household appliance of claim 10 wherein the treating chemistry dispenser further comprises a drawer being slidable between a load position, where the unit dose container may be loaded into the drawer, and a use position, where the unit dose container is positioned for dispensing. 15. The household appliance of claim 10 wherein the physical alteration element comprises a piercer operable to perforate the unit dose container at a location of the electrically conductive element. 16. The household appliance of claim 15 wherein the piercer physically alters the electrically conductive element to electrically open the electrically conductive element. 17. The household appliance of claim 16 wherein the piercer completely severs the electrically conductive element. 18. The household appliance of claim 15 wherein the piercer comprises a piercing element movable between a piercing position, where the piercing element extends through the electrically conductive element and into the unit dose container, and a non-piercing position, where the piercing element resides exteriorly of the unit dose container. 19. The household appliance of claim 18 wherein the piercing element comprises a needle having a hollow interior through which the treating chemistry may be withdrawn. 20. The household appliance of claim 19 wherein the treating chemistry dispenser comprises a pump fluidly coupled to the hollow interior of the needle to pump the treating chemistry from the unit dose container. | A household appliance for treating at least one item according to at least one cycle of operation includes a treating chamber for receiving the at least one item for treatment according to the at least one cycle of operation, a treating chemistry dispenser receiving a unit dose container having an electrically conductive element, a physical alteration element located proximate to the treating chemistry dispenser and operable to physically alter at least a portion of the electrically conductive element and a sensor for sensing the physical alteration.1. A household appliance for treating at least one item according to at least one cycle of operation, comprising:
a treating chamber for receiving the at least one item for treatment according to the at least one cycle of operation; a treating chemistry dispenser configured to receive a unit dose container having an electrically conductive element; a physical alteration element located proximate to the treating chemistry dispenser and operable to physically alter at least a portion of the electrically conductive element; an electrical sensor located proximate the unit dose container when it is received within the treating chemistry dispenser, where the electrical sensor is configured to sense a conductance through the electrically conductive element at a location where the physical alteration element has physically altered the electrically conductive element and provide an output indicative of the conductance; and a controller configured to implement the at least one cycle of operation; wherein the electrical sensor is operably coupled to and controlled by the controller and provides the output to the controller and wherein the controller is further configured to compare the sensed conductance to a reference conductance. 2. The household appliance of claim 1 wherein the controller is further configured to controller implement the at least one cycle of operation when the comparison indicates the unit dose container is an unused container. 3. The household appliance of claim 1 wherein the controller is further configured to cease implementing the at least one cycle of operation when the comparison indicates the sensed conductance and the reference conductance differ. 4. The household appliance of claim 1 wherein the controller is further configured to activate the physical alteration element after a dispensing of treating chemistry from the unit dose container during implementation of the at least one cycle of operation. 5. The household appliance of claim 1 wherein the electrical sensor is configured to apply an electrical potential between two portions of the electrically conductive element. 6. The household appliance of claim 1 wherein the treating chemistry dispenser further comprises a drawer being slidable between a load position, where the unit dose container may be loaded into the drawer, and a use position, where the unit dose container is positioned for dispensing. 7. The household appliance of claim 1 wherein the physical alteration element comprises a piercing element movable between a piercing position, where the piercing element extends through the electrically conductive element and into the unit dose container, and a non-piercing position, where the piercing element resides exteriorly of the unit dose container. 8. The household appliance of claim 7 wherein the piercing element comprises a needle having a hollow interior through which the treating chemistry may be withdrawn. 9. The household appliance of claim 8 wherein the treating chemistry dispenser comprises a pump fluidly coupled to the hollow interior of the needle to pump the treating chemistry from the unit dose container. 10. A household appliance for treating at least one item according to at least one cycle of operation, comprising:
a treating chamber for receiving the at least one item for treatment according to the at least one cycle of operation; a treating chemistry dispenser configured to receive a unit dose container having an electrically conductive element; a physical alteration element located proximate to the treating chemistry dispenser and operable to physically alter at least a portion of the electrically conductive element; an electrical sensor located proximate the unit dose container when it is received within the treating chemistry dispenser, where the electrical sensor is configured to electrically sense a characteristic of electricity flowing through the electrically conductive element at a location where the physical alteration element has physically altered the electrically conductive element and provide an output indicative of the characteristic; and a controller configured to receive the output from the electrical sensor and configured to implement the at least one cycle of operation based on the received output or cease implementing the at least one cycle of operation based on the received output. 11. The household appliance of claim 10 wherein the electrical sensor is operably coupled to and controlled by the controller, which activates the physical alteration element after a dispensing of treating chemistry from the unit dose container during implementation of the at least one cycle of operation. 12. The household appliance of claim 10 wherein the electrical sensor is configured to apply an electrical potential between two portions of the electrically conductive element. 13. The household appliance of claim 10 wherein the conductive element has at least one of a resistance and a conductance different from an adjacent portion of the unit dose container. 14. The household appliance of claim 10 wherein the treating chemistry dispenser further comprises a drawer being slidable between a load position, where the unit dose container may be loaded into the drawer, and a use position, where the unit dose container is positioned for dispensing. 15. The household appliance of claim 10 wherein the physical alteration element comprises a piercer operable to perforate the unit dose container at a location of the electrically conductive element. 16. The household appliance of claim 15 wherein the piercer physically alters the electrically conductive element to electrically open the electrically conductive element. 17. The household appliance of claim 16 wherein the piercer completely severs the electrically conductive element. 18. The household appliance of claim 15 wherein the piercer comprises a piercing element movable between a piercing position, where the piercing element extends through the electrically conductive element and into the unit dose container, and a non-piercing position, where the piercing element resides exteriorly of the unit dose container. 19. The household appliance of claim 18 wherein the piercing element comprises a needle having a hollow interior through which the treating chemistry may be withdrawn. 20. The household appliance of claim 19 wherein the treating chemistry dispenser comprises a pump fluidly coupled to the hollow interior of the needle to pump the treating chemistry from the unit dose container. | 1,700 |
3,765 | 14,065,990 | 1,788 | Systems and methods for the detection of one or more target molecules emitted from microbial sources are described. The systems and methods may include a molecularly imprinted polymer film; a strain sensitive surface, wherein the molecularly imprinted polymer film comprises a polymer host with one or more binding sites for one or more target molecules. The molecularly imprinted polymer film may be coated upon the strain sensitive surface. | 1. A system for the detection of one or more target molecules, the system comprising:
a molecularly imprinted polymer film; a strain sensitive surface, wherein the molecularly imprinted polymer film comprises a polymer host with one or more binding sites for one or more target molecules, and wherein the molecularly imprinted polymer film is coated upon the strain sensitive surface. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising a housing at least partially surrounding the molecularly imprinted polymer film and an air inlet into the housing. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more target molecules are selected from the group consisting of: 1,3-octadiene, 1-octen-3-ol, 2-butanol, 2-methylfuran, 3-methylfuran, anisole, and combinations thereof. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more target molecules are volatile organic molecules emitted from microbial sources. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the strain sensitive surface changes colors upon detection of the one or more target molecules. 6. A method for detecting one or more target molecules emitted from microbial sources, the method comprising:
providing a molecularly imprinted polymer film or strain sensitive sensor with one or more binding sites for detection of one or more target molecules; exposing said molecularly imprinted polymer film or strain sensitive sensor to a gas, air sample, or vapor; and measuring a change of said molecularly imprinted polymer film or strain sensitive sensor, wherein said color is used to detect said one or more target molecules emitted from microbial sources in said gas, air sample, or vapor. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the one or more target molecules are volatile organic molecules. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the change is a color change upon detection of the one or more target molecules. 9. A method for producing a strain sensitive molecularly imprinted polymer film for detection of one or more target molecules emitted from microbial sources, the method comprising:
dissolving a polymer host comprising a structural component and a reporting component in a first solvent to form a first solution; adding a target molecule to said first solution; mixing said target molecule into said first solution to form a molecularly imprinted polymer solution; coating said molecularly imprinted polymer solution onto a strain sensitive surface; and removing the target molecule to form a strain sensitive molecularly imprinted polymer film. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the coating comprises spin or dip coating. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the removing the target molecule comprises:
extracting the target molecule from the strain sensitive molecularly imprinted polymer film using a second solvent, wherein the polymer host is insoluble in the second solvent, and wherein the target molecule is soluble in said second solvent. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the first solvent has a boiling point lower than the boiling point of the target molecule, and wherein the removing the target molecule comprises evaporating the target molecule from the strain sensitive molecularly imprinted polymer film. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the target molecule is selected from the group consisting of: 1,3-octadiene, 1-octen-3-ol, 2-butanol, 2-methylfuran, 3-methylfuran, anisole, and combinations thereof. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the first solvent is selected from the group consisting of: alcohols, dimethylformamide, water, chloroform, and combinations thereof. 15. The method of claim 9, wherein the structural component is selected from the group consisting of: nylon-6, polyethyleneimine, polyurethane, polycarbonate, polymethylmethacrylate, polyvinylphenol, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, and combinations thereof. 16. The method of claim 9, wherein the strain sensitive component comprises polydiacetylene. 17. The method of claim 9, wherein the polymer host ranges from about 2 percent to about 15 percent by weight with respect to the first solvent in the first solution. 18. The method of claim 9, wherein the target molecule ranges from about 2 percent to about 10 percent by weight with respect to the first solvent in the molecularly imprinted polymer solution. 19. The method of claim 9, wherein the molecularly imprinted polymer solution comprises from about 2 to about 15 percent by weight of the structural component and the reporting component, and from about 2 to about 10 percent by weight of said target molecule. 20. The method of claim 9, wherein the strain sensitive molecularly imprinted polymer film composition comprises a molar ratio of about 1 to 1 of the structural component and the reporting component. | Systems and methods for the detection of one or more target molecules emitted from microbial sources are described. The systems and methods may include a molecularly imprinted polymer film; a strain sensitive surface, wherein the molecularly imprinted polymer film comprises a polymer host with one or more binding sites for one or more target molecules. The molecularly imprinted polymer film may be coated upon the strain sensitive surface.1. A system for the detection of one or more target molecules, the system comprising:
a molecularly imprinted polymer film; a strain sensitive surface, wherein the molecularly imprinted polymer film comprises a polymer host with one or more binding sites for one or more target molecules, and wherein the molecularly imprinted polymer film is coated upon the strain sensitive surface. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising a housing at least partially surrounding the molecularly imprinted polymer film and an air inlet into the housing. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more target molecules are selected from the group consisting of: 1,3-octadiene, 1-octen-3-ol, 2-butanol, 2-methylfuran, 3-methylfuran, anisole, and combinations thereof. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more target molecules are volatile organic molecules emitted from microbial sources. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the strain sensitive surface changes colors upon detection of the one or more target molecules. 6. A method for detecting one or more target molecules emitted from microbial sources, the method comprising:
providing a molecularly imprinted polymer film or strain sensitive sensor with one or more binding sites for detection of one or more target molecules; exposing said molecularly imprinted polymer film or strain sensitive sensor to a gas, air sample, or vapor; and measuring a change of said molecularly imprinted polymer film or strain sensitive sensor, wherein said color is used to detect said one or more target molecules emitted from microbial sources in said gas, air sample, or vapor. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the one or more target molecules are volatile organic molecules. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the change is a color change upon detection of the one or more target molecules. 9. A method for producing a strain sensitive molecularly imprinted polymer film for detection of one or more target molecules emitted from microbial sources, the method comprising:
dissolving a polymer host comprising a structural component and a reporting component in a first solvent to form a first solution; adding a target molecule to said first solution; mixing said target molecule into said first solution to form a molecularly imprinted polymer solution; coating said molecularly imprinted polymer solution onto a strain sensitive surface; and removing the target molecule to form a strain sensitive molecularly imprinted polymer film. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the coating comprises spin or dip coating. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the removing the target molecule comprises:
extracting the target molecule from the strain sensitive molecularly imprinted polymer film using a second solvent, wherein the polymer host is insoluble in the second solvent, and wherein the target molecule is soluble in said second solvent. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the first solvent has a boiling point lower than the boiling point of the target molecule, and wherein the removing the target molecule comprises evaporating the target molecule from the strain sensitive molecularly imprinted polymer film. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the target molecule is selected from the group consisting of: 1,3-octadiene, 1-octen-3-ol, 2-butanol, 2-methylfuran, 3-methylfuran, anisole, and combinations thereof. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the first solvent is selected from the group consisting of: alcohols, dimethylformamide, water, chloroform, and combinations thereof. 15. The method of claim 9, wherein the structural component is selected from the group consisting of: nylon-6, polyethyleneimine, polyurethane, polycarbonate, polymethylmethacrylate, polyvinylphenol, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, and combinations thereof. 16. The method of claim 9, wherein the strain sensitive component comprises polydiacetylene. 17. The method of claim 9, wherein the polymer host ranges from about 2 percent to about 15 percent by weight with respect to the first solvent in the first solution. 18. The method of claim 9, wherein the target molecule ranges from about 2 percent to about 10 percent by weight with respect to the first solvent in the molecularly imprinted polymer solution. 19. The method of claim 9, wherein the molecularly imprinted polymer solution comprises from about 2 to about 15 percent by weight of the structural component and the reporting component, and from about 2 to about 10 percent by weight of said target molecule. 20. The method of claim 9, wherein the strain sensitive molecularly imprinted polymer film composition comprises a molar ratio of about 1 to 1 of the structural component and the reporting component. | 1,700 |
3,766 | 14,361,003 | 1,763 | An aqueous binder composition comprises: (1) a water-soluble binder component obtainable by reacting at least one alkanolamine with at least one polycarboxylic acid or anhydride and, optionally, treating the reaction product with a base; (2) a soy protein product; and, optionally, one or more of the following binder components; (3) a sugar component; (4) urea. The binder composition is particularly suitable as a binder for mineral fibres or as an adhesive for particle board and other composites. | 1.-13. (canceled) 14. An aqueous binder composition comprising:
(1) a water-soluble binder component obtainable by reacting at least one alkanolamine with at least one polycarboxylic acid or anhydride and, optionally, treating a resultant reaction product with a base; (2) a soy protein product;
and, optionally, one or both of:
(3) a sugar component;
(4) urea. 15. The binder composition of claim 14, wherein the alkanolamine is selected from monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, diisopropanolamine, triisopropanolamine, methyldiethanolamine, ethyldiethanolamine, n-butyldiethanolamine, methyldiisopropanolamine, ethylisopropanolamine, ethyldiisopropanolamine, 3-amino-1,2-propanediol, 2-amino-1,3-propane-diol, aminoethylethanolamine and tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane. 16. The binder composition of claim 14, wherein the polycarboxylic acid or anhydride is selected from dicarboxylic, tricarboxylic, tetracarboxylic, and pentacarboxylic acids and anhydrides, and combinations thereof. 17. The binder composition of claim 16, wherein the polycarboxylic acid or anhydride is selected from at least one of tetrahydrophthalic acid, hexahydrophthalic acid, methyltetrahydrophthalic acid, phthalic acid, methylphthalic acid, trimellitic acid, pyromellitic acid, and corresponding anhydrides. 18. The binder composition of claim 17, wherein the polycarboxylic acid component additionally comprises one or more polycarboxylic acids selected from adipic acid, aspartic acid, azelaic acid, butane tricarboxylic acid, butane tetracarboxylic acid, citraconic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, glutaric acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, malic acid, mesaconic acid, oxalic acid, sebacic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, and trimesic acid. 19. The binder composition of claim 14, wherein (2) is selected from soy meal, soy flour, soy protein concentrate, soy protein isolate, soy polymer or other forms of soy protein, and mixtures thereof. 20. The binder composition of claim 14, wherein (3) is selected from sucrose and reducing sugars, and mixtures thereof. 21. The binder composition of claim 20, wherein (3) comprises at least one of a hexose and a pentose. 22. The binder composition of claim 20, wherein (3) is a reducing sugar having a dextrose equivalent (DE) of from 40 to 100. 23. The binder composition of claim 20, wherein (3) is a reducing sugar having a dextrose equivalent (DE) of from 50 to 100. 24. The binder composition of claim 20, wherein (3) is a reducing sugar having a dextrose equivalent (DE) of from 86 to 100. 25. The binder composition of claim 20, wherein (3) is a reducing sugar selected from dextrose, high DE glucose syrup, and high-fructose syrup. 26. The binder composition of claim 14, wherein the composition comprises from about 10 to about 50 wt. % of component (1), from about 50 to about 90 wt. % of component (2) and, optionally, component (3) and/or component (4), a proportion of component (2) being at least about 5 wt. %, based on a total amount of components (1) to (4). 27. The binder composition of claim 26, wherein the proportion of component (2) is at least about 10 wt. %. 28. The binder composition of claim 26, wherein the proportion of component (2) is at least about 20 wt. %. 29. An aqueous binder composition comprising:
from about 10 to about 50 wt. % of (1) a water-soluble binder component obtainable by reacting at least one alkanolamine selected from monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, diisopropanolamine, triisopropanolamine, methyldiethanolamine, ethyldiethanolamine, n-butyldiethanolamine, methyldiisopropanolamine, ethylisopropanolamine, ethyldiisopropanolamine, 3-amino-1,2-propanediol, 2-amino-1,3-propane-diol, aminoethylethanolamine, and tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane with at least one polycarboxylic acid or anhydride selected from at least one of tetrahydrophthalic acid, hexahydrophthalic acid, methyltetrahydrophthalic acid, phthalic acid, methylphthalic acid, trimellitic acid, pyromellitic acid, and corresponding anhydrides and, optionally, treating a resultant reaction product with a base; from about 50 to about 90 wt. % of (2) a soy protein product; (3) a sugar component which is a reducing sugar having a dextrose equivalent (DE) of from 40 to 100;
and, optionally,
(4) urea. 30. The binder composition of claim 29, wherein a proportion of component (2) is at least about 5 wt. %, based on a total amount of components (1) to (4). 31. A method of producing a bonded mineral fiber product, wherein the method comprises contacting mineral fibers or a mineral fiber product with the binder composition of claim 14, and curing the binder composition. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein curing is effected at a temperature of from about 150° C. to about 350° C. 33. A mineral fiber product, wherein the product comprises mineral fibers in contact with the cured binder composition of claim 14. | An aqueous binder composition comprises: (1) a water-soluble binder component obtainable by reacting at least one alkanolamine with at least one polycarboxylic acid or anhydride and, optionally, treating the reaction product with a base; (2) a soy protein product; and, optionally, one or more of the following binder components; (3) a sugar component; (4) urea. The binder composition is particularly suitable as a binder for mineral fibres or as an adhesive for particle board and other composites.1.-13. (canceled) 14. An aqueous binder composition comprising:
(1) a water-soluble binder component obtainable by reacting at least one alkanolamine with at least one polycarboxylic acid or anhydride and, optionally, treating a resultant reaction product with a base; (2) a soy protein product;
and, optionally, one or both of:
(3) a sugar component;
(4) urea. 15. The binder composition of claim 14, wherein the alkanolamine is selected from monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, diisopropanolamine, triisopropanolamine, methyldiethanolamine, ethyldiethanolamine, n-butyldiethanolamine, methyldiisopropanolamine, ethylisopropanolamine, ethyldiisopropanolamine, 3-amino-1,2-propanediol, 2-amino-1,3-propane-diol, aminoethylethanolamine and tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane. 16. The binder composition of claim 14, wherein the polycarboxylic acid or anhydride is selected from dicarboxylic, tricarboxylic, tetracarboxylic, and pentacarboxylic acids and anhydrides, and combinations thereof. 17. The binder composition of claim 16, wherein the polycarboxylic acid or anhydride is selected from at least one of tetrahydrophthalic acid, hexahydrophthalic acid, methyltetrahydrophthalic acid, phthalic acid, methylphthalic acid, trimellitic acid, pyromellitic acid, and corresponding anhydrides. 18. The binder composition of claim 17, wherein the polycarboxylic acid component additionally comprises one or more polycarboxylic acids selected from adipic acid, aspartic acid, azelaic acid, butane tricarboxylic acid, butane tetracarboxylic acid, citraconic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, glutaric acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, malic acid, mesaconic acid, oxalic acid, sebacic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, and trimesic acid. 19. The binder composition of claim 14, wherein (2) is selected from soy meal, soy flour, soy protein concentrate, soy protein isolate, soy polymer or other forms of soy protein, and mixtures thereof. 20. The binder composition of claim 14, wherein (3) is selected from sucrose and reducing sugars, and mixtures thereof. 21. The binder composition of claim 20, wherein (3) comprises at least one of a hexose and a pentose. 22. The binder composition of claim 20, wherein (3) is a reducing sugar having a dextrose equivalent (DE) of from 40 to 100. 23. The binder composition of claim 20, wherein (3) is a reducing sugar having a dextrose equivalent (DE) of from 50 to 100. 24. The binder composition of claim 20, wherein (3) is a reducing sugar having a dextrose equivalent (DE) of from 86 to 100. 25. The binder composition of claim 20, wherein (3) is a reducing sugar selected from dextrose, high DE glucose syrup, and high-fructose syrup. 26. The binder composition of claim 14, wherein the composition comprises from about 10 to about 50 wt. % of component (1), from about 50 to about 90 wt. % of component (2) and, optionally, component (3) and/or component (4), a proportion of component (2) being at least about 5 wt. %, based on a total amount of components (1) to (4). 27. The binder composition of claim 26, wherein the proportion of component (2) is at least about 10 wt. %. 28. The binder composition of claim 26, wherein the proportion of component (2) is at least about 20 wt. %. 29. An aqueous binder composition comprising:
from about 10 to about 50 wt. % of (1) a water-soluble binder component obtainable by reacting at least one alkanolamine selected from monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, diisopropanolamine, triisopropanolamine, methyldiethanolamine, ethyldiethanolamine, n-butyldiethanolamine, methyldiisopropanolamine, ethylisopropanolamine, ethyldiisopropanolamine, 3-amino-1,2-propanediol, 2-amino-1,3-propane-diol, aminoethylethanolamine, and tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane with at least one polycarboxylic acid or anhydride selected from at least one of tetrahydrophthalic acid, hexahydrophthalic acid, methyltetrahydrophthalic acid, phthalic acid, methylphthalic acid, trimellitic acid, pyromellitic acid, and corresponding anhydrides and, optionally, treating a resultant reaction product with a base; from about 50 to about 90 wt. % of (2) a soy protein product; (3) a sugar component which is a reducing sugar having a dextrose equivalent (DE) of from 40 to 100;
and, optionally,
(4) urea. 30. The binder composition of claim 29, wherein a proportion of component (2) is at least about 5 wt. %, based on a total amount of components (1) to (4). 31. A method of producing a bonded mineral fiber product, wherein the method comprises contacting mineral fibers or a mineral fiber product with the binder composition of claim 14, and curing the binder composition. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein curing is effected at a temperature of from about 150° C. to about 350° C. 33. A mineral fiber product, wherein the product comprises mineral fibers in contact with the cured binder composition of claim 14. | 1,700 |
3,767 | 14,553,007 | 1,772 | A process for the hydrotreatment of a diesel type hydrocarbon feed containing nitrogen-containing compounds is described, comprising a first step in which the feed is brought into contact with a catalyst in its oxide form, then a second step in which the feed is brought into contact with a dried catalyst comprising at least one organic compound containing oxygen and/or nitrogen. | 1. A process for the hydrotreatment of a hydrocarbon feed containing nitrogen-containing compounds in an amount of more than 150 ppm by weight and having a weighted average temperature in the range 250° C. to 380° C., comprising the following steps:
a) bringing said hydrocarbon feed into contact, in the presence of hydrogen, with at least one first catalyst comprising an alumina support, phosphorus, and an active phase formed by at least one metal from group VIB in the oxide form and at least one metal from group VIII in the oxide form, said first catalyst being prepared in accordance with a process comprising at least one calcining step;
b) bringing the effluent obtained in step a) into contact, in the presence of hydrogen, with at least one second catalyst comprising an alumina support, phosphorus, an active phase formed by at least one metal from group VIB and at least one metal from group VIII, and at least one organic compound containing oxygen and/or nitrogen, said second catalyst being prepared in accordance with a process comprising the following steps:
i) bringing at least one component of a metal from group VIB, at least one component of a metal from group VIII, phosphorus and at least one organic compound containing oxygen and/or nitrogen into contact with the support, so as to obtain a catalyst precursor;
ii) drying said catalyst precursor obtained from step i) at a temperature of less than 200° C., without subsequent calcining;
in order to obtain a hydrotreated effluent. 2. The process according to claim 1 in which, for the catalyst of step a) or b), the metal from group VIB is molybdenum and the metal from group VIII is selected from cobalt, nickel and a mixture of these two elements. 3. The process according to claim 1 in which, for the catalyst of step a) or b), the quantity of metal from group VIB is in the range 5% to 40% by weight of oxide of the metal from group VIB with respect to the total catalyst weight, the quantity of metal from group VIII is in the range 1% to 10% by weight of oxide of the metal from group VIII with respect to the total catalyst weight, and the quantity of phosphorus is in the range 0.1% to 10% by weight of P2O5 with respect to the total catalyst weight. 4. The process according to claim 1, in which the catalyst of step a) or b) further contains at least one dopant selected from boron and fluorine and a mixture of boron and fluorine. 5. The process according to claim 1, in which the organic compound is one or more selected from a carboxylic acid, an alcohol, an aldehyde, an ester, an amine, an aminocarboxylic acid, an aminoalcohol, a nitrile or an amide. 6. The process according to claim 5, in which the organic compound is one or more selected from ethylene glycol, glycerol, polyethylene glycol (with a molecular weight of 200 to 1500), acetophenone, 2,4-pentanedione, pentanole, acetic acid, maleic acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, formic acid, citric acid and C1-C4 dialkyl succinate. 7. The process according to claim 5, in which the organic compound comprises at least the combination of C1-C4 dialkyl succinate and acetic acid. 8. The process according to claim 5, in which the organic compound comprises at least citric acid. 9. The process according to claim 1, in which the catalyst of step a) or b) has also undergone a sulphurizing step. 10. The process according to claim 1, in which the quantity of basic nitrogen in the feed is 50 ppm or more. 11. The process according to claim 1, in which the feed is a feed obtained from catalytic cracking, a coker or from visbreaking. 12. The process according to claim 1, in which each of steps a) and b) is carried out at a temperature in the range 180° C. to 450° C., at a pressure in the range 0.5 to 10 MPa, at an hourly space velocity in the range 0.1 to 20 h−1 and with a hydrogen/feed ratio, expressed as the volume of hydrogen measured under normal temperature and pressure conditions, per volume of liquid feed in the range 50 L/L to 2000 L/L. 13. The process according to claim 1, in which step a) is carried out in a first zone containing the first catalyst which occupies a volume V1, and step b) is carried out in a second zone containing the second catalyst which occupies a volume V2, the distribution of the volumes, V1/V2, being in the range 10% by volume/90% by volume to 50% by volume/50% by volume for the first and second zone respectively. 14. The process according to claim 1, in which step i) of step b) comprises the following steps in succession:
i′) impregnating an alumina support with at least one solution containing at least one metal from group VIB, at least one metal from group VIII and said phosphorus in order to obtain an impregnated support; i″) drying the impregnated support obtained in step i′) at a temperature of less than 180° C. without subsequent calcining in order to obtain a dried impregnated support; i′″) impregnating the dried impregnated support obtained in step i″) with an impregnation solution comprising at least one organic compound containing oxygen and/or nitrogen in order to obtain an impregnated catalytic precursor; i″″) allowing the impregnated catalytic precursor obtained in step i′″) to mature, in order to obtain said catalyst precursor. 15. The process according to claim 1, in which the effluent obtained in step a) undergoes a separation step in order to separate a heavy fraction and a light fraction containing the H2S and NH3 formed during step a), said heavy fraction then being introduced into step b). | A process for the hydrotreatment of a diesel type hydrocarbon feed containing nitrogen-containing compounds is described, comprising a first step in which the feed is brought into contact with a catalyst in its oxide form, then a second step in which the feed is brought into contact with a dried catalyst comprising at least one organic compound containing oxygen and/or nitrogen.1. A process for the hydrotreatment of a hydrocarbon feed containing nitrogen-containing compounds in an amount of more than 150 ppm by weight and having a weighted average temperature in the range 250° C. to 380° C., comprising the following steps:
a) bringing said hydrocarbon feed into contact, in the presence of hydrogen, with at least one first catalyst comprising an alumina support, phosphorus, and an active phase formed by at least one metal from group VIB in the oxide form and at least one metal from group VIII in the oxide form, said first catalyst being prepared in accordance with a process comprising at least one calcining step;
b) bringing the effluent obtained in step a) into contact, in the presence of hydrogen, with at least one second catalyst comprising an alumina support, phosphorus, an active phase formed by at least one metal from group VIB and at least one metal from group VIII, and at least one organic compound containing oxygen and/or nitrogen, said second catalyst being prepared in accordance with a process comprising the following steps:
i) bringing at least one component of a metal from group VIB, at least one component of a metal from group VIII, phosphorus and at least one organic compound containing oxygen and/or nitrogen into contact with the support, so as to obtain a catalyst precursor;
ii) drying said catalyst precursor obtained from step i) at a temperature of less than 200° C., without subsequent calcining;
in order to obtain a hydrotreated effluent. 2. The process according to claim 1 in which, for the catalyst of step a) or b), the metal from group VIB is molybdenum and the metal from group VIII is selected from cobalt, nickel and a mixture of these two elements. 3. The process according to claim 1 in which, for the catalyst of step a) or b), the quantity of metal from group VIB is in the range 5% to 40% by weight of oxide of the metal from group VIB with respect to the total catalyst weight, the quantity of metal from group VIII is in the range 1% to 10% by weight of oxide of the metal from group VIII with respect to the total catalyst weight, and the quantity of phosphorus is in the range 0.1% to 10% by weight of P2O5 with respect to the total catalyst weight. 4. The process according to claim 1, in which the catalyst of step a) or b) further contains at least one dopant selected from boron and fluorine and a mixture of boron and fluorine. 5. The process according to claim 1, in which the organic compound is one or more selected from a carboxylic acid, an alcohol, an aldehyde, an ester, an amine, an aminocarboxylic acid, an aminoalcohol, a nitrile or an amide. 6. The process according to claim 5, in which the organic compound is one or more selected from ethylene glycol, glycerol, polyethylene glycol (with a molecular weight of 200 to 1500), acetophenone, 2,4-pentanedione, pentanole, acetic acid, maleic acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, formic acid, citric acid and C1-C4 dialkyl succinate. 7. The process according to claim 5, in which the organic compound comprises at least the combination of C1-C4 dialkyl succinate and acetic acid. 8. The process according to claim 5, in which the organic compound comprises at least citric acid. 9. The process according to claim 1, in which the catalyst of step a) or b) has also undergone a sulphurizing step. 10. The process according to claim 1, in which the quantity of basic nitrogen in the feed is 50 ppm or more. 11. The process according to claim 1, in which the feed is a feed obtained from catalytic cracking, a coker or from visbreaking. 12. The process according to claim 1, in which each of steps a) and b) is carried out at a temperature in the range 180° C. to 450° C., at a pressure in the range 0.5 to 10 MPa, at an hourly space velocity in the range 0.1 to 20 h−1 and with a hydrogen/feed ratio, expressed as the volume of hydrogen measured under normal temperature and pressure conditions, per volume of liquid feed in the range 50 L/L to 2000 L/L. 13. The process according to claim 1, in which step a) is carried out in a first zone containing the first catalyst which occupies a volume V1, and step b) is carried out in a second zone containing the second catalyst which occupies a volume V2, the distribution of the volumes, V1/V2, being in the range 10% by volume/90% by volume to 50% by volume/50% by volume for the first and second zone respectively. 14. The process according to claim 1, in which step i) of step b) comprises the following steps in succession:
i′) impregnating an alumina support with at least one solution containing at least one metal from group VIB, at least one metal from group VIII and said phosphorus in order to obtain an impregnated support; i″) drying the impregnated support obtained in step i′) at a temperature of less than 180° C. without subsequent calcining in order to obtain a dried impregnated support; i′″) impregnating the dried impregnated support obtained in step i″) with an impregnation solution comprising at least one organic compound containing oxygen and/or nitrogen in order to obtain an impregnated catalytic precursor; i″″) allowing the impregnated catalytic precursor obtained in step i′″) to mature, in order to obtain said catalyst precursor. 15. The process according to claim 1, in which the effluent obtained in step a) undergoes a separation step in order to separate a heavy fraction and a light fraction containing the H2S and NH3 formed during step a), said heavy fraction then being introduced into step b). | 1,700 |
3,768 | 15,737,567 | 1,771 | A method for producing ferrocoke in which it is possible to use a cheap and poor-quality coal having a high ash content while suppressing the decrease of the strength in ferrocoke or formed coke and a special coal mixing is not performed with respect to the fusion frequently causing problems in the carbonization with the shaft furnace. In a method for producing ferrocoke by molding and carbonizing a mixture of coal and iron ore, the coal is a single coal or a mixture of plural coals and a non-caking or slight caking coal having a load average value of ash content of not less than 10.7% and a load average value of mean maximum reflectance of not less than 0.81% is used. | 1. A method for producing ferrocoke by molding and carbonizing a mixture of coal and iron ore, characterized in that the coal is a single coal or a mixture of plural coals and a non-caking or slight caking coal having a load average value of ash content of not less than 10.7% and a load average value of mean maximum reflectance of not less than 0.81% is used. 2. The method for producing ferrocoke according to claim 1, wherein the compression molding is conducted at a density of not less than 1400 kg/m3 in the molding of the mixture of coal and iron ore. | A method for producing ferrocoke in which it is possible to use a cheap and poor-quality coal having a high ash content while suppressing the decrease of the strength in ferrocoke or formed coke and a special coal mixing is not performed with respect to the fusion frequently causing problems in the carbonization with the shaft furnace. In a method for producing ferrocoke by molding and carbonizing a mixture of coal and iron ore, the coal is a single coal or a mixture of plural coals and a non-caking or slight caking coal having a load average value of ash content of not less than 10.7% and a load average value of mean maximum reflectance of not less than 0.81% is used.1. A method for producing ferrocoke by molding and carbonizing a mixture of coal and iron ore, characterized in that the coal is a single coal or a mixture of plural coals and a non-caking or slight caking coal having a load average value of ash content of not less than 10.7% and a load average value of mean maximum reflectance of not less than 0.81% is used. 2. The method for producing ferrocoke according to claim 1, wherein the compression molding is conducted at a density of not less than 1400 kg/m3 in the molding of the mixture of coal and iron ore. | 1,700 |
3,769 | 14,920,117 | 1,721 | The present invention discloses a conductive paste comprising a conductive metal or a derivative thereof, and a lead-free glass frit dispersed in an organic vehicle, wherein said lead-free glass frit comprises tellurium-zinc-lithium oxide. The conductive paste of the present invention can be used in the preparation of an electrode of a solar cell with excellent energy conversion efficiency. | 1. A conductive paste comprising:
(a) about 85% to about 99.5% by weight of a conductive metal or the derivative thereof, based on the weight of solids; (b) about 0.5% to about 15% by weight of a lead-free glass frit containing tellurium-zinc-lithium-oxide, based on the weight of solids; and (c) an organic vehicle; wherein the weight of solids is the total weight of the conductive metal (a) and the lead-free glass frit (b). 2. The conductive paste according to claim 1, wherein the conductive paste or the derivative comprise silver powder. 3. The conductive paste according to claim 1, wherein tellurium oxide is present in an amount of about 60 wt. % to about 90 wt. %, zinc oxide is present in an amount of about 0.1 wt. % to about 20 wt. % and lithium oxide is present in an amount of about 0.1 wt. % to about 20 wt. % in the lead-free glass frit, respectively. 4. The conductive paste according to claim 1, which further comprises one or more metal oxides selected from the group consisting of zirconium oxide (ZrO2), vanadium pentoxide (V2O5), silver oxide (Ag2O), erbium oxide (Er2O3), tin oxide (SnO), magnesium oxide (MgO), neodymium oxide (Nd2O3), bismuth oxide (Bi2O3), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), selenium dioxide (SeO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), sodium oxide (Na2O), potassium oxide (K2O), phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), molybdenum dioxide (MoO2), manganese dioxide (MnO2), nickel oxide (NiO), tungsten trioxide (WO3), samarium oxide (Sm2O3), germanium dioxide (GeO2), indium oxide (In2O3), gallium oxide (Ga2O3), silicon dioxide (SiO2) and ferric oxide (Fe2O3). 5. The conductive paste according to claim 1, wherein the lead-free glass frit further comprises one or more metals selected from the following group or the oxide thereof: phosphorus (P), barium (Ba), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), tungsten (W), bismuth (Bi), aluminum (Al), potassium (K), zirconium (Zr), vanadium (V), selenium (Se), iron (Fe), indium (In), manganese (Mn), tin (Sn), nickel (Ni), antimony (Sb), silver (Ag), silicon (Si), erbium (Er), germanium (Ge), titanium (Ti), gallium (Ga), cerium (Ce), niobium (Nb), samarium (Sm) and lanthanum (La) in an amount of about 0.1 wt. % to about 10 wt. % based on the lead-free glass frit. 6. The conductive paste according to claim 1, wherein the organic vehicle is a solution comprising a polymer and a solvent. 7. The conductive paste according to claim 1, wherein the organic vehicle further comprises one or more functional additives selected from the group consisting of a viscosity modifier, a dispersing agent, a thixotropic agent and a wetting agent. 8. An article comprising a semiconductor substrate and a conductive paste according to claim 1 applied onto the semiconductor substrate. 9. The article according to claim 8, which further comprises one or more antireflective coatings applied onto the semiconductor substrate; and
wherein the conductive paste contacts the antireflective coating(s) and has electrical contact with the semiconductor substrate. 10. The article according to claim 9, which is a semiconductor device. 11. The article according to claim 10, wherein the semiconductor device is a solar cell. | The present invention discloses a conductive paste comprising a conductive metal or a derivative thereof, and a lead-free glass frit dispersed in an organic vehicle, wherein said lead-free glass frit comprises tellurium-zinc-lithium oxide. The conductive paste of the present invention can be used in the preparation of an electrode of a solar cell with excellent energy conversion efficiency.1. A conductive paste comprising:
(a) about 85% to about 99.5% by weight of a conductive metal or the derivative thereof, based on the weight of solids; (b) about 0.5% to about 15% by weight of a lead-free glass frit containing tellurium-zinc-lithium-oxide, based on the weight of solids; and (c) an organic vehicle; wherein the weight of solids is the total weight of the conductive metal (a) and the lead-free glass frit (b). 2. The conductive paste according to claim 1, wherein the conductive paste or the derivative comprise silver powder. 3. The conductive paste according to claim 1, wherein tellurium oxide is present in an amount of about 60 wt. % to about 90 wt. %, zinc oxide is present in an amount of about 0.1 wt. % to about 20 wt. % and lithium oxide is present in an amount of about 0.1 wt. % to about 20 wt. % in the lead-free glass frit, respectively. 4. The conductive paste according to claim 1, which further comprises one or more metal oxides selected from the group consisting of zirconium oxide (ZrO2), vanadium pentoxide (V2O5), silver oxide (Ag2O), erbium oxide (Er2O3), tin oxide (SnO), magnesium oxide (MgO), neodymium oxide (Nd2O3), bismuth oxide (Bi2O3), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), selenium dioxide (SeO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), sodium oxide (Na2O), potassium oxide (K2O), phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), molybdenum dioxide (MoO2), manganese dioxide (MnO2), nickel oxide (NiO), tungsten trioxide (WO3), samarium oxide (Sm2O3), germanium dioxide (GeO2), indium oxide (In2O3), gallium oxide (Ga2O3), silicon dioxide (SiO2) and ferric oxide (Fe2O3). 5. The conductive paste according to claim 1, wherein the lead-free glass frit further comprises one or more metals selected from the following group or the oxide thereof: phosphorus (P), barium (Ba), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), tungsten (W), bismuth (Bi), aluminum (Al), potassium (K), zirconium (Zr), vanadium (V), selenium (Se), iron (Fe), indium (In), manganese (Mn), tin (Sn), nickel (Ni), antimony (Sb), silver (Ag), silicon (Si), erbium (Er), germanium (Ge), titanium (Ti), gallium (Ga), cerium (Ce), niobium (Nb), samarium (Sm) and lanthanum (La) in an amount of about 0.1 wt. % to about 10 wt. % based on the lead-free glass frit. 6. The conductive paste according to claim 1, wherein the organic vehicle is a solution comprising a polymer and a solvent. 7. The conductive paste according to claim 1, wherein the organic vehicle further comprises one or more functional additives selected from the group consisting of a viscosity modifier, a dispersing agent, a thixotropic agent and a wetting agent. 8. An article comprising a semiconductor substrate and a conductive paste according to claim 1 applied onto the semiconductor substrate. 9. The article according to claim 8, which further comprises one or more antireflective coatings applied onto the semiconductor substrate; and
wherein the conductive paste contacts the antireflective coating(s) and has electrical contact with the semiconductor substrate. 10. The article according to claim 9, which is a semiconductor device. 11. The article according to claim 10, wherein the semiconductor device is a solar cell. | 1,700 |
3,770 | 15,375,211 | 1,745 | Apparatuses and methods for applying a transfer material onto the surface of an article are disclosed, including apparatuses and methods of transfer printing on and/or decorating three-dimensional articles, as well as the articles printed and/or decorated thereby. In some cases, the apparatuses and methods involve providing a deposition device, such as a printing device; providing a transfer component; depositing a material onto a portion of the transfer component with the deposition device; modifying the portion of the transfer component with the transfer material thereon to conform the transfer component to at least a portion of the surface of the three-dimensional article; and transferring the transfer material onto the surface of the article. | 1. A process for applying a transfer material onto the surface of a three-dimensional article comprising:
providing at least one three-dimensional article which has a surface; providing a deposition device; providing a transfer component with initial dimensions, a surface, and an initial configuration; depositing a material onto a portion of said transfer component with said deposition device to form a transfer material on said transfer component; modifying the portion of said transfer component with said transfer material thereon to conform the transfer component with said transfer material thereon to at least a portion of the surface of said three-dimensional article, wherein the portion of the transfer component is modified before said portion of the transfer component with said transfer material thereon is placed into contact with the surface of the article; and transferring the transfer material onto the surface of said article. 2. The process of claim 1 wherein the transfer component is discrete. 3. The process of claim 1 wherein the transfer component is continuous. 4. The process of claim 1 wherein the step of modifying the portion of said transfer component with said transfer material thereon to conform the transfer component with the transfer material thereon to at least a portion of the surface of said three-dimensional article comprises stretching at least the portion of the transfer component with the transfer material thereon. 5. The process of claim 1 wherein the step of modifying the portion of said transfer component with said transfer material thereon to conform the transfer component with said transfer material thereon to at least a portion of the surface of said three-dimensional article comprises contracting at least the portion of the transfer component with the transfer material thereon. 6. The process of claim 4 wherein the portion of said transfer component with said transfer material thereon is stretched prior to contacting the surface of the article. 7. The process of claim 6 wherein the step of modifying the portion of said transfer component with said transfer material thereon to conform the transfer component to at least a portion of the surface of said three-dimensional article comprises: providing a conforming component with a cavity therein; drawing the portion of said transfer component with said transfer material thereon into the cavity with said transfer material facing outward; and, moving at least a portion of said article into said cavity so that a portion of the surface of the article contacts said transfer material. 8. The process of claim 1 wherein the deposition device is a digital printing device, and the step of depositing a material onto a portion of said transfer component comprises digitally printing an image onto a portion of said transfer component with said printing device. 9. The process of claim 8 wherein the deposition device is in-line with the transfer process. 10. The process of claim 1 wherein the article is a container. 11. The process of claim 10 wherein the article is a plastic container. 12. The process of claim 10 wherein the article has an interior that is at least partially hollow, wherein at least a portion of the surface of the article to which the transfer material is to be applied is flexible, and the process further comprises a step of pressurizing the interior of the article prior to transferring the transfer material onto the surface of said article so that the portion of the surface of the article to which a transfer material is to be applied is less flexible. 13. The process of claim 1 wherein the transfer component is a single use component. 14. The process of claim 1 wherein the transfer component is a reusable component wherein after transferring the transfer material onto a portion of the surface of a three-dimensional article, said portion of the surface of said transfer component which had said transfer material thereon is again subjected to the steps of:
modifying the initial dimensions and/or the initial configuration of the portion of said transfer component with said transfer material thereon to conform the portion of the transfer component with said transfer material thereon to at least a portion of the surface of said three-dimensional article; and
transferring the transfer material onto the surface of said article. 15. The process of claim 1 wherein the transfer component has a thickness that is greater than about 0.0025 mm and less than or equal to about 5 mm. 16. The process of claim 1 wherein the transfer component is substantially incompressible when modifying the portion of said transfer component with said transfer material thereon to conform the transfer component and the transfer material to at least a portion of the surface of said three-dimensional article. 17. The process of claim 1 wherein at least a portion of the surface of the transfer component is treated to facilitate the release of the transfer material therefrom. 18. The process of claim 1 wherein the transfer component, or at least the surface of the transfer component, comprises polyethylene, polypropylene, silicone, or some other low surface energy material with a surface energy less than 45 dynes/cm. 19. The process of claim 1 wherein the step of depositing a material onto a portion of the surface of said transfer component with said deposition device comprises depositing at least one of a UV-curable ink and an electron beam-curable ink. 20. The process of claim 1 wherein the step of depositing a material onto a portion of the surface of said transfer component with said deposition device comprises depositing a metallic material. 21. The process of claim 1 in which a multi-part adhesive system is used in which a first component of the adhesive system is applied to the transfer component by a first deposition device and a second component of the adhesive system is applied to the transfer component by a second deposition device. 22. The process of claim 1 further comprising a step of enclosing the portion of the transfer component with the transfer material thereon and the article in a closed chamber and evacuating substantially all of the air between the portion of the transfer component with the transfer material thereon and the surface of the article before transferring the transfer material onto the surface of the article wherein the transfer component is constrained in such a way that a vacuum is drawn in the space between the article and the transfer component to reduce the amount of air that is trapped between the transfer component and the surface of the article so that there are no visible air bubbles between the transfer material and the surface of the article. 23. The process of claim 1 wherein the deposition device comprises an ink jet printer, and:
(a) the transfer component is pre-stretched before the step of depositing a material onto a portion of the surface of said continuous transfer component with said deposition device to form a transfer material on said transfer component, and is held in a stretched condition during said step of depositing a material onto a portion of the surface of said transfer component with said deposition device;
(b) the step of depositing a material onto a portion of the surface of said transfer component with said deposition device comprises ink jet printing an ink onto said portion of the surface of said transfer component, wherein the ink jet printing deposits a number of drops of ink per inch (DPI);
(c) the portion of the transfer component with the transfer material thereon, which transfer material comprises the printed ink, is at least partially relaxed prior to the step of modifying a portion of said transfer component with said transfer material thereon; and
(d) the portion of the transfer component with the transfer material thereon is subsequently stretched during said step of modifying to conform the portion of the transfer component with said transfer material thereon to at least a portion of the surface of said three-dimensional article. | Apparatuses and methods for applying a transfer material onto the surface of an article are disclosed, including apparatuses and methods of transfer printing on and/or decorating three-dimensional articles, as well as the articles printed and/or decorated thereby. In some cases, the apparatuses and methods involve providing a deposition device, such as a printing device; providing a transfer component; depositing a material onto a portion of the transfer component with the deposition device; modifying the portion of the transfer component with the transfer material thereon to conform the transfer component to at least a portion of the surface of the three-dimensional article; and transferring the transfer material onto the surface of the article.1. A process for applying a transfer material onto the surface of a three-dimensional article comprising:
providing at least one three-dimensional article which has a surface; providing a deposition device; providing a transfer component with initial dimensions, a surface, and an initial configuration; depositing a material onto a portion of said transfer component with said deposition device to form a transfer material on said transfer component; modifying the portion of said transfer component with said transfer material thereon to conform the transfer component with said transfer material thereon to at least a portion of the surface of said three-dimensional article, wherein the portion of the transfer component is modified before said portion of the transfer component with said transfer material thereon is placed into contact with the surface of the article; and transferring the transfer material onto the surface of said article. 2. The process of claim 1 wherein the transfer component is discrete. 3. The process of claim 1 wherein the transfer component is continuous. 4. The process of claim 1 wherein the step of modifying the portion of said transfer component with said transfer material thereon to conform the transfer component with the transfer material thereon to at least a portion of the surface of said three-dimensional article comprises stretching at least the portion of the transfer component with the transfer material thereon. 5. The process of claim 1 wherein the step of modifying the portion of said transfer component with said transfer material thereon to conform the transfer component with said transfer material thereon to at least a portion of the surface of said three-dimensional article comprises contracting at least the portion of the transfer component with the transfer material thereon. 6. The process of claim 4 wherein the portion of said transfer component with said transfer material thereon is stretched prior to contacting the surface of the article. 7. The process of claim 6 wherein the step of modifying the portion of said transfer component with said transfer material thereon to conform the transfer component to at least a portion of the surface of said three-dimensional article comprises: providing a conforming component with a cavity therein; drawing the portion of said transfer component with said transfer material thereon into the cavity with said transfer material facing outward; and, moving at least a portion of said article into said cavity so that a portion of the surface of the article contacts said transfer material. 8. The process of claim 1 wherein the deposition device is a digital printing device, and the step of depositing a material onto a portion of said transfer component comprises digitally printing an image onto a portion of said transfer component with said printing device. 9. The process of claim 8 wherein the deposition device is in-line with the transfer process. 10. The process of claim 1 wherein the article is a container. 11. The process of claim 10 wherein the article is a plastic container. 12. The process of claim 10 wherein the article has an interior that is at least partially hollow, wherein at least a portion of the surface of the article to which the transfer material is to be applied is flexible, and the process further comprises a step of pressurizing the interior of the article prior to transferring the transfer material onto the surface of said article so that the portion of the surface of the article to which a transfer material is to be applied is less flexible. 13. The process of claim 1 wherein the transfer component is a single use component. 14. The process of claim 1 wherein the transfer component is a reusable component wherein after transferring the transfer material onto a portion of the surface of a three-dimensional article, said portion of the surface of said transfer component which had said transfer material thereon is again subjected to the steps of:
modifying the initial dimensions and/or the initial configuration of the portion of said transfer component with said transfer material thereon to conform the portion of the transfer component with said transfer material thereon to at least a portion of the surface of said three-dimensional article; and
transferring the transfer material onto the surface of said article. 15. The process of claim 1 wherein the transfer component has a thickness that is greater than about 0.0025 mm and less than or equal to about 5 mm. 16. The process of claim 1 wherein the transfer component is substantially incompressible when modifying the portion of said transfer component with said transfer material thereon to conform the transfer component and the transfer material to at least a portion of the surface of said three-dimensional article. 17. The process of claim 1 wherein at least a portion of the surface of the transfer component is treated to facilitate the release of the transfer material therefrom. 18. The process of claim 1 wherein the transfer component, or at least the surface of the transfer component, comprises polyethylene, polypropylene, silicone, or some other low surface energy material with a surface energy less than 45 dynes/cm. 19. The process of claim 1 wherein the step of depositing a material onto a portion of the surface of said transfer component with said deposition device comprises depositing at least one of a UV-curable ink and an electron beam-curable ink. 20. The process of claim 1 wherein the step of depositing a material onto a portion of the surface of said transfer component with said deposition device comprises depositing a metallic material. 21. The process of claim 1 in which a multi-part adhesive system is used in which a first component of the adhesive system is applied to the transfer component by a first deposition device and a second component of the adhesive system is applied to the transfer component by a second deposition device. 22. The process of claim 1 further comprising a step of enclosing the portion of the transfer component with the transfer material thereon and the article in a closed chamber and evacuating substantially all of the air between the portion of the transfer component with the transfer material thereon and the surface of the article before transferring the transfer material onto the surface of the article wherein the transfer component is constrained in such a way that a vacuum is drawn in the space between the article and the transfer component to reduce the amount of air that is trapped between the transfer component and the surface of the article so that there are no visible air bubbles between the transfer material and the surface of the article. 23. The process of claim 1 wherein the deposition device comprises an ink jet printer, and:
(a) the transfer component is pre-stretched before the step of depositing a material onto a portion of the surface of said continuous transfer component with said deposition device to form a transfer material on said transfer component, and is held in a stretched condition during said step of depositing a material onto a portion of the surface of said transfer component with said deposition device;
(b) the step of depositing a material onto a portion of the surface of said transfer component with said deposition device comprises ink jet printing an ink onto said portion of the surface of said transfer component, wherein the ink jet printing deposits a number of drops of ink per inch (DPI);
(c) the portion of the transfer component with the transfer material thereon, which transfer material comprises the printed ink, is at least partially relaxed prior to the step of modifying a portion of said transfer component with said transfer material thereon; and
(d) the portion of the transfer component with the transfer material thereon is subsequently stretched during said step of modifying to conform the portion of the transfer component with said transfer material thereon to at least a portion of the surface of said three-dimensional article. | 1,700 |
3,771 | 15,157,966 | 1,743 | A three-dimensional object printer varies the finish in exposed surfaces of a printed object. The printer includes a controller operatively connected to at least two ejector heads, a leveling device, a curing device, and an actuator that is operatively connected to a member to which the at least two ejector heads, the leveling device, and the curing device are mounted. The controller is configured to detect a next layer to be formed being within a predetermined number of layers before an exposed surface is formed, to modify rendered data for the layers within the predetermined number of layers received from the source of rendered data, and to operate a plurality of ejectors in the at least two ejector heads with reference to the modified rendered data to apply a finish to the exposed surface. | 1. A printer comprising:
a platen; at least two ejector heads, each ejector head having a plurality of ejectors fluidly connected to a supply of a material to enable the ejectors to eject material towards the platen; a leveling device; a curing device; at least one member to which the at least two ejector heads, the leveling device, and the curing device are mounted; an actuator operatively connected to the at least one member; a source of rendered data corresponding to layers of an object to be formed with the material ejected from the ejector heads; and a controller operatively connected to the at least two printheads, the leveling device, the curing device, the source of rendered data, and the actuator, the controller being configured to operate the actuator to move the at least one member to position the at least two printheads, the leveling device, and the curing device with reference to the platen, to operate the plurality of ejectors in each of the at least two printheads to form portions of layers of an object supported by the platen, to suspend operation of the leveling device in response to the controller detecting a next layer to be formed is within a predetermined number of layers before an exposed surface is formed, and to operate the plurality of ejectors in the at least two ejector heads with reference to the rendered data to form the predetermined number of layers without leveling. 2. The printer of claim 1, the controller being further configured to:
operate the curing device after the predetermined number of layers are formed to cure the predetermined number of layers. 3. The printer of claim 1, the controller being further configured to:
modify the rendered data for the layers within the predetermined number of layers received from the source of rendered data; and use the modified rendered data to form the predetermined number of layers without leveling. 4. The printer of claim 1, the controller being further configured to:
modify the rendered data by halftoning the rendered data for the next layer to be formed. 5. The printer of claim 3, the controller being further configured to:
modify the rendered data to produce half-spheres of material in the next layer to be formed. 6. The printer of claim 5, the controller being further configured to:
modify the rendered data to produce the half-spheres in the next layer to be formed with a predetermined direction. 7. The printer of claim 3, the controller being further configured to:
modify the rendered data to operate ejectors within the at least two ejector heads to eject clear material. 8. The printer of claim 3, the controller being further configured to:
modify the rendered data by overwriting a portion of the rendered data with finish image data to produce a predetermined finish within the predetermined number of layers. 9. The printer of claim 8, the controller being further configured to:
overwrite the portion of the rendered data with finish image data corresponding to an anisotropic structure with an orientation type that is different than an orientation type of an anisotropic structure corresponding to the rendered data adjacent the overwritten rendered data. 10. A method of operating a printer comprising:
operating an actuator with a controller to move at least one member to position at least two printheads, a leveling device, and a curing device with reference to a platen; operating with the controller a plurality of ejectors in each of the at least two printheads to form portions of layers of an object supported by the platen; suspending operation of the leveling device in response to the controller detecting a next layer to be formed being within a predetermined number of layers before an exposed surface is formed; and operating the plurality of ejectors in the at least two ejector heads with the controller using rendered data corresponding to the predetermined number of layers to form the predetermined number of layers without leveling. 11. The method of claim 10 further comprising:
operating the curing device after the predetermined number of layers are formed to cure the predetermined number of layers. 12. The method of claim 10 further comprising:
modifying the rendered data for the layers within the predetermined number of layers; and
using the modified rendered data to form the predetermined number of layers without leveling. 13. The method of claim 12, the modification of the rendered data further comprising:
halftoning the rendered data. 14. The method of claim 13, the modification of the rendered data further comprising:
modifying the rendered data to produce half-spheres of material in the next layer to be formed. 15. The method of claim 14, the modification of the rendered data further comprising:
modifying the rendered data to produce the half-spheres with a predetermined direction in the next layer to be formed. 16. The method of claim 12, the modification of the rendered data further comprising:
modify the rendered data to operate ejectors within the at least two ejector heads to eject clear material. 17. The method of claim 12 further comprising:
modifying the rendered data by overwriting a portion of the rendered data with finish image data to produce a predetermined finish within the predetermined number of layers. 18. The method of claim 17 further comprising:
overwriting the portion of the rendered data with finish image data corresponding to an anisotropic structure with an orientation type that is different than an orientation type of an anisotropic structure corresponding to the rendered data adjacent the overwritten rendered data. | A three-dimensional object printer varies the finish in exposed surfaces of a printed object. The printer includes a controller operatively connected to at least two ejector heads, a leveling device, a curing device, and an actuator that is operatively connected to a member to which the at least two ejector heads, the leveling device, and the curing device are mounted. The controller is configured to detect a next layer to be formed being within a predetermined number of layers before an exposed surface is formed, to modify rendered data for the layers within the predetermined number of layers received from the source of rendered data, and to operate a plurality of ejectors in the at least two ejector heads with reference to the modified rendered data to apply a finish to the exposed surface.1. A printer comprising:
a platen; at least two ejector heads, each ejector head having a plurality of ejectors fluidly connected to a supply of a material to enable the ejectors to eject material towards the platen; a leveling device; a curing device; at least one member to which the at least two ejector heads, the leveling device, and the curing device are mounted; an actuator operatively connected to the at least one member; a source of rendered data corresponding to layers of an object to be formed with the material ejected from the ejector heads; and a controller operatively connected to the at least two printheads, the leveling device, the curing device, the source of rendered data, and the actuator, the controller being configured to operate the actuator to move the at least one member to position the at least two printheads, the leveling device, and the curing device with reference to the platen, to operate the plurality of ejectors in each of the at least two printheads to form portions of layers of an object supported by the platen, to suspend operation of the leveling device in response to the controller detecting a next layer to be formed is within a predetermined number of layers before an exposed surface is formed, and to operate the plurality of ejectors in the at least two ejector heads with reference to the rendered data to form the predetermined number of layers without leveling. 2. The printer of claim 1, the controller being further configured to:
operate the curing device after the predetermined number of layers are formed to cure the predetermined number of layers. 3. The printer of claim 1, the controller being further configured to:
modify the rendered data for the layers within the predetermined number of layers received from the source of rendered data; and use the modified rendered data to form the predetermined number of layers without leveling. 4. The printer of claim 1, the controller being further configured to:
modify the rendered data by halftoning the rendered data for the next layer to be formed. 5. The printer of claim 3, the controller being further configured to:
modify the rendered data to produce half-spheres of material in the next layer to be formed. 6. The printer of claim 5, the controller being further configured to:
modify the rendered data to produce the half-spheres in the next layer to be formed with a predetermined direction. 7. The printer of claim 3, the controller being further configured to:
modify the rendered data to operate ejectors within the at least two ejector heads to eject clear material. 8. The printer of claim 3, the controller being further configured to:
modify the rendered data by overwriting a portion of the rendered data with finish image data to produce a predetermined finish within the predetermined number of layers. 9. The printer of claim 8, the controller being further configured to:
overwrite the portion of the rendered data with finish image data corresponding to an anisotropic structure with an orientation type that is different than an orientation type of an anisotropic structure corresponding to the rendered data adjacent the overwritten rendered data. 10. A method of operating a printer comprising:
operating an actuator with a controller to move at least one member to position at least two printheads, a leveling device, and a curing device with reference to a platen; operating with the controller a plurality of ejectors in each of the at least two printheads to form portions of layers of an object supported by the platen; suspending operation of the leveling device in response to the controller detecting a next layer to be formed being within a predetermined number of layers before an exposed surface is formed; and operating the plurality of ejectors in the at least two ejector heads with the controller using rendered data corresponding to the predetermined number of layers to form the predetermined number of layers without leveling. 11. The method of claim 10 further comprising:
operating the curing device after the predetermined number of layers are formed to cure the predetermined number of layers. 12. The method of claim 10 further comprising:
modifying the rendered data for the layers within the predetermined number of layers; and
using the modified rendered data to form the predetermined number of layers without leveling. 13. The method of claim 12, the modification of the rendered data further comprising:
halftoning the rendered data. 14. The method of claim 13, the modification of the rendered data further comprising:
modifying the rendered data to produce half-spheres of material in the next layer to be formed. 15. The method of claim 14, the modification of the rendered data further comprising:
modifying the rendered data to produce the half-spheres with a predetermined direction in the next layer to be formed. 16. The method of claim 12, the modification of the rendered data further comprising:
modify the rendered data to operate ejectors within the at least two ejector heads to eject clear material. 17. The method of claim 12 further comprising:
modifying the rendered data by overwriting a portion of the rendered data with finish image data to produce a predetermined finish within the predetermined number of layers. 18. The method of claim 17 further comprising:
overwriting the portion of the rendered data with finish image data corresponding to an anisotropic structure with an orientation type that is different than an orientation type of an anisotropic structure corresponding to the rendered data adjacent the overwritten rendered data. | 1,700 |
3,772 | 15,114,184 | 1,772 | The present invention provides a process for producing liquid hydrocarbon products from solid biomass and/or residual waste feedstocks, said process comprising the steps of: a) hydropyrolysing the solid feedstock in a hydropyrolysis reactor vessel in the presence of molecular hydrogen and one or more deoxygenation catalyst, producing a product stream comprising partially deoxygenated hydropyrolysis product, H 2 O, H 2 , CO 2 , CO, C 1 -C 3 gases, char and catalyst fines; b) removing said char and catalyst fines from said product stream; c) hydroconverting said partially deoxygenated hydropyrolysis product in a hydroconversion reactor vessel in the presence of one or more hydroconversion catalyst and of the H 2 O, CO 2 , CO, H 2 , and C 1 -C 3 gas generated in step a), producing a vapour phase product comprising substantially fully deoxygenated hydrocarbon product, H 2 O, CO, CO 2 , and C 1 -C 3 gases; d) condensing the vapour phase product of step d) to provide a liquid phase product comprising substantially fully deoxygenated C4+ hydrocarbon liquid and aqueous material and separating said liquid phase product from a gas phase product comprising H 2 , CO, CO 2 , and C 1 -C 3 gases; e) removing the aqueous material from the substantially fully deoxygenated C4+ hydrocarbon liquid; and f) hydroprocessing at least a portion of the substantially fully deoxygenated C4+ hydrocarbon liquid in a hydroprocessing reactor vessel in the presence of hydrogen and one or more hydroprocessing catalysts, each hydroprocessing catalyst comprising at least one reduced metal on a solid support, in order to provide an upgraded liquid hydrocarbon stream. | 1. A process for producing liquid hydrocarbon products from solid biomass and/or residual waste feedstocks, said process comprising the steps of:
a) hydropyrolysing the solid feedstock in a hydropyrolysis reactor vessel in the presence of molecular hydrogen and one or more deoxygenation catalyst, producing a product stream comprising partially deoxygenated hydropyrolysis product, H2O, H2, CO2, CO, C1-C3 gases, char and catalyst fines; b) removing said char and catalyst fines from said product stream; c) hydroconverting said partially deoxygenated hydropyrolysis product in a hydroconversion reactor vessel in the presence of one or more hydroconversion catalyst and of the H2O, CO2, CO, H2, and C1-C3 gas generated in step a), producing a vapour phase product comprising substantially fully deoxygenated hydrocarbon product, H2O, CO, CO2, and C1-C3 gases; d) condensing the vapour phase product of step c) to provide a liquid phase product comprising substantially fully deoxygenated C4+ hydrocarbon liquid and aqueous material and separating said liquid phase product from a gas phase product comprising H2, CO, CO2, and C1-C3 gases; e) removing the aqueous material from the substantially fully deoxygenated C4+ hydrocarbon liquid; and f) hydroprocessing at least a portion of the substantially fully deoxygenated C4+ hydrocarbon liquid in a hydroprocessing reactor vessel in the presence of hydrogen and one or more hydroprocessing catalysts, each hydroprocessing catalyst comprising at least one reduced metal on a solid support, in order to provide an upgraded liquid hydrocarbon stream. 2. A process according to claim 1, wherein the gas phase product comprising CO, CO2, and C1-C3 gases are subjected to a reforming and water-gas shift process in order to produce hydrogen. 3. A process according to claim 2, wherein the gas phase product is first purified to remove any sulfur and NH3 present before being subjected to the reforming and water-gas shift process. 4. A process according to claim 2, wherein the hydrogen produced in the reforming and water-gas shift process is used as at least a portion of the molecular hydrogen in at least one of steps a), c) and f). 5. A process according to claim 4, wherein the hydrogen produced in the reforming and water-gas shift process is used to provide all of the hydrogen required in steps a), c) and f). 6. A process according to claim 1, wherein the deoxygenation catalyst comprises one or more sulfided metal selected from the group of nickel, molybdenum, cobalt and tungsten supported on an oxidic carrier selected from alumina, silica, titania, ceria, zirconia, binary oxides such as silica-alumina, silica-titania and ceria-zirconia and zeolites. 7. A process according to claim 6, wherein the deoxygenation catalyst comprises either a sulfided nickel/molybdenum catalyst on an alumina support or a sulfided cobalt/molybdenum catalyst on an alumina support. 8. A process according to claim 1, wherein the hydroconversion catalyst comprises one or more sulfided metal selected from the group of nickel, molybdenum, cobalt and tungsten supported on an oxidic carrier selected from alumina, silica, titania, ceria, zirconia, binary oxides such as silica-alumina, silica-titania and ceria-zirconia and zeolites. 9. A process according to claim 8, wherein the hydroconversion catalyst comprises either a sulfided nickel/molybdenum catalyst on an alumina support or a sulfided cobalt/molybdenum catalyst on an alumina support. 10. A process according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the one or more hydroprocessing catalysts comprises one or more metals selected from nickel, palladium, platinum, rhodium, iridium and ruthenium on an oxidic support. 11. A process according to claim 1, wherein at least two hydroprocessing catalysts are used. 12. A process according to claim 11, wherein the at least two hydroprocessing catalysts are present in a stacked catalyst bed. 13. A process according to claim 1, wherein before step f), the substantially fully deoxygenated C4+ hydrocarbon liquid is subjected to distillation in order to separate it into fractions according to the ranges of the boiling points of the liquid products contained therein and step f) is carried out on one or more of said fractions. 14. A process according to claim 13, wherein step f) is carried out on a fraction comprising hydrocarbons with boiling points in the range of from 150 to 380° C. 15. A process according to claim 13, wherein step f) is carried out on a fraction comprising hydrocarbons with boiling points in the range of from 90 to 200° C. 16. A process according to claim 1, wherein a hydrodesulfurisation step is carried out before step f). | The present invention provides a process for producing liquid hydrocarbon products from solid biomass and/or residual waste feedstocks, said process comprising the steps of: a) hydropyrolysing the solid feedstock in a hydropyrolysis reactor vessel in the presence of molecular hydrogen and one or more deoxygenation catalyst, producing a product stream comprising partially deoxygenated hydropyrolysis product, H 2 O, H 2 , CO 2 , CO, C 1 -C 3 gases, char and catalyst fines; b) removing said char and catalyst fines from said product stream; c) hydroconverting said partially deoxygenated hydropyrolysis product in a hydroconversion reactor vessel in the presence of one or more hydroconversion catalyst and of the H 2 O, CO 2 , CO, H 2 , and C 1 -C 3 gas generated in step a), producing a vapour phase product comprising substantially fully deoxygenated hydrocarbon product, H 2 O, CO, CO 2 , and C 1 -C 3 gases; d) condensing the vapour phase product of step d) to provide a liquid phase product comprising substantially fully deoxygenated C4+ hydrocarbon liquid and aqueous material and separating said liquid phase product from a gas phase product comprising H 2 , CO, CO 2 , and C 1 -C 3 gases; e) removing the aqueous material from the substantially fully deoxygenated C4+ hydrocarbon liquid; and f) hydroprocessing at least a portion of the substantially fully deoxygenated C4+ hydrocarbon liquid in a hydroprocessing reactor vessel in the presence of hydrogen and one or more hydroprocessing catalysts, each hydroprocessing catalyst comprising at least one reduced metal on a solid support, in order to provide an upgraded liquid hydrocarbon stream.1. A process for producing liquid hydrocarbon products from solid biomass and/or residual waste feedstocks, said process comprising the steps of:
a) hydropyrolysing the solid feedstock in a hydropyrolysis reactor vessel in the presence of molecular hydrogen and one or more deoxygenation catalyst, producing a product stream comprising partially deoxygenated hydropyrolysis product, H2O, H2, CO2, CO, C1-C3 gases, char and catalyst fines; b) removing said char and catalyst fines from said product stream; c) hydroconverting said partially deoxygenated hydropyrolysis product in a hydroconversion reactor vessel in the presence of one or more hydroconversion catalyst and of the H2O, CO2, CO, H2, and C1-C3 gas generated in step a), producing a vapour phase product comprising substantially fully deoxygenated hydrocarbon product, H2O, CO, CO2, and C1-C3 gases; d) condensing the vapour phase product of step c) to provide a liquid phase product comprising substantially fully deoxygenated C4+ hydrocarbon liquid and aqueous material and separating said liquid phase product from a gas phase product comprising H2, CO, CO2, and C1-C3 gases; e) removing the aqueous material from the substantially fully deoxygenated C4+ hydrocarbon liquid; and f) hydroprocessing at least a portion of the substantially fully deoxygenated C4+ hydrocarbon liquid in a hydroprocessing reactor vessel in the presence of hydrogen and one or more hydroprocessing catalysts, each hydroprocessing catalyst comprising at least one reduced metal on a solid support, in order to provide an upgraded liquid hydrocarbon stream. 2. A process according to claim 1, wherein the gas phase product comprising CO, CO2, and C1-C3 gases are subjected to a reforming and water-gas shift process in order to produce hydrogen. 3. A process according to claim 2, wherein the gas phase product is first purified to remove any sulfur and NH3 present before being subjected to the reforming and water-gas shift process. 4. A process according to claim 2, wherein the hydrogen produced in the reforming and water-gas shift process is used as at least a portion of the molecular hydrogen in at least one of steps a), c) and f). 5. A process according to claim 4, wherein the hydrogen produced in the reforming and water-gas shift process is used to provide all of the hydrogen required in steps a), c) and f). 6. A process according to claim 1, wherein the deoxygenation catalyst comprises one or more sulfided metal selected from the group of nickel, molybdenum, cobalt and tungsten supported on an oxidic carrier selected from alumina, silica, titania, ceria, zirconia, binary oxides such as silica-alumina, silica-titania and ceria-zirconia and zeolites. 7. A process according to claim 6, wherein the deoxygenation catalyst comprises either a sulfided nickel/molybdenum catalyst on an alumina support or a sulfided cobalt/molybdenum catalyst on an alumina support. 8. A process according to claim 1, wherein the hydroconversion catalyst comprises one or more sulfided metal selected from the group of nickel, molybdenum, cobalt and tungsten supported on an oxidic carrier selected from alumina, silica, titania, ceria, zirconia, binary oxides such as silica-alumina, silica-titania and ceria-zirconia and zeolites. 9. A process according to claim 8, wherein the hydroconversion catalyst comprises either a sulfided nickel/molybdenum catalyst on an alumina support or a sulfided cobalt/molybdenum catalyst on an alumina support. 10. A process according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the one or more hydroprocessing catalysts comprises one or more metals selected from nickel, palladium, platinum, rhodium, iridium and ruthenium on an oxidic support. 11. A process according to claim 1, wherein at least two hydroprocessing catalysts are used. 12. A process according to claim 11, wherein the at least two hydroprocessing catalysts are present in a stacked catalyst bed. 13. A process according to claim 1, wherein before step f), the substantially fully deoxygenated C4+ hydrocarbon liquid is subjected to distillation in order to separate it into fractions according to the ranges of the boiling points of the liquid products contained therein and step f) is carried out on one or more of said fractions. 14. A process according to claim 13, wherein step f) is carried out on a fraction comprising hydrocarbons with boiling points in the range of from 150 to 380° C. 15. A process according to claim 13, wherein step f) is carried out on a fraction comprising hydrocarbons with boiling points in the range of from 90 to 200° C. 16. A process according to claim 1, wherein a hydrodesulfurisation step is carried out before step f). | 1,700 |
3,773 | 13,880,585 | 1,745 | A form for forming a void or an architectural feature of a predetermined configuration in a moldable forming composition is disclosed. Embodiments of the invention provide an adjustable form body having first and second sides, said form body configurable between a first substantially planar position and a second non-planar position. In some embodiments, the form comprises a surface coating. A form body according to example embodiments of the invention has a plurality of grooves. | 1. A form for forming a void of a predetermined configuration in a moldable
forming composition comprising:
a form body having first and second sides, said form body having a plurality of grooves extending from said first side into said form body toward said second side, said plurality of grooves being structured such that said form body may be configured into a non-planar shape corresponding to the predetermined configuration of the void. 2. A form according to claim 1 wherein the form body is made of an expanded polystyrene. 3. A form according to claim 1 wherein the spacing between each of said plurality of grooves is approximately equal. 4. A form according to claim 1 wherein the spacing between said plurality of grooves varies. 5. A form according to claim 1 wherein said plurality of grooves are parallel. 6. A form according to claim 1 wherein at least one of said plurality of grooves has a tapered configuration. 7. A form according to claim 6 wherein said at least one of said plurality of grooves is tapered from the first side toward the second side. 8. A form according to claim 1 further comprising a surface coating on at least one of said first and second sides. 9. A form according to claim 8 wherein said surface coating is on the side of the form body in contact with the moldable forming composition and is structured not to adhere to the moldable forming composition so that said form body is reusable. 10. A form according to claim 8 wherein said surface coating is a film having an adhesive backing that will adhere to the adjustable form body and a relatively smooth outer surface that preferably has limited adherence to the moldable forming composition. 11. A form according to claim 1 wherein said non-planar shape comprises a U-shaped configuration. 12. A form according to claim 1 wherein said form body comprises a formable portion and a pair of lateral members. 13. A form according to claim 12 wherein said pair of lateral members and said formable portion are integrally formed. 14. A form according to claim 12 wherein said pair of lateral members and said formable portion are detachable. 15. A form according to claim 12 wherein said pair of lateral members are substantially rigid. 16. A form according to claim 1 further comprising at least one spacer structured to provide support to the form body so as to maintain the form body in the non-planar shape. 17. A form according to claim 1 further comprising at least one end cap member structured to be positioned at an end of the form body to prevent the moldable forming composition from entering the void and to provide support to the form body so as to maintain the form body in the non-planar shape. 18. A form according to claim 1 further comprising a cover to be positioned at an end of the form body to prevent the moldable forming composition from entering the void and to provide support to the form body so as to maintain the form body in the non-planar shape. 19. A form according to claim 1 further comprising a plurality of elongate form bodies positioned end to end. 20. A form according to claim 1 wherein the form body is bendable adjacent to said plurality of grooves. 21. A form for forming a void of a predetermined configuration in a moldable
forming composition comprising:
an adjustable form body having first and second sides, said form body having a plurality of grooves extending from said first side into said form body toward said second side, said plurality of grooves being structured such that said form body may be configured between a first position and a second position, the first position being substantially planar and the second position forming a non-planar shape corresponding to the predetermined configuration of the void shape. 22. An assembly for forming a drainage channel having a void with a predetermined shape using a moldable forming composition, the assembly comprising:
a form body having first and second sides and a pair of lateral edges, said form body having a plurality of grooves extending from said first side into said form body toward said second side, said plurality of grooves being structured such that said form body may be configured into a non-planar shape corresponding to the predetermined configuration of the void; and a frame for supporting the form body, the frame being attached to said form body adjacent to said lateral edges. 23. An assembly according to claim 22 wherein said form body comprises a formable portion and a pair of lateral members. 24. An assembly according to claim 23 wherein said pair of lateral members and said formable portion are integrally formed. 25. An assembly according to claim 23 wherein said pair of lateral members and said formable portion are detachable. 26. An assembly according to claim 23 wherein said pair of lateral members are substantially rigid. 27. An assembly according to claim 23 wherein each of said pair of lateral members defines a slot at least partially along the length of said form body and wherein said frame comprises a pair of elongate L-shaped members, each of said elongate L-shaped members being structured to engage a corresponding one of said slots in one of said pair of lateral members. 28. A method of forming a drainage channel having a void with a predetermined
shape using a moldable forming composition, the method comprising:
preparing a trench;
providing a form body having first and second sides and a pair of lateral edges, the form body having a plurality of grooves extending from the first side into the form body toward the second side, the plurality of grooves being structured such that the form body may be configured into a non-planar shape corresponding to the predetermined configuration of the void;
attaching a frame to the form body adjacent to the lateral edges of the form body, the frame being structured to support the form body;
positioning the form body and frame in the trench;
pouring a moldable forming composition in the trench about the form body;
curing the moldable forming composition to form the drainage channel; and
removing the form body. 29. A method according to claim 28 wherein said attaching step comprises engaging an elongate L-shaped member into a corresponding slot in a lateral member of the form body. 30. A method according to claim 28 wherein said pouring step comprises:
pouring a first amount of moldable forming composition in the trench so as to cover the base of the frame;
at least partially curing the first amount of moldable forming composition; and
pouring a second amount of moldable forming composition in the trench about the form body. 31. (canceled) 32-56. (canceled) | A form for forming a void or an architectural feature of a predetermined configuration in a moldable forming composition is disclosed. Embodiments of the invention provide an adjustable form body having first and second sides, said form body configurable between a first substantially planar position and a second non-planar position. In some embodiments, the form comprises a surface coating. A form body according to example embodiments of the invention has a plurality of grooves.1. A form for forming a void of a predetermined configuration in a moldable
forming composition comprising:
a form body having first and second sides, said form body having a plurality of grooves extending from said first side into said form body toward said second side, said plurality of grooves being structured such that said form body may be configured into a non-planar shape corresponding to the predetermined configuration of the void. 2. A form according to claim 1 wherein the form body is made of an expanded polystyrene. 3. A form according to claim 1 wherein the spacing between each of said plurality of grooves is approximately equal. 4. A form according to claim 1 wherein the spacing between said plurality of grooves varies. 5. A form according to claim 1 wherein said plurality of grooves are parallel. 6. A form according to claim 1 wherein at least one of said plurality of grooves has a tapered configuration. 7. A form according to claim 6 wherein said at least one of said plurality of grooves is tapered from the first side toward the second side. 8. A form according to claim 1 further comprising a surface coating on at least one of said first and second sides. 9. A form according to claim 8 wherein said surface coating is on the side of the form body in contact with the moldable forming composition and is structured not to adhere to the moldable forming composition so that said form body is reusable. 10. A form according to claim 8 wherein said surface coating is a film having an adhesive backing that will adhere to the adjustable form body and a relatively smooth outer surface that preferably has limited adherence to the moldable forming composition. 11. A form according to claim 1 wherein said non-planar shape comprises a U-shaped configuration. 12. A form according to claim 1 wherein said form body comprises a formable portion and a pair of lateral members. 13. A form according to claim 12 wherein said pair of lateral members and said formable portion are integrally formed. 14. A form according to claim 12 wherein said pair of lateral members and said formable portion are detachable. 15. A form according to claim 12 wherein said pair of lateral members are substantially rigid. 16. A form according to claim 1 further comprising at least one spacer structured to provide support to the form body so as to maintain the form body in the non-planar shape. 17. A form according to claim 1 further comprising at least one end cap member structured to be positioned at an end of the form body to prevent the moldable forming composition from entering the void and to provide support to the form body so as to maintain the form body in the non-planar shape. 18. A form according to claim 1 further comprising a cover to be positioned at an end of the form body to prevent the moldable forming composition from entering the void and to provide support to the form body so as to maintain the form body in the non-planar shape. 19. A form according to claim 1 further comprising a plurality of elongate form bodies positioned end to end. 20. A form according to claim 1 wherein the form body is bendable adjacent to said plurality of grooves. 21. A form for forming a void of a predetermined configuration in a moldable
forming composition comprising:
an adjustable form body having first and second sides, said form body having a plurality of grooves extending from said first side into said form body toward said second side, said plurality of grooves being structured such that said form body may be configured between a first position and a second position, the first position being substantially planar and the second position forming a non-planar shape corresponding to the predetermined configuration of the void shape. 22. An assembly for forming a drainage channel having a void with a predetermined shape using a moldable forming composition, the assembly comprising:
a form body having first and second sides and a pair of lateral edges, said form body having a plurality of grooves extending from said first side into said form body toward said second side, said plurality of grooves being structured such that said form body may be configured into a non-planar shape corresponding to the predetermined configuration of the void; and a frame for supporting the form body, the frame being attached to said form body adjacent to said lateral edges. 23. An assembly according to claim 22 wherein said form body comprises a formable portion and a pair of lateral members. 24. An assembly according to claim 23 wherein said pair of lateral members and said formable portion are integrally formed. 25. An assembly according to claim 23 wherein said pair of lateral members and said formable portion are detachable. 26. An assembly according to claim 23 wherein said pair of lateral members are substantially rigid. 27. An assembly according to claim 23 wherein each of said pair of lateral members defines a slot at least partially along the length of said form body and wherein said frame comprises a pair of elongate L-shaped members, each of said elongate L-shaped members being structured to engage a corresponding one of said slots in one of said pair of lateral members. 28. A method of forming a drainage channel having a void with a predetermined
shape using a moldable forming composition, the method comprising:
preparing a trench;
providing a form body having first and second sides and a pair of lateral edges, the form body having a plurality of grooves extending from the first side into the form body toward the second side, the plurality of grooves being structured such that the form body may be configured into a non-planar shape corresponding to the predetermined configuration of the void;
attaching a frame to the form body adjacent to the lateral edges of the form body, the frame being structured to support the form body;
positioning the form body and frame in the trench;
pouring a moldable forming composition in the trench about the form body;
curing the moldable forming composition to form the drainage channel; and
removing the form body. 29. A method according to claim 28 wherein said attaching step comprises engaging an elongate L-shaped member into a corresponding slot in a lateral member of the form body. 30. A method according to claim 28 wherein said pouring step comprises:
pouring a first amount of moldable forming composition in the trench so as to cover the base of the frame;
at least partially curing the first amount of moldable forming composition; and
pouring a second amount of moldable forming composition in the trench about the form body. 31. (canceled) 32-56. (canceled) | 1,700 |
3,774 | 15,554,038 | 1,771 | Lubricant composition comprising a polyisobutene polymer having a number average molecular weight of 300-5000 g/mol and at least 60 mol % terminal double bonds based on the total number of double bonds in the polymer, and an ester component and/or an alkylated naphthalene compound having kinematic viscosity in the range of 2 to 15 mm 2 /s at 100° C. | 1.-13. (canceled) 14. A lubricant composition comprising
a) 9.0 to 94.0 wt % based on the total amount of lubricant composition of a polyisobutene polymer having a number average molecular weight of 300-5000 g/mol according to DIN 55672 and at least 60 mol % terminal double bonds based on the total number of double bonds in the polymer, and b) 5 to 50 wt % based on the total amount of lubricant composition of an ester component having kinematic viscosity according to DIN 51562-1 in the range of 2 to 15 mm2/s at 100° C., wherein the ratio of the polyisobutene polymer a) to the ester component b) is from 1:12 to 12:1 based on the relative weight of these components in the lubricant composition. 15. The lubricant composition according to claim 14, further comprising 20 to 80 wt % of a base oil component. 16. The lubricant composition according to claim 15, wherein the base oil component comprises a polyalphaolefin and/or a Group II and/or Group III mineral oil. 17. The lubricant composition according to claim 16, wherein the base oil component comprises a polyalphaolefin 4, polyalphaolefin 6 and/or polyalphaolefin 8. 18. The lubricant composition according to claim 17, wherein the base oil component comprises a polyalphaolefin 6. 19. The lubricant composition according to claim 14, wherein the composition does not include an ethylene/propylene copolymer. 20. The lubricant composition according to claim 14, wherein the composition does not include a polyisobutene polymer having less than 60 mol % terminal double bonds. 21. The lubricant composition according to claim 14, wherein the composition does not include a polyalkylmethacrylate. 22. The lubricant composition according to claim 14, wherein the ester component is selected from the group consisting of diisodecyladipate, diisotridecyladipate, di(2-propylheptyl)adipate and trimethylolpropanolcaprylate. 23. The lubricant composition according to claim 14, further comprising an additive component selected from the group consisting of antioxidants, dispersants, foam inhibitors, demulsifiers, seal swelling agents, friction reducers, anti-wear agents, detergents, corrosion inhibitors, extreme pressure agents, metal deactivators, rust inhibitors, pour point depressants and mixtures thereof. 24. The lubricant composition according to claim 23, wherein the additive component is present in an amount of 0.1 to 20 wt % of the total lubricant composition. 25. The lubricant composition according to claim 14, having kinematic viscosity at −40° C. according to DIN 51562-1 of not higher than 110000 mm2/s. 26. A light duty engine oil, medium duty engine oil, heavy duty engine oil, industrial engine oils, marine engine oils, automotive engine oils, crankshaft oils, compressor oils, refrigerator oils, hydrocarbon compressor oils, very low-temperature lubricating oils and fats, high temperature lubricating oils and fats, wire rope lubricants, textile machine oils, refrigerator oils, aviation and aerospace lubricants, aviation turbine oils, transmission oils, gas turbine oils, spindle oils, spin oils, traction fluids, transmission oils, plastic transmission oils, passenger car transmission oils, truck transmission oils, industrial transmission oils, industrial gear oils, insulating oils, instrument oils, brake fluids, transmission liquids, shock absorber oils, heat distribution medium oils, transformer oils, fats, chain oils, minimum quantity lubricants for metalworking operations, oil to the warm and cold working, oil for water-based metalworking liquids, oil for neat oil metalworking fluids, oil for semi-synthetic metalworking fluids, oil for synthetic metalworking fluids, drilling detergents for the soil exploration, hydraulic oils, in biodegradable lubricants or lubricating greases or waxes, chain saw oils, release agents, moulding fluids, gun, pistol and rifle lubricants or watch lubricants and food grade approved lubricants which the comprises the lubricant composition of claim 14. | Lubricant composition comprising a polyisobutene polymer having a number average molecular weight of 300-5000 g/mol and at least 60 mol % terminal double bonds based on the total number of double bonds in the polymer, and an ester component and/or an alkylated naphthalene compound having kinematic viscosity in the range of 2 to 15 mm 2 /s at 100° C.1.-13. (canceled) 14. A lubricant composition comprising
a) 9.0 to 94.0 wt % based on the total amount of lubricant composition of a polyisobutene polymer having a number average molecular weight of 300-5000 g/mol according to DIN 55672 and at least 60 mol % terminal double bonds based on the total number of double bonds in the polymer, and b) 5 to 50 wt % based on the total amount of lubricant composition of an ester component having kinematic viscosity according to DIN 51562-1 in the range of 2 to 15 mm2/s at 100° C., wherein the ratio of the polyisobutene polymer a) to the ester component b) is from 1:12 to 12:1 based on the relative weight of these components in the lubricant composition. 15. The lubricant composition according to claim 14, further comprising 20 to 80 wt % of a base oil component. 16. The lubricant composition according to claim 15, wherein the base oil component comprises a polyalphaolefin and/or a Group II and/or Group III mineral oil. 17. The lubricant composition according to claim 16, wherein the base oil component comprises a polyalphaolefin 4, polyalphaolefin 6 and/or polyalphaolefin 8. 18. The lubricant composition according to claim 17, wherein the base oil component comprises a polyalphaolefin 6. 19. The lubricant composition according to claim 14, wherein the composition does not include an ethylene/propylene copolymer. 20. The lubricant composition according to claim 14, wherein the composition does not include a polyisobutene polymer having less than 60 mol % terminal double bonds. 21. The lubricant composition according to claim 14, wherein the composition does not include a polyalkylmethacrylate. 22. The lubricant composition according to claim 14, wherein the ester component is selected from the group consisting of diisodecyladipate, diisotridecyladipate, di(2-propylheptyl)adipate and trimethylolpropanolcaprylate. 23. The lubricant composition according to claim 14, further comprising an additive component selected from the group consisting of antioxidants, dispersants, foam inhibitors, demulsifiers, seal swelling agents, friction reducers, anti-wear agents, detergents, corrosion inhibitors, extreme pressure agents, metal deactivators, rust inhibitors, pour point depressants and mixtures thereof. 24. The lubricant composition according to claim 23, wherein the additive component is present in an amount of 0.1 to 20 wt % of the total lubricant composition. 25. The lubricant composition according to claim 14, having kinematic viscosity at −40° C. according to DIN 51562-1 of not higher than 110000 mm2/s. 26. A light duty engine oil, medium duty engine oil, heavy duty engine oil, industrial engine oils, marine engine oils, automotive engine oils, crankshaft oils, compressor oils, refrigerator oils, hydrocarbon compressor oils, very low-temperature lubricating oils and fats, high temperature lubricating oils and fats, wire rope lubricants, textile machine oils, refrigerator oils, aviation and aerospace lubricants, aviation turbine oils, transmission oils, gas turbine oils, spindle oils, spin oils, traction fluids, transmission oils, plastic transmission oils, passenger car transmission oils, truck transmission oils, industrial transmission oils, industrial gear oils, insulating oils, instrument oils, brake fluids, transmission liquids, shock absorber oils, heat distribution medium oils, transformer oils, fats, chain oils, minimum quantity lubricants for metalworking operations, oil to the warm and cold working, oil for water-based metalworking liquids, oil for neat oil metalworking fluids, oil for semi-synthetic metalworking fluids, oil for synthetic metalworking fluids, drilling detergents for the soil exploration, hydraulic oils, in biodegradable lubricants or lubricating greases or waxes, chain saw oils, release agents, moulding fluids, gun, pistol and rifle lubricants or watch lubricants and food grade approved lubricants which the comprises the lubricant composition of claim 14. | 1,700 |
3,775 | 15,461,602 | 1,778 | Rake systems for cleaning water streams and new and novel components for such rake systems. | 1. A flexing apparatus for a flex rake, said flexing apparatus comprising
i. a pair of elongated rails, each rail having a top end, a bottom end, a first attachment point and a second attachment point, said first attachment point being located near the top end of each of the elongated rails, and each said second attachment point being located near the bottom end of each said elongated rail; ii. a first support arm being attached at each attachment point, and each of the first support arms has a distal end, each said distal end being fixedly attached to the sidewall of an enclosure for said flexing apparatus;
iii. attached near each first support arm distal end is a second support arm for enhancing the movement of a chain and said bottom end and said top end of each said elongated rail has a roller for enhancing the movement of a chain adjacent each said elongated rail. 2. The flexing apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein said means for enhancing the movement of a chain in d. is pivotal. 3. The flexing apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein said means for enhancing the movement of a chain in d. is a roller. 4. The flexing apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein said means for enhancing the movement of a chain in d. is a slide rail. 5. A rake screen apparatus having a flexing apparatus of claim 1 mounted to a framework of said rake screen apparatus. 6. A dual wiper blade assembly for a rake system, said dual wiper blade assembly comprising:
a. a pair of support members each having a near end and a distal end, each said near end having pivotal attachment capability for attaching to a framework of a rake system; b. each said distal end of said support member having attached thereto, holders, each said holder having a bottom edge; c. each said bottom edge having a first notch therein and a spaced-apart second notch therein; d. a common first wiper blade attached in said first notches and a common second wiper blade surmounting said first wiper blade and attached in said second notches. 7. A rake screen apparatus having a dual wiper blade assembly as claimed in claim 5 mounted to a framework of said rake screen apparatus. 8. A stand-alone modular unit comprising a bar screen, said modular unit configured to replace a bar screen in an existing rake screen apparatus. 9. A stand-alone modular unit comprising a perforated plate assembly, said modular unit configured to replace a perforated plate assembly or bar screen in an existing rake screen apparatus. 10. A pivoting drive head apparatus for a rake screen, said pivoting drive head comprising:
a. pair of spaced-apart, parallel support members, each said parallel spaced-apart member having a near end, a distal end and a middle portion; b. each said near end being pivotally attachable to a framework of a rake screen; c. each said parallel support member being pivotally attached to a drive sprocket, each drive sprocket being mounted on the ends of a common drive shaft therebetween, each said drive sprocket being attaché to each respective parallel support members near said middle portion of said parallel support member; d. each said distal end of said parallel support member being configure as a stop foot; e. each said parallel support member, each said sprocket and said common drive shaft being pivotable away from said rake screen framework. 11. A rake screen apparatus having a pivoting drive head apparatus as claimed in claim 9 mounted to a framework of said rake screen apparatus. 12. A rake screen apparatus as claimed in claim 12, wherein, in addition, there is present a flexing apparatus. 13. A rake screen apparatus having a fixed drive head and a flexing apparatus as claimed in claim 1. 14. A pivoting closure cap for a rake screen apparatus having side framework, said pivoting closure cap comprising;
a. a top panel; b. two mirror image side panels having edges and, top front corners, being attached at said edges to said top panel; c. a back panel having edges and attached at said edges to said top panel and said side panels; d. each said side panel being configured to accommodate any components extending beyond said side panels such that said components will not interfere with closure of said pivoting closure cap; e. a flexing enclosure lid, pivotably mounted at said top front corners of said side panels. 15. A rake screen apparatus having a pivoting closing cap as claimed in claim 15 mounted to a framework of said rake screen apparatus. 16. A rake screen apparatus in which screens, drive mechanisms and enclosures are all modular, wherein each said screens, drive mechanisms and enclosures can be removed or replaced without disassembling said entire rake screen apparatus. 17. A modular component for a rake screen that is a screen module. 18. A modular component for a rake screen that is a drive module containing a drive and a skimmer system. 19. A modular component for a rake screen that is an enclosure module that has the ability to be modified to create clearance for various size debris moving through said rake screen. 20. A modular component for a rake screen that is a flexing apparatus as claimed in claim 1. 21. An rotary effector module for use with a trash rake, said effector module comprising:
a. a frame, said frame having a top end, and bottom end, and two sides; b. a first common axle extending between the said two sides near said top end; c. a second common axle extending between said the two sides and located beneath the first common axle, d. said first common axle and said second common axle driveably connected by a common drive assembly; e. said second common axle having a sprocket located at each end, each said sprocket having a drive chain located thereon, each said chain having a lower end; f. each said chain not being mounted on a sprocket at said lower end; g. there being a plurality of cross members equally spaced between said chains; h. each said cross member having mounted thereon skimmers, each said skimmer interfacing with a backside of a perforated plate filtration screen of a trash rack, each said shimmer having a leading edge. 22. A flex rake having primary skimmers, in which at the bottom leading edge of each said primary skimmer, there is a thin, flexible sheet attached in a manner sufficient to apply a low, consistent force along a leading edge of the thin, flexible sheet, against a surface of a perforated screen in said flex rake. | Rake systems for cleaning water streams and new and novel components for such rake systems.1. A flexing apparatus for a flex rake, said flexing apparatus comprising
i. a pair of elongated rails, each rail having a top end, a bottom end, a first attachment point and a second attachment point, said first attachment point being located near the top end of each of the elongated rails, and each said second attachment point being located near the bottom end of each said elongated rail; ii. a first support arm being attached at each attachment point, and each of the first support arms has a distal end, each said distal end being fixedly attached to the sidewall of an enclosure for said flexing apparatus;
iii. attached near each first support arm distal end is a second support arm for enhancing the movement of a chain and said bottom end and said top end of each said elongated rail has a roller for enhancing the movement of a chain adjacent each said elongated rail. 2. The flexing apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein said means for enhancing the movement of a chain in d. is pivotal. 3. The flexing apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein said means for enhancing the movement of a chain in d. is a roller. 4. The flexing apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein said means for enhancing the movement of a chain in d. is a slide rail. 5. A rake screen apparatus having a flexing apparatus of claim 1 mounted to a framework of said rake screen apparatus. 6. A dual wiper blade assembly for a rake system, said dual wiper blade assembly comprising:
a. a pair of support members each having a near end and a distal end, each said near end having pivotal attachment capability for attaching to a framework of a rake system; b. each said distal end of said support member having attached thereto, holders, each said holder having a bottom edge; c. each said bottom edge having a first notch therein and a spaced-apart second notch therein; d. a common first wiper blade attached in said first notches and a common second wiper blade surmounting said first wiper blade and attached in said second notches. 7. A rake screen apparatus having a dual wiper blade assembly as claimed in claim 5 mounted to a framework of said rake screen apparatus. 8. A stand-alone modular unit comprising a bar screen, said modular unit configured to replace a bar screen in an existing rake screen apparatus. 9. A stand-alone modular unit comprising a perforated plate assembly, said modular unit configured to replace a perforated plate assembly or bar screen in an existing rake screen apparatus. 10. A pivoting drive head apparatus for a rake screen, said pivoting drive head comprising:
a. pair of spaced-apart, parallel support members, each said parallel spaced-apart member having a near end, a distal end and a middle portion; b. each said near end being pivotally attachable to a framework of a rake screen; c. each said parallel support member being pivotally attached to a drive sprocket, each drive sprocket being mounted on the ends of a common drive shaft therebetween, each said drive sprocket being attaché to each respective parallel support members near said middle portion of said parallel support member; d. each said distal end of said parallel support member being configure as a stop foot; e. each said parallel support member, each said sprocket and said common drive shaft being pivotable away from said rake screen framework. 11. A rake screen apparatus having a pivoting drive head apparatus as claimed in claim 9 mounted to a framework of said rake screen apparatus. 12. A rake screen apparatus as claimed in claim 12, wherein, in addition, there is present a flexing apparatus. 13. A rake screen apparatus having a fixed drive head and a flexing apparatus as claimed in claim 1. 14. A pivoting closure cap for a rake screen apparatus having side framework, said pivoting closure cap comprising;
a. a top panel; b. two mirror image side panels having edges and, top front corners, being attached at said edges to said top panel; c. a back panel having edges and attached at said edges to said top panel and said side panels; d. each said side panel being configured to accommodate any components extending beyond said side panels such that said components will not interfere with closure of said pivoting closure cap; e. a flexing enclosure lid, pivotably mounted at said top front corners of said side panels. 15. A rake screen apparatus having a pivoting closing cap as claimed in claim 15 mounted to a framework of said rake screen apparatus. 16. A rake screen apparatus in which screens, drive mechanisms and enclosures are all modular, wherein each said screens, drive mechanisms and enclosures can be removed or replaced without disassembling said entire rake screen apparatus. 17. A modular component for a rake screen that is a screen module. 18. A modular component for a rake screen that is a drive module containing a drive and a skimmer system. 19. A modular component for a rake screen that is an enclosure module that has the ability to be modified to create clearance for various size debris moving through said rake screen. 20. A modular component for a rake screen that is a flexing apparatus as claimed in claim 1. 21. An rotary effector module for use with a trash rake, said effector module comprising:
a. a frame, said frame having a top end, and bottom end, and two sides; b. a first common axle extending between the said two sides near said top end; c. a second common axle extending between said the two sides and located beneath the first common axle, d. said first common axle and said second common axle driveably connected by a common drive assembly; e. said second common axle having a sprocket located at each end, each said sprocket having a drive chain located thereon, each said chain having a lower end; f. each said chain not being mounted on a sprocket at said lower end; g. there being a plurality of cross members equally spaced between said chains; h. each said cross member having mounted thereon skimmers, each said skimmer interfacing with a backside of a perforated plate filtration screen of a trash rack, each said shimmer having a leading edge. 22. A flex rake having primary skimmers, in which at the bottom leading edge of each said primary skimmer, there is a thin, flexible sheet attached in a manner sufficient to apply a low, consistent force along a leading edge of the thin, flexible sheet, against a surface of a perforated screen in said flex rake. | 1,700 |
3,776 | 15,498,123 | 1,795 | A method including closing upper and lower ends of a bore with upper and lower closure element, respectively; introducing a cathode into the bore; and flowing an electrolyte through an annular space between a wall of the bore an outer surface of the cathode to provide an inner surface of the bore with a wear-resistant surface by electrolysis. | 1. A method comprising:
closing upper and lower ends of a bore with upper and lower closure elements, respectively; introducing a cathode into the bore; and flowing an electrolyte through an annular space between a wall of the bore an outer surface of the cathode to provide an inner surface of the bore with a wear-resistant surface by electrolysis. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the cathode is a hollow cathode. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the closing and introducing steps are carried out simultaneously. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing the electrolysis by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO). 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing the electrolysis by plasma electrolytic deposition (PED). 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the flowing step included continuously flowing the electrolyte. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising introducing the electrolyte into the bore from above the bore and through the cathode. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the flowing step including flowing the electrolyte at a speed of 2 m/s to 5 m/s. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the wear-resistant surface has a thickness of 20 μm to 50 μm. 10. A device comprising:
upper and lower closure elements for closing a bore; a cathode extending within the bore from the upper closure element towards the lower closure element to form an annular space between a wall of the bore an outer surface of the cathode, the annular space configured to receive a flow of an electrolyte therethrough during electrolysis; and an outlet opening for discharging a gas formed during electrolysis. 11. The device of claim 10, further comprising an inlet line for feeding the electrolyte and opening into the cathode. 12. The device of claim 10, wherein a free end of the cathode is spaced apart from the lower closure element. 13. The device of claim 10, wherein the annular space between the bore and the cathode increases continuously in the direction of the lower closure element towards the upper closure element with a conically tapering configuration of the cathode from a free end in the direction of the upper closure element. 14. The device of claim 10, wherein the cathode is a hollow cathode. 15. The device of claim 10, further comprising a collecting space situated above the bore and on the upper closure element in which space gas that forms during the electrolysis collected. 16. A device comprising:
upper and lower closure elements for closing a bore; and a hollow cathode extending within the bore from the upper closure element towards the lower closure element to form an annular space between a wall of the bore an outer surface of the hollow cathode, the annular space configured to receive a flow of an electrolyte therethrough during electrolysis. 17. The device of claim 16, further comprising an inlet line for feeding the electrolyte and opening into the cathode. 18. The device of claim 16, wherein the cathode is a central hollow cathode. 19. The device of claim 16, wherein the upper closure element includes multiple openings. 20. The device of claim 16, further comprising a collecting space situated above the bore and on the upper closure element in which space gas that forms during the electrolysis collected. | A method including closing upper and lower ends of a bore with upper and lower closure element, respectively; introducing a cathode into the bore; and flowing an electrolyte through an annular space between a wall of the bore an outer surface of the cathode to provide an inner surface of the bore with a wear-resistant surface by electrolysis.1. A method comprising:
closing upper and lower ends of a bore with upper and lower closure elements, respectively; introducing a cathode into the bore; and flowing an electrolyte through an annular space between a wall of the bore an outer surface of the cathode to provide an inner surface of the bore with a wear-resistant surface by electrolysis. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the cathode is a hollow cathode. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the closing and introducing steps are carried out simultaneously. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing the electrolysis by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO). 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing the electrolysis by plasma electrolytic deposition (PED). 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the flowing step included continuously flowing the electrolyte. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising introducing the electrolyte into the bore from above the bore and through the cathode. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the flowing step including flowing the electrolyte at a speed of 2 m/s to 5 m/s. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the wear-resistant surface has a thickness of 20 μm to 50 μm. 10. A device comprising:
upper and lower closure elements for closing a bore; a cathode extending within the bore from the upper closure element towards the lower closure element to form an annular space between a wall of the bore an outer surface of the cathode, the annular space configured to receive a flow of an electrolyte therethrough during electrolysis; and an outlet opening for discharging a gas formed during electrolysis. 11. The device of claim 10, further comprising an inlet line for feeding the electrolyte and opening into the cathode. 12. The device of claim 10, wherein a free end of the cathode is spaced apart from the lower closure element. 13. The device of claim 10, wherein the annular space between the bore and the cathode increases continuously in the direction of the lower closure element towards the upper closure element with a conically tapering configuration of the cathode from a free end in the direction of the upper closure element. 14. The device of claim 10, wherein the cathode is a hollow cathode. 15. The device of claim 10, further comprising a collecting space situated above the bore and on the upper closure element in which space gas that forms during the electrolysis collected. 16. A device comprising:
upper and lower closure elements for closing a bore; and a hollow cathode extending within the bore from the upper closure element towards the lower closure element to form an annular space between a wall of the bore an outer surface of the hollow cathode, the annular space configured to receive a flow of an electrolyte therethrough during electrolysis. 17. The device of claim 16, further comprising an inlet line for feeding the electrolyte and opening into the cathode. 18. The device of claim 16, wherein the cathode is a central hollow cathode. 19. The device of claim 16, wherein the upper closure element includes multiple openings. 20. The device of claim 16, further comprising a collecting space situated above the bore and on the upper closure element in which space gas that forms during the electrolysis collected. | 1,700 |
3,777 | 15,536,671 | 1,732 | The present invention relates to novel compounds containing fluorinated end groups and to the use thereof in, for example, dirt-repellent coatings. | 1. Compounds of the formulae (I) or (I′)
(Rf-CHF—CF2—O—CHR)m-L-(X)n (I)
(Rf-CHF—CF2—S—CHR)m-L-(X)n (I′)
where
Rf=a perfluorinated alkyl group, optionally containing heteroatoms,
R=H or an alkyl group,
L=a single bond or a divalent organic group,
X=an anchor group,
m is ≧1
and n is ≧1. 2. Compounds according to claim 1, characterised in that the group Rf is selected from the groups CF3—(CF2)0-3—, CF3—(CF2)0-3—O—, CF3—(CF2)0-3—O—(CF2)1-3—, CF3—(CF2)0-3—O—(CF2)1-3—O—, CF3—(CF2)0-3—O—(CF2)1-3—O—CF2—, CF3—(CF2)0-3—O—(CF2—O)1-8— and CF3—(CF2)0-3—O—(CF2—O)1-8—CF2—. 3. Compounds according to claim 1, characterised in that
the group Rf is selected from the groups CF3—(CF2)1-2—, CF3—(CF2)1-2—O—, CF3—O—(CF2)1-3—, CF3—O—(CF2)1-2—O—, CF3—(CF2)1-2—O—CF2—, CF3—O—(CF2)1-2—O—CF2—, CF3—O—(CF2—O)1-8— and CF3—O—(CF2—O)1-8—CF2—. 4. Compounds according to claim 1, characterised in that
the group R is equal to H or C1-C3 alkyl. 5. Compounds according to claim 1, characterised in that
the group R is equal to H or a methyl group. 6. Compounds according to claim 1, characterised in that
the group L is a single bond or a saturated, branched or unbranched alkylene group, optionally containing functional groups. 7. Compounds according to claim 1, characterised in that
the group X is an ethylenically unsaturated group, an alkoxysilane group, a silanol group or a halosilane group. 8. Compounds according to claim 1, characterised in that
the group X is an acrylate or methacrylate group. 9. Compounds according to claim 1, characterised in that
the group X is equal to —SiR′3, where the groups R′ are, independently of one another, equal to alkyl, OH, halogen, alkoxy or aryloxy, where at least one group R′ is not an alkyl group. 10. Compounds according to claim 9, characterised in that
R′ an alkoxy group OR″, where R″ equal to C1-C4-alkyl. 11. Compounds according to claim 10, characterised in that
R″ is equal to C1- or C2-alkyl. 12. Compounds according to claim 1, characterised in that m and n, independently of one another, are equal to 1-3. 13. Compounds according to claim 1, characterised in that they conform to one of the formulae (Ia) to (Ih) or (I′a) to (I′h)
where Rf=a perfluorinated alkyl group, optionally containing heteroatoms, R″=C1-C4-alkyl and R′″=H or an alkyl group. 14. Compounds according to claim 13, characterised in that Rf is equal to CF3—(CF2)1-2—, CF3—(CF2)1-2—O—, CF3—O—(CF2)1-3— or CF3—O—(CF2)1-2—O—. 15. A method of providing a dirt-repellent surface to a substrate comprising applying to said substrate at least one compound according to claim 1. 16. Process for the degradation of fluorine-containing compounds comprising the following steps:
a) biological and/or abiotic degradation of the carbon skeleton of the fluorine-containing compounds with formation of fluorine-containing compounds, b) conversion of the fluorine-containing compounds formed in step a) into a gas phase, c) degradation of the fluorine-containing compounds formed in step a) into low-molecular-weight compounds by UV irradiation in the gas phase, d) conversion of the low-molecular-weight compounds formed in step c) from the gas phase into a liquid and/or solid phase, mineralisation of the low-molecular-weight compounds formed in step c) in the liquid and/or solid phase. 17. Composition comprising at least one compounds according to claim 1 and a support which is suitable for the respective application and optionally further additives. 18. Coated article whose coating has been produced using at least one compound according to claim 1. 19. Process for the preparation of compounds of the formula (I′) according to claim 1 comprising a) the reaction of perfluoroalkyl vinyl ethers of the formula Rf-CF═CF2 with mercaptoalcohols of the formula (HS)x-alkyl-(OH)y to give compounds of the formula (Rf-CHF—CF2—S)x-alkyl-(OH)y and b) the reaction of the compounds prepared in a) with unsaturated acids or acid anhydrides, where Rf=a perfluorinated alkyl group, optionally containing heteroatoms, and x and y are, independently of one another, ≧1. 20. Compounds of the formulae (II), (III) or (IV)
where
Rf=a perfluorinated alkyl group, optionally containing heteroatoms, and R1=H or C1-C4-alkyl. | The present invention relates to novel compounds containing fluorinated end groups and to the use thereof in, for example, dirt-repellent coatings.1. Compounds of the formulae (I) or (I′)
(Rf-CHF—CF2—O—CHR)m-L-(X)n (I)
(Rf-CHF—CF2—S—CHR)m-L-(X)n (I′)
where
Rf=a perfluorinated alkyl group, optionally containing heteroatoms,
R=H or an alkyl group,
L=a single bond or a divalent organic group,
X=an anchor group,
m is ≧1
and n is ≧1. 2. Compounds according to claim 1, characterised in that the group Rf is selected from the groups CF3—(CF2)0-3—, CF3—(CF2)0-3—O—, CF3—(CF2)0-3—O—(CF2)1-3—, CF3—(CF2)0-3—O—(CF2)1-3—O—, CF3—(CF2)0-3—O—(CF2)1-3—O—CF2—, CF3—(CF2)0-3—O—(CF2—O)1-8— and CF3—(CF2)0-3—O—(CF2—O)1-8—CF2—. 3. Compounds according to claim 1, characterised in that
the group Rf is selected from the groups CF3—(CF2)1-2—, CF3—(CF2)1-2—O—, CF3—O—(CF2)1-3—, CF3—O—(CF2)1-2—O—, CF3—(CF2)1-2—O—CF2—, CF3—O—(CF2)1-2—O—CF2—, CF3—O—(CF2—O)1-8— and CF3—O—(CF2—O)1-8—CF2—. 4. Compounds according to claim 1, characterised in that
the group R is equal to H or C1-C3 alkyl. 5. Compounds according to claim 1, characterised in that
the group R is equal to H or a methyl group. 6. Compounds according to claim 1, characterised in that
the group L is a single bond or a saturated, branched or unbranched alkylene group, optionally containing functional groups. 7. Compounds according to claim 1, characterised in that
the group X is an ethylenically unsaturated group, an alkoxysilane group, a silanol group or a halosilane group. 8. Compounds according to claim 1, characterised in that
the group X is an acrylate or methacrylate group. 9. Compounds according to claim 1, characterised in that
the group X is equal to —SiR′3, where the groups R′ are, independently of one another, equal to alkyl, OH, halogen, alkoxy or aryloxy, where at least one group R′ is not an alkyl group. 10. Compounds according to claim 9, characterised in that
R′ an alkoxy group OR″, where R″ equal to C1-C4-alkyl. 11. Compounds according to claim 10, characterised in that
R″ is equal to C1- or C2-alkyl. 12. Compounds according to claim 1, characterised in that m and n, independently of one another, are equal to 1-3. 13. Compounds according to claim 1, characterised in that they conform to one of the formulae (Ia) to (Ih) or (I′a) to (I′h)
where Rf=a perfluorinated alkyl group, optionally containing heteroatoms, R″=C1-C4-alkyl and R′″=H or an alkyl group. 14. Compounds according to claim 13, characterised in that Rf is equal to CF3—(CF2)1-2—, CF3—(CF2)1-2—O—, CF3—O—(CF2)1-3— or CF3—O—(CF2)1-2—O—. 15. A method of providing a dirt-repellent surface to a substrate comprising applying to said substrate at least one compound according to claim 1. 16. Process for the degradation of fluorine-containing compounds comprising the following steps:
a) biological and/or abiotic degradation of the carbon skeleton of the fluorine-containing compounds with formation of fluorine-containing compounds, b) conversion of the fluorine-containing compounds formed in step a) into a gas phase, c) degradation of the fluorine-containing compounds formed in step a) into low-molecular-weight compounds by UV irradiation in the gas phase, d) conversion of the low-molecular-weight compounds formed in step c) from the gas phase into a liquid and/or solid phase, mineralisation of the low-molecular-weight compounds formed in step c) in the liquid and/or solid phase. 17. Composition comprising at least one compounds according to claim 1 and a support which is suitable for the respective application and optionally further additives. 18. Coated article whose coating has been produced using at least one compound according to claim 1. 19. Process for the preparation of compounds of the formula (I′) according to claim 1 comprising a) the reaction of perfluoroalkyl vinyl ethers of the formula Rf-CF═CF2 with mercaptoalcohols of the formula (HS)x-alkyl-(OH)y to give compounds of the formula (Rf-CHF—CF2—S)x-alkyl-(OH)y and b) the reaction of the compounds prepared in a) with unsaturated acids or acid anhydrides, where Rf=a perfluorinated alkyl group, optionally containing heteroatoms, and x and y are, independently of one another, ≧1. 20. Compounds of the formulae (II), (III) or (IV)
where
Rf=a perfluorinated alkyl group, optionally containing heteroatoms, and R1=H or C1-C4-alkyl. | 1,700 |
3,778 | 15,185,880 | 1,716 | A system includes a computational system to receive a design of an integrated computational element (ICE) including specification of substrate and layers. Additionally, the system includes a deposition source to provide a deposition plume having a plume spatial profile, and a support having a cylindrical surface. The cylindrical surface of the support is spaced apart from the deposition source and has a shape that corresponds to the plume spatial profile in a particular cross-section orthogonal to a longitudinal axis of the cylindrical surface of the support, such that, when the substrate support, with the supported instances of the substrate distributed over the cylindrical surface of the substrate support, is translated relative to the deposition plume along the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical surface of the substrate support, thicknesses of instances of each of the deposited layers are substantially uniform across the plurality of instances of the ICE. | 1-34. (canceled) 35. A system comprising:
a computational system to receive a design of an integrated computational element (ICE), the ICE design comprising specification of a substrate and a plurality of layers, their respective target thicknesses and complex refractive indices, such that a notional ICE fabricated in accordance with the ICE design is related to a characteristic of a sample; and a deposition chamber comprising
a deposition source to provide a deposition plume, the deposition plume having an azimuthal axis and a plume spatial profile in a particular cross-section that includes the azimuthal axis, and
a substrate support having a cylindrical surface and a longitudinal axis extending parallel to the cylindrical surface, the cylindrical surface of the substrate support to support a plurality of instances of the substrate during fabrication of a plurality of instances of the ICE, wherein the cylindrical surface of the substrate support
is spaced apart from the deposition source by a source distance,
is arranged with the longitudinal axis orthogonal to the particular cross-section of the deposition plume, and
has a spatial profile that (i) is uniform along the longitudinal axis and (ii) corresponds, at the source distance, to the particular cross-section of the plume spatial profile in cross-sections of the cylindrical surface of the substrate support that are orthogonal to the longitudinal axis,
such that, when the substrate support, with the supported instances of the substrate distributed over the cylindrical surface of the substrate support, is translated relative to the deposition plume along the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical surface of the substrate support, thicknesses of instances of each of the deposited layers are substantially uniform across the plurality of instances of the ICE. 36. The system of claim 35, wherein
the particular cross-section of the plume spatial profile is a Lambertian (cosine emission) profile, and the spatial profile of the cylindrical surface of the substrate support, in the cross-sections orthogonal to the longitudinal axis, is an approximation of the Lambertian profile at the source distance. 37. The system of claim 35, wherein
the particular cross-section of the plume spatial profile is a spherical profile, and the spatial profile of the cylindrical surface of the substrate support, in the cross-sections orthogonal to the longitudinal axis, is an approximation of the spherical profile at the source distance. 38. The system of claim 35, wherein
the particular cross-section of the plume spatial profile is a parabolic profile, and the spatial profile of the cylindrical surface of the substrate support, in the cross-sections orthogonal to the longitudinal axis, is an approximation of the parabolic profile at the source distance. 39. The system of claim 35, wherein
the particular cross-section of the plume spatial profile is a hyperbolic profile, and the spatial profile of the cylindrical surface of the substrate support, in the cross-sections orthogonal to the longitudinal axis, is an approximation of the hyperbolic profile at the source distance. 40. The system of claim 35, wherein
the particular cross-section of the plume spatial profile is a symmetric profile having symmetry relative to the azimuthal axis of the deposition plume, and the spatial profile of the cylindrical surface of the substrate support, in the cross-sections orthogonal to the longitudinal axis, is an approximation of the symmetric profile at the source distance. 41. The system of claim 35, wherein
the particular cross-section of the plume spatial profile is an asymmetric profile lacking symmetry relative to the azimuthal axis of the deposition plume, and the spatial profile of the cylindrical surface of the substrate support, in the cross-sections orthogonal to the longitudinal axis, is an approximation of the asymmetric profile at the source distance. 42. The system of claim 35, wherein the spatial profile of the cylindrical surface of the substrate support has continuous slope in the cross-sections orthogonal to the longitudinal axis. 43. The system of claim 35, wherein the spatial profile of the cylindrical surface of the substrate support comprises two or more facets in the cross-sections orthogonal to the longitudinal axis. | A system includes a computational system to receive a design of an integrated computational element (ICE) including specification of substrate and layers. Additionally, the system includes a deposition source to provide a deposition plume having a plume spatial profile, and a support having a cylindrical surface. The cylindrical surface of the support is spaced apart from the deposition source and has a shape that corresponds to the plume spatial profile in a particular cross-section orthogonal to a longitudinal axis of the cylindrical surface of the support, such that, when the substrate support, with the supported instances of the substrate distributed over the cylindrical surface of the substrate support, is translated relative to the deposition plume along the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical surface of the substrate support, thicknesses of instances of each of the deposited layers are substantially uniform across the plurality of instances of the ICE.1-34. (canceled) 35. A system comprising:
a computational system to receive a design of an integrated computational element (ICE), the ICE design comprising specification of a substrate and a plurality of layers, their respective target thicknesses and complex refractive indices, such that a notional ICE fabricated in accordance with the ICE design is related to a characteristic of a sample; and a deposition chamber comprising
a deposition source to provide a deposition plume, the deposition plume having an azimuthal axis and a plume spatial profile in a particular cross-section that includes the azimuthal axis, and
a substrate support having a cylindrical surface and a longitudinal axis extending parallel to the cylindrical surface, the cylindrical surface of the substrate support to support a plurality of instances of the substrate during fabrication of a plurality of instances of the ICE, wherein the cylindrical surface of the substrate support
is spaced apart from the deposition source by a source distance,
is arranged with the longitudinal axis orthogonal to the particular cross-section of the deposition plume, and
has a spatial profile that (i) is uniform along the longitudinal axis and (ii) corresponds, at the source distance, to the particular cross-section of the plume spatial profile in cross-sections of the cylindrical surface of the substrate support that are orthogonal to the longitudinal axis,
such that, when the substrate support, with the supported instances of the substrate distributed over the cylindrical surface of the substrate support, is translated relative to the deposition plume along the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical surface of the substrate support, thicknesses of instances of each of the deposited layers are substantially uniform across the plurality of instances of the ICE. 36. The system of claim 35, wherein
the particular cross-section of the plume spatial profile is a Lambertian (cosine emission) profile, and the spatial profile of the cylindrical surface of the substrate support, in the cross-sections orthogonal to the longitudinal axis, is an approximation of the Lambertian profile at the source distance. 37. The system of claim 35, wherein
the particular cross-section of the plume spatial profile is a spherical profile, and the spatial profile of the cylindrical surface of the substrate support, in the cross-sections orthogonal to the longitudinal axis, is an approximation of the spherical profile at the source distance. 38. The system of claim 35, wherein
the particular cross-section of the plume spatial profile is a parabolic profile, and the spatial profile of the cylindrical surface of the substrate support, in the cross-sections orthogonal to the longitudinal axis, is an approximation of the parabolic profile at the source distance. 39. The system of claim 35, wherein
the particular cross-section of the plume spatial profile is a hyperbolic profile, and the spatial profile of the cylindrical surface of the substrate support, in the cross-sections orthogonal to the longitudinal axis, is an approximation of the hyperbolic profile at the source distance. 40. The system of claim 35, wherein
the particular cross-section of the plume spatial profile is a symmetric profile having symmetry relative to the azimuthal axis of the deposition plume, and the spatial profile of the cylindrical surface of the substrate support, in the cross-sections orthogonal to the longitudinal axis, is an approximation of the symmetric profile at the source distance. 41. The system of claim 35, wherein
the particular cross-section of the plume spatial profile is an asymmetric profile lacking symmetry relative to the azimuthal axis of the deposition plume, and the spatial profile of the cylindrical surface of the substrate support, in the cross-sections orthogonal to the longitudinal axis, is an approximation of the asymmetric profile at the source distance. 42. The system of claim 35, wherein the spatial profile of the cylindrical surface of the substrate support has continuous slope in the cross-sections orthogonal to the longitudinal axis. 43. The system of claim 35, wherein the spatial profile of the cylindrical surface of the substrate support comprises two or more facets in the cross-sections orthogonal to the longitudinal axis. | 1,700 |
3,779 | 15,336,502 | 1,798 | Devices, systems, and methods for detecting molecules of interest within a collected sample are described herein. In certain embodiments, self-contained sample analysis systems are disclosed, which include a reusable reader component, a disposable cartridge component, and a disposable sample collection component. The reader component may communicate with a remote computing device for the digital transmission of test protocols and test results. In various disclosed embodiments, the systems, components, and methods are configured to identify the presence, absence, and/or quantity of particular nucleic acids, proteins, or other analytes of interest, for example, in order to test for the presence of one or more pathogens or contaminants in a sample. | 1. A sample analysis cartridge comprising:
an input tunnel that extends from an aperture, the input tunnel configured to permit insertion of a sample collection device having a distal portion adapted to be exposed to a sample; a reservoir configured to hold a fluid, the reservoir further configured to receive the sample collected by the sample collection device; a sealing material configured to fluidicly seal the fluid within the reservoir; and a seal piercer disposed partially within the input tunnel, the seal piercer configured to be contacted by the sample collection device within the input tunnel and to move, responsive to force applied by the sample collection device, to pierce the sealing material to vent the fluid in the reservoir. 2. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 1, wherein the seal piercer is configured to move in a first direction and a second direction, different from the first direction, to pierce the sealing material. 3. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 2, wherein the first direction is substantially parallel to movement of the sample collection device within the input tunnel and the second direction is substantially perpendicular to the first direction. 4. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 1, wherein the seal piercer comprises one or more piercers. 5. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 4, further comprising one or more ramps configured to deflect the one or more piercers toward the sealing material to pierce the sealing material. 6. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 4, wherein the seal piercer further comprises a slider configured to move in a first direction and the one or more piercers are configured to move in a second direction, different from the first direction, to pierce the sealing material. 7. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 1, wherein the reservoir is a sample preparation reservoir, and
further comprising a wash reservoir and a substrate reservoir, wherein the seal piercer is configured to pierce the sealing material to vent respective fluids in the sample preparation reservoir, the wash reservoir, and the substrate reservoir. 8. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 7, wherein the seal piercer is configured to sequentially pierce the sealing material over the sample collection reservoir, the wash reservoir, and the substrate reservoir, in any order. 9. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 7, further comprising a first ramp positioned adjacent the sample preparation reservoir, a second ramp positioned adjacent the wash reservoir, and a third ramp positioned adjacent the substrate reservoir,
wherein the seal piercer comprises a first piercer, a second piercer, and a third piercer, the first ramp configured to deflect the first piercer toward the sealing material to pierce the sealing material over the sample preparation reservoir, the second ramp configured to deflect the second piercer toward the sealing material to pierce the sealing material over the wash reservoir, and the third ramp configured to deflect the third piercer toward the sealing material to pierce the sealing material over the substrate reservoir. 10. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 9, wherein each distance between each ramp and each piercer is different in a pre-venting position such that the seal piercer is configured to sequentially pierce the sealing material over the sample collection reservoir, the wash reservoir, and the substrate reservoir, in any order. 11. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 1, wherein the seal piercer comprises an engager disposed within the input tunnel, the engager configured to engage an engagement zone of the sample collection device when the sample collection device is within the input tunnel. 12. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 11, wherein the engager is U-shaped. 13. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 1, further comprising a contact switch positioned in the input tunnel to be activated during insertion of the sample collection device in the input tunnel. 14. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 1, wherein the seal piercer is configured to move out of one or more holes pierced in the sealing material after piercing to vent the fluid in the reservoir. 15. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 1, further comprising a shuttle disposed between the reservoir and the aperture in a first position, the shuttle having a first end and a second end, the first end configured to seal the reservoir from the input tunnel in the first position, the shuttle configured to move within the input tunnel to a second position wherein the sample is moved into the reservoir. 16. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 15, further comprising one or more locking members configured to irreversibly lock the sample collection device within the input tunnel in the second position. 17. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 15, wherein the seal piercer is configured to pierce the sealing material to vent the fluid in the reservoir before the shuttle moves into the second position. 18. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 15, wherein the shuttle is configured to house a reagent ball comprising reagents between the first and second ends such that the reagent ball is not exposed to the fluid in the reservoir in the first position and the reagent ball is exposed to the fluid in the reservoir in the second position. 19. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 15, further comprising a collet disposed in the input tunnel and coupled to the shuttle in the first position, the collet configured to decouple from the shuttle during insertion of the sample collection device in the input tunnel,
wherein the shuttle is configured to move within the input tunnel from the first position to the second position while the collet remains in place in the input tunnel. 20. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 19, wherein the collet comprises a slot sized to receive a portion of the seal piercer therethrough to permit contact between the seal piercer and the sample collection device in the input tunnel. 21. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 1, further comprising a sensor positioned to be exposed to the fluid mixed with reagents and the sample, the sensor configured to generate a signal indicative of at least one of the presence, absence, or quantity of the one or more analytes within the sample. 22. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 21, wherein the reagents comprise a plurality of solid particles, a plurality of affinity molecules, and a plurality of signaling agents. 23. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 21, wherein the reagents comprise a plurality of magnetic particles configured to be magnetically held over a working electrode of the sensor. 24. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 21, further comprising an analysis channel, wherein at least a portion of the sensor is disposed in the analysis channel and the fluid mixed with the reagents and the sample travels to at least the portion of the sensor via the analysis channel. 25. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 1, wherein the reservoir is configured to permit amplification of one or more nucleic acids within the sample. 26. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 1, further comprising a piezoelectric transducer configured to emit energy into the reservoir to mix the fluid, reagents, and the sample. 27. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 1, wherein the sample analysis cartridge is sized to be at least partially disposed within, and electrically coupled to, a reader configured to receive and process electrical signals from the sample analysis cartridge. 28. A seal piercer for piercing one or more reservoirs of a microfluidic cartridge, the seal piercer comprising:
one or more piercers configured to pierce a sealing material that seals one or more reservoirs within a housing of the microfluidic cartridge; and an engager configured to engage a sample collection device inserted within an input tunnel of the microfluidic cartridge, wherein the seal piercer is configured to move within the housing of the microfluidic cartridge responsive to force applied by the sample collection device on the engager from a pre-venting position, wherein the sealing material has not been pierced, to a venting position, wherein the one or more piercers has pierced the sealing material to vent the one or more reservoirs. 29. The seal piercer of claim 28, wherein the one or more piercers comprise a first piercer configured to deflect to pierce the sealing material to vent a sample preparation reservoir, a second piercer configured to deflect to pierce the sealing material to vent a wash reservoir, and a third piercer configured to deflect to pierce the sealing material to vent a substrate reservoir. 30. The seal piercer of claim 28, wherein the engager is U-shaped. | Devices, systems, and methods for detecting molecules of interest within a collected sample are described herein. In certain embodiments, self-contained sample analysis systems are disclosed, which include a reusable reader component, a disposable cartridge component, and a disposable sample collection component. The reader component may communicate with a remote computing device for the digital transmission of test protocols and test results. In various disclosed embodiments, the systems, components, and methods are configured to identify the presence, absence, and/or quantity of particular nucleic acids, proteins, or other analytes of interest, for example, in order to test for the presence of one or more pathogens or contaminants in a sample.1. A sample analysis cartridge comprising:
an input tunnel that extends from an aperture, the input tunnel configured to permit insertion of a sample collection device having a distal portion adapted to be exposed to a sample; a reservoir configured to hold a fluid, the reservoir further configured to receive the sample collected by the sample collection device; a sealing material configured to fluidicly seal the fluid within the reservoir; and a seal piercer disposed partially within the input tunnel, the seal piercer configured to be contacted by the sample collection device within the input tunnel and to move, responsive to force applied by the sample collection device, to pierce the sealing material to vent the fluid in the reservoir. 2. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 1, wherein the seal piercer is configured to move in a first direction and a second direction, different from the first direction, to pierce the sealing material. 3. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 2, wherein the first direction is substantially parallel to movement of the sample collection device within the input tunnel and the second direction is substantially perpendicular to the first direction. 4. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 1, wherein the seal piercer comprises one or more piercers. 5. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 4, further comprising one or more ramps configured to deflect the one or more piercers toward the sealing material to pierce the sealing material. 6. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 4, wherein the seal piercer further comprises a slider configured to move in a first direction and the one or more piercers are configured to move in a second direction, different from the first direction, to pierce the sealing material. 7. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 1, wherein the reservoir is a sample preparation reservoir, and
further comprising a wash reservoir and a substrate reservoir, wherein the seal piercer is configured to pierce the sealing material to vent respective fluids in the sample preparation reservoir, the wash reservoir, and the substrate reservoir. 8. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 7, wherein the seal piercer is configured to sequentially pierce the sealing material over the sample collection reservoir, the wash reservoir, and the substrate reservoir, in any order. 9. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 7, further comprising a first ramp positioned adjacent the sample preparation reservoir, a second ramp positioned adjacent the wash reservoir, and a third ramp positioned adjacent the substrate reservoir,
wherein the seal piercer comprises a first piercer, a second piercer, and a third piercer, the first ramp configured to deflect the first piercer toward the sealing material to pierce the sealing material over the sample preparation reservoir, the second ramp configured to deflect the second piercer toward the sealing material to pierce the sealing material over the wash reservoir, and the third ramp configured to deflect the third piercer toward the sealing material to pierce the sealing material over the substrate reservoir. 10. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 9, wherein each distance between each ramp and each piercer is different in a pre-venting position such that the seal piercer is configured to sequentially pierce the sealing material over the sample collection reservoir, the wash reservoir, and the substrate reservoir, in any order. 11. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 1, wherein the seal piercer comprises an engager disposed within the input tunnel, the engager configured to engage an engagement zone of the sample collection device when the sample collection device is within the input tunnel. 12. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 11, wherein the engager is U-shaped. 13. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 1, further comprising a contact switch positioned in the input tunnel to be activated during insertion of the sample collection device in the input tunnel. 14. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 1, wherein the seal piercer is configured to move out of one or more holes pierced in the sealing material after piercing to vent the fluid in the reservoir. 15. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 1, further comprising a shuttle disposed between the reservoir and the aperture in a first position, the shuttle having a first end and a second end, the first end configured to seal the reservoir from the input tunnel in the first position, the shuttle configured to move within the input tunnel to a second position wherein the sample is moved into the reservoir. 16. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 15, further comprising one or more locking members configured to irreversibly lock the sample collection device within the input tunnel in the second position. 17. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 15, wherein the seal piercer is configured to pierce the sealing material to vent the fluid in the reservoir before the shuttle moves into the second position. 18. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 15, wherein the shuttle is configured to house a reagent ball comprising reagents between the first and second ends such that the reagent ball is not exposed to the fluid in the reservoir in the first position and the reagent ball is exposed to the fluid in the reservoir in the second position. 19. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 15, further comprising a collet disposed in the input tunnel and coupled to the shuttle in the first position, the collet configured to decouple from the shuttle during insertion of the sample collection device in the input tunnel,
wherein the shuttle is configured to move within the input tunnel from the first position to the second position while the collet remains in place in the input tunnel. 20. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 19, wherein the collet comprises a slot sized to receive a portion of the seal piercer therethrough to permit contact between the seal piercer and the sample collection device in the input tunnel. 21. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 1, further comprising a sensor positioned to be exposed to the fluid mixed with reagents and the sample, the sensor configured to generate a signal indicative of at least one of the presence, absence, or quantity of the one or more analytes within the sample. 22. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 21, wherein the reagents comprise a plurality of solid particles, a plurality of affinity molecules, and a plurality of signaling agents. 23. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 21, wherein the reagents comprise a plurality of magnetic particles configured to be magnetically held over a working electrode of the sensor. 24. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 21, further comprising an analysis channel, wherein at least a portion of the sensor is disposed in the analysis channel and the fluid mixed with the reagents and the sample travels to at least the portion of the sensor via the analysis channel. 25. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 1, wherein the reservoir is configured to permit amplification of one or more nucleic acids within the sample. 26. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 1, further comprising a piezoelectric transducer configured to emit energy into the reservoir to mix the fluid, reagents, and the sample. 27. The sample analysis cartridge of claim 1, wherein the sample analysis cartridge is sized to be at least partially disposed within, and electrically coupled to, a reader configured to receive and process electrical signals from the sample analysis cartridge. 28. A seal piercer for piercing one or more reservoirs of a microfluidic cartridge, the seal piercer comprising:
one or more piercers configured to pierce a sealing material that seals one or more reservoirs within a housing of the microfluidic cartridge; and an engager configured to engage a sample collection device inserted within an input tunnel of the microfluidic cartridge, wherein the seal piercer is configured to move within the housing of the microfluidic cartridge responsive to force applied by the sample collection device on the engager from a pre-venting position, wherein the sealing material has not been pierced, to a venting position, wherein the one or more piercers has pierced the sealing material to vent the one or more reservoirs. 29. The seal piercer of claim 28, wherein the one or more piercers comprise a first piercer configured to deflect to pierce the sealing material to vent a sample preparation reservoir, a second piercer configured to deflect to pierce the sealing material to vent a wash reservoir, and a third piercer configured to deflect to pierce the sealing material to vent a substrate reservoir. 30. The seal piercer of claim 28, wherein the engager is U-shaped. | 1,700 |
3,780 | 15,045,310 | 1,717 | An apparatus for coating pipes includes a spraying device rotatable around a pipe. The coating apparatus includes a guiding ring mounted around the pipe and a carriage to be mounted on the guiding ring, the carriage being motor driven, the motor being enclosed into the carriage and the carriage including an adjustable device to be detachably mounted on the guiding ring. | 1. A coating apparatus comprising:
a carriage dedicated to be mounted on a guiding ring, the guiding ring being mounted on a tubular to be coated, drive means for driving the carriage along the guiding ring, at least one delivery head mounted on the carriage for applying a coating to an article, a supply reservoir of coating material and a communication hose communicating between a supply port of the reservoir and the delivery head such that, as the carriage is rotated by the drive means, a supply of coating material is provided to the delivery head to enable a coating to be applied to the tubular, wherein the drive means comprises a motor, the motor being enclosed into the carriage; the carriage comprising adjustable means to be detachably mounted on the guiding ring. 2. A coating apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the delivery head extends from an outer periphery of the guiding ring, the delivery head being arranged in order to deliver coating material towards the center of the apparatus. 3. A coating apparatus according to claim 1, wherein it comprises a direction control unit of the carriage along the guiding ring. 4. A coating apparatus according to claim 1, wherein it comprises a mixing chamber and two reservoirs, each reservoir feeding the mixing chamber with a determined ratio of the content of each reservoir, the mixing chamber being connected through a whip end hose to the delivery head. 5. A coating apparatus according to claim 1, wherein it comprises a delivery control unit in order to control delivered coating material and allow stopping the supply of material to the delivery head when at least one parameter is outside predetermined acceptable ranges. 6. A coating apparatus according to claim 1, wherein it comprises a pumping unit to feed the delivery head with coating material under pressure, preferably coating material may be pulverized at high pressure, for example over 2000 psi. 7. A coating apparatus according to claim 1, wherein it comprises a roller, the roller may act directly against the tubular or against the guiding ring itself. 8. A coating apparatus according to claim 1, wherein it comprises a locker to adjust roller location in order to allow removal of the carriage from the guiding ring. 9. An assembly for coating a tubular comprising a coating apparatus according to claim 1, and a guiding ring, wherein the guiding ring is mounted around the outer periphery of the tubular in order for the carriage to coat a 360° section of the outer surface of the tubular. 10. The assembly according to claim 9, wherein the guiding ring is formed in two rigid halves, the two halves being pivotally connected to enable the apparatus to be opened to receive or release an article; the two halves being held closed by means of a catch. 11. The assembly according to claim 9, wherein the guiding ring is a flexible adjustable belt. 12. A process for coating a pipe with an assembly according to claim 9, wherein said process comprises the following steps:
placing at least one first guiding ring around the pipe at a first location, fixing a motorized carriage to a first guiding ring, spraying the coating at the first location, removing the motorized carriage from the first guiding ring, controlling the time elapsed since the delivery of material stopped; and authorize a small amount of coating to be sprayed on a suitable area or receptacle until the next coating operation occurs. 13. The process according to claim 12, wherein the coating apparatus is rotated around the periphery of the pipe over more than 360°; around the pipe, and then rotated back to the initial position, the coating delivery being stopped when the coating apparatus is changing direction relative to the guiding ring. 14. The process according to claim 12, wherein the coating material delivered is a mixture of at least two liquid components. 15. The process according to claim 13, wherein the coating apparatus is rotated around the periphery of the pipe about 370°. | An apparatus for coating pipes includes a spraying device rotatable around a pipe. The coating apparatus includes a guiding ring mounted around the pipe and a carriage to be mounted on the guiding ring, the carriage being motor driven, the motor being enclosed into the carriage and the carriage including an adjustable device to be detachably mounted on the guiding ring.1. A coating apparatus comprising:
a carriage dedicated to be mounted on a guiding ring, the guiding ring being mounted on a tubular to be coated, drive means for driving the carriage along the guiding ring, at least one delivery head mounted on the carriage for applying a coating to an article, a supply reservoir of coating material and a communication hose communicating between a supply port of the reservoir and the delivery head such that, as the carriage is rotated by the drive means, a supply of coating material is provided to the delivery head to enable a coating to be applied to the tubular, wherein the drive means comprises a motor, the motor being enclosed into the carriage; the carriage comprising adjustable means to be detachably mounted on the guiding ring. 2. A coating apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the delivery head extends from an outer periphery of the guiding ring, the delivery head being arranged in order to deliver coating material towards the center of the apparatus. 3. A coating apparatus according to claim 1, wherein it comprises a direction control unit of the carriage along the guiding ring. 4. A coating apparatus according to claim 1, wherein it comprises a mixing chamber and two reservoirs, each reservoir feeding the mixing chamber with a determined ratio of the content of each reservoir, the mixing chamber being connected through a whip end hose to the delivery head. 5. A coating apparatus according to claim 1, wherein it comprises a delivery control unit in order to control delivered coating material and allow stopping the supply of material to the delivery head when at least one parameter is outside predetermined acceptable ranges. 6. A coating apparatus according to claim 1, wherein it comprises a pumping unit to feed the delivery head with coating material under pressure, preferably coating material may be pulverized at high pressure, for example over 2000 psi. 7. A coating apparatus according to claim 1, wherein it comprises a roller, the roller may act directly against the tubular or against the guiding ring itself. 8. A coating apparatus according to claim 1, wherein it comprises a locker to adjust roller location in order to allow removal of the carriage from the guiding ring. 9. An assembly for coating a tubular comprising a coating apparatus according to claim 1, and a guiding ring, wherein the guiding ring is mounted around the outer periphery of the tubular in order for the carriage to coat a 360° section of the outer surface of the tubular. 10. The assembly according to claim 9, wherein the guiding ring is formed in two rigid halves, the two halves being pivotally connected to enable the apparatus to be opened to receive or release an article; the two halves being held closed by means of a catch. 11. The assembly according to claim 9, wherein the guiding ring is a flexible adjustable belt. 12. A process for coating a pipe with an assembly according to claim 9, wherein said process comprises the following steps:
placing at least one first guiding ring around the pipe at a first location, fixing a motorized carriage to a first guiding ring, spraying the coating at the first location, removing the motorized carriage from the first guiding ring, controlling the time elapsed since the delivery of material stopped; and authorize a small amount of coating to be sprayed on a suitable area or receptacle until the next coating operation occurs. 13. The process according to claim 12, wherein the coating apparatus is rotated around the periphery of the pipe over more than 360°; around the pipe, and then rotated back to the initial position, the coating delivery being stopped when the coating apparatus is changing direction relative to the guiding ring. 14. The process according to claim 12, wherein the coating material delivered is a mixture of at least two liquid components. 15. The process according to claim 13, wherein the coating apparatus is rotated around the periphery of the pipe about 370°. | 1,700 |
3,781 | 14,058,522 | 1,723 | An example electric vehicle battery current communication device includes a terminal landing and a transition from the terminal landing having an area that is both bent and tapered. | 1. An electric vehicle battery current communication device, comprising:
a terminal landing; and a transition from the terminal landing having an area that is both bent and tapered. 2. The electric vehicle battery current communication device of claim 1, the terminal landing to attach to a bus bar. 3. The electric vehicle battery current communication device of claim 1, the terminal landing to weld to a bus bar. 4. The electric vehicle battery current communication device of claim 1, including a current collector, the transition extending from the terminal landing to the current collector. 5. The electric vehicle battery current communication device of claim 4, wherein the transition at the terminal has a first width and the transition at the current collector has a second width, and a ratio of the first width to the second width is from 2.19 to 3.23. 6. The electric vehicle battery current communication device of claim 4, wherein at least a portion of the current collector is received within an electric vehicle battery cell housing. 7. The electric vehicle battery current communication device of claim 4, wherein the terminal landing is disposed along a first plane and the current collector is disposed along a second plane that is transverse to the first plane. 8. The electric vehicle battery current communication device of claim 7, wherein the first plane is 90 degrees offset from the second plane. 9. The electric vehicle battery current communication device of claim 7, wherein the entire transition portion is both bent and tapered. 10. A method of communicating current with an electric vehicle battery, comprising:
communicating current between a terminal landing and a transition connected to the terminal landing, the current communicating through an area of the transition that is both bent and tapered. 11. The method of claim 10, including further communicating current between the terminal landing and a bus bar. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the terminal landing is welded to the bus bar. 13. The method of claim 10, including a current collector, the transition extending from the terminal landing to the current collector. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the transition at the terminal has a first width and the transition at the current collector has a second width, and a ratio of the first width to the second width is from 2.19 to 3.23. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein at least a portion of the current collector is received within an electric vehicle battery cell housing. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the terminal landing is disposed along a first plane and the current collector is disposed along a second plane that is transverse to the first plane. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the first plane is 90 degrees offset from the second plane. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the entire transition portion is both bent and tapered. | An example electric vehicle battery current communication device includes a terminal landing and a transition from the terminal landing having an area that is both bent and tapered.1. An electric vehicle battery current communication device, comprising:
a terminal landing; and a transition from the terminal landing having an area that is both bent and tapered. 2. The electric vehicle battery current communication device of claim 1, the terminal landing to attach to a bus bar. 3. The electric vehicle battery current communication device of claim 1, the terminal landing to weld to a bus bar. 4. The electric vehicle battery current communication device of claim 1, including a current collector, the transition extending from the terminal landing to the current collector. 5. The electric vehicle battery current communication device of claim 4, wherein the transition at the terminal has a first width and the transition at the current collector has a second width, and a ratio of the first width to the second width is from 2.19 to 3.23. 6. The electric vehicle battery current communication device of claim 4, wherein at least a portion of the current collector is received within an electric vehicle battery cell housing. 7. The electric vehicle battery current communication device of claim 4, wherein the terminal landing is disposed along a first plane and the current collector is disposed along a second plane that is transverse to the first plane. 8. The electric vehicle battery current communication device of claim 7, wherein the first plane is 90 degrees offset from the second plane. 9. The electric vehicle battery current communication device of claim 7, wherein the entire transition portion is both bent and tapered. 10. A method of communicating current with an electric vehicle battery, comprising:
communicating current between a terminal landing and a transition connected to the terminal landing, the current communicating through an area of the transition that is both bent and tapered. 11. The method of claim 10, including further communicating current between the terminal landing and a bus bar. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the terminal landing is welded to the bus bar. 13. The method of claim 10, including a current collector, the transition extending from the terminal landing to the current collector. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the transition at the terminal has a first width and the transition at the current collector has a second width, and a ratio of the first width to the second width is from 2.19 to 3.23. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein at least a portion of the current collector is received within an electric vehicle battery cell housing. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the terminal landing is disposed along a first plane and the current collector is disposed along a second plane that is transverse to the first plane. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the first plane is 90 degrees offset from the second plane. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the entire transition portion is both bent and tapered. | 1,700 |
3,782 | 15,205,284 | 1,748 | Systems and processes of cutting and drilling in a target substrate uses a laser (e.g., a pulsed laser) and an optical system to generate a line focus of the laser beam within the target substrate, such as a glass substrate sheet, are provided. The laser cutting and drilling system and process creates holes or defects that, in certain embodiments, extend the full depth of the glass sheet with each individual laser pulse, and allows the laser system to cut and separate the target substrate into any desired contour by creating a series of perforations that form a contour or desired part shape. Since a glass substrate sheet is brittle, cracking will then follow the perforated contour, allowing the glass substrate sheet to separate into any required shape defined by the perforations. | 1. A process of fabricating a substrate sheet, the process comprising:
disposing a substrate at a laser processing assembly comprising at least one laser operable to emit a laser beam, the substrate sheet being substantially transparent to the laser beam; focusing the laser beam into a laser beam focal line, viewed along a beam propagation direction of the laser beam; directing the laser beam focal line into the substrate, the laser beam focal line generating an induced absorption within the substrate sheet, the induced absorption producing a defect along the laser beam focal line within the substrate; translating the substrate sheet relative to the laser beam, thereby laser drilling a plurality of internal defects within the substrate; creating a first plurality of defects and a second plurality of defects, wherein the second plurality of defects define a closed boundary and the first plurality of defects are disposed within the closed boundary; and separating at least one component piece of the substrate along the closed boundary defined by the second plurality of defects. 2. The process of claim 1 wherein the substrate is selected from the group consisting of a glass substrate sheet, a glass-ceramic substrate sheet, fused silica, and a sapphire sheet. 3. The process of claim 1 wherein the second plurality of defects have a pitch of less than about 20 um between defects. 4. The process of claim 1 wherein the first plurality of defects are less than about 10 um in diameter and extend greater than about 100 um in depth. 5. The process of claim 4 further comprising etching the first plurality of defects to enlarge the first plurality of defects 6. The process of claim 1 wherein the first plurality of defects comprises holes having a diameter between about 10 um and 120 um and extending through the substrate. 7. The process of claim 6 further comprising metallizing the first plurality of defect holes extending through the substrate. 8. The process of claim 1 wherein the operation of separating the component piece along the boundary defined by the second plurality of external defects provides a serrated edge along at least one side of the component piece. 9. The process of claim 8 wherein the serrated edge is formed by the second plurality of defects of the closed boundary, wherein an amplitude of the serration is less than about 10 um and a pitch of the serrations is less than about 20 um. 10. The process of claim 8 wherein the operation of separating the component piece along the boundary defined by the plurality of external defects is performed using an infrared laser. 11. The process of claim 1 wherein the operation of creating the first plurality of defects is performed prior to the operation of creating the second plurality of defects. 12. The process of claim 1 wherein the operation of creating the second plurality of defects is performed prior to the operation of creating the first plurality of defects. 13. The process of claim 1 wherein a first optical head is adapted to provide the first plurality of defects and a second optical head is adapted to provide the second plurality of defects. 14. The process of claim 1 wherein the operation of providing the substrate disposed at a laser processing assembly comprises providing the substrate disposed about a roll. 15. The process of claim 1 wherein the laser beam comprises a pulsed laser beam. 16. The process of claim 1 wherein the substrate has an absorption or scattering of a wavelength of the laser beam of less than about 10%. 17. The process of claim 1 further comprising metallizing the first plurality of defects to provide for electrical conductivity through the first plurality of defects. 18. The process of claim 1 wherein the laser beam has an average laser burst pulse energy measured at the material greater than about 40 μm, pulses having a duration in a range of between greater than about 1 picosecond and less than about 100 picoseconds, and a repetition rate in a range of between about 100 Hz and about 1 MHz. 19. The process of claim 1 wherein a plurality of component pieces are defined by a plurality of sets of the second plurality of defects that each define a closed boundary and a plurality of the first plurality of defects are disposed within each closed boundary. 20. An article comprising:
a substrate comprising a first side and an opposing second side, the substrate having an absorption or scattering of a wavelength of a laser beam of less than about 10%; a first plurality of defects formed internal to a boundary of the substrate that extend into the substrate; a boundary edge formed by a second plurality of defects and a plurality of microcracks extending between the second plurality of defects, the second plurality of defects spaced from each other at a pitch less than about 20 μm, the second plurality of defects each having a width of less than about 10 um that extend through at least about 50% of a thickness of the substrate. 21. The article of claim 20 wherein each of the second plurality of defects extend through the entire thickness of the glass substrate layer. 22. The article of claim 20 wherein the substrate comprises greater than 1,000 first plurality of defects formed within a boundary defined by the second plurality of defects and the first plurality of defects each have a diameter of less than about 3 um. 23. The article of claim 20 wherein the substrate comprises greater than 1,000 first plurality of defects formed within a boundary defined by the second plurality of defects and the first plurality of defects each have a diameter of greater than about 5 um and less than about 120 um. 24. The article of claim 20 wherein the first plurality of defects comprise a plurality of blind holes. 25. The article of claim 20 wherein an electrically conductive path is formed by a metallization layer extending through the first plurality of holes. 26. The article of claim 20 wherein a plurality of component pieces are defined from the substrate by a plurality of sets of the second plurality of defects that each define a closed boundary and a plurality of the first plurality of defects are disposed within each closed boundary. | Systems and processes of cutting and drilling in a target substrate uses a laser (e.g., a pulsed laser) and an optical system to generate a line focus of the laser beam within the target substrate, such as a glass substrate sheet, are provided. The laser cutting and drilling system and process creates holes or defects that, in certain embodiments, extend the full depth of the glass sheet with each individual laser pulse, and allows the laser system to cut and separate the target substrate into any desired contour by creating a series of perforations that form a contour or desired part shape. Since a glass substrate sheet is brittle, cracking will then follow the perforated contour, allowing the glass substrate sheet to separate into any required shape defined by the perforations.1. A process of fabricating a substrate sheet, the process comprising:
disposing a substrate at a laser processing assembly comprising at least one laser operable to emit a laser beam, the substrate sheet being substantially transparent to the laser beam; focusing the laser beam into a laser beam focal line, viewed along a beam propagation direction of the laser beam; directing the laser beam focal line into the substrate, the laser beam focal line generating an induced absorption within the substrate sheet, the induced absorption producing a defect along the laser beam focal line within the substrate; translating the substrate sheet relative to the laser beam, thereby laser drilling a plurality of internal defects within the substrate; creating a first plurality of defects and a second plurality of defects, wherein the second plurality of defects define a closed boundary and the first plurality of defects are disposed within the closed boundary; and separating at least one component piece of the substrate along the closed boundary defined by the second plurality of defects. 2. The process of claim 1 wherein the substrate is selected from the group consisting of a glass substrate sheet, a glass-ceramic substrate sheet, fused silica, and a sapphire sheet. 3. The process of claim 1 wherein the second plurality of defects have a pitch of less than about 20 um between defects. 4. The process of claim 1 wherein the first plurality of defects are less than about 10 um in diameter and extend greater than about 100 um in depth. 5. The process of claim 4 further comprising etching the first plurality of defects to enlarge the first plurality of defects 6. The process of claim 1 wherein the first plurality of defects comprises holes having a diameter between about 10 um and 120 um and extending through the substrate. 7. The process of claim 6 further comprising metallizing the first plurality of defect holes extending through the substrate. 8. The process of claim 1 wherein the operation of separating the component piece along the boundary defined by the second plurality of external defects provides a serrated edge along at least one side of the component piece. 9. The process of claim 8 wherein the serrated edge is formed by the second plurality of defects of the closed boundary, wherein an amplitude of the serration is less than about 10 um and a pitch of the serrations is less than about 20 um. 10. The process of claim 8 wherein the operation of separating the component piece along the boundary defined by the plurality of external defects is performed using an infrared laser. 11. The process of claim 1 wherein the operation of creating the first plurality of defects is performed prior to the operation of creating the second plurality of defects. 12. The process of claim 1 wherein the operation of creating the second plurality of defects is performed prior to the operation of creating the first plurality of defects. 13. The process of claim 1 wherein a first optical head is adapted to provide the first plurality of defects and a second optical head is adapted to provide the second plurality of defects. 14. The process of claim 1 wherein the operation of providing the substrate disposed at a laser processing assembly comprises providing the substrate disposed about a roll. 15. The process of claim 1 wherein the laser beam comprises a pulsed laser beam. 16. The process of claim 1 wherein the substrate has an absorption or scattering of a wavelength of the laser beam of less than about 10%. 17. The process of claim 1 further comprising metallizing the first plurality of defects to provide for electrical conductivity through the first plurality of defects. 18. The process of claim 1 wherein the laser beam has an average laser burst pulse energy measured at the material greater than about 40 μm, pulses having a duration in a range of between greater than about 1 picosecond and less than about 100 picoseconds, and a repetition rate in a range of between about 100 Hz and about 1 MHz. 19. The process of claim 1 wherein a plurality of component pieces are defined by a plurality of sets of the second plurality of defects that each define a closed boundary and a plurality of the first plurality of defects are disposed within each closed boundary. 20. An article comprising:
a substrate comprising a first side and an opposing second side, the substrate having an absorption or scattering of a wavelength of a laser beam of less than about 10%; a first plurality of defects formed internal to a boundary of the substrate that extend into the substrate; a boundary edge formed by a second plurality of defects and a plurality of microcracks extending between the second plurality of defects, the second plurality of defects spaced from each other at a pitch less than about 20 μm, the second plurality of defects each having a width of less than about 10 um that extend through at least about 50% of a thickness of the substrate. 21. The article of claim 20 wherein each of the second plurality of defects extend through the entire thickness of the glass substrate layer. 22. The article of claim 20 wherein the substrate comprises greater than 1,000 first plurality of defects formed within a boundary defined by the second plurality of defects and the first plurality of defects each have a diameter of less than about 3 um. 23. The article of claim 20 wherein the substrate comprises greater than 1,000 first plurality of defects formed within a boundary defined by the second plurality of defects and the first plurality of defects each have a diameter of greater than about 5 um and less than about 120 um. 24. The article of claim 20 wherein the first plurality of defects comprise a plurality of blind holes. 25. The article of claim 20 wherein an electrically conductive path is formed by a metallization layer extending through the first plurality of holes. 26. The article of claim 20 wherein a plurality of component pieces are defined from the substrate by a plurality of sets of the second plurality of defects that each define a closed boundary and a plurality of the first plurality of defects are disposed within each closed boundary. | 1,700 |
3,783 | 14,438,165 | 1,785 | Provided is a method for preparing a supported catalyst that enables the production of carbon nanotubes having a large specific surface area in high yield. Carbon nanotubes produced using the supported catalyst are also provided. The carbon nanotubes are suitable for use in various applications due to their large specific surface area and high yield. | 1. Bundle type carbon nanotubes having a BET specific surface area of at least 200 m2/g wherein the BET specific surface area and the ratio of the integrated area under the G-band peak (IG) to the integrated area under the D-band peak (ID) (IG/ID) measured by Raman spectroscopy satisfy the following relationship:
y=ax+b where y is the BET specific surface area, x is the ratio IG/ID, a is a constant from −400 to −500, and b is a constant from 600 to 800. 2. The carbon nanotubes according to claim 1, wherein the BET specific surface area (y) and the ratio IG/ID (x) satisfy the following relationship:
200≦y≦−427.2x+800
where y is the BET specific surface area (m2/g) and x is the ratio IG/ID. 3. The carbon nanotubes according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of the integrated area under the G-band peak (IG) to the integrated area under the D-band peak (ID) (IG/ID) is from 0.7 to 1.3. 4. The carbon nanotubes according to claim 1, wherein the carbon nanotubes are produced using a supported catalyst prepared by primarily calcining a support precursor having a BET specific surface area of 1 m2/g or less at a temperature of 100 to 450° C. to form a support, supporting a graphitization metal catalyst on the support, and secondarily calcining the catalyst supported on the support at a temperature of 100 to 500° C. 5. The carbon nanotubes according to claim 4, wherein the particle size and number average particle diameter of the supported catalyst are adjusted to 30 to 150 μm and 40 to 80 μm, respectively, by sorting. 6. The carbon nanotubes according to claim 4, wherein the support is based on aluminum. 7. The carbon nanotubes according to claim 4, wherein the support precursor is aluminum trihydroxide [Al(OH)3]. 8. The carbon nanotubes according to claim 4, wherein the secondary calcination is performed at a temperature of 100° C. to 300° C. 9. The carbon nanotubes according to claim 4, wherein the graphitization metal catalyst is selected from the group consisting of nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), platinum (Pt), gold (Au), aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), rhodium (Rh), silicon (Si), tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), tungsten (W), uranium (U), vanadium (V), zirconium (Zr), and alloys thereof. 10. The carbon nanotubes according to claim 4, wherein the graphitization metal catalyst is a binary or multi-component metal catalyst comprising a main catalyst and an auxiliary catalyst. 11. The carbon nanotubes according to claim 10, wherein the main catalyst is selected from Co, Fe, and mixtures thereof, and the auxiliary catalyst is selected from Mo, V, and mixtures thereof. 12. The carbon nanotubes according to claim 4, wherein the graphitization metal catalyst is a binary metal catalyst selected from Co/Mo, Co/V, Fe/Mo, and Fe/V. 13. The carbon nanotubes according to claim 10, wherein the graphitization metal catalyst comprises the main catalyst and the auxiliary catalyst in a molar ratio of 10:0.1-10. 14. The carbon nanotubes according to claim 4, wherein the graphitization catalyst is supported in an amount of 5 to 40 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the supported catalyst. 15. A method for producing carbon nanotubes (CNTs), comprising primarily calcining a support precursor having a BET specific surface area of 1 m2/g or less at a temperature of 100 to 450° C. to form a support, supporting a graphitization metal catalyst on the support, secondarily calcining the catalyst supported on the support at a temperature of 100 to 500° C. to prepare a supported catalyst, and bringing the supported catalyst into contact with a carbon source in the gas phase to form carbon nanotubes. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the specific surface area of the carbon nanotubes increases with decreasing secondary calcination temperature. 17. The method according to claim 15, wherein the carbon source in the gas phase is selected from the group consisting of carbon monoxide, methane, ethane, ethylene, ethanol, acetylene, propane, propylene, butane, butadiene, pentane, pentene, cyclopentadiene, hexane, cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, and mixtures thereof. 18. The method according to claim 15, wherein the reaction temperature for forming carbon nanotubes is from 600° C. to 750° C. 19. A composite material comprising the carbon nanotubes according to claim 1. | Provided is a method for preparing a supported catalyst that enables the production of carbon nanotubes having a large specific surface area in high yield. Carbon nanotubes produced using the supported catalyst are also provided. The carbon nanotubes are suitable for use in various applications due to their large specific surface area and high yield.1. Bundle type carbon nanotubes having a BET specific surface area of at least 200 m2/g wherein the BET specific surface area and the ratio of the integrated area under the G-band peak (IG) to the integrated area under the D-band peak (ID) (IG/ID) measured by Raman spectroscopy satisfy the following relationship:
y=ax+b where y is the BET specific surface area, x is the ratio IG/ID, a is a constant from −400 to −500, and b is a constant from 600 to 800. 2. The carbon nanotubes according to claim 1, wherein the BET specific surface area (y) and the ratio IG/ID (x) satisfy the following relationship:
200≦y≦−427.2x+800
where y is the BET specific surface area (m2/g) and x is the ratio IG/ID. 3. The carbon nanotubes according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of the integrated area under the G-band peak (IG) to the integrated area under the D-band peak (ID) (IG/ID) is from 0.7 to 1.3. 4. The carbon nanotubes according to claim 1, wherein the carbon nanotubes are produced using a supported catalyst prepared by primarily calcining a support precursor having a BET specific surface area of 1 m2/g or less at a temperature of 100 to 450° C. to form a support, supporting a graphitization metal catalyst on the support, and secondarily calcining the catalyst supported on the support at a temperature of 100 to 500° C. 5. The carbon nanotubes according to claim 4, wherein the particle size and number average particle diameter of the supported catalyst are adjusted to 30 to 150 μm and 40 to 80 μm, respectively, by sorting. 6. The carbon nanotubes according to claim 4, wherein the support is based on aluminum. 7. The carbon nanotubes according to claim 4, wherein the support precursor is aluminum trihydroxide [Al(OH)3]. 8. The carbon nanotubes according to claim 4, wherein the secondary calcination is performed at a temperature of 100° C. to 300° C. 9. The carbon nanotubes according to claim 4, wherein the graphitization metal catalyst is selected from the group consisting of nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), platinum (Pt), gold (Au), aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), rhodium (Rh), silicon (Si), tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), tungsten (W), uranium (U), vanadium (V), zirconium (Zr), and alloys thereof. 10. The carbon nanotubes according to claim 4, wherein the graphitization metal catalyst is a binary or multi-component metal catalyst comprising a main catalyst and an auxiliary catalyst. 11. The carbon nanotubes according to claim 10, wherein the main catalyst is selected from Co, Fe, and mixtures thereof, and the auxiliary catalyst is selected from Mo, V, and mixtures thereof. 12. The carbon nanotubes according to claim 4, wherein the graphitization metal catalyst is a binary metal catalyst selected from Co/Mo, Co/V, Fe/Mo, and Fe/V. 13. The carbon nanotubes according to claim 10, wherein the graphitization metal catalyst comprises the main catalyst and the auxiliary catalyst in a molar ratio of 10:0.1-10. 14. The carbon nanotubes according to claim 4, wherein the graphitization catalyst is supported in an amount of 5 to 40 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the supported catalyst. 15. A method for producing carbon nanotubes (CNTs), comprising primarily calcining a support precursor having a BET specific surface area of 1 m2/g or less at a temperature of 100 to 450° C. to form a support, supporting a graphitization metal catalyst on the support, secondarily calcining the catalyst supported on the support at a temperature of 100 to 500° C. to prepare a supported catalyst, and bringing the supported catalyst into contact with a carbon source in the gas phase to form carbon nanotubes. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the specific surface area of the carbon nanotubes increases with decreasing secondary calcination temperature. 17. The method according to claim 15, wherein the carbon source in the gas phase is selected from the group consisting of carbon monoxide, methane, ethane, ethylene, ethanol, acetylene, propane, propylene, butane, butadiene, pentane, pentene, cyclopentadiene, hexane, cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, and mixtures thereof. 18. The method according to claim 15, wherein the reaction temperature for forming carbon nanotubes is from 600° C. to 750° C. 19. A composite material comprising the carbon nanotubes according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
3,784 | 15,437,653 | 1,741 | A method of manufacturing a colored contact lens including the steps of providing a transparent contact lens having a pupil section and an iris section, the iris section surrounding the pupil section and applying a colorant to the surface of the contact lens. The colorant is applied to the contact lens as an amorphous pattern and covers an effective amount of the iris section of the same. The amorphous pattern provides a lens capable of changing the apparent color of the iris of a person wearing the lens while imparting a very natural appearance. | 1. (canceled) 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. (canceled) 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. (canceled) 10. (canceled) 11. (canceled) 12. (canceled) 13. A method of manufacturing a colored contact lens comprising the steps of:
a) inking, with a color ink, at least one cliché having a transfigured amorphous patterns to be printed on a contact lens to form an inked image in the cliché; b) transferring the inked image from the cliché to at least one surface of at least one contact lens forming mold by means of at least one transfer pad, (c) at least partially curing the inked image transferred on the mold surface to form a colored film; (d) dispensing a hydrogel lens-forming material into at least one lens-forming cavity of the mold; and (e) curing the lens-forming material within the lens-forming cavity to form the contact lens, whereby the colored film detaches from the molding surface and becomes integral with the body of the contact lens, wherein the transfigured amorphous simulated iris pattern is made by the method comprising the steps of: opening or scanning an image file in a photo editing software application, said image file containing an base amorphous image having at least two colors, wherein the amorphous image is totally unrelated to any eye structure; distorting the amorphous base image with one or more filters to change the shape of contents of the amorphous base image, reducing the opacity of the distorted image to create a translucent image; modifying the size of the translucent image to create a sized image; and cutting out lens shape from the sized image to simulate iris shap, the lens shape being defined by a substantially circular outer diameter having a smaller substantially inner circle removed therefrom. 14. (canceled) 15. (canceled) 16. (canceled) 17. (canceled) 18. (canceled) 19. (canceled) 20. (canceled) 21. The method of claim 13, further comprising the step of selectively modifying the base image's sharpness, contrast, brightness or combinations thereof. 22. The method of claim 13, further comprising the step of converting the distorted image into grayscale. 23. The method of claim 13, further comprising the step of converting the distorted image into at least three grayscale image files. | A method of manufacturing a colored contact lens including the steps of providing a transparent contact lens having a pupil section and an iris section, the iris section surrounding the pupil section and applying a colorant to the surface of the contact lens. The colorant is applied to the contact lens as an amorphous pattern and covers an effective amount of the iris section of the same. The amorphous pattern provides a lens capable of changing the apparent color of the iris of a person wearing the lens while imparting a very natural appearance.1. (canceled) 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. (canceled) 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. (canceled) 10. (canceled) 11. (canceled) 12. (canceled) 13. A method of manufacturing a colored contact lens comprising the steps of:
a) inking, with a color ink, at least one cliché having a transfigured amorphous patterns to be printed on a contact lens to form an inked image in the cliché; b) transferring the inked image from the cliché to at least one surface of at least one contact lens forming mold by means of at least one transfer pad, (c) at least partially curing the inked image transferred on the mold surface to form a colored film; (d) dispensing a hydrogel lens-forming material into at least one lens-forming cavity of the mold; and (e) curing the lens-forming material within the lens-forming cavity to form the contact lens, whereby the colored film detaches from the molding surface and becomes integral with the body of the contact lens, wherein the transfigured amorphous simulated iris pattern is made by the method comprising the steps of: opening or scanning an image file in a photo editing software application, said image file containing an base amorphous image having at least two colors, wherein the amorphous image is totally unrelated to any eye structure; distorting the amorphous base image with one or more filters to change the shape of contents of the amorphous base image, reducing the opacity of the distorted image to create a translucent image; modifying the size of the translucent image to create a sized image; and cutting out lens shape from the sized image to simulate iris shap, the lens shape being defined by a substantially circular outer diameter having a smaller substantially inner circle removed therefrom. 14. (canceled) 15. (canceled) 16. (canceled) 17. (canceled) 18. (canceled) 19. (canceled) 20. (canceled) 21. The method of claim 13, further comprising the step of selectively modifying the base image's sharpness, contrast, brightness or combinations thereof. 22. The method of claim 13, further comprising the step of converting the distorted image into grayscale. 23. The method of claim 13, further comprising the step of converting the distorted image into at least three grayscale image files. | 1,700 |
3,785 | 15,260,370 | 1,748 | A system and method for mixing fluids using a microfluidic mixing device involves heating a mixing portion of the fluid mixing channel to a Leidenfrost temperature. The Leidenfrost temperature corresponds to a Leidenfrost point of at least one of the fluids to be mixed. The fluids to be mixed are directed through the mixing portion of the fluid mixing channel after the mixing portion is heated to the Leidenfrost temperature. | 1. A microfluidic mixing device comprising:
a fluid mixing channel having a fluid inlet portion, a fluid outlet portion and a mixing portion extending between the fluid inlet portion and the fluid outlet portion; a first and a second fluid inlet in fluid communication with the fluid inlet portion of the channel, each of the first and the second fluid inlets being configured to introduce a fluid into the fluid mixing channel; a heater structure in thermal contact with the mixing portion of the fluid mixing channel, the heater structure being configured to heat the mixing portion of the fluid mixing channel to a Leidenfrost temperature, wherein the Leidenfrost temperature corresponds to a Leidenfrost point of at least one fluid introduced into the fluid mixing channel. 2. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 1, wherein the mixing portion of the fluid mixing channel is straight. 3. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 2, wherein the heater structure comprises a Joule heater. 4. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 3, wherein the Joule heater is formed of platinum. 5. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 4, wherein the platinum is 5 nm thick. 6. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 3, wherein the Joule heater is wrapped around the mixing channel. 7. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 3, further comprising:
a heater controller configured to supply an electric current to the Joule heater. 8. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 1, further comprising:
at least one pump configured to pump fluids through the fluid mixing channel. 9. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 1, wherein the fluid mixing channel, the first and the second fluid inlets and the heater structure are integrated onto a single microchip. 10. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 1, wherein the at least two fluids inlets are configured to introduce fluids into the fluid mixing channel with a laminar flow. 11. A method of mixing at least two fluids in a microfluidic mixing device; the method comprising:
heating a mixing portion of the fluid mixing channel to a Leidenfrost temperature, the Leidenfrost temperature corresponding to a Leidenfrost point of at least one of the at least two fluids; directing the at least two fluids through the mixing portion of the fluid mixing channel after the mixing portion is heated to the Leidenfrost temperature. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the mixing portion of the fluid mixing channel is straight. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the mixing portion of the fluid mixing channel is heated using a Joule heater. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the Joule heater is formed of platinum. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the platinum is 5 nm thick. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the Joule heater is wrapped around mixing portion of the fluid mixing channel. | A system and method for mixing fluids using a microfluidic mixing device involves heating a mixing portion of the fluid mixing channel to a Leidenfrost temperature. The Leidenfrost temperature corresponds to a Leidenfrost point of at least one of the fluids to be mixed. The fluids to be mixed are directed through the mixing portion of the fluid mixing channel after the mixing portion is heated to the Leidenfrost temperature.1. A microfluidic mixing device comprising:
a fluid mixing channel having a fluid inlet portion, a fluid outlet portion and a mixing portion extending between the fluid inlet portion and the fluid outlet portion; a first and a second fluid inlet in fluid communication with the fluid inlet portion of the channel, each of the first and the second fluid inlets being configured to introduce a fluid into the fluid mixing channel; a heater structure in thermal contact with the mixing portion of the fluid mixing channel, the heater structure being configured to heat the mixing portion of the fluid mixing channel to a Leidenfrost temperature, wherein the Leidenfrost temperature corresponds to a Leidenfrost point of at least one fluid introduced into the fluid mixing channel. 2. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 1, wherein the mixing portion of the fluid mixing channel is straight. 3. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 2, wherein the heater structure comprises a Joule heater. 4. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 3, wherein the Joule heater is formed of platinum. 5. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 4, wherein the platinum is 5 nm thick. 6. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 3, wherein the Joule heater is wrapped around the mixing channel. 7. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 3, further comprising:
a heater controller configured to supply an electric current to the Joule heater. 8. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 1, further comprising:
at least one pump configured to pump fluids through the fluid mixing channel. 9. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 1, wherein the fluid mixing channel, the first and the second fluid inlets and the heater structure are integrated onto a single microchip. 10. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 1, wherein the at least two fluids inlets are configured to introduce fluids into the fluid mixing channel with a laminar flow. 11. A method of mixing at least two fluids in a microfluidic mixing device; the method comprising:
heating a mixing portion of the fluid mixing channel to a Leidenfrost temperature, the Leidenfrost temperature corresponding to a Leidenfrost point of at least one of the at least two fluids; directing the at least two fluids through the mixing portion of the fluid mixing channel after the mixing portion is heated to the Leidenfrost temperature. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the mixing portion of the fluid mixing channel is straight. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the mixing portion of the fluid mixing channel is heated using a Joule heater. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the Joule heater is formed of platinum. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the platinum is 5 nm thick. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the Joule heater is wrapped around mixing portion of the fluid mixing channel. | 1,700 |
3,786 | 14,429,329 | 1,797 | A cassette for loading into a bay of an analyzer device, the cassette having a supply chamber for a test tape, an uptake chamber to receive used tape and a test zone between the chambers, where the tape is positioned at a test site for testing purposes, wherein the cassette includes a frame that extends across the test zone on a loading side of the tape, the frame being in a protective position relative to the tape, parallel to and aligned with the tape in the test zone, to protect the tape as the cassette is inserted into the bay of the analyzer device. | 1. A cassette for loading into a bay of an analyser device, the cassette having a supply chamber for a test tape, an uptake chamber to receive used tape and a test zone at a forward end of the cassette, where the tape is positioned for presentation to a test site when loaded into the analyser device, wherein:
the cassette includes a frame that extends along one side of the test zone, on a loading side of the tape, the frame being laterally adjacent the tape and projecting forwardly of the tape and the test zone so as to protect a lateral edge of the tape as the cassette is loaded into the bay of the analyser device. 2. The cassette of claim 1, further including guides that direct the tape from the supply chamber to the test zone and away from the test zone to the uptake chamber, and the frame includes a bridge portion that projects forwardly and laterally of the guides, the bridge portion further defining a window forward of the test zone. 3. The cassette of claim 1, wherein the cassette includes a biasing element to deflect the cassette into a loaded position when the tape is presented to the test site of the analyser device, the biasing element causing a housing of the cassette to be displaced whereby the frame moves rearward relative to the test site, while the test site and tape are advanced forward relative to the housing, to a position where a sample is able to be deposited on the tape for testing. 4. The cassette of claim 3, wherein the biasing element engages with structure of the analyzer, to bias the frame into a receiving recess of the analyzer. 5. The cassette of claim 4, wherein the cassette includes at least one catch at a rear end of the cassette remote from the test zone, to lock the rear end of the housing into the bay. 6. The cassette of claim 1, wherein the supply chamber includes a supply spool and the uptake chamber includes an uptake spool wherein the supply spool is mounted on a fixed axis internally of the supply chamber and the uptake spool is mounted on a floating axis adapted to slide relative to the housing of the cassette. 7. The cassette of claim 6, further including a brake to grip the tape against the housing and maintain tension in the tape across the test zone, whilst allowing the uptake spool to slide relative to the housing. 8. The cassette of claim 7, wherein the brake is formed integrally with the housing from a thermoplastic elastic material, to grip the tape between the test zone and the uptake spool 9. An analyzer device with a bay for receiving the cassette of claim 1, and a test site provided on structure that projects into the test zone of the cassette, the section including a recess, between a floor of the bay and the test site, to receive the frame of the cassette, when the cassette is loaded into the bay. 10. The analyzer device of claim 9, wherein the device includes at least one latch toward an end of the bay, to anchor a rear end of the cassette during a loading operation, when the cassette is moved rearward during insertion into the bay, in order for the at least one catch to lock with the at least one latch. 11. The analyzer device of claim 10, wherein the structure includes an angled surface against which the biasing element of the cassette engages as the cassette moves into the loaded position to translate the housing rearward, in order to lock the rear of the cassette in the bay and draw the frame into the recess. 12. The analyzer device of claim 11, wherein the structure is in the form of a pillar with a reading head on a front side and a wedge profile on a rear side. 13. The analyzer device of claim 12, wherein the front side and rear side of the pillar are separated by a distance sufficient to energize the biasing element against the rear side and cause the frame to engage with and slide down the front side of the pillar as the cassette is moved into the loaded condition. 14. The analyzer device of claim 9, wherein the device includes a drive wheel for advancing the tape in the cassette to the test site and a lock mechanism to selectively prevent the drive wheel from driving the tape. 15. The analyzer device of claim 14, wherein the device includes a moveable cover over the test site and the lock mechanism is disengaged as a result of the cover being moved to an open position. 16. The analyzer device of claim 15, wherein the lock mechanism includes a lever that is biased into engagement with the drive wheel, to prevent rotation of the drive wheel, and a trigger associated with the cover, that moves in response to movement of the cover, to shift the lever into a disengaged position when the cover is opened. 17. An analyzer device and cassette combination, wherein:
the cassette includes a housing with a supply chamber for holding a tape with test elements, an uptake chamber for storing used tape and a test zone where the tape is presented for testing; the device includes a bay with a floor and a raised section with a test site arranged to project into the test zone when the cassette is loaded into the device; the cassette including a frame located between the chambers and adjacent the tape on an insertion side of the tape, to protect the tape as the tape is fitted laterally over the test site; and wherein the cassette is moved in a lengthwise direction during a final stage of loading so as to displace the frame laterally of the test site while the tape remains over the test site. 18. The analyzer device and cassette of claim 17, wherein the device includes a capstan that is received in the uptake spool, wherein the capstan is arranged to rotate on a fixed axis and the uptake spool is arranged to rotate on a floating axis so as to be displaced laterally of the housing of the cassette and accommodate relative movement of the capstan, when the cassette is displaced lengthwise during loading. 19. The analyzer device and cassette of claim 18, wherein the device includes a drive wheel coupled to the uptake spool for advancing the tape to the test site and a lock mechanism to selectively prevent the drive wheel engaging and driving the uptake spool. 20. The analyzer device and cassette of claim 19, wherein the device includes a moveable cover over the test site and the lock mechanism is disengaged as a result of the cover being moved to an open position. 21. The analyzer device and cassette of claim 20, wherein the lock mechanism includes a lever that is biased into engagement with the drive wheel, to prevent rotation of the drive wheel, and a trigger associated with the cover, that moves in response to movement of the cover, to shift the lever into a disengaged position when the cover is opened. 22. A cassette with a supply chamber that houses a supply spool and an uptake chamber that houses an uptake spool, arranged whereby to hold a tape that passes between the supply spool and the uptake spool, wherein the supply chamber houses the supply spool in a sealed environment and the supply spool rotates on an a floating axis and is accessible for driving engagement through an opening in a base of the cassette. 23. The cassette of claim 22, wherein the floating axis allows the uptake spool to move laterally inside a housing of the cassette in order to accommodate relative movement of a capstan that is used to drive the uptake spool. | A cassette for loading into a bay of an analyzer device, the cassette having a supply chamber for a test tape, an uptake chamber to receive used tape and a test zone between the chambers, where the tape is positioned at a test site for testing purposes, wherein the cassette includes a frame that extends across the test zone on a loading side of the tape, the frame being in a protective position relative to the tape, parallel to and aligned with the tape in the test zone, to protect the tape as the cassette is inserted into the bay of the analyzer device.1. A cassette for loading into a bay of an analyser device, the cassette having a supply chamber for a test tape, an uptake chamber to receive used tape and a test zone at a forward end of the cassette, where the tape is positioned for presentation to a test site when loaded into the analyser device, wherein:
the cassette includes a frame that extends along one side of the test zone, on a loading side of the tape, the frame being laterally adjacent the tape and projecting forwardly of the tape and the test zone so as to protect a lateral edge of the tape as the cassette is loaded into the bay of the analyser device. 2. The cassette of claim 1, further including guides that direct the tape from the supply chamber to the test zone and away from the test zone to the uptake chamber, and the frame includes a bridge portion that projects forwardly and laterally of the guides, the bridge portion further defining a window forward of the test zone. 3. The cassette of claim 1, wherein the cassette includes a biasing element to deflect the cassette into a loaded position when the tape is presented to the test site of the analyser device, the biasing element causing a housing of the cassette to be displaced whereby the frame moves rearward relative to the test site, while the test site and tape are advanced forward relative to the housing, to a position where a sample is able to be deposited on the tape for testing. 4. The cassette of claim 3, wherein the biasing element engages with structure of the analyzer, to bias the frame into a receiving recess of the analyzer. 5. The cassette of claim 4, wherein the cassette includes at least one catch at a rear end of the cassette remote from the test zone, to lock the rear end of the housing into the bay. 6. The cassette of claim 1, wherein the supply chamber includes a supply spool and the uptake chamber includes an uptake spool wherein the supply spool is mounted on a fixed axis internally of the supply chamber and the uptake spool is mounted on a floating axis adapted to slide relative to the housing of the cassette. 7. The cassette of claim 6, further including a brake to grip the tape against the housing and maintain tension in the tape across the test zone, whilst allowing the uptake spool to slide relative to the housing. 8. The cassette of claim 7, wherein the brake is formed integrally with the housing from a thermoplastic elastic material, to grip the tape between the test zone and the uptake spool 9. An analyzer device with a bay for receiving the cassette of claim 1, and a test site provided on structure that projects into the test zone of the cassette, the section including a recess, between a floor of the bay and the test site, to receive the frame of the cassette, when the cassette is loaded into the bay. 10. The analyzer device of claim 9, wherein the device includes at least one latch toward an end of the bay, to anchor a rear end of the cassette during a loading operation, when the cassette is moved rearward during insertion into the bay, in order for the at least one catch to lock with the at least one latch. 11. The analyzer device of claim 10, wherein the structure includes an angled surface against which the biasing element of the cassette engages as the cassette moves into the loaded position to translate the housing rearward, in order to lock the rear of the cassette in the bay and draw the frame into the recess. 12. The analyzer device of claim 11, wherein the structure is in the form of a pillar with a reading head on a front side and a wedge profile on a rear side. 13. The analyzer device of claim 12, wherein the front side and rear side of the pillar are separated by a distance sufficient to energize the biasing element against the rear side and cause the frame to engage with and slide down the front side of the pillar as the cassette is moved into the loaded condition. 14. The analyzer device of claim 9, wherein the device includes a drive wheel for advancing the tape in the cassette to the test site and a lock mechanism to selectively prevent the drive wheel from driving the tape. 15. The analyzer device of claim 14, wherein the device includes a moveable cover over the test site and the lock mechanism is disengaged as a result of the cover being moved to an open position. 16. The analyzer device of claim 15, wherein the lock mechanism includes a lever that is biased into engagement with the drive wheel, to prevent rotation of the drive wheel, and a trigger associated with the cover, that moves in response to movement of the cover, to shift the lever into a disengaged position when the cover is opened. 17. An analyzer device and cassette combination, wherein:
the cassette includes a housing with a supply chamber for holding a tape with test elements, an uptake chamber for storing used tape and a test zone where the tape is presented for testing; the device includes a bay with a floor and a raised section with a test site arranged to project into the test zone when the cassette is loaded into the device; the cassette including a frame located between the chambers and adjacent the tape on an insertion side of the tape, to protect the tape as the tape is fitted laterally over the test site; and wherein the cassette is moved in a lengthwise direction during a final stage of loading so as to displace the frame laterally of the test site while the tape remains over the test site. 18. The analyzer device and cassette of claim 17, wherein the device includes a capstan that is received in the uptake spool, wherein the capstan is arranged to rotate on a fixed axis and the uptake spool is arranged to rotate on a floating axis so as to be displaced laterally of the housing of the cassette and accommodate relative movement of the capstan, when the cassette is displaced lengthwise during loading. 19. The analyzer device and cassette of claim 18, wherein the device includes a drive wheel coupled to the uptake spool for advancing the tape to the test site and a lock mechanism to selectively prevent the drive wheel engaging and driving the uptake spool. 20. The analyzer device and cassette of claim 19, wherein the device includes a moveable cover over the test site and the lock mechanism is disengaged as a result of the cover being moved to an open position. 21. The analyzer device and cassette of claim 20, wherein the lock mechanism includes a lever that is biased into engagement with the drive wheel, to prevent rotation of the drive wheel, and a trigger associated with the cover, that moves in response to movement of the cover, to shift the lever into a disengaged position when the cover is opened. 22. A cassette with a supply chamber that houses a supply spool and an uptake chamber that houses an uptake spool, arranged whereby to hold a tape that passes between the supply spool and the uptake spool, wherein the supply chamber houses the supply spool in a sealed environment and the supply spool rotates on an a floating axis and is accessible for driving engagement through an opening in a base of the cassette. 23. The cassette of claim 22, wherein the floating axis allows the uptake spool to move laterally inside a housing of the cassette in order to accommodate relative movement of a capstan that is used to drive the uptake spool. | 1,700 |
3,787 | 13,482,805 | 1,727 | A secondary electrochemical cell comprises an anode, a cathode including electrochemically active cathode material, a separator between the anode and the cathode, and an electrolyte. The electrolyte comprises at least one salt dissolved in at least one organic solvent. The separator in combination with the electrolyte has an area-specific resistance of less than about 2 ohm-cm 2 . | 1. A secondary electrochemical cell comprising an anode, a cathode comprising electrochemically active cathode material, a separator between said anode and said cathode, and an electrolyte comprising at least one salt dissolved in at least one organic solvent, wherein said separator in combination with said electrolyte has an area-specific resistance of less than about 2 ohm-cm2. 2. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the electrochemically active cathode material is selected from the group consisting of lithium-transition-metal phosphate, sodium-transition-metal phosphate, lithium-metal oxide, and any mixture thereof. 3. The electrochemical cell of claim 2 wherein the lithium-metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of LiCoO2, LiNixMn2-xO4, Li(NixCoyAlz)O2, Li(NixMnyCoz)O2, aLi2MnO3.(1−a)Li(NixMnyCoz)O2, and any mixture thereof wherein 0<a<1, 0≦x≦1, 0≦y≦1, and 0≦z≦1. 4. The electrochemical cell of claim 2 wherein the lithium-transition-metal phosphate comprises LiMPO4 wherein M is selected from the group consisting of vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, tin, niobium, molybdenum, zirconium, zinc, nickel, and any mixture thereof. 5. The electrochemical cell of claim 2 wherein the sodium-transition-metal phosphate comprises NaMPO4 wherein M is selected from the group consisting of vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, tin, niobium, molybdenum, zirconium, zinc, nickel, and any mixture thereof. 6. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the separator porosity is between about 30% and about 70%. 7. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the at least one salt is selected from the group consisting of lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), lithium tetrafluorooxalatophosphate (LiPF4(C2O4)), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4), lithium trifluorsulfonate (LiSO3CF3), lithium trifluorsulfonimide (LiN(SO2CF3)2), LiN(SO2CF2CF3)2 (LiBETi), lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB), lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF6), lithium fluorsulfoneimide (LiFSI), sodium perchlorate (NaClO4), sodium trifluorsulfonimide (NaTFSI), sodium trifluorsulfonate (NaTFS), and any mixture thereof. 8. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the at least one salt is at a concentration within the electrolyte from about 0.5 M to about 1.8 M. 9. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the electrolyte comprises at least one electrolyte additive selected from the group consisting of propane sultone (PS), vinylene carbonate (VC), succinonitrile (SN), cyclohexylbenzene (CHB), tetra ethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB), tetramethoxy titanium (TMTi), dimethyl acetamide (DMAc), lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), propargyl methane sulfonate (PMS), and any mixture thereof. 10. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the electrolyte comprises at least one electrolyte additive at a concentration from about 0.05 to about 5 weight percent of the electrolyte solution. 11. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate (BC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl dicarbonate (EMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), dipropyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate, butylmethyl carbonate, butylethyl carbonate, butylpropyl carbonate, and any mixture thereof. 12. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the organic solvent is at a concentration from about 0.5 weight percent to about 95 weight percent of the electrolyte solution. 13. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the anode comprises electrochemically active anode material selected from the group consisting of graphite, spheroidal natural graphite, mesocarbon mircrobead, coke, mesophase carbon fibers, fullerene, graphene, carbon nanotube, single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT), multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT), vapor-phase grown carbon fiber (VGCF), silicon, silicon alloy, tin, tin alloy, lithium titanate, and any mixture thereof. 14. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the anode comprises conductive additive selected from the group consisting of graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, vapor-phase grown carbon fiber (VGCF), carbon nanotube, fullerenic carbon nanotube, vitreous carbon, carbon fiber, graphene, and any mixture thereof. 15. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the separator has a thickness from about 8 to about 30 micrometers. 16. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the separator comprises a material selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinylidene, poly(vinylidene fluoride), and any mixture thereof. 17. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the area-specific resistance is from about 1.0 to about 1.9. 18. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the cathode comprises conductor material selected from the group consisting of carbon black, graphite, fullerenes, graphenes, carbon nanotube, single-walled carbonnanotube (SWCNT), multi-wall carbonnanotube (MWCNT), vapor-phase grown carbon fibers (VGCF), and any mixture thereof. 19. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein said electrochemical cell has a total anode-to-cathode (A/C) ratio of less than about 1.5. 20. The electrochemical cell of claim 20 wherein the total anode-to-cathode (A/C) ratio is from about 1.0 to about 1.35. | A secondary electrochemical cell comprises an anode, a cathode including electrochemically active cathode material, a separator between the anode and the cathode, and an electrolyte. The electrolyte comprises at least one salt dissolved in at least one organic solvent. The separator in combination with the electrolyte has an area-specific resistance of less than about 2 ohm-cm 2 .1. A secondary electrochemical cell comprising an anode, a cathode comprising electrochemically active cathode material, a separator between said anode and said cathode, and an electrolyte comprising at least one salt dissolved in at least one organic solvent, wherein said separator in combination with said electrolyte has an area-specific resistance of less than about 2 ohm-cm2. 2. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the electrochemically active cathode material is selected from the group consisting of lithium-transition-metal phosphate, sodium-transition-metal phosphate, lithium-metal oxide, and any mixture thereof. 3. The electrochemical cell of claim 2 wherein the lithium-metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of LiCoO2, LiNixMn2-xO4, Li(NixCoyAlz)O2, Li(NixMnyCoz)O2, aLi2MnO3.(1−a)Li(NixMnyCoz)O2, and any mixture thereof wherein 0<a<1, 0≦x≦1, 0≦y≦1, and 0≦z≦1. 4. The electrochemical cell of claim 2 wherein the lithium-transition-metal phosphate comprises LiMPO4 wherein M is selected from the group consisting of vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, tin, niobium, molybdenum, zirconium, zinc, nickel, and any mixture thereof. 5. The electrochemical cell of claim 2 wherein the sodium-transition-metal phosphate comprises NaMPO4 wherein M is selected from the group consisting of vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, tin, niobium, molybdenum, zirconium, zinc, nickel, and any mixture thereof. 6. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the separator porosity is between about 30% and about 70%. 7. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the at least one salt is selected from the group consisting of lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), lithium tetrafluorooxalatophosphate (LiPF4(C2O4)), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4), lithium trifluorsulfonate (LiSO3CF3), lithium trifluorsulfonimide (LiN(SO2CF3)2), LiN(SO2CF2CF3)2 (LiBETi), lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB), lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF6), lithium fluorsulfoneimide (LiFSI), sodium perchlorate (NaClO4), sodium trifluorsulfonimide (NaTFSI), sodium trifluorsulfonate (NaTFS), and any mixture thereof. 8. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the at least one salt is at a concentration within the electrolyte from about 0.5 M to about 1.8 M. 9. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the electrolyte comprises at least one electrolyte additive selected from the group consisting of propane sultone (PS), vinylene carbonate (VC), succinonitrile (SN), cyclohexylbenzene (CHB), tetra ethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB), tetramethoxy titanium (TMTi), dimethyl acetamide (DMAc), lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), propargyl methane sulfonate (PMS), and any mixture thereof. 10. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the electrolyte comprises at least one electrolyte additive at a concentration from about 0.05 to about 5 weight percent of the electrolyte solution. 11. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate (BC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl dicarbonate (EMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), dipropyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate, butylmethyl carbonate, butylethyl carbonate, butylpropyl carbonate, and any mixture thereof. 12. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the organic solvent is at a concentration from about 0.5 weight percent to about 95 weight percent of the electrolyte solution. 13. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the anode comprises electrochemically active anode material selected from the group consisting of graphite, spheroidal natural graphite, mesocarbon mircrobead, coke, mesophase carbon fibers, fullerene, graphene, carbon nanotube, single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT), multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT), vapor-phase grown carbon fiber (VGCF), silicon, silicon alloy, tin, tin alloy, lithium titanate, and any mixture thereof. 14. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the anode comprises conductive additive selected from the group consisting of graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, vapor-phase grown carbon fiber (VGCF), carbon nanotube, fullerenic carbon nanotube, vitreous carbon, carbon fiber, graphene, and any mixture thereof. 15. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the separator has a thickness from about 8 to about 30 micrometers. 16. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the separator comprises a material selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinylidene, poly(vinylidene fluoride), and any mixture thereof. 17. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the area-specific resistance is from about 1.0 to about 1.9. 18. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the cathode comprises conductor material selected from the group consisting of carbon black, graphite, fullerenes, graphenes, carbon nanotube, single-walled carbonnanotube (SWCNT), multi-wall carbonnanotube (MWCNT), vapor-phase grown carbon fibers (VGCF), and any mixture thereof. 19. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein said electrochemical cell has a total anode-to-cathode (A/C) ratio of less than about 1.5. 20. The electrochemical cell of claim 20 wherein the total anode-to-cathode (A/C) ratio is from about 1.0 to about 1.35. | 1,700 |
3,788 | 16,071,567 | 1,777 | Embodiments of the present invention provide for the deposition of spacing elements on both opposing surfaces of either an entire folded membrane sheet or portions thereof in combination with features deposited on portions of the same sheet to create spacing geometries not otherwise achievable. | 1. A membrane for use in a spiral wound filtration element, comprising a first leaf and a second leaf, where each leaf has an active surface with a plurality of protrusions disposed on the surface, the protrusions being shaped and disposed on the surface such that when the active surface of the first leaf is placed adjacent to the active surface of the second leaf the protrusions are in contact with each other, with the protrusions on the first leaf separated from the active surface of the second leaf by the protrusions on the second leaf; where the first leaf and the second leaf are placed with the active surfaces facing each other and separated by the protrusions. 2. A membrane as in claim 1, comprising a sheet of membrane material, wherein the first leaf comprises a first portion of the sheet; and the second leaf comprises a second portion of the sheet, separated from the first portion by a fold line; and wherein the first and second leafs are placed with active surfaces facing each other by folding the sheet along the fold line. 3. A membrane as in claim 1, wherein the protrusions comprise a plurality of line-shaped protrusions, where the line-shaped protrusions are disposed parallel to each other and separated from each other in all planar directions on the surface of the corresponding leaf; and wherein the line-shaped protrusions are disposed on the surface at an angle other than 90 degrees from the feed edge of the corresponding leaf such that the line-shaped protrusions on the first leaf contact the line-shaped protrusions on the second leaf at their intersections. 4. A membrane as in claim 3, wherein the angle is between 40 and 85 degrees, or between 100 and 135 degrees. 5. A membrane as in claim 1, wherein the protrusions protrude from the surface of each leaf by at least 0.065 mm but not more than 0.4 mm. 6. A membrane as in claim 1, wherein the protrusions comprise a plurality of curved features, configured such that the curved feature on the first leaf will intersect the curved features on the second leaf at an angle other than 0 degrees when the membrane is spirally wound. 7. A membrane as in claim 3, wherein the line-shaped protrusions extend across the entire width of the corresponding leaf. 8. A membrane as in claim 3, wherein the line-shaped protrusions extend across less than the entire width of the corresponding leaf. 9. A membrane as in claim 8 wherein the line-shaped protrusions are at least length 20 mm long in the axial dimension and the spacing between line segments is less than the length of the line segments. 10. A membrane as in claim 1, wherein the protrusions are disposed in a first region of the first leaf, and in a first region of the second leaf, and further comprising a plurality of flow protrusions disposed (a) on the active surface of the first leaf other than in the first region of the first leaf, (b) on the active surface of the second leaf other than in the first region of the second leaf, or (c) both, wherein the flow protrusions have a height about equal to the sum of the height of the protrusions in the first region of the first leaf and the height of the protrusions in the first region of the second leaf, and wherein flow protrusions on one leaf do not contact those on the other leaf when the element is spiral wound. 11. A membrane as in claim 10, wherein the flow protrusions are disposed on the first leaf and not on the second leaf. 12. A membrane as in claim 8, wherein the line-shaped protrusions are disposed in regions proximal the feed and reject edges of the corresponding leaf, and further comprising a plurality of flow protrusions disposed (a) on the active surface of the first leaf in regions other than those occupied by the line-shaped protrusions, (b) on the active surface of the second leaf in regions other than those occupied by the line-shaped protrusions, or (c) both, wherein the flow protrusions have a height about equal to the sum of the height of the line-shaped protrusions on the first leaf and the height of the line-shaped protrusions on the second leaf; and wherein the flow protrusions on one leaf do not contact those on the other leaf when the element is spiral wound. 13. A membrane as in claim 12, wherein the flow protrusions are disposed on the first leaf and not on the second leaf. 14. A method of making a membrane, comprising
providing a first leaf and a second leaf, each having an active surface; placing a plurality of protrusions on the active surface of each leaf, the protrusions being shaped and disposed on the surface such that when the active surface of the first leaf is placed adjacent to the active surface of the second leaf the protrusions are in contact with each other with the protrusions on the first leaf separated from the active surface of the second leaf by the protrusions on the second leaf; placing the active surface of the first leaf adjacent to the active surface of the second leaf, separated by the protrusions. 15. A method as in claim 14, wherein providing a first leaf and a second leaf comprises providing a sheet separated into a first leaf and a second leaf by a fold line; and wherein placing the active surface of the first leaf adjacent to the active surface of the second leaf comprises folding the sheet along the fold line. 16. A filtration element comprising a membrane as in claim 1, spirally wound around a center tube. 17. A fluid treatment system, comprising a plurality of filtration elements as in claim 16. 18. A method of treating a fluid, comprising flowing the fluid through a filtration element as in claim 16. 19. A membrane for use in a spiral wound filtration element, comprising a sheet having an active surface, the sheet folded with the active surface inside the folded sheet, wherein the active surface has a plurality of protrusions disposed thereon, the protrusions being shaped and disposed on the surface such that the protrusions contact each other and hold apart the facing active surfaces in the folded sheet. 20. A membrane as in claim 19, wherein the protrusions comprise a plurality of line-shaped protrusions disposed on the active surface at an angle other than 90 degrees to the feed edge of the membrane. 21. A membrane as in claim 20, wherein the angle is between 40 and 85 degrees, or between 100 and 135 degrees. 22. A membrane as in claim 20, wherein the protrusions protrude from the surface of each leaf by at least 0.065 mm but not more than 0.4 mm. | Embodiments of the present invention provide for the deposition of spacing elements on both opposing surfaces of either an entire folded membrane sheet or portions thereof in combination with features deposited on portions of the same sheet to create spacing geometries not otherwise achievable.1. A membrane for use in a spiral wound filtration element, comprising a first leaf and a second leaf, where each leaf has an active surface with a plurality of protrusions disposed on the surface, the protrusions being shaped and disposed on the surface such that when the active surface of the first leaf is placed adjacent to the active surface of the second leaf the protrusions are in contact with each other, with the protrusions on the first leaf separated from the active surface of the second leaf by the protrusions on the second leaf; where the first leaf and the second leaf are placed with the active surfaces facing each other and separated by the protrusions. 2. A membrane as in claim 1, comprising a sheet of membrane material, wherein the first leaf comprises a first portion of the sheet; and the second leaf comprises a second portion of the sheet, separated from the first portion by a fold line; and wherein the first and second leafs are placed with active surfaces facing each other by folding the sheet along the fold line. 3. A membrane as in claim 1, wherein the protrusions comprise a plurality of line-shaped protrusions, where the line-shaped protrusions are disposed parallel to each other and separated from each other in all planar directions on the surface of the corresponding leaf; and wherein the line-shaped protrusions are disposed on the surface at an angle other than 90 degrees from the feed edge of the corresponding leaf such that the line-shaped protrusions on the first leaf contact the line-shaped protrusions on the second leaf at their intersections. 4. A membrane as in claim 3, wherein the angle is between 40 and 85 degrees, or between 100 and 135 degrees. 5. A membrane as in claim 1, wherein the protrusions protrude from the surface of each leaf by at least 0.065 mm but not more than 0.4 mm. 6. A membrane as in claim 1, wherein the protrusions comprise a plurality of curved features, configured such that the curved feature on the first leaf will intersect the curved features on the second leaf at an angle other than 0 degrees when the membrane is spirally wound. 7. A membrane as in claim 3, wherein the line-shaped protrusions extend across the entire width of the corresponding leaf. 8. A membrane as in claim 3, wherein the line-shaped protrusions extend across less than the entire width of the corresponding leaf. 9. A membrane as in claim 8 wherein the line-shaped protrusions are at least length 20 mm long in the axial dimension and the spacing between line segments is less than the length of the line segments. 10. A membrane as in claim 1, wherein the protrusions are disposed in a first region of the first leaf, and in a first region of the second leaf, and further comprising a plurality of flow protrusions disposed (a) on the active surface of the first leaf other than in the first region of the first leaf, (b) on the active surface of the second leaf other than in the first region of the second leaf, or (c) both, wherein the flow protrusions have a height about equal to the sum of the height of the protrusions in the first region of the first leaf and the height of the protrusions in the first region of the second leaf, and wherein flow protrusions on one leaf do not contact those on the other leaf when the element is spiral wound. 11. A membrane as in claim 10, wherein the flow protrusions are disposed on the first leaf and not on the second leaf. 12. A membrane as in claim 8, wherein the line-shaped protrusions are disposed in regions proximal the feed and reject edges of the corresponding leaf, and further comprising a plurality of flow protrusions disposed (a) on the active surface of the first leaf in regions other than those occupied by the line-shaped protrusions, (b) on the active surface of the second leaf in regions other than those occupied by the line-shaped protrusions, or (c) both, wherein the flow protrusions have a height about equal to the sum of the height of the line-shaped protrusions on the first leaf and the height of the line-shaped protrusions on the second leaf; and wherein the flow protrusions on one leaf do not contact those on the other leaf when the element is spiral wound. 13. A membrane as in claim 12, wherein the flow protrusions are disposed on the first leaf and not on the second leaf. 14. A method of making a membrane, comprising
providing a first leaf and a second leaf, each having an active surface; placing a plurality of protrusions on the active surface of each leaf, the protrusions being shaped and disposed on the surface such that when the active surface of the first leaf is placed adjacent to the active surface of the second leaf the protrusions are in contact with each other with the protrusions on the first leaf separated from the active surface of the second leaf by the protrusions on the second leaf; placing the active surface of the first leaf adjacent to the active surface of the second leaf, separated by the protrusions. 15. A method as in claim 14, wherein providing a first leaf and a second leaf comprises providing a sheet separated into a first leaf and a second leaf by a fold line; and wherein placing the active surface of the first leaf adjacent to the active surface of the second leaf comprises folding the sheet along the fold line. 16. A filtration element comprising a membrane as in claim 1, spirally wound around a center tube. 17. A fluid treatment system, comprising a plurality of filtration elements as in claim 16. 18. A method of treating a fluid, comprising flowing the fluid through a filtration element as in claim 16. 19. A membrane for use in a spiral wound filtration element, comprising a sheet having an active surface, the sheet folded with the active surface inside the folded sheet, wherein the active surface has a plurality of protrusions disposed thereon, the protrusions being shaped and disposed on the surface such that the protrusions contact each other and hold apart the facing active surfaces in the folded sheet. 20. A membrane as in claim 19, wherein the protrusions comprise a plurality of line-shaped protrusions disposed on the active surface at an angle other than 90 degrees to the feed edge of the membrane. 21. A membrane as in claim 20, wherein the angle is between 40 and 85 degrees, or between 100 and 135 degrees. 22. A membrane as in claim 20, wherein the protrusions protrude from the surface of each leaf by at least 0.065 mm but not more than 0.4 mm. | 1,700 |
3,789 | 13,400,954 | 1,789 | A fabric is provided comprising functional filaments, wherein each filament contains electrically conductive polymer material. In this way, the fabric is made conductive and has static dissipation properties comparable to metal-based fabrics. At the same time, the fabric also has desirable physical properties comparable to non-conductive synthetic fabrics. | 1. A conductive engineered industrial belting media suitable for making nonwoven textiles in the airlaid, meltblown or spunbonding processes comprising a plurality of load-hearing oriented polymeric filaments having one or more shaped grooves formed on the surface of the filaments, wherein each filament includes electrically conductive polymer material incorporated as either a blend or a coating that substantially fills the shaped grooves, wherein the cross-section of each shaped groove presents a shape that provides a mechanical interlock between a monofilament and the conductive polymer, said conductive fabric having static dissipation properties comparable to metal-based belting media whilst being resistant to dents and creases and wherein the one or more shaped grooves allow for continued exposure of the conductive polymer to the filament surface as the monofilament wears so that the filament retains its conductivity. 2. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 1, wherein the functional filaments constitute between five and one hundred percent of the fabric. 3. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 1, wherein the fabric has static dissipation properties equivalent to metal-based fabrics whilst also having physical properties comparable to non-conductive synthetic fabrics. 4. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 3, wherein said physical properties include one of modulus, tenacity, strength, adhesion, abrasion resistance, and durability. 5. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 1, wherein the filament comprises conductive polymer material blended with polymeric materials that can be oriented. 6. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 1, wherein the filament is a bicomponent fiber containing conductive polymer material and formed by melt extrusion. 7. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 1, wherein the filament comprises an oriented structure coated with conductive polymer material. 8. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 7, wherein the conductive polymer is applied by one of dip coating, spraying from solutions, dispersion over the filament, and thermal spraying. 9. The fabric in accordance with claim 1, wherein the filament comprises conductive polymer material selected from the class of polyanilines. 10. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 9, wherein said polyaniline filament has physical properties comparable to a polyamide filament. 11. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 1, wherein the filament is a lobed monofilament coated with conductive polymer material. 12. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 11, wherein the coating has a conductivity, minimally greater than 10−3 S/cm, whilst maintaining the physical and tribological properties of the core monofilament. 13. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 11, wherein the shape of the one or more shaped grooves includes C-shaped grooves that provide a mechanical interlock between the monofilament and the conductive polymer filling the grooves. 14. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 13, wherein the interlock provided by the C-shaped grooves reduces a need for adhesion of the conductive polymer to the monofilament by providing the mechanical interlock between the monofilament and the conductive polymer filling the grooves. 15. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 13, wherein positioning of the conductive polymer in the C-shaped grooves shields the polymer and reduces the impact of its lesser abrasion resistance and physical properties. 16. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 11, wherein the weight composition of the conductive material is ten percent or less of the total weight of the coated monofilament. 17. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 1, wherein the fabric is single layered or multi layered, or laminated. 18. The fabric in accordance with claim 1, wherein the fabric is one of woven, nonwoven, spiral-link, MD or CD yarn arrays, knitted fabric, extruded mesh, and spiral wound strips of woven and non-woven materials. 19. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 1, wherein the fabric is used in a dry application in which static dissipation is required through the belting media. 20. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 1, wherein the conductive polymer is one of polyacetylene, polythiophene, poly3alkyl-thiophene, polypyrrole, poly-isothianaphthene, polyethylene dioxythiophene, alkoxy-substituted poly(para-phenylene vinylene), poly(para-phenylene vinylene), poly(2,5-dialkoxy-para-phenylene), poly(paraphenylene), ladder-type poly(para-phenylene), poly(para-phenylene) sulfide, polyheptadiyne, and poly(3-hexyl thiophene). 21. An engineered industrial belting media load bearing polymeric filament said polymeric filament having one or more shaped grooves formed on the surface of the filaments, wherein said shaped grooves are substantially filled with electrically conductive polymer material mechanically locked in place and wherein the one or more shaped grooves allow for continued exposure of the conductive polymer to the filament surface as the monofilament wears so that the filament retains its conductivity and wherein the cross-section of each shaped groove presents a shape that provides a mechanical interlock between the monofilament and the conductive polymer. 22. The filament in accordance with claim 21, wherein the filament comprises conductive polymer material blended with polymeric materials that can be oriented. 23. The filament in accordance with claim 21, wherein the filament is a bicomponent fiber containing conductive polymer material and formed by melt extrusion. 24. The filament in accordance with claim 21, wherein the filament comprises an oriented structure coated with conductive polymer material. 25. The filament in accordance with claim 24, wherein the conductive polymer is applied by one of dip coating, spraying from solutions, dispersion over the filament, and thermal spraying. 26. The filament (10) in accordance with claim 21, wherein the filament (10) comprises a conductive polymer material (14) selected from the class of polyanilines. 27. The filament in accordance with claim 26, wherein said polyaniline filament has physical properties comparable to a polyamide filament. 28. The filament in accordance with claim 21, wherein the filament is a lobed monofilament coated with conductive polymer material. 29. The filament in accordance with claim 28, wherein the coating has a conductivity, minimally greater than 10−3 S/cm, whilst maintaining the physical and tribological properties of the core monofilament. 30. The filament in accordance with claim 28, wherein the shape of the grooves includes C-shaped grooves that provide a mechanical interlock between the monofilament and the conductive polymer filling the grooves. 31. The filament in accordance with claim 30, wherein the interlock provided by the C-shaped grooves reduces a need for adhesion of the conductive polymer to the monofilament by providing the mechanical interlock between the monofilament and the conductive polymer filling the grooves. 32. The filament in accordance with claim 30, wherein positioning of the conductive polymer in the C-shaped grooves shields the polymer and reduces the impact of its lesser abrasion resistance and physical properties. 33. The filament in accordance with claim 28, wherein the weight composition of the conductive material is ten percent or less of the total weight of the coated monofilament. 34. The filament in accordance with claim 21, wherein the conductive polymer is one of polyacetylene, polythiophene, poly3alkyl-thiophene, polypyrrole, poly-isothia-naphthene, polyethylene dioxythiophene, alkoxy-substituted poly(para-phenylene vinylene), poly(para-phenylene vinylene), poly(2,5-dialkoxy-para-phenylene), poly(para-phenylene), ladder-type poly(para-phenylene), poly(para-phenylene) sulfide, polyheptadiyne, and poly(3-hexyl thiophene). 35. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 11, wherein the coating has a conductivity greater than 103 S/cm, whilst maintaining the physical and tribological properties of the core monofilament. 36. The filament in accordance with claim 28, wherein the coating has a conductivity greater than 103 S/cm, whilst maintaining the physical and tribological properties of the core monofilament. 37. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 1, wherein the industrial belting media is laminated. 38. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 18, wherein the spiral wound strips are woven or nonwoven materials comprising yarns including monofilaments, plied monofilaments, multifilaments, plied multifilaments and staple fibers. 39. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 1 wherein the monofilament has a non-circular cross sectional shape. 40. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 39 wherein the monofilament has the non-circular cross sectional shape selected from the group of rectangular, square, trapezoidal, oblong, oval, conical, or star-shaped 41. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 40 wherein the monofilament's the non-circular cross sectional shape is rectangular or square, and includes a plurality of grooves. 42. The filament in accordance with claim 21 wherein the monofilament has a non-circular cross sectional shape. 43. The filament in accordance in accordance with claim 42 wherein the monofilament has the non-circular cross sectional shape selected from the group of rectangular, square, trapezoidal, oblong, oval, conical, or star-shaped. 44. The filament in accordance with claim 43 wherein the monofilament's non-circular cross sectional shape is rectangular or square, and includes a plurality of grooves. 45. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 11, wherein the shape of the one or more shaped grooves includes a necking that provides a mechanical interlock between the monofilament and the conductive polymer filling the grooves. 46. The filament in accordance with claim 21 wherein the shape of the one or more shaped grooves includes a necking that provides a mechanical interlock between the monofilament and the conductive polymer filling the grooves. | A fabric is provided comprising functional filaments, wherein each filament contains electrically conductive polymer material. In this way, the fabric is made conductive and has static dissipation properties comparable to metal-based fabrics. At the same time, the fabric also has desirable physical properties comparable to non-conductive synthetic fabrics.1. A conductive engineered industrial belting media suitable for making nonwoven textiles in the airlaid, meltblown or spunbonding processes comprising a plurality of load-hearing oriented polymeric filaments having one or more shaped grooves formed on the surface of the filaments, wherein each filament includes electrically conductive polymer material incorporated as either a blend or a coating that substantially fills the shaped grooves, wherein the cross-section of each shaped groove presents a shape that provides a mechanical interlock between a monofilament and the conductive polymer, said conductive fabric having static dissipation properties comparable to metal-based belting media whilst being resistant to dents and creases and wherein the one or more shaped grooves allow for continued exposure of the conductive polymer to the filament surface as the monofilament wears so that the filament retains its conductivity. 2. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 1, wherein the functional filaments constitute between five and one hundred percent of the fabric. 3. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 1, wherein the fabric has static dissipation properties equivalent to metal-based fabrics whilst also having physical properties comparable to non-conductive synthetic fabrics. 4. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 3, wherein said physical properties include one of modulus, tenacity, strength, adhesion, abrasion resistance, and durability. 5. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 1, wherein the filament comprises conductive polymer material blended with polymeric materials that can be oriented. 6. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 1, wherein the filament is a bicomponent fiber containing conductive polymer material and formed by melt extrusion. 7. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 1, wherein the filament comprises an oriented structure coated with conductive polymer material. 8. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 7, wherein the conductive polymer is applied by one of dip coating, spraying from solutions, dispersion over the filament, and thermal spraying. 9. The fabric in accordance with claim 1, wherein the filament comprises conductive polymer material selected from the class of polyanilines. 10. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 9, wherein said polyaniline filament has physical properties comparable to a polyamide filament. 11. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 1, wherein the filament is a lobed monofilament coated with conductive polymer material. 12. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 11, wherein the coating has a conductivity, minimally greater than 10−3 S/cm, whilst maintaining the physical and tribological properties of the core monofilament. 13. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 11, wherein the shape of the one or more shaped grooves includes C-shaped grooves that provide a mechanical interlock between the monofilament and the conductive polymer filling the grooves. 14. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 13, wherein the interlock provided by the C-shaped grooves reduces a need for adhesion of the conductive polymer to the monofilament by providing the mechanical interlock between the monofilament and the conductive polymer filling the grooves. 15. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 13, wherein positioning of the conductive polymer in the C-shaped grooves shields the polymer and reduces the impact of its lesser abrasion resistance and physical properties. 16. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 11, wherein the weight composition of the conductive material is ten percent or less of the total weight of the coated monofilament. 17. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 1, wherein the fabric is single layered or multi layered, or laminated. 18. The fabric in accordance with claim 1, wherein the fabric is one of woven, nonwoven, spiral-link, MD or CD yarn arrays, knitted fabric, extruded mesh, and spiral wound strips of woven and non-woven materials. 19. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 1, wherein the fabric is used in a dry application in which static dissipation is required through the belting media. 20. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 1, wherein the conductive polymer is one of polyacetylene, polythiophene, poly3alkyl-thiophene, polypyrrole, poly-isothianaphthene, polyethylene dioxythiophene, alkoxy-substituted poly(para-phenylene vinylene), poly(para-phenylene vinylene), poly(2,5-dialkoxy-para-phenylene), poly(paraphenylene), ladder-type poly(para-phenylene), poly(para-phenylene) sulfide, polyheptadiyne, and poly(3-hexyl thiophene). 21. An engineered industrial belting media load bearing polymeric filament said polymeric filament having one or more shaped grooves formed on the surface of the filaments, wherein said shaped grooves are substantially filled with electrically conductive polymer material mechanically locked in place and wherein the one or more shaped grooves allow for continued exposure of the conductive polymer to the filament surface as the monofilament wears so that the filament retains its conductivity and wherein the cross-section of each shaped groove presents a shape that provides a mechanical interlock between the monofilament and the conductive polymer. 22. The filament in accordance with claim 21, wherein the filament comprises conductive polymer material blended with polymeric materials that can be oriented. 23. The filament in accordance with claim 21, wherein the filament is a bicomponent fiber containing conductive polymer material and formed by melt extrusion. 24. The filament in accordance with claim 21, wherein the filament comprises an oriented structure coated with conductive polymer material. 25. The filament in accordance with claim 24, wherein the conductive polymer is applied by one of dip coating, spraying from solutions, dispersion over the filament, and thermal spraying. 26. The filament (10) in accordance with claim 21, wherein the filament (10) comprises a conductive polymer material (14) selected from the class of polyanilines. 27. The filament in accordance with claim 26, wherein said polyaniline filament has physical properties comparable to a polyamide filament. 28. The filament in accordance with claim 21, wherein the filament is a lobed monofilament coated with conductive polymer material. 29. The filament in accordance with claim 28, wherein the coating has a conductivity, minimally greater than 10−3 S/cm, whilst maintaining the physical and tribological properties of the core monofilament. 30. The filament in accordance with claim 28, wherein the shape of the grooves includes C-shaped grooves that provide a mechanical interlock between the monofilament and the conductive polymer filling the grooves. 31. The filament in accordance with claim 30, wherein the interlock provided by the C-shaped grooves reduces a need for adhesion of the conductive polymer to the monofilament by providing the mechanical interlock between the monofilament and the conductive polymer filling the grooves. 32. The filament in accordance with claim 30, wherein positioning of the conductive polymer in the C-shaped grooves shields the polymer and reduces the impact of its lesser abrasion resistance and physical properties. 33. The filament in accordance with claim 28, wherein the weight composition of the conductive material is ten percent or less of the total weight of the coated monofilament. 34. The filament in accordance with claim 21, wherein the conductive polymer is one of polyacetylene, polythiophene, poly3alkyl-thiophene, polypyrrole, poly-isothia-naphthene, polyethylene dioxythiophene, alkoxy-substituted poly(para-phenylene vinylene), poly(para-phenylene vinylene), poly(2,5-dialkoxy-para-phenylene), poly(para-phenylene), ladder-type poly(para-phenylene), poly(para-phenylene) sulfide, polyheptadiyne, and poly(3-hexyl thiophene). 35. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 11, wherein the coating has a conductivity greater than 103 S/cm, whilst maintaining the physical and tribological properties of the core monofilament. 36. The filament in accordance with claim 28, wherein the coating has a conductivity greater than 103 S/cm, whilst maintaining the physical and tribological properties of the core monofilament. 37. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 1, wherein the industrial belting media is laminated. 38. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 18, wherein the spiral wound strips are woven or nonwoven materials comprising yarns including monofilaments, plied monofilaments, multifilaments, plied multifilaments and staple fibers. 39. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 1 wherein the monofilament has a non-circular cross sectional shape. 40. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 39 wherein the monofilament has the non-circular cross sectional shape selected from the group of rectangular, square, trapezoidal, oblong, oval, conical, or star-shaped 41. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 40 wherein the monofilament's the non-circular cross sectional shape is rectangular or square, and includes a plurality of grooves. 42. The filament in accordance with claim 21 wherein the monofilament has a non-circular cross sectional shape. 43. The filament in accordance in accordance with claim 42 wherein the monofilament has the non-circular cross sectional shape selected from the group of rectangular, square, trapezoidal, oblong, oval, conical, or star-shaped. 44. The filament in accordance with claim 43 wherein the monofilament's non-circular cross sectional shape is rectangular or square, and includes a plurality of grooves. 45. The industrial belting media in accordance with claim 11, wherein the shape of the one or more shaped grooves includes a necking that provides a mechanical interlock between the monofilament and the conductive polymer filling the grooves. 46. The filament in accordance with claim 21 wherein the shape of the one or more shaped grooves includes a necking that provides a mechanical interlock between the monofilament and the conductive polymer filling the grooves. | 1,700 |
3,790 | 14,934,951 | 1,798 | A universal column is provided which allows purification methods utilizing centrifugation, syringe coupling and/or use of a vacuum source. Methods for using the universal column and kits comprising the universal column are described. | 1-47. (canceled) 48. A column assembly comprising:
a body having an upper section, a reservoir section, and a lower section; a reservoir formed in a reservoir section of the body; a top coupling member disposed adjacent the upper section, the top coupling member having a top passage in flow communication with the reservoir, and the top coupling member configured to couple to a syringe or a reservoir adapter; an inner projection formed adjacent the lower section, the inner projection having a bottom passage in flow communication with the reservoir, and the inner projection sized and configured to connect to a vacuum manifold; a support structure within the reservoir arranged to support a binding matrix, wherein:
the reservoir comprises a tapered portion integrally formed with a bottom portion of the reservoir section and a top portion of the bottom coupling member and tapered at approximately forty-five degrees to a longitudinal axis of the reservoir section, the tapered portion having an interior portion that is in flow communication with the bottom passage;
the support structure comprises a plurality of support ribs, the support ribs being integrally formed with the tapered portion integrally formed with the bottom portion of the reservoir section;
each of the plurality of ribs with a planar top surface that is approximately normal to the longitudinal axis of the reservoir section; and
an outer projection surrounding a portion of the inner projection, the outer projection sized to engage a centrifuge tube; wherein the column assembly is adapted to couple, individually, to a syringe, a reservoir adapter, a vacuum manifold, and a centrifuge tube to enable fluid to pass through the binding matrix. 49. The column assembly according to claim 48, wherein the reservoir section, the inner projection, and the outer projection are cylindrical. 50. The column assembly according to claim 49, wherein an outer diameter of the outer projection is smaller than an outer diameter of the reservoir section. 51. The column assembly according to claim 50, wherein the outer diameter of the reservoir section is approximately 12.5 mm. 52. The column assembly according to claim 49, wherein an outer diameter of the outer projection is between about 4 mm and about 11 mm. 53. The column assembly according to claim 48, wherein a bottom portion of the inner projection extends longitudinally beyond a bottom portion of the outer projection. 54. The column assembly according to claim 48, wherein the top coupling member includes at least two mating tabs extending radially from a top portion of the top coupling member. 55. The column assembly according to claim 48, wherein the body comprises a thermoplastic polymer. 56. The column assembly according to claim 55, wherein the thermoplastic polymer comprises polypropylene, polystyrene, or a mixture of polypropylene and polystyrene. 57. The column assembly according to claim 48, wherein the top coupling member is ultrasonically welded to a top portion of the reservoir section. 58. A method for separating a compound from impurities comprising:
(i) loading a sample that comprises a compound and impurities onto a column of claim 48; (ii) incubating the column under conditions wherein the compound binds to the column matrix; and (iii) removing impurities from the column under conditions wherein the compound remains bound to the column matrix. 59. The method of claim 58, wherein the compound is a nucleic acid. 60. The method of claim 58, further comprising the step of (iv) removing the compound from the column. 61. The method of claim 60, wherein removing the compound from the column comprises loading an elution buffer onto the column under conditions in which the compound releases from the matrix and collecting the elution buffer comprising the compound. 62. The method of claim 58, wherein removing the impurities from the column in step (iii) further comprises washing the column matrix one or more times with a wash buffer under conditions wherein the compound remains bound to the column matrix. 63. The method of claim 62, wherein the wash buffer is removed using at least one procedure selected from the group consisting of spinning the column in centrifuge, applying a positive pressure to the top of the column and applying a negative pressure to the bottom of the column. 64. A purification kit comprising a column according to claim 48, and one or more additional components selected from the group consisting of: a preparative buffer, an elution buffer, a wash buffer, a syringe, a reservoir adapter, a centrifuge tube, a microcentrifuge tube, a collection tube, and a nuclease. 65. The kit of claim 64, wherein the kit further comprises an instruction manual for use of the kit. 66. The kit of claim 64, wherein the preparative buffer is a cell lysis buffer or neutralization buffer. 67. The kit of claim 64, wherein the reservoir adapter comprises a filter. | A universal column is provided which allows purification methods utilizing centrifugation, syringe coupling and/or use of a vacuum source. Methods for using the universal column and kits comprising the universal column are described.1-47. (canceled) 48. A column assembly comprising:
a body having an upper section, a reservoir section, and a lower section; a reservoir formed in a reservoir section of the body; a top coupling member disposed adjacent the upper section, the top coupling member having a top passage in flow communication with the reservoir, and the top coupling member configured to couple to a syringe or a reservoir adapter; an inner projection formed adjacent the lower section, the inner projection having a bottom passage in flow communication with the reservoir, and the inner projection sized and configured to connect to a vacuum manifold; a support structure within the reservoir arranged to support a binding matrix, wherein:
the reservoir comprises a tapered portion integrally formed with a bottom portion of the reservoir section and a top portion of the bottom coupling member and tapered at approximately forty-five degrees to a longitudinal axis of the reservoir section, the tapered portion having an interior portion that is in flow communication with the bottom passage;
the support structure comprises a plurality of support ribs, the support ribs being integrally formed with the tapered portion integrally formed with the bottom portion of the reservoir section;
each of the plurality of ribs with a planar top surface that is approximately normal to the longitudinal axis of the reservoir section; and
an outer projection surrounding a portion of the inner projection, the outer projection sized to engage a centrifuge tube; wherein the column assembly is adapted to couple, individually, to a syringe, a reservoir adapter, a vacuum manifold, and a centrifuge tube to enable fluid to pass through the binding matrix. 49. The column assembly according to claim 48, wherein the reservoir section, the inner projection, and the outer projection are cylindrical. 50. The column assembly according to claim 49, wherein an outer diameter of the outer projection is smaller than an outer diameter of the reservoir section. 51. The column assembly according to claim 50, wherein the outer diameter of the reservoir section is approximately 12.5 mm. 52. The column assembly according to claim 49, wherein an outer diameter of the outer projection is between about 4 mm and about 11 mm. 53. The column assembly according to claim 48, wherein a bottom portion of the inner projection extends longitudinally beyond a bottom portion of the outer projection. 54. The column assembly according to claim 48, wherein the top coupling member includes at least two mating tabs extending radially from a top portion of the top coupling member. 55. The column assembly according to claim 48, wherein the body comprises a thermoplastic polymer. 56. The column assembly according to claim 55, wherein the thermoplastic polymer comprises polypropylene, polystyrene, or a mixture of polypropylene and polystyrene. 57. The column assembly according to claim 48, wherein the top coupling member is ultrasonically welded to a top portion of the reservoir section. 58. A method for separating a compound from impurities comprising:
(i) loading a sample that comprises a compound and impurities onto a column of claim 48; (ii) incubating the column under conditions wherein the compound binds to the column matrix; and (iii) removing impurities from the column under conditions wherein the compound remains bound to the column matrix. 59. The method of claim 58, wherein the compound is a nucleic acid. 60. The method of claim 58, further comprising the step of (iv) removing the compound from the column. 61. The method of claim 60, wherein removing the compound from the column comprises loading an elution buffer onto the column under conditions in which the compound releases from the matrix and collecting the elution buffer comprising the compound. 62. The method of claim 58, wherein removing the impurities from the column in step (iii) further comprises washing the column matrix one or more times with a wash buffer under conditions wherein the compound remains bound to the column matrix. 63. The method of claim 62, wherein the wash buffer is removed using at least one procedure selected from the group consisting of spinning the column in centrifuge, applying a positive pressure to the top of the column and applying a negative pressure to the bottom of the column. 64. A purification kit comprising a column according to claim 48, and one or more additional components selected from the group consisting of: a preparative buffer, an elution buffer, a wash buffer, a syringe, a reservoir adapter, a centrifuge tube, a microcentrifuge tube, a collection tube, and a nuclease. 65. The kit of claim 64, wherein the kit further comprises an instruction manual for use of the kit. 66. The kit of claim 64, wherein the preparative buffer is a cell lysis buffer or neutralization buffer. 67. The kit of claim 64, wherein the reservoir adapter comprises a filter. | 1,700 |
3,791 | 14,448,730 | 1,726 | The claimed invention is an apparatus and method for performing impedance spectroscopy with a handheld measuring device. Conformal analyte sensor circuits comprising a porous nanotextured substrate and a conductive material situated on the top surface of the solid substrate in a circuit design may be used alone or in combination with a handheld potentiometer. Also disclosed are methods of detecting and/or quantifying a target analyte in a sample using a handheld measuring device. | 1. A method of detecting or quantifying a target analyte in a sample using a handheld measuring device and a conformal analyte sensor circuit comprising the steps of:
(a) placing a sample comprising a target analyte on a conformal analyte sensor circuit having a reference electrode and a working electrode; (b) applying an alternating input electric voltage between the reference electrode and the working electrode of the conformal analyte sensor circuit; (c) varying a frequency of the alternating input electric voltage in an applied frequency spectrum between a minimum frequency and a maximum frequency; (d) amplifying an output current flowing between the reference electrode and the working electrode using a programmable gain amplifier; (e) sectioning an electrical double layer into a plurality of planes, wherein the electrical double layer is proximal to a surface of the working electrode and to a surface of the reference electrode; (f) identifying the frequency of the alternating input electric voltage at which a maximum impedance change occurs using multi-slice splitting, wherein the applied frequency spectrum is sliced into individual discrete frequency points; (g) measuring the impedance at the frequency identified in the previous step; and (h) using the measured impedance to detect the target analyte or calculate a concentration of the target analyte by use of a standard calibration curve. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the input electric voltage has a minimum frequency of 2 Hz and a maximum frequency of 15 kHz. 3-9. (canceled) 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the input electric voltage is between 1 mV and 100 mV. 11. (canceled) 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the output current is between 10 pA and 10 mA. 13-15. (canceled) 16. The method of claim 1, further comprising calculating a difference in phase between the input electric voltage and the output current using a programmable microcontroller. 17-25. (canceled) 26. A conformal analyte sensor circuit comprising:
a solid substrate having a surface comprising a porous nanotextured substrate; a conductive material situated on the surface of the solid substrate in a circuit design, thereby creating a circuit comprising a working electrode and a reference electrode; a programmable gain amplifier operably coupled to the working electrode and the reference electrode; and a programmable microcontroller operably coupled to the programmable gain amplifier, the working electrode, and the reference electrode, wherein the programmable microcontroller is configured to: (a) apply an alternating input electric voltage between the reference electrode and the working electrode of the conformal analyte sensor circuit; (b) vary a frequency of the alternating input electric voltage in an applied frequency spectrum between a minimum frequency and a maximum frequency; (c) amplify an output current flowing between the reference electrode and the working electrode using a programmable gain amplifier; (d) section an electrical double layer into a plurality of planes, wherein the electrical double layer is proximal to a surface of the working electrode and to a surface of the reference electrode; (e) identify the frequency of the alternating input electric voltage at which a maximum impedance change occurs using multi-slice splitting, wherein the applied frequency spectrum is sliced into individual discrete frequency points; (f) measure the impedance at the frequency identified in the previous step; and (g) use the measured impedance to detect the target analyte or calculate a concentration of the target analyte by use of a standard calibration curve. 27-29. (canceled) 30. The analyte sensor circuit of claim 26, wherein the porous nanotextured substrate is paper or nitrocellulose. 31-50. (canceled) 51. The analyte sensor circuit of claim 26, wherein the circuit does not contain a capture ligand or label-molecule. 52. The analyte sensor circuit of claim 26, wherein the conformal analyte sensor further comprises a redox material. 53-61. (canceled) 62. A method of detecting a target analyte comprising:
spotting a sample on the conformal analyte sensor circuit of claim 26, wherein the sample wicks through the porous nanotextured substrate onto the working electrode and the reference electrode; attaching the conformal analyte sensor circuit to a source circuit; and detecting the target analyte in the sample with a source circuit. 63-66. (canceled) 67. The method of claim 62, wherein the target analyte is a protein, DNA, RNA, SNP, small molecules, pathogens heavy metal ions, or physiological ions. 68-90. (canceled) 91. The method of claim 1 wherein the concentration of the target analyte is calculated after calculating a baseline impedance for a control solution. 92. The method of claim 1 wherein the conformal analyte sensor circuit comprises a porous nanotextured substrate coated with a conductive material and patterned to control fluid wicking. 93. The method of claim 92 wherein the maximum impedance change is a result of the target analyte interacting with conductive material. 94. The conformal analyte sensor circuit of claim 26 wherein the programmable gain amplifier and the programmable microcontroller are comprised in a handheld device. 95. The conformal analyte sensor circuit of claim 26 further comprising a smartphone coupled to the conformal analyte sensor circuit. 96. The conformal analyte sensor circuit of claim 26 wherein the programmable gain amplifier is configured to amplify an output current flowing from the reference electrode and the working electrode. 97. The conformal analyte sensor circuit of claim 26 wherein the programmable microcontroller is configured to calculate the concentration of the target analyte after calculating a baseline impedance for a control solution. 98. The conformal analyte sensor circuit of claim 26 wherein the conformal analyte sensor circuit comprises a porous nanotextured substrate coated with a conductive material and patterned to control fluid wicking. 99. The conformal analyte sensor circuit of claim 26 wherein the wherein the maximum impedance change is a result of the target analyte interacting with conductive material. | The claimed invention is an apparatus and method for performing impedance spectroscopy with a handheld measuring device. Conformal analyte sensor circuits comprising a porous nanotextured substrate and a conductive material situated on the top surface of the solid substrate in a circuit design may be used alone or in combination with a handheld potentiometer. Also disclosed are methods of detecting and/or quantifying a target analyte in a sample using a handheld measuring device.1. A method of detecting or quantifying a target analyte in a sample using a handheld measuring device and a conformal analyte sensor circuit comprising the steps of:
(a) placing a sample comprising a target analyte on a conformal analyte sensor circuit having a reference electrode and a working electrode; (b) applying an alternating input electric voltage between the reference electrode and the working electrode of the conformal analyte sensor circuit; (c) varying a frequency of the alternating input electric voltage in an applied frequency spectrum between a minimum frequency and a maximum frequency; (d) amplifying an output current flowing between the reference electrode and the working electrode using a programmable gain amplifier; (e) sectioning an electrical double layer into a plurality of planes, wherein the electrical double layer is proximal to a surface of the working electrode and to a surface of the reference electrode; (f) identifying the frequency of the alternating input electric voltage at which a maximum impedance change occurs using multi-slice splitting, wherein the applied frequency spectrum is sliced into individual discrete frequency points; (g) measuring the impedance at the frequency identified in the previous step; and (h) using the measured impedance to detect the target analyte or calculate a concentration of the target analyte by use of a standard calibration curve. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the input electric voltage has a minimum frequency of 2 Hz and a maximum frequency of 15 kHz. 3-9. (canceled) 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the input electric voltage is between 1 mV and 100 mV. 11. (canceled) 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the output current is between 10 pA and 10 mA. 13-15. (canceled) 16. The method of claim 1, further comprising calculating a difference in phase between the input electric voltage and the output current using a programmable microcontroller. 17-25. (canceled) 26. A conformal analyte sensor circuit comprising:
a solid substrate having a surface comprising a porous nanotextured substrate; a conductive material situated on the surface of the solid substrate in a circuit design, thereby creating a circuit comprising a working electrode and a reference electrode; a programmable gain amplifier operably coupled to the working electrode and the reference electrode; and a programmable microcontroller operably coupled to the programmable gain amplifier, the working electrode, and the reference electrode, wherein the programmable microcontroller is configured to: (a) apply an alternating input electric voltage between the reference electrode and the working electrode of the conformal analyte sensor circuit; (b) vary a frequency of the alternating input electric voltage in an applied frequency spectrum between a minimum frequency and a maximum frequency; (c) amplify an output current flowing between the reference electrode and the working electrode using a programmable gain amplifier; (d) section an electrical double layer into a plurality of planes, wherein the electrical double layer is proximal to a surface of the working electrode and to a surface of the reference electrode; (e) identify the frequency of the alternating input electric voltage at which a maximum impedance change occurs using multi-slice splitting, wherein the applied frequency spectrum is sliced into individual discrete frequency points; (f) measure the impedance at the frequency identified in the previous step; and (g) use the measured impedance to detect the target analyte or calculate a concentration of the target analyte by use of a standard calibration curve. 27-29. (canceled) 30. The analyte sensor circuit of claim 26, wherein the porous nanotextured substrate is paper or nitrocellulose. 31-50. (canceled) 51. The analyte sensor circuit of claim 26, wherein the circuit does not contain a capture ligand or label-molecule. 52. The analyte sensor circuit of claim 26, wherein the conformal analyte sensor further comprises a redox material. 53-61. (canceled) 62. A method of detecting a target analyte comprising:
spotting a sample on the conformal analyte sensor circuit of claim 26, wherein the sample wicks through the porous nanotextured substrate onto the working electrode and the reference electrode; attaching the conformal analyte sensor circuit to a source circuit; and detecting the target analyte in the sample with a source circuit. 63-66. (canceled) 67. The method of claim 62, wherein the target analyte is a protein, DNA, RNA, SNP, small molecules, pathogens heavy metal ions, or physiological ions. 68-90. (canceled) 91. The method of claim 1 wherein the concentration of the target analyte is calculated after calculating a baseline impedance for a control solution. 92. The method of claim 1 wherein the conformal analyte sensor circuit comprises a porous nanotextured substrate coated with a conductive material and patterned to control fluid wicking. 93. The method of claim 92 wherein the maximum impedance change is a result of the target analyte interacting with conductive material. 94. The conformal analyte sensor circuit of claim 26 wherein the programmable gain amplifier and the programmable microcontroller are comprised in a handheld device. 95. The conformal analyte sensor circuit of claim 26 further comprising a smartphone coupled to the conformal analyte sensor circuit. 96. The conformal analyte sensor circuit of claim 26 wherein the programmable gain amplifier is configured to amplify an output current flowing from the reference electrode and the working electrode. 97. The conformal analyte sensor circuit of claim 26 wherein the programmable microcontroller is configured to calculate the concentration of the target analyte after calculating a baseline impedance for a control solution. 98. The conformal analyte sensor circuit of claim 26 wherein the conformal analyte sensor circuit comprises a porous nanotextured substrate coated with a conductive material and patterned to control fluid wicking. 99. The conformal analyte sensor circuit of claim 26 wherein the wherein the maximum impedance change is a result of the target analyte interacting with conductive material. | 1,700 |
3,792 | 14,562,745 | 1,741 | Chemically strengthened glass with high surface compression, deeper case depth, shorter processing time and a reduced induced curvature relative to that obtained in a traditional immersion method and a method for making utilizing an electric filed assist are provided. The method includes providing a substrate, characterized by having a glass chemical structure including host alkali ions having an average ionic radius situated in the glass chemical structure. The method also includes exposing the substrate to the exchange medium; and conducting ion exchange to produce a strengthened substrate while exposing the substrate to the exchange medium and applying an electric field in a plurality of cycles across the surfaces of the substrate. | 1. A method for making comprising:
providing a substrate having a first surface and a second surface,
wherein the substrate is characterized by having a glass chemical structure including host alkali ions situated in the structure and having an average ionic radius;
providing an exchange medium including invading alkali ions having an average ionic radius that is larger than an average ionic radius of the host alkali ions; exposing the substrate to the exchange medium; and conducting ion exchange to produce a strengthened substrate while exposing the substrate to the exchange medium and applying an electric field across the surfaces of the substrate,
wherein applying the electric field includes reversing a polarity of the electric field through a plurality of cycles,
wherein the strengthened substrate has a first compressive stress layer extending from the first surface into the substrate and second compressive stress layer extending from the second surface into the substrate,
wherein the strengthened substrate has a balanced compressive stress profile based on
a first plot of first compressive stress amounts at first depths from the first surface within the first compressive stress layer,
a second plot of second compressive stress amounts at second depths from the second surface within the second compressive stress layer, and
at a corresponding first depth and second depth from the respective surfaces, a magnitude of a difference between a first compressive stress amount at the first depth and a second compressive stress amount at the second depth, is less than 500 MPa. 2. The method of claim 1,
wherein the strengthened substrate has a balanced compressive stress profile based on, at the corresponding first depth and second depth, the difference is less than 250 MPa, wherein, if the glass is sodium borosilicate having ≧4 mol % and <8 mol % Na2O below the case depth, the surface compression is one of
>360 MPa having a case depth≧20 μm,
>390 MPa having a case depth<20 μm and ≧15 μm,
>420 MPa having a case depth<15 μm and ≧10 μm,
>470 MPa having a case depth less than 10 μm,
wherein, if the glass is sodium borosilicate having ≧8 mol % and <12 mol % Na2O below the case depth, the surface compression is one of
>600 MPa having a case depth≧20 μm,
>650 MPa having a case depth<20 μm and ≧15 μm,
>700 MPa having a case depth<15 μm and ≧10 μm,
>780 MPa having a case depth less than 10 μm,
wherein, if the glass is soda-lime silicate, the surface compression is one of
>700 MPa having a case depth≧20 μm,
>750 MPa having a case depth<20 μm and ≧15 μm,
>800 MPa having a case depth<15 μm and ≧10 μm,
>900 MPa having a case depth<10 μm,
wherein, if the glass is alkali aluminosilicate, the surface compression is one of
>900 MPa having a case depth≧30 μm,
>950 MPa having a case depth<30 μm and ≧20 μm,
>1000 MPa having a case depth<20 μm. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein, in applying the electric field, the plurality of cycles includes less than 16 cycles. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein, in applying the electric field, the electric field has a voltage of less than 2,000 volts/mm. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein, in applying the electric field, the electric field has a current of less than 0.0155 amps/mm2. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the conducting of the ion exchange occurs over a period of less than 4 hours. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein edge strengthening is utilized as part of a preparation of the substrate for chemical strengthening. 8. The method of claim 1,
wherein, in conducting the ion exchange, the substrate is held at temperature between 10° C. and 1,400° C., wherein the exchange medium is one of a liquid, a solid, a gas or a combination thereof, wherein the method is one of a continuous process or a batch process. 9. The method of claim 1,
wherein the strengthened substrate is flat and has a width of less than 6.0 mm, wherein the substrate includes a treatment-rich volume proximate to the first surface and a treatment-poor volume proximate to the second surface, the two volumes located opposed to each other in the substrate. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the strengthened substrate is curved and has a maximum width of less than 50 mm. 11. The method of claim 1,
wherein the strengthened substrate has a compressive stress layer having a depth of 2-200 μm, wherein the strengthened substrate consists essentially of one of alkali aluminosilicate glass, sodium borosilicate glass, soda-lime silicate glass. 12. An article of manufacture comprising:
a strengthened substrate having a first surface and a second surface,
wherein the strengthened substrate is characterized by having a glass chemical structure including host alkali ions and invading alkali ions situated in the structure and an average ionic radius of the invading alkali ions is greater than an average ionic radius of the host alkali ions,
wherein the strengthened substrate has a first compressive stress layer extending from the first surface into the substrate and second compressive stress layer extending from the second surface into the substrate,
wherein the strengthened substrate has a first compressive stress layer extending from the first surface into the substrate and second compressive stress layer extending from the second surface into the substrate,
wherein the strengthened substrate has a balanced compressive stress profile based on
a first plot of first compressive stress amounts at first depths from the first surface within the first compressive stress layer,
a second plot of second compressive stress amounts at second depths from the second surface within the second compressive stress layer, and
at a corresponding first depth and second depth from the respective surfaces, a magnitude of a difference between a first compressive stress amount at the first depth and a second compressive stress amount at the second depth, is less than 500 MPa,
wherein, if the glass is sodium borosilicate having ≧4 mol % and <8 mol % Na2O below the case depth, the surface compression is one of
>360 MPa having a case depth≧20 μm,
>390 MPa having a case depth<20 μm and ≧15 μm,
>420 MPa having a case depth<15 μm and ≧10 μm,
>470 MPa having a case depth less than 10 μm,
wherein, if the glass is sodium borosilicate having ≧8 mol % and <12 mol % Na2O below the case depth, the surface compression is one of
>600 MPa having a case depth≧20 μm,
>650 MPa having a case depth<20 μm and ≧15 μm,
>700 MPa having a case depth<15 μm and ≧10 μm,
>780 MPa having a case depth less than 10 μm,
wherein, if the glass is soda-lime silicate, the surface compression is one of
>700 MPa having a case depth≧20 μm,
>750 MPa having a case depth<20 μm and ≧15 μm,
>800 MPa having a case depth<15 μm and ≧10 μm,
>900 MPa having a case depth<10 μm,
wherein, if the glass is alkali aluminosilicate, the surface compression is one of
>900 MPa having a case depth≧30 μm,
>950 MPa having a case depth<30 μm and ≧20 μm,
>1000 MPa having a case depth<20 μm. 13. The article of claim 12,
wherein the strengthened substrate has a balanced compressive stress profile based on, at the corresponding first depth and second depth, the difference is less than 250 MPa. 14. The article of claim 12,
wherein the strengthened substrate is flat and has a width of less than 6.0 mm, wherein the substrate includes a treatment-rich volume proximate to the first surface and a treatment-poor volume proximate to the second surface, the two volumes located opposed to each other in the substrate. 15. The article of claim 12, wherein the strengthened substrate is curved and has a maximum width of less than 50 mm. 16. The article of claim 12,
wherein the strengthened substrate has a compressive stress layer having a depth of 2-200 μm, wherein the strengthened substrate comprises greater than 50 mole % SiO2. 17. The article of claim 12,
wherein the strengthened substrate comprises 1 to 25 total mole % of Li2O+Na2O+K2O in a diffusion depth, wherein the diffusion depth is about 5 to 200 μm, wherein the strengthened substrate has a net bending moment about a mid-plane of about zero. 18. An article of manufacture comprising:
a strengthened substrate having a first surface and a second surface,
wherein the strengthened substrate is characterized by having a glass chemical structure including host alkali ions and invading alkali ions situated in the structure and an average ionic radius of the invading alkali ions is greater than an average ionic radius of the host alkali ions,
wherein the strengthened substrate has a first compressive stress layer extending from the first surface into the substrate and second compressive stress layer extending from the second surface into the substrate,
wherein the strengthened substrate has a balanced compressive stress profile based on
a first plot of first compressive stress amounts at first depths from the first surface within the first compressive stress layer,
a second plot of second compressive stress amounts at second depths from the second surface within the second compressive stress layer, and
at a corresponding first depth and second depth from the respective surfaces, a magnitude of a difference between a first compressive stress amount at the first depth and a second compressive stress amount at the second depth, is less than 500 MPa,
wherein the strengthened substrate is made by a process comprising conducting ion exchange to produce the strengthened substrate while exposing a substrate to an exchange medium and applying an electric field across the surfaces of the substrate. 19. The article of claim 18,
wherein the strengthened substrate has a surface compression that is one of
>300 MPa if a sodium borosilicate glass,
>600 MPa if a soda-lime silicate glass,
>750 MPa if an alkali aluminosilicate glass. 20. The article of claim 19,
wherein the strengthened substrate has a balanced compressive stress profile based on, at the corresponding first depth and second depth, the difference is less than 250 MPa, wherein, if the glass is sodium borosilicate having ≧4 mol % and <8 mol % Na2O below the case depth, the surface compression is one of
>360 MPa having a case depth≧20 μm,
>390 MPa having a case depth<20 μm and ≧15 μm,
>420 MPa having a case depth<15 μm and ≧10 μm,
>470 MPa having a case depth less than 10 μm,
wherein, if the glass is sodium borosilicate having ≧8 mol % and <12 mol % Na2O below the case depth, the surface compression is one of
>600 MPa having a case depth≧20 μm,
>650 MPa having a case depth<20 μm and ≧15 μm,
>700 MPa having a case depth<15 μm and ≧10 μm,
>780 MPa having a case depth less than 10 μm,
wherein, if the glass is soda-lime silicate, the surface compression is one of
>700 MPa having a case depth≧20 μm,
>750 MPa having a case depth<20 μm and ≧15 μm,
>800 MPa having a case depth<15 μm and ≧10 μm,
>900 MPa having a case depth<10 μm,
wherein, if the glass is alkali aluminosilicate, the surface compression is one of
>900 MPa having a case depth≧30 μm,
>950 MPa having a case depth<30 μm and ≧20 μm,
>1000 MPa having a case depth<20 μm. | Chemically strengthened glass with high surface compression, deeper case depth, shorter processing time and a reduced induced curvature relative to that obtained in a traditional immersion method and a method for making utilizing an electric filed assist are provided. The method includes providing a substrate, characterized by having a glass chemical structure including host alkali ions having an average ionic radius situated in the glass chemical structure. The method also includes exposing the substrate to the exchange medium; and conducting ion exchange to produce a strengthened substrate while exposing the substrate to the exchange medium and applying an electric field in a plurality of cycles across the surfaces of the substrate.1. A method for making comprising:
providing a substrate having a first surface and a second surface,
wherein the substrate is characterized by having a glass chemical structure including host alkali ions situated in the structure and having an average ionic radius;
providing an exchange medium including invading alkali ions having an average ionic radius that is larger than an average ionic radius of the host alkali ions; exposing the substrate to the exchange medium; and conducting ion exchange to produce a strengthened substrate while exposing the substrate to the exchange medium and applying an electric field across the surfaces of the substrate,
wherein applying the electric field includes reversing a polarity of the electric field through a plurality of cycles,
wherein the strengthened substrate has a first compressive stress layer extending from the first surface into the substrate and second compressive stress layer extending from the second surface into the substrate,
wherein the strengthened substrate has a balanced compressive stress profile based on
a first plot of first compressive stress amounts at first depths from the first surface within the first compressive stress layer,
a second plot of second compressive stress amounts at second depths from the second surface within the second compressive stress layer, and
at a corresponding first depth and second depth from the respective surfaces, a magnitude of a difference between a first compressive stress amount at the first depth and a second compressive stress amount at the second depth, is less than 500 MPa. 2. The method of claim 1,
wherein the strengthened substrate has a balanced compressive stress profile based on, at the corresponding first depth and second depth, the difference is less than 250 MPa, wherein, if the glass is sodium borosilicate having ≧4 mol % and <8 mol % Na2O below the case depth, the surface compression is one of
>360 MPa having a case depth≧20 μm,
>390 MPa having a case depth<20 μm and ≧15 μm,
>420 MPa having a case depth<15 μm and ≧10 μm,
>470 MPa having a case depth less than 10 μm,
wherein, if the glass is sodium borosilicate having ≧8 mol % and <12 mol % Na2O below the case depth, the surface compression is one of
>600 MPa having a case depth≧20 μm,
>650 MPa having a case depth<20 μm and ≧15 μm,
>700 MPa having a case depth<15 μm and ≧10 μm,
>780 MPa having a case depth less than 10 μm,
wherein, if the glass is soda-lime silicate, the surface compression is one of
>700 MPa having a case depth≧20 μm,
>750 MPa having a case depth<20 μm and ≧15 μm,
>800 MPa having a case depth<15 μm and ≧10 μm,
>900 MPa having a case depth<10 μm,
wherein, if the glass is alkali aluminosilicate, the surface compression is one of
>900 MPa having a case depth≧30 μm,
>950 MPa having a case depth<30 μm and ≧20 μm,
>1000 MPa having a case depth<20 μm. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein, in applying the electric field, the plurality of cycles includes less than 16 cycles. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein, in applying the electric field, the electric field has a voltage of less than 2,000 volts/mm. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein, in applying the electric field, the electric field has a current of less than 0.0155 amps/mm2. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the conducting of the ion exchange occurs over a period of less than 4 hours. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein edge strengthening is utilized as part of a preparation of the substrate for chemical strengthening. 8. The method of claim 1,
wherein, in conducting the ion exchange, the substrate is held at temperature between 10° C. and 1,400° C., wherein the exchange medium is one of a liquid, a solid, a gas or a combination thereof, wherein the method is one of a continuous process or a batch process. 9. The method of claim 1,
wherein the strengthened substrate is flat and has a width of less than 6.0 mm, wherein the substrate includes a treatment-rich volume proximate to the first surface and a treatment-poor volume proximate to the second surface, the two volumes located opposed to each other in the substrate. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the strengthened substrate is curved and has a maximum width of less than 50 mm. 11. The method of claim 1,
wherein the strengthened substrate has a compressive stress layer having a depth of 2-200 μm, wherein the strengthened substrate consists essentially of one of alkali aluminosilicate glass, sodium borosilicate glass, soda-lime silicate glass. 12. An article of manufacture comprising:
a strengthened substrate having a first surface and a second surface,
wherein the strengthened substrate is characterized by having a glass chemical structure including host alkali ions and invading alkali ions situated in the structure and an average ionic radius of the invading alkali ions is greater than an average ionic radius of the host alkali ions,
wherein the strengthened substrate has a first compressive stress layer extending from the first surface into the substrate and second compressive stress layer extending from the second surface into the substrate,
wherein the strengthened substrate has a first compressive stress layer extending from the first surface into the substrate and second compressive stress layer extending from the second surface into the substrate,
wherein the strengthened substrate has a balanced compressive stress profile based on
a first plot of first compressive stress amounts at first depths from the first surface within the first compressive stress layer,
a second plot of second compressive stress amounts at second depths from the second surface within the second compressive stress layer, and
at a corresponding first depth and second depth from the respective surfaces, a magnitude of a difference between a first compressive stress amount at the first depth and a second compressive stress amount at the second depth, is less than 500 MPa,
wherein, if the glass is sodium borosilicate having ≧4 mol % and <8 mol % Na2O below the case depth, the surface compression is one of
>360 MPa having a case depth≧20 μm,
>390 MPa having a case depth<20 μm and ≧15 μm,
>420 MPa having a case depth<15 μm and ≧10 μm,
>470 MPa having a case depth less than 10 μm,
wherein, if the glass is sodium borosilicate having ≧8 mol % and <12 mol % Na2O below the case depth, the surface compression is one of
>600 MPa having a case depth≧20 μm,
>650 MPa having a case depth<20 μm and ≧15 μm,
>700 MPa having a case depth<15 μm and ≧10 μm,
>780 MPa having a case depth less than 10 μm,
wherein, if the glass is soda-lime silicate, the surface compression is one of
>700 MPa having a case depth≧20 μm,
>750 MPa having a case depth<20 μm and ≧15 μm,
>800 MPa having a case depth<15 μm and ≧10 μm,
>900 MPa having a case depth<10 μm,
wherein, if the glass is alkali aluminosilicate, the surface compression is one of
>900 MPa having a case depth≧30 μm,
>950 MPa having a case depth<30 μm and ≧20 μm,
>1000 MPa having a case depth<20 μm. 13. The article of claim 12,
wherein the strengthened substrate has a balanced compressive stress profile based on, at the corresponding first depth and second depth, the difference is less than 250 MPa. 14. The article of claim 12,
wherein the strengthened substrate is flat and has a width of less than 6.0 mm, wherein the substrate includes a treatment-rich volume proximate to the first surface and a treatment-poor volume proximate to the second surface, the two volumes located opposed to each other in the substrate. 15. The article of claim 12, wherein the strengthened substrate is curved and has a maximum width of less than 50 mm. 16. The article of claim 12,
wherein the strengthened substrate has a compressive stress layer having a depth of 2-200 μm, wherein the strengthened substrate comprises greater than 50 mole % SiO2. 17. The article of claim 12,
wherein the strengthened substrate comprises 1 to 25 total mole % of Li2O+Na2O+K2O in a diffusion depth, wherein the diffusion depth is about 5 to 200 μm, wherein the strengthened substrate has a net bending moment about a mid-plane of about zero. 18. An article of manufacture comprising:
a strengthened substrate having a first surface and a second surface,
wherein the strengthened substrate is characterized by having a glass chemical structure including host alkali ions and invading alkali ions situated in the structure and an average ionic radius of the invading alkali ions is greater than an average ionic radius of the host alkali ions,
wherein the strengthened substrate has a first compressive stress layer extending from the first surface into the substrate and second compressive stress layer extending from the second surface into the substrate,
wherein the strengthened substrate has a balanced compressive stress profile based on
a first plot of first compressive stress amounts at first depths from the first surface within the first compressive stress layer,
a second plot of second compressive stress amounts at second depths from the second surface within the second compressive stress layer, and
at a corresponding first depth and second depth from the respective surfaces, a magnitude of a difference between a first compressive stress amount at the first depth and a second compressive stress amount at the second depth, is less than 500 MPa,
wherein the strengthened substrate is made by a process comprising conducting ion exchange to produce the strengthened substrate while exposing a substrate to an exchange medium and applying an electric field across the surfaces of the substrate. 19. The article of claim 18,
wherein the strengthened substrate has a surface compression that is one of
>300 MPa if a sodium borosilicate glass,
>600 MPa if a soda-lime silicate glass,
>750 MPa if an alkali aluminosilicate glass. 20. The article of claim 19,
wherein the strengthened substrate has a balanced compressive stress profile based on, at the corresponding first depth and second depth, the difference is less than 250 MPa, wherein, if the glass is sodium borosilicate having ≧4 mol % and <8 mol % Na2O below the case depth, the surface compression is one of
>360 MPa having a case depth≧20 μm,
>390 MPa having a case depth<20 μm and ≧15 μm,
>420 MPa having a case depth<15 μm and ≧10 μm,
>470 MPa having a case depth less than 10 μm,
wherein, if the glass is sodium borosilicate having ≧8 mol % and <12 mol % Na2O below the case depth, the surface compression is one of
>600 MPa having a case depth≧20 μm,
>650 MPa having a case depth<20 μm and ≧15 μm,
>700 MPa having a case depth<15 μm and ≧10 μm,
>780 MPa having a case depth less than 10 μm,
wherein, if the glass is soda-lime silicate, the surface compression is one of
>700 MPa having a case depth≧20 μm,
>750 MPa having a case depth<20 μm and ≧15 μm,
>800 MPa having a case depth<15 μm and ≧10 μm,
>900 MPa having a case depth<10 μm,
wherein, if the glass is alkali aluminosilicate, the surface compression is one of
>900 MPa having a case depth≧30 μm,
>950 MPa having a case depth<30 μm and ≧20 μm,
>1000 MPa having a case depth<20 μm. | 1,700 |
3,793 | 14,810,967 | 1,716 | In some embodiments, an ultrasonic tank includes a container, an etching solution tank comprising a working area disposed within the container, and a plurality of ultrasonic transducers arranged about a perimeter of the etching solution tank in a configuration that provides a standard deviation of ultrasonic power within the working area of less than about 0.35. | 1. An ultrasonic tank comprising:
a container; an etching solution tank comprising a working area disposed within the container; and a plurality of ultrasonic transducers arranged about a perimeter of the etching solution tank in a configuration that provides a standard deviation of ultrasonic power within the working area of less than about 0.35. 2. The ultrasonic tank of claim 1, wherein:
the working area has a center; a relative ultrasonic power at the center is 1; and the relative ultrasonic power at each point in the working area is in a range from about 0.8 to about 1.8. 3. The ultrasonic tank of claim 1, wherein one of the plurality of ultrasonic transducers comprises a linear array of ultrasonic transducers. 4. The ultrasonic tank of claim 1, wherein the etching solution tank has a quadrilateral cross section, a bottom surface and four surfaces extending vertically from the bottom surface, wherein each of the four surfaces comprise two vertical edges and two horizontal edges and the four surfaces comprise two pairs of opposing surfaces. 5. The ultrasonic tank of claim 4, wherein one of the plurality of ultrasonic transducers extends along the horizontal edges of one of the pairs of opposing surfaces. 6. The ultrasonic tank of claim 5, wherein the plurality of ultrasonic transducers are continuously arranged to extend across one of the pairs of opposing surfaces. 7. The ultrasonic tank of claim 6, wherein the plurality of ultrasonic transducers are continuously arranged to extend across the bottom surface. 8. The ultrasonic tank of claim 4, wherein the plurality of ultrasonic transducers are continuously arranged to extend across an upper portion of one of the pairs of opposing surfaces and to extend across a middle portion of the bottom surface. 9. The ultrasonic tank of claim 1, further comprising a water tank wherein the etching solution tank is disposed within the water tank and the water tank is disposed within the container. 10. The ultrasonic tank of claim 1, wherein the standard deviation of ultrasonic power within the working area of less than about 0.25. 11. The ultrasonic tank of claim 2, wherein the relative ultrasonic power at each point in the working area is in a range from about 0.8 to about 1.6. 12. A glass etching system, comprising:
a glass substrate; and an ultrasonic tank comprising:
a container;
an etching solution tank disposed within the container, the etching solution tank comprising a working area for etching the glass substrate; and
a plurality of ultrasonic transducers arranged about a perimeter of the etching solution tank in a configuration that provides a standard deviation of ultrasonic power within the working area of less than about 0.35. 13. The glass etching system of claim 12, wherein:
the working area has a center; a relative ultrasonic power at the center is 1; and the relative ultrasonic power at each point in the working area is in a range from about 0.8 to about 1.8. 14. The glass etching system of claim 12, wherein the glass substrate comprises at least one pin hole. 15. The glass etching system of claim 12, wherein the etching solution tank has a quadrilateral cross section, a bottom surface and four surfaces extending vertically from the bottom surface, wherein each of the four surfaces comprise two vertical edges and two horizontal edges and the four surfaces comprise two pairs of opposing surfaces. 16. The glass etching system of claim 15, wherein one of the plurality of ultrasonic transducers extends along the horizontal edges of one of the pairs of opposing surfaces. 17. The glass etching system of claim 16, wherein the plurality of ultrasonic transducers is continuously arranged to extend across one of the pairs of opposing surfaces. 18. The glass etching system of claim 17, wherein the plurality of ultrasonic transducers is continuously arranged to extend across the bottom surface. 19. The glass etching system of claim 15, wherein the plurality of ultrasonic transducers are continuously arranged to extend across an upper portion of one of the pairs of opposing surfaces and to extend across a middle portion of the bottom surface. 20. The glass etching system of claim 12, further comprising a water tank wherein the etching solution tank is disposed within the water tank and the water tank is disposed within the container. 21. The glass etching system of claim 12, wherein the standard deviation of ultrasonic power within the working area of less than about 0.25. 22. The glass etching system of claim 13, wherein the relative ultrasonic power at each point in the working area is in a range from about 0.8 to about 1.6. 23. A method for etching a glass substrate comprising:
placing a glass substrate in an ultrasonic tank, the ultrasonic tank comprising:
a container;
an etching solution tank containing an etching solution, the etching solution tank comprising a working area disposed within the container; and
a plurality of ultrasonic transducers arranged about a perimeter of the etching solution tank in a configuration that provides a standard deviation of ultrasonic power within the working area of less than about 0.35;
etching the glass substrate for an etching duration; and applying ultrasonic energy to the glass substrate through the ultrasonic transducers during a portion of the etching duration. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein:
the working area has a center; a relative ultrasonic power at the center is 1; and the relative ultrasonic power at each point in the working area is in a range from about 0.8 to about 1.8. 25. The method of claim 23, wherein etching the glass substrate comprises forming a via in the glass substrate. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the via is a through via. 27. The method of claim 25, wherein the via is a blind via. 28. The method of claim 23, wherein the ultrasonic energy has a frequency between 40 kHz and 192 kHz. 29. The method of claim 23, wherein the etching solution tank has a quadrilateral cross section, a bottom surface and four surfaces extending vertically from the bottom surface, wherein each of the four surfaces comprise two vertical edges and two horizontal edges and the four surfaces comprise two pairs of opposing surfaces. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein one of the plurality of ultrasonic transducers extends along the horizontal edges of one of the pairs of opposing surfaces. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the plurality of ultrasonic transducers are continuously arranged to extend across one of the pairs of opposing surfaces. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the plurality of ultrasonic transducers are continuously arranged to extend across the bottom surface. 33. The method of claim 29, wherein the plurality of ultrasonic transducers are continuously arranged to extend across an upper portion of one of the pairs of opposing surfaces and to extend across a middle portion of the bottom surface. 34. The method of claim 23, the ultrasonic tank further comprising a water tank wherein the etching solution tank is disposed within water tank and the water tank is disposed within the container. 35. The method of claim 23, wherein the standard deviation of ultrasonic power within the working area of less than about 0.25. 36. The method of claim 24, wherein the relative ultrasonic power at each point in the working area is in a range from about 0.8 to about 1.6. | In some embodiments, an ultrasonic tank includes a container, an etching solution tank comprising a working area disposed within the container, and a plurality of ultrasonic transducers arranged about a perimeter of the etching solution tank in a configuration that provides a standard deviation of ultrasonic power within the working area of less than about 0.35.1. An ultrasonic tank comprising:
a container; an etching solution tank comprising a working area disposed within the container; and a plurality of ultrasonic transducers arranged about a perimeter of the etching solution tank in a configuration that provides a standard deviation of ultrasonic power within the working area of less than about 0.35. 2. The ultrasonic tank of claim 1, wherein:
the working area has a center; a relative ultrasonic power at the center is 1; and the relative ultrasonic power at each point in the working area is in a range from about 0.8 to about 1.8. 3. The ultrasonic tank of claim 1, wherein one of the plurality of ultrasonic transducers comprises a linear array of ultrasonic transducers. 4. The ultrasonic tank of claim 1, wherein the etching solution tank has a quadrilateral cross section, a bottom surface and four surfaces extending vertically from the bottom surface, wherein each of the four surfaces comprise two vertical edges and two horizontal edges and the four surfaces comprise two pairs of opposing surfaces. 5. The ultrasonic tank of claim 4, wherein one of the plurality of ultrasonic transducers extends along the horizontal edges of one of the pairs of opposing surfaces. 6. The ultrasonic tank of claim 5, wherein the plurality of ultrasonic transducers are continuously arranged to extend across one of the pairs of opposing surfaces. 7. The ultrasonic tank of claim 6, wherein the plurality of ultrasonic transducers are continuously arranged to extend across the bottom surface. 8. The ultrasonic tank of claim 4, wherein the plurality of ultrasonic transducers are continuously arranged to extend across an upper portion of one of the pairs of opposing surfaces and to extend across a middle portion of the bottom surface. 9. The ultrasonic tank of claim 1, further comprising a water tank wherein the etching solution tank is disposed within the water tank and the water tank is disposed within the container. 10. The ultrasonic tank of claim 1, wherein the standard deviation of ultrasonic power within the working area of less than about 0.25. 11. The ultrasonic tank of claim 2, wherein the relative ultrasonic power at each point in the working area is in a range from about 0.8 to about 1.6. 12. A glass etching system, comprising:
a glass substrate; and an ultrasonic tank comprising:
a container;
an etching solution tank disposed within the container, the etching solution tank comprising a working area for etching the glass substrate; and
a plurality of ultrasonic transducers arranged about a perimeter of the etching solution tank in a configuration that provides a standard deviation of ultrasonic power within the working area of less than about 0.35. 13. The glass etching system of claim 12, wherein:
the working area has a center; a relative ultrasonic power at the center is 1; and the relative ultrasonic power at each point in the working area is in a range from about 0.8 to about 1.8. 14. The glass etching system of claim 12, wherein the glass substrate comprises at least one pin hole. 15. The glass etching system of claim 12, wherein the etching solution tank has a quadrilateral cross section, a bottom surface and four surfaces extending vertically from the bottom surface, wherein each of the four surfaces comprise two vertical edges and two horizontal edges and the four surfaces comprise two pairs of opposing surfaces. 16. The glass etching system of claim 15, wherein one of the plurality of ultrasonic transducers extends along the horizontal edges of one of the pairs of opposing surfaces. 17. The glass etching system of claim 16, wherein the plurality of ultrasonic transducers is continuously arranged to extend across one of the pairs of opposing surfaces. 18. The glass etching system of claim 17, wherein the plurality of ultrasonic transducers is continuously arranged to extend across the bottom surface. 19. The glass etching system of claim 15, wherein the plurality of ultrasonic transducers are continuously arranged to extend across an upper portion of one of the pairs of opposing surfaces and to extend across a middle portion of the bottom surface. 20. The glass etching system of claim 12, further comprising a water tank wherein the etching solution tank is disposed within the water tank and the water tank is disposed within the container. 21. The glass etching system of claim 12, wherein the standard deviation of ultrasonic power within the working area of less than about 0.25. 22. The glass etching system of claim 13, wherein the relative ultrasonic power at each point in the working area is in a range from about 0.8 to about 1.6. 23. A method for etching a glass substrate comprising:
placing a glass substrate in an ultrasonic tank, the ultrasonic tank comprising:
a container;
an etching solution tank containing an etching solution, the etching solution tank comprising a working area disposed within the container; and
a plurality of ultrasonic transducers arranged about a perimeter of the etching solution tank in a configuration that provides a standard deviation of ultrasonic power within the working area of less than about 0.35;
etching the glass substrate for an etching duration; and applying ultrasonic energy to the glass substrate through the ultrasonic transducers during a portion of the etching duration. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein:
the working area has a center; a relative ultrasonic power at the center is 1; and the relative ultrasonic power at each point in the working area is in a range from about 0.8 to about 1.8. 25. The method of claim 23, wherein etching the glass substrate comprises forming a via in the glass substrate. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the via is a through via. 27. The method of claim 25, wherein the via is a blind via. 28. The method of claim 23, wherein the ultrasonic energy has a frequency between 40 kHz and 192 kHz. 29. The method of claim 23, wherein the etching solution tank has a quadrilateral cross section, a bottom surface and four surfaces extending vertically from the bottom surface, wherein each of the four surfaces comprise two vertical edges and two horizontal edges and the four surfaces comprise two pairs of opposing surfaces. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein one of the plurality of ultrasonic transducers extends along the horizontal edges of one of the pairs of opposing surfaces. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the plurality of ultrasonic transducers are continuously arranged to extend across one of the pairs of opposing surfaces. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the plurality of ultrasonic transducers are continuously arranged to extend across the bottom surface. 33. The method of claim 29, wherein the plurality of ultrasonic transducers are continuously arranged to extend across an upper portion of one of the pairs of opposing surfaces and to extend across a middle portion of the bottom surface. 34. The method of claim 23, the ultrasonic tank further comprising a water tank wherein the etching solution tank is disposed within water tank and the water tank is disposed within the container. 35. The method of claim 23, wherein the standard deviation of ultrasonic power within the working area of less than about 0.25. 36. The method of claim 24, wherein the relative ultrasonic power at each point in the working area is in a range from about 0.8 to about 1.6. | 1,700 |
3,794 | 14,546,332 | 1,787 | An article comprises a substrate; a polymer coating; and an intermediate layer disposed between the substrate and the polymer coating, the intermediate layer comprising a carbon composite, wherein the carbon composite comprises carbon and a binder containing one or more of the following: SiO 2 ; Si; B; B 2 O 3 ; a metal; or an alloy of the metal; and wherein the metal comprises one or more of the following: aluminum; copper; titanium; nickel; tungsten; chromium; iron; manganese; zirconium; hafnium; vanadium; niobium; molybdenum; tin; bismuth; antimony; lead; cadmium; or selenium. | 1. An article comprising
a substrate; a polymer coating; and an intermediate layer disposed between the substrate and the polymer coating, the intermediate layer comprising a carbon composite, wherein the carbon composite comprises carbon and a binder containing one or more of the following: SiO2; Si; B; B2O3; a metal; or an alloy of the metal; and wherein the metal comprises one or more of the following: aluminum; copper; titanium; nickel; tungsten; chromium; iron; manganese; zirconium; hafnium; vanadium; niobium; molybdenum; tin; bismuth; antimony; lead; cadmium; or selenium. 2. The article of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises one or more of the following: a metal; an alloy of the metal; or ceramics. 3. The article of claim 2, wherein the metal in the substrate comprises one or more of the following: magnesium; aluminum; titanium; manganese; iron; cobalt; nickel; copper; molybdenum; tungsten; palladium; chromium; ruthenium; gold; silver; zinc; zirconium; vanadium; or silicon. 4. The article of claim 1, wherein the polymer coating comprises one or more of the following: a fluoroelastomer; a perfluoroelastomer, hydrogenated nitrile butyl rubber;
ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) rubber; a silicone; an epoxy; polyetheretherketone; bismaleimide; polyethylene; a polyvinylalcohol; a phenolic resin; a nylon; a polycarbonate; a polyurethane; a tetrafluoroethylene-propylene elastomeric copolymer; polyphenylene sulfide; polyphenylsulfone; self-reinforced polyphenylene; a polyaryletherketone; or a crosslinked product thereof. 5. The article of claim 1, wherein the carbon in the carbon composite layer comprises graphite. 6. The article of claim 5, wherein the graphite is derivatized to have one or more of the following functional groups: carboxy; epoxy; ether; ketone; amine; hydroxy; alkoxy; alkyl; lactone; or aryl. 7. The article of claim 1, wherein the article further comprises a first binding layer between the intermediate layer and the substrate; the first binding layer comprising one or more of the following: a solid solution of the substrate and a binder in the carbon composite; a material that is included in both the binder of the carbon composite and the substrate; or a solder. 8. The article of claim 1, wherein the article further comprises a second binding layer between the polymer coating and the intermediate layer, the second binding layer comprising a polymer or a monomer bonded to the carbon in the carbon composite layer through covalent bonding. 9. The article of claim 8, wherein the polymer comprises one or more of the following: an acrylic chain; a polyamine; or a poly(alkylene glycol). 10. The article of claim 8, wherein the monomer comprises one or more of the following polymerizable groups: an α,β-unsaturated nitrile group; alkenyl group; alkynyl group; vinyl carboxylate ester group; carboxyl group; carbonyl group; epoxy group; isocyanate group; hydroxyl group; amide group; amino group; ester group; formyl group; nitrile group; or nitro group. 11. The article of claim 1, wherein the polymer coating has a thickness of about 5 μm to about 10 mm. 12. A method of coating a substrate, the method comprising:
disposing a carbon composite layer on a substrate; binding the carbon composite layer to the substrate forming a first binding layer between the carbon composite layer and the substrate; grafting a monomer, a first polymer, or a combination thereof on the carbon composite layer disposed on the substrate to provide a second binding layer; and coating the second binding layer with a coating composition comprising a second polymer; wherein the carbon composite layer comprises carbon and a binder; the binder comprises one or more of the following: SiO2; Si; B; B2O3; a metal; or an alloy of the metal; and the metal comprises one or more of the following: aluminum; copper; titanium; nickel; tungsten; chromium; iron; manganese; zirconium; hafnium; vanadium; niobium; molybdenum; tin; bismuth; antimony; lead; cadmium; or selenium. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the grafting comprises forming covalent bonds between the second binding layer and the carbon composite layer. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein coating the second binding layer comprises one or more of the following: lamination; dip coating; solvent casting; painting; spraying coating; roll coating; layer-by-layer coating; spin coating; or Langmuir-Blodgett coating. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the coating composition further comprises a crosslinker. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the method further comprises crosslinking the first polymer with the second polymer. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein binding the carbon composite layer to the substrate comprises heating the carbon composite layer and the substrate to form a first binding layer between the carbon composite layer and the substrate; wherein optionally the carbon composite layer and the substrate are pressed together during heating. 18. The method of claim 12, wherein binding the carbon composite layer to the substrate comprises heating the carbon composite layer and a surface of the substrate that the carbon composite layer is disposed on by one or more of the following: direct current heating; induction heating; microwave heating; or spark plasma sintering; wherein optionally the carbon composite layer and the substrate are pressed together during heating. 19. The method of claim 12, wherein the method further comprises disposing a solder between the carbon composite layer and the substrate; applying heat to the solder; and binding the carbon composite layer to the substrate; wherein optionally the carbon composite layer and the substrate are pressed together while applying heat to the solder. 20. The method of claim 12 further comprising disposing an activation foil between a substrate and the carbon composite layer; and exposing the activation foil to a selected form of energy to bind the carbon composite layer to the substrate; wherein the carbon composite layer, the activation foil, and the substrate are optionally pressed together while exposing the activation foil to the selected form of energy. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the activation foil comprises one or more of the following: a thermite; Al—Ni; Ti—Si; Ti—B; Zr—Si, Zr—B; Ti—Al; Ni—Mg; or Mg—Bi. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the thermite comprises a reducing agent and an oxidization agent; wherein the reducing agent comprises one or more of the following: aluminum; magnesium; calcium; titanium; zinc; silicon; or boron; and the oxidizing agent comprises one or more of the following: boron oxide; silicon oxide; chromium oxide; manganese oxide; iron oxide; copper oxide; or lead oxide. | An article comprises a substrate; a polymer coating; and an intermediate layer disposed between the substrate and the polymer coating, the intermediate layer comprising a carbon composite, wherein the carbon composite comprises carbon and a binder containing one or more of the following: SiO 2 ; Si; B; B 2 O 3 ; a metal; or an alloy of the metal; and wherein the metal comprises one or more of the following: aluminum; copper; titanium; nickel; tungsten; chromium; iron; manganese; zirconium; hafnium; vanadium; niobium; molybdenum; tin; bismuth; antimony; lead; cadmium; or selenium.1. An article comprising
a substrate; a polymer coating; and an intermediate layer disposed between the substrate and the polymer coating, the intermediate layer comprising a carbon composite, wherein the carbon composite comprises carbon and a binder containing one or more of the following: SiO2; Si; B; B2O3; a metal; or an alloy of the metal; and wherein the metal comprises one or more of the following: aluminum; copper; titanium; nickel; tungsten; chromium; iron; manganese; zirconium; hafnium; vanadium; niobium; molybdenum; tin; bismuth; antimony; lead; cadmium; or selenium. 2. The article of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises one or more of the following: a metal; an alloy of the metal; or ceramics. 3. The article of claim 2, wherein the metal in the substrate comprises one or more of the following: magnesium; aluminum; titanium; manganese; iron; cobalt; nickel; copper; molybdenum; tungsten; palladium; chromium; ruthenium; gold; silver; zinc; zirconium; vanadium; or silicon. 4. The article of claim 1, wherein the polymer coating comprises one or more of the following: a fluoroelastomer; a perfluoroelastomer, hydrogenated nitrile butyl rubber;
ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) rubber; a silicone; an epoxy; polyetheretherketone; bismaleimide; polyethylene; a polyvinylalcohol; a phenolic resin; a nylon; a polycarbonate; a polyurethane; a tetrafluoroethylene-propylene elastomeric copolymer; polyphenylene sulfide; polyphenylsulfone; self-reinforced polyphenylene; a polyaryletherketone; or a crosslinked product thereof. 5. The article of claim 1, wherein the carbon in the carbon composite layer comprises graphite. 6. The article of claim 5, wherein the graphite is derivatized to have one or more of the following functional groups: carboxy; epoxy; ether; ketone; amine; hydroxy; alkoxy; alkyl; lactone; or aryl. 7. The article of claim 1, wherein the article further comprises a first binding layer between the intermediate layer and the substrate; the first binding layer comprising one or more of the following: a solid solution of the substrate and a binder in the carbon composite; a material that is included in both the binder of the carbon composite and the substrate; or a solder. 8. The article of claim 1, wherein the article further comprises a second binding layer between the polymer coating and the intermediate layer, the second binding layer comprising a polymer or a monomer bonded to the carbon in the carbon composite layer through covalent bonding. 9. The article of claim 8, wherein the polymer comprises one or more of the following: an acrylic chain; a polyamine; or a poly(alkylene glycol). 10. The article of claim 8, wherein the monomer comprises one or more of the following polymerizable groups: an α,β-unsaturated nitrile group; alkenyl group; alkynyl group; vinyl carboxylate ester group; carboxyl group; carbonyl group; epoxy group; isocyanate group; hydroxyl group; amide group; amino group; ester group; formyl group; nitrile group; or nitro group. 11. The article of claim 1, wherein the polymer coating has a thickness of about 5 μm to about 10 mm. 12. A method of coating a substrate, the method comprising:
disposing a carbon composite layer on a substrate; binding the carbon composite layer to the substrate forming a first binding layer between the carbon composite layer and the substrate; grafting a monomer, a first polymer, or a combination thereof on the carbon composite layer disposed on the substrate to provide a second binding layer; and coating the second binding layer with a coating composition comprising a second polymer; wherein the carbon composite layer comprises carbon and a binder; the binder comprises one or more of the following: SiO2; Si; B; B2O3; a metal; or an alloy of the metal; and the metal comprises one or more of the following: aluminum; copper; titanium; nickel; tungsten; chromium; iron; manganese; zirconium; hafnium; vanadium; niobium; molybdenum; tin; bismuth; antimony; lead; cadmium; or selenium. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the grafting comprises forming covalent bonds between the second binding layer and the carbon composite layer. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein coating the second binding layer comprises one or more of the following: lamination; dip coating; solvent casting; painting; spraying coating; roll coating; layer-by-layer coating; spin coating; or Langmuir-Blodgett coating. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the coating composition further comprises a crosslinker. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the method further comprises crosslinking the first polymer with the second polymer. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein binding the carbon composite layer to the substrate comprises heating the carbon composite layer and the substrate to form a first binding layer between the carbon composite layer and the substrate; wherein optionally the carbon composite layer and the substrate are pressed together during heating. 18. The method of claim 12, wherein binding the carbon composite layer to the substrate comprises heating the carbon composite layer and a surface of the substrate that the carbon composite layer is disposed on by one or more of the following: direct current heating; induction heating; microwave heating; or spark plasma sintering; wherein optionally the carbon composite layer and the substrate are pressed together during heating. 19. The method of claim 12, wherein the method further comprises disposing a solder between the carbon composite layer and the substrate; applying heat to the solder; and binding the carbon composite layer to the substrate; wherein optionally the carbon composite layer and the substrate are pressed together while applying heat to the solder. 20. The method of claim 12 further comprising disposing an activation foil between a substrate and the carbon composite layer; and exposing the activation foil to a selected form of energy to bind the carbon composite layer to the substrate; wherein the carbon composite layer, the activation foil, and the substrate are optionally pressed together while exposing the activation foil to the selected form of energy. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the activation foil comprises one or more of the following: a thermite; Al—Ni; Ti—Si; Ti—B; Zr—Si, Zr—B; Ti—Al; Ni—Mg; or Mg—Bi. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the thermite comprises a reducing agent and an oxidization agent; wherein the reducing agent comprises one or more of the following: aluminum; magnesium; calcium; titanium; zinc; silicon; or boron; and the oxidizing agent comprises one or more of the following: boron oxide; silicon oxide; chromium oxide; manganese oxide; iron oxide; copper oxide; or lead oxide. | 1,700 |
3,795 | 14,774,054 | 1,763 | The present invention encompasses an innovative concept for the marking of trafficways, more particularly roads. The application qualities and lifetime of these new markings are comparable with those of the prior art. The markings also possess properties comparable with those of the prior art in respect of night visibility, back-in-service time, and surface quality. An additional contribution of the markings of the present invention, however, is that they can be used to support modern driver assistance systems and autonomous driving. With this in mind, the present invention relates more particularly to road markings which, building on established systems, are equipped with additional reflection capacity for electromagnetic radiation, more particular for microwaves and/or infrared radiation. | 1. A radiation-reflecting road marking comprising:
spherical metal particles having a diameter d of between x*0.7*λ/π and x*1.3*λ/π and/or cylindrical metal particles having a length/width ratio between 2 and 100 and a length 1 between y*λ/1.8 and y*λ/3, λ being the wavelength of the radiation to be reflected, x being an integer between 1 and 6 and y being an integer between 1 and 20. 2. The radiation-reflecting road marking according to claim 1,
wherein the metal particles are particles consisting wholly or partly of aluminium, iron, magnesium or zinc or of an alloy predominantly containing aluminium, iron, magnesium or zinc. 3. The radiation-reflecting road marking according to claim 1,
wherein the metal particles consist wholly of the metal, the surface is coated with the metal, or the metal is coated with glass, PMMA or polycarbonate. 4. The radiation-reflecting road marking according to claim 1,
wherein the cylindrical metal particles have a length/width ratio between 5 and 20 and y is an integer between 1 and 4. 5. The radiation-reflecting road marking according to claim 1,
wherein the matrix material of the road marking comprises an adhesion promoter and/or the metal particles are provided on the surface with an adhesion promoter, and wherein the adhesion promoter is at least one adhesion promoter selected from the group of silanes, hydroxyesters, aminoesters, urethanes, isocyanates and/or acids copolymerizable with (meth)acrylates. 6. The radiation-reflecting road marking according to claim 1,
wherein the road marking is a prefabricated adhesive tape or a water-based paint. 7. The radiation-reflecting road marking according to claim 1,
wherein the road marking is a cold plastic. 8. The radiation-reflecting road marking according to claim 1,
wherein the road marking additionally has glass beads on the surface. 9. The radiation-reflecting road marking according to claim 1,
wherein the metal particles are situated on the surface of the road marking. 10. The radiation-reflecting road marking according to claim 7,
wherein the cold plastic has been produced from a two-part reactive resin in which one component comprises 1.0 to 5.0 wt % of an initiator, preferably dilauroyl peroxide and/or dibenzoyl peroxide, and the other component comprises 0.5 to 5.0 wt % of an accelerator, preferably a tertiary, aromatically substituted amine, and in that the reactive resin in total further comprises: 0.1 wt % to 18 wt % of crosslinkers, 2 wt % to 50 wt % of monomers, 0 wt % to 12 wt % of urethane (meth)acrylates, 0.5 wt % to 30 wt % of prepolymers, 0 wt % to 15 wt % of core-shell particles, 7 wt % to 15 wt % of an inorganic pigment, preferably titanium dioxide, 30 wt % to 60 wt % of mineral fillers, and optionally further auxiliaries. 11. The radiation-reflecting road marking according to claim 1,
wherein the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation to be reflected lies between 20 and 130 GHz. 12. The radiation-reflecting road marking according to claim 11, wherein the frequency lies between 76 and 81 GHz. 13. The radiation-reflecting road marking according to claim 1,
wherein only regions of the road marking are provided with the metal particles. 14. The radiation-reflecting road marking according to claim 13, wherein by equipping regions of the road marking, these are provided with readable information. 15. A method for producing a road marking according to claim 7, wherein, where necessary, two-part systems are mixed, the mixture is applied to the road surface and the metal particles and optionally glass beads are added during or directly after the application of the cold plastic to the trafficway surface. 16. A composition comprising:
spherical metal particles having a diameter d of between x*0.7*λ/π and x*1.3*λ/π and/or cylindrical metal particles having a length/width ratio between 2 and 100 and a length 1 between y*λ/1.8 and y*λ/3, λ being the wavelength of the radiation to be reflected, x being an integer between 1 and 6 and y being an integer between 1 and 20. 17. The composition of claim 16 that is not cured. 18. The composition of claim 16 that has been cured. 19. A system comprising the composition of claim 16 in a form that reflects radiation, a radar emitter and sensor. | The present invention encompasses an innovative concept for the marking of trafficways, more particularly roads. The application qualities and lifetime of these new markings are comparable with those of the prior art. The markings also possess properties comparable with those of the prior art in respect of night visibility, back-in-service time, and surface quality. An additional contribution of the markings of the present invention, however, is that they can be used to support modern driver assistance systems and autonomous driving. With this in mind, the present invention relates more particularly to road markings which, building on established systems, are equipped with additional reflection capacity for electromagnetic radiation, more particular for microwaves and/or infrared radiation.1. A radiation-reflecting road marking comprising:
spherical metal particles having a diameter d of between x*0.7*λ/π and x*1.3*λ/π and/or cylindrical metal particles having a length/width ratio between 2 and 100 and a length 1 between y*λ/1.8 and y*λ/3, λ being the wavelength of the radiation to be reflected, x being an integer between 1 and 6 and y being an integer between 1 and 20. 2. The radiation-reflecting road marking according to claim 1,
wherein the metal particles are particles consisting wholly or partly of aluminium, iron, magnesium or zinc or of an alloy predominantly containing aluminium, iron, magnesium or zinc. 3. The radiation-reflecting road marking according to claim 1,
wherein the metal particles consist wholly of the metal, the surface is coated with the metal, or the metal is coated with glass, PMMA or polycarbonate. 4. The radiation-reflecting road marking according to claim 1,
wherein the cylindrical metal particles have a length/width ratio between 5 and 20 and y is an integer between 1 and 4. 5. The radiation-reflecting road marking according to claim 1,
wherein the matrix material of the road marking comprises an adhesion promoter and/or the metal particles are provided on the surface with an adhesion promoter, and wherein the adhesion promoter is at least one adhesion promoter selected from the group of silanes, hydroxyesters, aminoesters, urethanes, isocyanates and/or acids copolymerizable with (meth)acrylates. 6. The radiation-reflecting road marking according to claim 1,
wherein the road marking is a prefabricated adhesive tape or a water-based paint. 7. The radiation-reflecting road marking according to claim 1,
wherein the road marking is a cold plastic. 8. The radiation-reflecting road marking according to claim 1,
wherein the road marking additionally has glass beads on the surface. 9. The radiation-reflecting road marking according to claim 1,
wherein the metal particles are situated on the surface of the road marking. 10. The radiation-reflecting road marking according to claim 7,
wherein the cold plastic has been produced from a two-part reactive resin in which one component comprises 1.0 to 5.0 wt % of an initiator, preferably dilauroyl peroxide and/or dibenzoyl peroxide, and the other component comprises 0.5 to 5.0 wt % of an accelerator, preferably a tertiary, aromatically substituted amine, and in that the reactive resin in total further comprises: 0.1 wt % to 18 wt % of crosslinkers, 2 wt % to 50 wt % of monomers, 0 wt % to 12 wt % of urethane (meth)acrylates, 0.5 wt % to 30 wt % of prepolymers, 0 wt % to 15 wt % of core-shell particles, 7 wt % to 15 wt % of an inorganic pigment, preferably titanium dioxide, 30 wt % to 60 wt % of mineral fillers, and optionally further auxiliaries. 11. The radiation-reflecting road marking according to claim 1,
wherein the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation to be reflected lies between 20 and 130 GHz. 12. The radiation-reflecting road marking according to claim 11, wherein the frequency lies between 76 and 81 GHz. 13. The radiation-reflecting road marking according to claim 1,
wherein only regions of the road marking are provided with the metal particles. 14. The radiation-reflecting road marking according to claim 13, wherein by equipping regions of the road marking, these are provided with readable information. 15. A method for producing a road marking according to claim 7, wherein, where necessary, two-part systems are mixed, the mixture is applied to the road surface and the metal particles and optionally glass beads are added during or directly after the application of the cold plastic to the trafficway surface. 16. A composition comprising:
spherical metal particles having a diameter d of between x*0.7*λ/π and x*1.3*λ/π and/or cylindrical metal particles having a length/width ratio between 2 and 100 and a length 1 between y*λ/1.8 and y*λ/3, λ being the wavelength of the radiation to be reflected, x being an integer between 1 and 6 and y being an integer between 1 and 20. 17. The composition of claim 16 that is not cured. 18. The composition of claim 16 that has been cured. 19. A system comprising the composition of claim 16 in a form that reflects radiation, a radar emitter and sensor. | 1,700 |
3,796 | 14,907,722 | 1,792 | A capsule for beverages with a casing which includes a base wall and a side wall defining a cavity for combining an initial product and a fluid to obtain an end product, and an edge extending from the side wall. The capsule includes a covering element fixed to the edge to close the cavity hermetically, which is pierceable by an extracting element of a dispensing machine. The casing is made by forming a sheet of thermoformable plastics. The edge includes a sealing element with a protrusion facing the base wall that is obtainable by the sheet forming a further cavity suitable for containing a fluid. The covering element is fixed to also seal hermetically the further cavity to create a cushion that is deformable between the edge and the covering element that defines the sealing element arranged for sealingly engaging, when compressed, with an abutting element of a dispensing machine. | 1. A capsule for beverages comprising a casing in turn comprising a base wall and a side wall defining a cavity suitable for containing an initial product to be combined with a fluid to obtain an end product, and further comprising an edge extending from said side wall; wherein said capsule further comprises a covering element fixed to said edge to seal hermetically said cavity, said covering element being pierceable by an extracting element of a dispensing machine wherein said capsule is usable, wherein said casing is made by forming a sheet of thermoformable plastics and that said edge comprises a sealing element comprising at least one protrusion facing said base wall which is also obtainable by said forming, said protrusion defining at least one further cavity suitable for containing a fluid, for example air or inert gas, said covering element being fixed to seal hermetically also said further cavity so as to create a cushion that is deformable between said edge and said covering element that defines said sealing element arranged for sealingly engaging, when compressed, with an abutting element of a dispensing machine. 2. The Capsule according to claim 1, wherein said protrusion is arranged in a first annular circumferal zone of said edge. 3. The Capsule according to claim 2, wherein said sealing element comprises a single continuous annular protrusion arranged in said first annular zone. 4. The Capsule according to claim 2, wherein said sealing element comprises a plurality of protrusions arranged in separate portions of said first annular zone. 5. The Capsule according to claim 4, wherein said plurality of protrusions are arranged alternatively in separate portions of said first annular circumferal zone and of a second annular circumferal zone of said edge, arranged externally in a direction that is radial to said first annular zone. 6. The Capsule according to claim 2, wherein said first annular zone has a radial extent comprised in a range from 1.50 mm to 2.8 mm, in particular in a range comprised between 1.60 mm and 2.50 mm, in particular equal to 1.67 mm. 7. The Capsule according to claim 2, wherein said first annular zone has a distance from said side wall that is less than 1.20 mm, in particular 0.75 mm. 8. The Capsule accord ing to claim 1, wherein said protrusion has a longitudinal extent comprised between 0.6 mm and 0.80 mm, said longitudinal extent being measured along an axis parallel to a symmetry axis of the capsule from a surface of an annular flat end of said edge facing said base wall of said capsule to a base wall of said protrusion; and wherein in particular said longitudinal extent is constant and equal to 0.75 mm, if said base wall of said protrusion is parallel to said base wall of said capsule. 9. The Capsule according to claim 1, wherein in said edge the casing has a thickness comprised in a range from 0.10 mm to 0.60 mm, and in particular in the protrusion the casing has a first thickness comprised in a range from 0.10 mm to 0.60 mm, in particular comprised in a range from 0.15 to 0.55 mm, in particular comprised in a range from 0.15 mm to 0.40 mm, in particular comprised in a range from 0.15 and 0.20 mm; and wherein in the annular flat end the casing has a second thickness comprised in a range from 0.10 mm to 0.60 mm, in particular in a range from 0.15 mm to 0.55 mm, in particular in a range from 0.15 mm to 0.40 mm, in particular comprised in a range from 0.20 mm to 0.25 mm, said first thickness and said second thickness being such as to enable said sealing element to flex and be deformed, when compressed, by said abutting element of said dispensing machine. 10. The Capsule according to claim 1, wherein said edge has an annular flat end, the radial extent of which is comprised between 1.2 mm and 1.5 mm, in particular 1.42 mm. 11. The Capsule according to claim 1, wherein said covering element is joined to said edge of said capsule, in particular by heat-sealing, along a first annular joining portion and a second annular joining portion respectively inside and outside said first annular zone in a radial direction. 12. The Capsule according to claim 11, wherein said protrusion is arranged in a first annular circumeral zone of said edge; wherein said sealing element comprise a plurality of protrusions arranged in seperate portions of said first annular zone: wherein said plurality of protrusions are arranged alternatively in seperate portions of said first annular circumferal zone and of a second annular circumferal zone of said edge, arranged externally in a direction that is radial to said first annular zone; and comprising a third joining portion, respectively outside said second annular zone in said radial direction, said covering element being joined to said edge of said capsule, in particular by heat-sealing, also along said third joining portion. 13. The Capsule according to claim 1, wherein said sheet of thermoformable plastics comprises at least one first layer of material, in particular contacting and/or conserving said initial product and a second layer of material, made of material that is impermeable, in particular to oxygen. 14. A forming aapparatus for making a capsule by forming a sheet of thermoformable plastics, wherein said capsule comprises a casing, in turn comprising a base wall and a side wall defining a cavity and an edge extending from said side wall, said apparatus comprising a forming arrangement of said casing comprising: a first operating device provided with a supporting surface of said sheet material, with a seat that is suitable for shaping said base wall and said side wall of said casing and with a space communicating with a mouth of said seat and having, in a plan view, greater overall dimensions than said seat; a second operating device comprising a plate comprising a further space suitable for defining with said space a chamber bounding a portion to be formed of said sheet material, a punch cooperating with said seat and suitable for intercepting said portion during at least a first forming operating step, wherein said plate is suitable for locking said sheet material against said supporting surface, wherein said second operating device comprises a compressed air supplier for supplying compressed air to said chamber to press said sheet material in a final step of said forming against said seat and against an abutment of said space surrounding said seat so as to shape said base wall, said side wall and said edge of said casing; and wherein said first operating device and said second operating device are movable between a spaced apart position and a forming position along a forming axis, wherein said first operating device further comprises at least one further seat communicating with said space by a respective mouth, said further seat being arranged outwardly said seat in a radial direction with respect to a said forming axis and being suitable for shaping a further cavity in said edge of said casing by said compressed air in said final step of said forming. 15. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein said further seat is obtained in a first annular circumferal section of said abutment wall suitable for forming in said casing a corresponding first annular circumferal zone of said edge. 16. The apparatus according to claim 15, wherein said further seat is a continuous annular groove arranged in said first annular section. 17. The apparatus according to claim 15, wherein said first operating device comprises a plurality of grooves arranged in separate portions of said first annular section. 18. The apparatus according to claim 17, wherein said first operating device comprises a plurality of grooves arranged alternatively in separate portions of said first annular circumferal section and of a second annular circumferal section of the abutment wall, arranged externally in said radial direction with respect to said first annular circumferal section. 19. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein said seat and said further seat comprise respective bottom walls, said bottom wall of said seat being substantially parallel to said bottom wall of said further seat. 20. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein said plate is provided with a hole to enable said compressed air and said punch to go through said chamber towards said first operating device. 21. The apparatus according claim 14, and further comprising a cutting device for cutting said sheet material outside said first annular section, wherein said cutting device is arranged downstream of said forming arrangement in an advancing direction of the sheet material. 22. The apparatus according to claim 15, and comprising a joining device for joining, in particular by heat-sealing, after filling said cavity of said capsule of an initial product, a covering element to said edge of said casing at least along a first annular joining portion and a second annular joining portion respectively inside and outside said first annular zone in a radial direction so as to complete said capsule and so as to close hermetically said cavity containing said initial product and said further cavity, in particular containing a fluid like air or inert gas, to make an air cushion between said edge and said covering element that is suitable for defining a sealing element in said capsule arranged for being deformed and sealingly engaging, when compressed, with an abutting element of a dispensing machine. 23. A forming method for making a casing of a capsule by forming a thermoformable plastic material, comprising supporting said sheet material by first operating devide, providing a seat that is suitable for shaping a base wall and a side wall of said casing and providing a space in said first operating device communicating with a mouth of said seat and having, in a plan view, greater overall dimensions than said seat; providing a further space in second operating device and defining a chamber between said space and said further space bounding a portion to be formed of said sheet material, locking said sheet material in at least a first forming operating step wherein a punch of said second operating device intercepts said portion to be formed, pushing the portion towards said seat; further supplying compressed air in a final step of said forming to press said sheet material against said seat and against an abutment wall of said space surrounding said seat to form an edge of said casing extending from said side wall; wherein it further provides at least a further seat communicating with said space arranged outwardly said seat in a radial direction to form in said final step of said forming a further cavity in said edge of said casing by pressing with said compressed air said sheet material against said further seat. | A capsule for beverages with a casing which includes a base wall and a side wall defining a cavity for combining an initial product and a fluid to obtain an end product, and an edge extending from the side wall. The capsule includes a covering element fixed to the edge to close the cavity hermetically, which is pierceable by an extracting element of a dispensing machine. The casing is made by forming a sheet of thermoformable plastics. The edge includes a sealing element with a protrusion facing the base wall that is obtainable by the sheet forming a further cavity suitable for containing a fluid. The covering element is fixed to also seal hermetically the further cavity to create a cushion that is deformable between the edge and the covering element that defines the sealing element arranged for sealingly engaging, when compressed, with an abutting element of a dispensing machine.1. A capsule for beverages comprising a casing in turn comprising a base wall and a side wall defining a cavity suitable for containing an initial product to be combined with a fluid to obtain an end product, and further comprising an edge extending from said side wall; wherein said capsule further comprises a covering element fixed to said edge to seal hermetically said cavity, said covering element being pierceable by an extracting element of a dispensing machine wherein said capsule is usable, wherein said casing is made by forming a sheet of thermoformable plastics and that said edge comprises a sealing element comprising at least one protrusion facing said base wall which is also obtainable by said forming, said protrusion defining at least one further cavity suitable for containing a fluid, for example air or inert gas, said covering element being fixed to seal hermetically also said further cavity so as to create a cushion that is deformable between said edge and said covering element that defines said sealing element arranged for sealingly engaging, when compressed, with an abutting element of a dispensing machine. 2. The Capsule according to claim 1, wherein said protrusion is arranged in a first annular circumferal zone of said edge. 3. The Capsule according to claim 2, wherein said sealing element comprises a single continuous annular protrusion arranged in said first annular zone. 4. The Capsule according to claim 2, wherein said sealing element comprises a plurality of protrusions arranged in separate portions of said first annular zone. 5. The Capsule according to claim 4, wherein said plurality of protrusions are arranged alternatively in separate portions of said first annular circumferal zone and of a second annular circumferal zone of said edge, arranged externally in a direction that is radial to said first annular zone. 6. The Capsule according to claim 2, wherein said first annular zone has a radial extent comprised in a range from 1.50 mm to 2.8 mm, in particular in a range comprised between 1.60 mm and 2.50 mm, in particular equal to 1.67 mm. 7. The Capsule according to claim 2, wherein said first annular zone has a distance from said side wall that is less than 1.20 mm, in particular 0.75 mm. 8. The Capsule accord ing to claim 1, wherein said protrusion has a longitudinal extent comprised between 0.6 mm and 0.80 mm, said longitudinal extent being measured along an axis parallel to a symmetry axis of the capsule from a surface of an annular flat end of said edge facing said base wall of said capsule to a base wall of said protrusion; and wherein in particular said longitudinal extent is constant and equal to 0.75 mm, if said base wall of said protrusion is parallel to said base wall of said capsule. 9. The Capsule according to claim 1, wherein in said edge the casing has a thickness comprised in a range from 0.10 mm to 0.60 mm, and in particular in the protrusion the casing has a first thickness comprised in a range from 0.10 mm to 0.60 mm, in particular comprised in a range from 0.15 to 0.55 mm, in particular comprised in a range from 0.15 mm to 0.40 mm, in particular comprised in a range from 0.15 and 0.20 mm; and wherein in the annular flat end the casing has a second thickness comprised in a range from 0.10 mm to 0.60 mm, in particular in a range from 0.15 mm to 0.55 mm, in particular in a range from 0.15 mm to 0.40 mm, in particular comprised in a range from 0.20 mm to 0.25 mm, said first thickness and said second thickness being such as to enable said sealing element to flex and be deformed, when compressed, by said abutting element of said dispensing machine. 10. The Capsule according to claim 1, wherein said edge has an annular flat end, the radial extent of which is comprised between 1.2 mm and 1.5 mm, in particular 1.42 mm. 11. The Capsule according to claim 1, wherein said covering element is joined to said edge of said capsule, in particular by heat-sealing, along a first annular joining portion and a second annular joining portion respectively inside and outside said first annular zone in a radial direction. 12. The Capsule according to claim 11, wherein said protrusion is arranged in a first annular circumeral zone of said edge; wherein said sealing element comprise a plurality of protrusions arranged in seperate portions of said first annular zone: wherein said plurality of protrusions are arranged alternatively in seperate portions of said first annular circumferal zone and of a second annular circumferal zone of said edge, arranged externally in a direction that is radial to said first annular zone; and comprising a third joining portion, respectively outside said second annular zone in said radial direction, said covering element being joined to said edge of said capsule, in particular by heat-sealing, also along said third joining portion. 13. The Capsule according to claim 1, wherein said sheet of thermoformable plastics comprises at least one first layer of material, in particular contacting and/or conserving said initial product and a second layer of material, made of material that is impermeable, in particular to oxygen. 14. A forming aapparatus for making a capsule by forming a sheet of thermoformable plastics, wherein said capsule comprises a casing, in turn comprising a base wall and a side wall defining a cavity and an edge extending from said side wall, said apparatus comprising a forming arrangement of said casing comprising: a first operating device provided with a supporting surface of said sheet material, with a seat that is suitable for shaping said base wall and said side wall of said casing and with a space communicating with a mouth of said seat and having, in a plan view, greater overall dimensions than said seat; a second operating device comprising a plate comprising a further space suitable for defining with said space a chamber bounding a portion to be formed of said sheet material, a punch cooperating with said seat and suitable for intercepting said portion during at least a first forming operating step, wherein said plate is suitable for locking said sheet material against said supporting surface, wherein said second operating device comprises a compressed air supplier for supplying compressed air to said chamber to press said sheet material in a final step of said forming against said seat and against an abutment of said space surrounding said seat so as to shape said base wall, said side wall and said edge of said casing; and wherein said first operating device and said second operating device are movable between a spaced apart position and a forming position along a forming axis, wherein said first operating device further comprises at least one further seat communicating with said space by a respective mouth, said further seat being arranged outwardly said seat in a radial direction with respect to a said forming axis and being suitable for shaping a further cavity in said edge of said casing by said compressed air in said final step of said forming. 15. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein said further seat is obtained in a first annular circumferal section of said abutment wall suitable for forming in said casing a corresponding first annular circumferal zone of said edge. 16. The apparatus according to claim 15, wherein said further seat is a continuous annular groove arranged in said first annular section. 17. The apparatus according to claim 15, wherein said first operating device comprises a plurality of grooves arranged in separate portions of said first annular section. 18. The apparatus according to claim 17, wherein said first operating device comprises a plurality of grooves arranged alternatively in separate portions of said first annular circumferal section and of a second annular circumferal section of the abutment wall, arranged externally in said radial direction with respect to said first annular circumferal section. 19. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein said seat and said further seat comprise respective bottom walls, said bottom wall of said seat being substantially parallel to said bottom wall of said further seat. 20. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein said plate is provided with a hole to enable said compressed air and said punch to go through said chamber towards said first operating device. 21. The apparatus according claim 14, and further comprising a cutting device for cutting said sheet material outside said first annular section, wherein said cutting device is arranged downstream of said forming arrangement in an advancing direction of the sheet material. 22. The apparatus according to claim 15, and comprising a joining device for joining, in particular by heat-sealing, after filling said cavity of said capsule of an initial product, a covering element to said edge of said casing at least along a first annular joining portion and a second annular joining portion respectively inside and outside said first annular zone in a radial direction so as to complete said capsule and so as to close hermetically said cavity containing said initial product and said further cavity, in particular containing a fluid like air or inert gas, to make an air cushion between said edge and said covering element that is suitable for defining a sealing element in said capsule arranged for being deformed and sealingly engaging, when compressed, with an abutting element of a dispensing machine. 23. A forming method for making a casing of a capsule by forming a thermoformable plastic material, comprising supporting said sheet material by first operating devide, providing a seat that is suitable for shaping a base wall and a side wall of said casing and providing a space in said first operating device communicating with a mouth of said seat and having, in a plan view, greater overall dimensions than said seat; providing a further space in second operating device and defining a chamber between said space and said further space bounding a portion to be formed of said sheet material, locking said sheet material in at least a first forming operating step wherein a punch of said second operating device intercepts said portion to be formed, pushing the portion towards said seat; further supplying compressed air in a final step of said forming to press said sheet material against said seat and against an abutment wall of said space surrounding said seat to form an edge of said casing extending from said side wall; wherein it further provides at least a further seat communicating with said space arranged outwardly said seat in a radial direction to form in said final step of said forming a further cavity in said edge of said casing by pressing with said compressed air said sheet material against said further seat. | 1,700 |
3,797 | 14,872,311 | 1,749 | A tire includes a circumferential tread, a pair of sidewalls, and a pair of bead portions. Each bead portion includes a bead and a bead filler. The tire further includes at least one body ply extending from bead portion to bead portion. The body ply includes a pair of turn up portions radially outside of a respective bead portion. An electronic device is embedded in the tire. The electronic device is encapsulated in a curable adhesive including at least one of natural rubber, styrene butadiene rubber, and butadiene rubber. | 1. A tire comprising:
an inner liner; a circumferential tread; a pair of sidewalls, each sidewall including an outer rubber layer; a pair of bead portions, each bead portion including a bead and a bead filler having an apex; at least one body ply extending from bead to bead,
wherein at least a portion of the body ply is disposed between the inner liner and the outer rubber layer of each sidewall;
wherein the body ply includes a pair of turn up portions, each turn up portion having a turn up end axially outside of a respective bead and radially below the apex of a respective bead filler; an electronic device disposed between the inner liner and the outer rubber layer of one of the pair of sidewalls, the electronic device having an adhesive disposed thereon, wherein the adhesive is one of a solvent-based adhesive and a water-based adhesive, and wherein the adhesive includes at least one of natural rubber, styrene butadiene rubber, and butadiene rubber. 2. The tire of claim 1, wherein the adhesive is a non-pressure sensitive adhesive. 3. The tire of claim 1, wherein the adhesive is a solvent-based adhesive including filler and curative dissolved in a volatile organic liquid. 4. The tire of claim 1, wherein the adhesive is a water-based adhesive including filler and curative suspended in an aqueous media. 5. The tire of claim 1, wherein the adhesive is a non-imide-based adhesive. 6. The tire of claim 1, further comprising a pair of chafers, each chafer at least partially wrapping around one of the pair of bead portions. 7. The tire of claim 1, further comprising a pair of abrasion portions, each abrasion portion at least partially wrapping around one of the pair of bead portions. 8. A tire comprising:
a circumferential tread; a pair of sidewalls; a pair of bead portions, wherein each bead portion includes a bead and a bead filler; at least one body ply extending from bead portion to bead portion, the body ply including a pair of turn up portions radially outside of a respective bead portion; and at least one electronic device embedded in the tire, wherein the at least one electronic device is encapsulated in a curable adhesive including at least one of natural rubber, styrene butadiene rubber, and butadiene rubber. 9. The tire of claim 8, wherein the at least one electronic device is a radio frequency identification tag. 10. The tire of claim 8, further comprising a pair of wire reinforcements, each wire reinforcement wrapping around one of the pair of bead portions. 11. The tire of claim 8, wherein the at least one electronic device includes at least a first electronic device and a second electronic device. 12. The tire of claim 8, wherein the curable adhesive is a solvent-based adhesive. 13. The tire of claim 8, wherein the curable adhesive is a water-based adhesive. 14. A method of embedding an electronic device in a tire, the method comprising:
forming a tire carcass by:
providing a pair of bead portions, each bead portion including a bead and a bead filler,
providing a body ply, and
wrapping a portion of the body ply around each of the pair of bead
portions; providing an electronic device; encapsulating the electronic device with an adhesive selected from the group consisting of a solvent-based adhesive and a water-based adhesive, wherein the adhesive includes at least one of natural rubber, styrene butadiene rubber, and butadiene rubber; affixing the electronic device to the tire carcass; forming a green tire by providing sidewall compound and a tread compound on the tire carcass; and curing the green tire. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the affixing the electronic device to the tire carcass include affixing the electronic device to the body ply. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the affixing the electronic device to the tire carcass include affixing the electronic device to one of the pair of bead portions. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the forming a tire carcass includes providing an inner liner. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the affixing the electronic device to the tire carcass include affixing the electronic device to the inner liner. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the adhesive is a non-acrylic adhesive. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the curing the green tire causes the adhesive to crosslink with the tire carcass. | A tire includes a circumferential tread, a pair of sidewalls, and a pair of bead portions. Each bead portion includes a bead and a bead filler. The tire further includes at least one body ply extending from bead portion to bead portion. The body ply includes a pair of turn up portions radially outside of a respective bead portion. An electronic device is embedded in the tire. The electronic device is encapsulated in a curable adhesive including at least one of natural rubber, styrene butadiene rubber, and butadiene rubber.1. A tire comprising:
an inner liner; a circumferential tread; a pair of sidewalls, each sidewall including an outer rubber layer; a pair of bead portions, each bead portion including a bead and a bead filler having an apex; at least one body ply extending from bead to bead,
wherein at least a portion of the body ply is disposed between the inner liner and the outer rubber layer of each sidewall;
wherein the body ply includes a pair of turn up portions, each turn up portion having a turn up end axially outside of a respective bead and radially below the apex of a respective bead filler; an electronic device disposed between the inner liner and the outer rubber layer of one of the pair of sidewalls, the electronic device having an adhesive disposed thereon, wherein the adhesive is one of a solvent-based adhesive and a water-based adhesive, and wherein the adhesive includes at least one of natural rubber, styrene butadiene rubber, and butadiene rubber. 2. The tire of claim 1, wherein the adhesive is a non-pressure sensitive adhesive. 3. The tire of claim 1, wherein the adhesive is a solvent-based adhesive including filler and curative dissolved in a volatile organic liquid. 4. The tire of claim 1, wherein the adhesive is a water-based adhesive including filler and curative suspended in an aqueous media. 5. The tire of claim 1, wherein the adhesive is a non-imide-based adhesive. 6. The tire of claim 1, further comprising a pair of chafers, each chafer at least partially wrapping around one of the pair of bead portions. 7. The tire of claim 1, further comprising a pair of abrasion portions, each abrasion portion at least partially wrapping around one of the pair of bead portions. 8. A tire comprising:
a circumferential tread; a pair of sidewalls; a pair of bead portions, wherein each bead portion includes a bead and a bead filler; at least one body ply extending from bead portion to bead portion, the body ply including a pair of turn up portions radially outside of a respective bead portion; and at least one electronic device embedded in the tire, wherein the at least one electronic device is encapsulated in a curable adhesive including at least one of natural rubber, styrene butadiene rubber, and butadiene rubber. 9. The tire of claim 8, wherein the at least one electronic device is a radio frequency identification tag. 10. The tire of claim 8, further comprising a pair of wire reinforcements, each wire reinforcement wrapping around one of the pair of bead portions. 11. The tire of claim 8, wherein the at least one electronic device includes at least a first electronic device and a second electronic device. 12. The tire of claim 8, wherein the curable adhesive is a solvent-based adhesive. 13. The tire of claim 8, wherein the curable adhesive is a water-based adhesive. 14. A method of embedding an electronic device in a tire, the method comprising:
forming a tire carcass by:
providing a pair of bead portions, each bead portion including a bead and a bead filler,
providing a body ply, and
wrapping a portion of the body ply around each of the pair of bead
portions; providing an electronic device; encapsulating the electronic device with an adhesive selected from the group consisting of a solvent-based adhesive and a water-based adhesive, wherein the adhesive includes at least one of natural rubber, styrene butadiene rubber, and butadiene rubber; affixing the electronic device to the tire carcass; forming a green tire by providing sidewall compound and a tread compound on the tire carcass; and curing the green tire. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the affixing the electronic device to the tire carcass include affixing the electronic device to the body ply. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the affixing the electronic device to the tire carcass include affixing the electronic device to one of the pair of bead portions. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the forming a tire carcass includes providing an inner liner. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the affixing the electronic device to the tire carcass include affixing the electronic device to the inner liner. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the adhesive is a non-acrylic adhesive. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the curing the green tire causes the adhesive to crosslink with the tire carcass. | 1,700 |
3,798 | 14,464,979 | 1,777 | Described are methods in which the retention times of a chromatographic column are adjusted through the control of the temperature of a mobile phase at the inlet to the chromatographic column. The temperature of the mobile phase at the inlet is different from the temperature of the chromatographic column. Adjustment of the temperature of the mobile phase at the inlet can be used as part of a method to transfer a chromatographic method from one liquid chromatography system to another liquid chromatography system. The method can alternatively be adapted for trapping a sample at the head of a chromatographic column to reduce the amount of band broadening of the sample from the sample injector of a liquid chromatography system. A gradient elution can then be performed to cause the concentrated volume of the analyte in the sample to elute in a tight band, resulting in improved measurement sensitivity. | 1. A method for transferring a chromatographic method between liquid chromatography systems, the method comprising:
controlling a temperature of a column thermal zone in a first liquid chromatography system based on a temperature of a column thermal zone in a second liquid chromatography system for a chromatographic method being transferred from the second liquid chromatography system to the first liquid chromatography system, the column thermal zones for the first and second liquid chromatography systems each configured to control a temperature of a chromatographic column therein; and controlling a temperature of a column inlet thermal zone of the first liquid chromatography system to modify a temperature of a mobile phase passing through an inlet to the chromatographic column of the first liquid chromatography system, wherein the temperature of the column inlet thermal zone is set to a temperature that is different from the temperature of the column thermal zone of the first liquid chromatography system, the modification of the temperature of the mobile phase changing the retention times of the chromatographic column in the first liquid chromatography system to be equivalent to the retention times of the chromatographic column in the second liquid chromatography system. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein controlling the temperature of the column thermal zone of the first liquid chromatography system comprises controlling the temperature to be substantially equal to the temperature of the column thermal zone of the second liquid chromatography system for the chromatographic method being transferred from the second chromatography system to the first chromatography system. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein controlling the temperature of the column thermal zone of the first liquid chromatography system comprises controlling the temperature according to the difference between the isoretention temperature for the first liquid chromatography system and the isoretention temperature for the second liquid chromatography system. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the temperature of the column inlet thermal zone is controlled to adjust a peak shape in a chromatogram. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the temperature of the column inlet thermal zone is controlled to adjust one of a peak fronting and a peak tailing of a peak in the chromatogram to thereby generate a symmetric shape for the peak. 6. A liquid chromatography system, comprising:
a column thermal zone configured to control a temperature of a chromatographic column; a chromatographic column disposed in the column thermal zone and having an inlet to receive a mobile phase; a column inlet thermal zone configured to control the temperature of a mobile phase at the inlet of the chromatographic column; and a temperature controller in communication with the column thermal zone and the column inlet thermal zone, the temperature controller configured to adjust a temperature of the column thermal zone to thereby control a temperature of the chromatographic column and configured to adjust a temperature of the column inlet thermal zone to thereby control the temperature of the mobile phase at the inlet of the chromatographic column, wherein the temperature of the mobile phase at the inlet is different from the temperature of the chromatographic column. 7. The liquid chromatography system of claim 6 further comprising a user interface in communication with the temperature controller, the user interface configured to receive data for controlling the temperature of the column thermal zone and controlling the temperature of the column inlet thermal zone. 8. The liquid chromatography system of claim 7 further comprising a processor in communication with the user interface and the temperature controller, the processor configured to receive data from the user interface and to provide control signals to the temperature controller for control of the temperature of the column thermal zone and the temperature of the column inlet thermal zone. 9. The liquid chromatography system of claim 6 wherein the column thermal zone comprises a column heater. 10. The liquid chromatography system of claim 6 wherein the column inlet thermal zone comprises a pre-heater configured to increase the temperature of the mobile phase at the inlet to greater than an ambient temperature. 11. The liquid chromatography system of claim 6 wherein the column inlet thermal zone comprises a cooler to reduce the temperature of the mobile phase at the inlet to less than an ambient temperature. 12. The liquid chromatography system of claim 6 wherein the column inlet thermal zone comprises a heater and a cooler. 13. The liquid chromatography system of claim 11 wherein the cooler comprises a Peltier device. 14. A method of performing liquid chromatography, the method comprising:
injecting a sample diluent having a sample dissolved therein into a mobile phase; controlling a temperature of the mobile phase at the inlet of a chromatographic column to be at a temperature that is less than a temperature of the chromatographic column to thereby increase a retention of the sample at a head of the chromatographic column, wherein the increased retention yields an increase in a volume concentration of the sample at a head of the chromatographic column; and performing a gradient elution during which the sample retained at the head of the chromatographic column elutes from the chromatographic column. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the mobile phase at the inlet of the chromatographic column is cooled to a temperature that is less than an ambient temperature. | Described are methods in which the retention times of a chromatographic column are adjusted through the control of the temperature of a mobile phase at the inlet to the chromatographic column. The temperature of the mobile phase at the inlet is different from the temperature of the chromatographic column. Adjustment of the temperature of the mobile phase at the inlet can be used as part of a method to transfer a chromatographic method from one liquid chromatography system to another liquid chromatography system. The method can alternatively be adapted for trapping a sample at the head of a chromatographic column to reduce the amount of band broadening of the sample from the sample injector of a liquid chromatography system. A gradient elution can then be performed to cause the concentrated volume of the analyte in the sample to elute in a tight band, resulting in improved measurement sensitivity.1. A method for transferring a chromatographic method between liquid chromatography systems, the method comprising:
controlling a temperature of a column thermal zone in a first liquid chromatography system based on a temperature of a column thermal zone in a second liquid chromatography system for a chromatographic method being transferred from the second liquid chromatography system to the first liquid chromatography system, the column thermal zones for the first and second liquid chromatography systems each configured to control a temperature of a chromatographic column therein; and controlling a temperature of a column inlet thermal zone of the first liquid chromatography system to modify a temperature of a mobile phase passing through an inlet to the chromatographic column of the first liquid chromatography system, wherein the temperature of the column inlet thermal zone is set to a temperature that is different from the temperature of the column thermal zone of the first liquid chromatography system, the modification of the temperature of the mobile phase changing the retention times of the chromatographic column in the first liquid chromatography system to be equivalent to the retention times of the chromatographic column in the second liquid chromatography system. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein controlling the temperature of the column thermal zone of the first liquid chromatography system comprises controlling the temperature to be substantially equal to the temperature of the column thermal zone of the second liquid chromatography system for the chromatographic method being transferred from the second chromatography system to the first chromatography system. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein controlling the temperature of the column thermal zone of the first liquid chromatography system comprises controlling the temperature according to the difference between the isoretention temperature for the first liquid chromatography system and the isoretention temperature for the second liquid chromatography system. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the temperature of the column inlet thermal zone is controlled to adjust a peak shape in a chromatogram. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the temperature of the column inlet thermal zone is controlled to adjust one of a peak fronting and a peak tailing of a peak in the chromatogram to thereby generate a symmetric shape for the peak. 6. A liquid chromatography system, comprising:
a column thermal zone configured to control a temperature of a chromatographic column; a chromatographic column disposed in the column thermal zone and having an inlet to receive a mobile phase; a column inlet thermal zone configured to control the temperature of a mobile phase at the inlet of the chromatographic column; and a temperature controller in communication with the column thermal zone and the column inlet thermal zone, the temperature controller configured to adjust a temperature of the column thermal zone to thereby control a temperature of the chromatographic column and configured to adjust a temperature of the column inlet thermal zone to thereby control the temperature of the mobile phase at the inlet of the chromatographic column, wherein the temperature of the mobile phase at the inlet is different from the temperature of the chromatographic column. 7. The liquid chromatography system of claim 6 further comprising a user interface in communication with the temperature controller, the user interface configured to receive data for controlling the temperature of the column thermal zone and controlling the temperature of the column inlet thermal zone. 8. The liquid chromatography system of claim 7 further comprising a processor in communication with the user interface and the temperature controller, the processor configured to receive data from the user interface and to provide control signals to the temperature controller for control of the temperature of the column thermal zone and the temperature of the column inlet thermal zone. 9. The liquid chromatography system of claim 6 wherein the column thermal zone comprises a column heater. 10. The liquid chromatography system of claim 6 wherein the column inlet thermal zone comprises a pre-heater configured to increase the temperature of the mobile phase at the inlet to greater than an ambient temperature. 11. The liquid chromatography system of claim 6 wherein the column inlet thermal zone comprises a cooler to reduce the temperature of the mobile phase at the inlet to less than an ambient temperature. 12. The liquid chromatography system of claim 6 wherein the column inlet thermal zone comprises a heater and a cooler. 13. The liquid chromatography system of claim 11 wherein the cooler comprises a Peltier device. 14. A method of performing liquid chromatography, the method comprising:
injecting a sample diluent having a sample dissolved therein into a mobile phase; controlling a temperature of the mobile phase at the inlet of a chromatographic column to be at a temperature that is less than a temperature of the chromatographic column to thereby increase a retention of the sample at a head of the chromatographic column, wherein the increased retention yields an increase in a volume concentration of the sample at a head of the chromatographic column; and performing a gradient elution during which the sample retained at the head of the chromatographic column elutes from the chromatographic column. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the mobile phase at the inlet of the chromatographic column is cooled to a temperature that is less than an ambient temperature. | 1,700 |
3,799 | 15,569,511 | 1,785 | The present disclosure is drawn to primer compositions which can include a binder including polyvinyl alcohol, starch nanoparticles, and a polymer latex dispersion. The primer competitions can also include a wax, a cationic salt, and water. | 1. A primer composition, comprising:
5 wt % to 70 wt % of a binder including polyvinyl alcohol, starch nanoparticles, and a polymer latex dispersion; a wax; a cationic salt; and water. 2. The primer composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer latex dispersion is selected from an SBR-based latex dispersion, a cationic acrylate latex disperison, a polyvinyl acetate latex dispersion, and combinations thereof. 3. The primer composition of claim 2, wherein the starch nanoparticles are crosslinked starch nanoparticles. 4. The primer composition of claim 1, wherein the cationic salt is present in an amount from 10 wt % to 50 wt % of all dry components of the primer composition. 5. The primer composition of claim 1, wherein the cationic salt comprises a cation of a metal selected form the group consisting of sodium, calcium, copper, nickel, magnesium, zinc, barium, iron, aluminum and chromium. 6. The primer composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer latex dispersion is present in an amount from 10 wt % to 70 wt % of all dry components of the primer composition. 7. The primer composition of claim 6, wherein the polyvinyl alcohol, starch nanoparticles, polymer latex dispersion, wax, and cationic salt make up at least 80 wt % of all dry components of the primer composition. 8. The primer composition of claim 1, wherein the polyvinyl alcohol is a mixture of two different polyvinyl alcohols with different weight-average molecular weights. 9. The primer composition of claim 1, wherein the primer composition further comprises an inorganic pigment in an amount of about 5 wt % or less of all dry components of the primer composition. 10. A method of coating a media substrate, comprising applying a primer composition to a media substrate, wherein the primer composition comprises:
from 5 wt % to 70 wt % binder including polyvinyl alcohol, starch nanoparticles, and a polymer latex dispersion; a wax; cationic salt; and water. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the polymer latex dispersion is present in an amount from 10 wt % to 70 wt % of all dry components of the primer composition, and wherein the polyvinyl alcohol, starch nanoparticles, polymer latex dispersion, wax, and cationic salt make up at least 80 wt % of all dry components of the primer composition. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the starch nanoparticles are crosslinked starch nanoparticles. 13. A coated media substrate, comprising:
a media substrate; and an ink-receiving primer layer coated on a surface of the media substrate, the primer layer comprising:
from 5 wt % to 90 wt % binder including polyvinyl alcohol, starch nanoparticles, and a polymer latex dispersion;
a wax; and
a cationic salt. 14. The coated media substrate of claim 13, wherein the media substrate is a smooth, nonporous offset media substrate. 15. The coated media substrate of claim 13, wherein the starch nanoparticles are crosslinked starch nanoparticles, wherein the polymer latex dispersion is present in an amount from 10 wt % to 70 wt % of all dry components of the primer layer, and wherein the polyvinyl alcohol, starch nanoparticles, polymer latex dispersion, wax, and cationic salt make up at least 80 wt % of all dry components of the primer layer. | The present disclosure is drawn to primer compositions which can include a binder including polyvinyl alcohol, starch nanoparticles, and a polymer latex dispersion. The primer competitions can also include a wax, a cationic salt, and water.1. A primer composition, comprising:
5 wt % to 70 wt % of a binder including polyvinyl alcohol, starch nanoparticles, and a polymer latex dispersion; a wax; a cationic salt; and water. 2. The primer composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer latex dispersion is selected from an SBR-based latex dispersion, a cationic acrylate latex disperison, a polyvinyl acetate latex dispersion, and combinations thereof. 3. The primer composition of claim 2, wherein the starch nanoparticles are crosslinked starch nanoparticles. 4. The primer composition of claim 1, wherein the cationic salt is present in an amount from 10 wt % to 50 wt % of all dry components of the primer composition. 5. The primer composition of claim 1, wherein the cationic salt comprises a cation of a metal selected form the group consisting of sodium, calcium, copper, nickel, magnesium, zinc, barium, iron, aluminum and chromium. 6. The primer composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer latex dispersion is present in an amount from 10 wt % to 70 wt % of all dry components of the primer composition. 7. The primer composition of claim 6, wherein the polyvinyl alcohol, starch nanoparticles, polymer latex dispersion, wax, and cationic salt make up at least 80 wt % of all dry components of the primer composition. 8. The primer composition of claim 1, wherein the polyvinyl alcohol is a mixture of two different polyvinyl alcohols with different weight-average molecular weights. 9. The primer composition of claim 1, wherein the primer composition further comprises an inorganic pigment in an amount of about 5 wt % or less of all dry components of the primer composition. 10. A method of coating a media substrate, comprising applying a primer composition to a media substrate, wherein the primer composition comprises:
from 5 wt % to 70 wt % binder including polyvinyl alcohol, starch nanoparticles, and a polymer latex dispersion; a wax; cationic salt; and water. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the polymer latex dispersion is present in an amount from 10 wt % to 70 wt % of all dry components of the primer composition, and wherein the polyvinyl alcohol, starch nanoparticles, polymer latex dispersion, wax, and cationic salt make up at least 80 wt % of all dry components of the primer composition. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the starch nanoparticles are crosslinked starch nanoparticles. 13. A coated media substrate, comprising:
a media substrate; and an ink-receiving primer layer coated on a surface of the media substrate, the primer layer comprising:
from 5 wt % to 90 wt % binder including polyvinyl alcohol, starch nanoparticles, and a polymer latex dispersion;
a wax; and
a cationic salt. 14. The coated media substrate of claim 13, wherein the media substrate is a smooth, nonporous offset media substrate. 15. The coated media substrate of claim 13, wherein the starch nanoparticles are crosslinked starch nanoparticles, wherein the polymer latex dispersion is present in an amount from 10 wt % to 70 wt % of all dry components of the primer layer, and wherein the polyvinyl alcohol, starch nanoparticles, polymer latex dispersion, wax, and cationic salt make up at least 80 wt % of all dry components of the primer layer. | 1,700 |
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