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4,200 | 15,076,278 | 1,798 | A test sensor container for use with an analyte measuring system may include a cartridge that includes a base, two opposite sidewalls extending away from the base, and a plurality of compartments each dimensioned to hold a test sensor. At least one of the two opposite sidewalls is oriented at an acute angle relative to a reference axis that is perpendicular to the base. The test sensor container may further include at least one foil cover sealing the plurality of compartments and an ejection mechanism. | 1. A test sensor container for use with an analyte measuring system, comprising:
a cartridge including a base, two opposite sidewalls extending away from the base, and a plurality of compartments arranged linearly along a longitudinal axis, wherein each compartment is dimensioned to hold a test sensor, and at least one of the two opposite sidewalls is oriented at an acute angle relative to a reference axis perpendicular to the base; at least one foil cover sealing the plurality of compartments; and an ejection mechanism adjacent the cartridge and configured to break a first portion of the at least one foil cover at one of the two opposite sidewalls to open only one of the plurality of compartments at a time without opening any other one of the plurality of compartments. 2. The test sensor container of claim 1, wherein the at least one foil cover comprises a single foil cover. 3. The test sensor container of claim 1, wherein the plurality of compartments extends between the two opposite sidewalls. 4. The test sensor container of claim 1, wherein the at least one foil cover extends over the two opposite sidewalls. 5. The test sensor container of claim 1, wherein the two opposite sidewalls are each oriented at an acute angle relative to the reference axis perpendicular to the base. 6. The test sensor container of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of test sensors stored respectively in the plurality of compartments and arranged side by side along a length of the cartridge extending along the longitudinal axis. 7. The test sensor container of claim 6, wherein each of the plurality of test sensors has a side extending parallel to the reference axis and adjacent the at least one of the two opposite sidewalls oriented at the acute angle. 8. The test sensor container of claim 7, wherein the ejection mechanism comprises an ejection blade configured to push one of the plurality of test sensors such that the side extending parallel to the reference axis pierces a second portion of the at least one foil cover at the at least one of the two opposite sidewalls oriented at the acute angle. 9. The test sensor container of claim 1, wherein each compartment of the plurality of compartments comprises a cavity for receiving a desiccant material therein. 10. The test sensor container of claim 9, wherein each compartment of the plurality of compartments further comprises a desiccant material received in the cavity. 11. The test sensor container of claim 1, wherein the ejection mechanism comprises a flexible blade movable between a first blade position and a second blade position, wherein no portion of the flexible blade is located within any one of the plurality of compartments in the first blade position, and at least a portion of the flexible blade is located within one of the plurality of compartments in the second blade position, the flexible blade breaking the first portion of the at least one foil cover as a result of moving from the first blade position to the second blade position. 12. The test sensor container of claim 11, wherein the ejection mechanism further comprises an ejection button configured to move the flexible blade, the flexible blade having a first end and a second end, the first end connected to the ejection button and the second end not connected to any structure. 13. The test sensor container of claim 11, wherein the ejection mechanism further comprises a rotatable spindle about which the flexible blade has a first blade portion extending in a first direction and a second blade portion extending in a second direction. 14. The test sensor container of claim 13, wherein the second blade portion is substantially perpendicular to the first blade portion— 15. The test sensor container of claim 13, further comprising an ejection port configured to receive there through the test sensor, wherein the second blade portion is aligned with the ejection port. 16. The test sensor container of claim 1, further comprising a housing having the cartridge therein, wherein the ejection mechanism comprises:
a lever pivotally coupled to the housing, the lever movable from a first lever position substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis to a second lever position substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis; and an ejection blade mounted to the lever and movable between a first blade position and a second blade position, wherein no portion of the ejection blade is located within any one of the plurality of compartments in the first blade position, and at least a portion of the ejection blade is located within one of the plurality of compartments in the second blade position, the ejection blade breaking the first portion of the at least one foil cover as a result of moving from the first blade position to the second blade position. 17. The test sensor container of claim 16, wherein the ejection blade is slidably mounted to the lever. 18. The test sensor container of claim 16, wherein the ejection blade is movable linearly between the first blade position and the second blade position. 19. The test sensor container of claim 16, wherein the ejection blade is movable substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis from the first blade position to the second blade position. 20. The test sensor container of claim 16, wherein the ejection blade is made of a substantially rigid material. | A test sensor container for use with an analyte measuring system may include a cartridge that includes a base, two opposite sidewalls extending away from the base, and a plurality of compartments each dimensioned to hold a test sensor. At least one of the two opposite sidewalls is oriented at an acute angle relative to a reference axis that is perpendicular to the base. The test sensor container may further include at least one foil cover sealing the plurality of compartments and an ejection mechanism.1. A test sensor container for use with an analyte measuring system, comprising:
a cartridge including a base, two opposite sidewalls extending away from the base, and a plurality of compartments arranged linearly along a longitudinal axis, wherein each compartment is dimensioned to hold a test sensor, and at least one of the two opposite sidewalls is oriented at an acute angle relative to a reference axis perpendicular to the base; at least one foil cover sealing the plurality of compartments; and an ejection mechanism adjacent the cartridge and configured to break a first portion of the at least one foil cover at one of the two opposite sidewalls to open only one of the plurality of compartments at a time without opening any other one of the plurality of compartments. 2. The test sensor container of claim 1, wherein the at least one foil cover comprises a single foil cover. 3. The test sensor container of claim 1, wherein the plurality of compartments extends between the two opposite sidewalls. 4. The test sensor container of claim 1, wherein the at least one foil cover extends over the two opposite sidewalls. 5. The test sensor container of claim 1, wherein the two opposite sidewalls are each oriented at an acute angle relative to the reference axis perpendicular to the base. 6. The test sensor container of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of test sensors stored respectively in the plurality of compartments and arranged side by side along a length of the cartridge extending along the longitudinal axis. 7. The test sensor container of claim 6, wherein each of the plurality of test sensors has a side extending parallel to the reference axis and adjacent the at least one of the two opposite sidewalls oriented at the acute angle. 8. The test sensor container of claim 7, wherein the ejection mechanism comprises an ejection blade configured to push one of the plurality of test sensors such that the side extending parallel to the reference axis pierces a second portion of the at least one foil cover at the at least one of the two opposite sidewalls oriented at the acute angle. 9. The test sensor container of claim 1, wherein each compartment of the plurality of compartments comprises a cavity for receiving a desiccant material therein. 10. The test sensor container of claim 9, wherein each compartment of the plurality of compartments further comprises a desiccant material received in the cavity. 11. The test sensor container of claim 1, wherein the ejection mechanism comprises a flexible blade movable between a first blade position and a second blade position, wherein no portion of the flexible blade is located within any one of the plurality of compartments in the first blade position, and at least a portion of the flexible blade is located within one of the plurality of compartments in the second blade position, the flexible blade breaking the first portion of the at least one foil cover as a result of moving from the first blade position to the second blade position. 12. The test sensor container of claim 11, wherein the ejection mechanism further comprises an ejection button configured to move the flexible blade, the flexible blade having a first end and a second end, the first end connected to the ejection button and the second end not connected to any structure. 13. The test sensor container of claim 11, wherein the ejection mechanism further comprises a rotatable spindle about which the flexible blade has a first blade portion extending in a first direction and a second blade portion extending in a second direction. 14. The test sensor container of claim 13, wherein the second blade portion is substantially perpendicular to the first blade portion— 15. The test sensor container of claim 13, further comprising an ejection port configured to receive there through the test sensor, wherein the second blade portion is aligned with the ejection port. 16. The test sensor container of claim 1, further comprising a housing having the cartridge therein, wherein the ejection mechanism comprises:
a lever pivotally coupled to the housing, the lever movable from a first lever position substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis to a second lever position substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis; and an ejection blade mounted to the lever and movable between a first blade position and a second blade position, wherein no portion of the ejection blade is located within any one of the plurality of compartments in the first blade position, and at least a portion of the ejection blade is located within one of the plurality of compartments in the second blade position, the ejection blade breaking the first portion of the at least one foil cover as a result of moving from the first blade position to the second blade position. 17. The test sensor container of claim 16, wherein the ejection blade is slidably mounted to the lever. 18. The test sensor container of claim 16, wherein the ejection blade is movable linearly between the first blade position and the second blade position. 19. The test sensor container of claim 16, wherein the ejection blade is movable substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis from the first blade position to the second blade position. 20. The test sensor container of claim 16, wherein the ejection blade is made of a substantially rigid material. | 1,700 |
4,201 | 14,123,174 | 1,795 | A chemical reaction apparatus includes a horizontal flow-type reactor in which a content horizontally flows with an unfilled space being provided thereabove, a microwave generator that generates microwaves, and at least one waveguide that transmits the microwaves generated by the microwave generator to the unfilled space in the reactor. | 1. A chemical reaction apparatus, comprising:
a horizontal flow-type reactor in which a content horizontally flows with an unfilled space being provided thereabove; a microwave generator that generates microwaves; and at least one waveguide that transmits the microwaves generated by the microwave generator to the unfilled space in the reactor. 2. The chemical reaction apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising at least one agitation unit that agitates the content inside the reactor. 3. The chemical reaction apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the agitation unit performs agitation using at least one of methods of rotating agitation, bubbling agitation, and ultrasonic wave agitation. 4. The chemical reaction apparatus according to claim 1,
wherein the reactor allows a raw material and a solid catalyst to flow therein, and the chemical reaction apparatus further comprises a catalyst separating portion that separates the solid catalyst from a product material after a reaction in the reactor. 5. The chemical reaction apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a mixing portion that mixes a raw material and a solid catalyst,
wherein the raw material and the solid catalyst mixed by the mixing portion are loaded into the upstream side in the reactor. 6. The chemical reaction apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the solid catalyst is microwave-absorbing or microwave-sensitive. 7. The chemical reaction apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the reactor has multiple chambers that are continuously arranged in series. 8. The chemical reaction apparatus according to claim 7,
wherein the reactor has multiple partition plates that partition the inside of the reactor into multiple chambers, and the partition plates are provided with a flow path through which the content flows from the upstream side to the downstream side. 9. The chemical reaction apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the flow path is either a flow path that allows the content to flow over each of the partition plates or a flow path that allows the content to flow through a void of each of the partition plates. 10. The chemical reaction apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the partition plates each transmit microwaves. 11. The chemical reaction apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the waveguide is provided at a location of the partition plates. 12. The chemical reaction apparatus according to claim 7, further comprising:
multiple temperature measuring portions that measure a temperature inside each chamber in the reactor; and a microwave control portion that controls a power of microwaves with which each chamber is to be irradiated, according to the temperature measured by each of the temperature measuring portions. 13. The chemical reaction apparatus according to claim 1,
wherein the number of the microwave generator provided is at least two, and the at least two microwave generators generate microwaves having at least two frequencies. 14. A chemical reaction method, comprising:
a step of, in a horizontal flow-type reactor in which a content horizontally flows with an unfilled space being provided thereabove, causing the content to react by moving the content from the upstream side to the downstream side in the reactor while irradiating the unfilled space with microwaves. 15. The chemical reaction method according to claim 14,
wherein the reactor has multiple chambers that are continuously arranged in series, and the content is caused to react by moving the content from a chamber on the upstream side to a chamber on the downstream side. 16. The chemical reaction apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the solid catalyst is microwave-absorbing or microwave-sensitive. | A chemical reaction apparatus includes a horizontal flow-type reactor in which a content horizontally flows with an unfilled space being provided thereabove, a microwave generator that generates microwaves, and at least one waveguide that transmits the microwaves generated by the microwave generator to the unfilled space in the reactor.1. A chemical reaction apparatus, comprising:
a horizontal flow-type reactor in which a content horizontally flows with an unfilled space being provided thereabove; a microwave generator that generates microwaves; and at least one waveguide that transmits the microwaves generated by the microwave generator to the unfilled space in the reactor. 2. The chemical reaction apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising at least one agitation unit that agitates the content inside the reactor. 3. The chemical reaction apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the agitation unit performs agitation using at least one of methods of rotating agitation, bubbling agitation, and ultrasonic wave agitation. 4. The chemical reaction apparatus according to claim 1,
wherein the reactor allows a raw material and a solid catalyst to flow therein, and the chemical reaction apparatus further comprises a catalyst separating portion that separates the solid catalyst from a product material after a reaction in the reactor. 5. The chemical reaction apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a mixing portion that mixes a raw material and a solid catalyst,
wherein the raw material and the solid catalyst mixed by the mixing portion are loaded into the upstream side in the reactor. 6. The chemical reaction apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the solid catalyst is microwave-absorbing or microwave-sensitive. 7. The chemical reaction apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the reactor has multiple chambers that are continuously arranged in series. 8. The chemical reaction apparatus according to claim 7,
wherein the reactor has multiple partition plates that partition the inside of the reactor into multiple chambers, and the partition plates are provided with a flow path through which the content flows from the upstream side to the downstream side. 9. The chemical reaction apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the flow path is either a flow path that allows the content to flow over each of the partition plates or a flow path that allows the content to flow through a void of each of the partition plates. 10. The chemical reaction apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the partition plates each transmit microwaves. 11. The chemical reaction apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the waveguide is provided at a location of the partition plates. 12. The chemical reaction apparatus according to claim 7, further comprising:
multiple temperature measuring portions that measure a temperature inside each chamber in the reactor; and a microwave control portion that controls a power of microwaves with which each chamber is to be irradiated, according to the temperature measured by each of the temperature measuring portions. 13. The chemical reaction apparatus according to claim 1,
wherein the number of the microwave generator provided is at least two, and the at least two microwave generators generate microwaves having at least two frequencies. 14. A chemical reaction method, comprising:
a step of, in a horizontal flow-type reactor in which a content horizontally flows with an unfilled space being provided thereabove, causing the content to react by moving the content from the upstream side to the downstream side in the reactor while irradiating the unfilled space with microwaves. 15. The chemical reaction method according to claim 14,
wherein the reactor has multiple chambers that are continuously arranged in series, and the content is caused to react by moving the content from a chamber on the upstream side to a chamber on the downstream side. 16. The chemical reaction apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the solid catalyst is microwave-absorbing or microwave-sensitive. | 1,700 |
4,202 | 15,170,338 | 1,777 | A method and system generate steam for SAGD operation wherein steam generator blowdown water is acidified, cooled and clarified before reuse. Acid Clarification Treatment, or “ACT”, mitigates organic fouling in Once-Through Stream Generators. Lab tests quantitatively and qualitatively show that ACT reduces Total organic carbon (TOC) and ‘bad actors’ TOC, respectively, in blowdown streams. | 1. A method of treating once through steam generator (OTSG) blowdown water for reuse, said method comprising:
a) providing OTSG blowdown water; b) acidifying said OTSG blowdown water to pH 8 or lower; c) cooling said OTSG blowdown water to 30-40° C.; d) settling precipitants out of said OTSG blowdown water for at least 12 hours to produce an acid clarified blowdown water; and e) reusing said acid clarified blowdown water. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the cooling step c) occurs at least partially before the acidifying step b). 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the settling step d) occurs in a sludge pond. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the settling step d) occurs in a clarifier tank. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the reusing step e) comprises use as feedwater in a steam generator. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the reusing step e) comprises blending with clean feedwater and use as feedwater in a steam generator. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein reusing step e) comprises blending with clean feedwater and use as feedwater in an OTSG. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising a softening step f) to remove calcium, magnesium and silica. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising a softening step f) in a warm lime softener to remove calcium, magnesium and silica. 10. The method of claim 5, further comprising a softening step f) in a warm lime softener to remove calcium, magnesium and silica. 11. The method of claim 7, further comprising a softening step f) in a warm lime softener to remove calcium, magnesium and silica. 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising a step d-1) adjusting pH of said acid clarified blowdown water to pH 8 or lower. 13. A steam generator system for oil production, comprising:
a) an OTSG having a feedwater line for inputting feedwater into said OTSG, said OTSG capable of generating steam and blowdown water; b) a separator for separating said steam and said blowdown water; c) an acid supply tank for acidifying said blowdown water; d) a clarifying tank for clarifying acidic blowdown water; e) a clarified blowdown water line for feeding said clarified blowdown water to said feedwater line; f) wherein elements a though e are fluidly connected. 14. The steam generator system of claim 13, further comprising a softener for removing hardness from said clarified blowdown water before entering said feedwater line. 15. The steam generator system of claim 13, further comprising a warm lime softener for removing hardness from said clarified blowdown water before entering said feedwater line. 16. An improved method of producing steam for oil production, the method comprising heating feedwater in a steam generator to generate steam for downhole use and blowdown water to reuse in said steam generator, the improvement comprising acidifying, cooling and clarifying said blowdown water before reuse in said steam generator. | A method and system generate steam for SAGD operation wherein steam generator blowdown water is acidified, cooled and clarified before reuse. Acid Clarification Treatment, or “ACT”, mitigates organic fouling in Once-Through Stream Generators. Lab tests quantitatively and qualitatively show that ACT reduces Total organic carbon (TOC) and ‘bad actors’ TOC, respectively, in blowdown streams.1. A method of treating once through steam generator (OTSG) blowdown water for reuse, said method comprising:
a) providing OTSG blowdown water; b) acidifying said OTSG blowdown water to pH 8 or lower; c) cooling said OTSG blowdown water to 30-40° C.; d) settling precipitants out of said OTSG blowdown water for at least 12 hours to produce an acid clarified blowdown water; and e) reusing said acid clarified blowdown water. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the cooling step c) occurs at least partially before the acidifying step b). 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the settling step d) occurs in a sludge pond. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the settling step d) occurs in a clarifier tank. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the reusing step e) comprises use as feedwater in a steam generator. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the reusing step e) comprises blending with clean feedwater and use as feedwater in a steam generator. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein reusing step e) comprises blending with clean feedwater and use as feedwater in an OTSG. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising a softening step f) to remove calcium, magnesium and silica. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising a softening step f) in a warm lime softener to remove calcium, magnesium and silica. 10. The method of claim 5, further comprising a softening step f) in a warm lime softener to remove calcium, magnesium and silica. 11. The method of claim 7, further comprising a softening step f) in a warm lime softener to remove calcium, magnesium and silica. 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising a step d-1) adjusting pH of said acid clarified blowdown water to pH 8 or lower. 13. A steam generator system for oil production, comprising:
a) an OTSG having a feedwater line for inputting feedwater into said OTSG, said OTSG capable of generating steam and blowdown water; b) a separator for separating said steam and said blowdown water; c) an acid supply tank for acidifying said blowdown water; d) a clarifying tank for clarifying acidic blowdown water; e) a clarified blowdown water line for feeding said clarified blowdown water to said feedwater line; f) wherein elements a though e are fluidly connected. 14. The steam generator system of claim 13, further comprising a softener for removing hardness from said clarified blowdown water before entering said feedwater line. 15. The steam generator system of claim 13, further comprising a warm lime softener for removing hardness from said clarified blowdown water before entering said feedwater line. 16. An improved method of producing steam for oil production, the method comprising heating feedwater in a steam generator to generate steam for downhole use and blowdown water to reuse in said steam generator, the improvement comprising acidifying, cooling and clarifying said blowdown water before reuse in said steam generator. | 1,700 |
4,203 | 15,278,815 | 1,717 | A method for treating a coated article having a depleted layer following exposure of the coated article to an operational temperature is disclosed. The method includes applying an aluminizing composition to the article, forming an overlay aluminide coating on the article from the aluminizing composition, heat treating the overlay aluminide coating, and diffusing aluminum from the overlay aluminide coating into the depleted layer, transforming at least a portion of the depleted layer into a rejuvenated layer. The depleted layer includes a depleted concentration of aluminum relative to a corresponding layer of the coated article prior to the coated article being exposed to the operational temperature. The rejuvenated layer includes a rejuvenated concentration of aluminum which is elevated relative to the depleted concentration of aluminum. A treated article includes a substrate, a rejuvenated aluminide layer disposed on the substrate, and an overlay aluminide coating disposed on the rejuvenated aluminide layer. | 1. A method for treating a coated article having a depleted layer following exposure of the coated article to an operational temperature, comprising:
applying an aluminizing composition to the coated article; forming an overlay aluminide coating on the coated article from the aluminizing composition; heat treating the overlay aluminide coating; and diffusing aluminum from the overlay aluminide coating into the depleted layer, transforming at least a portion of the depleted layer into a rejuvenated layer, and forming a treated article, wherein the depleted layer includes a depleted concentration of aluminum which is reduced relative to an initial concentration of aluminum in a corresponding layer of the coated article prior to the coated article being exposed to the operational temperature, and the rejuvenated layer includes a rejuvenated concentration of aluminum which is elevated relative to the depleted concentration of aluminum. 2. The method of claim 1, further including:
exposing the treated article to the operational temperature following transforming at least the portion of the depleted layer into the rejuvenated layer; forming a second depleted layer from the rejuvenated layer and the overlay aluminide coating; and subsequently applying the aluminizing composition to the treated article, forming a second overlay aluminide coating on the treated article from the aluminizing composition, heat treating the second overlay aluminide coating, and diffusing aluminum from the second overlay aluminide coating into the second depleted layer, transforming at least a portion of the second depleted layer into a second rejuvenated layer. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the depleted layer is a depleted aluminide layer including at least one of a depleted additive aluminide coating and a depleted aluminide interdiffusion zone. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein transforming at least the portion of the depleted layer into the rejuvenated layer includes reducing or eliminating topologically close packed phases present in the depleted aluminide layer. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the overlay aluminide coating and the rejuvenated layer are free of an aluminum compositional gradient, or have a reduced aluminum compositional gradient relative to the corresponding layer of the coated article prior to the coated article being exposed to the operational temperature. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the concentration of aluminum of the depleted layer is reduced by at least about 10% relative to the initial concentration of aluminum in the corresponding layer of the coated article prior to the coated article being exposed to the operational temperature. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminizing composition includes, by weight, about 35 to about 65% of a donor powder, about 1 to about 25% of an activator powder, and about 25 to about 60% of a binder, the donor powder including a metallic aluminum alloy having a melting temperature higher than aluminum, and the binder including at least one organic polymer gel. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the overlay aluminide coating includes forming the overlay aluminide coating on a local portion of the coated article, the local portion being less than an entire surface of the coated article. 9. The method of claim 1, including commencing a servicing period of an apparatus during which operation of the apparatus ceases, the apparatus including the coated article. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the method is performed without stripping the depleted layer from the coated article during the service period and without applying MCrAlY over the depleted layer during the service period. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the aluminizing composition includes a technique selected from the group consisting of soaking, spraying, brushing, dipping, pouring, and combinations thereof 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the coated article is a turbine component. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the turbine component is selected from the group consisting of at least one of a hot gas path component, a blade (bucket), a welded blade (bucket) tip, a vane (nozzle), a shroud, a combustor liner, a transition duct, a cross fire tube collar, a venturi, a transition piece seal, a fuel nozzle part, and combinations thereof. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the operational temperature is at least about 1,000° C. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the heat treating includes subjecting the overlay aluminide coating to a temperature between about 1,100° C. to about 1,300° C. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the rejuvenated concentration of aluminum is between about 75% to about 100% of the initial concentration of aluminum. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the portion of the depleted layer which is transformed into the rejuvenated layer is at least about 50% of the depleted layer. 18. A treated article comprising:
a substrate; a rejuvenated aluminide layer disposed on the substrate, the rejuvenated aluminide layer being derived from rejuvenation of a depleted aluminide layer, the depleted aluminide layer being derived from a corresponding layer of a coated article present prior to the coated article being exposed to an operational temperature which forms the depleted aluminide layer; and an overlay aluminide coating disposed on the rejuvenated aluminide layer. 19. The coated article of claim 18, wherein the rejuvenated aluminide layer is free of topologically close packed phases, or has reduced topologically close packed phases relative to the corresponding layer of the coated article present prior to the coated article being exposed to the operational temperature. 20. The coated article of claim 18, wherein the overlay aluminide coating and the rejuvenated aluminide layer are free of an aluminum compositional gradient, or have a reduced aluminum compositional gradient relative to the at least one corresponding layer of the coated article present prior to the coated article being exposed to the operational temperature. | A method for treating a coated article having a depleted layer following exposure of the coated article to an operational temperature is disclosed. The method includes applying an aluminizing composition to the article, forming an overlay aluminide coating on the article from the aluminizing composition, heat treating the overlay aluminide coating, and diffusing aluminum from the overlay aluminide coating into the depleted layer, transforming at least a portion of the depleted layer into a rejuvenated layer. The depleted layer includes a depleted concentration of aluminum relative to a corresponding layer of the coated article prior to the coated article being exposed to the operational temperature. The rejuvenated layer includes a rejuvenated concentration of aluminum which is elevated relative to the depleted concentration of aluminum. A treated article includes a substrate, a rejuvenated aluminide layer disposed on the substrate, and an overlay aluminide coating disposed on the rejuvenated aluminide layer.1. A method for treating a coated article having a depleted layer following exposure of the coated article to an operational temperature, comprising:
applying an aluminizing composition to the coated article; forming an overlay aluminide coating on the coated article from the aluminizing composition; heat treating the overlay aluminide coating; and diffusing aluminum from the overlay aluminide coating into the depleted layer, transforming at least a portion of the depleted layer into a rejuvenated layer, and forming a treated article, wherein the depleted layer includes a depleted concentration of aluminum which is reduced relative to an initial concentration of aluminum in a corresponding layer of the coated article prior to the coated article being exposed to the operational temperature, and the rejuvenated layer includes a rejuvenated concentration of aluminum which is elevated relative to the depleted concentration of aluminum. 2. The method of claim 1, further including:
exposing the treated article to the operational temperature following transforming at least the portion of the depleted layer into the rejuvenated layer; forming a second depleted layer from the rejuvenated layer and the overlay aluminide coating; and subsequently applying the aluminizing composition to the treated article, forming a second overlay aluminide coating on the treated article from the aluminizing composition, heat treating the second overlay aluminide coating, and diffusing aluminum from the second overlay aluminide coating into the second depleted layer, transforming at least a portion of the second depleted layer into a second rejuvenated layer. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the depleted layer is a depleted aluminide layer including at least one of a depleted additive aluminide coating and a depleted aluminide interdiffusion zone. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein transforming at least the portion of the depleted layer into the rejuvenated layer includes reducing or eliminating topologically close packed phases present in the depleted aluminide layer. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the overlay aluminide coating and the rejuvenated layer are free of an aluminum compositional gradient, or have a reduced aluminum compositional gradient relative to the corresponding layer of the coated article prior to the coated article being exposed to the operational temperature. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the concentration of aluminum of the depleted layer is reduced by at least about 10% relative to the initial concentration of aluminum in the corresponding layer of the coated article prior to the coated article being exposed to the operational temperature. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminizing composition includes, by weight, about 35 to about 65% of a donor powder, about 1 to about 25% of an activator powder, and about 25 to about 60% of a binder, the donor powder including a metallic aluminum alloy having a melting temperature higher than aluminum, and the binder including at least one organic polymer gel. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the overlay aluminide coating includes forming the overlay aluminide coating on a local portion of the coated article, the local portion being less than an entire surface of the coated article. 9. The method of claim 1, including commencing a servicing period of an apparatus during which operation of the apparatus ceases, the apparatus including the coated article. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the method is performed without stripping the depleted layer from the coated article during the service period and without applying MCrAlY over the depleted layer during the service period. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the aluminizing composition includes a technique selected from the group consisting of soaking, spraying, brushing, dipping, pouring, and combinations thereof 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the coated article is a turbine component. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the turbine component is selected from the group consisting of at least one of a hot gas path component, a blade (bucket), a welded blade (bucket) tip, a vane (nozzle), a shroud, a combustor liner, a transition duct, a cross fire tube collar, a venturi, a transition piece seal, a fuel nozzle part, and combinations thereof. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the operational temperature is at least about 1,000° C. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the heat treating includes subjecting the overlay aluminide coating to a temperature between about 1,100° C. to about 1,300° C. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the rejuvenated concentration of aluminum is between about 75% to about 100% of the initial concentration of aluminum. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the portion of the depleted layer which is transformed into the rejuvenated layer is at least about 50% of the depleted layer. 18. A treated article comprising:
a substrate; a rejuvenated aluminide layer disposed on the substrate, the rejuvenated aluminide layer being derived from rejuvenation of a depleted aluminide layer, the depleted aluminide layer being derived from a corresponding layer of a coated article present prior to the coated article being exposed to an operational temperature which forms the depleted aluminide layer; and an overlay aluminide coating disposed on the rejuvenated aluminide layer. 19. The coated article of claim 18, wherein the rejuvenated aluminide layer is free of topologically close packed phases, or has reduced topologically close packed phases relative to the corresponding layer of the coated article present prior to the coated article being exposed to the operational temperature. 20. The coated article of claim 18, wherein the overlay aluminide coating and the rejuvenated aluminide layer are free of an aluminum compositional gradient, or have a reduced aluminum compositional gradient relative to the at least one corresponding layer of the coated article present prior to the coated article being exposed to the operational temperature. | 1,700 |
4,204 | 14,892,182 | 1,791 | A process for the production of a beverage ( 21 ) has steps (a) and (b). Step (a), contacting a base liquor ( 1 ) containing at least one fermentable sugar with a yeast ( 2 ) of the species Pichia , to carry out fermentation under aerobic conditions of the at least one fermentable sugar until an ethanol containing concentrated precursor ( 11 ) is formed, comprising an amount of isoamyl acetate (IAAT) of at least 10 ppm, or an amount of ethyl acetate of at least 90 ppm. Unless otherwise indicated, the amounts in ppm are expressed with respect to the total weight of the concentrated precursor. Step (b), blending concentrated precursor as such ( 11 ) or after further treatment ( 11 a ), with more than 50 vol/% of a blending liquor ( 12 ) to produce the beverage ( 21 ) having an IAAT content of at least 0.5 ppm with respect to the total weight of the beverage. | 1. A process for the production of a beverage (21), said process comprising the following steps:
(a) contacting a base liquor (1) containing at least one fermentable sugar with a yeast (2) of the species Pichia, to carry out fermentation under aerobic conditions of said at least one fermentable sugar until a concentrated precursor (11) is formed, comprising an amount of isoamyl acetate (IAAT) of at least 10 ppm, or an amount of ethyl acetate of at least 90 ppm, wherein, unless otherwise indicated, the amounts in ppm are expressed with respect to the total weight of the concentrated precursor; (b) blending the thus obtained concentrated precursor as such (11) or after further treatment (11 a), with more than 50 vol/% of a blending liquor (12) to produce said beverage (21) having an IAAT content of at least 0.5 ppm with respect to the total weight of the beverage. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the at least one fermentable sugar comprises glucose or fructose, and/or one or more oligosaccharides or polysaccharides selected from the group of, maltose, sucrose, or maltotriose, starch and beta-glucans wherein some of the used one or more oligosacharides oligosaccharides is preferably converted into glucose in step (a), preferably, at least 20 wt.%, more preferably at least 50 wt.%, most preferably at least 90 wt.% of the oligosaccharides used is converted into glucose. 3. The process according to claim 2, wherein the base liquor (1) comprises a wort and the beverage (21) is an alcoholic or non-alcoholic beer or malt base beverage. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the concentrated precursor (11) comprises isoamyl acetate in an amount of at least 5 ppm per vol.% ethanol (=ppm/% ABV), preferably in an amount comprised between 6 and 40 ppm/% ABV, more preferably between 8 and 30 ppm/% ABV, most preferably between 10 and 25 ppm/% ABV. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the concentrated precursor (11) comprises,
(a) Ethyl acetate in an amount comprised between 35 and 500 ppm/% ABV, preferably between 45 and 250 ppm/% ABV, and/or (b) Phenyl ethyl acetate in an amount comprised between 8 and 15 ppm/% ABV, preferably between 10 and 14 ppm/% ABV, and/or (c) Ethanol in an amount comprised between 0.05 and 15 vol.%, preferably between 2 and 10 vol.%, more preferably between 4 and 7 vol.%. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein the fermentation of the at least one fermentable sugar is carried out under supply of an oxygen containing gas, preferably air, at a flow rate of at least 0.00001 dm302/dm3 liquor/min, min, more preferably the flow rate provides an oxygen feed comprised between 0.001 dm302/dm3 liquor/min, and 10 dm302/dm3 liquor/min and preferably under stirred conditions caused by the gas flow or by additional mechanical agitation. 7. The process according to claim 1, wherein the blending liquor (12) is water; an alcoholic or non-alcoholic beer, cider or malt based beverage, wherein the blending with the concentrated precursor (11) allows modulation of the flavours profile of the final beverage obtained after blending, and wherein the blending is preferably carried out during the production process of the blending liquor, such as during a fermentation stage, a maturation stage, before or after a filtration stage of a beer or cider or malt based beverage. 8. The process according to claim 7, wherein the concentrated precursor (11) is blended with the blending liquor (12) in an amount comprised between 0.1 and 49 vol.%, preferably between 0.3 and 30 vol.%, more preferably between 0.4 and 15 vol.%, most preferably between 0.5 and 6 vol.%., with respect to the total volume of concentrated liquor and blending liquor. 9. The process according to claim 1 wherein the yeast of the species Pichia is of the genus Pichia kluiveri, Pichia anomalia, or Pichia fermentans, preferably Pichia kluiveri. 10. The process according to claim 1, wherein the concentrated precursor obtained at the end of step (a) is distilled and the distillate (11 a) is blended with a blending liquor (12) in step (b). 11. A concentrated precursor (11) for use with a blending liquor for forming a beverage selected from the group of alcoholic or non-alcoholic beer, cider, or malt based beverage, said concentrated precursor being obtained by a process according to step (a) of claim 1, and comprising at least 15 ppm of isoamyl acetate with respect to the total weight of the concentrated precursor. 12. The concentrated precursor according to claim 11, further comprising:
(a) Isoamyl acetate in an amount of at least 5 ppm per vol.% ethanol (=ppm/% ABV), preferably in an amount comprised between 6 and 40 ppm/% ABV, more preferably between 8 and 30 ppm/% ABV, most preferably between 10 and 25 ppm/% ABV, (b) Ethyl acetate in an amount comprised between 35 and 240 ppm/% ABV, preferably between 45 and 80 ppm/% ABV, and/or (c) Phenyl ethyl acetate in an amount comprised between 8 and 15, preferably between 10 and 14 ppm/% ABV, and/or (d) Ethanol in an amount comprised between 0.5 and 8 vol.%, preferably between 2 and 7 vol.%, more preferably between 4 and 6.5 vol.%. 13. A beverage (21) selected from the group of alcoholic or non-alcoholic beer, cider, or malt based beverage obtained by the process according to claim 1, and comprising:
(a) More than 3.1 ppm isoamyl acetate, preferably greater than 5.5 ppm, more preferably greater than 10.0 ppm, most preferably between 3.5 and 15.0 ppm, and/or (b) Between 5.0 and 180.0 ppm ethyl actetate acetate, preferably between 10.0 and 100.0 ppm, and (c) Between 0.3 and 7.0 ppm phenyl ethyl acetate, preferably between 1.0 and 2.0 ppm, and (d) Between 0.01 and 13.0 vol.% ethanol, preferably between 0.03 and 9.0 vol.%. 14. The process according to claim 3, wherein the concentrated precursor (11) comprises isoamyl acetate in an amount of at least 5 ppm per vol.% ethanol (=ppm/% ABV), preferably in an amount comprised between 6 and 40 ppm /% ABV, more preferably between 8 and 30 ppm /% ABV, most preferably between 10 and 25 ppm /% ABV. 15. The process according to claim 14, wherein the concentrated precursor (11) comprises,
(a) Ethyl acetate in an amount comprised between 35 and 500 ppm/% ABV, preferably between 45 and 250 ppm/% ABV, and/or (b) Phenyl ethyl acetate in an amount comprised between 8 and 15 ppm/% ABV, preferably between 10 and 14 ppm/% ABV, and/or (c) Ethanol in an amount comprised between 0.05 and 15 vol.%, preferably between 2 and 10 vol.%, more preferably between 4 and 7 vol.%. 16. The process according to claim 15, wherein the fermentation of the at least one fermentable sugar is carried out under supply of an oxygen containing gas, preferably air, at a flow rate of at least 0.00001 dm302/dm3 liquor/min, more preferably the flow rate provides an oxygen feed comprised between 0.001 dm302/dm3 liquor/min, and 10 dm302/dm3 liquor/min and preferably under stirred conditions caused by the gas flow or by additional mechanical agitation. 17. The process claim 16, wherein the blending liquor (12) is water; an alcoholic or non-alcoholic beer, cider or malt based beverage, wherein the blending with the concentrated precursor (11) allows modulation of the flavours profile of the final beverage obtained after blending, and wherein the blending is preferably carried out during the production process of the blending liquor, such as during a fermentation stage, a maturation stage, before or after a filtration stage of a beer or cider or malt based beverage. 18. The process according to claim 17, wherein the concentrated precursor (11) is blended with the blending liquor (12) in an amount comprised between 0.1 and 49 vol.%, preferably between 0.3 and 30 vol.%, more preferably between 0.4 and 15 vol.%, most preferably between 0.5 and 6 vol.%., with respect to the total volume of concentrated liquor and blending liquor. 19. The process according to claim 18 wherein the yeast of the species Pichia is of the genus Pichia kluiveri, Pichia anomalia, or Pichia fermentans, preferably Pichia kluiveri. 20. The process according to claim 19, wherein the concentrated precursor obtained at the end of step (a) is distilled and the distillate (11 a) is blended with a blending liquor (12) in step (b). | A process for the production of a beverage ( 21 ) has steps (a) and (b). Step (a), contacting a base liquor ( 1 ) containing at least one fermentable sugar with a yeast ( 2 ) of the species Pichia , to carry out fermentation under aerobic conditions of the at least one fermentable sugar until an ethanol containing concentrated precursor ( 11 ) is formed, comprising an amount of isoamyl acetate (IAAT) of at least 10 ppm, or an amount of ethyl acetate of at least 90 ppm. Unless otherwise indicated, the amounts in ppm are expressed with respect to the total weight of the concentrated precursor. Step (b), blending concentrated precursor as such ( 11 ) or after further treatment ( 11 a ), with more than 50 vol/% of a blending liquor ( 12 ) to produce the beverage ( 21 ) having an IAAT content of at least 0.5 ppm with respect to the total weight of the beverage.1. A process for the production of a beverage (21), said process comprising the following steps:
(a) contacting a base liquor (1) containing at least one fermentable sugar with a yeast (2) of the species Pichia, to carry out fermentation under aerobic conditions of said at least one fermentable sugar until a concentrated precursor (11) is formed, comprising an amount of isoamyl acetate (IAAT) of at least 10 ppm, or an amount of ethyl acetate of at least 90 ppm, wherein, unless otherwise indicated, the amounts in ppm are expressed with respect to the total weight of the concentrated precursor; (b) blending the thus obtained concentrated precursor as such (11) or after further treatment (11 a), with more than 50 vol/% of a blending liquor (12) to produce said beverage (21) having an IAAT content of at least 0.5 ppm with respect to the total weight of the beverage. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the at least one fermentable sugar comprises glucose or fructose, and/or one or more oligosaccharides or polysaccharides selected from the group of, maltose, sucrose, or maltotriose, starch and beta-glucans wherein some of the used one or more oligosacharides oligosaccharides is preferably converted into glucose in step (a), preferably, at least 20 wt.%, more preferably at least 50 wt.%, most preferably at least 90 wt.% of the oligosaccharides used is converted into glucose. 3. The process according to claim 2, wherein the base liquor (1) comprises a wort and the beverage (21) is an alcoholic or non-alcoholic beer or malt base beverage. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the concentrated precursor (11) comprises isoamyl acetate in an amount of at least 5 ppm per vol.% ethanol (=ppm/% ABV), preferably in an amount comprised between 6 and 40 ppm/% ABV, more preferably between 8 and 30 ppm/% ABV, most preferably between 10 and 25 ppm/% ABV. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the concentrated precursor (11) comprises,
(a) Ethyl acetate in an amount comprised between 35 and 500 ppm/% ABV, preferably between 45 and 250 ppm/% ABV, and/or (b) Phenyl ethyl acetate in an amount comprised between 8 and 15 ppm/% ABV, preferably between 10 and 14 ppm/% ABV, and/or (c) Ethanol in an amount comprised between 0.05 and 15 vol.%, preferably between 2 and 10 vol.%, more preferably between 4 and 7 vol.%. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein the fermentation of the at least one fermentable sugar is carried out under supply of an oxygen containing gas, preferably air, at a flow rate of at least 0.00001 dm302/dm3 liquor/min, min, more preferably the flow rate provides an oxygen feed comprised between 0.001 dm302/dm3 liquor/min, and 10 dm302/dm3 liquor/min and preferably under stirred conditions caused by the gas flow or by additional mechanical agitation. 7. The process according to claim 1, wherein the blending liquor (12) is water; an alcoholic or non-alcoholic beer, cider or malt based beverage, wherein the blending with the concentrated precursor (11) allows modulation of the flavours profile of the final beverage obtained after blending, and wherein the blending is preferably carried out during the production process of the blending liquor, such as during a fermentation stage, a maturation stage, before or after a filtration stage of a beer or cider or malt based beverage. 8. The process according to claim 7, wherein the concentrated precursor (11) is blended with the blending liquor (12) in an amount comprised between 0.1 and 49 vol.%, preferably between 0.3 and 30 vol.%, more preferably between 0.4 and 15 vol.%, most preferably between 0.5 and 6 vol.%., with respect to the total volume of concentrated liquor and blending liquor. 9. The process according to claim 1 wherein the yeast of the species Pichia is of the genus Pichia kluiveri, Pichia anomalia, or Pichia fermentans, preferably Pichia kluiveri. 10. The process according to claim 1, wherein the concentrated precursor obtained at the end of step (a) is distilled and the distillate (11 a) is blended with a blending liquor (12) in step (b). 11. A concentrated precursor (11) for use with a blending liquor for forming a beverage selected from the group of alcoholic or non-alcoholic beer, cider, or malt based beverage, said concentrated precursor being obtained by a process according to step (a) of claim 1, and comprising at least 15 ppm of isoamyl acetate with respect to the total weight of the concentrated precursor. 12. The concentrated precursor according to claim 11, further comprising:
(a) Isoamyl acetate in an amount of at least 5 ppm per vol.% ethanol (=ppm/% ABV), preferably in an amount comprised between 6 and 40 ppm/% ABV, more preferably between 8 and 30 ppm/% ABV, most preferably between 10 and 25 ppm/% ABV, (b) Ethyl acetate in an amount comprised between 35 and 240 ppm/% ABV, preferably between 45 and 80 ppm/% ABV, and/or (c) Phenyl ethyl acetate in an amount comprised between 8 and 15, preferably between 10 and 14 ppm/% ABV, and/or (d) Ethanol in an amount comprised between 0.5 and 8 vol.%, preferably between 2 and 7 vol.%, more preferably between 4 and 6.5 vol.%. 13. A beverage (21) selected from the group of alcoholic or non-alcoholic beer, cider, or malt based beverage obtained by the process according to claim 1, and comprising:
(a) More than 3.1 ppm isoamyl acetate, preferably greater than 5.5 ppm, more preferably greater than 10.0 ppm, most preferably between 3.5 and 15.0 ppm, and/or (b) Between 5.0 and 180.0 ppm ethyl actetate acetate, preferably between 10.0 and 100.0 ppm, and (c) Between 0.3 and 7.0 ppm phenyl ethyl acetate, preferably between 1.0 and 2.0 ppm, and (d) Between 0.01 and 13.0 vol.% ethanol, preferably between 0.03 and 9.0 vol.%. 14. The process according to claim 3, wherein the concentrated precursor (11) comprises isoamyl acetate in an amount of at least 5 ppm per vol.% ethanol (=ppm/% ABV), preferably in an amount comprised between 6 and 40 ppm /% ABV, more preferably between 8 and 30 ppm /% ABV, most preferably between 10 and 25 ppm /% ABV. 15. The process according to claim 14, wherein the concentrated precursor (11) comprises,
(a) Ethyl acetate in an amount comprised between 35 and 500 ppm/% ABV, preferably between 45 and 250 ppm/% ABV, and/or (b) Phenyl ethyl acetate in an amount comprised between 8 and 15 ppm/% ABV, preferably between 10 and 14 ppm/% ABV, and/or (c) Ethanol in an amount comprised between 0.05 and 15 vol.%, preferably between 2 and 10 vol.%, more preferably between 4 and 7 vol.%. 16. The process according to claim 15, wherein the fermentation of the at least one fermentable sugar is carried out under supply of an oxygen containing gas, preferably air, at a flow rate of at least 0.00001 dm302/dm3 liquor/min, more preferably the flow rate provides an oxygen feed comprised between 0.001 dm302/dm3 liquor/min, and 10 dm302/dm3 liquor/min and preferably under stirred conditions caused by the gas flow or by additional mechanical agitation. 17. The process claim 16, wherein the blending liquor (12) is water; an alcoholic or non-alcoholic beer, cider or malt based beverage, wherein the blending with the concentrated precursor (11) allows modulation of the flavours profile of the final beverage obtained after blending, and wherein the blending is preferably carried out during the production process of the blending liquor, such as during a fermentation stage, a maturation stage, before or after a filtration stage of a beer or cider or malt based beverage. 18. The process according to claim 17, wherein the concentrated precursor (11) is blended with the blending liquor (12) in an amount comprised between 0.1 and 49 vol.%, preferably between 0.3 and 30 vol.%, more preferably between 0.4 and 15 vol.%, most preferably between 0.5 and 6 vol.%., with respect to the total volume of concentrated liquor and blending liquor. 19. The process according to claim 18 wherein the yeast of the species Pichia is of the genus Pichia kluiveri, Pichia anomalia, or Pichia fermentans, preferably Pichia kluiveri. 20. The process according to claim 19, wherein the concentrated precursor obtained at the end of step (a) is distilled and the distillate (11 a) is blended with a blending liquor (12) in step (b). | 1,700 |
4,205 | 15,842,652 | 1,794 | The present disclosure is directed a process for the electrolytic polishing of a metallic substrate, including the steps of (i) providing an electrolyte in an electrolytic cell having at least one electrode, (ii) disposing a metallic substrate as an anode in the electrolytic cell, (iii) applying a current at a voltage of 270 to 315 V from a power source between the at least one electrode and the metallic substrate, and (iv) immersing the metallic substrate in the electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte includes at least one acid compound, at least one fluoride compound, and at least one complexing agent. | 1. A process for the electrolytic polishing of a metallic substrate, comprising the steps of:
providing an electrolyte in an electrolytic cell comprising at least one electrode; disposing a metallic substrate as an anode in the electrolytic cell; applying a current at a voltage of 270 to 315 volts from a power source between the at least one electrode and the metallic substrate; and immersing the metallic substrate in the electrolyte; wherein the electrolyte comprises at least one acid compound, at least one fluoride compound, and at least one complexing agent. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the current is applied at a voltage of 285 to 305 volts. 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the electrolyte has a temperature in the range of 10 to 95° C. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the current is applied at a current density in the range of 0.05 to 10 A/cm2. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the current is applied for a time in the range of 1 to 240 min. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein the metallic substrate is selected from the group consisting of Ti-6Al-4V, Inconel 718, Invar and combinations thereof. 7. The process according to claim 1, wherein the electrolyte further comprises at least one medium. 8. The process according to claim 7, wherein the electrolyte further comprises additives. 9. The process according to claim 1, wherein the at least one acid compound is in an amount of not more than 20 wt.-%, and/or the at least one fluoride compound is in an amount of not more than 40 wt.-%, and/or the at least one complexing agent is in an amount of not more than 30 wt.-%, based on the weight of the electrolyte. 10. The process according to claim 7, wherein the at least one medium is in an amount of at least 10 wt.-%, and/or additives are in an amount of not more than 25 wt.-%, based on the weight of the electrolyte. 11. The process according to claim 1, wherein the at least one acid compound is selected from the group consisting of inorganic or organic acids such as sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, formic acid, acetic acid propionic acid, or mixtures thereof, preferably is selected from the group consisting of sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, or mixtures thereof, more preferably is sulfuric acid. 12. The process according to claim 1, wherein the at least one fluoride compound is selected from the group consisting of ammonium fluoride, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, calcium fluoride, trifluoracetic acid, or mixtures thereof, preferably is selected from the group consisting of ammonium fluoride, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, calcium fluoride, or mixtures thereof, more preferably is ammonium fluoride. 13. The process according to claim 1, wherein the at least one complexing agent is selected from the group consisting of methylglycinediacetic acid (MGDA), ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), diethylenetriaminepentakismethylenephosphonic acid (DTPMP), aminopolycarboxylic acids (APC), diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (DTPA), nitrilotriacetate (NTA), triphosphate, 1,4,7,10 tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA), phosphonate, gluconic acid, f3 alaninediactetic acid (ADA), N-bis[2-(1,2 dicarboxy-ethoxy)ethyl]glycine (BCA5), N-bis[2-(1,2-dicarboxyethoxy)ethyl]aspatic acid (BCA6), tetracis(2-hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine (THPED), N-(hydroxyethyl)-ethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA) or mixtures thereof. | The present disclosure is directed a process for the electrolytic polishing of a metallic substrate, including the steps of (i) providing an electrolyte in an electrolytic cell having at least one electrode, (ii) disposing a metallic substrate as an anode in the electrolytic cell, (iii) applying a current at a voltage of 270 to 315 V from a power source between the at least one electrode and the metallic substrate, and (iv) immersing the metallic substrate in the electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte includes at least one acid compound, at least one fluoride compound, and at least one complexing agent.1. A process for the electrolytic polishing of a metallic substrate, comprising the steps of:
providing an electrolyte in an electrolytic cell comprising at least one electrode; disposing a metallic substrate as an anode in the electrolytic cell; applying a current at a voltage of 270 to 315 volts from a power source between the at least one electrode and the metallic substrate; and immersing the metallic substrate in the electrolyte; wherein the electrolyte comprises at least one acid compound, at least one fluoride compound, and at least one complexing agent. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the current is applied at a voltage of 285 to 305 volts. 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the electrolyte has a temperature in the range of 10 to 95° C. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the current is applied at a current density in the range of 0.05 to 10 A/cm2. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the current is applied for a time in the range of 1 to 240 min. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein the metallic substrate is selected from the group consisting of Ti-6Al-4V, Inconel 718, Invar and combinations thereof. 7. The process according to claim 1, wherein the electrolyte further comprises at least one medium. 8. The process according to claim 7, wherein the electrolyte further comprises additives. 9. The process according to claim 1, wherein the at least one acid compound is in an amount of not more than 20 wt.-%, and/or the at least one fluoride compound is in an amount of not more than 40 wt.-%, and/or the at least one complexing agent is in an amount of not more than 30 wt.-%, based on the weight of the electrolyte. 10. The process according to claim 7, wherein the at least one medium is in an amount of at least 10 wt.-%, and/or additives are in an amount of not more than 25 wt.-%, based on the weight of the electrolyte. 11. The process according to claim 1, wherein the at least one acid compound is selected from the group consisting of inorganic or organic acids such as sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, formic acid, acetic acid propionic acid, or mixtures thereof, preferably is selected from the group consisting of sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, or mixtures thereof, more preferably is sulfuric acid. 12. The process according to claim 1, wherein the at least one fluoride compound is selected from the group consisting of ammonium fluoride, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, calcium fluoride, trifluoracetic acid, or mixtures thereof, preferably is selected from the group consisting of ammonium fluoride, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, calcium fluoride, or mixtures thereof, more preferably is ammonium fluoride. 13. The process according to claim 1, wherein the at least one complexing agent is selected from the group consisting of methylglycinediacetic acid (MGDA), ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), diethylenetriaminepentakismethylenephosphonic acid (DTPMP), aminopolycarboxylic acids (APC), diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (DTPA), nitrilotriacetate (NTA), triphosphate, 1,4,7,10 tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA), phosphonate, gluconic acid, f3 alaninediactetic acid (ADA), N-bis[2-(1,2 dicarboxy-ethoxy)ethyl]glycine (BCA5), N-bis[2-(1,2-dicarboxyethoxy)ethyl]aspatic acid (BCA6), tetracis(2-hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine (THPED), N-(hydroxyethyl)-ethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA) or mixtures thereof. | 1,700 |
4,206 | 14,505,440 | 1,785 | According to one embodiment, a magnetic recording medium includes a substrate, and a magnetic recording layer structure positioned above the substrate, the magnetic recording layer structure including: a first magnetic recording layer having a first plurality of magnetic grains surrounded by a first segregant; a second magnetic recording layer positioned above the first magnetic recording layer, the second magnetic recording layer having a second plurality of magnetic grains surrounded by a second segregant; and a third magnetic recording layer positioned above the second magnetic recording layer, the third magnetic recording layer having a third plurality of magnetic grains surrounded by a third segregant, where at least the first segregant is primarily a combination of carbon and a second component, and where the second segregant is primarily carbon. | 1. A magnetic recording medium, comprising:
a substrate; and a magnetic recording layer structure positioned above the substrate, the magnetic recording layer structure including:
a first magnetic recording layer having a first plurality of magnetic grains surrounded by a first segregant;
a second magnetic recording layer positioned above the first magnetic recording layer, the second magnetic recording layer having a second plurality of magnetic grains surrounded by a second segregant; and
a third magnetic recording layer positioned above the second magnetic recording layer, the third magnetic recording layer having a third plurality of magnetic grains surrounded by a third segregant,
wherein at least the first segregant is primarily a combination of carbon and a second component, wherein the second segregant is primarily carbon. 2. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the second component is selected from a group consisting of: SiO2, TiOx, AlN, TaN, W, Ti, TiC, TiN, BC, BN, SiN, SiC, TiO2, CrOx, CrN, AlOx, Al2O3, MgO, Ta2O5, B2O3, and combinations thereof. 3. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 2, wherein the second component is BN. 4. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 3, wherein an amount of the carbon present in the first segregant is in a range from about 50 at % to about 80 at %, and wherein an amount of the BN in the first segregant is in a range from about 20 at % to about 50 at %. 5. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 2, wherein the third segregant of the third magnetic recording layer is primarily a combination of carbon and the second component. 6. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 5, wherein the second component is BN. 7. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein an amount of the first segregant in the first magnetic recording layer is in a range from about 10 vol % to about 60 vol % based on a total volume of the first magnetic recording layer. 8. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein an amount of the second segregant in the first magnetic recording layer is in a range from about 10 vol % to about 60 vol % based on a total volume of the second magnetic recording layer. 9. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein an amount of the third segregant in the third magnetic recording layer is in a range from about 10 vol % to about 60 vol % based on a total volume of the third magnetic recording layer. 10. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the magnetic grains of the third magnetic layer are physically characterized by growth directly on the magnetic grains of the second magnetic recording layer, the magnetic grains of the second recording magnetic layer being physically characterized by growth directly on the magnetic grains of the first magnetic recording layer. 11. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the magnetic grains of the first, second and third magnetic layers form composite magnetic grains extending through the magnetic recording layer structure, wherein a total thickness of the magnetic recording layer structure is at least 10 nm. 12. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the magnetic grains of the first, second and third magnetic layers form composite magnetic grains extending through the magnetic recording layer structure, wherein the composite magnetic grains have an aspect ratio of at least 1.5. 13. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein an average pitch of the magnetic grains in the first, second and third magnetic recording layers is in a range from about 5 nm to about 11 nm. 14. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the magnetic grains of at least one of the first, second and third magnetic recording layers comprise L10 FePt. 15. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the magnetic grains of at least one of the first, second and third magnetic recording layers comprise L10 FePt-X, where X is selected from a group consisting of: Ag, Cu, Au, Ni, Mn, and combinations thereof. 16. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the magnetic recording layer structure includes a fourth magnetic recording layer positioned above the third magnetic recording, the fourth magnetic layer including a fourth plurality of magnetic grains surrounded by a fourth segregant. 17. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 16, wherein the fourth segregant includes primarily a combination of carbon and the second component. 18. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 17, wherein the second component is selected from a group consisting of: SiO2, TiOx, AlN, TaN, W, Ti, TiC, TiN, BC, BN, SiN, SiC, TiO2, CrOx, CrN, AlOx, Al2O3, MgO, Ta2O5, B2O3, and combinations thereof. 19. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, further comprising a seed layer positioned above the substrate and between the magnetic recording layer structure and the substrate, wherein the seed layer includes at least one of: MgO, TiN, MgTiOx and SrTiOx. 20. A magnetic data storage system, comprising:
at least one magnetic head; a magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1; a drive mechanism for passing the magnetic medium over the at least one magnetic head; and a controller electrically coupled to the at least one magnetic head for controlling operation of the at least one magnetic head. 21. A magnetic recording medium, comprising:
a substrate; and a magnetic recording layer structure positioned above the substrate, the magnetic recording layer structure including:
a first magnetic recording layer having a first plurality of magnetic grains surrounded by a first segregant;
a second magnetic recording layer positioned above the first magnetic recording layer, the second magnetic recording layer having a second plurality of magnetic grains surrounded by a second segregant; and
a third magnetic recording layer positioned above the second magnetic recording layer, the third magnetic recording layer having a third plurality of magnetic grains surrounded by a third segregant,
wherein the second segregant is different from the first segregant and/or the third segregant. 22. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 21, wherein the second segregant is primarily carbon. 23. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 22, wherein the first segregant and/or the third segregant include primarily a combination of carbon and a second component, the second component being individually selected from a group consisting of: SiO2, TiOx, AlN, TaN, W, Ti, TiC, TiN, BC, BN, SiN, SiC, TiO2, CrOx, CrN, AlOx, Al2O3, MgO, Ta2O5, B2O3, and combinations thereof. 24. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 23, wherein the first segregant and/or the third segregant are each primarily a combination of carbon and the second component, the second component being BN. | According to one embodiment, a magnetic recording medium includes a substrate, and a magnetic recording layer structure positioned above the substrate, the magnetic recording layer structure including: a first magnetic recording layer having a first plurality of magnetic grains surrounded by a first segregant; a second magnetic recording layer positioned above the first magnetic recording layer, the second magnetic recording layer having a second plurality of magnetic grains surrounded by a second segregant; and a third magnetic recording layer positioned above the second magnetic recording layer, the third magnetic recording layer having a third plurality of magnetic grains surrounded by a third segregant, where at least the first segregant is primarily a combination of carbon and a second component, and where the second segregant is primarily carbon.1. A magnetic recording medium, comprising:
a substrate; and a magnetic recording layer structure positioned above the substrate, the magnetic recording layer structure including:
a first magnetic recording layer having a first plurality of magnetic grains surrounded by a first segregant;
a second magnetic recording layer positioned above the first magnetic recording layer, the second magnetic recording layer having a second plurality of magnetic grains surrounded by a second segregant; and
a third magnetic recording layer positioned above the second magnetic recording layer, the third magnetic recording layer having a third plurality of magnetic grains surrounded by a third segregant,
wherein at least the first segregant is primarily a combination of carbon and a second component, wherein the second segregant is primarily carbon. 2. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the second component is selected from a group consisting of: SiO2, TiOx, AlN, TaN, W, Ti, TiC, TiN, BC, BN, SiN, SiC, TiO2, CrOx, CrN, AlOx, Al2O3, MgO, Ta2O5, B2O3, and combinations thereof. 3. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 2, wherein the second component is BN. 4. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 3, wherein an amount of the carbon present in the first segregant is in a range from about 50 at % to about 80 at %, and wherein an amount of the BN in the first segregant is in a range from about 20 at % to about 50 at %. 5. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 2, wherein the third segregant of the third magnetic recording layer is primarily a combination of carbon and the second component. 6. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 5, wherein the second component is BN. 7. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein an amount of the first segregant in the first magnetic recording layer is in a range from about 10 vol % to about 60 vol % based on a total volume of the first magnetic recording layer. 8. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein an amount of the second segregant in the first magnetic recording layer is in a range from about 10 vol % to about 60 vol % based on a total volume of the second magnetic recording layer. 9. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein an amount of the third segregant in the third magnetic recording layer is in a range from about 10 vol % to about 60 vol % based on a total volume of the third magnetic recording layer. 10. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the magnetic grains of the third magnetic layer are physically characterized by growth directly on the magnetic grains of the second magnetic recording layer, the magnetic grains of the second recording magnetic layer being physically characterized by growth directly on the magnetic grains of the first magnetic recording layer. 11. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the magnetic grains of the first, second and third magnetic layers form composite magnetic grains extending through the magnetic recording layer structure, wherein a total thickness of the magnetic recording layer structure is at least 10 nm. 12. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the magnetic grains of the first, second and third magnetic layers form composite magnetic grains extending through the magnetic recording layer structure, wherein the composite magnetic grains have an aspect ratio of at least 1.5. 13. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein an average pitch of the magnetic grains in the first, second and third magnetic recording layers is in a range from about 5 nm to about 11 nm. 14. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the magnetic grains of at least one of the first, second and third magnetic recording layers comprise L10 FePt. 15. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the magnetic grains of at least one of the first, second and third magnetic recording layers comprise L10 FePt-X, where X is selected from a group consisting of: Ag, Cu, Au, Ni, Mn, and combinations thereof. 16. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, wherein the magnetic recording layer structure includes a fourth magnetic recording layer positioned above the third magnetic recording, the fourth magnetic layer including a fourth plurality of magnetic grains surrounded by a fourth segregant. 17. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 16, wherein the fourth segregant includes primarily a combination of carbon and the second component. 18. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 17, wherein the second component is selected from a group consisting of: SiO2, TiOx, AlN, TaN, W, Ti, TiC, TiN, BC, BN, SiN, SiC, TiO2, CrOx, CrN, AlOx, Al2O3, MgO, Ta2O5, B2O3, and combinations thereof. 19. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1, further comprising a seed layer positioned above the substrate and between the magnetic recording layer structure and the substrate, wherein the seed layer includes at least one of: MgO, TiN, MgTiOx and SrTiOx. 20. A magnetic data storage system, comprising:
at least one magnetic head; a magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 1; a drive mechanism for passing the magnetic medium over the at least one magnetic head; and a controller electrically coupled to the at least one magnetic head for controlling operation of the at least one magnetic head. 21. A magnetic recording medium, comprising:
a substrate; and a magnetic recording layer structure positioned above the substrate, the magnetic recording layer structure including:
a first magnetic recording layer having a first plurality of magnetic grains surrounded by a first segregant;
a second magnetic recording layer positioned above the first magnetic recording layer, the second magnetic recording layer having a second plurality of magnetic grains surrounded by a second segregant; and
a third magnetic recording layer positioned above the second magnetic recording layer, the third magnetic recording layer having a third plurality of magnetic grains surrounded by a third segregant,
wherein the second segregant is different from the first segregant and/or the third segregant. 22. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 21, wherein the second segregant is primarily carbon. 23. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 22, wherein the first segregant and/or the third segregant include primarily a combination of carbon and a second component, the second component being individually selected from a group consisting of: SiO2, TiOx, AlN, TaN, W, Ti, TiC, TiN, BC, BN, SiN, SiC, TiO2, CrOx, CrN, AlOx, Al2O3, MgO, Ta2O5, B2O3, and combinations thereof. 24. The magnetic recording medium as recited in claim 23, wherein the first segregant and/or the third segregant are each primarily a combination of carbon and the second component, the second component being BN. | 1,700 |
4,207 | 15,303,328 | 1,777 | A column-conditioning enclosure includes a column chamber adapted to hold one or more chromatography separation columns. A duct system provides an airflow path around the column chamber such that the one or more chromatography separation columns held within the column chamber are isolated from the airflow path. An air mover disposed in the airflow path generates a flow of air within the duct system. A heat exchanger system disposed in the airflow path near the air to exchange heat with the air as the air flows past the heat exchanger system. The air circulates through the duct system around the column chamber, convectively exchanging heat with the column chamber to produce a thermally conditioned environment for the one or more chromatography separation columns held within the column chamber. | 1. An enclosure, comprising:
a column chamber adapted to hold one or more chromatography separation columns; a duct system providing an airflow path around the column chamber such that the one or more chromatography separation columns held within the column chamber are isolated from the airflow path; an air mover disposed in the airflow path, the air mover generating a flow of air within the duct system; and a heat exchanger system disposed in the airflow path near the air mover, the heat exchanger system exchanging heat with the air as the air flows past the heat exchanger system, wherein the air circulates through the duct system around the column chamber, convectively exchanging heat with the column chamber to produce a thermally conditioned environment for the one or more chromatography separation columns held within the column chamber. 2. The enclosure of claim 1, wherein the heat exchanger system includes a heater that heats the air to a preset temperature as the air flows past the heat exchanger system, such that the circulated air convectively heats the column chamber and produces a heated environment for the one or more chromatography separation columns held within the column chamber. 3. The enclosure of claim 1, wherein the heat exchanger system includes a cooling device that cools the air to a preset temperature as the air flows past the heat exchanger system, such that the circulated air convectively cools the column chamber and produces a cooled environment for the one or more chromatography separation columns held within the column chamber. 4. The enclosure of claim 1, wherein the heat exchanger system includes a device operable to heat or cool the air flowing past the heat exchanger system. 5. The enclosure of claim 4, wherein the device operable to heat or cool the air flowing past the heat exchanger system includes a thermoelectric device. 6. The enclosure of claim 1, further comprising a door adapted to open and close upon the column chamber, the door having an inside panel and an interior duct, the inside panel becoming a wall of the column chamber when the door is closed, with the interior duct of the door forming part of the duct system. 7. The enclosure of claim 1, further comprising a passive fluid thermal conditioner disposed in the airflow path within the duct system, the passive fluid thermal conditioner having a tube for delivering a fluid to a column held in the column chamber, the passive fluid thermal conditioner further including one or more heat sinks in thermal communication with the tube for exchanging heat between the air circulating through the duct system and the fluid passing through the tube. 8. The enclosure of claim 7, wherein the passive fluid thermal conditioner includes a cooling element that cools the fluid passing through the tube. 9. The enclosure of claim 7, wherein the passive fluid thermal conditioner is disposed just after the heat exchanger system in the airflow path within the duct system in order to encounter the circulated air early in its circulation through the duct system. 10. The enclosure of claim 1, wherein the duct system includes a return plenum with side ducts that pass on opposite sides of the column chamber. 11. The enclosure of claim 1, wherein the duct system includes a bottom duct below the column chamber. 12. A chromatography system, comprising:
a column-conditioning system receiving a mobile phase containing a sample, the column-conditioning system comprising:
a column chamber adapted to hold one or more chromatography separation columns;
a duct system providing an airflow path around the column chamber such that the one or more chromatography separation columns held within the column chamber are isolated from the airflow path;
an air mover disposed in the airflow path, the air mover generating a flow of air within the duct system; and
a heat exchanger system disposed in the airflow path near the air mover, the heat exchanger system exchanging heat with the air as the air flows past the heat exchanger system, wherein the air circulates through the duct system around the column chamber, convectively exchanging heat with the column chamber to produce a thermally conditioned environment for the one or more chromatography separation columns held within the column chamber. 13. The chromatography system of claim 12, wherein the heat exchanger system includes a heater that heats the air as the air flows past the heat exchanger system, such that the circulated air convectively heats the column chamber and produces a heated environment for the one or more chromatography separation columns held within the column chamber. 14. The chromatography system of claim 12, wherein the heat exchanger system includes a cooling device that cools the air as the air flows past the heat exchanger system, such that the circulated air convectively cools the column chamber and produces a cooled environment for the one or more chromatography separation columns held within the column chamber. 15. The chromatography system of claim 12, wherein the heat exchanger system includes a device operable to heat or cool the air flowing past the heat exchanger system. 16. The chromatography system of claim 15, wherein the device operable to heat or cool the air flowing past the heat exchanger system includes a thermoelectric device. 17. The chromatography system of claim 12, further comprising a temperature controller in communication with the heat exchanger system to control actively a temperature of the airflow. 18. The chromatography system of claim 12, wherein the column-conditioning system further comprises a door adapted to open and close upon the column chamber, the door having an inside panel and an interior duct, the inside panel becoming a wall of the column chamber when the door is closed, with the interior duct of the door forming part of the duct system. 19. The chromatography system of claim 12, wherein the column-conditioning system further comprises a passive fluid thermal conditioner disposed in the airflow path within the duct system, the passive fluid thermal conditioner having a tube for delivering a fluid to a separation column held in the column chamber, the passive fluid thermal conditioner further including one or more heat sinks in thermal communication with the tube for exchanging heat between the air circulating through the duct system to the fluid passing through the tube. 20. The chromatography system of claim 19, wherein the passive fluid thermal conditioner includes a cooling element that cools the fluid passing through the tube. 21. The chromatography system of claim 19, wherein the passive fluid thermal conditioner of the column-conditioning system is disposed just after the heat exchanger system in the airflow path within the duct system in order to encounter the circulated air early in its circulation through the duct system. 22. The chromatography system of claim 12, wherein the duct system of the column-conditioning system includes a return plenum with side ducts that pass on opposite sides of the column chamber. 23. The chromatography system of claim 12, wherein the duct system of the column-conditioning system includes a bottom duct below the column chamber. 24. A method for controlling separation column temperature, the method comprising:
defining, with a duct system, an airflow path that borders a column chamber adapted to hold one or more chromatography separation columns, such that the one or more chromatography separation columns held within the column chamber are isolated from the airflow path; generating, by an air mover, a flow of air within the duct system; actively controlling a temperature of the flow of air at a predetermined temperature; and circulating the airflow through the duct system around the column chamber to exchange heat convectively with the column chamber and thereby produce a thermally conditioned environment for the one or more chromatography separation columns held within the column chamber. 25. The method of claim 24, further comprising circulating the air through an interior duct in a door adapted to open and close upon the column chamber and to be part of the duct system when closed. 26. The method of claim 24, further comprising transferring heat from the column chamber to the circulating air to cool the column chamber and produce a cooled environment for the one or more chromatography separation columns held within the column chamber. 27. The method of claim 24, further comprising transferring heat from the circulating air to the column chamber to heat the column chamber and produce a heated environment for the one or more chromatography separation columns held within the column chamber. 28. The method of claim 24, further comprising:
convectively transferring heat from the air circulating through the duct system to a passive fluid thermal conditioner; and conducting, by the fluid thermal conditioner, the transferred heat to fluid passing through a tube leading to a separation column in the column chamber. 29. The method of claim 24, further comprising passing a portion of the circulated air through a bottom duct below the column chamber. 30. The method of claim 24, further comprising returning the circulated air to the air mover through side ducts of a return plenum that pass on opposite sides of the column chamber. | A column-conditioning enclosure includes a column chamber adapted to hold one or more chromatography separation columns. A duct system provides an airflow path around the column chamber such that the one or more chromatography separation columns held within the column chamber are isolated from the airflow path. An air mover disposed in the airflow path generates a flow of air within the duct system. A heat exchanger system disposed in the airflow path near the air to exchange heat with the air as the air flows past the heat exchanger system. The air circulates through the duct system around the column chamber, convectively exchanging heat with the column chamber to produce a thermally conditioned environment for the one or more chromatography separation columns held within the column chamber.1. An enclosure, comprising:
a column chamber adapted to hold one or more chromatography separation columns; a duct system providing an airflow path around the column chamber such that the one or more chromatography separation columns held within the column chamber are isolated from the airflow path; an air mover disposed in the airflow path, the air mover generating a flow of air within the duct system; and a heat exchanger system disposed in the airflow path near the air mover, the heat exchanger system exchanging heat with the air as the air flows past the heat exchanger system, wherein the air circulates through the duct system around the column chamber, convectively exchanging heat with the column chamber to produce a thermally conditioned environment for the one or more chromatography separation columns held within the column chamber. 2. The enclosure of claim 1, wherein the heat exchanger system includes a heater that heats the air to a preset temperature as the air flows past the heat exchanger system, such that the circulated air convectively heats the column chamber and produces a heated environment for the one or more chromatography separation columns held within the column chamber. 3. The enclosure of claim 1, wherein the heat exchanger system includes a cooling device that cools the air to a preset temperature as the air flows past the heat exchanger system, such that the circulated air convectively cools the column chamber and produces a cooled environment for the one or more chromatography separation columns held within the column chamber. 4. The enclosure of claim 1, wherein the heat exchanger system includes a device operable to heat or cool the air flowing past the heat exchanger system. 5. The enclosure of claim 4, wherein the device operable to heat or cool the air flowing past the heat exchanger system includes a thermoelectric device. 6. The enclosure of claim 1, further comprising a door adapted to open and close upon the column chamber, the door having an inside panel and an interior duct, the inside panel becoming a wall of the column chamber when the door is closed, with the interior duct of the door forming part of the duct system. 7. The enclosure of claim 1, further comprising a passive fluid thermal conditioner disposed in the airflow path within the duct system, the passive fluid thermal conditioner having a tube for delivering a fluid to a column held in the column chamber, the passive fluid thermal conditioner further including one or more heat sinks in thermal communication with the tube for exchanging heat between the air circulating through the duct system and the fluid passing through the tube. 8. The enclosure of claim 7, wherein the passive fluid thermal conditioner includes a cooling element that cools the fluid passing through the tube. 9. The enclosure of claim 7, wherein the passive fluid thermal conditioner is disposed just after the heat exchanger system in the airflow path within the duct system in order to encounter the circulated air early in its circulation through the duct system. 10. The enclosure of claim 1, wherein the duct system includes a return plenum with side ducts that pass on opposite sides of the column chamber. 11. The enclosure of claim 1, wherein the duct system includes a bottom duct below the column chamber. 12. A chromatography system, comprising:
a column-conditioning system receiving a mobile phase containing a sample, the column-conditioning system comprising:
a column chamber adapted to hold one or more chromatography separation columns;
a duct system providing an airflow path around the column chamber such that the one or more chromatography separation columns held within the column chamber are isolated from the airflow path;
an air mover disposed in the airflow path, the air mover generating a flow of air within the duct system; and
a heat exchanger system disposed in the airflow path near the air mover, the heat exchanger system exchanging heat with the air as the air flows past the heat exchanger system, wherein the air circulates through the duct system around the column chamber, convectively exchanging heat with the column chamber to produce a thermally conditioned environment for the one or more chromatography separation columns held within the column chamber. 13. The chromatography system of claim 12, wherein the heat exchanger system includes a heater that heats the air as the air flows past the heat exchanger system, such that the circulated air convectively heats the column chamber and produces a heated environment for the one or more chromatography separation columns held within the column chamber. 14. The chromatography system of claim 12, wherein the heat exchanger system includes a cooling device that cools the air as the air flows past the heat exchanger system, such that the circulated air convectively cools the column chamber and produces a cooled environment for the one or more chromatography separation columns held within the column chamber. 15. The chromatography system of claim 12, wherein the heat exchanger system includes a device operable to heat or cool the air flowing past the heat exchanger system. 16. The chromatography system of claim 15, wherein the device operable to heat or cool the air flowing past the heat exchanger system includes a thermoelectric device. 17. The chromatography system of claim 12, further comprising a temperature controller in communication with the heat exchanger system to control actively a temperature of the airflow. 18. The chromatography system of claim 12, wherein the column-conditioning system further comprises a door adapted to open and close upon the column chamber, the door having an inside panel and an interior duct, the inside panel becoming a wall of the column chamber when the door is closed, with the interior duct of the door forming part of the duct system. 19. The chromatography system of claim 12, wherein the column-conditioning system further comprises a passive fluid thermal conditioner disposed in the airflow path within the duct system, the passive fluid thermal conditioner having a tube for delivering a fluid to a separation column held in the column chamber, the passive fluid thermal conditioner further including one or more heat sinks in thermal communication with the tube for exchanging heat between the air circulating through the duct system to the fluid passing through the tube. 20. The chromatography system of claim 19, wherein the passive fluid thermal conditioner includes a cooling element that cools the fluid passing through the tube. 21. The chromatography system of claim 19, wherein the passive fluid thermal conditioner of the column-conditioning system is disposed just after the heat exchanger system in the airflow path within the duct system in order to encounter the circulated air early in its circulation through the duct system. 22. The chromatography system of claim 12, wherein the duct system of the column-conditioning system includes a return plenum with side ducts that pass on opposite sides of the column chamber. 23. The chromatography system of claim 12, wherein the duct system of the column-conditioning system includes a bottom duct below the column chamber. 24. A method for controlling separation column temperature, the method comprising:
defining, with a duct system, an airflow path that borders a column chamber adapted to hold one or more chromatography separation columns, such that the one or more chromatography separation columns held within the column chamber are isolated from the airflow path; generating, by an air mover, a flow of air within the duct system; actively controlling a temperature of the flow of air at a predetermined temperature; and circulating the airflow through the duct system around the column chamber to exchange heat convectively with the column chamber and thereby produce a thermally conditioned environment for the one or more chromatography separation columns held within the column chamber. 25. The method of claim 24, further comprising circulating the air through an interior duct in a door adapted to open and close upon the column chamber and to be part of the duct system when closed. 26. The method of claim 24, further comprising transferring heat from the column chamber to the circulating air to cool the column chamber and produce a cooled environment for the one or more chromatography separation columns held within the column chamber. 27. The method of claim 24, further comprising transferring heat from the circulating air to the column chamber to heat the column chamber and produce a heated environment for the one or more chromatography separation columns held within the column chamber. 28. The method of claim 24, further comprising:
convectively transferring heat from the air circulating through the duct system to a passive fluid thermal conditioner; and conducting, by the fluid thermal conditioner, the transferred heat to fluid passing through a tube leading to a separation column in the column chamber. 29. The method of claim 24, further comprising passing a portion of the circulated air through a bottom duct below the column chamber. 30. The method of claim 24, further comprising returning the circulated air to the air mover through side ducts of a return plenum that pass on opposite sides of the column chamber. | 1,700 |
4,208 | 14,428,054 | 1,784 | This cover material for hermetic sealing is a cover material for hermetic sealing employed for a package for containing an electronic component. The cover material 1 for hermetic sealing is constituted of a clad material including a base material layer made of an Ni—Cr—Fe alloy containing Ni, Cr and Fe or an Ni—Cr—Co—Fe alloy containing Ni, Cr, Co and Fe, and a surface layer bonded to one surface of the base material layer on a side of an electronic component containing member and made of Ni or an Ni alloy. | 1. A cover material for hermetic sealing employed for a package for containing an electronic component including an electronic component containing member for containing an electronic component, constituted of a clad material comprising:
a base material layer made of an Ni—Cr—Fe alloy containing Ni, Cr and Fe or an Ni—Cr—Co—Fe alloy containing Ni, Cr, Co and Fe; and a surface layer at least bonded to one surface of the base material layer on a side of the electronic component containing member and made of Ni or an Ni alloy. 2. The cover material for hermetic sealing according to claim 1, wherein
the base material layer is made of an Ni—Cr—Fe alloy or an Ni—Cr—Co—Fe alloy containing at least 1 mass % and not more than 10 mass % of Cr. 3. The cover material for hermetic sealing according to claim 2, wherein
the base material layer is made of an Ni—Cr—Fe alloy or an Ni—Cr—Co—Fe alloy containing at least 6 mass % and not more than 10 mass % of Cr. 4. The cover material for hermetic sealing according to claim 1, wherein
the base material layer is made of an Ni—Cr—Co—Fe alloy containing at least 6 mass % and not more than 18 mass % of Co. 5. The cover material for hermetic sealing according to claim 1, wherein
the surface layer is made of an Ni—Cu alloy containing Ni and Cu. 6. The cover material for hermetic sealing according to claim 5, wherein
the surface layer is made of an Ni—Cu alloy containing at least 30 mass % of Ni. 7. The cover material for hermetic sealing according to claim 6, wherein
the surface layer is made of an Ni—Cu alloy containing at least 60 mass % of Ni. 8. The cover material for hermetic sealing according to claim 1, wherein
the surface layer has a thickness of at least 1 μm and not more than 10 μm. 9. The cover material for hermetic sealing according to claim 8, wherein
the surface layer has a thickness of at least 2 μm and not more than 6 μm. 10. The cover material for hermetic sealing according to claim 1, wherein
the surface layer includes a first surface layer bonded onto the surface of the base material layer on the side of the electronic component containing member and a second surface layer bonded onto another surface of the base material layer on a side opposite to the electronic component containing member. 11. The cover material for hermetic sealing according to claim 10, wherein
the second surface layer is made of the same metallic material as the first surface layer. 12. The cover material for hermetic sealing according to claim 10, wherein
the clad material includes a silver solder layer at least bonded onto a surface of the first surface layer on the side of the electronic component containing member. 13. The cover material for hermetic sealing according to claim 11, wherein
the base material layer is made of an Ni—Cr—Fe alloy containing at least 36 mass % and not more than 48 mass % of Ni, at least 1 mass % and not more than 10 mass % of Cr and Fe, and the first surface layer and the second surface layer are both made of an Ni—Cu alloy containing at least 30 mass % of Ni or Ni. 14. The cover material for hermetic sealing according to claim 13, wherein
the base material layer is made of an Ni—Cr—Fe alloy containing at least 36 mass % and not more than 48 mass % of Ni, at least 6 mass % and not more than 10 mass % of Cr and Fe, and the first surface layer and the second surface layer are both made of an Ni—Cu alloy containing at least 30 mass % of Ni. 15. The cover material for hermetic sealing according to claim 4, wherein
the clad material is made of an Ni—Cr—Co—Fe alloy containing at least 1 mass % and not more than 10 mass % of Cr, at least 6 mass % and not more than 18 mass % of Co and Fe. 16. The cover material for hermetic sealing according to claim 1, wherein
the surface layer bonded to the surface of the base material layer on the side of the electronic component containing member is configured to function as a melting bonding layer when resistance-welded with respect to the electronic component containing member. 17. A package for containing an electronic component comprising:
an electronic component containing member for containing an electronic component; and the cover material for hermetic sealing according to claim 1 resistance-welded with respect to the package for containing an electronic component. 18. The package for containing an electronic component according to claim 17, wherein
the surface layer bonded to the surface of the base material layer on the side of the electronic component containing member functions as a melting bonding layer when resistance-welded with respect to the package for containing an electronic component. | This cover material for hermetic sealing is a cover material for hermetic sealing employed for a package for containing an electronic component. The cover material 1 for hermetic sealing is constituted of a clad material including a base material layer made of an Ni—Cr—Fe alloy containing Ni, Cr and Fe or an Ni—Cr—Co—Fe alloy containing Ni, Cr, Co and Fe, and a surface layer bonded to one surface of the base material layer on a side of an electronic component containing member and made of Ni or an Ni alloy.1. A cover material for hermetic sealing employed for a package for containing an electronic component including an electronic component containing member for containing an electronic component, constituted of a clad material comprising:
a base material layer made of an Ni—Cr—Fe alloy containing Ni, Cr and Fe or an Ni—Cr—Co—Fe alloy containing Ni, Cr, Co and Fe; and a surface layer at least bonded to one surface of the base material layer on a side of the electronic component containing member and made of Ni or an Ni alloy. 2. The cover material for hermetic sealing according to claim 1, wherein
the base material layer is made of an Ni—Cr—Fe alloy or an Ni—Cr—Co—Fe alloy containing at least 1 mass % and not more than 10 mass % of Cr. 3. The cover material for hermetic sealing according to claim 2, wherein
the base material layer is made of an Ni—Cr—Fe alloy or an Ni—Cr—Co—Fe alloy containing at least 6 mass % and not more than 10 mass % of Cr. 4. The cover material for hermetic sealing according to claim 1, wherein
the base material layer is made of an Ni—Cr—Co—Fe alloy containing at least 6 mass % and not more than 18 mass % of Co. 5. The cover material for hermetic sealing according to claim 1, wherein
the surface layer is made of an Ni—Cu alloy containing Ni and Cu. 6. The cover material for hermetic sealing according to claim 5, wherein
the surface layer is made of an Ni—Cu alloy containing at least 30 mass % of Ni. 7. The cover material for hermetic sealing according to claim 6, wherein
the surface layer is made of an Ni—Cu alloy containing at least 60 mass % of Ni. 8. The cover material for hermetic sealing according to claim 1, wherein
the surface layer has a thickness of at least 1 μm and not more than 10 μm. 9. The cover material for hermetic sealing according to claim 8, wherein
the surface layer has a thickness of at least 2 μm and not more than 6 μm. 10. The cover material for hermetic sealing according to claim 1, wherein
the surface layer includes a first surface layer bonded onto the surface of the base material layer on the side of the electronic component containing member and a second surface layer bonded onto another surface of the base material layer on a side opposite to the electronic component containing member. 11. The cover material for hermetic sealing according to claim 10, wherein
the second surface layer is made of the same metallic material as the first surface layer. 12. The cover material for hermetic sealing according to claim 10, wherein
the clad material includes a silver solder layer at least bonded onto a surface of the first surface layer on the side of the electronic component containing member. 13. The cover material for hermetic sealing according to claim 11, wherein
the base material layer is made of an Ni—Cr—Fe alloy containing at least 36 mass % and not more than 48 mass % of Ni, at least 1 mass % and not more than 10 mass % of Cr and Fe, and the first surface layer and the second surface layer are both made of an Ni—Cu alloy containing at least 30 mass % of Ni or Ni. 14. The cover material for hermetic sealing according to claim 13, wherein
the base material layer is made of an Ni—Cr—Fe alloy containing at least 36 mass % and not more than 48 mass % of Ni, at least 6 mass % and not more than 10 mass % of Cr and Fe, and the first surface layer and the second surface layer are both made of an Ni—Cu alloy containing at least 30 mass % of Ni. 15. The cover material for hermetic sealing according to claim 4, wherein
the clad material is made of an Ni—Cr—Co—Fe alloy containing at least 1 mass % and not more than 10 mass % of Cr, at least 6 mass % and not more than 18 mass % of Co and Fe. 16. The cover material for hermetic sealing according to claim 1, wherein
the surface layer bonded to the surface of the base material layer on the side of the electronic component containing member is configured to function as a melting bonding layer when resistance-welded with respect to the electronic component containing member. 17. A package for containing an electronic component comprising:
an electronic component containing member for containing an electronic component; and the cover material for hermetic sealing according to claim 1 resistance-welded with respect to the package for containing an electronic component. 18. The package for containing an electronic component according to claim 17, wherein
the surface layer bonded to the surface of the base material layer on the side of the electronic component containing member functions as a melting bonding layer when resistance-welded with respect to the package for containing an electronic component. | 1,700 |
4,209 | 16,015,316 | 1,784 | A metal composition that includes a first metal; and a second metal containing a first transition metal element added to a first alloy having a melting point higher than a melting point of the first metal, and the second metal is an alloy capable of producing an intermetallic compound with the first metal. | 1. A metal composition comprising:
a first metal; and a second metal containing a first transition metal element added to a first alloy having a melting point higher than a melting point of the first metal, wherein the second metal is an alloy capable of producing an intermetallic compound with the first metal. 2. The metal composition according to claim 1, wherein
the first metal is Sn or an Sn-based alloy, and the first alloy is a CuAl alloy, a CuCr alloy, a CuNi alloy or a CuMn alloy. 3. The metal composition according to claim 2, wherein the first transition metal element is any one of Co, Fe, and Cr. 4. The metal composition according to claim 1, wherein the first transition metal element is any one of Co, Fe, and Cr. 5. The metal composition according to claim 1, wherein
the second metal is a Cu-xNi-yCo alloy, x is 1 to 30, and y is 0.5 to 20. 6. The metal composition according to claim 5, wherein the first metal is Sn or an Sn-based alloy. 7. The metal composition according to claim 1, further comprising a flux. 8. An intermetallic compound member comprising:
an intermetallic compound including:
a first metal; and
a second metal containing a first transition metal element added to a first alloy having a melting point higher than a melting point of the first metal,
wherein the second metal is an alloy that reacts with the first metal to produce the intermetallic compound. 9. The intermetallic compound member according to claim 8, wherein the intermetallic compound has an average crystal grain size of 3 μm or less. 10. The intermetallic compound member according to claim 8, wherein
the first metal is Sn or an Sn-based alloy, and the first alloy is a CuAl alloy, a CuCr alloy, a CuNi alloy or a CuMn alloy. 11. The intermetallic compound member according to claim 10, wherein the first transition metal element is any one of Co, Fe, and Cr. 12. The intermetallic compound member according to claim 8, wherein the first transition metal element is any one of Co, Fe, and Cr. 13. The intermetallic compound member according to claim 8, wherein
the second metal is a Cu-xNi-yCo alloy, x is 1 to 30, and y is 0.5 to 20. 14. The intermetallic compound member according to claim 13, wherein the first metal is Sn or an Sn-based alloy. 15. An intermetallic compound member comprising an intermetallic compound having an average crystal grain size of 3 μm or less. 16. A joined body comprising:
a first joining object; a second joining object; and the intermetallic compound member according to claim 8 joining the first joining object and the second joining object to each other. 17. The joined body according to claim 16, wherein in the intermetallic compound member, the intermetallic compound continuously exists from the first joining object to the second joining object. 18. The joined body according to claim 16, wherein the intermetallic compound has an average crystal grain size of 3 μm or less. 19. The joined body according to claim 16, wherein the first metal is Sn or an Sn-based alloy, and the first alloy is a CuAl alloy, a CuCr alloy, a CuNi alloy or a CuMn alloy. 20. The joined body according to claim 16, wherein the first transition metal element is any one of Co, Fe, and Cr. | A metal composition that includes a first metal; and a second metal containing a first transition metal element added to a first alloy having a melting point higher than a melting point of the first metal, and the second metal is an alloy capable of producing an intermetallic compound with the first metal.1. A metal composition comprising:
a first metal; and a second metal containing a first transition metal element added to a first alloy having a melting point higher than a melting point of the first metal, wherein the second metal is an alloy capable of producing an intermetallic compound with the first metal. 2. The metal composition according to claim 1, wherein
the first metal is Sn or an Sn-based alloy, and the first alloy is a CuAl alloy, a CuCr alloy, a CuNi alloy or a CuMn alloy. 3. The metal composition according to claim 2, wherein the first transition metal element is any one of Co, Fe, and Cr. 4. The metal composition according to claim 1, wherein the first transition metal element is any one of Co, Fe, and Cr. 5. The metal composition according to claim 1, wherein
the second metal is a Cu-xNi-yCo alloy, x is 1 to 30, and y is 0.5 to 20. 6. The metal composition according to claim 5, wherein the first metal is Sn or an Sn-based alloy. 7. The metal composition according to claim 1, further comprising a flux. 8. An intermetallic compound member comprising:
an intermetallic compound including:
a first metal; and
a second metal containing a first transition metal element added to a first alloy having a melting point higher than a melting point of the first metal,
wherein the second metal is an alloy that reacts with the first metal to produce the intermetallic compound. 9. The intermetallic compound member according to claim 8, wherein the intermetallic compound has an average crystal grain size of 3 μm or less. 10. The intermetallic compound member according to claim 8, wherein
the first metal is Sn or an Sn-based alloy, and the first alloy is a CuAl alloy, a CuCr alloy, a CuNi alloy or a CuMn alloy. 11. The intermetallic compound member according to claim 10, wherein the first transition metal element is any one of Co, Fe, and Cr. 12. The intermetallic compound member according to claim 8, wherein the first transition metal element is any one of Co, Fe, and Cr. 13. The intermetallic compound member according to claim 8, wherein
the second metal is a Cu-xNi-yCo alloy, x is 1 to 30, and y is 0.5 to 20. 14. The intermetallic compound member according to claim 13, wherein the first metal is Sn or an Sn-based alloy. 15. An intermetallic compound member comprising an intermetallic compound having an average crystal grain size of 3 μm or less. 16. A joined body comprising:
a first joining object; a second joining object; and the intermetallic compound member according to claim 8 joining the first joining object and the second joining object to each other. 17. The joined body according to claim 16, wherein in the intermetallic compound member, the intermetallic compound continuously exists from the first joining object to the second joining object. 18. The joined body according to claim 16, wherein the intermetallic compound has an average crystal grain size of 3 μm or less. 19. The joined body according to claim 16, wherein the first metal is Sn or an Sn-based alloy, and the first alloy is a CuAl alloy, a CuCr alloy, a CuNi alloy or a CuMn alloy. 20. The joined body according to claim 16, wherein the first transition metal element is any one of Co, Fe, and Cr. | 1,700 |
4,210 | 14,235,865 | 1,794 | Provided is a high-purity copper-manganese-alloy sputtering target comprising 0.05 to 20 wt. % of Mn, 2 wt ppm or less of C, and the remainder being Cu and inevitable impurities, wherein in formation of a film on a wafer by sputtering the target, the number of particles composed of C, at least one element selected from Mn, Si, and Mg, or a compound composed of C and at least one element selected from Mn, Si, and Mg and having a diameter of 0.20 μm or more is 30 or less on average. Particle generation during sputtering can be effectively suppressed by thus adding an appropriate amount of Mn element to copper and controlling the amount of carbon. In particular, a high-purity copper-manganese-alloy sputtering target that is useful for forming semiconductor copper alloy line having a self-diffusion suppression function is provided. | 1. A high-purity copper-manganese-alloy sputtering target comprising 0.05 to 20 wt. % of Mn, 2 wt ppm or less of C, and the remainder being Cu and inevitable impurities, wherein in formation of a film on a wafer by sputtering the target, the number of particles composed of C, at least one element selected from Mn, Si, and Mg, or a compound composed of C and at least one element selected from Mn, Si, and Mg and having a diameter of 0.08 μm or more is 50 or less on average. 2. The high-purity copper-manganese-alloy sputtering target according to claim 1, wherein the number of particles having a diameter of 0.08 μm or more is 20 or less on average. 3. A high-purity copper-manganese-alloy sputtering target comprising 0.05 to 20 wt. % of Mn, 2 wt ppm or less of C, and the remainder being Cu and inevitable impurities, wherein in formation of a film on a wafer by sputtering the target, the number of particles composed of C, at least one element selected from Mn, Si, and Mg, or a compound composed of C and at least one element selected from Mn, Si, and Mg and having a diameter of 0.20 μm or more is 30 or less on average. 4. The high-purity copper-manganese-alloy sputtering target according to claim 3, wherein the number of particles having a diameter of 0.20 μm or more is 10 or less on average. | Provided is a high-purity copper-manganese-alloy sputtering target comprising 0.05 to 20 wt. % of Mn, 2 wt ppm or less of C, and the remainder being Cu and inevitable impurities, wherein in formation of a film on a wafer by sputtering the target, the number of particles composed of C, at least one element selected from Mn, Si, and Mg, or a compound composed of C and at least one element selected from Mn, Si, and Mg and having a diameter of 0.20 μm or more is 30 or less on average. Particle generation during sputtering can be effectively suppressed by thus adding an appropriate amount of Mn element to copper and controlling the amount of carbon. In particular, a high-purity copper-manganese-alloy sputtering target that is useful for forming semiconductor copper alloy line having a self-diffusion suppression function is provided.1. A high-purity copper-manganese-alloy sputtering target comprising 0.05 to 20 wt. % of Mn, 2 wt ppm or less of C, and the remainder being Cu and inevitable impurities, wherein in formation of a film on a wafer by sputtering the target, the number of particles composed of C, at least one element selected from Mn, Si, and Mg, or a compound composed of C and at least one element selected from Mn, Si, and Mg and having a diameter of 0.08 μm or more is 50 or less on average. 2. The high-purity copper-manganese-alloy sputtering target according to claim 1, wherein the number of particles having a diameter of 0.08 μm or more is 20 or less on average. 3. A high-purity copper-manganese-alloy sputtering target comprising 0.05 to 20 wt. % of Mn, 2 wt ppm or less of C, and the remainder being Cu and inevitable impurities, wherein in formation of a film on a wafer by sputtering the target, the number of particles composed of C, at least one element selected from Mn, Si, and Mg, or a compound composed of C and at least one element selected from Mn, Si, and Mg and having a diameter of 0.20 μm or more is 30 or less on average. 4. The high-purity copper-manganese-alloy sputtering target according to claim 3, wherein the number of particles having a diameter of 0.20 μm or more is 10 or less on average. | 1,700 |
4,211 | 14,491,759 | 1,721 | There is provided a dynamic photovoltaic module omprising the photovoltaic module comprising a number of cell stacks connected in serial therebetween, each cell stack among said cell stacks comprising a number of photovoltaic cells connected in parallel therebetween. In a preferred embodiment, each cell stack comprises a same number of photovoltaic cells having a same cell voltage and cell current equal to the quotient of the module current and the cell current and the number of cell stacks in the module being equal to the quotient of the module voltage and the cell voltage. The proposed dynamic PV module is adapted to mitigate the problem of mismatch effects hence improving the performance of PV modules caused by conditions such as partial and full shading, soiling, non-uniform illuminations, solar concentration and clouds, inside-module defects like broken cells or connectors. There is also provided a method of manufacturing a dynamic PV module. | 1. A dynamic photovoltaic module having a module voltage and a module current, the photovoltaic module comprising a number of cell stacks connected in serial therebetween, each cell stack among said cell stacks comprising a number of photovoltaic cells connected in parallel therebetween, where each cell stack among said cell stacks has a cell stack voltage and a cell stack current and each photovoltaic cell among said photovoltaic cells has a cell voltage and a cell current such that the total voltage inside the module is equal to the module voltage and the total current inside the module is equal to the module current. 2. The dynamic photovoltaic module as claimed in claim 1 wherein each cell stack among said cell stacks comprises a same number of photovoltaic cells having a same cell voltage and cell current, the number of photovoltaic cells being equal to the quotient of the module current and the cell current and the number of cell stacks in the module being equal to the quotient of the module voltage and the cell voltage. 3. The photovoltaic module as claimed in claim 2 further comprising at least one bypass diode connected between the cell stacks in order to bypass the current around cell stacks experiencing a current mismatch effect. 4. The photovoltaic module as claimed in claim 3 wherein the at least one bypass diode is connected such that one bypass diode is connected in parallel between each two adjacent cell stacks or group of adjacent cell stacks. 5. The photovoltaic module as claimed in claim 4 further comprising at least one redundant bypass diode connected in parallel to the at least one bypass diode. 6. The photovoltaic module as claimed in claim 2, wherein each photovoltaic cell has a cell width and a cell length, and wherein the number of photovoltaic cells in a cell stack is equal to the quotient of the cell length and the cell width. 7. The photovoltaic module as claimed in claim 2 wherein the ratio of the cell length and the cell width is an integer number equal or above 2. 8. The photovoltaic module as claimed in claim 2 wherein the ratio of the cell length and the cell width is between 2 and 20. 9. The photovoltaic module as claimed in claim 2, where the module voltage and the module current are adjusted values taking into consideration the effect of environmental temperature and light radiance on the module. 10. The photovoltaic module as claimed in claim 2 further comprising bus-bars adapted to enable the parallel connection between the photovoltaic cells within a same cell stack. 11. The photovoltaic module as claimed in claim 2 further comprising string lines adapted to enable the serial connection between the different cell stacks. 12. A method of manufacturing a dynamic photovoltaic module having a module voltage and a module current adapted to reduce loss of energy caused by current mismatch inside the module, the method comprising forming a number of cell stacks connected in serial therebetween, each cell stack among said cell stacks comprising a number of photovoltaic cells connected in parallel therebetween, where each cell stack among said cell stacks has a cell stack voltage and a cell stack current and each photovoltaic cell among said photovoltaic cells has a cell voltage and a cell current such that the total voltage inside the module is equal to the module voltage and the total current inside the module is equal to the module current. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein each cell stack among said cell stacks comprises a same number of photovoltaic cells having a same cell voltage and cell current, the number of photovoltaic cells being equal to the quotient of the module current and the cell current and the number of cell stacks in the module being equal to the quotient of the module voltage and the cell voltage. 14. The method of claim 13 further comprising connecting at least one bypass diode between the cell stacks in order to bypass the current around cell stacks experiencing a mismatch effect. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the at least one bypass diode is connected such that one bypass diode is connected in parallel between each two adjacent cell stacks or group of adjacent cell stacks. 16. The method of claim 15 further comprising at least one redundant bypass diode connected in parallel to the at least one bypass diode. 17. The method of claim 13 further comprising:
providing original PV cells having an original cell current, an original cell voltage, an original cell length and an original cell width; and
cutting the original PV cells for producing the PV cells used for forming the cell stacks, the PV cells having a cell length and a cell width. 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the original PV cells are cut using laser. 19. The method of claim 17 wherein the cell voltage is the same as the original cell voltage and wherein the cell current is equal to the quotient of the original cell current and the number of PV cells per stack. 20. The method of claim 19 wherein the cell length is the same as the original cell length and wherein the cell width is equal to the quotient of the original cell width and the number of PV cells per stack. 21. The method of claim 20 wherein the number of PV cells per stack is equal or above 2. 22. The method of claim 21 wherein the number of PV cells per stack is between 2 and 20. 23. The method of claim 22 wherein the number of PV cells is determined based on energy efficiency and cost considerations, where an increase in the number of PV cells per stack increases the cost of manufacturing the PV module from one side and increases from an other side the energy efficiency of the PV module by reducing the loss of energy caused by current mismatch inside the module. 24. The method of claim 13, wherein the module voltage and the module current are adjusted values taking into consideration the effect of environmental temperature and light radiance on the module. 25. The method of claim 13 wherein the parallel connection between the PV cells within each cell stack is conducted using bus-bars. 26. The method of claim 25 wherein the serial connection between the different cell stacks is conducted using string lines. 27. A dynamic PV system comprising at least two PV modules as claimed in claim 1 connected therebteween in parallel or serial. | There is provided a dynamic photovoltaic module omprising the photovoltaic module comprising a number of cell stacks connected in serial therebetween, each cell stack among said cell stacks comprising a number of photovoltaic cells connected in parallel therebetween. In a preferred embodiment, each cell stack comprises a same number of photovoltaic cells having a same cell voltage and cell current equal to the quotient of the module current and the cell current and the number of cell stacks in the module being equal to the quotient of the module voltage and the cell voltage. The proposed dynamic PV module is adapted to mitigate the problem of mismatch effects hence improving the performance of PV modules caused by conditions such as partial and full shading, soiling, non-uniform illuminations, solar concentration and clouds, inside-module defects like broken cells or connectors. There is also provided a method of manufacturing a dynamic PV module.1. A dynamic photovoltaic module having a module voltage and a module current, the photovoltaic module comprising a number of cell stacks connected in serial therebetween, each cell stack among said cell stacks comprising a number of photovoltaic cells connected in parallel therebetween, where each cell stack among said cell stacks has a cell stack voltage and a cell stack current and each photovoltaic cell among said photovoltaic cells has a cell voltage and a cell current such that the total voltage inside the module is equal to the module voltage and the total current inside the module is equal to the module current. 2. The dynamic photovoltaic module as claimed in claim 1 wherein each cell stack among said cell stacks comprises a same number of photovoltaic cells having a same cell voltage and cell current, the number of photovoltaic cells being equal to the quotient of the module current and the cell current and the number of cell stacks in the module being equal to the quotient of the module voltage and the cell voltage. 3. The photovoltaic module as claimed in claim 2 further comprising at least one bypass diode connected between the cell stacks in order to bypass the current around cell stacks experiencing a current mismatch effect. 4. The photovoltaic module as claimed in claim 3 wherein the at least one bypass diode is connected such that one bypass diode is connected in parallel between each two adjacent cell stacks or group of adjacent cell stacks. 5. The photovoltaic module as claimed in claim 4 further comprising at least one redundant bypass diode connected in parallel to the at least one bypass diode. 6. The photovoltaic module as claimed in claim 2, wherein each photovoltaic cell has a cell width and a cell length, and wherein the number of photovoltaic cells in a cell stack is equal to the quotient of the cell length and the cell width. 7. The photovoltaic module as claimed in claim 2 wherein the ratio of the cell length and the cell width is an integer number equal or above 2. 8. The photovoltaic module as claimed in claim 2 wherein the ratio of the cell length and the cell width is between 2 and 20. 9. The photovoltaic module as claimed in claim 2, where the module voltage and the module current are adjusted values taking into consideration the effect of environmental temperature and light radiance on the module. 10. The photovoltaic module as claimed in claim 2 further comprising bus-bars adapted to enable the parallel connection between the photovoltaic cells within a same cell stack. 11. The photovoltaic module as claimed in claim 2 further comprising string lines adapted to enable the serial connection between the different cell stacks. 12. A method of manufacturing a dynamic photovoltaic module having a module voltage and a module current adapted to reduce loss of energy caused by current mismatch inside the module, the method comprising forming a number of cell stacks connected in serial therebetween, each cell stack among said cell stacks comprising a number of photovoltaic cells connected in parallel therebetween, where each cell stack among said cell stacks has a cell stack voltage and a cell stack current and each photovoltaic cell among said photovoltaic cells has a cell voltage and a cell current such that the total voltage inside the module is equal to the module voltage and the total current inside the module is equal to the module current. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein each cell stack among said cell stacks comprises a same number of photovoltaic cells having a same cell voltage and cell current, the number of photovoltaic cells being equal to the quotient of the module current and the cell current and the number of cell stacks in the module being equal to the quotient of the module voltage and the cell voltage. 14. The method of claim 13 further comprising connecting at least one bypass diode between the cell stacks in order to bypass the current around cell stacks experiencing a mismatch effect. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the at least one bypass diode is connected such that one bypass diode is connected in parallel between each two adjacent cell stacks or group of adjacent cell stacks. 16. The method of claim 15 further comprising at least one redundant bypass diode connected in parallel to the at least one bypass diode. 17. The method of claim 13 further comprising:
providing original PV cells having an original cell current, an original cell voltage, an original cell length and an original cell width; and
cutting the original PV cells for producing the PV cells used for forming the cell stacks, the PV cells having a cell length and a cell width. 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the original PV cells are cut using laser. 19. The method of claim 17 wherein the cell voltage is the same as the original cell voltage and wherein the cell current is equal to the quotient of the original cell current and the number of PV cells per stack. 20. The method of claim 19 wherein the cell length is the same as the original cell length and wherein the cell width is equal to the quotient of the original cell width and the number of PV cells per stack. 21. The method of claim 20 wherein the number of PV cells per stack is equal or above 2. 22. The method of claim 21 wherein the number of PV cells per stack is between 2 and 20. 23. The method of claim 22 wherein the number of PV cells is determined based on energy efficiency and cost considerations, where an increase in the number of PV cells per stack increases the cost of manufacturing the PV module from one side and increases from an other side the energy efficiency of the PV module by reducing the loss of energy caused by current mismatch inside the module. 24. The method of claim 13, wherein the module voltage and the module current are adjusted values taking into consideration the effect of environmental temperature and light radiance on the module. 25. The method of claim 13 wherein the parallel connection between the PV cells within each cell stack is conducted using bus-bars. 26. The method of claim 25 wherein the serial connection between the different cell stacks is conducted using string lines. 27. A dynamic PV system comprising at least two PV modules as claimed in claim 1 connected therebteween in parallel or serial. | 1,700 |
4,212 | 14,353,194 | 1,792 | The present invention relates to whey protein micelles for use in the treatment and/or prevention of overweight and/or obesity in a subject. The invention relates also to a non-therapeutic use of whey protein micelles to increase satiety and/or postprandial energy expenditure in a subject. A further aspect of the invention is a food composition to be administered to an overweight or obese subject, or to a subject at risk of becoming overweight or obese. | 1. A method for the prevention or treatment of overweight and/or obesity in a subject comprising the step of administering whey protein micelles to the subject in need of same. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the whey protein micelles are administered to the subject in combination with a meal. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the meal comprises a component selected from the group consisting of whey protein isolates, native or hydrolyzed milk proteins, free amino acids, and a combination thereof. 4. The method according to claim 2, wherein the whey protein micelles are provided as part of the meal in a form selected from the group consisting of a beverage, nutritional composition, bar, flakes and pellets. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the whey protein micelles are administered to the subject in a daily dose of at least 20 g dry weight. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the subject is a child or an adult human being. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the subject is an animal. 8. A non-therapeutic method to increase satiety and/or postprandial energy expenditure in a subject comprising administering whey protein micelles. 9. The method according to claim 8, to enhance lean body mass and/or decrease body fat mass. 10. A food composition comprising at least 15 wt % whey protein micelles, wherein the food composition is to be administered to an overweight or obese subject, or to a subject at risk for becoming overweight or obese. 11. (canceled) 12. The food composition according to claim 10, wherein the food composition comprises 15-30 wt % proteins, 10-15 wt % lipids, 35-50 wt % carbohydrates and 5-10 wt % fibers of total dry weight. 13. A pet food composition comprising whey protein micelles. | The present invention relates to whey protein micelles for use in the treatment and/or prevention of overweight and/or obesity in a subject. The invention relates also to a non-therapeutic use of whey protein micelles to increase satiety and/or postprandial energy expenditure in a subject. A further aspect of the invention is a food composition to be administered to an overweight or obese subject, or to a subject at risk of becoming overweight or obese.1. A method for the prevention or treatment of overweight and/or obesity in a subject comprising the step of administering whey protein micelles to the subject in need of same. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the whey protein micelles are administered to the subject in combination with a meal. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the meal comprises a component selected from the group consisting of whey protein isolates, native or hydrolyzed milk proteins, free amino acids, and a combination thereof. 4. The method according to claim 2, wherein the whey protein micelles are provided as part of the meal in a form selected from the group consisting of a beverage, nutritional composition, bar, flakes and pellets. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the whey protein micelles are administered to the subject in a daily dose of at least 20 g dry weight. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the subject is a child or an adult human being. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the subject is an animal. 8. A non-therapeutic method to increase satiety and/or postprandial energy expenditure in a subject comprising administering whey protein micelles. 9. The method according to claim 8, to enhance lean body mass and/or decrease body fat mass. 10. A food composition comprising at least 15 wt % whey protein micelles, wherein the food composition is to be administered to an overweight or obese subject, or to a subject at risk for becoming overweight or obese. 11. (canceled) 12. The food composition according to claim 10, wherein the food composition comprises 15-30 wt % proteins, 10-15 wt % lipids, 35-50 wt % carbohydrates and 5-10 wt % fibers of total dry weight. 13. A pet food composition comprising whey protein micelles. | 1,700 |
4,213 | 14,274,452 | 1,783 | This application relates to self-profiling friction pads for computing devices. In particular, the embodiments discussed herein describe self-profiling friction pads that have a naturally dome-shaped profile. In some embodiments, the self-profiling friction pads can be used as device feet for a computing device. Additionally, the self-profiling friction pads can be used to seal certain areas of the computing device such as a display or ventilation system. The self-profiling friction pads are configured to be deposited in a liquid state and form into a dome shape as a result of the material properties of the deposited liquid and the properties of the surface to which the liquid is deposited. | 1. A computing device housing, comprising:
a surface, wherein the surface includes a depressed portion that is recessed from an adjacent portion of the surface, the depressed portion comprising a base portion and wall portion concurrently abutting a self-profiling material deposited within the depressed portion, wherein the self-profiling material:
comprises a thermoplastic material,
forms a dome-shaped profile based on a material property of the depressed portion, and
exclusively abuts the surface of the computing device housing. 2. The computing device housing of claim 1, wherein the material property is a surface energy. 3. The computing device housing of claim 1, wherein a surface energy of the base portion is different than a surface energy of the adjacent portion. 4. The computing device housing of claim 1, wherein the surface is a perimeter of a display for a computing device, and the depressed portion surrounds a glass layer of the display. 5. The computing device housing of claim 1, wherein the surface is a portion of a laptop, and the self-profiling material is configured to be an interface between the surface and an idle surface on which the laptop can be placed. 6. The computing device housing of claim 1, wherein the surface is an air duct for a computing device and the self-profiling material is configured to seal a region of the air duct. 7. The computing device housing of claim 1, wherein the surface comprises anodized aluminum. 8. The computing device housing of claim 1, wherein the base portion includes an oleophobic coating that abuts the self-profiling material. 9. The computing device housing of claim 1, wherein the surface has a surface energy higher than a surface energy of the self-profiling material. 10. A method for applying a self-profiling pad to a surface of a computing device, the method comprising:
depositing a self-profiling material to the surface of the computing device while the self-profiling material is in a liquid state, wherein the self-profiling material comprises a thermoplastic polymer; and causing the self-profiling material to transition into a solid state and form a dome-shaped profile exclusively across the surface of the computing device. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
machining a portion of the surface to have a uniform base portion that is recessed from an adjacent portion of the surface. 12. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
modifying a surface tension of the surface of the computing device at a region that is to receive the self-profiling material. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the surface of the computing device comprises anodized aluminum. 14. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
depositing an oleophobic coating onto the surface to alter a surface tension of a region between the self-profiling material and the surface. 15. A self-profiling pad for a computing device, comprising:
a body made of a thermoplastic material; a first surface having a dome-shaped profile; a second surface that is substantially flat and is configured to exclusively abut one side of a housing of the computing device; and a lateral portion configured to abut a depressed portion of the housing on at least two surfaces of the depressed portion. 16. The self-profiling pad of claim 15, wherein a surface tension of the self-profiling pad is configured to cause the self-profiling pad to form the dome-shaped profile after the thermoplastic material is deposited onto the depressed portion. 17. The self-profiling pad of claim 15, wherein the self-profiling pad is configured to surround a perimeter of a display of the computing device. 18. The self-profiling pad of claim 15, wherein the self-profiling pad is configured to seal an air duct of the computing device. 19. The self-profiling pad of claim 15, wherein the depressed portion is a letter or guide on a key of a keyboard, and the self-profiling pad is configured to at least partially reside in the key. 20. The self-profiling pad of claim 15, wherein the second surface includes an oleophobic coating. | This application relates to self-profiling friction pads for computing devices. In particular, the embodiments discussed herein describe self-profiling friction pads that have a naturally dome-shaped profile. In some embodiments, the self-profiling friction pads can be used as device feet for a computing device. Additionally, the self-profiling friction pads can be used to seal certain areas of the computing device such as a display or ventilation system. The self-profiling friction pads are configured to be deposited in a liquid state and form into a dome shape as a result of the material properties of the deposited liquid and the properties of the surface to which the liquid is deposited.1. A computing device housing, comprising:
a surface, wherein the surface includes a depressed portion that is recessed from an adjacent portion of the surface, the depressed portion comprising a base portion and wall portion concurrently abutting a self-profiling material deposited within the depressed portion, wherein the self-profiling material:
comprises a thermoplastic material,
forms a dome-shaped profile based on a material property of the depressed portion, and
exclusively abuts the surface of the computing device housing. 2. The computing device housing of claim 1, wherein the material property is a surface energy. 3. The computing device housing of claim 1, wherein a surface energy of the base portion is different than a surface energy of the adjacent portion. 4. The computing device housing of claim 1, wherein the surface is a perimeter of a display for a computing device, and the depressed portion surrounds a glass layer of the display. 5. The computing device housing of claim 1, wherein the surface is a portion of a laptop, and the self-profiling material is configured to be an interface between the surface and an idle surface on which the laptop can be placed. 6. The computing device housing of claim 1, wherein the surface is an air duct for a computing device and the self-profiling material is configured to seal a region of the air duct. 7. The computing device housing of claim 1, wherein the surface comprises anodized aluminum. 8. The computing device housing of claim 1, wherein the base portion includes an oleophobic coating that abuts the self-profiling material. 9. The computing device housing of claim 1, wherein the surface has a surface energy higher than a surface energy of the self-profiling material. 10. A method for applying a self-profiling pad to a surface of a computing device, the method comprising:
depositing a self-profiling material to the surface of the computing device while the self-profiling material is in a liquid state, wherein the self-profiling material comprises a thermoplastic polymer; and causing the self-profiling material to transition into a solid state and form a dome-shaped profile exclusively across the surface of the computing device. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
machining a portion of the surface to have a uniform base portion that is recessed from an adjacent portion of the surface. 12. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
modifying a surface tension of the surface of the computing device at a region that is to receive the self-profiling material. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the surface of the computing device comprises anodized aluminum. 14. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
depositing an oleophobic coating onto the surface to alter a surface tension of a region between the self-profiling material and the surface. 15. A self-profiling pad for a computing device, comprising:
a body made of a thermoplastic material; a first surface having a dome-shaped profile; a second surface that is substantially flat and is configured to exclusively abut one side of a housing of the computing device; and a lateral portion configured to abut a depressed portion of the housing on at least two surfaces of the depressed portion. 16. The self-profiling pad of claim 15, wherein a surface tension of the self-profiling pad is configured to cause the self-profiling pad to form the dome-shaped profile after the thermoplastic material is deposited onto the depressed portion. 17. The self-profiling pad of claim 15, wherein the self-profiling pad is configured to surround a perimeter of a display of the computing device. 18. The self-profiling pad of claim 15, wherein the self-profiling pad is configured to seal an air duct of the computing device. 19. The self-profiling pad of claim 15, wherein the depressed portion is a letter or guide on a key of a keyboard, and the self-profiling pad is configured to at least partially reside in the key. 20. The self-profiling pad of claim 15, wherein the second surface includes an oleophobic coating. | 1,700 |
4,214 | 15,444,864 | 1,794 | An integrated extreme ultraviolet blank production system includes: a vacuum chamber for placing a substrate in a vacuum; a deposition system for depositing a multi-layer stack without removing the substrate from the vacuum; and a treatment system for treating a layer on the multi-layer stack to be deposited as an amorphous metallic layer. A physical vapor deposition chamber for manufacturing an extreme ultraviolet mask blank includes: a target, comprising molybdenum alloyed with boron. An extreme ultraviolet lithography system includes: an extreme ultraviolet light source; a mirror for directing light from the extreme ultraviolet light source; a reticle stage for placing an extreme ultraviolet mask blank with a multi-layer stack having an amorphous metallic layer; and a wafer stage for placing a wafer. An extreme ultraviolet blank includes: a substrate; a multi-layer stack having an amorphous metallic layer; and capping layers over the multi-layer stack. | 1. An integrated extreme ultraviolet blank production system comprising:
a vacuum chamber for placing a substrate in a vacuum; a deposition system for depositing a multi-layer stack without removing the substrate from the vacuum; and a treatment system for treating a layer on the multi-layer stack to be deposited as an amorphous metallic layer. 2. The system as claimed in claim 1 wherein the treatment system includes an alloyed deposition of the amorphous metallic layer. 3. The system as claimed in claim 1 wherein the treatment system provides a gas to disrupt a crystalline structure of the amorphous metallic layer. 4. The system as claimed in claim 1 wherein the treatment system cools the multi-layer stack to suppress grain growth of the amorphous metallic layer. 5. The system as claimed in claim 1 wherein the deposition system includes a magnetron for sputtering the multi-layer stack. 6. The system as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a second deposition system is for depositing additional layers to form an extreme ultraviolet mask blank. 7. The system as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a second deposition system is for depositing additional layers to form an extreme ultraviolet mirror. 8. A physical vapor deposition chamber for manufacturing an extreme ultraviolet blank comprising:
a target, comprising molybdenum alloyed with boron. 9. The chamber of claim 8 further comprising:
a second target, comprising silicon. 10. The chamber of claim 9 wherein the target and the second target are angled with respect to a pedestal adapted to receive a substrate. 11. The chamber of claim 8 further comprising a rotating pedestal adapted to receive a substrate. 12. An extreme ultraviolet lithography system comprising:
an extreme ultraviolet light source; a mirror for directing light from the extreme ultraviolet light source; a reticle stage for placing an extreme ultraviolet mask blank with a multi-layer stack having an amorphous metallic layer; and a wafer stage for placing a wafer. 13. The system as claimed in claim 12 wherein the amorphous metallic layer is alloyed to form the amorphous metallic layer. 14. The system as claimed in claim 12 wherein the amorphous metallic layer has a disrupted crystalline structure to form the amorphous metallic layer. 15. The system as claimed in claim 12 wherein the amorphous metallic layer has suppressed grain growth to form the amorphous metallic layer. 16. A method of making an extreme ultraviolet blank comprising:
providing a substrate; forming a multi-layer stack having an amorphous metallic layer over the substrate;
and
forming capping layers over the multi-layer stack. 17. The method as claimed in claim 16 wherein forming the multi-layer stack having the amorphous metallic layer forms an alloyed amorphous metallic layer. 18. The method as claimed in claim 16 wherein forming the multi-layer stack having the amorphous metallic layer deposits the amorphous metallic layer by sputtering the metal with an alloy. 19. The method as claimed in claim 16 wherein forming the multi-layer stack having the amorphous metallic layer deposits the amorphous metallic layer by sputtering while cooling the substrate. 20. The method as claimed in claim 16 wherein forming the multi-layer stack having the amorphous metallic layer forms the amorphous metallic layer alloyed with boron, nitrogen, or carbon. 21. The method as claimed in claim 16 wherein forming the multi-layer stack having the amorphous metallic layer forms the amorphous metallic layer of amorphous molybdenum. 22. The method as claimed in claim 16 wherein forming the multi-layer stack having the amorphous metallic layer forms the amorphous metallic layer of a disrupted crystalline structure. 23. The method as claimed in claim 16 wherein forming the multi-layer stack having the amorphous metallic layer forms the amorphous metallic layer having suppressed grain growth. 24. The method as claimed in claim 16 wherein forming the multi-layer stack forms an extreme ultraviolet mask blank. 25. The method as claimed in claim 16 wherein forming the multi-layer stack forms an extreme ultraviolet mirror. 26. The method as claimed in claim 16 wherein providing the substrate provides a substrate of an ultra-low thermal expansion material. 27. The method as claimed in claim 16 wherein providing the substrate provides a substrate of glass. | An integrated extreme ultraviolet blank production system includes: a vacuum chamber for placing a substrate in a vacuum; a deposition system for depositing a multi-layer stack without removing the substrate from the vacuum; and a treatment system for treating a layer on the multi-layer stack to be deposited as an amorphous metallic layer. A physical vapor deposition chamber for manufacturing an extreme ultraviolet mask blank includes: a target, comprising molybdenum alloyed with boron. An extreme ultraviolet lithography system includes: an extreme ultraviolet light source; a mirror for directing light from the extreme ultraviolet light source; a reticle stage for placing an extreme ultraviolet mask blank with a multi-layer stack having an amorphous metallic layer; and a wafer stage for placing a wafer. An extreme ultraviolet blank includes: a substrate; a multi-layer stack having an amorphous metallic layer; and capping layers over the multi-layer stack.1. An integrated extreme ultraviolet blank production system comprising:
a vacuum chamber for placing a substrate in a vacuum; a deposition system for depositing a multi-layer stack without removing the substrate from the vacuum; and a treatment system for treating a layer on the multi-layer stack to be deposited as an amorphous metallic layer. 2. The system as claimed in claim 1 wherein the treatment system includes an alloyed deposition of the amorphous metallic layer. 3. The system as claimed in claim 1 wherein the treatment system provides a gas to disrupt a crystalline structure of the amorphous metallic layer. 4. The system as claimed in claim 1 wherein the treatment system cools the multi-layer stack to suppress grain growth of the amorphous metallic layer. 5. The system as claimed in claim 1 wherein the deposition system includes a magnetron for sputtering the multi-layer stack. 6. The system as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a second deposition system is for depositing additional layers to form an extreme ultraviolet mask blank. 7. The system as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a second deposition system is for depositing additional layers to form an extreme ultraviolet mirror. 8. A physical vapor deposition chamber for manufacturing an extreme ultraviolet blank comprising:
a target, comprising molybdenum alloyed with boron. 9. The chamber of claim 8 further comprising:
a second target, comprising silicon. 10. The chamber of claim 9 wherein the target and the second target are angled with respect to a pedestal adapted to receive a substrate. 11. The chamber of claim 8 further comprising a rotating pedestal adapted to receive a substrate. 12. An extreme ultraviolet lithography system comprising:
an extreme ultraviolet light source; a mirror for directing light from the extreme ultraviolet light source; a reticle stage for placing an extreme ultraviolet mask blank with a multi-layer stack having an amorphous metallic layer; and a wafer stage for placing a wafer. 13. The system as claimed in claim 12 wherein the amorphous metallic layer is alloyed to form the amorphous metallic layer. 14. The system as claimed in claim 12 wherein the amorphous metallic layer has a disrupted crystalline structure to form the amorphous metallic layer. 15. The system as claimed in claim 12 wherein the amorphous metallic layer has suppressed grain growth to form the amorphous metallic layer. 16. A method of making an extreme ultraviolet blank comprising:
providing a substrate; forming a multi-layer stack having an amorphous metallic layer over the substrate;
and
forming capping layers over the multi-layer stack. 17. The method as claimed in claim 16 wherein forming the multi-layer stack having the amorphous metallic layer forms an alloyed amorphous metallic layer. 18. The method as claimed in claim 16 wherein forming the multi-layer stack having the amorphous metallic layer deposits the amorphous metallic layer by sputtering the metal with an alloy. 19. The method as claimed in claim 16 wherein forming the multi-layer stack having the amorphous metallic layer deposits the amorphous metallic layer by sputtering while cooling the substrate. 20. The method as claimed in claim 16 wherein forming the multi-layer stack having the amorphous metallic layer forms the amorphous metallic layer alloyed with boron, nitrogen, or carbon. 21. The method as claimed in claim 16 wherein forming the multi-layer stack having the amorphous metallic layer forms the amorphous metallic layer of amorphous molybdenum. 22. The method as claimed in claim 16 wherein forming the multi-layer stack having the amorphous metallic layer forms the amorphous metallic layer of a disrupted crystalline structure. 23. The method as claimed in claim 16 wherein forming the multi-layer stack having the amorphous metallic layer forms the amorphous metallic layer having suppressed grain growth. 24. The method as claimed in claim 16 wherein forming the multi-layer stack forms an extreme ultraviolet mask blank. 25. The method as claimed in claim 16 wherein forming the multi-layer stack forms an extreme ultraviolet mirror. 26. The method as claimed in claim 16 wherein providing the substrate provides a substrate of an ultra-low thermal expansion material. 27. The method as claimed in claim 16 wherein providing the substrate provides a substrate of glass. | 1,700 |
4,215 | 15,111,604 | 1,743 | Nozzle data relating to a nozzle of an agent distributor to be used to deliver agent may be received, and data representing a three-dimensional object may be modified to cause the three-dimensional object to be shifted such that the nozzle is not to be used to generate the three-dimensional object. | 1. A system for generating a three-dimensional object, the system comprising:
a processor to:
receive nozzle data relating to a nozzle of an agent distributor to be used to deliver agent;
modify data representing a three dimensional object to cause the three-dimensional object to be shifted such that the nozzle is not to be used to generate the three-dimensional object; and
cause the three dimensional object to be generated in accordance with the modified data representing the three-dimensional object. 2. The system of claim 1 wherein the nozzle data represents the nozzle malfunctioning. 3. The system of claim 2 further comprising a drop detector to detect whether the nozzle is at least partially clogged, wherein the nozzle data is based on a measurement by the nozzle sensor. 4. The system of claim 1 wherein the nozzle data represents the nozzle being over-used relative to other nozzles of the agent distributor. 5. The system of claim 4 further comprising a nozzle sensor to detect usage of the nozzle, wherein the nozzle data is based on a measurement by the nozzle sensor. 6. The system of claim 4 wherein the nozzle data is based on the data representing previous use of the nozzle in generated three-dimensional objects. 7. The system of claim 1 wherein the data representing the three-dimensional object is three-dimensional object design data. 8. The system of claim 1 wherein the data representing the three-dimensional data is slice data. 9. The system of claim 1 wherein the data representing the three-dimensional object further represents another three-dimensional object, wherein the processor is to modify the data representing the three-dimensional object and the another three-dimensional object to cancel the another three-dimensional object such that the nozzle is not used to generate the another three-dimensional object. 10. The system of claim 1 wherein the data represents a plurality of three-dimensional objects, wherein the processor is to modify the data representing the plurality of three-dimensional objects to shift the coordinates of the plurality of three-dimensional objects such that the nozzle is not used to generate the three-dimensional object. 11. The system of claim 1 wherein the processor is to receive the nozzle data and modify the data representing the three-dimensional object prior to the three-dimensional object being generated. 12. The system of claim 1 wherein the processor is to receive the nozzle data and to modify the data representing the three-dimensional object during a build process in which the three-dimensional object will be generated. 13. The system of claim 12 wherein the processor is to modify the data representing the three dimensional object to cancel the three-dimensional object while the three-dimensional object is being generated and to shift the coordinates of the three-dimensional object such that the nozzle is not used to generate the three-dimensional object. 14. A method comprising:
obtaining, by a processor, nozzle data relating to a nozzle of an agent distributor to be used to deliver agent; transforming, by the processor, data representing three dimensional object to cause the three-dimensional object to be shifted such that the nozzle is to be avoided during generation of the three-dimensional object; and generating the three dimensional object in accordance with the modified data. 15. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium including executable instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to:
receive nozzle data regarding a nozzle of an agent distributor, the nozzle data representing the nozzle malfunctioning or being over-used relative to other nozzles of the agent distributor; and based on the nozzle data, modify data representing a three dimensional object to be generated to change a location of the three-dimensional object such that the nozzle is not to be used when generating the three-dimensional object. | Nozzle data relating to a nozzle of an agent distributor to be used to deliver agent may be received, and data representing a three-dimensional object may be modified to cause the three-dimensional object to be shifted such that the nozzle is not to be used to generate the three-dimensional object.1. A system for generating a three-dimensional object, the system comprising:
a processor to:
receive nozzle data relating to a nozzle of an agent distributor to be used to deliver agent;
modify data representing a three dimensional object to cause the three-dimensional object to be shifted such that the nozzle is not to be used to generate the three-dimensional object; and
cause the three dimensional object to be generated in accordance with the modified data representing the three-dimensional object. 2. The system of claim 1 wherein the nozzle data represents the nozzle malfunctioning. 3. The system of claim 2 further comprising a drop detector to detect whether the nozzle is at least partially clogged, wherein the nozzle data is based on a measurement by the nozzle sensor. 4. The system of claim 1 wherein the nozzle data represents the nozzle being over-used relative to other nozzles of the agent distributor. 5. The system of claim 4 further comprising a nozzle sensor to detect usage of the nozzle, wherein the nozzle data is based on a measurement by the nozzle sensor. 6. The system of claim 4 wherein the nozzle data is based on the data representing previous use of the nozzle in generated three-dimensional objects. 7. The system of claim 1 wherein the data representing the three-dimensional object is three-dimensional object design data. 8. The system of claim 1 wherein the data representing the three-dimensional data is slice data. 9. The system of claim 1 wherein the data representing the three-dimensional object further represents another three-dimensional object, wherein the processor is to modify the data representing the three-dimensional object and the another three-dimensional object to cancel the another three-dimensional object such that the nozzle is not used to generate the another three-dimensional object. 10. The system of claim 1 wherein the data represents a plurality of three-dimensional objects, wherein the processor is to modify the data representing the plurality of three-dimensional objects to shift the coordinates of the plurality of three-dimensional objects such that the nozzle is not used to generate the three-dimensional object. 11. The system of claim 1 wherein the processor is to receive the nozzle data and modify the data representing the three-dimensional object prior to the three-dimensional object being generated. 12. The system of claim 1 wherein the processor is to receive the nozzle data and to modify the data representing the three-dimensional object during a build process in which the three-dimensional object will be generated. 13. The system of claim 12 wherein the processor is to modify the data representing the three dimensional object to cancel the three-dimensional object while the three-dimensional object is being generated and to shift the coordinates of the three-dimensional object such that the nozzle is not used to generate the three-dimensional object. 14. A method comprising:
obtaining, by a processor, nozzle data relating to a nozzle of an agent distributor to be used to deliver agent; transforming, by the processor, data representing three dimensional object to cause the three-dimensional object to be shifted such that the nozzle is to be avoided during generation of the three-dimensional object; and generating the three dimensional object in accordance with the modified data. 15. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium including executable instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to:
receive nozzle data regarding a nozzle of an agent distributor, the nozzle data representing the nozzle malfunctioning or being over-used relative to other nozzles of the agent distributor; and based on the nozzle data, modify data representing a three dimensional object to be generated to change a location of the three-dimensional object such that the nozzle is not to be used when generating the three-dimensional object. | 1,700 |
4,216 | 14,602,304 | 1,798 | Radiopharmaceuticals for functional imaging are produced. The manufacturer of the radiopharmaceutical dispenses and packages in unit dosage. The unit dosage package is a standard amount, such as is used in over-the-counter drugs, rather than being patient specific, such as for a filled prescription. The containers with the unit dose are then delivered to the healthcare facility for use or further dispensing. This arrangement allows for pharmacists to be replaced by chemists at the manufacturer since the unit dose may be dispensed and packaged using GMP instead of pharmacy practice. This arrangement results in a different item being delivered to healthcare facilities for functional imaging. | 1. A method for producing radiopharmaceutical for functional imaging, the method comprising:
generating, in a vial of a shielded area, the radiopharmaceutical with a half-life of less than one day; packaging the radiopharmaceutical from the vial into a plurality of syringes each of a labeled unit dosage; and distributing the syringes to different healthcare facilities having patients with orders for the functional imaging. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein generating comprises manufacturing with a cyclotron or generator. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein generating comprises generating the radiopharmaceutical with the half-life of less than three hours. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein packaging comprises dispensing from the vial to the syringes and labeling the syringes with the unit dosage. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein packaging comprises labeling the syringes with the unit dosage not specific to any of the patients. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein generating and packaging are performed as part of good manufacturing practice. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the good manufacturing practice including the packaging is performed under United States Food and Drug Administration regulation. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein packaging comprises labeling the syringes with a batch label for the vial and a time and without any names of the patients. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein packaging is performed by a chemist. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein generating comprises testing by the chemist with chromatograph equipment. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein generating and packaging are performed without a pharmacist. 12. The method of claim 1 further comprising aseptic testing one of the syringes after distribution to one of the different healthcare facilities. 13. The method of claim 1 further comprising stability testing of the radiopharmaceutical in one of the syringes over an expiration of the unit dose. 14. A system for producing radiopharmaceutical for functional imaging, the system comprising:
a cyclotron or generator configured to manufacture a radiopharmaceutical; a hot cell or shielding device for dispensing the radiopharmaceutical; containers for receiving unit dosage amounts of the radiopharmaceutical; and labels for the containers, the labels including a batch and time pursuant to federal regulation and being free of patient name. 15. The system of claim 14 wherein the containers comprise vials, syringes, or vials and syringes. 16. The system of claim 14 wherein the hot cell or shielding device, containers, and labels are used by a chemist and not a pharmacist pursuant to good manufacturing practice. 17. The system of claim 16 further comprising a chromatograph configured for testing the radiopharmaceutical by the chemist. 18. A method for producing radiopharmaceutical for functional imaging, the method comprising:
manufacturing, with a cyclotron or a generator, a drug for positron emission tomography; dispensing the drug in unit dosage into containers without an amount dictated by a patient prescription; and packaging the containers with the unit dosage for transport to positron emission tomography scanners; wherein the dispensing and packaging into the containers with unit dosage are performed by a chemist and not a pharmacist. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein manufacturing, dispensing, and packaging are performed pursuant to federal regulation and not state pharmacy regulation. 20. The method of claim 18 further comprising:
aseptic testing for at least one of the containers after delivery to a facility for one of the positron emission tomography scanners; and
stability testing the drug at the unit dosage. | Radiopharmaceuticals for functional imaging are produced. The manufacturer of the radiopharmaceutical dispenses and packages in unit dosage. The unit dosage package is a standard amount, such as is used in over-the-counter drugs, rather than being patient specific, such as for a filled prescription. The containers with the unit dose are then delivered to the healthcare facility for use or further dispensing. This arrangement allows for pharmacists to be replaced by chemists at the manufacturer since the unit dose may be dispensed and packaged using GMP instead of pharmacy practice. This arrangement results in a different item being delivered to healthcare facilities for functional imaging.1. A method for producing radiopharmaceutical for functional imaging, the method comprising:
generating, in a vial of a shielded area, the radiopharmaceutical with a half-life of less than one day; packaging the radiopharmaceutical from the vial into a plurality of syringes each of a labeled unit dosage; and distributing the syringes to different healthcare facilities having patients with orders for the functional imaging. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein generating comprises manufacturing with a cyclotron or generator. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein generating comprises generating the radiopharmaceutical with the half-life of less than three hours. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein packaging comprises dispensing from the vial to the syringes and labeling the syringes with the unit dosage. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein packaging comprises labeling the syringes with the unit dosage not specific to any of the patients. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein generating and packaging are performed as part of good manufacturing practice. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the good manufacturing practice including the packaging is performed under United States Food and Drug Administration regulation. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein packaging comprises labeling the syringes with a batch label for the vial and a time and without any names of the patients. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein packaging is performed by a chemist. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein generating comprises testing by the chemist with chromatograph equipment. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein generating and packaging are performed without a pharmacist. 12. The method of claim 1 further comprising aseptic testing one of the syringes after distribution to one of the different healthcare facilities. 13. The method of claim 1 further comprising stability testing of the radiopharmaceutical in one of the syringes over an expiration of the unit dose. 14. A system for producing radiopharmaceutical for functional imaging, the system comprising:
a cyclotron or generator configured to manufacture a radiopharmaceutical; a hot cell or shielding device for dispensing the radiopharmaceutical; containers for receiving unit dosage amounts of the radiopharmaceutical; and labels for the containers, the labels including a batch and time pursuant to federal regulation and being free of patient name. 15. The system of claim 14 wherein the containers comprise vials, syringes, or vials and syringes. 16. The system of claim 14 wherein the hot cell or shielding device, containers, and labels are used by a chemist and not a pharmacist pursuant to good manufacturing practice. 17. The system of claim 16 further comprising a chromatograph configured for testing the radiopharmaceutical by the chemist. 18. A method for producing radiopharmaceutical for functional imaging, the method comprising:
manufacturing, with a cyclotron or a generator, a drug for positron emission tomography; dispensing the drug in unit dosage into containers without an amount dictated by a patient prescription; and packaging the containers with the unit dosage for transport to positron emission tomography scanners; wherein the dispensing and packaging into the containers with unit dosage are performed by a chemist and not a pharmacist. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein manufacturing, dispensing, and packaging are performed pursuant to federal regulation and not state pharmacy regulation. 20. The method of claim 18 further comprising:
aseptic testing for at least one of the containers after delivery to a facility for one of the positron emission tomography scanners; and
stability testing the drug at the unit dosage. | 1,700 |
4,217 | 16,305,455 | 1,726 | A doped photovoltaic device is presented. The photovoltaic device includes a semiconductor absorber layer or stack disposed between a front contact and a back contact. The absorber layer comprises cadmium, selenium, and tellurium doped with Ag, and optionally with Cu. The Ag dopant may be added to the absorber in amounts ranging from 5×10 15 /cm 3 to 2.5×10 17 /cm 3 via any of several methods of application before, during, or after deposition of the absorber layer. The photovoltaic device has improved Fill Factor and P MAX at higher P r (=I sc *V oc product) values, e.g. about 160 W, which results in improved conversion efficiency compared to a device not doped with Ag. Improved PT may result from increased I sc , increased V oc , or both. | 1. A photovoltaic device comprising:
an absorber layer that converts photon energy to electrical current, wherein:
the absorber layer comprises a II-VI semiconductor material comprising cadmium, selenium, and tellurium; and
the absorber layer is doped with copper and silver at a ratio of copper to silver greater than 2:1. 2. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the ratio of copper to silver is between 5:1 and 40:1. 3. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the absorber layer is doped with copper at a concentration between 5×1016/cm3 and 5×1017/cm3. 4. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the absorber layer is doped with silver at a concentration between 5×1015/cm3 and 2.5×1017/cm3. 5. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, comprising a back contact on the absorber layer, wherein the back contact is doped with Ag. 6. The photovoltaic device of claim 5, wherein the back contact comprises ZnTe. 7. The photovoltaic device of claim 5, comprising a front contact on a light incident side, wherein:
the absorber layer has a thickness between a first interface towards the front contact and a second interface towards the back contact; a concentration of selenium varies throughout the thickness of the absorber layer from a highest level at the first interface and a lowest level at the second interface. 8. The photovoltaic device of claim 7, wherein the absorber layer is formed from a CdSexTe1-x source wherein x is from about 1 at % to about 40 at %. 9. The photovoltaic device of claim 8, wherein x is from about 10 at % to about 40 at % at the first interface and from about 0 at % to about 20 at % at the second interface. 10-62. (canceled) | A doped photovoltaic device is presented. The photovoltaic device includes a semiconductor absorber layer or stack disposed between a front contact and a back contact. The absorber layer comprises cadmium, selenium, and tellurium doped with Ag, and optionally with Cu. The Ag dopant may be added to the absorber in amounts ranging from 5×10 15 /cm 3 to 2.5×10 17 /cm 3 via any of several methods of application before, during, or after deposition of the absorber layer. The photovoltaic device has improved Fill Factor and P MAX at higher P r (=I sc *V oc product) values, e.g. about 160 W, which results in improved conversion efficiency compared to a device not doped with Ag. Improved PT may result from increased I sc , increased V oc , or both.1. A photovoltaic device comprising:
an absorber layer that converts photon energy to electrical current, wherein:
the absorber layer comprises a II-VI semiconductor material comprising cadmium, selenium, and tellurium; and
the absorber layer is doped with copper and silver at a ratio of copper to silver greater than 2:1. 2. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the ratio of copper to silver is between 5:1 and 40:1. 3. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the absorber layer is doped with copper at a concentration between 5×1016/cm3 and 5×1017/cm3. 4. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the absorber layer is doped with silver at a concentration between 5×1015/cm3 and 2.5×1017/cm3. 5. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, comprising a back contact on the absorber layer, wherein the back contact is doped with Ag. 6. The photovoltaic device of claim 5, wherein the back contact comprises ZnTe. 7. The photovoltaic device of claim 5, comprising a front contact on a light incident side, wherein:
the absorber layer has a thickness between a first interface towards the front contact and a second interface towards the back contact; a concentration of selenium varies throughout the thickness of the absorber layer from a highest level at the first interface and a lowest level at the second interface. 8. The photovoltaic device of claim 7, wherein the absorber layer is formed from a CdSexTe1-x source wherein x is from about 1 at % to about 40 at %. 9. The photovoltaic device of claim 8, wherein x is from about 10 at % to about 40 at % at the first interface and from about 0 at % to about 20 at % at the second interface. 10-62. (canceled) | 1,700 |
4,218 | 13,642,432 | 1,734 | The invention relates to a method for manufacturing a ferritic-austenitic stainless steel having good formability and high elongation. The stainless steel is heat treated so that the microstructure of the stainless steel contains 45-75% austenite in the heat treated condition, the remaining microstructure being ferrite, and the measured M d30 temperature of the stainless steel is adjusted between 0 and 50° C. in order to utilize the transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) for improving the formability of the stainless steel. | 1. Method for manufacturing a ferritic-austenitic stainless steel having good formability and high elongation, characterized in that wherein the stainless steel is heat treated so that the microstructure of the stainless steel contains 45-75% austenite in the heat treated condition, the remaining microstructure being ferrite, and the measured Md30 temperature of the stainless steel is adjusted between 0 and 50° C. in order to utilize the transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) for improving the formability of the stainless steel. 2. Method according to the claim 1, wherein the Md30 temperature of the stainless steel is measured by straining the stainless steel and by measuring the fraction of the transformed martensite. 3. Method according to the claim 1, wherein the heat treatment is carried out as solution annealing. 4. Method according to the claim 1, wherein the heat treatment is carried out as high-frequency induction annealing. 5. Method according to the claim 1, wherein the heat treatment is carried out as local annealing. 6. Method according to claim 1, wherein the annealing is carried out at the temperature range of 900-1200° C., preferably 1000-1150° C. 7. Method according to claim 1, wherein the measured Md30 temperature is adjusted between 10 and 45° C., preferably 20-35° C. 8. Method according to claim 1, wherein the stainless steel contains in weight % less than 0.05% C, 0.2-0.7% Si, 2-5% Mn, 19-20.5% Cr, 0.8-1.35% Ni, less than 0.6% Mo, less than 1% Cu, 0.16-0.24% N, the balance Fe and inevitable impurities. 9. Method according to the claim 8, wherein the stainless steel optionally contains one or more added elements; 0-0.5% W, 0-0.2% Nb, 0-0.1% Ti, 0-0.2% V, 0-0.5% Co, 0-50 ppm B, and 0-0.04% Al. 10. Method according to the claim 8, wherein the stainless steel contains inevitable trace elements as impurities 0-50 ppm O, 0-50 ppm S and 0-0.04% P. 11. Method according to claim 8, wherein the stainless steel contains in weight % 0.01-0.04% C. 12. Method according to claim 8, wherein the stainless steel contains in weight % 1.0-1.35% Ni. 13. Method according to claim 8, wherein the stainless steel contains in weight % 0.18-0.22% N. 14. Method for utilizing ferritic-austenitic stainless steel having good formability and high elongation in application solutions, wherein the ferritic-austenitic stainless steel is heat treated based on the measured Md30 temperature and austenite fraction in order to tune the transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) effect for the desired application solution. 15. Method according to the claim 14, wherein the heat treatment is carried out as solution annealing. 16. Method according to the claim 14, wherein the heat treatment is carried out as high-frequency induction annealing. 17. Method according to the claim 14, wherein the heat treatment is carried out as local annealing. | The invention relates to a method for manufacturing a ferritic-austenitic stainless steel having good formability and high elongation. The stainless steel is heat treated so that the microstructure of the stainless steel contains 45-75% austenite in the heat treated condition, the remaining microstructure being ferrite, and the measured M d30 temperature of the stainless steel is adjusted between 0 and 50° C. in order to utilize the transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) for improving the formability of the stainless steel.1. Method for manufacturing a ferritic-austenitic stainless steel having good formability and high elongation, characterized in that wherein the stainless steel is heat treated so that the microstructure of the stainless steel contains 45-75% austenite in the heat treated condition, the remaining microstructure being ferrite, and the measured Md30 temperature of the stainless steel is adjusted between 0 and 50° C. in order to utilize the transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) for improving the formability of the stainless steel. 2. Method according to the claim 1, wherein the Md30 temperature of the stainless steel is measured by straining the stainless steel and by measuring the fraction of the transformed martensite. 3. Method according to the claim 1, wherein the heat treatment is carried out as solution annealing. 4. Method according to the claim 1, wherein the heat treatment is carried out as high-frequency induction annealing. 5. Method according to the claim 1, wherein the heat treatment is carried out as local annealing. 6. Method according to claim 1, wherein the annealing is carried out at the temperature range of 900-1200° C., preferably 1000-1150° C. 7. Method according to claim 1, wherein the measured Md30 temperature is adjusted between 10 and 45° C., preferably 20-35° C. 8. Method according to claim 1, wherein the stainless steel contains in weight % less than 0.05% C, 0.2-0.7% Si, 2-5% Mn, 19-20.5% Cr, 0.8-1.35% Ni, less than 0.6% Mo, less than 1% Cu, 0.16-0.24% N, the balance Fe and inevitable impurities. 9. Method according to the claim 8, wherein the stainless steel optionally contains one or more added elements; 0-0.5% W, 0-0.2% Nb, 0-0.1% Ti, 0-0.2% V, 0-0.5% Co, 0-50 ppm B, and 0-0.04% Al. 10. Method according to the claim 8, wherein the stainless steel contains inevitable trace elements as impurities 0-50 ppm O, 0-50 ppm S and 0-0.04% P. 11. Method according to claim 8, wherein the stainless steel contains in weight % 0.01-0.04% C. 12. Method according to claim 8, wherein the stainless steel contains in weight % 1.0-1.35% Ni. 13. Method according to claim 8, wherein the stainless steel contains in weight % 0.18-0.22% N. 14. Method for utilizing ferritic-austenitic stainless steel having good formability and high elongation in application solutions, wherein the ferritic-austenitic stainless steel is heat treated based on the measured Md30 temperature and austenite fraction in order to tune the transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) effect for the desired application solution. 15. Method according to the claim 14, wherein the heat treatment is carried out as solution annealing. 16. Method according to the claim 14, wherein the heat treatment is carried out as high-frequency induction annealing. 17. Method according to the claim 14, wherein the heat treatment is carried out as local annealing. | 1,700 |
4,219 | 15,534,133 | 1,784 | An iron-based sintered body includes a metal matrix and complex oxide particles contained in the metal matrix. When a main viewing field having an area of 176 μm×226 μm is taken on a cross section of the iron-based sintered body and divided into a 5×5 array of 25 viewing fields each having an area of 35.2 μm×45.2 μm, the complex oxide particles have an average equivalent circle diameter of from 0.3 μm to 2.5 μm inclusive, and a value obtained by dividing the total area of the 25 viewing fields by the total number of complex oxide particles present in the 25 viewing fields is from 10 μm 2 /particle to 1,000 μm 2 /particle inclusive. The number of viewing fields in which no complex oxide particle is present is 4 or less out of the 25 viewing fields. | 1. An iron-based sintered body comprising a metal matrix and complex oxide particles contained in the metal matrix,
wherein, when a main viewing field having an area of 176 μm×226 μm is taken on a cross section of the iron-based sintered body and divided into a 5×5 array of 25 viewing fields each having an area of 35.2 μm×45.2 μm, the complex oxide particles have an average equivalent circle diameter of from 0.3 μm to 2.5 μm inclusive, a value obtained by dividing the total area of the 25 viewing fields by the total number of complex oxide particles present in the 25 viewing fields is from 10 μm2/particle to 1,000 μm2/particle inclusive, and the number of viewing fields in which no complex oxide particle is present is 4 or less out of the 25 viewing fields. 2. The iron-based sintered body according to claim 1,
wherein the iron-based sintered body contains Mn in an amount of from 0.05% by mass to 0.35% by mass inclusive, and at least part of the Mn is bonded to the complex oxide or is present as a solute in the complex oxide. 3. The iron-based sintered body according to claim 2,
wherein the iron-based sintered body further contains S in an amount of from 0.001% by mass to 0.02% by mass inclusive, and at least part of the S is bonded to at least one of the complex oxide and the Mn or is present as a solute in at least one of the complex oxide and the Mn. 4. The iron-based sintered body according to claim 1,
wherein, in a cross section of the iron-based sintered body that includes a surface region within 10 μm from a surface of the iron-based sintered body, the complex oxide particles include irregularly shaped particles each including a buried portion buried in the metal matrix and an exposed extending portion exposed at the surface and extending in one direction from the buried portion. 5. The iron-based sintered body according to claim 4,
wherein the exposed extending portion is present within 3 μm from the surface of the iron-based sintered body. 6. The iron-based sintered body according to claim 1,
wherein the complex oxide contains, in % by mass, from 4% to 35% inclusive of Si, from 2% to 25% inclusive of Al, from 2% to 35% inclusive of Ca, and from 35% to 55% inclusive of O, and the ratio of the total mass of Si, Al, Ca, and O to the total mass of the complex oxide is from 45% to 99.8% inclusive. 7. The iron-based sintered body according to claim 1,
wherein the complex oxide contains Si, Al, Ca, and O as essential elements and further contains at least one element selected from B, Mg, Na, Mn, Sr, Ti, Ba, and Zn. 8. The iron-based sintered body according to claim 7,
wherein the content, in % by mass, of the at least one element satisfies at least one of from 4% to 8% inclusive of B, from 0.5% to 15% inclusive of Mg, from 0.01% to 1% inclusive of Na, from 0.01% to 0.3% inclusive of Mn, from 0.01% to 1% inclusive of Sr, from 0.3% to 8% inclusive of Ti, from 2% to 25% inclusive of Ba, and from 5% to 45% inclusive of Zn. 9. The iron-based sintered body according to claim 1,
wherein the complex oxide contains at least 30% by mass of an amorphous component. 10. The iron-based sintered body according to claim 1,
wherein the iron-based sintered body contains at least one element selected from C, Cu, Ni, Cr, and Mo. 11. The iron-based sintered body according to claim 10,
wherein C is contained in an amount of from 0.2% by mass to 3.0% by mass inclusive with respect to the total mass of the iron-based sintered body, and at least one element selected from Cu, Ni, Cr, and Mo is contained in a total amount of from 0.5% by mass to 6.5% by mass inclusive with respect to the total mass of the iron-based sintered body. | An iron-based sintered body includes a metal matrix and complex oxide particles contained in the metal matrix. When a main viewing field having an area of 176 μm×226 μm is taken on a cross section of the iron-based sintered body and divided into a 5×5 array of 25 viewing fields each having an area of 35.2 μm×45.2 μm, the complex oxide particles have an average equivalent circle diameter of from 0.3 μm to 2.5 μm inclusive, and a value obtained by dividing the total area of the 25 viewing fields by the total number of complex oxide particles present in the 25 viewing fields is from 10 μm 2 /particle to 1,000 μm 2 /particle inclusive. The number of viewing fields in which no complex oxide particle is present is 4 or less out of the 25 viewing fields.1. An iron-based sintered body comprising a metal matrix and complex oxide particles contained in the metal matrix,
wherein, when a main viewing field having an area of 176 μm×226 μm is taken on a cross section of the iron-based sintered body and divided into a 5×5 array of 25 viewing fields each having an area of 35.2 μm×45.2 μm, the complex oxide particles have an average equivalent circle diameter of from 0.3 μm to 2.5 μm inclusive, a value obtained by dividing the total area of the 25 viewing fields by the total number of complex oxide particles present in the 25 viewing fields is from 10 μm2/particle to 1,000 μm2/particle inclusive, and the number of viewing fields in which no complex oxide particle is present is 4 or less out of the 25 viewing fields. 2. The iron-based sintered body according to claim 1,
wherein the iron-based sintered body contains Mn in an amount of from 0.05% by mass to 0.35% by mass inclusive, and at least part of the Mn is bonded to the complex oxide or is present as a solute in the complex oxide. 3. The iron-based sintered body according to claim 2,
wherein the iron-based sintered body further contains S in an amount of from 0.001% by mass to 0.02% by mass inclusive, and at least part of the S is bonded to at least one of the complex oxide and the Mn or is present as a solute in at least one of the complex oxide and the Mn. 4. The iron-based sintered body according to claim 1,
wherein, in a cross section of the iron-based sintered body that includes a surface region within 10 μm from a surface of the iron-based sintered body, the complex oxide particles include irregularly shaped particles each including a buried portion buried in the metal matrix and an exposed extending portion exposed at the surface and extending in one direction from the buried portion. 5. The iron-based sintered body according to claim 4,
wherein the exposed extending portion is present within 3 μm from the surface of the iron-based sintered body. 6. The iron-based sintered body according to claim 1,
wherein the complex oxide contains, in % by mass, from 4% to 35% inclusive of Si, from 2% to 25% inclusive of Al, from 2% to 35% inclusive of Ca, and from 35% to 55% inclusive of O, and the ratio of the total mass of Si, Al, Ca, and O to the total mass of the complex oxide is from 45% to 99.8% inclusive. 7. The iron-based sintered body according to claim 1,
wherein the complex oxide contains Si, Al, Ca, and O as essential elements and further contains at least one element selected from B, Mg, Na, Mn, Sr, Ti, Ba, and Zn. 8. The iron-based sintered body according to claim 7,
wherein the content, in % by mass, of the at least one element satisfies at least one of from 4% to 8% inclusive of B, from 0.5% to 15% inclusive of Mg, from 0.01% to 1% inclusive of Na, from 0.01% to 0.3% inclusive of Mn, from 0.01% to 1% inclusive of Sr, from 0.3% to 8% inclusive of Ti, from 2% to 25% inclusive of Ba, and from 5% to 45% inclusive of Zn. 9. The iron-based sintered body according to claim 1,
wherein the complex oxide contains at least 30% by mass of an amorphous component. 10. The iron-based sintered body according to claim 1,
wherein the iron-based sintered body contains at least one element selected from C, Cu, Ni, Cr, and Mo. 11. The iron-based sintered body according to claim 10,
wherein C is contained in an amount of from 0.2% by mass to 3.0% by mass inclusive with respect to the total mass of the iron-based sintered body, and at least one element selected from Cu, Ni, Cr, and Mo is contained in a total amount of from 0.5% by mass to 6.5% by mass inclusive with respect to the total mass of the iron-based sintered body. | 1,700 |
4,220 | 15,728,736 | 1,787 | Resin compositions, layers, and interlayers comprising a poly(vinyl acetal) resin that includes residues of an aldehyde other than n-butyraldehyde are provided. Such compositions, layers, and interlayers can exhibit enhanced or optimized properties as compared to those formulated with comparable poly(vinyl n-butyral) resins. | 1. A multiple layer interlayer comprising:
a first resin layer comprising a first poly(vinyl acetal) resin and a plasticizer, wherein the first poly(vinyl acetal) resin has a residual hydroxyl content of less than 20 weight percent, a second resin layer comprising a second poly(vinyl acetal) resin and a plasticizer, wherein the second poly(vinyl acetal) resin has a residual hydroxyl content of at least 22 weight percent and comprises at least 10 weight percent of residues of at least one aldehyde other than n-butyraldehyde, based on the total weight of aldehyde residues of the second poly(vinyl acetal) resin, a third resin layer comprising a third poly(vinyl acetal) resin and a plasticizer, wherein the third poly(vinyl acetal) resin has a residual hydroxyl content of less than 20 weight percent, wherein the second resin layer is between and adjacent to the first and third resin layers. 2. The multiple layer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the amount of plasticizer in the second resin layer is not more than 30 phr. 3. The multiple layer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the amount of plasticizer in the second resin layer is less than the amount of plasticizer in at least one of the first and third resin layers, and wherein the difference between the residual hydroxyl level of at least one of the first and second layers or the second and third layers is at least 3 weight percent. 4. The multiple layer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the post-glass breakage bending stiffness at the ultimate load is at least 3 N/mm (as measured by ASTM D790-10 at a glass thickness of 3 mm) when the total thickness of the interlayer is about 2.29 mm. 5. The multiple layer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the post-glass breakage bending stiffness at the ultimate load is at least 5.3 N/mm (as measured by ASTM D790-10 at a glass thickness of 3 mm) when the total thickness of the interlayer is about 2.29 mm and the thickness of the second layer is about 1.53 mm. 6. The multiple layer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the second resin layer has a glass transition temperature of at least 45° C. 7. The multiple layer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the glass transition temperature of the second resin layer is at least 5° C. higher than the glass transition temperature of at least one of the first and third resin layers. 8. The multiple layer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the second poly(vinyl acetal) resin has a residual hydroxyl content of at least 25 weight percent and comprises at least 50 weight percent of residues of at least one aldehyde other than n-butyraldehyde, based on the total weight of aldehyde residues of the second poly(vinyl acetal) resin. 9. The interlayer of claim 1, wherein the second poly(vinyl acetal) resin comprises at least 75 weight percent of the residues of at least one aldehyde other than n-butyraldehyde, based on the total weight of aldehyde residues of the second poly(vinyl acetal) resin. 10. The multiple layer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the residues of the at least one aldehyde other than n-butyraldehyde is iso-butyraldehyde or pivalaldehyde. 11. The multiple layer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the first poly(vinyl acetal) resin and the third poly(vinyl acetal) resin are the same. 12. A multiple layer panel comprising the multiple layer interlayer of claim 1. 13. A multiple layer interlayer comprising:
a first resin layer comprising a first poly(vinyl acetal) resin and a plasticizer, wherein the first poly(vinyl acetal) resin has a residual hydroxyl content of less than 20 weight percent, a second resin layer comprising a second poly(vinyl acetal) resin and not more than 30 phr of a plasticizer, wherein the second poly(vinyl acetal) resin has a residual hydroxyl content of at least 25 weight percent and comprises at least 10 weight percent of residues of at least one aldehyde other than n-butyraldehyde, based on the total weight of aldehyde residues of the second poly(vinyl acetal) resin, a third resin layer comprising a third poly(vinyl acetal) resin and a plasticizer, wherein the third poly(vinyl acetal) resin has a residual hydroxyl content of less than 20 weight percent, wherein the second resin layer is between and adjacent to the first and third resin layers. 14. The multiple layer interlayer of claim 13, wherein the amount of plasticizer in the second resin layer is less than the amount of plasticizer in at least one of the first and third resin layers. 15. The multiple layer interlayer of claim 13, wherein the second resin layer has a glass transition temperature of at least 49° C. 16. The multiple layer interlayer of claim 13, wherein the glass transition temperature of the second resin layer is at least 10° C. higher than the glass transition temperature of at least one of the first and third resin layers. 17. The multiple layer interlayer of claim 13, wherein the second poly(vinyl acetal) resin has a residual hydroxyl content of at least 25 weight percent and comprises at least 90 weight percent of residues of at least one aldehyde other than n-butyraldehyde, based on the total weight of aldehyde residues of the second poly(vinyl acetal) resin, and wherein the second resin layer has a glass transition temperature of at least 50° C. 18. The multiple layer interlayer of claim 13, wherein the post-glass breakage bending stiffness at the ultimate load is at least 3 N/mm (as measured by ASTM D790-10 at a glass thickness of 3 mm) when the total thickness of the interlayer is about 2.29 mm. 19. A multiple layer interlayer comprising:
a first resin layer comprising a first poly(vinyl acetal) resin and a plasticizer, wherein the first poly(vinyl acetal) resin has a residual hydroxyl content of less than 20 weight percent, a second resin layer comprising a second poly(vinyl acetal) resin and not more than 30 phr of a plasticizer, wherein the second poly(vinyl acetal) resin has a residual hydroxyl content of at least 25 weight percent and comprises at least 10 weight percent of residues of at least one aldehyde other than n-butyraldehyde, based on the total weight of aldehyde residues of the second poly(vinyl acetal) resin, wherein the second resin layer is adjacent the first resin layer and has a glass transition temperature that is at least 5° C. higher than that of the first layer. 20. A multiple layer panel comprising the multiple layer interlayer of claim 19. | Resin compositions, layers, and interlayers comprising a poly(vinyl acetal) resin that includes residues of an aldehyde other than n-butyraldehyde are provided. Such compositions, layers, and interlayers can exhibit enhanced or optimized properties as compared to those formulated with comparable poly(vinyl n-butyral) resins.1. A multiple layer interlayer comprising:
a first resin layer comprising a first poly(vinyl acetal) resin and a plasticizer, wherein the first poly(vinyl acetal) resin has a residual hydroxyl content of less than 20 weight percent, a second resin layer comprising a second poly(vinyl acetal) resin and a plasticizer, wherein the second poly(vinyl acetal) resin has a residual hydroxyl content of at least 22 weight percent and comprises at least 10 weight percent of residues of at least one aldehyde other than n-butyraldehyde, based on the total weight of aldehyde residues of the second poly(vinyl acetal) resin, a third resin layer comprising a third poly(vinyl acetal) resin and a plasticizer, wherein the third poly(vinyl acetal) resin has a residual hydroxyl content of less than 20 weight percent, wherein the second resin layer is between and adjacent to the first and third resin layers. 2. The multiple layer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the amount of plasticizer in the second resin layer is not more than 30 phr. 3. The multiple layer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the amount of plasticizer in the second resin layer is less than the amount of plasticizer in at least one of the first and third resin layers, and wherein the difference between the residual hydroxyl level of at least one of the first and second layers or the second and third layers is at least 3 weight percent. 4. The multiple layer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the post-glass breakage bending stiffness at the ultimate load is at least 3 N/mm (as measured by ASTM D790-10 at a glass thickness of 3 mm) when the total thickness of the interlayer is about 2.29 mm. 5. The multiple layer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the post-glass breakage bending stiffness at the ultimate load is at least 5.3 N/mm (as measured by ASTM D790-10 at a glass thickness of 3 mm) when the total thickness of the interlayer is about 2.29 mm and the thickness of the second layer is about 1.53 mm. 6. The multiple layer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the second resin layer has a glass transition temperature of at least 45° C. 7. The multiple layer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the glass transition temperature of the second resin layer is at least 5° C. higher than the glass transition temperature of at least one of the first and third resin layers. 8. The multiple layer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the second poly(vinyl acetal) resin has a residual hydroxyl content of at least 25 weight percent and comprises at least 50 weight percent of residues of at least one aldehyde other than n-butyraldehyde, based on the total weight of aldehyde residues of the second poly(vinyl acetal) resin. 9. The interlayer of claim 1, wherein the second poly(vinyl acetal) resin comprises at least 75 weight percent of the residues of at least one aldehyde other than n-butyraldehyde, based on the total weight of aldehyde residues of the second poly(vinyl acetal) resin. 10. The multiple layer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the residues of the at least one aldehyde other than n-butyraldehyde is iso-butyraldehyde or pivalaldehyde. 11. The multiple layer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the first poly(vinyl acetal) resin and the third poly(vinyl acetal) resin are the same. 12. A multiple layer panel comprising the multiple layer interlayer of claim 1. 13. A multiple layer interlayer comprising:
a first resin layer comprising a first poly(vinyl acetal) resin and a plasticizer, wherein the first poly(vinyl acetal) resin has a residual hydroxyl content of less than 20 weight percent, a second resin layer comprising a second poly(vinyl acetal) resin and not more than 30 phr of a plasticizer, wherein the second poly(vinyl acetal) resin has a residual hydroxyl content of at least 25 weight percent and comprises at least 10 weight percent of residues of at least one aldehyde other than n-butyraldehyde, based on the total weight of aldehyde residues of the second poly(vinyl acetal) resin, a third resin layer comprising a third poly(vinyl acetal) resin and a plasticizer, wherein the third poly(vinyl acetal) resin has a residual hydroxyl content of less than 20 weight percent, wherein the second resin layer is between and adjacent to the first and third resin layers. 14. The multiple layer interlayer of claim 13, wherein the amount of plasticizer in the second resin layer is less than the amount of plasticizer in at least one of the first and third resin layers. 15. The multiple layer interlayer of claim 13, wherein the second resin layer has a glass transition temperature of at least 49° C. 16. The multiple layer interlayer of claim 13, wherein the glass transition temperature of the second resin layer is at least 10° C. higher than the glass transition temperature of at least one of the first and third resin layers. 17. The multiple layer interlayer of claim 13, wherein the second poly(vinyl acetal) resin has a residual hydroxyl content of at least 25 weight percent and comprises at least 90 weight percent of residues of at least one aldehyde other than n-butyraldehyde, based on the total weight of aldehyde residues of the second poly(vinyl acetal) resin, and wherein the second resin layer has a glass transition temperature of at least 50° C. 18. The multiple layer interlayer of claim 13, wherein the post-glass breakage bending stiffness at the ultimate load is at least 3 N/mm (as measured by ASTM D790-10 at a glass thickness of 3 mm) when the total thickness of the interlayer is about 2.29 mm. 19. A multiple layer interlayer comprising:
a first resin layer comprising a first poly(vinyl acetal) resin and a plasticizer, wherein the first poly(vinyl acetal) resin has a residual hydroxyl content of less than 20 weight percent, a second resin layer comprising a second poly(vinyl acetal) resin and not more than 30 phr of a plasticizer, wherein the second poly(vinyl acetal) resin has a residual hydroxyl content of at least 25 weight percent and comprises at least 10 weight percent of residues of at least one aldehyde other than n-butyraldehyde, based on the total weight of aldehyde residues of the second poly(vinyl acetal) resin, wherein the second resin layer is adjacent the first resin layer and has a glass transition temperature that is at least 5° C. higher than that of the first layer. 20. A multiple layer panel comprising the multiple layer interlayer of claim 19. | 1,700 |
4,221 | 14,758,015 | 1,793 | The present invention relates to a process of making a foaming aid comprising the steps of: (i) providing a composition comprising at least two 4-vinylcatechol monomers, (ii) inducing polymerization of the 4-vinylcatechol monomers of step (i) to obtain a composition comprising polyfunctional phenols. | 1. A process of making a foaming aid comprising the steps of
(i) providing a composition comprising at least two 4-vinylcatechol monomers; and (ii) inducing polymerization of the 4-vinylcatechol monomers of step (i) to obtain a composition comprising polyfunctional phenols. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the polymerization in step (ii) is induced by heat treatment. 3. The process according to claim 1 comprising the step of treating the composition comprising polyfunctional phenols of step (ii) with an alkali. 4. A foaming aid obtainable by the process according to claim 1. 5. A method of producing a coffee beverage comprising the steps of:
(i) providing a composition comprising at least two 4-vinylcatechol monomers; and (ii) inducing polymerization of the 4-vinylcatechol monomers of step (i) to obtain a composition comprising polyfunctional phenols and using the foaming aid to produce a beverage. 6. A process of making a coffee product comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a coffee extract; and (b) adding a foaming aid produced by the steps of providing a composition comprising at least two 4-vinylcatechol monomers; and inducing polymerization of the 4-vinylcatechol monomers of step (i) to obtain a composition comprising polyfunctional phenols to the extract. 7. The process according to claim 6, wherein the foaming aid is added prior to drying the coffee extract. 8. The process according to claim 6, wherein the foaming aid is added after drying the coffee extract. 9. The process according to claim 6, wherein the coffee extract is an extract selected from the group consisting of green coffee beans, roasted coffee beans and mixtures thereof. 10. The process according to claim 6, wherein the coffee product is a coffee product selected from the group consisting of instant coffee, instant espresso coffee, liquid coffee concentrate and coffee mixes, coffee mixtures, R&G coffee with or without capsules, mixes of R&G and instant coffee, ready-to-drink coffee beverages, 11. A coffee product comprising a foaming agent produced by the steps of
(i) providing a composition comprising at least two 4-vinylcatechol monomers; and (ii) inducing polymerization of the 4-vinylcatechol monomers of step (i) to obtain a composition comprising polyfunctional phenols and adding the composition to a coffee. 12. The coffee product according the claim 11, where the total concentration of trans-5,6-Dihydroxy-1-methyl-3-(3′-4′-dihydroxyphenyl) indane, cis-5,6-Dihydroxy-1-methyl-3-(3′-4′-dihydroxyphenyl) indane, and/or trans-1,3-bis(3′-4′-dihydroxyphenyl)butane in the product is above 2.3 mg/L. 13. The coffee product according to claim 12, where the total concentration of trans-5,6-Dihydroxy-1-methyl-3-(3′-4′-dihydroxyphenyl) indane, cis-5,6-Dihydroxy-1-methyl-3-(3′-4′-dihydroxyphenyl) indane in the product is above 2.3 mg/L. 14. A container comprising a coffee product comprising a foaming agent produced by the steps of (i) providing a composition comprising at least two 4-vinylcatechol monomers; and (ii) inducing polymerization of the 4-vinylcatechol monomers of step (i) to obtain a composition comprising polyfunctional phenols. 15. The container of claim 14, where the container is a capsule. | The present invention relates to a process of making a foaming aid comprising the steps of: (i) providing a composition comprising at least two 4-vinylcatechol monomers, (ii) inducing polymerization of the 4-vinylcatechol monomers of step (i) to obtain a composition comprising polyfunctional phenols.1. A process of making a foaming aid comprising the steps of
(i) providing a composition comprising at least two 4-vinylcatechol monomers; and (ii) inducing polymerization of the 4-vinylcatechol monomers of step (i) to obtain a composition comprising polyfunctional phenols. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the polymerization in step (ii) is induced by heat treatment. 3. The process according to claim 1 comprising the step of treating the composition comprising polyfunctional phenols of step (ii) with an alkali. 4. A foaming aid obtainable by the process according to claim 1. 5. A method of producing a coffee beverage comprising the steps of:
(i) providing a composition comprising at least two 4-vinylcatechol monomers; and (ii) inducing polymerization of the 4-vinylcatechol monomers of step (i) to obtain a composition comprising polyfunctional phenols and using the foaming aid to produce a beverage. 6. A process of making a coffee product comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a coffee extract; and (b) adding a foaming aid produced by the steps of providing a composition comprising at least two 4-vinylcatechol monomers; and inducing polymerization of the 4-vinylcatechol monomers of step (i) to obtain a composition comprising polyfunctional phenols to the extract. 7. The process according to claim 6, wherein the foaming aid is added prior to drying the coffee extract. 8. The process according to claim 6, wherein the foaming aid is added after drying the coffee extract. 9. The process according to claim 6, wherein the coffee extract is an extract selected from the group consisting of green coffee beans, roasted coffee beans and mixtures thereof. 10. The process according to claim 6, wherein the coffee product is a coffee product selected from the group consisting of instant coffee, instant espresso coffee, liquid coffee concentrate and coffee mixes, coffee mixtures, R&G coffee with or without capsules, mixes of R&G and instant coffee, ready-to-drink coffee beverages, 11. A coffee product comprising a foaming agent produced by the steps of
(i) providing a composition comprising at least two 4-vinylcatechol monomers; and (ii) inducing polymerization of the 4-vinylcatechol monomers of step (i) to obtain a composition comprising polyfunctional phenols and adding the composition to a coffee. 12. The coffee product according the claim 11, where the total concentration of trans-5,6-Dihydroxy-1-methyl-3-(3′-4′-dihydroxyphenyl) indane, cis-5,6-Dihydroxy-1-methyl-3-(3′-4′-dihydroxyphenyl) indane, and/or trans-1,3-bis(3′-4′-dihydroxyphenyl)butane in the product is above 2.3 mg/L. 13. The coffee product according to claim 12, where the total concentration of trans-5,6-Dihydroxy-1-methyl-3-(3′-4′-dihydroxyphenyl) indane, cis-5,6-Dihydroxy-1-methyl-3-(3′-4′-dihydroxyphenyl) indane in the product is above 2.3 mg/L. 14. A container comprising a coffee product comprising a foaming agent produced by the steps of (i) providing a composition comprising at least two 4-vinylcatechol monomers; and (ii) inducing polymerization of the 4-vinylcatechol monomers of step (i) to obtain a composition comprising polyfunctional phenols. 15. The container of claim 14, where the container is a capsule. | 1,700 |
4,222 | 12,774,751 | 1,781 | A coating provides a high solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) and a low overall heat transfer coefficient (U-value) to trap and retain solar heat. The coating and coated article are particularly useful for use in architectural transparencies in northern climates. The coating includes a first dielectric layer; a continuous metallic layer formed over at least a portion of the first dielectric layer, the metallic layer having a thickness less than 8 nm; a primer layer formed over at least a portion of the metallic layer; a second dielectric layer formed over at least a portion of the primer layer; and an overcoat formed over at least a portion of the second dielectric layer. When used on a No. 3 surface of a reference IGU, the coating provides a SHGC of greater than or equal to 0.6 and a U-value of less than or equal to 0.35. | 1. A coated transparency, comprising:
a substrate; a first dielectric layer formed over at least a portion of the substrate; a continuous metallic layer formed over at least a portion of the first dielectric layer, the metallic layer having a thickness less than 8 nm; a primer layer formed over at least a portion of the metallic layer; a second dielectric layer formed over at least a portion of the primer layer; and an overcoat formed over at least a portion of the second dielectric layer, wherein the coating when used on a No. 3 surface of a reference IGU provides a SHGC of greater than or equal to 0.6 and a U-value of less than or equal to 0.35. 2. The transparency of claim 1, wherein the first dielectric layer comprises a zinc oxide film deposited over a zinc stannate film and the first dielectric layer has a thickness in the range of 40 nm to 50 nm. 3. The transparency of claim 2, wherein the zinc oxide film has a thickness in the range of 3 nm to 15 nm. 4. The transparency of claim 1, wherein the metallic layer comprises silver having a thickness less than or equal to 7.5 nm. 5. The transparency of claim 1, wherein the second dielectric layer comprises a zinc oxide film and a zinc stannate film deposited over the zinc oxide film and the second dielectric layer has a thickness in the range of 30 nm to 40 nm. 6. The transparency of claim 5, the zinc oxide film has a thickness in the range of 3 nm to 15 nm. 7. The transparency of claim 1, wherein the overcoat comprises titania and has a thickness in the range of 2 nm to 6 nm. 8. The transparency of claim 1, wherein the first dielectric layer comprises a first layer comprising zinc stannate, a second layer comprising zinc oxide, a third layer comprising zinc stannate, and a fourth layer comprising zinc oxide. 9. The transparency of claim 8, wherein the first dielectric layer has a thickness in the range of 44 nm to 48 nm, the first layer and third layer each have a thickness in the range of 16 nm to 17 nm, and the second layer and fourth layer each have a thickness in the range of 6 nm to 8 nm. 10. The transparency of claim 1, wherein the second dielectric layer comprises a first layer comprising zinc oxide, a second layer comprising zinc stannate, a third layer comprising zinc oxide, and a fourth layer comprising zinc stannate. 11. The transparency of claim 10, wherein the second dielectric layer has a thickness in the range of 30 nm to 35 nm, the first layer and third layer each have a thickness in the range of 3 nm to 5 nm, and the second layer and fourth layer each have a thickness in the range of 11 nm to 12 nm. 12. The transparency of claim 1, wherein the substrate is a glass substrate,
wherein the first dielectric layer has a thickness in the range of 40 nm to 50 nm, the first dielectric layer comprises a zinc oxide film deposited over a zinc stannate film, the zinc oxide film has a thickness in the range of 3 nm to 15 nm, and the zinc stannate film has a thickness in the range of 25 nm to 40 nm, wherein the metallic layer comprises silver having a thickness less than or equal to 7.5 nm, wherein the primer film comprises titanium, wherein the second dielectric layer comprises a zinc oxide film and a zinc stannate film deposited over the zinc oxide film, the second dielectric layer has a thickness in the range of 30 nm to 40 nm, and the zinc oxide film has a thickness in the range of 3 nm to 15 nm, wherein the overcoat has a thickness in the range of 2 nm to 6 nm and the overcoat comprises titania, and wherein the coating when used on a No. 3 surface of a reference IGU provides a SHGC of greater than or equal to 0.65 and a U-value of less than or equal to 0.33. 13. The coated transparency of claim 1, wherein the substrate is a glass substrate,
wherein the first dielectric layer comprises a first layer comprising zinc stannate, a second layer comprising zinc oxide, a third layer comprising zinc stannate, and a fourth layer comprising zinc oxide, wherein the first dielectric layer has a thickness in the range of 44 nm to 48 nm, the first layer and third layer each have a thickness in the range of 16 nm to 17 nm, and the second layer and fourth layer each have a thickness in the range of 6 nm to 8 nm, wherein the metallic layer comprises silver having a thickness less than or equal to 7 nm, wherein the primer film comprises titanium, wherein the second dielectric layer comprises a first layer comprising zinc oxide, a second layer comprising zinc stannate, a third layer comprising zinc oxide, and a fourth layer comprising zinc stannate, wherein the second dielectric layer has a thickness in the range of 30 nm to 35 nm, the first layer and third layer each have a thickness in the range of 3 nm to 5 nm, and the second layer and fourth layer each have a thickness in the range of 11 nm to 12 nm, wherein the overcoat has a thickness in the range of 5 nm to 10 nm and the overcoat comprises titania, and wherein the coating when used on a No. 3 surface of a reference IGU provides a SHGC of greater than or equal to 0.65 and a U-value of less than or equal to 0.35. 14. An insulating glass unit, comprising:
a first substrate having a No. 1 surface and a No. 2 surface; a second substrate spaced from the first substrate and having a No. 3 surface and a No. 4 surface, with the No. 3 surface facing the No. 2 surface; and a coating formed over at least a portion of the No. 3 surface, the coating comprising: a first dielectric layer formed over at least a portion of the substrate; a continuous metallic layer formed over at least a portion of the first dielectric layer, wherein the metallic layer comprises silver having a thickness less than or equal to 7.5 nm; a primer layer formed over at least a portion of the metallic layer, wherein the primer film comprises titanium; a second dielectric layer formed over at least a portion of the primer layer; and an overcoat formed over at least a portion of the second dielectric layer, wherein the insulating glass unit has a SHGC of greater than or equal to 0.65 and a U-value of less than or equal to 0.35. 15. The insulating glass unit of claim 14, wherein the first dielectric layer has a thickness in the range of 40 nm to 50 nm, the first dielectric layer comprises a zinc oxide film deposited over a zinc stannate film, the zinc oxide film has a thickness in the range of 3 nm to 15 nm, and the zinc stannate film has a thickness in the range of 25 nm to 40 nm,
wherein the metallic layer comprises silver having a thickness less than or equal to 7.5 nm, wherein the primer film comprises titanium, wherein the second dielectric layer comprises a zinc oxide film and a zinc stannate film deposited over the zinc oxide film, the second dielectric layer has a thickness in the range of 30 nm to 40 nm, and the zinc oxide film has a thickness in the range of 3 nm to 15 nm, and wherein the overcoat has a thickness in the range of 2 nm to 6 nm and the overcoat comprises titania. 16. The insulating glass unit of claim 14, wherein the first dielectric layer comprises a first layer comprising zinc stannate, a second layer comprising zinc oxide, a third layer comprising zinc stannate, and a fourth layer comprising zinc oxide, wherein the first dielectric layer has a thickness in the range of 44 nm to 48 nm, the first layer and third layer each have a thickness in the range of 16 nm to 17 nm, and the second layer and fourth layer each have a thickness in the range of 6 nm to 8 nm,
wherein the metallic layer comprises silver having a thickness less than or equal to 7 nm, wherein the primer film comprises titanium, wherein the second dielectric layer comprises a first layer comprising zinc oxide, a second layer comprising zinc stannate, a third layer comprising zinc oxide, and a fourth layer comprising zinc stannate, wherein the second dielectric layer has a thickness in the range of 30 nm to 35 nm, the first layer and third layer each have a thickness in the range of 3 nm to 5 nm, and the second layer and fourth layer each have a thickness in the range of 11 nm to 12 nm, and wherein the overcoat has a thickness in the range of 5 nm to 10 nm and the overcoat comprises titania. 17. An insulating glass unit, comprising:
a first substrate having a No. 1 surface and a No. 2 surface; a second substrate spaced from the first substrate and having a No. 3 surface and a No. 4 surface, with the No. 3 surface facing the No. 2 surface; a third substrate spaced from the second substrate and having a No. 4 surface and a No. 5 surface; a first coating formed over at least a portion of the No. 5 surface, the coating comprising:
a first dielectric layer formed over at least a portion of the substrate;
a continuous metallic layer formed over at least a portion of the first dielectric layer;
a primer layer formed over at least a portion of the metallic layer;
a second dielectric layer formed over at least a portion of the primer layer; and
an overcoat formed over at least a portion of the second dielectric layer, wherein the overcoat has a thickness in the range of 2 nm to 6 nm and the overcoat comprises titania; and
a second coating formed over at least a portion of the No. 2 surface, the second coating comprising at least two metallic silver layers separated by dielectric layers, wherein the insulating glass unit has a SHGC of greater than or equal to 0.65 and a U-value of less than or equal to 0.35. 18. The insulating glass unit of claim 17, wherein the first dielectric layer of the first coating has a thickness in the range of 40 nm to 50 nm, the first dielectric layer comprises a zinc oxide film deposited over a zinc stannate film, the zinc oxide film has a thickness in the range of 3 nm to 15 nm, and the zinc stannate film has a thickness in the range of 25 nm to 40 nm,
wherein the metallic layer of the first coating comprises silver having a thickness less than or equal to 7.5 nm, wherein the primer film of the first coating comprises titanium, wherein the second dielectric layer of the first coating comprises a zinc oxide film and a zinc stannate film deposited over the zinc oxide film, the second dielectric layer has a thickness in the range of 30 nm to 40 nm, and the zinc oxide film has a thickness in the range of 3 nm to 15 nm, and wherein the overcoat of the first coating has a thickness in the range of 2 nm to 6 nm and the overcoat comprises titania. 19. The insulating glass unit of claim 17, wherein the first dielectric layer of the first coating comprises a first layer comprising zinc stannate, a second layer comprising zinc oxide, a third layer comprising zinc stannate, and a fourth layer comprising zinc oxide, wherein the first dielectric layer has a thickness in the range of 44 nm to 48 nm, the first layer and third layer each have a thickness in the range of 16 nm to 17 nm, and the second layer and fourth layer each have a thickness in the range of 6 nm to 8 nm,
wherein the metallic layer of the first coating comprises silver having a thickness less than or equal to 7 nm, wherein the primer film of the first coating comprises titanium, wherein the second dielectric layer of the first coating comprises a first layer comprising zinc oxide, a second layer comprising zinc stannate, a third layer comprising zinc oxide, and a fourth layer comprising zinc stannate, wherein the second dielectric layer has a thickness in the range of 30 nm to 35 nm, the first layer and third layer each have a thickness in the range of 3 nm to 5 nm, and the second layer and fourth layer each have a thickness in the range of 11 nm to 12 nm, and wherein the overcoat of the first coating has a thickness in the range of 5 nm to 10 nm and the overcoat comprises titania. | A coating provides a high solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) and a low overall heat transfer coefficient (U-value) to trap and retain solar heat. The coating and coated article are particularly useful for use in architectural transparencies in northern climates. The coating includes a first dielectric layer; a continuous metallic layer formed over at least a portion of the first dielectric layer, the metallic layer having a thickness less than 8 nm; a primer layer formed over at least a portion of the metallic layer; a second dielectric layer formed over at least a portion of the primer layer; and an overcoat formed over at least a portion of the second dielectric layer. When used on a No. 3 surface of a reference IGU, the coating provides a SHGC of greater than or equal to 0.6 and a U-value of less than or equal to 0.35.1. A coated transparency, comprising:
a substrate; a first dielectric layer formed over at least a portion of the substrate; a continuous metallic layer formed over at least a portion of the first dielectric layer, the metallic layer having a thickness less than 8 nm; a primer layer formed over at least a portion of the metallic layer; a second dielectric layer formed over at least a portion of the primer layer; and an overcoat formed over at least a portion of the second dielectric layer, wherein the coating when used on a No. 3 surface of a reference IGU provides a SHGC of greater than or equal to 0.6 and a U-value of less than or equal to 0.35. 2. The transparency of claim 1, wherein the first dielectric layer comprises a zinc oxide film deposited over a zinc stannate film and the first dielectric layer has a thickness in the range of 40 nm to 50 nm. 3. The transparency of claim 2, wherein the zinc oxide film has a thickness in the range of 3 nm to 15 nm. 4. The transparency of claim 1, wherein the metallic layer comprises silver having a thickness less than or equal to 7.5 nm. 5. The transparency of claim 1, wherein the second dielectric layer comprises a zinc oxide film and a zinc stannate film deposited over the zinc oxide film and the second dielectric layer has a thickness in the range of 30 nm to 40 nm. 6. The transparency of claim 5, the zinc oxide film has a thickness in the range of 3 nm to 15 nm. 7. The transparency of claim 1, wherein the overcoat comprises titania and has a thickness in the range of 2 nm to 6 nm. 8. The transparency of claim 1, wherein the first dielectric layer comprises a first layer comprising zinc stannate, a second layer comprising zinc oxide, a third layer comprising zinc stannate, and a fourth layer comprising zinc oxide. 9. The transparency of claim 8, wherein the first dielectric layer has a thickness in the range of 44 nm to 48 nm, the first layer and third layer each have a thickness in the range of 16 nm to 17 nm, and the second layer and fourth layer each have a thickness in the range of 6 nm to 8 nm. 10. The transparency of claim 1, wherein the second dielectric layer comprises a first layer comprising zinc oxide, a second layer comprising zinc stannate, a third layer comprising zinc oxide, and a fourth layer comprising zinc stannate. 11. The transparency of claim 10, wherein the second dielectric layer has a thickness in the range of 30 nm to 35 nm, the first layer and third layer each have a thickness in the range of 3 nm to 5 nm, and the second layer and fourth layer each have a thickness in the range of 11 nm to 12 nm. 12. The transparency of claim 1, wherein the substrate is a glass substrate,
wherein the first dielectric layer has a thickness in the range of 40 nm to 50 nm, the first dielectric layer comprises a zinc oxide film deposited over a zinc stannate film, the zinc oxide film has a thickness in the range of 3 nm to 15 nm, and the zinc stannate film has a thickness in the range of 25 nm to 40 nm, wherein the metallic layer comprises silver having a thickness less than or equal to 7.5 nm, wherein the primer film comprises titanium, wherein the second dielectric layer comprises a zinc oxide film and a zinc stannate film deposited over the zinc oxide film, the second dielectric layer has a thickness in the range of 30 nm to 40 nm, and the zinc oxide film has a thickness in the range of 3 nm to 15 nm, wherein the overcoat has a thickness in the range of 2 nm to 6 nm and the overcoat comprises titania, and wherein the coating when used on a No. 3 surface of a reference IGU provides a SHGC of greater than or equal to 0.65 and a U-value of less than or equal to 0.33. 13. The coated transparency of claim 1, wherein the substrate is a glass substrate,
wherein the first dielectric layer comprises a first layer comprising zinc stannate, a second layer comprising zinc oxide, a third layer comprising zinc stannate, and a fourth layer comprising zinc oxide, wherein the first dielectric layer has a thickness in the range of 44 nm to 48 nm, the first layer and third layer each have a thickness in the range of 16 nm to 17 nm, and the second layer and fourth layer each have a thickness in the range of 6 nm to 8 nm, wherein the metallic layer comprises silver having a thickness less than or equal to 7 nm, wherein the primer film comprises titanium, wherein the second dielectric layer comprises a first layer comprising zinc oxide, a second layer comprising zinc stannate, a third layer comprising zinc oxide, and a fourth layer comprising zinc stannate, wherein the second dielectric layer has a thickness in the range of 30 nm to 35 nm, the first layer and third layer each have a thickness in the range of 3 nm to 5 nm, and the second layer and fourth layer each have a thickness in the range of 11 nm to 12 nm, wherein the overcoat has a thickness in the range of 5 nm to 10 nm and the overcoat comprises titania, and wherein the coating when used on a No. 3 surface of a reference IGU provides a SHGC of greater than or equal to 0.65 and a U-value of less than or equal to 0.35. 14. An insulating glass unit, comprising:
a first substrate having a No. 1 surface and a No. 2 surface; a second substrate spaced from the first substrate and having a No. 3 surface and a No. 4 surface, with the No. 3 surface facing the No. 2 surface; and a coating formed over at least a portion of the No. 3 surface, the coating comprising: a first dielectric layer formed over at least a portion of the substrate; a continuous metallic layer formed over at least a portion of the first dielectric layer, wherein the metallic layer comprises silver having a thickness less than or equal to 7.5 nm; a primer layer formed over at least a portion of the metallic layer, wherein the primer film comprises titanium; a second dielectric layer formed over at least a portion of the primer layer; and an overcoat formed over at least a portion of the second dielectric layer, wherein the insulating glass unit has a SHGC of greater than or equal to 0.65 and a U-value of less than or equal to 0.35. 15. The insulating glass unit of claim 14, wherein the first dielectric layer has a thickness in the range of 40 nm to 50 nm, the first dielectric layer comprises a zinc oxide film deposited over a zinc stannate film, the zinc oxide film has a thickness in the range of 3 nm to 15 nm, and the zinc stannate film has a thickness in the range of 25 nm to 40 nm,
wherein the metallic layer comprises silver having a thickness less than or equal to 7.5 nm, wherein the primer film comprises titanium, wherein the second dielectric layer comprises a zinc oxide film and a zinc stannate film deposited over the zinc oxide film, the second dielectric layer has a thickness in the range of 30 nm to 40 nm, and the zinc oxide film has a thickness in the range of 3 nm to 15 nm, and wherein the overcoat has a thickness in the range of 2 nm to 6 nm and the overcoat comprises titania. 16. The insulating glass unit of claim 14, wherein the first dielectric layer comprises a first layer comprising zinc stannate, a second layer comprising zinc oxide, a third layer comprising zinc stannate, and a fourth layer comprising zinc oxide, wherein the first dielectric layer has a thickness in the range of 44 nm to 48 nm, the first layer and third layer each have a thickness in the range of 16 nm to 17 nm, and the second layer and fourth layer each have a thickness in the range of 6 nm to 8 nm,
wherein the metallic layer comprises silver having a thickness less than or equal to 7 nm, wherein the primer film comprises titanium, wherein the second dielectric layer comprises a first layer comprising zinc oxide, a second layer comprising zinc stannate, a third layer comprising zinc oxide, and a fourth layer comprising zinc stannate, wherein the second dielectric layer has a thickness in the range of 30 nm to 35 nm, the first layer and third layer each have a thickness in the range of 3 nm to 5 nm, and the second layer and fourth layer each have a thickness in the range of 11 nm to 12 nm, and wherein the overcoat has a thickness in the range of 5 nm to 10 nm and the overcoat comprises titania. 17. An insulating glass unit, comprising:
a first substrate having a No. 1 surface and a No. 2 surface; a second substrate spaced from the first substrate and having a No. 3 surface and a No. 4 surface, with the No. 3 surface facing the No. 2 surface; a third substrate spaced from the second substrate and having a No. 4 surface and a No. 5 surface; a first coating formed over at least a portion of the No. 5 surface, the coating comprising:
a first dielectric layer formed over at least a portion of the substrate;
a continuous metallic layer formed over at least a portion of the first dielectric layer;
a primer layer formed over at least a portion of the metallic layer;
a second dielectric layer formed over at least a portion of the primer layer; and
an overcoat formed over at least a portion of the second dielectric layer, wherein the overcoat has a thickness in the range of 2 nm to 6 nm and the overcoat comprises titania; and
a second coating formed over at least a portion of the No. 2 surface, the second coating comprising at least two metallic silver layers separated by dielectric layers, wherein the insulating glass unit has a SHGC of greater than or equal to 0.65 and a U-value of less than or equal to 0.35. 18. The insulating glass unit of claim 17, wherein the first dielectric layer of the first coating has a thickness in the range of 40 nm to 50 nm, the first dielectric layer comprises a zinc oxide film deposited over a zinc stannate film, the zinc oxide film has a thickness in the range of 3 nm to 15 nm, and the zinc stannate film has a thickness in the range of 25 nm to 40 nm,
wherein the metallic layer of the first coating comprises silver having a thickness less than or equal to 7.5 nm, wherein the primer film of the first coating comprises titanium, wherein the second dielectric layer of the first coating comprises a zinc oxide film and a zinc stannate film deposited over the zinc oxide film, the second dielectric layer has a thickness in the range of 30 nm to 40 nm, and the zinc oxide film has a thickness in the range of 3 nm to 15 nm, and wherein the overcoat of the first coating has a thickness in the range of 2 nm to 6 nm and the overcoat comprises titania. 19. The insulating glass unit of claim 17, wherein the first dielectric layer of the first coating comprises a first layer comprising zinc stannate, a second layer comprising zinc oxide, a third layer comprising zinc stannate, and a fourth layer comprising zinc oxide, wherein the first dielectric layer has a thickness in the range of 44 nm to 48 nm, the first layer and third layer each have a thickness in the range of 16 nm to 17 nm, and the second layer and fourth layer each have a thickness in the range of 6 nm to 8 nm,
wherein the metallic layer of the first coating comprises silver having a thickness less than or equal to 7 nm, wherein the primer film of the first coating comprises titanium, wherein the second dielectric layer of the first coating comprises a first layer comprising zinc oxide, a second layer comprising zinc stannate, a third layer comprising zinc oxide, and a fourth layer comprising zinc stannate, wherein the second dielectric layer has a thickness in the range of 30 nm to 35 nm, the first layer and third layer each have a thickness in the range of 3 nm to 5 nm, and the second layer and fourth layer each have a thickness in the range of 11 nm to 12 nm, and wherein the overcoat of the first coating has a thickness in the range of 5 nm to 10 nm and the overcoat comprises titania. | 1,700 |
4,223 | 15,206,262 | 1,783 | A graphite plate has a surface roughness Ra from 10 μm to less than 40 μm and a surface-unevenness variation of 0.01% to 0.135% in any span 80 mm long within the surface of the graphite plate. A method for producing a graphite plate, includes r subjecting a polymer film to a heat treatment in an inert gas, wherein the heat treatment is conducted at 2400° C. to 3200° C., and a pressure of 10 kg/cm 2 to 100 kg/cm 2 is applied to the polymer film at 200° C. or higher. | 1. A graphite plate., having, a surface roughness Ra from 10 μm to less than 40 μm, and a surface-unevenness variation of 0.01% to 0.135% in any span 80 mm long within the surface of the graphite plate. 2. The graphite plate according to claim 1, wherein the graphite plate has a thickness of 25 μm to 2 mm, and is obtained by subjecting to a heat treatment one piece of a polymer film having a thickness of 25 μm to 150 μm, or multiple pieces of the polymer film that are layered. 3. The graphite plate according to claim 1, the graphite plate having a heat conductivity of 700 W/mK to 1500 W/mK in the surface direction, and a density of 1.0 g/cm3 to 2.2 g/cm3. 4. The graphite plate according to claim 1, the graphite plate having a heat conductivity of 2 W/mK to 20 W/mK in the thickness direction, and a density of 1.0 g/cm3 to 2.2 g/cm3. 5. A method for producing a graphite plate, comprising: subjecting a polymer film to a heat treatment in an inert gas, wherein the heat treatment is conducted, at 2400° C. to 3200° C., and a pressure of 10 kg/cm2 to 100 kg/cm2 is applied to the polymer film at 2000° C. or higher. 6. The method for producing a graphite plate according to claim 5, wherein the polymer film is made of a condensation-based polymer such as polyimide, polyamide, polyoxadiazole, polybenzothiazole, polybenzobisthiazole, polybenzoazole, polybenzobisoxazole, polyparaphenylenevinylene, polyphenylene benzimidazole, polyphenylene benzbisimidasole, and polythiazole. | A graphite plate has a surface roughness Ra from 10 μm to less than 40 μm and a surface-unevenness variation of 0.01% to 0.135% in any span 80 mm long within the surface of the graphite plate. A method for producing a graphite plate, includes r subjecting a polymer film to a heat treatment in an inert gas, wherein the heat treatment is conducted at 2400° C. to 3200° C., and a pressure of 10 kg/cm 2 to 100 kg/cm 2 is applied to the polymer film at 200° C. or higher.1. A graphite plate., having, a surface roughness Ra from 10 μm to less than 40 μm, and a surface-unevenness variation of 0.01% to 0.135% in any span 80 mm long within the surface of the graphite plate. 2. The graphite plate according to claim 1, wherein the graphite plate has a thickness of 25 μm to 2 mm, and is obtained by subjecting to a heat treatment one piece of a polymer film having a thickness of 25 μm to 150 μm, or multiple pieces of the polymer film that are layered. 3. The graphite plate according to claim 1, the graphite plate having a heat conductivity of 700 W/mK to 1500 W/mK in the surface direction, and a density of 1.0 g/cm3 to 2.2 g/cm3. 4. The graphite plate according to claim 1, the graphite plate having a heat conductivity of 2 W/mK to 20 W/mK in the thickness direction, and a density of 1.0 g/cm3 to 2.2 g/cm3. 5. A method for producing a graphite plate, comprising: subjecting a polymer film to a heat treatment in an inert gas, wherein the heat treatment is conducted, at 2400° C. to 3200° C., and a pressure of 10 kg/cm2 to 100 kg/cm2 is applied to the polymer film at 2000° C. or higher. 6. The method for producing a graphite plate according to claim 5, wherein the polymer film is made of a condensation-based polymer such as polyimide, polyamide, polyoxadiazole, polybenzothiazole, polybenzobisthiazole, polybenzoazole, polybenzobisoxazole, polyparaphenylenevinylene, polyphenylene benzimidazole, polyphenylene benzbisimidasole, and polythiazole. | 1,700 |
4,224 | 15,005,619 | 1,797 | Reagents comprising MS active, fluorescent molecules with an activated functionality for reaction with amines useful in tagging biomolecules such as N-glycans and uses thereof are taught and described. | 1. A compound of the structural Formula III:
wherein
R1 is
R2 is
R2a is selected from ester, amide, amine, ether, urea, carbamate, carbonate, thiol, thiourea, thiocarbamate, alkyl or carbonyl;
R2b is
x=0-12;
y=0-12;
z=1-12; and
salts or solvates thereof. 2. A compound of the structural Formula IV:
wherein
R1 is O or N;
R2 is
R3 is
R3a is selected from ester, amide, amine, ether, urea, carbamate, carbonate, thiol, thiourea, thiocarbamate, alkyl or carbonyl;
R3b is
x=0-12;
y=0-12;
z=1-12; and
salts or solvates thereof. 3. A compound of the structural Formula I:
wherein
FL is
R1 is O or N;
R2 is
R3 is
R3a is selected from ester, amide, amine, ether, urea, carbamate, carbonate, thiol, thiourea, thiocarbamate, alkyl or carbonyl;
R3b is
x=0-12;
y=0-12;
z=1-12;
and salts or solvates thereof. 4. A method for analyzing a glycan in a sample containing at least one glycan by means of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry comprising labeling the glycan in the sample by reacting the glycan with the compound according to claim 1 for a time and under conditions suitable to facilitate the labeling; providing a sample containing the glycan labeled with the compound; and subjecting the labeled compound to liquid chromatograph and mass spectrometry. 5. A method for analyzing a glycan in a sample containing at least one glycan by means of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry comprising labeling the glycan in the sample by reacting the glycan with the compound according to claim 2 for a time and under conditions suitable to facilitate the labeling; providing a sample containing the glycan labeled with the compound; and subjecting the labeled compound to liquid chromatograph and mass spectrometry. 6. A method for analyzing a glycan in a sample containing at least one glycan by means of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry comprising labeling the glycan in the sample by reacting the glycan with the compound according to claim 3 for a time and under conditions suitable to facilitate the labeling; providing a sample containing the glycan labeled with the compound; and subjecting the labeled compound to liquid chromatograph and mass spectrometry. 7. A method for analyzing a glycan in a sample containing at least one glycan by means of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry comprising labeling the glycan in the sample by reacting the glycan with a compound according to Formula III for a time and under conditions suitable to facilitate the labeling; providing a sample containing the glycan labeled with the compound; and subjecting the labeled compound to liquid chromatograph and mass spectrometry wherein the compound of Formula III is:
wherein
R1 is
R2 is
R2a is selected from ester, amide, amine, ether, urea, carbamate, carbonate, thiol, thiourea, thiocarbamate, alkyl or carbonyl;
R2b is
x=0-12;
y=0-12;
z=1-12; and
salts or solvates thereof. | Reagents comprising MS active, fluorescent molecules with an activated functionality for reaction with amines useful in tagging biomolecules such as N-glycans and uses thereof are taught and described.1. A compound of the structural Formula III:
wherein
R1 is
R2 is
R2a is selected from ester, amide, amine, ether, urea, carbamate, carbonate, thiol, thiourea, thiocarbamate, alkyl or carbonyl;
R2b is
x=0-12;
y=0-12;
z=1-12; and
salts or solvates thereof. 2. A compound of the structural Formula IV:
wherein
R1 is O or N;
R2 is
R3 is
R3a is selected from ester, amide, amine, ether, urea, carbamate, carbonate, thiol, thiourea, thiocarbamate, alkyl or carbonyl;
R3b is
x=0-12;
y=0-12;
z=1-12; and
salts or solvates thereof. 3. A compound of the structural Formula I:
wherein
FL is
R1 is O or N;
R2 is
R3 is
R3a is selected from ester, amide, amine, ether, urea, carbamate, carbonate, thiol, thiourea, thiocarbamate, alkyl or carbonyl;
R3b is
x=0-12;
y=0-12;
z=1-12;
and salts or solvates thereof. 4. A method for analyzing a glycan in a sample containing at least one glycan by means of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry comprising labeling the glycan in the sample by reacting the glycan with the compound according to claim 1 for a time and under conditions suitable to facilitate the labeling; providing a sample containing the glycan labeled with the compound; and subjecting the labeled compound to liquid chromatograph and mass spectrometry. 5. A method for analyzing a glycan in a sample containing at least one glycan by means of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry comprising labeling the glycan in the sample by reacting the glycan with the compound according to claim 2 for a time and under conditions suitable to facilitate the labeling; providing a sample containing the glycan labeled with the compound; and subjecting the labeled compound to liquid chromatograph and mass spectrometry. 6. A method for analyzing a glycan in a sample containing at least one glycan by means of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry comprising labeling the glycan in the sample by reacting the glycan with the compound according to claim 3 for a time and under conditions suitable to facilitate the labeling; providing a sample containing the glycan labeled with the compound; and subjecting the labeled compound to liquid chromatograph and mass spectrometry. 7. A method for analyzing a glycan in a sample containing at least one glycan by means of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry comprising labeling the glycan in the sample by reacting the glycan with a compound according to Formula III for a time and under conditions suitable to facilitate the labeling; providing a sample containing the glycan labeled with the compound; and subjecting the labeled compound to liquid chromatograph and mass spectrometry wherein the compound of Formula III is:
wherein
R1 is
R2 is
R2a is selected from ester, amide, amine, ether, urea, carbamate, carbonate, thiol, thiourea, thiocarbamate, alkyl or carbonyl;
R2b is
x=0-12;
y=0-12;
z=1-12; and
salts or solvates thereof. | 1,700 |
4,225 | 14,429,389 | 1,792 | The invention relates to an edible water-in-oil emulsion comprising a fat-phase comprising a first hardstock and a second hardstock, wherein said fat-phase has a total amount of hardstock of from 2 to 60 wt. %, based on the total weight of the fat-phase, and a water-phase, wherein part of the water-phase is dispersed as droplets, wherein the droplets are stabilized by said first hardstock; and wherein part of the water-phase is dispersed as droplets, wherein the droplets are stabilized by said second hardstock, wherein said first hardstock comprises more than 25% of HHH-triglycerides, and a combined amount of H2U and H2M triglycerides of not more than 110% of the HHH-triglycerides of said first harstock, wherein said second hardstock comprises less than 22% of HHH-triglycerides, and a combined amount of H2U and H2M triglycerides of more than 140% of the HHH-triglycerides of said second hardstock, wherein H denotes saturated chains with 16 or more carbon atoms or an elaidic acid residue, wherein U denotes unsaturated chains and wherein M denotes saturated chains with 14 or less carbon atoms. The invention further relates to a process for the manufacture of such edible water-in-oil emulsions. | 1. Edible water-in-oil emulsion comprising
a fat-phase comprising a first hardstock and a second hardstock,
wherein said fat-phase has a total amount of hardstock of from 2 to 60 wt. %, based on the total weight of the fat-phase, and
a water-phase,
wherein part of the water-phase is dispersed as droplets, wherein the droplets are stabilized by said first hardstock;
and wherein part of the water-phase is dispersed as droplets, wherein the droplets are stabilized by said second hardstock,
wherein said first hardstock comprises
more than 25% of HHH-triglycerides, and
a combined amount of H2U and H2M triglycerides of not more than 110% of the HHH-triglycerides of said first harstock,
wherein said second hardstock comprises
less than 22% of HHH-triglycerides, and
a combined amount of H2U and H2M triglycerides of more than 140% of the HHH-triglycerides of said second hardstock,
wherein H denotes saturated chains with 16 or more carbon atoms or an elaidic acid residue, wherein U denotes unsaturated chains and wherein M denotes saturated chains with 14 or less carbon atoms. 2. Edible water-in-oil emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the first hardstock comprises at least 30%, more preferably at least 50% and most preferably at least 70% of HHH-triglycerides. 3. Edible water-in-oil emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the first hardstock has a solid fat content at 30 degrees Celsius which differs at most 10%, preferably at most 7%, most preferably at most 5% in the solid fat content of said first hardstock at 40 degrees Celsius. 4. Edible water-in-oil emulsion according to any one of claim 1, wherein the second hardstock comprises from 2 to 20%, more preferably from 5 to 18% and most preferably from 10 to 15% of HHH triglycerides. 5. Edible water-in-oil emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the water droplets stabilized by said first hardstock comprise at least one health promoting compound having an undesirable taste, wherein said compound is selected from the group of a vitamin, mineral, peptide and flavonoid; and most preferably wherein said selected compound is a water-soluble compound. 6. Edible water-in-oil emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the water droplets stabilized by said first hardstock comprise at least one health promoting compound having an undesirable taste, wherein said compound is selected from the group of a polyphenol, glucosinolate, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc, flavanone, flavonol, flavone, isoflavone, flavan, anthocyanin, valyl-proline-proline, isoleucine-proline-proline and leucine-proline-proline; and most preferably wherein said selected compound is a water-soluble compound. 7. Edible water-in-oil emulsion according to claim 5, wherein at least 20 wt. %, preferably at least 40 wt. %, more preferably at least 60 wt. %, even more preferably at least 80 wt. % and most preferably at least 95 wt. % of said health promoting compound having an undesirable taste is present in the water droplets stabilized by said first hardstock. 8. Edible water-in-oil emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the water droplets stabilized by said second hardstock comprise at least one compound having a desirable taste, more preferably a compound having a desirable taste selected from the group of sodium chloride, monosodium glutamate, vanilla extract, yuzu, lemon juice, dairy flavour compounds, fermented milk flavour compounds, trigeminal compounds, protein, sugar and most preferably wherein said selected compound is a water-soluble compound. 9. Edible water-in-oil emulsion according to claim 8, wherein at least 55 wt. %, preferably at least 65 wt. %, more preferably at least 75 wt. %, even more preferably at least 85 wt. % and most preferably at least 95 wt. % of said compound having a desirable taste is present in the water droplets stabilized by said second hardstock. 10. Edible water-in-oil emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the emulsion is a wrapper or spread, more preferably a low-fat spread comprising at most 40 wt. %, even more preferably at most 30 wt. % and most preferably at most 25 wt. % of fat. 11. Edible water-in-oil emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of droplets stabilized by the first hardstock to droplets stabilized by the second hardstock is from 0.01:1 to 1:0.01, more preferably from 0.1:1 to 1:0.1, even more preferably from 0.5:1 to 1:0.5, even more preferably from 0.75:1 to 1:0.75 and most preferably from 0.95:1 to 1:0.95. 12. Process for the manufacture of an edible water-in-oil emulsion according to claim 1, comprising the steps of:
a. providing a first water-in-oil emulsion comprising a water-phase dispersed as droplets, wherein said droplets are stabilized by a first hardstock comprising more than 25% of HHH-triglycerides; and further comprising a combined amount of H2U and H2M triglycerides of not more than 110% of the HHH-triglycerides of said first hardstock; b. providing a second water-in-oil emulsion comprising a water-phase dispersed as droplets, wherein said droplets are stabilized by a second hardstock comprising less than 22% of HHH-triglycerides; and further comprising a combined amount of H2U and H2M triglycerides of more than 140% of the HHH-triglycerides of said second hardstock; c. mixing of the first and second water-in-oil emulsion,
wherein H denotes saturated chains with 16 or more carbon atoms or an elaidic acid residue, wherein U denotes unsaturated chains and wherein M denotes saturated chains with 14 or less carbon atoms. 13. Process for the manufacture of an edible water-in-oil emulsion according to claim 12 wherein the first water-in-oil emulsion and preferably both the first and second water-in-oil emulsions are made in a process comprising the use of fat-powder comprising structuring fat. 14. Process for the manufacture of an edible water-in-oil emulsion according to claim 13, comprising the use of fat-powder comprising structuring fat obtainable by super critical melt micronisation. 15. Process for the manufacture of an edible water-in-oil emulsion according to claim 12, the first and second water-in-oil emulsion are mixed at a temperature of from 1 to 25, more preferably from 3 to 20, and most preferably from 5 to 15 degrees Celsius. | The invention relates to an edible water-in-oil emulsion comprising a fat-phase comprising a first hardstock and a second hardstock, wherein said fat-phase has a total amount of hardstock of from 2 to 60 wt. %, based on the total weight of the fat-phase, and a water-phase, wherein part of the water-phase is dispersed as droplets, wherein the droplets are stabilized by said first hardstock; and wherein part of the water-phase is dispersed as droplets, wherein the droplets are stabilized by said second hardstock, wherein said first hardstock comprises more than 25% of HHH-triglycerides, and a combined amount of H2U and H2M triglycerides of not more than 110% of the HHH-triglycerides of said first harstock, wherein said second hardstock comprises less than 22% of HHH-triglycerides, and a combined amount of H2U and H2M triglycerides of more than 140% of the HHH-triglycerides of said second hardstock, wherein H denotes saturated chains with 16 or more carbon atoms or an elaidic acid residue, wherein U denotes unsaturated chains and wherein M denotes saturated chains with 14 or less carbon atoms. The invention further relates to a process for the manufacture of such edible water-in-oil emulsions.1. Edible water-in-oil emulsion comprising
a fat-phase comprising a first hardstock and a second hardstock,
wherein said fat-phase has a total amount of hardstock of from 2 to 60 wt. %, based on the total weight of the fat-phase, and
a water-phase,
wherein part of the water-phase is dispersed as droplets, wherein the droplets are stabilized by said first hardstock;
and wherein part of the water-phase is dispersed as droplets, wherein the droplets are stabilized by said second hardstock,
wherein said first hardstock comprises
more than 25% of HHH-triglycerides, and
a combined amount of H2U and H2M triglycerides of not more than 110% of the HHH-triglycerides of said first harstock,
wherein said second hardstock comprises
less than 22% of HHH-triglycerides, and
a combined amount of H2U and H2M triglycerides of more than 140% of the HHH-triglycerides of said second hardstock,
wherein H denotes saturated chains with 16 or more carbon atoms or an elaidic acid residue, wherein U denotes unsaturated chains and wherein M denotes saturated chains with 14 or less carbon atoms. 2. Edible water-in-oil emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the first hardstock comprises at least 30%, more preferably at least 50% and most preferably at least 70% of HHH-triglycerides. 3. Edible water-in-oil emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the first hardstock has a solid fat content at 30 degrees Celsius which differs at most 10%, preferably at most 7%, most preferably at most 5% in the solid fat content of said first hardstock at 40 degrees Celsius. 4. Edible water-in-oil emulsion according to any one of claim 1, wherein the second hardstock comprises from 2 to 20%, more preferably from 5 to 18% and most preferably from 10 to 15% of HHH triglycerides. 5. Edible water-in-oil emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the water droplets stabilized by said first hardstock comprise at least one health promoting compound having an undesirable taste, wherein said compound is selected from the group of a vitamin, mineral, peptide and flavonoid; and most preferably wherein said selected compound is a water-soluble compound. 6. Edible water-in-oil emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the water droplets stabilized by said first hardstock comprise at least one health promoting compound having an undesirable taste, wherein said compound is selected from the group of a polyphenol, glucosinolate, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc, flavanone, flavonol, flavone, isoflavone, flavan, anthocyanin, valyl-proline-proline, isoleucine-proline-proline and leucine-proline-proline; and most preferably wherein said selected compound is a water-soluble compound. 7. Edible water-in-oil emulsion according to claim 5, wherein at least 20 wt. %, preferably at least 40 wt. %, more preferably at least 60 wt. %, even more preferably at least 80 wt. % and most preferably at least 95 wt. % of said health promoting compound having an undesirable taste is present in the water droplets stabilized by said first hardstock. 8. Edible water-in-oil emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the water droplets stabilized by said second hardstock comprise at least one compound having a desirable taste, more preferably a compound having a desirable taste selected from the group of sodium chloride, monosodium glutamate, vanilla extract, yuzu, lemon juice, dairy flavour compounds, fermented milk flavour compounds, trigeminal compounds, protein, sugar and most preferably wherein said selected compound is a water-soluble compound. 9. Edible water-in-oil emulsion according to claim 8, wherein at least 55 wt. %, preferably at least 65 wt. %, more preferably at least 75 wt. %, even more preferably at least 85 wt. % and most preferably at least 95 wt. % of said compound having a desirable taste is present in the water droplets stabilized by said second hardstock. 10. Edible water-in-oil emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the emulsion is a wrapper or spread, more preferably a low-fat spread comprising at most 40 wt. %, even more preferably at most 30 wt. % and most preferably at most 25 wt. % of fat. 11. Edible water-in-oil emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of droplets stabilized by the first hardstock to droplets stabilized by the second hardstock is from 0.01:1 to 1:0.01, more preferably from 0.1:1 to 1:0.1, even more preferably from 0.5:1 to 1:0.5, even more preferably from 0.75:1 to 1:0.75 and most preferably from 0.95:1 to 1:0.95. 12. Process for the manufacture of an edible water-in-oil emulsion according to claim 1, comprising the steps of:
a. providing a first water-in-oil emulsion comprising a water-phase dispersed as droplets, wherein said droplets are stabilized by a first hardstock comprising more than 25% of HHH-triglycerides; and further comprising a combined amount of H2U and H2M triglycerides of not more than 110% of the HHH-triglycerides of said first hardstock; b. providing a second water-in-oil emulsion comprising a water-phase dispersed as droplets, wherein said droplets are stabilized by a second hardstock comprising less than 22% of HHH-triglycerides; and further comprising a combined amount of H2U and H2M triglycerides of more than 140% of the HHH-triglycerides of said second hardstock; c. mixing of the first and second water-in-oil emulsion,
wherein H denotes saturated chains with 16 or more carbon atoms or an elaidic acid residue, wherein U denotes unsaturated chains and wherein M denotes saturated chains with 14 or less carbon atoms. 13. Process for the manufacture of an edible water-in-oil emulsion according to claim 12 wherein the first water-in-oil emulsion and preferably both the first and second water-in-oil emulsions are made in a process comprising the use of fat-powder comprising structuring fat. 14. Process for the manufacture of an edible water-in-oil emulsion according to claim 13, comprising the use of fat-powder comprising structuring fat obtainable by super critical melt micronisation. 15. Process for the manufacture of an edible water-in-oil emulsion according to claim 12, the first and second water-in-oil emulsion are mixed at a temperature of from 1 to 25, more preferably from 3 to 20, and most preferably from 5 to 15 degrees Celsius. | 1,700 |
4,226 | 15,281,945 | 1,777 | The present invention refers to a process for the preparation of an aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate and its uses. | 1. A process for the production of a precipitated earth alkali carbonate, the process comprising the following steps:
(I) providing an aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate, and (II) heating the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate of step I) in order to obtain the precipitated earth alkali carbonate, and/or (III) adding at least one earth alkali hydroxide or earth alkali oxide to the solution of step I) to obtain the precipitated earth alkali carbonate. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate in step I) is obtained by the process comprising the steps of:
a) providing water, b) providing at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and optionally at least one earth alkali hydroxide in a minor amount in respect to the earth alkali carbonate, the at least one substance being in a dry form or in an aqueous form, c) providing CO2, d) combining either:
(i) the water of step a), the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) and the CO2 of step c), or
(ii) the water of step a) and the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) in order to obtain an alkaline aqueous suspension of the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide, and subsequently combining the alkaline aqueous suspension with the CO2 of step c)
in order to obtain a resulting suspension S having a pH of between 6 and 9, the resulting suspension S containing particles,
e) filtering at least a part of the resulting suspension S that is obtained in step d) by passing the resulting suspension S through a filtering device in order to obtain the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate, wherein the particles of the resulting suspension S that is obtained in step d) represent a total particle surface area (SSAtotal) that is >20,000 m2/tonne of the resulting suspension S, and with the proviso that an addition of the CO2 of step c) does not take place before an addition of the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b). 3. The process according to claim 2, wherein the particles of the resulting suspension S represent a total particle surface area (SSAtotal) that is in the range of 25,000-2,000,000 m2/tonne of the resulting suspension S. 4. The process according to claim 2, wherein the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) is selected from the group consisting of marble, limestone, chalk, half burnt lime, burnt lime, dolomitic limestone, calcareous dolomite, half burnt dolomite, burnt dolomite, a precipitated earth alkali carbonate, and precipitated calcium carbonate. 5. The process according to claim 2, wherein the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) has a weight median particle size (d50) in the range of 0.1 μm to 50 μm. 6. The process according to claim 2, wherein the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) has a weight median particle size (d50) in the range of 0.5 μm to 5 μm. 7. The process according to claim 2, wherein the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) has a specific surface area (SSA) in the range of 0.01 to 200 m2/g. 8. The process according to claim 2, wherein the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) has a specific surface area (SSA) in the range of 1 to 100 m2/g. 9. The process according to claim 2, wherein the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) has an HCl insoluble content from 0.05 to 15 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the dry substance. 10. The process according to claim 2, wherein the resulting suspension S that is obtained in step d) has a solids content in the range from 1 to 80 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the resulting suspension S. 11. The process according to claim 2, wherein the resulting suspension S that is obtained in step d) has a solids content in the range from 3 to 50 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the resulting suspension S. 12. The process according to claim 2, wherein the CO2 of step c) is gaseous carbon dioxide, liquid carbon dioxide, solid carbon dioxide or a gaseous mixture of carbon dioxide and at least one other gas. 13. The process according to claim 2, wherein the amount of CO2 used, in mol, to produce 1 mol of the at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate in the aqueous solution is from 0.5 to 4 mol. 14. The process according to claim 2, wherein the amount of CO2 used, in mol, to produce 1 mol of the at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate in the aqueous solution is from 0.5 to 2.5 mol. 15. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate and that is obtained in step e) has a hardness from 5 to 130° dH. 16. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate and that is obtained in step e) has a hardness from 10 to 60° dH. 17. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate and that is obtained in step e) has a calcium concentration, as calcium carbonate, from 1 to 700 mg/l. 18. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate and that is obtained in step e) has a calcium concentration, as calcium carbonate, from 50 to 650 mg/l. 19. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate that is obtained in step e) has a magnesium concentration, as magnesium carbonate, from 1 to 200 mg/l. 20. The process according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate that is obtained in step e) has a magnesium concentration, as magnesium carbonate, from 2 to 150 mg/l. 21. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate that is obtained in step e) has a turbidity value of lower than 1.0 NTU. 22. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate that is obtained in step e) has a turbidity value of lower than 0.5 NTU. 23. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution obtained in step e) comprises:
(x) a calcium hydrogen carbonate, preferably with a calcium concentration of 25 to 150 mg/l, as calcium carbonate, or (xx) a magnesium hydrogen carbonate, preferably with a magnesium concentration of >0 to 50 mg/l, or (xxx) a mixture of a calcium and a magnesium hydrogen carbonate, preferably in a total calcium and magnesium concentration of 25 to 200 mg/l, as calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate. 24. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution obtained in step e) comprises:
a calcium hydrogen carbonate with a calcium concentration of 45 mg/l, as calcium carbonate, or a mixture of a calcium and a magnesium hydrogen carbonate with a calcium concentration of 80 to 120 mg/l, as calcium carbonate, and a magnesium concentration of 20 to 30 mg/l, as magnesium carbonate. 25. The process according to claim 1, wherein the precipitated earth alkali carbonate so obtained is an amorphous earth alkali carbonate, an amorphous calcium carbonate, a magnesium carbonate, crystalline calcium carbonate in the calcitic, the aragonitic or the vateritic form, magnesite, hydromagnesite, or any mixture thereof. 26. The process according to claim 1, wherein the precipitated earth alkali carbonate so obtained is a precipitated calcium carbonate and/or hydromagnesite. | The present invention refers to a process for the preparation of an aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate and its uses.1. A process for the production of a precipitated earth alkali carbonate, the process comprising the following steps:
(I) providing an aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate, and (II) heating the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate of step I) in order to obtain the precipitated earth alkali carbonate, and/or (III) adding at least one earth alkali hydroxide or earth alkali oxide to the solution of step I) to obtain the precipitated earth alkali carbonate. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate in step I) is obtained by the process comprising the steps of:
a) providing water, b) providing at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and optionally at least one earth alkali hydroxide in a minor amount in respect to the earth alkali carbonate, the at least one substance being in a dry form or in an aqueous form, c) providing CO2, d) combining either:
(i) the water of step a), the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) and the CO2 of step c), or
(ii) the water of step a) and the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) in order to obtain an alkaline aqueous suspension of the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide, and subsequently combining the alkaline aqueous suspension with the CO2 of step c)
in order to obtain a resulting suspension S having a pH of between 6 and 9, the resulting suspension S containing particles,
e) filtering at least a part of the resulting suspension S that is obtained in step d) by passing the resulting suspension S through a filtering device in order to obtain the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate, wherein the particles of the resulting suspension S that is obtained in step d) represent a total particle surface area (SSAtotal) that is >20,000 m2/tonne of the resulting suspension S, and with the proviso that an addition of the CO2 of step c) does not take place before an addition of the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b). 3. The process according to claim 2, wherein the particles of the resulting suspension S represent a total particle surface area (SSAtotal) that is in the range of 25,000-2,000,000 m2/tonne of the resulting suspension S. 4. The process according to claim 2, wherein the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) is selected from the group consisting of marble, limestone, chalk, half burnt lime, burnt lime, dolomitic limestone, calcareous dolomite, half burnt dolomite, burnt dolomite, a precipitated earth alkali carbonate, and precipitated calcium carbonate. 5. The process according to claim 2, wherein the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) has a weight median particle size (d50) in the range of 0.1 μm to 50 μm. 6. The process according to claim 2, wherein the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) has a weight median particle size (d50) in the range of 0.5 μm to 5 μm. 7. The process according to claim 2, wherein the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) has a specific surface area (SSA) in the range of 0.01 to 200 m2/g. 8. The process according to claim 2, wherein the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) has a specific surface area (SSA) in the range of 1 to 100 m2/g. 9. The process according to claim 2, wherein the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) has an HCl insoluble content from 0.05 to 15 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the dry substance. 10. The process according to claim 2, wherein the resulting suspension S that is obtained in step d) has a solids content in the range from 1 to 80 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the resulting suspension S. 11. The process according to claim 2, wherein the resulting suspension S that is obtained in step d) has a solids content in the range from 3 to 50 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the resulting suspension S. 12. The process according to claim 2, wherein the CO2 of step c) is gaseous carbon dioxide, liquid carbon dioxide, solid carbon dioxide or a gaseous mixture of carbon dioxide and at least one other gas. 13. The process according to claim 2, wherein the amount of CO2 used, in mol, to produce 1 mol of the at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate in the aqueous solution is from 0.5 to 4 mol. 14. The process according to claim 2, wherein the amount of CO2 used, in mol, to produce 1 mol of the at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate in the aqueous solution is from 0.5 to 2.5 mol. 15. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate and that is obtained in step e) has a hardness from 5 to 130° dH. 16. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate and that is obtained in step e) has a hardness from 10 to 60° dH. 17. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate and that is obtained in step e) has a calcium concentration, as calcium carbonate, from 1 to 700 mg/l. 18. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate and that is obtained in step e) has a calcium concentration, as calcium carbonate, from 50 to 650 mg/l. 19. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate that is obtained in step e) has a magnesium concentration, as magnesium carbonate, from 1 to 200 mg/l. 20. The process according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate that is obtained in step e) has a magnesium concentration, as magnesium carbonate, from 2 to 150 mg/l. 21. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate that is obtained in step e) has a turbidity value of lower than 1.0 NTU. 22. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate that is obtained in step e) has a turbidity value of lower than 0.5 NTU. 23. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution obtained in step e) comprises:
(x) a calcium hydrogen carbonate, preferably with a calcium concentration of 25 to 150 mg/l, as calcium carbonate, or (xx) a magnesium hydrogen carbonate, preferably with a magnesium concentration of >0 to 50 mg/l, or (xxx) a mixture of a calcium and a magnesium hydrogen carbonate, preferably in a total calcium and magnesium concentration of 25 to 200 mg/l, as calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate. 24. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution obtained in step e) comprises:
a calcium hydrogen carbonate with a calcium concentration of 45 mg/l, as calcium carbonate, or a mixture of a calcium and a magnesium hydrogen carbonate with a calcium concentration of 80 to 120 mg/l, as calcium carbonate, and a magnesium concentration of 20 to 30 mg/l, as magnesium carbonate. 25. The process according to claim 1, wherein the precipitated earth alkali carbonate so obtained is an amorphous earth alkali carbonate, an amorphous calcium carbonate, a magnesium carbonate, crystalline calcium carbonate in the calcitic, the aragonitic or the vateritic form, magnesite, hydromagnesite, or any mixture thereof. 26. The process according to claim 1, wherein the precipitated earth alkali carbonate so obtained is a precipitated calcium carbonate and/or hydromagnesite. | 1,700 |
4,227 | 15,281,935 | 1,777 | The present invention refers to a process for the preparation of an aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate and its uses. | 1. A process for the mineralization of water comprising the following steps:
(I) providing feed water, (II) providing an aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate, and (III) combining the feed water of step I) and the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate of step II) in order to obtain mineralized water. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate in step II) is obtained by the process comprising the steps of:
a) providing water, b) providing at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and optionally at least one earth alkali hydroxide in a minor amount in respect to the earth alkali carbonate, the at least one substance being in a dry form or in an aqueous form, c) providing CO2, d) combining either:
(i) the water of step a), the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) and the CO2 of step c), or
(ii) the water of step a) and the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) in order to obtain an alkaline aqueous suspension of the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide, and subsequently combining the alkaline aqueous suspension with the CO2 of step c)
in order to obtain a resulting suspension S having a pH of between 6 and 9, the resulting suspension S containing particles,
e) filtering at least a part of the resulting suspension S that is obtained in step d) by passing the resulting suspension S through a filtering device in order to obtain the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate, wherein the particles of the resulting suspension S that is obtained in step d) represent a total particle surface area (SSAtotal) that is >20,000 m2/tonne of the resulting suspension S, and with the proviso that an addition of the CO2 of step c) does not take place before an addition of the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b). 3. The process according to claim 2, wherein the particles of the resulting suspension S represent a total particle surface area (SSAtotal) that is in the range of 25,000-2,000,000 m2/tonne of the resulting suspension S. 4. The process according to claim 2, wherein the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) is selected from the group consisting of marble, limestone, chalk, half burnt lime, burnt lime, dolomitic limestone, calcareous dolomite, half burnt dolomite, burnt dolomite, a precipitated earth alkali carbonate, and precipitated calcium carbonate. 5. The process according to claim 2, wherein the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) has a weight median particle size (d50) in the range of 0.1 μm to 50 μm. 6. The process according to claim 2, wherein the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) has a weight median particle size (d50) in the range of 0.5 μm to 5 μm. 7. The process according to claim 2, wherein the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) has a specific surface area (SSA) in the range of 0.01 to 200 m2/g. 8. The process according to claim 2, wherein the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) has a specific surface area (SSA) in the range of 1 to 100 m2/g. 9. The process according to claim 2, wherein the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) has an HCl insoluble content from 0.05 to 15 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the dry substance. 10. The process according to claim 2, wherein the resulting suspension S that is obtained in step d) has a solids content in the range from 1 to 80 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the resulting suspension S. 11. The process according to claim 2, wherein the resulting suspension S that is obtained in step d) has a solids content in the range from 3 to 50 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the resulting suspension S. 12. The process according to claim 2, wherein the CO2 of step c) is gaseous carbon dioxide, liquid carbon dioxide, solid carbon dioxide or a gaseous mixture of carbon dioxide and at least one other gas. 13. The process according to claim 2, wherein the amount of CO2 used, in mol, to produce 1 mol of the at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate in the aqueous solution is from 0.5 to 4 mol. 14. The process according to claim 2, wherein the amount of CO2 used, in mol, to produce 1 mol of the at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate in the aqueous solution is from 0.5 to 2.5 mol. 15. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate and that is obtained in step e) has a hardness from 5 to 130° dH. 16. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate and that is obtained in step e) has a hardness from 10 to 60° dH. 17. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate and that is obtained in step e) has a calcium concentration, as calcium carbonate, from 1 to 700 mg/l. 18. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate and that is obtained in step e) has a calcium concentration, as calcium carbonate, from 50 to 650 mg/l. 19. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate that is obtained in step e) has a magnesium concentration, as magnesium carbonate, from 1 to 200 mg/l. 20. The process according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate that is obtained in step e) has a magnesium concentration, as magnesium carbonate, from 2 to 150 mg/l. 21. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate that is obtained in step e) has a turbidity value of lower than 1.0 NTU. 22. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate that is obtained in step e) has a turbidity value of lower than 0.5 NTU. 23. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution obtained in step e) comprises:
(x) a calcium hydrogen carbonate, preferably with a calcium concentration of 25 to 150 mg/l, as calcium carbonate, or (xx) a magnesium hydrogen carbonate, preferably with a magnesium concentration of >0 to 50 mg/l, or (xxx) a mixture of a calcium and a magnesium hydrogen carbonate, preferably in a total calcium and magnesium concentration of 25 to 200 mg/l, as calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate. 24. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution obtained in step e) comprises:
a calcium hydrogen carbonate with a calcium concentration of 45 mg/l, as calcium carbonate, or a mixture of a calcium and a magnesium hydrogen carbonate with a calcium concentration of 80 to 120 mg/l, as calcium carbonate, and a magnesium concentration of 20 to 30 mg/l, as magnesium carbonate. 25. The process according to claim 2, where the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate of step II) has a hardness that is at least 3° dH higher than the hardness of the feed water of step I). 26. The process according to claim 2, where the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate of step II) has a hardness that is at least 5° dH higher than the hardness of the feed water of step I). 27. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate of step II) has a hardness of at least 15 dH. | The present invention refers to a process for the preparation of an aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate and its uses.1. A process for the mineralization of water comprising the following steps:
(I) providing feed water, (II) providing an aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate, and (III) combining the feed water of step I) and the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate of step II) in order to obtain mineralized water. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate in step II) is obtained by the process comprising the steps of:
a) providing water, b) providing at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and optionally at least one earth alkali hydroxide in a minor amount in respect to the earth alkali carbonate, the at least one substance being in a dry form or in an aqueous form, c) providing CO2, d) combining either:
(i) the water of step a), the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) and the CO2 of step c), or
(ii) the water of step a) and the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) in order to obtain an alkaline aqueous suspension of the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide, and subsequently combining the alkaline aqueous suspension with the CO2 of step c)
in order to obtain a resulting suspension S having a pH of between 6 and 9, the resulting suspension S containing particles,
e) filtering at least a part of the resulting suspension S that is obtained in step d) by passing the resulting suspension S through a filtering device in order to obtain the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate, wherein the particles of the resulting suspension S that is obtained in step d) represent a total particle surface area (SSAtotal) that is >20,000 m2/tonne of the resulting suspension S, and with the proviso that an addition of the CO2 of step c) does not take place before an addition of the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b). 3. The process according to claim 2, wherein the particles of the resulting suspension S represent a total particle surface area (SSAtotal) that is in the range of 25,000-2,000,000 m2/tonne of the resulting suspension S. 4. The process according to claim 2, wherein the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) is selected from the group consisting of marble, limestone, chalk, half burnt lime, burnt lime, dolomitic limestone, calcareous dolomite, half burnt dolomite, burnt dolomite, a precipitated earth alkali carbonate, and precipitated calcium carbonate. 5. The process according to claim 2, wherein the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) has a weight median particle size (d50) in the range of 0.1 μm to 50 μm. 6. The process according to claim 2, wherein the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) has a weight median particle size (d50) in the range of 0.5 μm to 5 μm. 7. The process according to claim 2, wherein the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) has a specific surface area (SSA) in the range of 0.01 to 200 m2/g. 8. The process according to claim 2, wherein the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) has a specific surface area (SSA) in the range of 1 to 100 m2/g. 9. The process according to claim 2, wherein the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) has an HCl insoluble content from 0.05 to 15 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the dry substance. 10. The process according to claim 2, wherein the resulting suspension S that is obtained in step d) has a solids content in the range from 1 to 80 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the resulting suspension S. 11. The process according to claim 2, wherein the resulting suspension S that is obtained in step d) has a solids content in the range from 3 to 50 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the resulting suspension S. 12. The process according to claim 2, wherein the CO2 of step c) is gaseous carbon dioxide, liquid carbon dioxide, solid carbon dioxide or a gaseous mixture of carbon dioxide and at least one other gas. 13. The process according to claim 2, wherein the amount of CO2 used, in mol, to produce 1 mol of the at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate in the aqueous solution is from 0.5 to 4 mol. 14. The process according to claim 2, wherein the amount of CO2 used, in mol, to produce 1 mol of the at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate in the aqueous solution is from 0.5 to 2.5 mol. 15. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate and that is obtained in step e) has a hardness from 5 to 130° dH. 16. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate and that is obtained in step e) has a hardness from 10 to 60° dH. 17. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate and that is obtained in step e) has a calcium concentration, as calcium carbonate, from 1 to 700 mg/l. 18. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate and that is obtained in step e) has a calcium concentration, as calcium carbonate, from 50 to 650 mg/l. 19. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate that is obtained in step e) has a magnesium concentration, as magnesium carbonate, from 1 to 200 mg/l. 20. The process according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate that is obtained in step e) has a magnesium concentration, as magnesium carbonate, from 2 to 150 mg/l. 21. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate that is obtained in step e) has a turbidity value of lower than 1.0 NTU. 22. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate that is obtained in step e) has a turbidity value of lower than 0.5 NTU. 23. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution obtained in step e) comprises:
(x) a calcium hydrogen carbonate, preferably with a calcium concentration of 25 to 150 mg/l, as calcium carbonate, or (xx) a magnesium hydrogen carbonate, preferably with a magnesium concentration of >0 to 50 mg/l, or (xxx) a mixture of a calcium and a magnesium hydrogen carbonate, preferably in a total calcium and magnesium concentration of 25 to 200 mg/l, as calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate. 24. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution obtained in step e) comprises:
a calcium hydrogen carbonate with a calcium concentration of 45 mg/l, as calcium carbonate, or a mixture of a calcium and a magnesium hydrogen carbonate with a calcium concentration of 80 to 120 mg/l, as calcium carbonate, and a magnesium concentration of 20 to 30 mg/l, as magnesium carbonate. 25. The process according to claim 2, where the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate of step II) has a hardness that is at least 3° dH higher than the hardness of the feed water of step I). 26. The process according to claim 2, where the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate of step II) has a hardness that is at least 5° dH higher than the hardness of the feed water of step I). 27. The process according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate of step II) has a hardness of at least 15 dH. | 1,700 |
4,228 | 14,366,060 | 1,777 | The present invention refers to a process for the preparation of an aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate and its uses. The process is carried out in a reactor system that comprises a tank ( 1 ) equipped with a stirrer ( 2 ) and at least one filtering device ( 4 ). | 1. Process for the preparation of an aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate, the process comprising the steps of:
a) providing water, b) providing at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and optionally at least one earth alkali hydroxide in a minor amount in respect to the earth alkali carbonate, the at least one substance being in a dry form or in an aqueous form, c) providing CO2, d) combining either:
(i) the water of step a), the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) and the CO2 of step c), or
(ii) the water of step a) and the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) in order to obtain an alkaline aqueous suspension of the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide, and subsequently combining the alkaline aqueous suspension with the CO2 of step c)
in order to obtain a resulting suspension S having a pH of between 6 and 9, the resulting suspension S containing particles,
e) filtering at least a part of the resulting suspension S that is obtained in step d) by passing the resulting suspension S through a filtering device in order to obtain the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate, wherein the particles of the resulting suspension S that is obtained in step d) represent a total particle surface area (SSAtotal) that is >20 000 m2/tonne of the resulting suspension S, and with the proviso that an addition of the CO2 of step c) does not take place before an addition of the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b). 2. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the particles of the resulting suspension S represent a total particle surface area (SSAtotal) that is in the range of 25 000-5 000 000 m2/tonne, more preferably in the range of 50 000-2 000 000 m2/tonne, most preferably in the range of 200 000-600 000 m2/tonne of the resulting suspension S. 3. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) is selected from the group comprising marble, limestone, chalk, half burnt lime, burnt lime, dolomitic limestone, calcareous dolomite, half burnt dolomite, burnt dolomite, and precipitated earth alkali carbonates such as precipitated calcium carbonate. 4. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) has a weight median particle size (d50) in the range of 0.1 μm to 50 μm, and preferably in the range of 0.5 μm to 5 μm. 5. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) has a specific surface area (SSA) in the range of 0.01 to 200 m2/g, and preferably in the range of 1 to 100 m2/g. 6. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) has an HCl insoluble content from 0.02 to 90 wt.-%, preferably from 0.05 to 15 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the dry substance. 7. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the resulting suspension S that is obtained in step d) has a solids content in the range from 1 to 80 wt.-%, preferably in the range of 3 to 50 wt.-%, more preferably in the range of 5 to 35 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the resulting suspension S. 8. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the water of step a) is selected from distilled water, tap water, desalinated water, brine, treated wastewater or natural water such as ground water, surface water or rainfall. 9. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the CO2 of step c) is selected from gaseous carbon dioxide, liquid carbon dioxide, solid carbon dioxide or a gaseous mixture of carbon dioxide and at least one other gas, and is preferably gaseous carbon dioxide. 10. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the amount of CO2 used, in mol, to produce 1 mol of the at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate in the aqueous solution is in the range of 0.5 to 4 mol, preferably in the range of 0.5 to 2.5 mol, more preferably in the range of 0.5 to 1.0 mol, and most preferably in the range of 0.5 to 0.65 mol. 11. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate and that is obtained in step e) has a hardness from 5 to 130°dH, preferably from 10 to 60°dH, most preferably from 15 to 50°dH. 12. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate and that is obtained in step e) has a pH in the range of 6.5 to 9, preferably in the range of 6.7 to 7.9, and most preferably in the range of 6.9 to 7.7, at 20° C. 13. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate and that is obtained in step e) has a calcium concentration, as calcium carbonate, from 1 to 700 mg/l, preferably from 50 to 650 mg/l, and most preferably from 70 to 630 mg/l. 14. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate that is obtained in step e) has a magnesium concentration, as magnesium carbonate, from 1 to 200 mg/l, preferably from 2 to 150 mg/l, and most preferably from 3 to 125 mg/l. 15. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate that is obtained in step e) has a turbidity value of lower than 1.0 NTU, preferably of lower than 0.5 NTU, and most preferably of lower than 0.3 NTU. 16. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that at least step d) is carried out at a temperature that is in a range of 5 to 55° C., and preferably in a range of 20 to 45° C. 17. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the aqueous solution obtained in step e) comprises:
(x) a calcium hydrogen carbonate, preferably with a calcium concentration of 25 to 150 mg/l, as calcium carbonate, or (xx) a magnesium hydrogen carbonate, preferably with a magnesium concentration of >0 to 50 mg/l, or (xxx) a mixture of a calcium and a magnesium hydrogen carbonate, preferably in a total calcium and magnesium concentration of 25 to 200 mg/l, as calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate. 18. Process according to claim 17, characterized in that the aqueous solution obtained in step e) comprises:
a calcium hydrogen carbonate with a calcium concentration of 45 mg/l, as calcium carbonate, or a mixture of a calcium and a magnesium hydrogen carbonate with a calcium concentration of 80 to 120 mg/l, as calcium carbonate, and a magnesium concentration of 20 to 30 mg/l, as magnesium carbonate. 19. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that it is a continuous process. 20. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the filtering device of step e) is a membrane filter. 21. Process according to claim 20, characterized in that the filtering device is a tube membrane filter with a pore size of between 0.02 μm and 0.5 μm, and preferably of between 0.05 and 0.2 μm. 22. (canceled) 23. (canceled) 24. Process for the mineralization of water comprising the following steps:
I) providing feed water, II) providing an aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate, and III) combining the feed water of step I) and the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate of step II) in order to obtain mineralized water. 25. Process according to claim 24, characterized in that the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate of step II) has a hardness that is at least 3°dH, and preferably at least 5°dH higher than the hardness of the feed water of step I). 26. Process according to claim 25, characterized in that the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate of step II) has a hardness of at least 15 dH. 27. Process for the production of a precipitated earth alkali carbonate, the process comprising the following steps:
IV) providing an aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate, and V) heating the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate of step IV) in order to obtain the precipitated earth alkali carbonate, and/or VI) adding at least one earth alkali hydroxide or earth alkali oxide to the solution of step IV) to obtain the precipitated earth alkali carbonate. 28. Process according to claim 27, characterized in that the precipitated earth alkali carbonate is selected from among an amorphous earth alkali carbonate, such as amorphous calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate, crystalline calcium carbonate in the calcitic, the aragonitic or the vateritic form, magnesite and hydromagnesite, or is a mixture of the aforementioned. 29. The process according to claim 27, wherein the precipitated earth alkali carbonate is a precipitated calcium carbonate and/or hydromagnesite. | The present invention refers to a process for the preparation of an aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate and its uses. The process is carried out in a reactor system that comprises a tank ( 1 ) equipped with a stirrer ( 2 ) and at least one filtering device ( 4 ).1. Process for the preparation of an aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate, the process comprising the steps of:
a) providing water, b) providing at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and optionally at least one earth alkali hydroxide in a minor amount in respect to the earth alkali carbonate, the at least one substance being in a dry form or in an aqueous form, c) providing CO2, d) combining either:
(i) the water of step a), the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) and the CO2 of step c), or
(ii) the water of step a) and the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) in order to obtain an alkaline aqueous suspension of the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide, and subsequently combining the alkaline aqueous suspension with the CO2 of step c)
in order to obtain a resulting suspension S having a pH of between 6 and 9, the resulting suspension S containing particles,
e) filtering at least a part of the resulting suspension S that is obtained in step d) by passing the resulting suspension S through a filtering device in order to obtain the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate, wherein the particles of the resulting suspension S that is obtained in step d) represent a total particle surface area (SSAtotal) that is >20 000 m2/tonne of the resulting suspension S, and with the proviso that an addition of the CO2 of step c) does not take place before an addition of the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b). 2. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the particles of the resulting suspension S represent a total particle surface area (SSAtotal) that is in the range of 25 000-5 000 000 m2/tonne, more preferably in the range of 50 000-2 000 000 m2/tonne, most preferably in the range of 200 000-600 000 m2/tonne of the resulting suspension S. 3. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) is selected from the group comprising marble, limestone, chalk, half burnt lime, burnt lime, dolomitic limestone, calcareous dolomite, half burnt dolomite, burnt dolomite, and precipitated earth alkali carbonates such as precipitated calcium carbonate. 4. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) has a weight median particle size (d50) in the range of 0.1 μm to 50 μm, and preferably in the range of 0.5 μm to 5 μm. 5. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) has a specific surface area (SSA) in the range of 0.01 to 200 m2/g, and preferably in the range of 1 to 100 m2/g. 6. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least one substance comprising at least one earth alkali carbonate and the optional at least one earth alkali hydroxide of step b) has an HCl insoluble content from 0.02 to 90 wt.-%, preferably from 0.05 to 15 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the dry substance. 7. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the resulting suspension S that is obtained in step d) has a solids content in the range from 1 to 80 wt.-%, preferably in the range of 3 to 50 wt.-%, more preferably in the range of 5 to 35 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the resulting suspension S. 8. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the water of step a) is selected from distilled water, tap water, desalinated water, brine, treated wastewater or natural water such as ground water, surface water or rainfall. 9. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the CO2 of step c) is selected from gaseous carbon dioxide, liquid carbon dioxide, solid carbon dioxide or a gaseous mixture of carbon dioxide and at least one other gas, and is preferably gaseous carbon dioxide. 10. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the amount of CO2 used, in mol, to produce 1 mol of the at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate in the aqueous solution is in the range of 0.5 to 4 mol, preferably in the range of 0.5 to 2.5 mol, more preferably in the range of 0.5 to 1.0 mol, and most preferably in the range of 0.5 to 0.65 mol. 11. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate and that is obtained in step e) has a hardness from 5 to 130°dH, preferably from 10 to 60°dH, most preferably from 15 to 50°dH. 12. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate and that is obtained in step e) has a pH in the range of 6.5 to 9, preferably in the range of 6.7 to 7.9, and most preferably in the range of 6.9 to 7.7, at 20° C. 13. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate and that is obtained in step e) has a calcium concentration, as calcium carbonate, from 1 to 700 mg/l, preferably from 50 to 650 mg/l, and most preferably from 70 to 630 mg/l. 14. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate that is obtained in step e) has a magnesium concentration, as magnesium carbonate, from 1 to 200 mg/l, preferably from 2 to 150 mg/l, and most preferably from 3 to 125 mg/l. 15. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate that is obtained in step e) has a turbidity value of lower than 1.0 NTU, preferably of lower than 0.5 NTU, and most preferably of lower than 0.3 NTU. 16. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that at least step d) is carried out at a temperature that is in a range of 5 to 55° C., and preferably in a range of 20 to 45° C. 17. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the aqueous solution obtained in step e) comprises:
(x) a calcium hydrogen carbonate, preferably with a calcium concentration of 25 to 150 mg/l, as calcium carbonate, or (xx) a magnesium hydrogen carbonate, preferably with a magnesium concentration of >0 to 50 mg/l, or (xxx) a mixture of a calcium and a magnesium hydrogen carbonate, preferably in a total calcium and magnesium concentration of 25 to 200 mg/l, as calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate. 18. Process according to claim 17, characterized in that the aqueous solution obtained in step e) comprises:
a calcium hydrogen carbonate with a calcium concentration of 45 mg/l, as calcium carbonate, or a mixture of a calcium and a magnesium hydrogen carbonate with a calcium concentration of 80 to 120 mg/l, as calcium carbonate, and a magnesium concentration of 20 to 30 mg/l, as magnesium carbonate. 19. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that it is a continuous process. 20. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the filtering device of step e) is a membrane filter. 21. Process according to claim 20, characterized in that the filtering device is a tube membrane filter with a pore size of between 0.02 μm and 0.5 μm, and preferably of between 0.05 and 0.2 μm. 22. (canceled) 23. (canceled) 24. Process for the mineralization of water comprising the following steps:
I) providing feed water, II) providing an aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate, and III) combining the feed water of step I) and the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate of step II) in order to obtain mineralized water. 25. Process according to claim 24, characterized in that the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate of step II) has a hardness that is at least 3°dH, and preferably at least 5°dH higher than the hardness of the feed water of step I). 26. Process according to claim 25, characterized in that the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate of step II) has a hardness of at least 15 dH. 27. Process for the production of a precipitated earth alkali carbonate, the process comprising the following steps:
IV) providing an aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate, and V) heating the aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate of step IV) in order to obtain the precipitated earth alkali carbonate, and/or VI) adding at least one earth alkali hydroxide or earth alkali oxide to the solution of step IV) to obtain the precipitated earth alkali carbonate. 28. Process according to claim 27, characterized in that the precipitated earth alkali carbonate is selected from among an amorphous earth alkali carbonate, such as amorphous calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate, crystalline calcium carbonate in the calcitic, the aragonitic or the vateritic form, magnesite and hydromagnesite, or is a mixture of the aforementioned. 29. The process according to claim 27, wherein the precipitated earth alkali carbonate is a precipitated calcium carbonate and/or hydromagnesite. | 1,700 |
4,229 | 16,526,459 | 1,792 | Aspects described herein provide a novel wearable candy device that is configured to support a candy and/or other confectionery product. The wearable candy device includes one or more building toy attachment points, some of which may be covered by the candy. After the consumer eats the candy, the attachment points may be exposed and the consumer is left with a wearable device that they can attach building toy figurines and blocks to. Thus, the consumer gets to enjoy the candy but also gets to later enjoy a wearable platform for use in playing with building toys. | 1. A wearable candy device comprising:
an accessory article configured to be worn on a body of a user; a support platform attached to the accessory article; a first protrusion located on a top portion of the support platform and centrally located on the top portion of the support platform, wherein the first protrusion supports a confectionery product mounted thereon and comprises a primary building toy attachment point located at a top end of the first protrusion and within the confectionery product; and one or more auxiliary building toy attachment points located on the top portion of the support platform and located circumferentially on the top portion of the support platform, wherein each building toy attachment point, of the primary building toy attachment point and the one or more auxiliary building toy attachment points, comprises one or more protruding studs having a shape adapted to frictionally engage with a recessed receptacle of a building toy. 2. (canceled) 3. The wearable candy device of claim 1, wherein the accessory article comprises a ring configured to be worn on a finger of the user. 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. The wearable candy device of claim 1, wherein the first protrusion is wider at the top end than at a mid-point along a length of the first protrusion. 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. The wearable candy device of claim 1, wherein a first auxiliary building toy attachment point of the one or more auxiliary building toy attachment points has a different building toy attachment point configuration relative to a second auxiliary building toy attachment point of the one or more auxiliary building toy attachment points. 10. The wearable candy device of claim 9, wherein:
the first auxiliary building toy attachment point comprises two protruding studs in a 2×1 configuration; and the second auxiliary building toy attachment point comprises 4 protruding studs in a 2×2 configuration. 11. The wearable candy device of claim 1, wherein the confectionery product prevents access to the primary building toy attachment point until the confectionery product is consumed. 12. The wearable candy device of claim 1, wherein the confectionery product prevents access to the one or more auxiliary building toy attachment points until the confectionery product is at least partially consumed. 13. The wearable candy device of claim 1, wherein the confectionery product comprises a hard candy. 14. The wearable candy device of claim 1, wherein the confectionery product comprises a frozen confectionery. 15. A wearable candy device comprising:
a ring configured to be worn on a finger; a support platform attached to the ring; a first protrusion located on a top portion of the support platform, wherein the first protrusion supports a confectionery product mounted thereon and comprises a primary building toy attachment point located at a top end of the first protrusion and within the confectionery product; one or more auxiliary building toy attachment points located on the support platform; and the confectionery product, mounted on the first protrusion, wherein the primary building toy attachment point is located within the confectionery product on the first protrusion and wherein the confectionery product prevents access to the primary building toy attachment point until the confectionery product is consumed wherein each building toy attachment point, of the primary building toy attachment point and the one or more auxiliary building toy attachment points, comprises one or more protruding studs adapted to frictionally engage with a recessed receptacle of a building toy. 16. (canceled) 17. The wearable candy device of claim 15, wherein the first protrusion is wider at the top end than at a mid-point along a length of the first protrusion. 18. The wearable candy device of claim 15, wherein the confectionery product prevents access to the one or more auxiliary building toy attachment points until the confectionery product is at least partially consumed. 19. The wearable candy device of claim 15, wherein the confectionery product comprises a hard candy. 20. A wearable candy device comprising:
an accessory article configured to be worn on a body of a user; a support platform attached to the accessory article; A first protrusion located on a top portion of the support platform and centrally located on the top portion of the support platform, wherein the first protrusion supports a confectionery product mounted thereon and comprises a primary building toy attachment point located at a top end of the first protrusion; one or more auxiliary building toy attachment points located on the support platform; and the confectionery product, mounted on the first protrusion, wherein the primary building toy attachment point is located within the confectionery product on the first protrusion and wherein the confectionery product prevents access to the primary building toy attachment point until the confectionery product is consumed, wherein each building toy attachment point, of the primary building toy attachment point and the one or more auxiliary building toy attachment points, comprises one or more protruding studs having a shape adapted to frictionally engage with a recessed receptacle of a building toy. 21. The wearable candy device of claim 20, wherein the first protrusion is wider at the top end than at a mid-point along a length of the first protrusion. 22. The wearable candy device of claim 20, wherein the confectionery product comprises a hard candy. 23. The wearable candy device of claim 20, wherein the confectionery product comprises a frozen confectionery. | Aspects described herein provide a novel wearable candy device that is configured to support a candy and/or other confectionery product. The wearable candy device includes one or more building toy attachment points, some of which may be covered by the candy. After the consumer eats the candy, the attachment points may be exposed and the consumer is left with a wearable device that they can attach building toy figurines and blocks to. Thus, the consumer gets to enjoy the candy but also gets to later enjoy a wearable platform for use in playing with building toys.1. A wearable candy device comprising:
an accessory article configured to be worn on a body of a user; a support platform attached to the accessory article; a first protrusion located on a top portion of the support platform and centrally located on the top portion of the support platform, wherein the first protrusion supports a confectionery product mounted thereon and comprises a primary building toy attachment point located at a top end of the first protrusion and within the confectionery product; and one or more auxiliary building toy attachment points located on the top portion of the support platform and located circumferentially on the top portion of the support platform, wherein each building toy attachment point, of the primary building toy attachment point and the one or more auxiliary building toy attachment points, comprises one or more protruding studs having a shape adapted to frictionally engage with a recessed receptacle of a building toy. 2. (canceled) 3. The wearable candy device of claim 1, wherein the accessory article comprises a ring configured to be worn on a finger of the user. 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. The wearable candy device of claim 1, wherein the first protrusion is wider at the top end than at a mid-point along a length of the first protrusion. 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. The wearable candy device of claim 1, wherein a first auxiliary building toy attachment point of the one or more auxiliary building toy attachment points has a different building toy attachment point configuration relative to a second auxiliary building toy attachment point of the one or more auxiliary building toy attachment points. 10. The wearable candy device of claim 9, wherein:
the first auxiliary building toy attachment point comprises two protruding studs in a 2×1 configuration; and the second auxiliary building toy attachment point comprises 4 protruding studs in a 2×2 configuration. 11. The wearable candy device of claim 1, wherein the confectionery product prevents access to the primary building toy attachment point until the confectionery product is consumed. 12. The wearable candy device of claim 1, wherein the confectionery product prevents access to the one or more auxiliary building toy attachment points until the confectionery product is at least partially consumed. 13. The wearable candy device of claim 1, wherein the confectionery product comprises a hard candy. 14. The wearable candy device of claim 1, wherein the confectionery product comprises a frozen confectionery. 15. A wearable candy device comprising:
a ring configured to be worn on a finger; a support platform attached to the ring; a first protrusion located on a top portion of the support platform, wherein the first protrusion supports a confectionery product mounted thereon and comprises a primary building toy attachment point located at a top end of the first protrusion and within the confectionery product; one or more auxiliary building toy attachment points located on the support platform; and the confectionery product, mounted on the first protrusion, wherein the primary building toy attachment point is located within the confectionery product on the first protrusion and wherein the confectionery product prevents access to the primary building toy attachment point until the confectionery product is consumed wherein each building toy attachment point, of the primary building toy attachment point and the one or more auxiliary building toy attachment points, comprises one or more protruding studs adapted to frictionally engage with a recessed receptacle of a building toy. 16. (canceled) 17. The wearable candy device of claim 15, wherein the first protrusion is wider at the top end than at a mid-point along a length of the first protrusion. 18. The wearable candy device of claim 15, wherein the confectionery product prevents access to the one or more auxiliary building toy attachment points until the confectionery product is at least partially consumed. 19. The wearable candy device of claim 15, wherein the confectionery product comprises a hard candy. 20. A wearable candy device comprising:
an accessory article configured to be worn on a body of a user; a support platform attached to the accessory article; A first protrusion located on a top portion of the support platform and centrally located on the top portion of the support platform, wherein the first protrusion supports a confectionery product mounted thereon and comprises a primary building toy attachment point located at a top end of the first protrusion; one or more auxiliary building toy attachment points located on the support platform; and the confectionery product, mounted on the first protrusion, wherein the primary building toy attachment point is located within the confectionery product on the first protrusion and wherein the confectionery product prevents access to the primary building toy attachment point until the confectionery product is consumed, wherein each building toy attachment point, of the primary building toy attachment point and the one or more auxiliary building toy attachment points, comprises one or more protruding studs having a shape adapted to frictionally engage with a recessed receptacle of a building toy. 21. The wearable candy device of claim 20, wherein the first protrusion is wider at the top end than at a mid-point along a length of the first protrusion. 22. The wearable candy device of claim 20, wherein the confectionery product comprises a hard candy. 23. The wearable candy device of claim 20, wherein the confectionery product comprises a frozen confectionery. | 1,700 |
4,230 | 14,744,242 | 1,796 | Products that are sugar-free, or are low in sugar (or low in artificial sweeteners), are disclosed herein that comprise extracts from the leaves of the Erythroxylum plant, and one or more plant products, such as cocoa powder, wherein the perceived bitterness of the plant product(s) is reduced. Extracts from other plants, such as Hibiscus and Valerian root, can be used to reduce perceived bitterness. | 1. A cocoa-based foodstuff having reduced bitterness to taste, comprising:
i) C grams of unsweetened cocoa; ii) AL grams of at least one coca alkaloid, said at least one coca alkaloid being effective to reduce the bitterness of said unsweetened cocoa; iii) F grams of fat and S grams of sugar with (F+S)≦C. 2. The cocoa-based foodstuff of claim 1, wherein the ratio AL/(C+F+S)≦0.003. 3. The cocoa-based foodstuff of claim 1, wherein said at least one coca alkaloid is derived from a natural source. 4. The cocoa-based foodstuff of claim 3, wherein said natural source is at least one member of the plant genus Erythroxylum. 5. The cocoa-based foodstuff of claim 4, wherein said member is selected from the group consisting of: Erythroxylum coca, Erythroxylum novogranatense, and Erythroxylum brevipes. 6. The cocoa-based foodstuff of claim 1, further comprising: at least one flavor enhancing agent selected from the group consisting of: methyl benzoate, methyl cinnammate, and truxillic acid dimethyl ester. 7. The cocoa-based foodstuff of claim 1, wherein said at least one coca alkaloid is selected from the group consisting of: benzoylmethylecgonine, methylecgonine, methylecgonine cinnamate, benzoylecgonine, truxilline, hydroxytropacocaine, tropacocaine, ecgonine, cuscohygrine, dihydrocuscohygrine, nicotine, hygrine, and analogs thereof effective to reduce bitterness of cocoa, individually or in combination. 8. The cocoa-based foodstuff of claim 1, wherein said fat is selected from the group consisting of cocoa butter, a milk fat, plant oil, an animal fat or a fat substitute. 9. The cocoa-based foodstuff of claim 1, further comprising SP grams of at least one supplement selected from the group consisting of: phytosterols, L-theanine, n-acetylcysteine, 5′-ribonucleogides, taurine, mulberry, xanthohumol, hesperidins, glycomacropeptide, alpha lipoic acid, omega-3 fatty acids, omega-6 fatty acids, soy lecithin, gum Arabic, polysorbate 80, tocopherol, vanilla, vanillin, taurine, artificial flavors, probiotic cultures, green tea extracts, carrageenan, cinnamon, saw palmetto, rhodiola, red yeast rice, strawberries, and ginseng; wherein the ratio AL/(C+F+S+P) is approximately equal to or less than the ratio of the maximum allowable amount of coca alkaloid that can be legally used in said foodstuff. 10. The cocoa-based foodstuff of claim 1, further comprising P grams of at least one protein; wherein the ratio AL/(C+F+S+P) is approximately equal to or less than the ratio of the maximum allowable amount of coca alkaloid that can be legally used in said foodstuff. 11. The cocoa-based foodstuff of claim 10, wherein said at least one protein is derived from a protein source selected from the group consisting of: quinoa, amaranth, soy, powdered egg components, spirulina, whey and casein. 12. The cocoa-based foodstuff of claim 1, further comprising L grams of at least one liquid; wherein the ratio AL/(C+F+S+L) is approximately equal to or less than the ratio of the maximum allowable amount of coca alkaloid that can be legally used in said foodstuff. 13. The cocoa-based foodstuff of claim 12, wherein said at least one liquid is selected from the group consisting of: water, green tea, black tea, coffee, animal milk, plant milk, and a fruit juice. 14. (canceled) 15. (canceled) 16. (canceled) 17. (canceled) 18. (canceled) | Products that are sugar-free, or are low in sugar (or low in artificial sweeteners), are disclosed herein that comprise extracts from the leaves of the Erythroxylum plant, and one or more plant products, such as cocoa powder, wherein the perceived bitterness of the plant product(s) is reduced. Extracts from other plants, such as Hibiscus and Valerian root, can be used to reduce perceived bitterness.1. A cocoa-based foodstuff having reduced bitterness to taste, comprising:
i) C grams of unsweetened cocoa; ii) AL grams of at least one coca alkaloid, said at least one coca alkaloid being effective to reduce the bitterness of said unsweetened cocoa; iii) F grams of fat and S grams of sugar with (F+S)≦C. 2. The cocoa-based foodstuff of claim 1, wherein the ratio AL/(C+F+S)≦0.003. 3. The cocoa-based foodstuff of claim 1, wherein said at least one coca alkaloid is derived from a natural source. 4. The cocoa-based foodstuff of claim 3, wherein said natural source is at least one member of the plant genus Erythroxylum. 5. The cocoa-based foodstuff of claim 4, wherein said member is selected from the group consisting of: Erythroxylum coca, Erythroxylum novogranatense, and Erythroxylum brevipes. 6. The cocoa-based foodstuff of claim 1, further comprising: at least one flavor enhancing agent selected from the group consisting of: methyl benzoate, methyl cinnammate, and truxillic acid dimethyl ester. 7. The cocoa-based foodstuff of claim 1, wherein said at least one coca alkaloid is selected from the group consisting of: benzoylmethylecgonine, methylecgonine, methylecgonine cinnamate, benzoylecgonine, truxilline, hydroxytropacocaine, tropacocaine, ecgonine, cuscohygrine, dihydrocuscohygrine, nicotine, hygrine, and analogs thereof effective to reduce bitterness of cocoa, individually or in combination. 8. The cocoa-based foodstuff of claim 1, wherein said fat is selected from the group consisting of cocoa butter, a milk fat, plant oil, an animal fat or a fat substitute. 9. The cocoa-based foodstuff of claim 1, further comprising SP grams of at least one supplement selected from the group consisting of: phytosterols, L-theanine, n-acetylcysteine, 5′-ribonucleogides, taurine, mulberry, xanthohumol, hesperidins, glycomacropeptide, alpha lipoic acid, omega-3 fatty acids, omega-6 fatty acids, soy lecithin, gum Arabic, polysorbate 80, tocopherol, vanilla, vanillin, taurine, artificial flavors, probiotic cultures, green tea extracts, carrageenan, cinnamon, saw palmetto, rhodiola, red yeast rice, strawberries, and ginseng; wherein the ratio AL/(C+F+S+P) is approximately equal to or less than the ratio of the maximum allowable amount of coca alkaloid that can be legally used in said foodstuff. 10. The cocoa-based foodstuff of claim 1, further comprising P grams of at least one protein; wherein the ratio AL/(C+F+S+P) is approximately equal to or less than the ratio of the maximum allowable amount of coca alkaloid that can be legally used in said foodstuff. 11. The cocoa-based foodstuff of claim 10, wherein said at least one protein is derived from a protein source selected from the group consisting of: quinoa, amaranth, soy, powdered egg components, spirulina, whey and casein. 12. The cocoa-based foodstuff of claim 1, further comprising L grams of at least one liquid; wherein the ratio AL/(C+F+S+L) is approximately equal to or less than the ratio of the maximum allowable amount of coca alkaloid that can be legally used in said foodstuff. 13. The cocoa-based foodstuff of claim 12, wherein said at least one liquid is selected from the group consisting of: water, green tea, black tea, coffee, animal milk, plant milk, and a fruit juice. 14. (canceled) 15. (canceled) 16. (canceled) 17. (canceled) 18. (canceled) | 1,700 |
4,231 | 15,507,005 | 1,783 | A laminated glass article has a first layer having a first ion exchange diffusivity, D 0 , and a second layer adjacent to the first layer and having a second ion exchange diffusivity, D 1 . D 0 /D 1 is from about 1.2 to about 10, or D 0 /D 1 is from about 0.05 to about 0.95. A method for manufacturing the laminated glass article includes forming a first layer having a first ion exchange diffusivity, D 0 , and forming a second layer adjacent to the first layer and having a second ion exchange diffusivity, D 1 . The laminated glass article can be strengthened by an ion exchange process to form a strengthened laminated glass article having a compressive stress layer with a depth of layer from about 8 μm to about 100 μm. | 1. A laminated glass article comprising:
a first layer comprising a first ion exchange diffusivity, D0; and a second layer adjacent to the first layer and comprising a second ion exchange diffusivity, D1, wherein D0/D1 is from about 1.2 to about 10. 2. The laminated glass article of claim 1, wherein the first layer is a core layer and the second layer is a clad layer. 3. The laminated glass article of claim 1, wherein the first layer is a first clad layer and the second layer is a second clad layer. 4. The laminated glass article of claim 1, wherein a central tension of the laminated glass article is less than a threshold central tension (TCT) calculated using formula (2):
TCT(MPa)=−38.7 (MPa/mm)·ln(t)(mm)+48.2 (MPa) (2),
wherein t represents a thickness of the laminated glass article. 5. The laminated glass article of claim 1, wherein the laminated glass article comprises a compressive stress layer with a depth of layer from about 8 μm to about 150 μm. 6. The laminated glass article of claim 5, wherein the depth of layer is from about 50 μm to about 150 μm. 7. The laminated glass article of claim 5, wherein the compressive stress layer has a maximum compressive stress from about 300 MPa to about 1000 MPa. 8. The laminated glass article of claim 1, wherein a thickness of the laminated glass article is from about 0.075 mm to about 4 mm. 9. The laminated glass article of claim 8, wherein the thickness of the laminated glass article is from about 0.3 mm to about 2 mm. 10. The laminated glass article of claim 1, wherein a thickness of the second layer is from about 3 μm to about 100 μm. 11. (canceled) 12. The laminated glass article of claim 1, wherein
D0/D1 is from about 5 to about 10, the laminated glass article comprises a compressive stress layer with a depth of layer that is from about 8 μm to about 80 μm, a maximum compressive stress in the compressive stress layer is from about 600 MPa to about 900 MPa, and a central tension of the laminated glass article is less than a threshold central tension (TCT) calculated using formula (2):
TCT(MPa)=−38.7 (MPa/mm)·ln(t)(mm)+48.2 (MPa) (2),
wherein t represents a thickness of the laminated glass article. 13. A method for manufacturing a laminated glass article, the method comprising:
forming a first layer having a first ion exchange diffusivity, D0; and forming a second layer adjacent to the first layer and having a second ion exchange diffusivity, D1; wherein D0/D1 is from about 1.2 to about 10. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the first layer is a core layer and the second layer is a clad layer. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the first layer is a first clad layer and the second layer is a second clad layer. 16. The method of claim 13, further comprising strengthening the laminated glass article by an ion exchange process to form a strengthened laminated glass article having a compressive stress layer with a depth of layer from about 8 μm to about 100 μm 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the strengthening the laminated glass article comprises immersing the laminated glass article in a substantially pure molten KNO3 bath for a duration from about 2 hours to about 16 hours at a temperature from about 370° C. to about 530° C. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the strengthening the laminated glass article comprises immersing the laminated glass article in a second molten KNO3 bath having an effective mole fraction of K+ of less than about 90% for a duration of about 0.2 hours to about 1 hour at a temperature of about 400° C. 19. The method of claim 13, wherein a thickness of the laminated glass article is from about 0.075 mm to about 4 mm. 20. (canceled) 21. The method of claim 13, wherein a thickness of the second layer is from about 3 μm to about 100 μm. 22. (canceled) 23. The method of claim 13, wherein
D0/D1 is from about 5 to about 10, the depth of layer is from about 8 μm to about 80 μm, a maximum compressive stress in the compressive stress layer is from about 500 MPa to about 900 MPa, and a central tension of the laminated glass article is less than a threshold central tension (TCT) calculated using formula (2):
TCT(MPa)=−38.7 (MPa/mm)·ln(t)(mm)+48.2 (MPa) (2),
wherein t represents the thickness of the laminated glass article. | A laminated glass article has a first layer having a first ion exchange diffusivity, D 0 , and a second layer adjacent to the first layer and having a second ion exchange diffusivity, D 1 . D 0 /D 1 is from about 1.2 to about 10, or D 0 /D 1 is from about 0.05 to about 0.95. A method for manufacturing the laminated glass article includes forming a first layer having a first ion exchange diffusivity, D 0 , and forming a second layer adjacent to the first layer and having a second ion exchange diffusivity, D 1 . The laminated glass article can be strengthened by an ion exchange process to form a strengthened laminated glass article having a compressive stress layer with a depth of layer from about 8 μm to about 100 μm.1. A laminated glass article comprising:
a first layer comprising a first ion exchange diffusivity, D0; and a second layer adjacent to the first layer and comprising a second ion exchange diffusivity, D1, wherein D0/D1 is from about 1.2 to about 10. 2. The laminated glass article of claim 1, wherein the first layer is a core layer and the second layer is a clad layer. 3. The laminated glass article of claim 1, wherein the first layer is a first clad layer and the second layer is a second clad layer. 4. The laminated glass article of claim 1, wherein a central tension of the laminated glass article is less than a threshold central tension (TCT) calculated using formula (2):
TCT(MPa)=−38.7 (MPa/mm)·ln(t)(mm)+48.2 (MPa) (2),
wherein t represents a thickness of the laminated glass article. 5. The laminated glass article of claim 1, wherein the laminated glass article comprises a compressive stress layer with a depth of layer from about 8 μm to about 150 μm. 6. The laminated glass article of claim 5, wherein the depth of layer is from about 50 μm to about 150 μm. 7. The laminated glass article of claim 5, wherein the compressive stress layer has a maximum compressive stress from about 300 MPa to about 1000 MPa. 8. The laminated glass article of claim 1, wherein a thickness of the laminated glass article is from about 0.075 mm to about 4 mm. 9. The laminated glass article of claim 8, wherein the thickness of the laminated glass article is from about 0.3 mm to about 2 mm. 10. The laminated glass article of claim 1, wherein a thickness of the second layer is from about 3 μm to about 100 μm. 11. (canceled) 12. The laminated glass article of claim 1, wherein
D0/D1 is from about 5 to about 10, the laminated glass article comprises a compressive stress layer with a depth of layer that is from about 8 μm to about 80 μm, a maximum compressive stress in the compressive stress layer is from about 600 MPa to about 900 MPa, and a central tension of the laminated glass article is less than a threshold central tension (TCT) calculated using formula (2):
TCT(MPa)=−38.7 (MPa/mm)·ln(t)(mm)+48.2 (MPa) (2),
wherein t represents a thickness of the laminated glass article. 13. A method for manufacturing a laminated glass article, the method comprising:
forming a first layer having a first ion exchange diffusivity, D0; and forming a second layer adjacent to the first layer and having a second ion exchange diffusivity, D1; wherein D0/D1 is from about 1.2 to about 10. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the first layer is a core layer and the second layer is a clad layer. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the first layer is a first clad layer and the second layer is a second clad layer. 16. The method of claim 13, further comprising strengthening the laminated glass article by an ion exchange process to form a strengthened laminated glass article having a compressive stress layer with a depth of layer from about 8 μm to about 100 μm 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the strengthening the laminated glass article comprises immersing the laminated glass article in a substantially pure molten KNO3 bath for a duration from about 2 hours to about 16 hours at a temperature from about 370° C. to about 530° C. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the strengthening the laminated glass article comprises immersing the laminated glass article in a second molten KNO3 bath having an effective mole fraction of K+ of less than about 90% for a duration of about 0.2 hours to about 1 hour at a temperature of about 400° C. 19. The method of claim 13, wherein a thickness of the laminated glass article is from about 0.075 mm to about 4 mm. 20. (canceled) 21. The method of claim 13, wherein a thickness of the second layer is from about 3 μm to about 100 μm. 22. (canceled) 23. The method of claim 13, wherein
D0/D1 is from about 5 to about 10, the depth of layer is from about 8 μm to about 80 μm, a maximum compressive stress in the compressive stress layer is from about 500 MPa to about 900 MPa, and a central tension of the laminated glass article is less than a threshold central tension (TCT) calculated using formula (2):
TCT(MPa)=−38.7 (MPa/mm)·ln(t)(mm)+48.2 (MPa) (2),
wherein t represents the thickness of the laminated glass article. | 1,700 |
4,232 | 15,563,767 | 1,778 | In the non-volatile storage unit ( 341 ) of the local control unit ( 34 ) of each unit ( 3 to 6 ) configuring an LC system, periodic inspection information, such as the installation date and the next inspection scheduled date, is stored at an appropriate time. When an analysis is carried out, in the system control unit ( 2 ) which controls each unit, a periodic inspection notification processing unit ( 211 ) collects periodic inspection information from each unit ( 3 to 7 ) upon power on or start up, compares the next inspection scheduled date with the current time by the real-time clock ( 212 ), and determines a unit for which a periodic inspection notification is required. If there is a unit that requires a periodic inspection notification, a notification request is sent to the unit, and the local control unit ( 34 ) of the unit outputs an indication prompting periodic inspection to the display unit ( 35 ). As a result, even if the installation times are different for each unit and even if each unit does not have a real-time clock, it is possible to notify a user when a predetermined age of service has passed from the installation time of a given unit. | 1. A modular-type analysis system constituting a system for performing an analysis by combining a plurality of units each having an independent housing, the system including an integrated control unit for controlling operations of the plurality of units so as to perform the analysis, and the integrated control unit being provided independently in an independent unit different from the plurality of units or provided in one of the plurality of units, the modular-type analysis comprising:
a) a date information storage unit provided in each of the plurality of units to store at least one of reference date information which becomes a reference for counting year and month at which periodic inspection of each of the plurality of units is to be carried out and information on a next periodic inspection notification scheduled date; b) a periodic inspection processing unit included in the integrated control unit and configured to collect information stored in the date information storage unit in each unit, judge whether or not a periodic inspection notification date has reached for each unit based on the collected information, and send, when there is a unit that has reached the periodic inspection notification date, a periodic inspection notification request to the unit; and c) a display processing unit provided in each of the plurality of units and configured to display information prompting implementation of periodic inspection in response to the periodic inspection notification request from the periodic inspection processing unit. 2. The modular-type analysis system as recited in claim 1,
wherein the modular-type analysis system is a liquid chromatograph which includes, as the plurality of units, at least a liquid supply unit for supplying a mobile phase, an injector unit for injecting sample liquid into a supplied mobile phase, a column oven unit for controlling a temperature of a column which separates components of the sample liquid, and a detector unit for detecting components in an eluate eluted from the column. | In the non-volatile storage unit ( 341 ) of the local control unit ( 34 ) of each unit ( 3 to 6 ) configuring an LC system, periodic inspection information, such as the installation date and the next inspection scheduled date, is stored at an appropriate time. When an analysis is carried out, in the system control unit ( 2 ) which controls each unit, a periodic inspection notification processing unit ( 211 ) collects periodic inspection information from each unit ( 3 to 7 ) upon power on or start up, compares the next inspection scheduled date with the current time by the real-time clock ( 212 ), and determines a unit for which a periodic inspection notification is required. If there is a unit that requires a periodic inspection notification, a notification request is sent to the unit, and the local control unit ( 34 ) of the unit outputs an indication prompting periodic inspection to the display unit ( 35 ). As a result, even if the installation times are different for each unit and even if each unit does not have a real-time clock, it is possible to notify a user when a predetermined age of service has passed from the installation time of a given unit.1. A modular-type analysis system constituting a system for performing an analysis by combining a plurality of units each having an independent housing, the system including an integrated control unit for controlling operations of the plurality of units so as to perform the analysis, and the integrated control unit being provided independently in an independent unit different from the plurality of units or provided in one of the plurality of units, the modular-type analysis comprising:
a) a date information storage unit provided in each of the plurality of units to store at least one of reference date information which becomes a reference for counting year and month at which periodic inspection of each of the plurality of units is to be carried out and information on a next periodic inspection notification scheduled date; b) a periodic inspection processing unit included in the integrated control unit and configured to collect information stored in the date information storage unit in each unit, judge whether or not a periodic inspection notification date has reached for each unit based on the collected information, and send, when there is a unit that has reached the periodic inspection notification date, a periodic inspection notification request to the unit; and c) a display processing unit provided in each of the plurality of units and configured to display information prompting implementation of periodic inspection in response to the periodic inspection notification request from the periodic inspection processing unit. 2. The modular-type analysis system as recited in claim 1,
wherein the modular-type analysis system is a liquid chromatograph which includes, as the plurality of units, at least a liquid supply unit for supplying a mobile phase, an injector unit for injecting sample liquid into a supplied mobile phase, a column oven unit for controlling a temperature of a column which separates components of the sample liquid, and a detector unit for detecting components in an eluate eluted from the column. | 1,700 |
4,233 | 14,737,701 | 1,781 | A glass exhibiting non-frangible behavior in a region where substantially higher central tension is possible without reaching frangibility is provided. This region allows greater extension of the depth of compression in which fracture-causing flaws are arrested, without rendering the glass frangible despite the presence of high central tension region in the sample. | 1. A glass having a compressive layer extending from a surface of the glass to a depth of compression DOC and under a maximum compressive stress CS, a central region having a maximum physical central tension CT at a center of the glass, the central region extending outward from the center to the depth of compression, and a thickness t in a range from about 0.3 mm to about 1.0 mm, wherein DOC≧0.08·t and CT−CS≦350 MPa. 2. The glass of claim 1, wherein the glass exhibits non-frangible behavior when the surface having the compressive layer is subjected to a point impact force sufficient to create at least one new crack at the surface and extend the crack through the compressive layer to the central region. 3. The glass of claim 2, wherein the glass has a frangibility index of less than 3. 4. The glass of claim 2, wherein CTA is the central tension CT as determined by FSM, wherein CTA(MPa)=CT1≧57(MPa)−9.0(MPa)·ln(t)+49.3(MPa)·ln2(t)(mm) when the thickness t is less than or equal to 0.75 mm, and wherein CTA and wherein CTA=CT3≧−38.7(MPa)×ln(t)+48.2(MPa) when t is greater than 0.75 mm. 5. The glass of claim 1, wherein DOC≧0.09·t and the thickness t is greater than 0.5 mm. 6. The glass of claim 1, wherein DOC≧0.1·t. 7. The glass of claim 6, wherein DOC≧0.15·t. 8. The glass of claim 1, wherein the thickness t is greater than 0.75 mm. 9. The glass of claim 1, wherein the glass has an average elastic energy density of less than 200 J/m2·mm. 10. The glass of claim 9, wherein the glass has an average elastic energy density of less than 140 J/m2·mm. 11. The glass of claim 10, wherein the glass has an average elastic energy density of less than 120 J/m2·mm. 12. The glass of claim 1, wherein the glass is strengthened by ion exchange. 13. The glass of claim 12, wherein the compressive stress CS is at least about 150 MPa. 14. The glass of claim 12, wherein the compressive stress CS is less than about 250 MPa. 15. The glass of claim 1, wherein CT−CS≦334 MPa. 16. The glass of claim 1, the glass has a total normalized elastic energy less than or equal to 37.5×103 MPa2 μm. 17. The glass of claim 1, wherein the thickness t is 0.4 mm and wherein the glass has a normalized elastic energy less than or equal to 15×106 MPa2 μm. 18. The glass of claim 17, wherein the normalized stored elastic energy per unit thickness is less than about 19×103 MPa2 μm. 19. The glass of claim 1, wherein the glass is an alkali aluminosilicate glass. 20. The glass of claim 19, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass comprises: from about 60 mol % to about 70 mol % SiO2; from about 6 mol % to about 14 mol % Al2O3; from 0 mol % to about 15 mol % B2O3; from 0 mol % to about 15 mol % Li2O; from 0 mol % to about 20 mol % Na2O; from 0 mol % to about 10 mol % K2O; from 0 mol % to about 8 mol % MgO; from 0 mol % to about 10 mol % CaO; from 0 mol % to about 5 mol % ZrO2; from 0 mol % to about 1 mol % SnO2; from 0 mol % to about 1 mol % CeO2; less than about 50 ppm As2O3; and less than about 50 ppm Sb2O3; wherein 12 mol %≦Li2O+Na2O+K2O≦20 mol % and 0 mol %≦MgO+CaO≦10 mol %. 21. The glass of claim 19, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass comprises: at least about 50 mol % SiO2; at least about 10 mol % R2O, wherein R2O comprises Na2O; Al2O3, wherein −0.5 mol %≦Al2O3(mol %)−R2O(mol %)≦2 mol %; and B2O3, and wherein B2O3(mol %)−(R2O(mol %)−Al2O3(mol %))≧4.5 mol %. 22. The glass of claim 19, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass comprises: the alkali aluminosilicate glass is ion exchangeable and comprises: at least about 50 mol % SiO2; at least about 10 mol % R2O, wherein R2O comprises Na2O; Al2O3; and B2O3, wherein B2O3−(R2O−Al2O3)≧3 mol %. 23. The glass of claim 19, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass comprises at least about 4 mol % P2O5 and from 0 mol % to about 4 mol % B2O3, and wherein 1.3<[(P2O5+R2O)/M2O3]≦2.3, where M2O3═Al2O3+B2O3, and R2O is the sum of monovalent cation oxides present in the alkali aluminosilicate glass. 24. The glass of claim 19, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass comprises: from about 50 mol % to about 72 mol % SiO2; from about 12 mol % to about 22 mol % Al2O3; up to about 15 mol % B2O3; up to about 1 mol % P2O5; from about 11 mol % to about 21 mol % Na2O; up to about 5 mol % K2O; up to about 4 mol % MgO; up to about 5 mol % ZnO; and up to about 2 mol % CaO, wherein Na2O+K2O−Al2O3≦2.0 mol %, B2O3−(Na2O+K2O−Al2O3)>4 mol %, and 24 mol %≦RAlO4≦45 mol %. 25. The glass of claim 19, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass further comprises up to about 10 mol % Li2O. 26. The glass of claim 19, wherein the glass is substantially free of lithium. 27. A glass having a compressive layer extending from a surface of the glass to a depth of compression DOC and under a maximum compressive stress CS, a central region having a maximum physical central tension CT at a center of the glass, the central region extending outward from the center to the depth of compression into the glass, and a thickness t in a range from about 0.3 mm to about 1.0 mm, wherein:
a. the depth of compression DOC is greater than or equal to 0.08·t; and b. the glass has an average elastic energy density of less than about 200 J/m2·mm. 28. The glass of claim 27, wherein the glass exhibits non-frangible behavior when the surface having the compressive layer is subjected to a point impact force sufficient to create at least one new crack at the surface and extend the crack through the compressive layer. 29. The glass of claim 28, wherein the glass has a frangibility index of less than 3. 30. The glass of claim 27, wherein CTA is the central tension CT as determined by FSM, wherein CTA(MPa)=CT1≧57(MPa)−9.0(MPa)·ln(t)+49.3(MPa)·ln2(t)(mm) when the thickness t is less than or equal to 0.75 mm, and wherein CTA and wherein CTA=CT3≧−38.7(MPa)×ln(t)+48.2(MPa) when t is greater than 0.75 mm. 31. The glass of claim 27, wherein the thickness t is greater than 0.75 mm. 32. The glass of claim 31, wherein the glass has an average elastic energy density of less than 140 J/m2·mm. 33. The glass of claim 32, wherein the glass has an average elastic energy density of less than 120 J/m2·mm. 34. The glass of claim 27, wherein the glass is strengthened by ion exchange. 35. The glass of claim 34, wherein the compressive stress CS is at least about 150 MPa. 36. The glass of claim 35, wherein the compressive stress CS is less than about 250 MPa. 37. The glass of claim 27, wherein CT−CS≦334 MPa. 38. The glass of claim 27, wherein the glass is an alkali aluminosilicate glass. 39. The glass of claim 38, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass comprises: from about 60 mol % to about 70 mol % SiO2; from about 6 mol % to about 14 mol % Al2O3; from 0 mol % to about 15 mol % B2O3; from 0 mol % to about 15 mol % Li2O; from 0 mol % to about 20 mol % Na2O; from 0 mol % to about 10 mol % K2O; from 0 mol % to about 8 mol % MgO; from 0 mol % to about 10 mol % CaO; from 0 mol % to about 5 mol % ZrO2; from 0 mol % to about 1 mol % SnO2; from 0 mol % to about 1 mol % CeO2; less than about 50 ppm As2O3; and less than about 50 ppm Sb2O3; wherein 12 mol %≦Li2O+Na2O+K2O≦20 mol % and 0≦mol % MgO+CaO≦10 mol %. 40. The glass of claim 38, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass comprises: at least about 50 mol % SiO2; at least about 10 mol % R2O, wherein R2O comprises Na2O; Al2O3, wherein −0.5 mol %≦Al2O3(mol %)−R2O(mol %)≦2 mol %; and B2O3, and wherein B2O3(mol %)−(R2O(mol %)−Al2O3(mol %))≧4.5 mol %. 41. The glass of claim 38, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass comprises: the alkali aluminosilicate glass is ion exchangeable and comprises: at least about 50 mol % SiO2; at least about 10 mol % R2O, wherein R2O comprises Na2O; Al2O3; and B2O3, wherein B2O3−(R2O−Al2O3)≧3 mol %. 42. The glass of claim 38, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass comprises at least about 4 mol % P2O5 and from 0 mol % to about 4 mol % B2O3, and wherein 1.3<[(P2O5+R2O)/M2O3]≦2.3, where M2O3═Al2O3+B2O3, and R2O is the sum of monovalent cation oxides present in the alkali aluminosilicate glass. 43. The glass of claim 38, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass comprises: from about 50 mol % to about 72 mol % SiO2; from about 12 mol % to about 22 mol % Al2O3; up to about 15 mol % B2O3; up to about 1 mol % P2O5; from about 11 mol % to about 21 mol % Na2O; up to about 5 mol % K2O; up to about 4 mol % MgO; up to about 5 mol % ZnO; and up to about 2 mol % CaO, wherein Na2O+K2O−Al2O3≦2.0 mol %, B2O3−(Na2O+K2O−Al2O3)>4 mol %, and 24 mol %≦RAlO4≦45 mol %. 44. The glass of claim 38, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass further comprises up to about 10 mol % Li2O. 45. The glass of claim 38, wherein the glass is substantially free of lithium. 46. A glass, the glass comprising:
a. a compressive layer extending from a surface of the glass to a depth of compression DOC, the compressive surface layer having a maximum compressive stress CS; b. a central region having a maximum physical central tension CT at a center of the glass, the central region extending outward from the center of the glass to the depth of compression; c. a thickness t in a range from about 0.3 mm to about 1.0 mm, wherein DOC≧0.08·t and CT−CS≦350 MPa; and wherein:
i. the physical central tension CT is greater than 0.681×(57−9.0×ln(t)+49.3×(ln(t))2) when 0.3 mm≦t≦0.5 mm;
ii. the physical central tension CT is greater than 0.728×(57−9.0×ln(t)+49.3×(ln(t))2) when 0.5 mm≦t≦0.7 mm; and
iii. the physical central tension CT is greater than
0.755
×
(
-
38.7
(
MPa
mm
)
×
ln
(
t
)
(
mm
)
+
48.2
(
MPa
)
)
when 0.7 mm<t≦1.0 mm. 47. The glass of claim 46, wherein:
a. the physical central tension CT is greater than 0.728×(57−9.0×ln(t)+49.3×(ln(t))2) when 0.3 mm≦t≦0.5 mm; b. the physical central tension CT is greater than 0.751×(57−9.0×ln(t)+49.3×(ln(t))2) when 0.5 mm≦t≦0.7 mm; and c. the physical central tension CT is greater than
0.768
×
(
-
38.7
(
MPa
mm
)
×
ln
(
t
)
(
mm
)
+
48.2
(
MPa
)
)
when 0.7 mm<t≦1.0 mm. 48. The glass of claim 46, wherein the glass has an average elastic energy density of less than 200 J/m2·mm. 49. The glass of claim 48, wherein the glass has an average elastic energy density of less than 140 J/m2·mm. 50. The glass of claim 49, wherein the glass has an average elastic energy density of less than 120 J/m2·mm. 51. The glass of claim 46, wherein the compressive stress CS is at least about 150 MPa. 52. The glass of claim 35, wherein the compressive stress CS is less than about 250 MPa. 53. The glass of claim 46, wherein the glass is an alkali aluminosilicate glass. 54. The glass of claim 46, wherein the glass is an alkali aluminosilicate glass. 55. A glass, the glass comprising:
a. a compressive layer extending from a surface of the glass to a depth of compression DOC, the compressive surface layer having a maximum compressive stress CS; b. a central region having a maximum physical central tension CT at a center of the glass, the central region extending outward from the center of the glass to the depth of compression, wherein the glass has an average elastic energy density of less than 200 J/m2·mm; c. a thickness t in a range from about 0.3 mm to about 1.0 mm, wherein DOC≧0.08·t and; and wherein:
i. the physical central tension CT is greater than 0.681×(57−9.0×ln(t)+49.3×(ln(t))2) when 0.3 mm≦t≦0.5 mm;
ii. the physical central tension CT is greater than 0.728×(57−9.0×ln(t)+49.3×(ln(t))2) when 0.5 mm≦t≦0.7 mm; and
iii. the physical central tension CT is greater than
0.755
×
(
-
38.7
(
MPa
mm
)
×
ln
(
t
)
(
mm
)
+
48.2
(
MPa
)
)
when 0.7 mm<t≦1.0 mm. 56. The glass of claim 46, wherein:
a. the physical central tension CT is greater than 0.728×(57−9.0×ln(t)+49.3×(ln(t))2) when 0.3 mm≦t≦0.5 mm; b. the physical central tension CT is greater than 0.751×(57−9.0×ln(t)+49.3×(ln(t))2) when 0.5 mm≦t≦0.7 mm; and c. the physical central tension CT is greater than
0.768
×
(
-
38.7
(
MPa
mm
)
×
ln
(
t
)
(
mm
)
+
48.2
(
MPa
)
)
when 0.7 mm<t≦1.0 mm. 57. The glass of claim 48, wherein the glass has an average elastic energy density of less than 140 J/m2·mm. 58. The glass of claim 49, wherein the glass has an average elastic energy density of less than 120 J/m2·mm. 59. The glass of claim 27, wherein the glass is strengthened by ion exchange. 60. The glass of claim 34, wherein the compressive stress CS is at least about 150 MPa. 61. The glass of claim 35, wherein the compressive stress CS is less than about 250 MPa. 62. The glass of claim 27, wherein the glass is an alkali aluminosilicate glass. | A glass exhibiting non-frangible behavior in a region where substantially higher central tension is possible without reaching frangibility is provided. This region allows greater extension of the depth of compression in which fracture-causing flaws are arrested, without rendering the glass frangible despite the presence of high central tension region in the sample.1. A glass having a compressive layer extending from a surface of the glass to a depth of compression DOC and under a maximum compressive stress CS, a central region having a maximum physical central tension CT at a center of the glass, the central region extending outward from the center to the depth of compression, and a thickness t in a range from about 0.3 mm to about 1.0 mm, wherein DOC≧0.08·t and CT−CS≦350 MPa. 2. The glass of claim 1, wherein the glass exhibits non-frangible behavior when the surface having the compressive layer is subjected to a point impact force sufficient to create at least one new crack at the surface and extend the crack through the compressive layer to the central region. 3. The glass of claim 2, wherein the glass has a frangibility index of less than 3. 4. The glass of claim 2, wherein CTA is the central tension CT as determined by FSM, wherein CTA(MPa)=CT1≧57(MPa)−9.0(MPa)·ln(t)+49.3(MPa)·ln2(t)(mm) when the thickness t is less than or equal to 0.75 mm, and wherein CTA and wherein CTA=CT3≧−38.7(MPa)×ln(t)+48.2(MPa) when t is greater than 0.75 mm. 5. The glass of claim 1, wherein DOC≧0.09·t and the thickness t is greater than 0.5 mm. 6. The glass of claim 1, wherein DOC≧0.1·t. 7. The glass of claim 6, wherein DOC≧0.15·t. 8. The glass of claim 1, wherein the thickness t is greater than 0.75 mm. 9. The glass of claim 1, wherein the glass has an average elastic energy density of less than 200 J/m2·mm. 10. The glass of claim 9, wherein the glass has an average elastic energy density of less than 140 J/m2·mm. 11. The glass of claim 10, wherein the glass has an average elastic energy density of less than 120 J/m2·mm. 12. The glass of claim 1, wherein the glass is strengthened by ion exchange. 13. The glass of claim 12, wherein the compressive stress CS is at least about 150 MPa. 14. The glass of claim 12, wherein the compressive stress CS is less than about 250 MPa. 15. The glass of claim 1, wherein CT−CS≦334 MPa. 16. The glass of claim 1, the glass has a total normalized elastic energy less than or equal to 37.5×103 MPa2 μm. 17. The glass of claim 1, wherein the thickness t is 0.4 mm and wherein the glass has a normalized elastic energy less than or equal to 15×106 MPa2 μm. 18. The glass of claim 17, wherein the normalized stored elastic energy per unit thickness is less than about 19×103 MPa2 μm. 19. The glass of claim 1, wherein the glass is an alkali aluminosilicate glass. 20. The glass of claim 19, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass comprises: from about 60 mol % to about 70 mol % SiO2; from about 6 mol % to about 14 mol % Al2O3; from 0 mol % to about 15 mol % B2O3; from 0 mol % to about 15 mol % Li2O; from 0 mol % to about 20 mol % Na2O; from 0 mol % to about 10 mol % K2O; from 0 mol % to about 8 mol % MgO; from 0 mol % to about 10 mol % CaO; from 0 mol % to about 5 mol % ZrO2; from 0 mol % to about 1 mol % SnO2; from 0 mol % to about 1 mol % CeO2; less than about 50 ppm As2O3; and less than about 50 ppm Sb2O3; wherein 12 mol %≦Li2O+Na2O+K2O≦20 mol % and 0 mol %≦MgO+CaO≦10 mol %. 21. The glass of claim 19, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass comprises: at least about 50 mol % SiO2; at least about 10 mol % R2O, wherein R2O comprises Na2O; Al2O3, wherein −0.5 mol %≦Al2O3(mol %)−R2O(mol %)≦2 mol %; and B2O3, and wherein B2O3(mol %)−(R2O(mol %)−Al2O3(mol %))≧4.5 mol %. 22. The glass of claim 19, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass comprises: the alkali aluminosilicate glass is ion exchangeable and comprises: at least about 50 mol % SiO2; at least about 10 mol % R2O, wherein R2O comprises Na2O; Al2O3; and B2O3, wherein B2O3−(R2O−Al2O3)≧3 mol %. 23. The glass of claim 19, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass comprises at least about 4 mol % P2O5 and from 0 mol % to about 4 mol % B2O3, and wherein 1.3<[(P2O5+R2O)/M2O3]≦2.3, where M2O3═Al2O3+B2O3, and R2O is the sum of monovalent cation oxides present in the alkali aluminosilicate glass. 24. The glass of claim 19, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass comprises: from about 50 mol % to about 72 mol % SiO2; from about 12 mol % to about 22 mol % Al2O3; up to about 15 mol % B2O3; up to about 1 mol % P2O5; from about 11 mol % to about 21 mol % Na2O; up to about 5 mol % K2O; up to about 4 mol % MgO; up to about 5 mol % ZnO; and up to about 2 mol % CaO, wherein Na2O+K2O−Al2O3≦2.0 mol %, B2O3−(Na2O+K2O−Al2O3)>4 mol %, and 24 mol %≦RAlO4≦45 mol %. 25. The glass of claim 19, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass further comprises up to about 10 mol % Li2O. 26. The glass of claim 19, wherein the glass is substantially free of lithium. 27. A glass having a compressive layer extending from a surface of the glass to a depth of compression DOC and under a maximum compressive stress CS, a central region having a maximum physical central tension CT at a center of the glass, the central region extending outward from the center to the depth of compression into the glass, and a thickness t in a range from about 0.3 mm to about 1.0 mm, wherein:
a. the depth of compression DOC is greater than or equal to 0.08·t; and b. the glass has an average elastic energy density of less than about 200 J/m2·mm. 28. The glass of claim 27, wherein the glass exhibits non-frangible behavior when the surface having the compressive layer is subjected to a point impact force sufficient to create at least one new crack at the surface and extend the crack through the compressive layer. 29. The glass of claim 28, wherein the glass has a frangibility index of less than 3. 30. The glass of claim 27, wherein CTA is the central tension CT as determined by FSM, wherein CTA(MPa)=CT1≧57(MPa)−9.0(MPa)·ln(t)+49.3(MPa)·ln2(t)(mm) when the thickness t is less than or equal to 0.75 mm, and wherein CTA and wherein CTA=CT3≧−38.7(MPa)×ln(t)+48.2(MPa) when t is greater than 0.75 mm. 31. The glass of claim 27, wherein the thickness t is greater than 0.75 mm. 32. The glass of claim 31, wherein the glass has an average elastic energy density of less than 140 J/m2·mm. 33. The glass of claim 32, wherein the glass has an average elastic energy density of less than 120 J/m2·mm. 34. The glass of claim 27, wherein the glass is strengthened by ion exchange. 35. The glass of claim 34, wherein the compressive stress CS is at least about 150 MPa. 36. The glass of claim 35, wherein the compressive stress CS is less than about 250 MPa. 37. The glass of claim 27, wherein CT−CS≦334 MPa. 38. The glass of claim 27, wherein the glass is an alkali aluminosilicate glass. 39. The glass of claim 38, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass comprises: from about 60 mol % to about 70 mol % SiO2; from about 6 mol % to about 14 mol % Al2O3; from 0 mol % to about 15 mol % B2O3; from 0 mol % to about 15 mol % Li2O; from 0 mol % to about 20 mol % Na2O; from 0 mol % to about 10 mol % K2O; from 0 mol % to about 8 mol % MgO; from 0 mol % to about 10 mol % CaO; from 0 mol % to about 5 mol % ZrO2; from 0 mol % to about 1 mol % SnO2; from 0 mol % to about 1 mol % CeO2; less than about 50 ppm As2O3; and less than about 50 ppm Sb2O3; wherein 12 mol %≦Li2O+Na2O+K2O≦20 mol % and 0≦mol % MgO+CaO≦10 mol %. 40. The glass of claim 38, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass comprises: at least about 50 mol % SiO2; at least about 10 mol % R2O, wherein R2O comprises Na2O; Al2O3, wherein −0.5 mol %≦Al2O3(mol %)−R2O(mol %)≦2 mol %; and B2O3, and wherein B2O3(mol %)−(R2O(mol %)−Al2O3(mol %))≧4.5 mol %. 41. The glass of claim 38, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass comprises: the alkali aluminosilicate glass is ion exchangeable and comprises: at least about 50 mol % SiO2; at least about 10 mol % R2O, wherein R2O comprises Na2O; Al2O3; and B2O3, wherein B2O3−(R2O−Al2O3)≧3 mol %. 42. The glass of claim 38, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass comprises at least about 4 mol % P2O5 and from 0 mol % to about 4 mol % B2O3, and wherein 1.3<[(P2O5+R2O)/M2O3]≦2.3, where M2O3═Al2O3+B2O3, and R2O is the sum of monovalent cation oxides present in the alkali aluminosilicate glass. 43. The glass of claim 38, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass comprises: from about 50 mol % to about 72 mol % SiO2; from about 12 mol % to about 22 mol % Al2O3; up to about 15 mol % B2O3; up to about 1 mol % P2O5; from about 11 mol % to about 21 mol % Na2O; up to about 5 mol % K2O; up to about 4 mol % MgO; up to about 5 mol % ZnO; and up to about 2 mol % CaO, wherein Na2O+K2O−Al2O3≦2.0 mol %, B2O3−(Na2O+K2O−Al2O3)>4 mol %, and 24 mol %≦RAlO4≦45 mol %. 44. The glass of claim 38, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass further comprises up to about 10 mol % Li2O. 45. The glass of claim 38, wherein the glass is substantially free of lithium. 46. A glass, the glass comprising:
a. a compressive layer extending from a surface of the glass to a depth of compression DOC, the compressive surface layer having a maximum compressive stress CS; b. a central region having a maximum physical central tension CT at a center of the glass, the central region extending outward from the center of the glass to the depth of compression; c. a thickness t in a range from about 0.3 mm to about 1.0 mm, wherein DOC≧0.08·t and CT−CS≦350 MPa; and wherein:
i. the physical central tension CT is greater than 0.681×(57−9.0×ln(t)+49.3×(ln(t))2) when 0.3 mm≦t≦0.5 mm;
ii. the physical central tension CT is greater than 0.728×(57−9.0×ln(t)+49.3×(ln(t))2) when 0.5 mm≦t≦0.7 mm; and
iii. the physical central tension CT is greater than
0.755
×
(
-
38.7
(
MPa
mm
)
×
ln
(
t
)
(
mm
)
+
48.2
(
MPa
)
)
when 0.7 mm<t≦1.0 mm. 47. The glass of claim 46, wherein:
a. the physical central tension CT is greater than 0.728×(57−9.0×ln(t)+49.3×(ln(t))2) when 0.3 mm≦t≦0.5 mm; b. the physical central tension CT is greater than 0.751×(57−9.0×ln(t)+49.3×(ln(t))2) when 0.5 mm≦t≦0.7 mm; and c. the physical central tension CT is greater than
0.768
×
(
-
38.7
(
MPa
mm
)
×
ln
(
t
)
(
mm
)
+
48.2
(
MPa
)
)
when 0.7 mm<t≦1.0 mm. 48. The glass of claim 46, wherein the glass has an average elastic energy density of less than 200 J/m2·mm. 49. The glass of claim 48, wherein the glass has an average elastic energy density of less than 140 J/m2·mm. 50. The glass of claim 49, wherein the glass has an average elastic energy density of less than 120 J/m2·mm. 51. The glass of claim 46, wherein the compressive stress CS is at least about 150 MPa. 52. The glass of claim 35, wherein the compressive stress CS is less than about 250 MPa. 53. The glass of claim 46, wherein the glass is an alkali aluminosilicate glass. 54. The glass of claim 46, wherein the glass is an alkali aluminosilicate glass. 55. A glass, the glass comprising:
a. a compressive layer extending from a surface of the glass to a depth of compression DOC, the compressive surface layer having a maximum compressive stress CS; b. a central region having a maximum physical central tension CT at a center of the glass, the central region extending outward from the center of the glass to the depth of compression, wherein the glass has an average elastic energy density of less than 200 J/m2·mm; c. a thickness t in a range from about 0.3 mm to about 1.0 mm, wherein DOC≧0.08·t and; and wherein:
i. the physical central tension CT is greater than 0.681×(57−9.0×ln(t)+49.3×(ln(t))2) when 0.3 mm≦t≦0.5 mm;
ii. the physical central tension CT is greater than 0.728×(57−9.0×ln(t)+49.3×(ln(t))2) when 0.5 mm≦t≦0.7 mm; and
iii. the physical central tension CT is greater than
0.755
×
(
-
38.7
(
MPa
mm
)
×
ln
(
t
)
(
mm
)
+
48.2
(
MPa
)
)
when 0.7 mm<t≦1.0 mm. 56. The glass of claim 46, wherein:
a. the physical central tension CT is greater than 0.728×(57−9.0×ln(t)+49.3×(ln(t))2) when 0.3 mm≦t≦0.5 mm; b. the physical central tension CT is greater than 0.751×(57−9.0×ln(t)+49.3×(ln(t))2) when 0.5 mm≦t≦0.7 mm; and c. the physical central tension CT is greater than
0.768
×
(
-
38.7
(
MPa
mm
)
×
ln
(
t
)
(
mm
)
+
48.2
(
MPa
)
)
when 0.7 mm<t≦1.0 mm. 57. The glass of claim 48, wherein the glass has an average elastic energy density of less than 140 J/m2·mm. 58. The glass of claim 49, wherein the glass has an average elastic energy density of less than 120 J/m2·mm. 59. The glass of claim 27, wherein the glass is strengthened by ion exchange. 60. The glass of claim 34, wherein the compressive stress CS is at least about 150 MPa. 61. The glass of claim 35, wherein the compressive stress CS is less than about 250 MPa. 62. The glass of claim 27, wherein the glass is an alkali aluminosilicate glass. | 1,700 |
4,234 | 14,846,361 | 1,793 | The present invention relates to an infusion product for making a beverage, more specifically to a plant-based composition for making a beverage, and to a herbal and/or vegetable composition or bouquet garni. The plants are fruits, herbs, medicinal plants, tea, vegetables and/or spices. The invention further relates to a method for producing said compositions or infusion product, its use for making a (tea) beverage, and a (tea) beverage so obtained. Further, the present invention relates to a fiber-web, preferably a tea bag, made from said fruits, herbs, medicinal plants, tea, vegetable and/or spices. | 1. A product for producing a beverage or broth comprising:
a dispenser defining an opening; and an infusion product comprising a strip made from a layer of fibrous plant material that is dispensed through the opening defined by the dispenser, the infusion product being configured to produce a beverage or broth when contacted with a liquid. 2. A product as defined in claim 1, wherein the infusion product comprises a single continuous strip contained within the dispenser. 3. A product as defined in claim 1, wherein the infusion product comprises a plurality of individual strips contained within the dispenser. 4. A product as defined in claim 3, wherein the individual strips are connected together. 5. A product as defined in claim 3, wherein the individual strips are separate and discrete within the dispenser. 6. A product as defined in claim 2, wherein the single continuous strip includes periodic perforation lines that extend across a width of the strip. 7. A product as defined in claim 3, wherein each individual strip includes a tab portion. 8. A product as defined in claim 7, wherein the tab portion comprises a separate piece of material connected to the layer of fibrous plant material or comprises a coating applied to the layer of fibrous plant material. 9. A product as defined in claim 3, wherein each individual strip includes an adhesive portion, the adhesive portion comprising an adhesive material. 10. A product as defined in claim 1, wherein the dispenser further includes a cutting device positioned adjacent the opening for cutting the infusion product as the infusion product is dispensed from the dispenser. 11. A product as defined in claim 9, wherein the adhesive portion includes a release liner that covers the adhesive material. 12. A product as defined in claim 1, wherein the infusion product is spirally wound within the dispenser. 13. A product as defined in claim 1, wherein the layer of fibrous plant material has been treated with a plant extract and wherein the fibrous plant material comprises a tea. 14. A product as defined in claim 13, wherein the layer of fibrous plant material comprises at least 70% tea. 15. An infusion product comprising:
a cylindrical member comprising a reconstituted material, the reconstituted material comprising a fibrous plant product that has been treated with a plant extract, the fibrous plant product containing a plant comprising a fruit, an herb, a medicinal plant, a tea, a vegetable, a spice, or mixtures thereof. 16. An infusion product as defined in claim 15, wherein the cylindrical member comprises a straw, the cylindrical member including a top and a bottom, the cylindrical member defining a hollow passageway that extends from the top to the bottom. 17. An infusion product as defined in claim 16, wherein the cylindrical member is formed by spirally winding a sheet of the reconstituted material. 18. An infusion product as defined in claim 15, wherein the fibrous plant product comprises at least 70% by weight of a tea. 19. A product for producing a broth or beverage comprising:
a sealed capsule having a top; and a reconstituted material contained in the capsule, the reconstituted material comprising a fibrous plant product that has been treated with a plant extract, the fibrous plant product comprising a tea. 20. A product as defined in claim 19, wherein the top is formed from a polymer film or foil, the reconstituted material contained within the capsule having a mass of from about 1 gram to about 20 grams. | The present invention relates to an infusion product for making a beverage, more specifically to a plant-based composition for making a beverage, and to a herbal and/or vegetable composition or bouquet garni. The plants are fruits, herbs, medicinal plants, tea, vegetables and/or spices. The invention further relates to a method for producing said compositions or infusion product, its use for making a (tea) beverage, and a (tea) beverage so obtained. Further, the present invention relates to a fiber-web, preferably a tea bag, made from said fruits, herbs, medicinal plants, tea, vegetable and/or spices.1. A product for producing a beverage or broth comprising:
a dispenser defining an opening; and an infusion product comprising a strip made from a layer of fibrous plant material that is dispensed through the opening defined by the dispenser, the infusion product being configured to produce a beverage or broth when contacted with a liquid. 2. A product as defined in claim 1, wherein the infusion product comprises a single continuous strip contained within the dispenser. 3. A product as defined in claim 1, wherein the infusion product comprises a plurality of individual strips contained within the dispenser. 4. A product as defined in claim 3, wherein the individual strips are connected together. 5. A product as defined in claim 3, wherein the individual strips are separate and discrete within the dispenser. 6. A product as defined in claim 2, wherein the single continuous strip includes periodic perforation lines that extend across a width of the strip. 7. A product as defined in claim 3, wherein each individual strip includes a tab portion. 8. A product as defined in claim 7, wherein the tab portion comprises a separate piece of material connected to the layer of fibrous plant material or comprises a coating applied to the layer of fibrous plant material. 9. A product as defined in claim 3, wherein each individual strip includes an adhesive portion, the adhesive portion comprising an adhesive material. 10. A product as defined in claim 1, wherein the dispenser further includes a cutting device positioned adjacent the opening for cutting the infusion product as the infusion product is dispensed from the dispenser. 11. A product as defined in claim 9, wherein the adhesive portion includes a release liner that covers the adhesive material. 12. A product as defined in claim 1, wherein the infusion product is spirally wound within the dispenser. 13. A product as defined in claim 1, wherein the layer of fibrous plant material has been treated with a plant extract and wherein the fibrous plant material comprises a tea. 14. A product as defined in claim 13, wherein the layer of fibrous plant material comprises at least 70% tea. 15. An infusion product comprising:
a cylindrical member comprising a reconstituted material, the reconstituted material comprising a fibrous plant product that has been treated with a plant extract, the fibrous plant product containing a plant comprising a fruit, an herb, a medicinal plant, a tea, a vegetable, a spice, or mixtures thereof. 16. An infusion product as defined in claim 15, wherein the cylindrical member comprises a straw, the cylindrical member including a top and a bottom, the cylindrical member defining a hollow passageway that extends from the top to the bottom. 17. An infusion product as defined in claim 16, wherein the cylindrical member is formed by spirally winding a sheet of the reconstituted material. 18. An infusion product as defined in claim 15, wherein the fibrous plant product comprises at least 70% by weight of a tea. 19. A product for producing a broth or beverage comprising:
a sealed capsule having a top; and a reconstituted material contained in the capsule, the reconstituted material comprising a fibrous plant product that has been treated with a plant extract, the fibrous plant product comprising a tea. 20. A product as defined in claim 19, wherein the top is formed from a polymer film or foil, the reconstituted material contained within the capsule having a mass of from about 1 gram to about 20 grams. | 1,700 |
4,235 | 14,896,128 | 1,712 | To allow a simple and thus inexpensive coating of a part surface of a workpiece, it is proposed in accordance with the invention that the screening element ( 15, 19 ) is magnetic at least during an application of a magnetizable coating material. The screening element ( 15, 19 ) is demagnetized for removing the accumulated coating material. The coating material accumulated on the screening element ( 15, 19 ) can thus be removed very easily and fast and thus inexpensively. | 1. A method of coating a part surface (12) of a workpiece (10) with a magnetizable coating material, wherein
a screening element (15, 19) which is magnetic at least during an application of the coating material is arranged at the workpiece (10) to delineate the named part surface (12); and the screening element (15, 19) is demagnetized to remove accumulated coating material. 2. A method in accordance with claim 1,
characterized in that the screening element (15, 19) has a non-stick coating (16) which at least makes an adhesion of the coating material to the screening element (15, 19) more difficult. 3. A method in accordance with claim 2,
characterized in that the non-stick coating (16) is designed as a ceramic coating. 4. A method in accordance with claim 3,
characterized in that the non-stick coating (16) is manufactured from zirconium oxide stabilized by magnesium oxide. 5. A method in accordance with claim 1,
characterized in that the workpiece (10) is designed as a crankcase for a combustion engine and the part surface (12) is designed as an inner cylinder wall of a cylinder (11) of the crankcase (10). 6. A method in accordance with claim 1,
characterized in that the application of the coating material takes place by means of a thermal spray process. 7. A method in accordance with claim 1,
characterized in that the screening element (19) is designed as an electromagnet which is activated at least during the application of the coating material. 8. A method in accordance with claim 1,
characterized in that the screening element (15) is designed as a permanent magnet which is magnetized again after the demagnetization. 9. A method in accordance with claim 1,
characterized in that the screening element (19) is designed as a part of a receiving apparatus (18) for the workpiece (10). 10. A screening element for delineating a part surface (12) of a workpiece (10), said part surface to be coated with a magnetizable coating material,
characterized in that the screening element (19) is designed as an electromagnet. 11. A screening element in accordance with claim 10,
characterized by a non-stick coating which at least makes an adhesion of the coating material to the screening element (19) more difficult. 12. A screening element in accordance with claim 11,
characterized in that the non-stick coating is designed as a ceramic coating. 13. A screening element in accordance with claim 12,
characterized in that the non-stick coating is manufactured from zirconium oxide stabilized by magnesium oxide. 14. A screening element in accordance with claim 10,
characterized in that the screening element (19) is designed as a part of a receiving apparatus (18) for the workpiece (10). | To allow a simple and thus inexpensive coating of a part surface of a workpiece, it is proposed in accordance with the invention that the screening element ( 15, 19 ) is magnetic at least during an application of a magnetizable coating material. The screening element ( 15, 19 ) is demagnetized for removing the accumulated coating material. The coating material accumulated on the screening element ( 15, 19 ) can thus be removed very easily and fast and thus inexpensively.1. A method of coating a part surface (12) of a workpiece (10) with a magnetizable coating material, wherein
a screening element (15, 19) which is magnetic at least during an application of the coating material is arranged at the workpiece (10) to delineate the named part surface (12); and the screening element (15, 19) is demagnetized to remove accumulated coating material. 2. A method in accordance with claim 1,
characterized in that the screening element (15, 19) has a non-stick coating (16) which at least makes an adhesion of the coating material to the screening element (15, 19) more difficult. 3. A method in accordance with claim 2,
characterized in that the non-stick coating (16) is designed as a ceramic coating. 4. A method in accordance with claim 3,
characterized in that the non-stick coating (16) is manufactured from zirconium oxide stabilized by magnesium oxide. 5. A method in accordance with claim 1,
characterized in that the workpiece (10) is designed as a crankcase for a combustion engine and the part surface (12) is designed as an inner cylinder wall of a cylinder (11) of the crankcase (10). 6. A method in accordance with claim 1,
characterized in that the application of the coating material takes place by means of a thermal spray process. 7. A method in accordance with claim 1,
characterized in that the screening element (19) is designed as an electromagnet which is activated at least during the application of the coating material. 8. A method in accordance with claim 1,
characterized in that the screening element (15) is designed as a permanent magnet which is magnetized again after the demagnetization. 9. A method in accordance with claim 1,
characterized in that the screening element (19) is designed as a part of a receiving apparatus (18) for the workpiece (10). 10. A screening element for delineating a part surface (12) of a workpiece (10), said part surface to be coated with a magnetizable coating material,
characterized in that the screening element (19) is designed as an electromagnet. 11. A screening element in accordance with claim 10,
characterized by a non-stick coating which at least makes an adhesion of the coating material to the screening element (19) more difficult. 12. A screening element in accordance with claim 11,
characterized in that the non-stick coating is designed as a ceramic coating. 13. A screening element in accordance with claim 12,
characterized in that the non-stick coating is manufactured from zirconium oxide stabilized by magnesium oxide. 14. A screening element in accordance with claim 10,
characterized in that the screening element (19) is designed as a part of a receiving apparatus (18) for the workpiece (10). | 1,700 |
4,236 | 15,037,698 | 1,794 | A coating system for an aluminum component includes a substrate formed from an aluminum material, a zinc or zinc alloy sacrificial layer deposited on the substrate, and an aluminum coating deposited over the zinc or zinc alloy sacrificial layer. | 1. A coating system for an aluminum component which comprises:
a substrate formed from an aluminum material; a zinc material sacrificial layer deposited on said substrate; and an aluminum coating deposited over said zinc sacrificial layer. 2. The coating system of claim 1, wherein said sacrificial layer is zinc. 3. The coating system of claim 1, wherein said sacrificial layer is a zinc alloy. 4. The coating system of claim 1, wherein said sacrificial layer has a thickness of less than 10 microns and said aluminum coating has a thickness in the range of from 5 microns to 50 microns. 5. The coating system of claim 1, wherein said substrate is an aluminum alloy. 6. The coating system of claim 1, wherein said aluminum coating is pure aluminum. 7. The coating system of claim 1, wherein said aluminum coating is an electroplated aluminum coating. 8. The coating system of claim 1, wherein said substrate is a turbine engine component. 9. The coating system of claim 1, wherein said substrate is a fan blade used in a turbine engine. 10. A method for forming a coating system which enhances resistance against corrosion comprising the steps of:
providing a substrate formed from an aluminum material; forming a zinc material underlayer on a surface of said substrate; and forming an aluminum coating on said zinc material underlayer. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein said underlayer forming step comprises depositing a zinc or zinc alloy on said surface using at least one zincating process. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising plating zinc or a zinc alloy onto said deposited zinc or zinc alloy. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein said aluminum coating forming step comprises depositing aluminum or an aluminum alloy onto said underlayer. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein said aluminum coating forming step comprises electroplating aluminum onto said underlayer. | A coating system for an aluminum component includes a substrate formed from an aluminum material, a zinc or zinc alloy sacrificial layer deposited on the substrate, and an aluminum coating deposited over the zinc or zinc alloy sacrificial layer.1. A coating system for an aluminum component which comprises:
a substrate formed from an aluminum material; a zinc material sacrificial layer deposited on said substrate; and an aluminum coating deposited over said zinc sacrificial layer. 2. The coating system of claim 1, wherein said sacrificial layer is zinc. 3. The coating system of claim 1, wherein said sacrificial layer is a zinc alloy. 4. The coating system of claim 1, wherein said sacrificial layer has a thickness of less than 10 microns and said aluminum coating has a thickness in the range of from 5 microns to 50 microns. 5. The coating system of claim 1, wherein said substrate is an aluminum alloy. 6. The coating system of claim 1, wherein said aluminum coating is pure aluminum. 7. The coating system of claim 1, wherein said aluminum coating is an electroplated aluminum coating. 8. The coating system of claim 1, wherein said substrate is a turbine engine component. 9. The coating system of claim 1, wherein said substrate is a fan blade used in a turbine engine. 10. A method for forming a coating system which enhances resistance against corrosion comprising the steps of:
providing a substrate formed from an aluminum material; forming a zinc material underlayer on a surface of said substrate; and forming an aluminum coating on said zinc material underlayer. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein said underlayer forming step comprises depositing a zinc or zinc alloy on said surface using at least one zincating process. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising plating zinc or a zinc alloy onto said deposited zinc or zinc alloy. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein said aluminum coating forming step comprises depositing aluminum or an aluminum alloy onto said underlayer. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein said aluminum coating forming step comprises electroplating aluminum onto said underlayer. | 1,700 |
4,237 | 14,376,818 | 1,712 | The invention relates to a process for acetylation of wood having a density of above 400 kg/m3, particularly, of Southern Yellow Pine, and acetylated wood obtainable by this method. The described acetylation process allows the production of acetylated wood having higher acetylation levels, such as an acetyl content of at least 20% by weight. The acetylated wood has also a low residual acetic acid content, in particular, lower than 1% by weight. The invention is particularly useful for acetylation on industrial scale of pieces of solid wood, preferably, of wood beams. | 1. A process for the acetylation of wood comprising the steps:
(a) in a reaction pressure vessel submerging wood having a moisture content of less than 5% by weight in an acetylation fluid comprising acetic anhydride and/or acetic acid at a temperature of 10° C. to 120° C., (b) increasing the pressure in the vessel to 2 to 20 bar for a period of 1 to 300 minutes, (c) removing excess acetylation fluid from the vessel, (d) introducing into the vessel an inert fluid, circulating and heating the fluid until the internal temperature of the wood begins to show an exotherm, controlling the supply of heat to the wood until the exotherm is complete and maintaining the internal temperature of the wood below 180° C., (e) heating the circulating fluid to a temperature of 85° C. to 160° C. for a time of 10 to 120 minutes to initiate a second exothermic reaction, controlling the supply of heat to the wood until the exotherm is complete and maintaining the internal temperature of the wood below 180° C., (f) removing the circulating fluid by evaporation under vacuum. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the wood to be treated has an ovendry density of above 400 kg/m3 and preferably above 500 kg/m3. 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the wood is Southern Yellow Pine or Scots pine. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the moisture content of the wood is from 1 to 4% by weight. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the acetylation fluid comprises from 70% to 100% by volume of acetic anhydride and from 0% to 30% by volume of acetic acid. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein in step (a) the reactor is filled under continuous vacuum. 7. The process according to claim 1, wherein the inert fluid in step (d) is selected from gaseous nitrogen, gaseous carbon dioxide or flue gas. 8. The process according to claim 1, wherein the inert fluid is heated to a temperature of 60° C. to 150° C. in step (d). 9. The process according to claim 1, wherein the inert fluid is partially or fully saturated with acetic anhydride and/or acetic acid. 10. The process according to claim 1, wherein the wood is acetylated to an acetyl content of at least 20% by weight at its geometrical centre. 11. The process according to claim 1, for the acetylation of wood pieces having a width of from 2 cm to 30 cm a thickness of from 2 cm to 16 cm and a length of from 1.5 m to 6.0 m. 12. Acetylated wood having an ovendry density between 550 and 800 kg/m3, having an acetyl content of at least 20% by weight at its geometrical center and a residual acetic acid content of less than 1% by weight. 13. Acetylated wood according to claim 12, being Southern Yellow Pine or Scots pine. 14. Acetylated wood according to claim 12, having an acetyl content of at least 22% by weight at its geometrical center and a residual acid content of less than 0.5% by weight. 15. An acetylated wood piece according to claim 12, having a width of 2 cm to 30 cm a thickness of 2 cm to 16 cm and a length of from 1.5 m to 6.0 m. | The invention relates to a process for acetylation of wood having a density of above 400 kg/m3, particularly, of Southern Yellow Pine, and acetylated wood obtainable by this method. The described acetylation process allows the production of acetylated wood having higher acetylation levels, such as an acetyl content of at least 20% by weight. The acetylated wood has also a low residual acetic acid content, in particular, lower than 1% by weight. The invention is particularly useful for acetylation on industrial scale of pieces of solid wood, preferably, of wood beams.1. A process for the acetylation of wood comprising the steps:
(a) in a reaction pressure vessel submerging wood having a moisture content of less than 5% by weight in an acetylation fluid comprising acetic anhydride and/or acetic acid at a temperature of 10° C. to 120° C., (b) increasing the pressure in the vessel to 2 to 20 bar for a period of 1 to 300 minutes, (c) removing excess acetylation fluid from the vessel, (d) introducing into the vessel an inert fluid, circulating and heating the fluid until the internal temperature of the wood begins to show an exotherm, controlling the supply of heat to the wood until the exotherm is complete and maintaining the internal temperature of the wood below 180° C., (e) heating the circulating fluid to a temperature of 85° C. to 160° C. for a time of 10 to 120 minutes to initiate a second exothermic reaction, controlling the supply of heat to the wood until the exotherm is complete and maintaining the internal temperature of the wood below 180° C., (f) removing the circulating fluid by evaporation under vacuum. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the wood to be treated has an ovendry density of above 400 kg/m3 and preferably above 500 kg/m3. 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the wood is Southern Yellow Pine or Scots pine. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the moisture content of the wood is from 1 to 4% by weight. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the acetylation fluid comprises from 70% to 100% by volume of acetic anhydride and from 0% to 30% by volume of acetic acid. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein in step (a) the reactor is filled under continuous vacuum. 7. The process according to claim 1, wherein the inert fluid in step (d) is selected from gaseous nitrogen, gaseous carbon dioxide or flue gas. 8. The process according to claim 1, wherein the inert fluid is heated to a temperature of 60° C. to 150° C. in step (d). 9. The process according to claim 1, wherein the inert fluid is partially or fully saturated with acetic anhydride and/or acetic acid. 10. The process according to claim 1, wherein the wood is acetylated to an acetyl content of at least 20% by weight at its geometrical centre. 11. The process according to claim 1, for the acetylation of wood pieces having a width of from 2 cm to 30 cm a thickness of from 2 cm to 16 cm and a length of from 1.5 m to 6.0 m. 12. Acetylated wood having an ovendry density between 550 and 800 kg/m3, having an acetyl content of at least 20% by weight at its geometrical center and a residual acetic acid content of less than 1% by weight. 13. Acetylated wood according to claim 12, being Southern Yellow Pine or Scots pine. 14. Acetylated wood according to claim 12, having an acetyl content of at least 22% by weight at its geometrical center and a residual acid content of less than 0.5% by weight. 15. An acetylated wood piece according to claim 12, having a width of 2 cm to 30 cm a thickness of 2 cm to 16 cm and a length of from 1.5 m to 6.0 m. | 1,700 |
4,238 | 15,022,842 | 1,763 | A poly(oxyalkylene) polymer and a metal salt of a carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, or alkylsulfate, in combination are useful as a polymer processing additive synergist. Polymer processing additive compositions, homogeneously catalyzed olefin compositions, and other extrudable polymer compositions including a poly(oxyalkylene) polymer and a metal salt of a carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, or alkylsulfate are disclosed. Methods of reducing melt defects during the extrusion of a thermoplastic polymer, which may be a homogeneously catalyzed polyolefin, are also disclosed. | 1. A composition comprising:
a homogeneously catalyzed polyolefin; a polymer processing additive selected from the group consisting of a fluoropolymer and a silicone-containing polymer; and a polymer processing additive synergist comprising a poly(oxyalkylene) polymer and a metal salt of a carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, or alkylsulfate. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the poly(oxyalkylene) polymer is present at least at 85% by weight, based on the total weight of the polymer processing additive synergist. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the metal salt is a metal salt of a carboxylic acid or a sulfonic acid. 4. The composition of claim 3, wherein the metal salt is a metal salt of a carboxylic acid, and wherein the carboxylic acid is other than stearic acid. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the metal salt is a sodium, potassium, calcium, or zinc salt. 6. The composition of claim 1, further comprising an at least one of an antioxidant, a metal oxide, or a hindered amine light stabilizer. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the poly(oxyalkylene) polymer is a polyethylene glycol. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the homogeneously catalyzed polyolefin is a linear low density polyethylene. 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the homogeneously catalyzed polyolefin is a metallocene-catalyzed polyolefin. 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer processing additive is a fluoropolymer optionally having a Mooney viscosity ML 1+10@121° C. in a range from 30 to 90. 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the combined weight of the polymer processing additive and the polymer processing additive synergist is in a range from 0.01 percent to 10 percent, based on the total weight of the composition. 12. A method of reducing melt defects during the extrusion of a homogeneously catalyzed polyolefin, the method comprising extruding the composition of claim 1. 13. A method of reducing melt defects during the extrusion of a thermoplastic polymer, the method comprising:
providing a polymer processing additive composition comprising a polymer processing additive selected from the group consisting of a fluoropolymer and a silicone-containing polymer and a polymer processing additive synergist comprising a poly(oxyalkylene) polymer and a metal salt of a carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, or alkylsulfate; providing an extrudable polymer; admixing the polymer processing additive composition and the extrudable polymer to provide an extrudable composition; and extruding the extrudable composition. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein when providing the extrudable polymer, the extrudable polymer is free of metal stearates. 15. A polymer processing additive composition comprising:
a fluoropolymer; a poly(oxyalkylene) polymer; and a metal salt of a carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, or alkylsulfate, wherein the poly(oxyalkylene) polymer is present in an amount of at least 85% by weight, based on the total weight of the poly(oxyalkylene) polymer and the metal salt, and wherein the metal salt is other than calcium stearate. 16. The polymer processing additive composition of claim 15, wherein the metal salt is a metal salt of a carboxylic acid or a sulfonic acid. 17. The polymer processing additive composition of claim 15, wherein the carboxylic acid is other than stearic acid. 18. The polymer processing additive composition of claim 15, wherein the metal salt is a sodium or potassium salt. 19. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer processing additive is a fluoropolymer. 20. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer processing additive is a silicone-containing polymer. | A poly(oxyalkylene) polymer and a metal salt of a carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, or alkylsulfate, in combination are useful as a polymer processing additive synergist. Polymer processing additive compositions, homogeneously catalyzed olefin compositions, and other extrudable polymer compositions including a poly(oxyalkylene) polymer and a metal salt of a carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, or alkylsulfate are disclosed. Methods of reducing melt defects during the extrusion of a thermoplastic polymer, which may be a homogeneously catalyzed polyolefin, are also disclosed.1. A composition comprising:
a homogeneously catalyzed polyolefin; a polymer processing additive selected from the group consisting of a fluoropolymer and a silicone-containing polymer; and a polymer processing additive synergist comprising a poly(oxyalkylene) polymer and a metal salt of a carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, or alkylsulfate. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the poly(oxyalkylene) polymer is present at least at 85% by weight, based on the total weight of the polymer processing additive synergist. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the metal salt is a metal salt of a carboxylic acid or a sulfonic acid. 4. The composition of claim 3, wherein the metal salt is a metal salt of a carboxylic acid, and wherein the carboxylic acid is other than stearic acid. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the metal salt is a sodium, potassium, calcium, or zinc salt. 6. The composition of claim 1, further comprising an at least one of an antioxidant, a metal oxide, or a hindered amine light stabilizer. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the poly(oxyalkylene) polymer is a polyethylene glycol. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the homogeneously catalyzed polyolefin is a linear low density polyethylene. 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the homogeneously catalyzed polyolefin is a metallocene-catalyzed polyolefin. 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer processing additive is a fluoropolymer optionally having a Mooney viscosity ML 1+10@121° C. in a range from 30 to 90. 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the combined weight of the polymer processing additive and the polymer processing additive synergist is in a range from 0.01 percent to 10 percent, based on the total weight of the composition. 12. A method of reducing melt defects during the extrusion of a homogeneously catalyzed polyolefin, the method comprising extruding the composition of claim 1. 13. A method of reducing melt defects during the extrusion of a thermoplastic polymer, the method comprising:
providing a polymer processing additive composition comprising a polymer processing additive selected from the group consisting of a fluoropolymer and a silicone-containing polymer and a polymer processing additive synergist comprising a poly(oxyalkylene) polymer and a metal salt of a carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, or alkylsulfate; providing an extrudable polymer; admixing the polymer processing additive composition and the extrudable polymer to provide an extrudable composition; and extruding the extrudable composition. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein when providing the extrudable polymer, the extrudable polymer is free of metal stearates. 15. A polymer processing additive composition comprising:
a fluoropolymer; a poly(oxyalkylene) polymer; and a metal salt of a carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, or alkylsulfate, wherein the poly(oxyalkylene) polymer is present in an amount of at least 85% by weight, based on the total weight of the poly(oxyalkylene) polymer and the metal salt, and wherein the metal salt is other than calcium stearate. 16. The polymer processing additive composition of claim 15, wherein the metal salt is a metal salt of a carboxylic acid or a sulfonic acid. 17. The polymer processing additive composition of claim 15, wherein the carboxylic acid is other than stearic acid. 18. The polymer processing additive composition of claim 15, wherein the metal salt is a sodium or potassium salt. 19. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer processing additive is a fluoropolymer. 20. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer processing additive is a silicone-containing polymer. | 1,700 |
4,239 | 15,574,601 | 1,766 | The invention is directed to a toughener for epoxy adhesives, the toughener being a reaction product of a bisphenolic blocked PU toughener with a diglycidyl ether-bisphenol product such liquid DGEBA. The invention includes adhesives comprising the inventive tougheners, methods of using the tougheners and adhesives comprising them, as well as cured inventive adhesives and products comprising them. | 1. A reaction product of:
a) a first reaction product of an isocyanate terminated prepolymer, and a capping compound having a di-functional aromatic moiety, wherein the first reaction product is terminated with the capping compound; and b) a diglycidyl bisphenol epoxy resin;
wherein the reaction product is suitable for use as a toughener in an epoxy adhesive composition. 2. The reaction product of claim 1, wherein component a) comprises a reaction product of a polyether diol and an isocyanate. 3. The reaction product of claim 2, wherein the polyether diol comprises a PTMEG-based polymer and/or a polybutadienediol-based polymer and the isocyanate comprises an aliphatic isocyanate. 4. The reaction product of claim 2, wherein the aliphatic isocyanate comprises HDI and/or IPDI. 5. The reaction product of claim 1, wherein the first reaction product comprises free hydroxy groups from the one or more capping compounds, and substantially all of the free hydroxy groups are reacted with the diglycidyl bisphenol epoxy resin. 6. The reaction product of claim 1, wherein the one or more capping compounds comprises at least one of o,o′-diallyl bisphenol A and bisphenol A. 7. The reaction product of claim 1, wherein the isocyanate terminated prepolymer comprises a polyurethane prepolymer. 8. The reaction product of claim 1, wherein the diglycidyl bisphenol epoxy resin comprises a liquid diglycidyl bisphenol A epoxy resin. 9. The reaction product of claim 1 having Mn in the range of 3,000 to 12,000 Da. 10. The reaction product of claim 1 having Mw in the range of 4,000 to 20,000 Da. 11. A reaction product of:
a) an isocyanate terminated prepolymer; b) a polyphenol or a dihydroxy functional benzene compound or a derivative thereof; and c) a diglycidyl bisphenol epoxy resin;
wherein the reaction product is suitable for use as a toughener in an epoxy adhesive composition. 12. The reaction product of claim 11, wherein b) comprises a bisphenol or a derivative thereof. 13. The reaction product of claim 11, wherein b) comprises resorcinol and/or a substituted resorcinol. 14. An adhesive composition comprising:
i) a diglycidyl ether bisphenol epoxy resin; ii) a toughener comprising the reaction product of claim 1; iii) a hardener; and iv) a curing accelerator. 15. The adhesive composition of claim 14 comprising:
i) 20 to 60 wt % of the diglycidyl ether bisphenol epoxy resin;
ii) 15 to 60 wt % of the toughener;
iii) 1 to 8% of the hardener; and
iv) 0.1 to 3 wt % of the curing accelerator;
wherein the weight percents are based on the weight of the composition. 16. A cured adhesive obtained by curing the adhesive composition of claim 14. 17. A composition suitable for use as a toughener in an epoxy adhesive composition, the composition comprising an epoxy terminated polyurethane coupled via a polyphenolic blocking agent. | The invention is directed to a toughener for epoxy adhesives, the toughener being a reaction product of a bisphenolic blocked PU toughener with a diglycidyl ether-bisphenol product such liquid DGEBA. The invention includes adhesives comprising the inventive tougheners, methods of using the tougheners and adhesives comprising them, as well as cured inventive adhesives and products comprising them.1. A reaction product of:
a) a first reaction product of an isocyanate terminated prepolymer, and a capping compound having a di-functional aromatic moiety, wherein the first reaction product is terminated with the capping compound; and b) a diglycidyl bisphenol epoxy resin;
wherein the reaction product is suitable for use as a toughener in an epoxy adhesive composition. 2. The reaction product of claim 1, wherein component a) comprises a reaction product of a polyether diol and an isocyanate. 3. The reaction product of claim 2, wherein the polyether diol comprises a PTMEG-based polymer and/or a polybutadienediol-based polymer and the isocyanate comprises an aliphatic isocyanate. 4. The reaction product of claim 2, wherein the aliphatic isocyanate comprises HDI and/or IPDI. 5. The reaction product of claim 1, wherein the first reaction product comprises free hydroxy groups from the one or more capping compounds, and substantially all of the free hydroxy groups are reacted with the diglycidyl bisphenol epoxy resin. 6. The reaction product of claim 1, wherein the one or more capping compounds comprises at least one of o,o′-diallyl bisphenol A and bisphenol A. 7. The reaction product of claim 1, wherein the isocyanate terminated prepolymer comprises a polyurethane prepolymer. 8. The reaction product of claim 1, wherein the diglycidyl bisphenol epoxy resin comprises a liquid diglycidyl bisphenol A epoxy resin. 9. The reaction product of claim 1 having Mn in the range of 3,000 to 12,000 Da. 10. The reaction product of claim 1 having Mw in the range of 4,000 to 20,000 Da. 11. A reaction product of:
a) an isocyanate terminated prepolymer; b) a polyphenol or a dihydroxy functional benzene compound or a derivative thereof; and c) a diglycidyl bisphenol epoxy resin;
wherein the reaction product is suitable for use as a toughener in an epoxy adhesive composition. 12. The reaction product of claim 11, wherein b) comprises a bisphenol or a derivative thereof. 13. The reaction product of claim 11, wherein b) comprises resorcinol and/or a substituted resorcinol. 14. An adhesive composition comprising:
i) a diglycidyl ether bisphenol epoxy resin; ii) a toughener comprising the reaction product of claim 1; iii) a hardener; and iv) a curing accelerator. 15. The adhesive composition of claim 14 comprising:
i) 20 to 60 wt % of the diglycidyl ether bisphenol epoxy resin;
ii) 15 to 60 wt % of the toughener;
iii) 1 to 8% of the hardener; and
iv) 0.1 to 3 wt % of the curing accelerator;
wherein the weight percents are based on the weight of the composition. 16. A cured adhesive obtained by curing the adhesive composition of claim 14. 17. A composition suitable for use as a toughener in an epoxy adhesive composition, the composition comprising an epoxy terminated polyurethane coupled via a polyphenolic blocking agent. | 1,700 |
4,240 | 12,784,697 | 1,794 | A method and apparatus for electrolytically treating a surface of a component includes a reaction chamber, a transport chamber and a fluid return path. The reaction chamber is adapted for placing at least a portion of the component therein, and holds a reaction fluid. Fluid enters the reaction chamber through a plurality of inlets. Each inlet directs the fluid toward the component at one or more non-zero vertical angles, and at one or more non-zero horizontal angles. The reaction chamber is a fixture having a cover with an underside shaped to direct the fluid to the surface of the component, such as by having a plurality of slopes. The inlets are through a material that is electrically non-conductive, such as ceramic, plastic, PVC, and fiber reinforced plastic, and/or the fixture further includes a titanium cathode ring that can be vertically adjacent the non-conductive material. | 1. An apparatus for electrolytically treating a surface of a component comprising:
a reaction chamber, adapted for placing at least a portion of the component therein, and for holding a reaction fluid; a transport chamber in fluid communication with the reaction chamber, wherein the fluid enters the reaction chamber from the transport chamber through a plurality of inlets directed toward the component, wherein each of the plurality of inlets is disposed to direct the fluid toward the component at least one non-zero vertical angle; and a fluid return path, wherein the fluid returns from the reaction chamber to the transport chamber. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one non-zero vertical angles is at least two non-zero vertical angles. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein at least a first of the at least two non-zero vertical angles is greater than zero and at least a second of the at least two non-zero vertical angles is less than zero. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of inlets is further disposed to direct the fluid toward the component at least one non-zero horizontal angle. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the at least one non-zero horizontal angle is at least two non-zero horizontal angles. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of inlets is further disposed to direct the fluid toward the component at least one non-zero horizontal angle. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the reaction chamber is a fixture having a cover over the reaction chamber, and the cover has an underside shaped to direct the fluid entering the reaction chamber through the plurality of inlets to the surface of the component. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the cover underside has a plurality of slopes. 9. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the plurality of inlets and the cover underside cooperate to refresh the fluid at the surface. 10. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the plurality of inlets and the cover underside cooperate to cause the fluid to remove heat from the surface of the component. 11. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the plurality of inlets are through a first material that is electrically non-conductive. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the first material is comprised of at least one of ceramic, plastic, PVC, and fiber reinforced plastic 13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the plurality of inlets are in the fixture, and the fixture further includes a titanium cathode ring. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the titanium cathode ring is vertically adjacent the first material. 15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of inlets are through a first material that is electrically non-conductive and wherein the reaction chamber is a fixture and the plurality of inlets are through the fixture, and the fixture further includes a titanium cathode ring. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the titanium cathode ring is vertically adjacent the first material. 17. A fixture for anodizing a component, comprising, a reaction chamber with a plurality of inlets, wherein each of the plurality of inlets is disposed to direct an electrolyte toward the component at least one non-zero vertical angle. 18. The fixture claim 17, wherein the at least one non-zero vertical angles is at least two non-zero vertical angles. 19. The fixture of claim 18, wherein at least a first of the at least two non-zero vertical angles is greater than zero and at least a second of the at least two non-zero vertical angles is less than zero. 20. The fixture of claim 19, wherein each of the plurality of inlets is further disposed to direct the fluid toward the component at least one non-zero horizontal angle. 21. The fixture of claim 20, wherein the at least one non-zero horizontal angle is at least two non-zero horizontal angles. 22. The fixture of claim 20, wherein the fixture includes a cover over the reaction chamber, and the cover has an underside disposed to direct the electrolyte to a reaction surface of the component. 23. The fixture of claim 22, wherein the plurality of inlets and the cover underside cooperate to refresh the electrolyte at the reaction surface. 24. The fixture of claim 23, wherein the plurality of inlets and the cover underside cooperate to cause the electrolyte to remove heat from the reaction surface. 25. The fixture of claim 24, wherein the cover underside has a plurality of slopes. 26. The fixture of claim 22, wherein the plurality of inlets are through a first material that is electrically non-conductive. 27. The fixture of claim 26, wherein the first material is comprised of at least one of ceramic, plastic, PVC, and fiber reinforced plastic, and wherein the fixture further includes a titanium cathode ring. 28. The fixture of claim 25, wherein the titanium cathode ring is vertically adjacent the first material. 29. A method for electrolytically treating a component comprising, directing a reaction fluid toward the component along a plurality of paths, wherein each of the plurality of paths is at one of at least one non-zero vertical angle. 30. The method of claim 30, wherein directing a reaction fluid toward the component along a plurality of paths at one of at least one non-zero vertical angle, includes directing a reaction fluid toward the component along a plurality of paths, wherein each of the plurality of paths is at one of at least two non-zero vertical angles. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein at least a first of the at least two non-zero vertical angles is greater than zero and at least a second of the at least two non-zero vertical angles is less than zero. 32. The method of claim 30, wherein each of the plurality of paths is at at least one non-zero horizontal angle. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the at least one non-zero horizontal angle is at least two non-zero horizontal angles. 34. The method of claim 33 further comprising refreshing the fluid at the surface. 35. The method of claim 34 further comprising, remove heat from the surface of the component. 36. The method of claim 32, wherein directing the reaction fluid toward the component along a plurality of paths includes directing the reaction fluid through a first material that is electrically non-conductive. 37. The method of claim 32, wherein directing the reaction fluid toward the component along a plurality of paths includes directing the reaction fluid through a first material that is electrically non-conductive and vertically adjacent a cathode ring. 38. The method of claim 32, wherein directing the reaction fluid toward the component along a plurality of paths includes directing the reaction fluid through a first material that is electrically non-conductive and vertically adjacent a titanium cathode ring. | A method and apparatus for electrolytically treating a surface of a component includes a reaction chamber, a transport chamber and a fluid return path. The reaction chamber is adapted for placing at least a portion of the component therein, and holds a reaction fluid. Fluid enters the reaction chamber through a plurality of inlets. Each inlet directs the fluid toward the component at one or more non-zero vertical angles, and at one or more non-zero horizontal angles. The reaction chamber is a fixture having a cover with an underside shaped to direct the fluid to the surface of the component, such as by having a plurality of slopes. The inlets are through a material that is electrically non-conductive, such as ceramic, plastic, PVC, and fiber reinforced plastic, and/or the fixture further includes a titanium cathode ring that can be vertically adjacent the non-conductive material.1. An apparatus for electrolytically treating a surface of a component comprising:
a reaction chamber, adapted for placing at least a portion of the component therein, and for holding a reaction fluid; a transport chamber in fluid communication with the reaction chamber, wherein the fluid enters the reaction chamber from the transport chamber through a plurality of inlets directed toward the component, wherein each of the plurality of inlets is disposed to direct the fluid toward the component at least one non-zero vertical angle; and a fluid return path, wherein the fluid returns from the reaction chamber to the transport chamber. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one non-zero vertical angles is at least two non-zero vertical angles. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein at least a first of the at least two non-zero vertical angles is greater than zero and at least a second of the at least two non-zero vertical angles is less than zero. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of inlets is further disposed to direct the fluid toward the component at least one non-zero horizontal angle. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the at least one non-zero horizontal angle is at least two non-zero horizontal angles. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of inlets is further disposed to direct the fluid toward the component at least one non-zero horizontal angle. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the reaction chamber is a fixture having a cover over the reaction chamber, and the cover has an underside shaped to direct the fluid entering the reaction chamber through the plurality of inlets to the surface of the component. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the cover underside has a plurality of slopes. 9. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the plurality of inlets and the cover underside cooperate to refresh the fluid at the surface. 10. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the plurality of inlets and the cover underside cooperate to cause the fluid to remove heat from the surface of the component. 11. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the plurality of inlets are through a first material that is electrically non-conductive. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the first material is comprised of at least one of ceramic, plastic, PVC, and fiber reinforced plastic 13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the plurality of inlets are in the fixture, and the fixture further includes a titanium cathode ring. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the titanium cathode ring is vertically adjacent the first material. 15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of inlets are through a first material that is electrically non-conductive and wherein the reaction chamber is a fixture and the plurality of inlets are through the fixture, and the fixture further includes a titanium cathode ring. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the titanium cathode ring is vertically adjacent the first material. 17. A fixture for anodizing a component, comprising, a reaction chamber with a plurality of inlets, wherein each of the plurality of inlets is disposed to direct an electrolyte toward the component at least one non-zero vertical angle. 18. The fixture claim 17, wherein the at least one non-zero vertical angles is at least two non-zero vertical angles. 19. The fixture of claim 18, wherein at least a first of the at least two non-zero vertical angles is greater than zero and at least a second of the at least two non-zero vertical angles is less than zero. 20. The fixture of claim 19, wherein each of the plurality of inlets is further disposed to direct the fluid toward the component at least one non-zero horizontal angle. 21. The fixture of claim 20, wherein the at least one non-zero horizontal angle is at least two non-zero horizontal angles. 22. The fixture of claim 20, wherein the fixture includes a cover over the reaction chamber, and the cover has an underside disposed to direct the electrolyte to a reaction surface of the component. 23. The fixture of claim 22, wherein the plurality of inlets and the cover underside cooperate to refresh the electrolyte at the reaction surface. 24. The fixture of claim 23, wherein the plurality of inlets and the cover underside cooperate to cause the electrolyte to remove heat from the reaction surface. 25. The fixture of claim 24, wherein the cover underside has a plurality of slopes. 26. The fixture of claim 22, wherein the plurality of inlets are through a first material that is electrically non-conductive. 27. The fixture of claim 26, wherein the first material is comprised of at least one of ceramic, plastic, PVC, and fiber reinforced plastic, and wherein the fixture further includes a titanium cathode ring. 28. The fixture of claim 25, wherein the titanium cathode ring is vertically adjacent the first material. 29. A method for electrolytically treating a component comprising, directing a reaction fluid toward the component along a plurality of paths, wherein each of the plurality of paths is at one of at least one non-zero vertical angle. 30. The method of claim 30, wherein directing a reaction fluid toward the component along a plurality of paths at one of at least one non-zero vertical angle, includes directing a reaction fluid toward the component along a plurality of paths, wherein each of the plurality of paths is at one of at least two non-zero vertical angles. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein at least a first of the at least two non-zero vertical angles is greater than zero and at least a second of the at least two non-zero vertical angles is less than zero. 32. The method of claim 30, wherein each of the plurality of paths is at at least one non-zero horizontal angle. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the at least one non-zero horizontal angle is at least two non-zero horizontal angles. 34. The method of claim 33 further comprising refreshing the fluid at the surface. 35. The method of claim 34 further comprising, remove heat from the surface of the component. 36. The method of claim 32, wherein directing the reaction fluid toward the component along a plurality of paths includes directing the reaction fluid through a first material that is electrically non-conductive. 37. The method of claim 32, wherein directing the reaction fluid toward the component along a plurality of paths includes directing the reaction fluid through a first material that is electrically non-conductive and vertically adjacent a cathode ring. 38. The method of claim 32, wherein directing the reaction fluid toward the component along a plurality of paths includes directing the reaction fluid through a first material that is electrically non-conductive and vertically adjacent a titanium cathode ring. | 1,700 |
4,241 | 15,022,588 | 1,712 | A method of producing a ceramic material includes heating solid silicon monoxide to provide gaseous silicon monoxide, and exposing a structure having a free-carbon-containing material to the gaseous silicon monoxide to convert free carbon of the free-carbon-containing material to silicon carbide. Also disclosed is an intermediate article that includes a solid structure having free carbon and a solid, in-situ source of silicon monoxide gas. Also disclosed is a composition that includes a polymeric carrier phase and particulate of solid silicon monoxide dispersed in the polymeric carrier phase. | 1. A method of producing a ceramic article, the method comprising:
heating solid silicon monoxide to provide gaseous silicon monoxide; and exposing a structure having a free-carbon-containing material to the gaseous silicon monoxide to convert free carbon of the free-carbon-containing material to silicon carbide. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising providing the solid silicon monoxide as a particulate dispersed in a coating on at least a portion of the structure. 3. The method as recited in claim 2, wherein the coating includes a polymeric carrier phase and the particulate of the solid silicon monoxide is dispersed in the polymeric carrier phase. 4. The method as recited in claim 3, wherein the exposing includes heating the coated structure to convert the particulate of the solid silicon monoxide in the polymeric carrier phase to the gaseous silicon monoxide. 5. The method as recited in claim 3, wherein the particulate of the solid silicon monoxide is provided in an amount that is stoichiometrically equal to or greater than the amount of free carbon. 6. The method as recited in claim 3, wherein the polymeric carrier phase is a preceramic polymer, and further including converting the preceramic polymer phase to a ceramic material. 7. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the free carbon is residual free carbon from a prior thermal process used to form the structure. 8. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the free carbon is in a coating on the structure. 9. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the structure is an elongated, uniform diameter fiber. 10. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the structure is a porous body. 11. An intermediate article comprising:
a solid structure having free carbon and a solid, in-situ source of silicon monoxide gas. 12. The intermediate article as recited in claim 11, wherein the solid structure is selected from the group consisting of an elongated, uniform diameter fiber and a porous body. 13. The intermediate article as recited in claim 11, wherein the solid, in-situ source of silicon monoxide gas is a particulate that is dispersed in a polymeric carrier phase. 14. The intermediate article as recited in claim 13, wherein the polymeric carrier phase is a preceramic polymer. 15. The intermediate article as recited in claim 11, wherein the free carbon is in a coating of the solid structure. 16. A composition comprising:
a polymeric carrier phase; and particulate of solid silicon monoxide dispersed in the polymeric carrier phase. 17. The composition as recited in claim 16, wherein the polymeric carrier phase is a preceramic polymer. | A method of producing a ceramic material includes heating solid silicon monoxide to provide gaseous silicon monoxide, and exposing a structure having a free-carbon-containing material to the gaseous silicon monoxide to convert free carbon of the free-carbon-containing material to silicon carbide. Also disclosed is an intermediate article that includes a solid structure having free carbon and a solid, in-situ source of silicon monoxide gas. Also disclosed is a composition that includes a polymeric carrier phase and particulate of solid silicon monoxide dispersed in the polymeric carrier phase.1. A method of producing a ceramic article, the method comprising:
heating solid silicon monoxide to provide gaseous silicon monoxide; and exposing a structure having a free-carbon-containing material to the gaseous silicon monoxide to convert free carbon of the free-carbon-containing material to silicon carbide. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising providing the solid silicon monoxide as a particulate dispersed in a coating on at least a portion of the structure. 3. The method as recited in claim 2, wherein the coating includes a polymeric carrier phase and the particulate of the solid silicon monoxide is dispersed in the polymeric carrier phase. 4. The method as recited in claim 3, wherein the exposing includes heating the coated structure to convert the particulate of the solid silicon monoxide in the polymeric carrier phase to the gaseous silicon monoxide. 5. The method as recited in claim 3, wherein the particulate of the solid silicon monoxide is provided in an amount that is stoichiometrically equal to or greater than the amount of free carbon. 6. The method as recited in claim 3, wherein the polymeric carrier phase is a preceramic polymer, and further including converting the preceramic polymer phase to a ceramic material. 7. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the free carbon is residual free carbon from a prior thermal process used to form the structure. 8. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the free carbon is in a coating on the structure. 9. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the structure is an elongated, uniform diameter fiber. 10. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the structure is a porous body. 11. An intermediate article comprising:
a solid structure having free carbon and a solid, in-situ source of silicon monoxide gas. 12. The intermediate article as recited in claim 11, wherein the solid structure is selected from the group consisting of an elongated, uniform diameter fiber and a porous body. 13. The intermediate article as recited in claim 11, wherein the solid, in-situ source of silicon monoxide gas is a particulate that is dispersed in a polymeric carrier phase. 14. The intermediate article as recited in claim 13, wherein the polymeric carrier phase is a preceramic polymer. 15. The intermediate article as recited in claim 11, wherein the free carbon is in a coating of the solid structure. 16. A composition comprising:
a polymeric carrier phase; and particulate of solid silicon monoxide dispersed in the polymeric carrier phase. 17. The composition as recited in claim 16, wherein the polymeric carrier phase is a preceramic polymer. | 1,700 |
4,242 | 14,335,765 | 1,771 | Disclosed are methods for upgrading carbonaceous materials. Also disclosed are apparatuses for upgrading carbonaceous materials. Also disclosed are systems for upgrading carbonaceous materials. Also disclosed are upgraded carbonaceous materials. | 1. A system, comprising,
a processor for reducing the water content in a carbonaceous material; and a tank, connected to the processor, for storing fluids, and for transmitting fluids to and from the processor. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the fluid comprises a gas, a liquid, a supercritical fluid, or any combination thereof. 3. The system of claim 1, further comprising a railed conveyance for moving the carbonaceous material into and out of the processor. 4. The system of claim 1, further comprising a unit for pre-heating the carbonaceous material with a liquid before entering the processor. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the liquid comprises water. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the liquid further comprises hydrogen peroxide. 7. The system of claim 4, wherein the liquid comprises hydrocarbons. 8. The system of claim 5, further comprising a centrifuge for partially drying the carbonaceous material after exiting the unit. 9. The system of claim 8, further comprising a centrifuge for partially drying the carbonaceous material after exiting the processor. 10. The system of claim 1, further comprising:
a source of compressed gas connected to the processor; a source of steam connected to the processor; and a source of water connected to the processor. 11. The system of claim 10, further comprising:
a drain for liquid connected to the processor; and a vent for gas connected to the processor. 12. The system of 11, further comprising:
a system for recycling process water connected to the tank. 13. A system, comprising,
a processor for reducing the water content in a carbonaceous material; and a railed conveyance for moving the carbonaceous material into and out of the processor. 14. The system of claim 13, further comprising:
a source of compressed gas connected to the processor, a source of steam connected to the processor, and a source of water connected to the processor. 15. The system of claim 14, further comprising:
a drain for liquid connected to the processor, and a vent for gas connected to the processor. 16. The system of claim 13, wherein the railed conveyance comprises an overhead railed conveyance. 17. The system of claim 13, wherein the railed conveyance comprises:
a rail, and a cart, movable along the rail, for carrying the carbonaceous material. 18. The system of claim 16, wherein the overhead railed conveyance comprises:
a rail; a head movable along the rail; and a cart, hanging from the head, for carrying the carbonaceous material. 19. The system of claim 13, wherein the processor vessel comprises one hatch through which the railed conveyance may pass. 20. The system of claim 13, wherein the processor vessel comprises a plurality of hatches through which the railed conveyance may pass. 21. The system of claim 13, further comprising a furnace, for combusting the carbonaceous material having reduced water content, to generate heat. 22. The system of claim 21, further comprising a boiler connected to the furnace for generating steam using the heat. 23. The system of claim 22, further comprising a turbine turned by the steam. 24. The system of claim 23, further comprising a generator, connected to the turbine, for generating electricity. | Disclosed are methods for upgrading carbonaceous materials. Also disclosed are apparatuses for upgrading carbonaceous materials. Also disclosed are systems for upgrading carbonaceous materials. Also disclosed are upgraded carbonaceous materials.1. A system, comprising,
a processor for reducing the water content in a carbonaceous material; and a tank, connected to the processor, for storing fluids, and for transmitting fluids to and from the processor. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the fluid comprises a gas, a liquid, a supercritical fluid, or any combination thereof. 3. The system of claim 1, further comprising a railed conveyance for moving the carbonaceous material into and out of the processor. 4. The system of claim 1, further comprising a unit for pre-heating the carbonaceous material with a liquid before entering the processor. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the liquid comprises water. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the liquid further comprises hydrogen peroxide. 7. The system of claim 4, wherein the liquid comprises hydrocarbons. 8. The system of claim 5, further comprising a centrifuge for partially drying the carbonaceous material after exiting the unit. 9. The system of claim 8, further comprising a centrifuge for partially drying the carbonaceous material after exiting the processor. 10. The system of claim 1, further comprising:
a source of compressed gas connected to the processor; a source of steam connected to the processor; and a source of water connected to the processor. 11. The system of claim 10, further comprising:
a drain for liquid connected to the processor; and a vent for gas connected to the processor. 12. The system of 11, further comprising:
a system for recycling process water connected to the tank. 13. A system, comprising,
a processor for reducing the water content in a carbonaceous material; and a railed conveyance for moving the carbonaceous material into and out of the processor. 14. The system of claim 13, further comprising:
a source of compressed gas connected to the processor, a source of steam connected to the processor, and a source of water connected to the processor. 15. The system of claim 14, further comprising:
a drain for liquid connected to the processor, and a vent for gas connected to the processor. 16. The system of claim 13, wherein the railed conveyance comprises an overhead railed conveyance. 17. The system of claim 13, wherein the railed conveyance comprises:
a rail, and a cart, movable along the rail, for carrying the carbonaceous material. 18. The system of claim 16, wherein the overhead railed conveyance comprises:
a rail; a head movable along the rail; and a cart, hanging from the head, for carrying the carbonaceous material. 19. The system of claim 13, wherein the processor vessel comprises one hatch through which the railed conveyance may pass. 20. The system of claim 13, wherein the processor vessel comprises a plurality of hatches through which the railed conveyance may pass. 21. The system of claim 13, further comprising a furnace, for combusting the carbonaceous material having reduced water content, to generate heat. 22. The system of claim 21, further comprising a boiler connected to the furnace for generating steam using the heat. 23. The system of claim 22, further comprising a turbine turned by the steam. 24. The system of claim 23, further comprising a generator, connected to the turbine, for generating electricity. | 1,700 |
4,243 | 15,500,789 | 1,771 | An industrial base oil formulation comprising a base oil, preferably a hydrocarbon base oil, having a kinematic viscosity of more than 100 centiStokes, preferably 150 centiStokes or more, at 40 degrees Celsius and an AC-OSP where the AC-OSP has the structure of Formula I: R 1 [O(R 2 O) n (R 3 O) m R 4 ] p (I) where R 1 is an alkyl having from one to thirty carbons, R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from alkyl groups having three or four carbons and can be in block form or randomly combined, R 4 is an alkyl having from one to 18 carbon atoms, n and m are independently numbers ranging from zero to 20 provided that n+m is greater than zero and p is a number within a range of one to three; wherein the industrial base oil formulation has a kinematic viscosity of greater than 100 centiStokes, preferably 150 centiStokes or more, at 40 degrees Celsius is useful in a lubricant for mechanical devices. | 1. An industrial base oil formulation comprising a base oil having a kinematic viscosity of more than 100 centiStokes at 40 degrees Celsius and an alkyl capped oil soluble polymer where the alkyl capped oil soluble polymer has the structure of Formula I:
R1[O(R2O)n(R3O)mR4]p (I)
where R1 is an alkyl having from one to thirty carbons, R2 and R3 are independently selected from alkyls having three or four carbons and can be in block form or randomly combined, R4 is an alkyl having from one to 18 carbon atoms, n and m are independently numbers ranging from zero to 20 provided that n+m is greater than zero and p is a number within a range of one to three, wherein the industrial lubricant formulation has a kinematic viscosity of greater than 100 centiStokes at 40 degrees Celsius. 2. The industrial base oil formulation of claim 1, wherein the base oil is a hydrocarbon oil. 3. The industrial base oil formulation of claim 2, wherein the base oil is a polyalphaolefin. 4. The industrial base oil formulation of claim 1, wherein the base oil is further characterized by having a kinematic viscosity at of 150 centiStokes or higher at 40 degrees Celsius. 5. The industrial base oil formulation of claim 1, wherein the alkyl capped oil soluble polymer is a random copolymer of 1,2-butylene oxide and 1,2-propylene oxide. 6. The industrial base oil formulation of claim 1, further characterized by R4 being a methyl group. 7. The industrial base oil formulation of claim 1, further characterized by p being one. 8. The industrial base oil formulation of claim 1, further characterized by R1 being an alkyl having from eight to twelve carbons. 9. The industrial base oil formulation of claim 1, further characterized by the concentration of the alkyl capped oil soluble polymer being in a range of five to fifty weight-percent based on the total combined weight of the alkyl capped oil soluble polymer and the base oil. 10. A method for increasing the viscosity index of a base oil having a kinematic viscosity of more than 100 cSt at 40 degrees Celsius while simultaneously decreasing the viscosity of the base oil at a temperature of zero degrees Celsius, the method comprising blending into the base oil an AC-OSP where the AC-OSP has the structure of Formula I:
R1[O(R2O)n(R3O)mR4]p (I)
where R1 is an alkyl having from one to thirty carbons, R2 and R3 are independently selected from alkyls having three or four carbons, R4 is an alkyl having from one to 18, n and m are independently selected from numbers ranging from one to 20 provided that n+m is greater than zero and p is a number within a range of one to three so as to achieve the industrial lubricant base oil formulation of claim 1. 11. A method for lubricating a mechanical device comprising multiple parts that move with respect to one another, the method comprising introducing a lubricant containing the industrial base oil formulation of claim 1 into the mechanical device so as to access interstices between the parts that move with respect to one another. | An industrial base oil formulation comprising a base oil, preferably a hydrocarbon base oil, having a kinematic viscosity of more than 100 centiStokes, preferably 150 centiStokes or more, at 40 degrees Celsius and an AC-OSP where the AC-OSP has the structure of Formula I: R 1 [O(R 2 O) n (R 3 O) m R 4 ] p (I) where R 1 is an alkyl having from one to thirty carbons, R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from alkyl groups having three or four carbons and can be in block form or randomly combined, R 4 is an alkyl having from one to 18 carbon atoms, n and m are independently numbers ranging from zero to 20 provided that n+m is greater than zero and p is a number within a range of one to three; wherein the industrial base oil formulation has a kinematic viscosity of greater than 100 centiStokes, preferably 150 centiStokes or more, at 40 degrees Celsius is useful in a lubricant for mechanical devices.1. An industrial base oil formulation comprising a base oil having a kinematic viscosity of more than 100 centiStokes at 40 degrees Celsius and an alkyl capped oil soluble polymer where the alkyl capped oil soluble polymer has the structure of Formula I:
R1[O(R2O)n(R3O)mR4]p (I)
where R1 is an alkyl having from one to thirty carbons, R2 and R3 are independently selected from alkyls having three or four carbons and can be in block form or randomly combined, R4 is an alkyl having from one to 18 carbon atoms, n and m are independently numbers ranging from zero to 20 provided that n+m is greater than zero and p is a number within a range of one to three, wherein the industrial lubricant formulation has a kinematic viscosity of greater than 100 centiStokes at 40 degrees Celsius. 2. The industrial base oil formulation of claim 1, wherein the base oil is a hydrocarbon oil. 3. The industrial base oil formulation of claim 2, wherein the base oil is a polyalphaolefin. 4. The industrial base oil formulation of claim 1, wherein the base oil is further characterized by having a kinematic viscosity at of 150 centiStokes or higher at 40 degrees Celsius. 5. The industrial base oil formulation of claim 1, wherein the alkyl capped oil soluble polymer is a random copolymer of 1,2-butylene oxide and 1,2-propylene oxide. 6. The industrial base oil formulation of claim 1, further characterized by R4 being a methyl group. 7. The industrial base oil formulation of claim 1, further characterized by p being one. 8. The industrial base oil formulation of claim 1, further characterized by R1 being an alkyl having from eight to twelve carbons. 9. The industrial base oil formulation of claim 1, further characterized by the concentration of the alkyl capped oil soluble polymer being in a range of five to fifty weight-percent based on the total combined weight of the alkyl capped oil soluble polymer and the base oil. 10. A method for increasing the viscosity index of a base oil having a kinematic viscosity of more than 100 cSt at 40 degrees Celsius while simultaneously decreasing the viscosity of the base oil at a temperature of zero degrees Celsius, the method comprising blending into the base oil an AC-OSP where the AC-OSP has the structure of Formula I:
R1[O(R2O)n(R3O)mR4]p (I)
where R1 is an alkyl having from one to thirty carbons, R2 and R3 are independently selected from alkyls having three or four carbons, R4 is an alkyl having from one to 18, n and m are independently selected from numbers ranging from one to 20 provided that n+m is greater than zero and p is a number within a range of one to three so as to achieve the industrial lubricant base oil formulation of claim 1. 11. A method for lubricating a mechanical device comprising multiple parts that move with respect to one another, the method comprising introducing a lubricant containing the industrial base oil formulation of claim 1 into the mechanical device so as to access interstices between the parts that move with respect to one another. | 1,700 |
4,244 | 15,120,233 | 1,794 | The present invention relates to stable catalyst ink formulations comprising am electrospinning polymer selected from halogen-comprising polymers. The present invention further relates to electrospinning of such ink formulation, to the so-obtained electrospun fibrous mat as well as to articles comprising such electrospun fibrous mat. | 1. Ink formulation comprising
(i) metal supported on a carrier, (ii) an ionomer, (iii) an electrospinning polymer selected from the group of halogen-comprising polymers, and (iv) a solvent. 2. Ink formulation according to claim 1, wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Hg, lanthanides, actinides and any blend thereof. 3. Ink formulation according to claim 1, wherein the carrier is selected from the group consisting of carbon, silica, metal oxides, metal halides and any blend thereof. 4. Ink formulation according to claim 1, wherein the ionomer comprises electrically neutral repeating units and ionized or ionizable repeating units. 5. Ink formulation according to claim 1, wherein the halogen-comprising polymer comprises fluorine, chlorine or both, fluorine and chlorine. 6. Ink formulation according to claim 5, wherein the halogen-comprising polymer comprises an alkanediyl monomer unit of general formula (III)
*—[C2H4-p-q-rY1 pY2 qY3 r]—* (III)
wherein p is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3 and 4; q is selected from the group consisting of 0, 1, 2 and 3; r is selected from the group consisting of 0, 1, 2 and 3; Y1 is fluorine; Y2 is chlorine; and Y3 is, at each occurrence independently of the other, selected from the group consisting of alkyl having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, halogenated alkyl having from 1 to 20 carbons atoms, alkoxy having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms and halogenated alkoxy having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and the respective alkyl and alkoxy wherein one or more carbon atoms are replaced by a heteroatom, which is selected from the group consisting of —O—, —S—, —Se—, —N(R18)—, ═N—, —P(R18)—, —Si(R18)(R19)—, and —Ge(R18)(R19)— with R18 and R19 being independently of one another selected from alkyl or halogenated alkyl having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms and cycloalkyl or halogenated cycloalkyl having from 3 to 20 carbon atoms, with the provision that p+q+r≦4. 7. Ink formulation according to claim 1, wherein the ink formulation comprises at least 1 wt % and at most 30 wt % of combined amounts of metal with carrier, ionomer and electrospinning polymer, with wt % relative to the total weight of the ink formulation. 8. Ink formulation according to claim 1, wherein the ink formulation comprises the metal with carrier, the ionomer and the electrospinning polymer in a ratio of A:B:C with A being at least 10 parts and at most 80 parts, B being at least 1 part and at most 40 parts and C being at most 60 parts, with the sum of A, B and C being 100 parts, with parts being given as weight parts. 9. Ink formulation according to claim 1, wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of water and organic solvents. 10. Ink formulation according to claim 1, wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of water, ethers of general formula R13—O—R14, alcohols of general formula R15—OH, ketones of general formula R16—C(═O)—R17, amides of general formula (R16)2N—C(═O)—R17 and any blends thereof, wherein R13, R14, R15 and R16 are independently of each other selected from alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and fluorinated alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and R17 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and fluorinated alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or R13 and R14 may together be selected from alkanediyl having from 4 to 6 carbon atoms and fluorinated alkanediyl having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms, or R16 and R17 may together be selected from alkanediyl having from 4 to 6 carbon atoms and from fluorinated alkanediyl having from 4 to 6 carbon atoms. 11. Process for the production of an electrospun fibrous mat, said process comprising the steps of
(a) providing to an electrospinning apparatus the ink formulation of claim 1, and (b) subsequently electrospinning the ink formulation to obtain an electrospun fibrous mat. 12. (canceled) 13. Process according to claim 11, wherein step (b) is performed by nozzle-free electrospinning. 14. Process according to claim 11, wherein the electrospinning apparatus comprises two electrodes, the distance between which is at least 0.01 m and at most 2 m. 15. Electrospun fibrous mat comprising
(i) metal supported on a carrier, (ii) an ionomer, and (iii) an electrospinning polymer selected from the group of halogen-comprising polymers. 16. Electrospun fibrous mat having been prepared by the process according to claim 11. 17. Membrane electrode assembly comprising the electrospun fibrous mat of claim 15. 18. Fuel cell comprising the membrane electrode assembly of claim 17. | The present invention relates to stable catalyst ink formulations comprising am electrospinning polymer selected from halogen-comprising polymers. The present invention further relates to electrospinning of such ink formulation, to the so-obtained electrospun fibrous mat as well as to articles comprising such electrospun fibrous mat.1. Ink formulation comprising
(i) metal supported on a carrier, (ii) an ionomer, (iii) an electrospinning polymer selected from the group of halogen-comprising polymers, and (iv) a solvent. 2. Ink formulation according to claim 1, wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Hg, lanthanides, actinides and any blend thereof. 3. Ink formulation according to claim 1, wherein the carrier is selected from the group consisting of carbon, silica, metal oxides, metal halides and any blend thereof. 4. Ink formulation according to claim 1, wherein the ionomer comprises electrically neutral repeating units and ionized or ionizable repeating units. 5. Ink formulation according to claim 1, wherein the halogen-comprising polymer comprises fluorine, chlorine or both, fluorine and chlorine. 6. Ink formulation according to claim 5, wherein the halogen-comprising polymer comprises an alkanediyl monomer unit of general formula (III)
*—[C2H4-p-q-rY1 pY2 qY3 r]—* (III)
wherein p is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3 and 4; q is selected from the group consisting of 0, 1, 2 and 3; r is selected from the group consisting of 0, 1, 2 and 3; Y1 is fluorine; Y2 is chlorine; and Y3 is, at each occurrence independently of the other, selected from the group consisting of alkyl having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, halogenated alkyl having from 1 to 20 carbons atoms, alkoxy having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms and halogenated alkoxy having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and the respective alkyl and alkoxy wherein one or more carbon atoms are replaced by a heteroatom, which is selected from the group consisting of —O—, —S—, —Se—, —N(R18)—, ═N—, —P(R18)—, —Si(R18)(R19)—, and —Ge(R18)(R19)— with R18 and R19 being independently of one another selected from alkyl or halogenated alkyl having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms and cycloalkyl or halogenated cycloalkyl having from 3 to 20 carbon atoms, with the provision that p+q+r≦4. 7. Ink formulation according to claim 1, wherein the ink formulation comprises at least 1 wt % and at most 30 wt % of combined amounts of metal with carrier, ionomer and electrospinning polymer, with wt % relative to the total weight of the ink formulation. 8. Ink formulation according to claim 1, wherein the ink formulation comprises the metal with carrier, the ionomer and the electrospinning polymer in a ratio of A:B:C with A being at least 10 parts and at most 80 parts, B being at least 1 part and at most 40 parts and C being at most 60 parts, with the sum of A, B and C being 100 parts, with parts being given as weight parts. 9. Ink formulation according to claim 1, wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of water and organic solvents. 10. Ink formulation according to claim 1, wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of water, ethers of general formula R13—O—R14, alcohols of general formula R15—OH, ketones of general formula R16—C(═O)—R17, amides of general formula (R16)2N—C(═O)—R17 and any blends thereof, wherein R13, R14, R15 and R16 are independently of each other selected from alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and fluorinated alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and R17 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and fluorinated alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or R13 and R14 may together be selected from alkanediyl having from 4 to 6 carbon atoms and fluorinated alkanediyl having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms, or R16 and R17 may together be selected from alkanediyl having from 4 to 6 carbon atoms and from fluorinated alkanediyl having from 4 to 6 carbon atoms. 11. Process for the production of an electrospun fibrous mat, said process comprising the steps of
(a) providing to an electrospinning apparatus the ink formulation of claim 1, and (b) subsequently electrospinning the ink formulation to obtain an electrospun fibrous mat. 12. (canceled) 13. Process according to claim 11, wherein step (b) is performed by nozzle-free electrospinning. 14. Process according to claim 11, wherein the electrospinning apparatus comprises two electrodes, the distance between which is at least 0.01 m and at most 2 m. 15. Electrospun fibrous mat comprising
(i) metal supported on a carrier, (ii) an ionomer, and (iii) an electrospinning polymer selected from the group of halogen-comprising polymers. 16. Electrospun fibrous mat having been prepared by the process according to claim 11. 17. Membrane electrode assembly comprising the electrospun fibrous mat of claim 15. 18. Fuel cell comprising the membrane electrode assembly of claim 17. | 1,700 |
4,245 | 15,821,554 | 1,787 | A polyurethane composition suitable for coating a surface of a substrate. The polyurethane composition can include an aliphatic polyester urethane matrix and a fluorinated ionic antistatic additive. The aliphatic polyester urethane matrix can comprise an aliphatic diisocyanate, a polyester polyol having a polyester diol and a polyester triol, and sulfonated polyester urethane polyol. | 1. A polyurethane composition suitable for coating a surface of a substrate, the composition comprising:
an aliphatic polyester urethane matrix and a fluorinated ionic antistatic additive, the aliphatic polyester urethane matrix comprising:
an aliphatic diisocyanate,
a polyester polyol having a polyester diol and a polyester triol, and
a sulfonated polyester urethane polyol. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the aliphatic diisocyanate is selected from a group consisting of: hexamethylene diisocyanate, methylene bis (4-cyclohexylisocyanate), and isophorone diisocyanate. 3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the polyester diol has an average molecular weight of about 830 g/mol and comprises a polycaprolactone diol initiated with diethylene glycol. 4. The composition of claim 3, wherein the polyester triol has an average molecular weight of about 540 g/mol and comprises a polycaprolactone triol initiated with trimethylol propane. 5. The composition of claim 4, wherein the polyester polyol further comprises a chain extender selected from a group consisting of: ethylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, and 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol. 6. The composition of claim 4, wherein the sulfonated polyester urethane polyol comprises an anionic dispersion of an aliphatic polyester urethane resin. 7. The composition of claim 6, wherein the sulfonated polyester urethane polyol is from about 5% to about 10%, by weight, of the composition. 8. The composition of claim 7, wherein the aliphatic polyester urethane matrix is about 85% to about 98%, by weight, of the composition. 9. The composition of claim 8, wherein the fluorinated ionic antistatic additive comprises a quaternary ammonium salt of a fluorinated sulfonimide selected from a group consisting of: tri-n-butylmethylammonium bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and quaternary alkyl ammonium bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide. 10. The composition claim 9, wherein the fluorinated ionic antistatic additive is from about 3% to about 8%, by weight, of the composition. 11. A method of preparing a polyurethane composition suitable for coating a surface of a substrate, the method comprising:
mixing a polyester diol and a polyester triol with a sulfonated polyester urethane dispersion to form a homogeneous sulfonated polyol mix; and mixing the homogenous sulfonated polyol mix with components comprising an aliphatic diisocyanate, a fluorinated ionic antistatic additive, and a catalyst, to form the polyurethane coating composition. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the sulfonated polyester urethane dispersion is mixed with the polyester diol and the polyester triol at about 90° C. to about 105° C. for about 48 hours. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the polyester diol has an average molecular weight of about 830 g/mol and comprises a polycaprolactone diol initiated with diethylene glycol. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the polyester triol has an average molecular weight of about 540 g/mol and comprises a polycaprolactone triol initiated with trimethylol propane. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the sulfonated polyester urethane dispersion comprises an anionic dispersion of an aliphatic polyester urethane resin and is from about 5% to about 10%, by weight, of the composition. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the aliphatic diisocyanate comprises methylene bis (4-cyclohexylisocyanate). 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the fluorinated ionic antistatic additive comprises tri-n-butylmethylammonium bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and is from about 3% to about 8%, by weight, of the composition. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising:
coating the surface with the polyurethane composition; curing the coated surface at a first cure temperature from about 50° C. to about 60° C. for about 12 hours; and re-curing the coated surface at a second cure temperature from about 75° C. to about 85° C. for about 24 hours. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the coating is transparent and the substrate is a transparent acrylic. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the surface is an outer surface of an aircraft transparency. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the first cure temperature is about 54° C. and the second cure temperature is about 82° C. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising a step of preparing the surface before coating it with the transparent polyurethane composition, wherein the preparing step comprises:
coating the surface with a polysiloxane coating to form a base-coated surface; coating the base-coated surface with a three-layer indium tin oxide (ITO)/gold/ITO film stack to form a ITO-coated surface; coating the ITO-coated surface with a 0.1% silicate coating solution to form a silicate-coated surface; heating the silicate-coated surface at about 82 C for about 1 hour; coating the silicate-coated surface with a 0.1% aminosilane primer solution to form an aminosilane-coated surface; coating the aminosilane-coated surface with a 18% polyurethane thermoset adhesive solution to form a polyurethane thermoset-coated surface; and curing the polyurethane thermoset-coated surface at about 20° C. to about 25° C. for about 16 hours. 23. A laminate comprising:
a coating disposed on a surface of a substrate, wherein the coating comprises a polyurethane composition comprising:
an aliphatic polyester urethane matrix and a fluorinated ionic antistatic additive, the aliphatic polyester urethane matrix comprising:
an aliphatic diisocyanate,
a polyester polyol having a polyester diol and a polyester triol, and
a sulfonated polyester urethane polyol. 24. The laminate of claim 23, wherein the coating has a thickness from about 75 μm to about 100 μm. 25. The laminate of claim 24, wherein the coating has an electrical volume resistivity less than or equal to about 1011 ohm·cm at about −40° C. 26. The laminate of claim 25, wherein the coating has a luminous transmittance from about 65% to about 70%. 27. The laminate of claim 26, wherein the coating has a haze from about 0.90% to about 1.40%. 28. The laminate of claim 27, wherein the coating does not include ionizable metal salts of perfluoroalkylsulfonate or a colloidal indium tin oxide nanoparticle dispersion. 29. The laminate of claim 27, wherein the coating is transparent and the substrate is a transparent acrylic. 30. The laminate of claim 29, wherein the surface is an outer surface of an aircraft transparency. | A polyurethane composition suitable for coating a surface of a substrate. The polyurethane composition can include an aliphatic polyester urethane matrix and a fluorinated ionic antistatic additive. The aliphatic polyester urethane matrix can comprise an aliphatic diisocyanate, a polyester polyol having a polyester diol and a polyester triol, and sulfonated polyester urethane polyol.1. A polyurethane composition suitable for coating a surface of a substrate, the composition comprising:
an aliphatic polyester urethane matrix and a fluorinated ionic antistatic additive, the aliphatic polyester urethane matrix comprising:
an aliphatic diisocyanate,
a polyester polyol having a polyester diol and a polyester triol, and
a sulfonated polyester urethane polyol. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the aliphatic diisocyanate is selected from a group consisting of: hexamethylene diisocyanate, methylene bis (4-cyclohexylisocyanate), and isophorone diisocyanate. 3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the polyester diol has an average molecular weight of about 830 g/mol and comprises a polycaprolactone diol initiated with diethylene glycol. 4. The composition of claim 3, wherein the polyester triol has an average molecular weight of about 540 g/mol and comprises a polycaprolactone triol initiated with trimethylol propane. 5. The composition of claim 4, wherein the polyester polyol further comprises a chain extender selected from a group consisting of: ethylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, and 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol. 6. The composition of claim 4, wherein the sulfonated polyester urethane polyol comprises an anionic dispersion of an aliphatic polyester urethane resin. 7. The composition of claim 6, wherein the sulfonated polyester urethane polyol is from about 5% to about 10%, by weight, of the composition. 8. The composition of claim 7, wherein the aliphatic polyester urethane matrix is about 85% to about 98%, by weight, of the composition. 9. The composition of claim 8, wherein the fluorinated ionic antistatic additive comprises a quaternary ammonium salt of a fluorinated sulfonimide selected from a group consisting of: tri-n-butylmethylammonium bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and quaternary alkyl ammonium bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide. 10. The composition claim 9, wherein the fluorinated ionic antistatic additive is from about 3% to about 8%, by weight, of the composition. 11. A method of preparing a polyurethane composition suitable for coating a surface of a substrate, the method comprising:
mixing a polyester diol and a polyester triol with a sulfonated polyester urethane dispersion to form a homogeneous sulfonated polyol mix; and mixing the homogenous sulfonated polyol mix with components comprising an aliphatic diisocyanate, a fluorinated ionic antistatic additive, and a catalyst, to form the polyurethane coating composition. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the sulfonated polyester urethane dispersion is mixed with the polyester diol and the polyester triol at about 90° C. to about 105° C. for about 48 hours. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the polyester diol has an average molecular weight of about 830 g/mol and comprises a polycaprolactone diol initiated with diethylene glycol. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the polyester triol has an average molecular weight of about 540 g/mol and comprises a polycaprolactone triol initiated with trimethylol propane. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the sulfonated polyester urethane dispersion comprises an anionic dispersion of an aliphatic polyester urethane resin and is from about 5% to about 10%, by weight, of the composition. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the aliphatic diisocyanate comprises methylene bis (4-cyclohexylisocyanate). 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the fluorinated ionic antistatic additive comprises tri-n-butylmethylammonium bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and is from about 3% to about 8%, by weight, of the composition. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising:
coating the surface with the polyurethane composition; curing the coated surface at a first cure temperature from about 50° C. to about 60° C. for about 12 hours; and re-curing the coated surface at a second cure temperature from about 75° C. to about 85° C. for about 24 hours. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the coating is transparent and the substrate is a transparent acrylic. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the surface is an outer surface of an aircraft transparency. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the first cure temperature is about 54° C. and the second cure temperature is about 82° C. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising a step of preparing the surface before coating it with the transparent polyurethane composition, wherein the preparing step comprises:
coating the surface with a polysiloxane coating to form a base-coated surface; coating the base-coated surface with a three-layer indium tin oxide (ITO)/gold/ITO film stack to form a ITO-coated surface; coating the ITO-coated surface with a 0.1% silicate coating solution to form a silicate-coated surface; heating the silicate-coated surface at about 82 C for about 1 hour; coating the silicate-coated surface with a 0.1% aminosilane primer solution to form an aminosilane-coated surface; coating the aminosilane-coated surface with a 18% polyurethane thermoset adhesive solution to form a polyurethane thermoset-coated surface; and curing the polyurethane thermoset-coated surface at about 20° C. to about 25° C. for about 16 hours. 23. A laminate comprising:
a coating disposed on a surface of a substrate, wherein the coating comprises a polyurethane composition comprising:
an aliphatic polyester urethane matrix and a fluorinated ionic antistatic additive, the aliphatic polyester urethane matrix comprising:
an aliphatic diisocyanate,
a polyester polyol having a polyester diol and a polyester triol, and
a sulfonated polyester urethane polyol. 24. The laminate of claim 23, wherein the coating has a thickness from about 75 μm to about 100 μm. 25. The laminate of claim 24, wherein the coating has an electrical volume resistivity less than or equal to about 1011 ohm·cm at about −40° C. 26. The laminate of claim 25, wherein the coating has a luminous transmittance from about 65% to about 70%. 27. The laminate of claim 26, wherein the coating has a haze from about 0.90% to about 1.40%. 28. The laminate of claim 27, wherein the coating does not include ionizable metal salts of perfluoroalkylsulfonate or a colloidal indium tin oxide nanoparticle dispersion. 29. The laminate of claim 27, wherein the coating is transparent and the substrate is a transparent acrylic. 30. The laminate of claim 29, wherein the surface is an outer surface of an aircraft transparency. | 1,700 |
4,246 | 14,383,764 | 1,782 | A parison for being blow molded into a medical balloon for a catheter includes a first tubular layer having a functional modification and a second tubular layer adapted for bonding with the first tubular layer to form the blow molded balloon. Related methods are also disclosed. | 1. A parison for being blow molded into a medical balloon for a catheter, comprising:
a first tubular layer having a functional modification; and a second tubular layer adapted for bonding with the first tubular layer to form the blow molded balloon. 2. The parison of claim 1, wherein the first layer is external to the second layer. 3. The parison of claim 1, wherein the first layer is internal to the second layer. 4. The parison of claim 1, wherein the functional modification comprises a radiopaque strip. 5. The parison of claim 4, wherein the strip comprises a circumferential band. 6. The parison of claim 4, wherein the strip extends between a first end and a second end of the first layer. 7. The parison of claim 1, wherein the first tubular layer is spaced from the second tubular layer. 8. The parison of claim 1, wherein the functional modification is selected from the group consisting of an added radiopacifier, a surface pattern, an etching, one or more perforations, and combinations of the foregoing. 9. A medical balloon formed by the parison of claim 1, comprising:
a tubular, inflatable body comprising a wall, the body including first and second generally conical ends and a generally cylindrical barrel section between the generally conical ends and providing a working surface. 10. The balloon of claim 9, wherein the first layer extends from the first end to the second end of the balloon. 11. The balloon of claim 9, wherein the first layer extends along only the working surface. 12. The balloon of claim 9, wherein the first layer extends along an entire circumference of a portion of the wall. 13. The balloon of claim 9, wherein the first layer extends along the full circumference of the wall. 14. The balloon of claim 9, wherein the wall includes first and second spaced shoulders, and wherein the first layer is positioned between the shoulders. 15. The balloon of claim 9, wherein the first and second layers both extend from a first end to a second end of the balloon. 16. The balloon of claim 9, further comprising an at least partially radiopaque tube positioned over the barrel section and extending substantially along the working surface. 17. The balloon of claim 16, further including first and second shoulders adjacent the proximal and distal ends of the radiopaque tube. 18. The balloon of claim 16, wherein the entire tube is radiopaque. 19. A method of manufacturing an at least partially radiopaque balloon, comprising:
blow molding a first layer of a material having a functional modification and a second layer of material together to form the balloon. 20.-25. (canceled) 26. A method of manufacturing a medical balloon using a mold having a mold cavity, comprising:
blow molding a parison at least partially within the mold cavity of the mold to form a balloon having a modified outer portion along a working surface of the balloon. 27.-35. (canceled) | A parison for being blow molded into a medical balloon for a catheter includes a first tubular layer having a functional modification and a second tubular layer adapted for bonding with the first tubular layer to form the blow molded balloon. Related methods are also disclosed.1. A parison for being blow molded into a medical balloon for a catheter, comprising:
a first tubular layer having a functional modification; and a second tubular layer adapted for bonding with the first tubular layer to form the blow molded balloon. 2. The parison of claim 1, wherein the first layer is external to the second layer. 3. The parison of claim 1, wherein the first layer is internal to the second layer. 4. The parison of claim 1, wherein the functional modification comprises a radiopaque strip. 5. The parison of claim 4, wherein the strip comprises a circumferential band. 6. The parison of claim 4, wherein the strip extends between a first end and a second end of the first layer. 7. The parison of claim 1, wherein the first tubular layer is spaced from the second tubular layer. 8. The parison of claim 1, wherein the functional modification is selected from the group consisting of an added radiopacifier, a surface pattern, an etching, one or more perforations, and combinations of the foregoing. 9. A medical balloon formed by the parison of claim 1, comprising:
a tubular, inflatable body comprising a wall, the body including first and second generally conical ends and a generally cylindrical barrel section between the generally conical ends and providing a working surface. 10. The balloon of claim 9, wherein the first layer extends from the first end to the second end of the balloon. 11. The balloon of claim 9, wherein the first layer extends along only the working surface. 12. The balloon of claim 9, wherein the first layer extends along an entire circumference of a portion of the wall. 13. The balloon of claim 9, wherein the first layer extends along the full circumference of the wall. 14. The balloon of claim 9, wherein the wall includes first and second spaced shoulders, and wherein the first layer is positioned between the shoulders. 15. The balloon of claim 9, wherein the first and second layers both extend from a first end to a second end of the balloon. 16. The balloon of claim 9, further comprising an at least partially radiopaque tube positioned over the barrel section and extending substantially along the working surface. 17. The balloon of claim 16, further including first and second shoulders adjacent the proximal and distal ends of the radiopaque tube. 18. The balloon of claim 16, wherein the entire tube is radiopaque. 19. A method of manufacturing an at least partially radiopaque balloon, comprising:
blow molding a first layer of a material having a functional modification and a second layer of material together to form the balloon. 20.-25. (canceled) 26. A method of manufacturing a medical balloon using a mold having a mold cavity, comprising:
blow molding a parison at least partially within the mold cavity of the mold to form a balloon having a modified outer portion along a working surface of the balloon. 27.-35. (canceled) | 1,700 |
4,247 | 14,843,409 | 1,793 | A flavor system for a non-animal derived protein consumable is provided. The flavor system includes an aqueous component; a protein binder including a mixture of at least one terpene and at least one carbonyl compound; one or more off-note blocking compounds; and a flavorant. | 1. A flavor system comprising:
a protein binder including a mixture of at least one terpene and at least one carbonyl compound; and one or more off-note blocking compounds. 2. The flavor system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one terpene is selected from the group consisting of carotenes; monoterpenes; sesquiterpenes; saponins; lipids;
triterpenoids; alpha-pinenes; cis-beta-ocimenes and bisabolenes. 3. The flavor system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one terpene is selected from the group consisting of alphacarotene; beta-carotene; gamma-carotene; delta-carotene; lycopene; neurosporene; phytofluene; phytoene; canthaxanthin; cryptoxanthin; aeaxanthin; astaxanthin; lutein; rubixanthin; limonene; perillyl alcohol; caryophyllene; β-caryophyllene; zingiberene; phytosterols; campesterol; beta sitosterol; gamma sitosterol; stigmasterol; tocopherol; omega-3, -6, and -9 fatty acids; oleanolic acid; ursolic acid; betulinic acid; moronic acid; alpha-bisabolene and gamma-bisabolene. 4. The flavor system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one carbonyl compound is selected from the group consisting of aldehydes and ketones. 5. The flavor system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one carbonyl compound is selected from the group consisting of acetone; acetyl methyl carbinol; acetophenone; 2-butanone; L-carvone; D-carvone; diacetyl; 2-heptanone; beta-ionone; L-menthone; anisyl acetaone; methyl cyclopentenolone; methyl nonyl ketone; methyl heptenone; 2-nonanone; 2-octanone; 2-pentanone; 2-undecanonen; 4-hydroxy-2,5dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone; nootkatone; tridecanone; tetradecalactone; decalactone; butyrolactone; 2-tridecanone; benzaldehyde; n-butyraldehyde; isobutraldehyde; cinnamic aldehyde; citronellal; decanal; docecenal; hexanal; aldehyde C-12; aldehyde C-8; acetaldehyde; trans-2-hexenal; anisyl aldehyde; trans 2-decenal; cis-3-hexenal and cis-4-heptenal. 6. The flavor system according to claim 1, wherein the off-note blocking compound is selected from the group consisting of fatty acids; carbonyls; sulfur; sweet browns; sweeteners; lactones and juice derivatives. 7. The flavor system according to claim 1, wherein the off-note blocking compound is selected from the group consisting of nonanoic acid; decanoic acid; dodecanoic acid; tetradecanoic acid; hexadecanoic acid; oleic acid; octanoic acid; 9-decenoic acid; hexanoic acid; acetoin; acetyl propionyl; 2-heptanone; 2-nonanone; 2-undecanone; cis-4-heptenal; dimethyl sulfide; dimethyl trisulfide; maltol; vanillin; cyclopentenolone; furaneol; vanilla extracts; vanilla derivatives; caramel extracts; condensed milk derivatives; ethyl caprate; ethyl dodecanoate; ethyl myristate; ethyl palmitate; ethyl oleate; steviol glycosides; rebaudiosides; rebusodide; swingle extract; mogroside V; erythritol; glucosylated steviol glycosides; sugar distillates; honey distillates; gamma decalactone; delta decalactone; delta dodecalactone; gamma undecalactone; massoia lactone; strawberry juice derivative; cucumber juice derivative; apple juice derivative; cherry juice derivative; kiwi juice derivative and apricot juice derivative. 8. The flavor system according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of off-note blocking to protein binder compound is between about 1:1 and about 5:1. 9. A yogurt product, including the flavor system of claim 1. 10. The flavor system according to claim 1, further comprising at least five off-note blocking compounds. 11. A protein beverage composition comprising:
a non-animal protein; an aqueous component; a protein binder including a mixture of at least one terpene and at least one carbonyl compound; one or more off-note blocking compounds; and a flavorant;
wherein the protein binder and off-note blocking compounds are present in concentrations sufficient to provide improved flavor release in the protein beverage compared to the same beverage without both the protein binder and off-note blocking compounds. 12. The protein beverage composition according to claim 11, wherein the non-animal protein is selected from the group consisting of grain; legume; pulses; seed; oilseed; nut; algal; fungal protein; insects and leaf protein. 13. The protein beverage composition according to claim 11, wherein the non-animal protein is selected from the group consisting of rice; millet; maize; barley; wheat; oat; sorghum; rye; teff; triticale; amaranth; buckwheat; quinoa; soybean; sesame; mung beans; chickpeas; garbanzo; peas; fava beans; lentils; lima beans; lupins; peanuts; pigeon peas; runner beans; kidney beans; navy beans; pinto beans; azuki beans; cowpea; black-eyed peas; black mustard; India mustard; rapeseed; canola; safflower; sunflower seed; flax seed; hemp seed; poppy seed; pumpkin; chia; sesame; almond; walnut; Brazil; Macadamia; cashews; chestnuts;
hazelnuts; pine; pecans; pistachio; gingko; kelp; wakame; spirulina; and chlorella. 14. The protein beverage composition according to claim 11, wherein the beverage is a liquid, ready-to-drink beverage. 15. The beverage composition according to claim 11, including from about 2% to about 15% by weight of protein. 16. The beverage composition according to claim 11, including from about 0.0000001% to about 0.0015% by weight of the beverage composition of off-note blocking compounds. 17. The beverage composition according to claim 11, including from about 0.05% to about 1.0% by weight of the protein of protein binder. 18. The beverage composition according to claim 11, further comprising at least five off-note blocking compounds. 19. A protein consumable comprising:
a non-animal protein; a protein binder including a mixture of at least one terpene and at least one carbonyl compound; at least five off-note blocking compounds selected from the group consisting of fatty acids; carbonyls; sulfur; sweet browns; sweeteners; lactones and juice derivatives; and a flavorant;
wherein the weight ratio of off-note blocking compound to protein binder compound is between about 1:1 and about 5:1. 20. The protein consumable according to claim 19, further comprising at least ten off-note blocking compounds. | A flavor system for a non-animal derived protein consumable is provided. The flavor system includes an aqueous component; a protein binder including a mixture of at least one terpene and at least one carbonyl compound; one or more off-note blocking compounds; and a flavorant.1. A flavor system comprising:
a protein binder including a mixture of at least one terpene and at least one carbonyl compound; and one or more off-note blocking compounds. 2. The flavor system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one terpene is selected from the group consisting of carotenes; monoterpenes; sesquiterpenes; saponins; lipids;
triterpenoids; alpha-pinenes; cis-beta-ocimenes and bisabolenes. 3. The flavor system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one terpene is selected from the group consisting of alphacarotene; beta-carotene; gamma-carotene; delta-carotene; lycopene; neurosporene; phytofluene; phytoene; canthaxanthin; cryptoxanthin; aeaxanthin; astaxanthin; lutein; rubixanthin; limonene; perillyl alcohol; caryophyllene; β-caryophyllene; zingiberene; phytosterols; campesterol; beta sitosterol; gamma sitosterol; stigmasterol; tocopherol; omega-3, -6, and -9 fatty acids; oleanolic acid; ursolic acid; betulinic acid; moronic acid; alpha-bisabolene and gamma-bisabolene. 4. The flavor system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one carbonyl compound is selected from the group consisting of aldehydes and ketones. 5. The flavor system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one carbonyl compound is selected from the group consisting of acetone; acetyl methyl carbinol; acetophenone; 2-butanone; L-carvone; D-carvone; diacetyl; 2-heptanone; beta-ionone; L-menthone; anisyl acetaone; methyl cyclopentenolone; methyl nonyl ketone; methyl heptenone; 2-nonanone; 2-octanone; 2-pentanone; 2-undecanonen; 4-hydroxy-2,5dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone; nootkatone; tridecanone; tetradecalactone; decalactone; butyrolactone; 2-tridecanone; benzaldehyde; n-butyraldehyde; isobutraldehyde; cinnamic aldehyde; citronellal; decanal; docecenal; hexanal; aldehyde C-12; aldehyde C-8; acetaldehyde; trans-2-hexenal; anisyl aldehyde; trans 2-decenal; cis-3-hexenal and cis-4-heptenal. 6. The flavor system according to claim 1, wherein the off-note blocking compound is selected from the group consisting of fatty acids; carbonyls; sulfur; sweet browns; sweeteners; lactones and juice derivatives. 7. The flavor system according to claim 1, wherein the off-note blocking compound is selected from the group consisting of nonanoic acid; decanoic acid; dodecanoic acid; tetradecanoic acid; hexadecanoic acid; oleic acid; octanoic acid; 9-decenoic acid; hexanoic acid; acetoin; acetyl propionyl; 2-heptanone; 2-nonanone; 2-undecanone; cis-4-heptenal; dimethyl sulfide; dimethyl trisulfide; maltol; vanillin; cyclopentenolone; furaneol; vanilla extracts; vanilla derivatives; caramel extracts; condensed milk derivatives; ethyl caprate; ethyl dodecanoate; ethyl myristate; ethyl palmitate; ethyl oleate; steviol glycosides; rebaudiosides; rebusodide; swingle extract; mogroside V; erythritol; glucosylated steviol glycosides; sugar distillates; honey distillates; gamma decalactone; delta decalactone; delta dodecalactone; gamma undecalactone; massoia lactone; strawberry juice derivative; cucumber juice derivative; apple juice derivative; cherry juice derivative; kiwi juice derivative and apricot juice derivative. 8. The flavor system according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of off-note blocking to protein binder compound is between about 1:1 and about 5:1. 9. A yogurt product, including the flavor system of claim 1. 10. The flavor system according to claim 1, further comprising at least five off-note blocking compounds. 11. A protein beverage composition comprising:
a non-animal protein; an aqueous component; a protein binder including a mixture of at least one terpene and at least one carbonyl compound; one or more off-note blocking compounds; and a flavorant;
wherein the protein binder and off-note blocking compounds are present in concentrations sufficient to provide improved flavor release in the protein beverage compared to the same beverage without both the protein binder and off-note blocking compounds. 12. The protein beverage composition according to claim 11, wherein the non-animal protein is selected from the group consisting of grain; legume; pulses; seed; oilseed; nut; algal; fungal protein; insects and leaf protein. 13. The protein beverage composition according to claim 11, wherein the non-animal protein is selected from the group consisting of rice; millet; maize; barley; wheat; oat; sorghum; rye; teff; triticale; amaranth; buckwheat; quinoa; soybean; sesame; mung beans; chickpeas; garbanzo; peas; fava beans; lentils; lima beans; lupins; peanuts; pigeon peas; runner beans; kidney beans; navy beans; pinto beans; azuki beans; cowpea; black-eyed peas; black mustard; India mustard; rapeseed; canola; safflower; sunflower seed; flax seed; hemp seed; poppy seed; pumpkin; chia; sesame; almond; walnut; Brazil; Macadamia; cashews; chestnuts;
hazelnuts; pine; pecans; pistachio; gingko; kelp; wakame; spirulina; and chlorella. 14. The protein beverage composition according to claim 11, wherein the beverage is a liquid, ready-to-drink beverage. 15. The beverage composition according to claim 11, including from about 2% to about 15% by weight of protein. 16. The beverage composition according to claim 11, including from about 0.0000001% to about 0.0015% by weight of the beverage composition of off-note blocking compounds. 17. The beverage composition according to claim 11, including from about 0.05% to about 1.0% by weight of the protein of protein binder. 18. The beverage composition according to claim 11, further comprising at least five off-note blocking compounds. 19. A protein consumable comprising:
a non-animal protein; a protein binder including a mixture of at least one terpene and at least one carbonyl compound; at least five off-note blocking compounds selected from the group consisting of fatty acids; carbonyls; sulfur; sweet browns; sweeteners; lactones and juice derivatives; and a flavorant;
wherein the weight ratio of off-note blocking compound to protein binder compound is between about 1:1 and about 5:1. 20. The protein consumable according to claim 19, further comprising at least ten off-note blocking compounds. | 1,700 |
4,248 | 15,681,529 | 1,793 | Methods for treatment of chronic liver disease and reversing liver fibrosis are provided. These treatments may be achieved using a medical food composition. The medical food is configured specifically for those having chronic liver disease to provide for specific nutritional requirements caused by the chronic liver disease. Testing of the treated patient allows for tracking of progress and to determine if the liver fibrosis is reversed. | 1. A method of reversing liver fibrosis comprising the steps of administering a composition to a patient, the composition comprising:
N-Acetyl Cysteine in a range of 500-5,000 mg; Polyenylphosphatidylcholine in a range of 500-10,000 mg; Alpha Lipoic Acid in a range of 200-2,500 mg; and at least one of: L-Lysine in a range of 400-5,000 mg; L-Arginine in a range of 1,000-9,000 mg; Vitamin C in a range of 500-10,000 mg; N-Acetyl L-Carnitine in a range of 250-3,000 mg; Betaine HCl in a range of 300-20,000 mg; L-Glutamate in a range of 200-2,000 mg; Turmeric in a range of 200-1,500 mg; Proanthocyanidins in a range of 100-1,000 mg; Nigella sativa in a range of 50-400 mg; Pantothenic acid in a range of 20-10,000 mg; Benfotiamine in a range of 50-400 mg; Magnesium in a range of 50-800 mg; Vitamin E in a range of 50-1,000 IU; Cynara scolymus in a range of 25-300 mg; L-Glycine in a range of 50-3000 mg; Vitamin B1 in a range of 10-200 mg; Vitamin B2 in a range of 10-200 mg; Ubiquinol in a range of 30-1,000 mg; Piper cubeba in a range of 10-100 mg; Artemisia absinthium in a range of 10-100 mg; Vitamin B3 in a range of 45-3,000 mg; Vitamin B6 in a range of 10-200 mg; Zinc in a range of 5-50 mg; Vitamin D3 in a range of 400-10,000 IU; Folate in a range of 200-3,000 mcg; Vitamin B12 in a range of 200-3,000 mcg; Selenium in a range of 100-600 mcg; and Biotin in a range of 50-2,000 mcg; wherein the step of administering comprises dividing the composition into three equal doses, a first of the three doses administered at a first time, a second of the three doses administered at a second time, and a third of the three doses administered at a third time, the three doses administered in a 24 hour period; wherein the administering is repeated every 24 hours; and testing the patient, the step of testing comprising taking a sample from the patient, analyzing the sample for an indicator of liver fibrosis, and comparing the analyzed sample to a previously analyzed sample. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the composition further comprises each of:
L-Lysine in a range of 400-5,000 mg; L-Arginine in a range of 1,000-9,000 mg; Vitamin C in a range of 500-10,000 mg; N-Acetyl L-Carnitine in a range of 250-3,000 mg; Betaine HCl in a range of 300-20,000 mg; L-Glutamate in a range of 200-2,000 mg; Turmeric in a range of 200-1,500 mg; Proanthocyanidins in a range of 100-1,000 mg; Nigella sativa in a range of 50-400 mg; Pantothenic acid in a range of 20-10,000 mg; Benfotiamine in a range of 50-400 mg; Magnesium in a range of 50-800 mg; Vitamin E in a range of 50-1,000 IU; Cynara scolymus in a range of 25-300 mg; L-Glycine in a range of 50-3000 mg; Vitamin B1 in a range of 10-200 mg; Vitamin B2 in a range of 10-200 mg; Ubiquinol in a range of 30-1,000 mg; Piper cubeba in a range of 10-100 mg; Artemisia absinthium in a range of 10-100 mg; Vitamin B3 in a range of 45-3,000 mg; Vitamin B6 in a range of 10-200 mg; Zinc in a range of 5-50 mg; Vitamin D3 in a range of 400-10,000 IU; Folate in a range of 200-3,000 mcg; Vitamin B12 in a range of 200-3,000 mcg; and Selenium in a range of 100-600 mcg; and Biotin in a range of 50-2,000 mcg. 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of dividing the composition into a plurality of capsules, each of the plurality of capsules comprising a fraction of the composition. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the testing is selected to analyze a rate of one carbon methylation metabolism which is supported by nutrients provided in the administration step. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the testing is selected to analyze a rate of S-Adenosyl Methionine metabolism which is supported by nutrients provided in the administration step. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of administration comprises administering a powdered composition. 7. The method of claim 6 further comprising the step of mixing the powdered composition with a food. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the testing further comprises analyzing a metabolic marker. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the metabolic marker is phosphatidylcholine homeostasis. 10. The method of claim 8 wherein the metabolic marker is a lysophosphatidylcholine species level. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the composition is selected to reduce extreme oxidative stress caused by an altered nutritional requirement caused by chronic liver disease. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the composition is selected to supply metabolites involved in glutathione biosynthesis. 13. The method of claim 1 wherein the composition is selected to provide a full complement of interlinked small-molecule non-enzymatic antioxidants, including the antioxidant minerals zinc, selenium, magnesium, CoQ10, vitamins A, B, C, D, E, and the thiol-based cellular antioxidant ALA. 14. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of orally administering the composition. 15. A method of treatment for a patient having chronic liver disease comprising the steps of:
identifying that the patient suffers from chronic liver disease based on a testing of a metabolic marker; administering a composition selected to reduce oxidative stress caused by an adjusted nutritional requirement caused by the chronic liver disease, the composition comprising: N-Acetyl Cysteine in a range of 500-5,000 mg; Polyenylphosphatidylcholine in a range of 500-10,000 mg; Alpha Lipoic Acid in a range of 200-2,500 mg; and at least one of: L-Lysine in a range of 400-5,000 mg; L-Arginine in a range of 1,000-9,000 mg; Vitamin C in a range of 500-10,000 mg; N-Acetyl L-Carnitine in a range of 250-3,000 mg; Betaine HCl in a range of 300-20,000 mg; L-Glutamate in a range of 200-2,000 mg; Turmeric in a range of 200-1,500 mg; Proanthocyanidins in a range of 100-1,000 mg; Nigella sativa in a range of 50-400 mg; Pantothenic acid in a range of 20-10,000 mg; Benfotiamine in a range of 50-400 mg; Magnesium in a range of 50-800 mg; Vitamin E in a range of 50-1,000 IU; Cynara scolymus in a range of 25-300 mg; L-Glycine in a range of 50-3000 mg; Vitamin B1 in a range of 10-200 mg; Vitamin B2 in a range of 10-200 mg; Ubiquinol in a range of 30-1,000 mg; Piper cubeba in a range of 10-100 mg; Artemisia absinthium in a range of 10-100 mg; Vitamin B3 in a range of 45-3,000 mg; Vitamin B6 in a range of 10-200 mg; Zinc in a range of 5-50 mg; Vitamin D3 in a range of 400-10,000 IU; Folate in a range of 200-3,000 mcg; Vitamin B12 in a range of 200-3,000 mcg; Selenium in a range of 100-600 mcg; and Biotin in a range of 50-2,000 mcg; wherein the administering step is repeated every 24 hours; and testing the patient, the step of testing comprising taking a sample from the patient, analyzing the sample for the metabolic marker, and comparing the analyzed sample to a previously analyzed sample of the metabolic marker. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the composition further comprises each of:
L-Lysine in a range of 400-5,000 mg; L-Arginine in a range of 1,000-9,000 mg; Vitamin C in a range of 500-10,000 mg; N-Acetyl L-Carnitine in a range of 250-3,000 mg; Betaine HCl in a range of 300-20,000 mg; L-Glutamate in a range of 200-2,000 mg; Turmeric in a range of 200-1,500 mg; Proanthocyanidins in a range of 100-1,000 mg; Nigella sativa in a range of 50-400 mg; Pantothenic acid in a range of 20-10,000 mg; Benfotiamine in a range of 50-400 mg; Magnesium in a range of 50-800 mg; Vitamin E in a range of 50-1,000 IU; Cynara scolymus in a range of 25-300 mg; L-Glycine in a range of 50-3000 mg; Vitamin B1 in a range of 10-200 mg; Vitamin B2 in a range of 10-200 mg; Ubiquinol in a range of 30-1,000 mg; Piper cubeba in a range of 10-100 mg; Artemisia absinthium in a range of 10-100 mg; Vitamin B3 in a range of 45-3,000 mg; Vitamin B6 in a range of 10-200 mg; Zinc in a range of 5-50 mg; Vitamin D3 in a range of 400-10,000 IU; Folate in a range of 200-3,000 mcg; Vitamin B12 in a range of 200-3,000 mcg; and Selenium in a range of 100-600 mcg; and Biotin in a range of 50-2,000 mcg. 17. The method of claim 15 wherein the metabolic marker is phosphatidylcholine homeostasis. 18. The method of claim 15 wherein the metabolic marker is a lysophosphatidylcholine species level. 19. The method of claim 15 wherein the composition is selected to supply metabolites involved in glutathione biosynthesis. 20. The method of claim 15 wherein the step of testing comprising taking a blood sample from the patient, analyzing the sample for appropriate liver function using blood tests, and comparing results of the analysis to a blood test from the patent analyzed before a first administration step. | Methods for treatment of chronic liver disease and reversing liver fibrosis are provided. These treatments may be achieved using a medical food composition. The medical food is configured specifically for those having chronic liver disease to provide for specific nutritional requirements caused by the chronic liver disease. Testing of the treated patient allows for tracking of progress and to determine if the liver fibrosis is reversed.1. A method of reversing liver fibrosis comprising the steps of administering a composition to a patient, the composition comprising:
N-Acetyl Cysteine in a range of 500-5,000 mg; Polyenylphosphatidylcholine in a range of 500-10,000 mg; Alpha Lipoic Acid in a range of 200-2,500 mg; and at least one of: L-Lysine in a range of 400-5,000 mg; L-Arginine in a range of 1,000-9,000 mg; Vitamin C in a range of 500-10,000 mg; N-Acetyl L-Carnitine in a range of 250-3,000 mg; Betaine HCl in a range of 300-20,000 mg; L-Glutamate in a range of 200-2,000 mg; Turmeric in a range of 200-1,500 mg; Proanthocyanidins in a range of 100-1,000 mg; Nigella sativa in a range of 50-400 mg; Pantothenic acid in a range of 20-10,000 mg; Benfotiamine in a range of 50-400 mg; Magnesium in a range of 50-800 mg; Vitamin E in a range of 50-1,000 IU; Cynara scolymus in a range of 25-300 mg; L-Glycine in a range of 50-3000 mg; Vitamin B1 in a range of 10-200 mg; Vitamin B2 in a range of 10-200 mg; Ubiquinol in a range of 30-1,000 mg; Piper cubeba in a range of 10-100 mg; Artemisia absinthium in a range of 10-100 mg; Vitamin B3 in a range of 45-3,000 mg; Vitamin B6 in a range of 10-200 mg; Zinc in a range of 5-50 mg; Vitamin D3 in a range of 400-10,000 IU; Folate in a range of 200-3,000 mcg; Vitamin B12 in a range of 200-3,000 mcg; Selenium in a range of 100-600 mcg; and Biotin in a range of 50-2,000 mcg; wherein the step of administering comprises dividing the composition into three equal doses, a first of the three doses administered at a first time, a second of the three doses administered at a second time, and a third of the three doses administered at a third time, the three doses administered in a 24 hour period; wherein the administering is repeated every 24 hours; and testing the patient, the step of testing comprising taking a sample from the patient, analyzing the sample for an indicator of liver fibrosis, and comparing the analyzed sample to a previously analyzed sample. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the composition further comprises each of:
L-Lysine in a range of 400-5,000 mg; L-Arginine in a range of 1,000-9,000 mg; Vitamin C in a range of 500-10,000 mg; N-Acetyl L-Carnitine in a range of 250-3,000 mg; Betaine HCl in a range of 300-20,000 mg; L-Glutamate in a range of 200-2,000 mg; Turmeric in a range of 200-1,500 mg; Proanthocyanidins in a range of 100-1,000 mg; Nigella sativa in a range of 50-400 mg; Pantothenic acid in a range of 20-10,000 mg; Benfotiamine in a range of 50-400 mg; Magnesium in a range of 50-800 mg; Vitamin E in a range of 50-1,000 IU; Cynara scolymus in a range of 25-300 mg; L-Glycine in a range of 50-3000 mg; Vitamin B1 in a range of 10-200 mg; Vitamin B2 in a range of 10-200 mg; Ubiquinol in a range of 30-1,000 mg; Piper cubeba in a range of 10-100 mg; Artemisia absinthium in a range of 10-100 mg; Vitamin B3 in a range of 45-3,000 mg; Vitamin B6 in a range of 10-200 mg; Zinc in a range of 5-50 mg; Vitamin D3 in a range of 400-10,000 IU; Folate in a range of 200-3,000 mcg; Vitamin B12 in a range of 200-3,000 mcg; and Selenium in a range of 100-600 mcg; and Biotin in a range of 50-2,000 mcg. 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of dividing the composition into a plurality of capsules, each of the plurality of capsules comprising a fraction of the composition. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the testing is selected to analyze a rate of one carbon methylation metabolism which is supported by nutrients provided in the administration step. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the testing is selected to analyze a rate of S-Adenosyl Methionine metabolism which is supported by nutrients provided in the administration step. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of administration comprises administering a powdered composition. 7. The method of claim 6 further comprising the step of mixing the powdered composition with a food. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the testing further comprises analyzing a metabolic marker. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the metabolic marker is phosphatidylcholine homeostasis. 10. The method of claim 8 wherein the metabolic marker is a lysophosphatidylcholine species level. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the composition is selected to reduce extreme oxidative stress caused by an altered nutritional requirement caused by chronic liver disease. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the composition is selected to supply metabolites involved in glutathione biosynthesis. 13. The method of claim 1 wherein the composition is selected to provide a full complement of interlinked small-molecule non-enzymatic antioxidants, including the antioxidant minerals zinc, selenium, magnesium, CoQ10, vitamins A, B, C, D, E, and the thiol-based cellular antioxidant ALA. 14. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of orally administering the composition. 15. A method of treatment for a patient having chronic liver disease comprising the steps of:
identifying that the patient suffers from chronic liver disease based on a testing of a metabolic marker; administering a composition selected to reduce oxidative stress caused by an adjusted nutritional requirement caused by the chronic liver disease, the composition comprising: N-Acetyl Cysteine in a range of 500-5,000 mg; Polyenylphosphatidylcholine in a range of 500-10,000 mg; Alpha Lipoic Acid in a range of 200-2,500 mg; and at least one of: L-Lysine in a range of 400-5,000 mg; L-Arginine in a range of 1,000-9,000 mg; Vitamin C in a range of 500-10,000 mg; N-Acetyl L-Carnitine in a range of 250-3,000 mg; Betaine HCl in a range of 300-20,000 mg; L-Glutamate in a range of 200-2,000 mg; Turmeric in a range of 200-1,500 mg; Proanthocyanidins in a range of 100-1,000 mg; Nigella sativa in a range of 50-400 mg; Pantothenic acid in a range of 20-10,000 mg; Benfotiamine in a range of 50-400 mg; Magnesium in a range of 50-800 mg; Vitamin E in a range of 50-1,000 IU; Cynara scolymus in a range of 25-300 mg; L-Glycine in a range of 50-3000 mg; Vitamin B1 in a range of 10-200 mg; Vitamin B2 in a range of 10-200 mg; Ubiquinol in a range of 30-1,000 mg; Piper cubeba in a range of 10-100 mg; Artemisia absinthium in a range of 10-100 mg; Vitamin B3 in a range of 45-3,000 mg; Vitamin B6 in a range of 10-200 mg; Zinc in a range of 5-50 mg; Vitamin D3 in a range of 400-10,000 IU; Folate in a range of 200-3,000 mcg; Vitamin B12 in a range of 200-3,000 mcg; Selenium in a range of 100-600 mcg; and Biotin in a range of 50-2,000 mcg; wherein the administering step is repeated every 24 hours; and testing the patient, the step of testing comprising taking a sample from the patient, analyzing the sample for the metabolic marker, and comparing the analyzed sample to a previously analyzed sample of the metabolic marker. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the composition further comprises each of:
L-Lysine in a range of 400-5,000 mg; L-Arginine in a range of 1,000-9,000 mg; Vitamin C in a range of 500-10,000 mg; N-Acetyl L-Carnitine in a range of 250-3,000 mg; Betaine HCl in a range of 300-20,000 mg; L-Glutamate in a range of 200-2,000 mg; Turmeric in a range of 200-1,500 mg; Proanthocyanidins in a range of 100-1,000 mg; Nigella sativa in a range of 50-400 mg; Pantothenic acid in a range of 20-10,000 mg; Benfotiamine in a range of 50-400 mg; Magnesium in a range of 50-800 mg; Vitamin E in a range of 50-1,000 IU; Cynara scolymus in a range of 25-300 mg; L-Glycine in a range of 50-3000 mg; Vitamin B1 in a range of 10-200 mg; Vitamin B2 in a range of 10-200 mg; Ubiquinol in a range of 30-1,000 mg; Piper cubeba in a range of 10-100 mg; Artemisia absinthium in a range of 10-100 mg; Vitamin B3 in a range of 45-3,000 mg; Vitamin B6 in a range of 10-200 mg; Zinc in a range of 5-50 mg; Vitamin D3 in a range of 400-10,000 IU; Folate in a range of 200-3,000 mcg; Vitamin B12 in a range of 200-3,000 mcg; and Selenium in a range of 100-600 mcg; and Biotin in a range of 50-2,000 mcg. 17. The method of claim 15 wherein the metabolic marker is phosphatidylcholine homeostasis. 18. The method of claim 15 wherein the metabolic marker is a lysophosphatidylcholine species level. 19. The method of claim 15 wherein the composition is selected to supply metabolites involved in glutathione biosynthesis. 20. The method of claim 15 wherein the step of testing comprising taking a blood sample from the patient, analyzing the sample for appropriate liver function using blood tests, and comparing results of the analysis to a blood test from the patent analyzed before a first administration step. | 1,700 |
4,249 | 15,126,527 | 1,724 | A catalyst layer ( 20 ) for a fuel cell and to a method suitable for producing the catalyst layer ( 20 ). The catalyst layer ( 20 ) includes a catalyst material ( 22 ) containing a catalytic material ( 24 ) and optionally porous carrier material ( 23 ) on which the catalytic material ( 24 ) is supported. The catalyst layer also includes mesoporous particles ( 21 ) made from hydrophobic material. | 1-8. (canceled) 9. A catalyst layer for a fuel cell, the catalyst layer comprising:
a catalyst material containing a catalytic material; and carbon-based mesoporous particles. 10. The catalyst layer as recited in claim 9 wherein the catalytic material is not supported on the mesoporous particles. 11. The catalyst layer as recited in claim 9 wherein the mesoporous particles have an average pore diameter in the range of 2 nm to 20 nm. 12. The catalyst layer as recited in claim 9 wherein the mesoporous particles have a pore volume of at least 2 ml/g. 13. The catalyst layer as recited in claim 9 wherein the mesoporous particles have an average size of no more than 1 μm. 14. The catalyst layer as recited in claim 9 further comprising water-retaining particles made of silicon dioxide or carbon. 15. The catalyst layer as recited in claim 9 wherein the catalyst layer has an average content of the mesoporous particles of 0.5 g to 5 g per square meter (g/m2). 16. The catalyst layer as recited in claim 9 further comprising a porous carrier material, the catalytic material being supported on the porous carrier material. 17. A method for manufacturing the catalyst layer for a fuel cell as recited in claim 9, the method comprising the following steps:
providing a catalyst ink, including the catalyst material containing the catalytic material as well as the mesoporous particles, and applying the catalyst ink to a polymer electrolyte membrane or a gas diffusion layer. 18. The method as recited in claim 17 wherein the catalyst layer further includes a porous carrier material, the catalytic material being supported on the porous carrier material. | A catalyst layer ( 20 ) for a fuel cell and to a method suitable for producing the catalyst layer ( 20 ). The catalyst layer ( 20 ) includes a catalyst material ( 22 ) containing a catalytic material ( 24 ) and optionally porous carrier material ( 23 ) on which the catalytic material ( 24 ) is supported. The catalyst layer also includes mesoporous particles ( 21 ) made from hydrophobic material.1-8. (canceled) 9. A catalyst layer for a fuel cell, the catalyst layer comprising:
a catalyst material containing a catalytic material; and carbon-based mesoporous particles. 10. The catalyst layer as recited in claim 9 wherein the catalytic material is not supported on the mesoporous particles. 11. The catalyst layer as recited in claim 9 wherein the mesoporous particles have an average pore diameter in the range of 2 nm to 20 nm. 12. The catalyst layer as recited in claim 9 wherein the mesoporous particles have a pore volume of at least 2 ml/g. 13. The catalyst layer as recited in claim 9 wherein the mesoporous particles have an average size of no more than 1 μm. 14. The catalyst layer as recited in claim 9 further comprising water-retaining particles made of silicon dioxide or carbon. 15. The catalyst layer as recited in claim 9 wherein the catalyst layer has an average content of the mesoporous particles of 0.5 g to 5 g per square meter (g/m2). 16. The catalyst layer as recited in claim 9 further comprising a porous carrier material, the catalytic material being supported on the porous carrier material. 17. A method for manufacturing the catalyst layer for a fuel cell as recited in claim 9, the method comprising the following steps:
providing a catalyst ink, including the catalyst material containing the catalytic material as well as the mesoporous particles, and applying the catalyst ink to a polymer electrolyte membrane or a gas diffusion layer. 18. The method as recited in claim 17 wherein the catalyst layer further includes a porous carrier material, the catalytic material being supported on the porous carrier material. | 1,700 |
4,250 | 14,425,438 | 1,763 | There is described a solvent assisted dispersion (SAD) process for preparing an aqueous polycondensate (such as a polyester e.g. uralkyd) dispersion substantially free of solvents, comprising the steps of (a) reacting in a non-protic solvent a mixture of (i) one or more polycondensate monomers, oligomers and/or polymers comprising a plurality of isocyanate-reactive groups; wherein the monomers, oligomers and/or polymers comprises at least 2% by weight (components) of a fully, partially or non-neutralized acid group having a pKa less than 3 (ii) at least one multifunctional isocyanate, to form a mixture of a first (e.g. uralkyd) emulsifier resin and the non-protic solvent; (b) optionally, reacting the first emulsifier resin from step (a) with at least one monomer, oligomer and/or polymer different from component (a) (performance polymer) to form a second (e.g. uralkyd) resin; (c) dispersing the first emulsifier resin from step (a) and/or the second performance resin from step (b) in an aqueous medium to form an aqueous (e.g. uralkyd) dispersion. (d) removing substantially all of the non-protic solvent from the dispersion to form a (e.g. uralkyd) dispersion substantially-free of solvent. | 1. A solvent assisted dispersion (SAD) process for preparing an aqueous polycondensate dispersion substantially free of solvents, the process comprising the step of:
(a) reacting in the presence of a non-protic solvent a mixture of
(i) one or more polycondensate monomers, polycondensate oligomers and/or polycondensate polymers comprising a plurality of isocyanate-reactive groups; wherein the monomers, oligomers and/or polymers comprises at least 2% by weight (components) of a fully, partially or non-neutralized acid group having a pKa less than 3
(ii) at least one multifunctional isocyanate,
to form a mixture of a first polycondensate resin and the non-protic solvent; (b) optionally, reacting the first polycondensate from step (a) (also denoted herein as emulsifier polymer) with at least one monomer, oligomer and/or polymer different from component (a) (component (b) also denoted herein as performance polymer) to form a second polycondensate resin; (c) dispersing the first polycondensate resin from step (a) and/or the second polycondensate resin from step (b) in an aqueous medium to form an aqueous polycondensate dispersion. (d) removing substantially all of the non-protic solvent from the dispersion from step (c) to form a polycondensate dispersion substantially-free of solvent and where the acid groups are completely or partially neutralized in step (a), or in step (b) or before dispersing the polycondensate in water. 2. A process as claimed in claim 1, where further strong acid components comprising monomers, oligomers and/or polymers (preferably polycondensate monomers, polycondensate oligomers and/or polycondensate polymers) are used in and/or added to the mixture(s) of step (a) and/or (b) in an amount of least 2% by weight (of total components (a) to (b)) such strong acid components have thereon a fully, partially or non-neutralized acid group having a pKa less than 3; and where the further strong acid components are used in and/or after step (a)(i) and/or (b). 3. A process as claimed in claim 1, in which the polycondensate comprises a polyamide and/or polyester. 4. A process as claimed in claim 3, in which the polycondensate comprises a polyester. 5. A process as claimed in claim 4, in which the polyester comprises an alkyd. 6. A process as claimed in claim 1, in which the polyester dispersion is chain-extended by using one or more chain extenders. 7. A process as claimed in claim 1, in which the first and/or second polycondensate comprises uralkyds that have a number average molecule weight of from 1,000 to 1,000,000 daltons, 8. A process as claimed in claim 1, in which the first and/or second polycondensate comprises uralkyds that have a weight average molecule weight of from 1,000 to 1,000,000 daltons, 9. A process as claimed in claim 1, in which the first and/or second polycondensates comprise uralkyds that are obtained and/or obtainable from three- or higher functional hydroxyl and/or carboxy functional components. 10. A process as claimed in claim 1, in which the product from step (d) has less than 0.1 wt-% of organic solvent by weight of total polycondensate resin (preferably is substantially free of organic solvent). 11. An aqueous dispersion of a polycondensate uralkyd obtained and/or obtainable by a process as claimed in claim 1. 12. An aqueous coating composition comprising a polycondensate uralkyd obtained and/or obtainable by a process as claimed in claim 1. 13. An article and/or substrate coated by a composition as claimed in claim 12. 14. A method of coating an article and/or substrate comprising the steps of
(I) applying a coating composition as claimed in claim 12 to an article and/or substrate, and (II) drying the coating thereon to obtain a coated article and/or substrate. | There is described a solvent assisted dispersion (SAD) process for preparing an aqueous polycondensate (such as a polyester e.g. uralkyd) dispersion substantially free of solvents, comprising the steps of (a) reacting in a non-protic solvent a mixture of (i) one or more polycondensate monomers, oligomers and/or polymers comprising a plurality of isocyanate-reactive groups; wherein the monomers, oligomers and/or polymers comprises at least 2% by weight (components) of a fully, partially or non-neutralized acid group having a pKa less than 3 (ii) at least one multifunctional isocyanate, to form a mixture of a first (e.g. uralkyd) emulsifier resin and the non-protic solvent; (b) optionally, reacting the first emulsifier resin from step (a) with at least one monomer, oligomer and/or polymer different from component (a) (performance polymer) to form a second (e.g. uralkyd) resin; (c) dispersing the first emulsifier resin from step (a) and/or the second performance resin from step (b) in an aqueous medium to form an aqueous (e.g. uralkyd) dispersion. (d) removing substantially all of the non-protic solvent from the dispersion to form a (e.g. uralkyd) dispersion substantially-free of solvent.1. A solvent assisted dispersion (SAD) process for preparing an aqueous polycondensate dispersion substantially free of solvents, the process comprising the step of:
(a) reacting in the presence of a non-protic solvent a mixture of
(i) one or more polycondensate monomers, polycondensate oligomers and/or polycondensate polymers comprising a plurality of isocyanate-reactive groups; wherein the monomers, oligomers and/or polymers comprises at least 2% by weight (components) of a fully, partially or non-neutralized acid group having a pKa less than 3
(ii) at least one multifunctional isocyanate,
to form a mixture of a first polycondensate resin and the non-protic solvent; (b) optionally, reacting the first polycondensate from step (a) (also denoted herein as emulsifier polymer) with at least one monomer, oligomer and/or polymer different from component (a) (component (b) also denoted herein as performance polymer) to form a second polycondensate resin; (c) dispersing the first polycondensate resin from step (a) and/or the second polycondensate resin from step (b) in an aqueous medium to form an aqueous polycondensate dispersion. (d) removing substantially all of the non-protic solvent from the dispersion from step (c) to form a polycondensate dispersion substantially-free of solvent and where the acid groups are completely or partially neutralized in step (a), or in step (b) or before dispersing the polycondensate in water. 2. A process as claimed in claim 1, where further strong acid components comprising monomers, oligomers and/or polymers (preferably polycondensate monomers, polycondensate oligomers and/or polycondensate polymers) are used in and/or added to the mixture(s) of step (a) and/or (b) in an amount of least 2% by weight (of total components (a) to (b)) such strong acid components have thereon a fully, partially or non-neutralized acid group having a pKa less than 3; and where the further strong acid components are used in and/or after step (a)(i) and/or (b). 3. A process as claimed in claim 1, in which the polycondensate comprises a polyamide and/or polyester. 4. A process as claimed in claim 3, in which the polycondensate comprises a polyester. 5. A process as claimed in claim 4, in which the polyester comprises an alkyd. 6. A process as claimed in claim 1, in which the polyester dispersion is chain-extended by using one or more chain extenders. 7. A process as claimed in claim 1, in which the first and/or second polycondensate comprises uralkyds that have a number average molecule weight of from 1,000 to 1,000,000 daltons, 8. A process as claimed in claim 1, in which the first and/or second polycondensate comprises uralkyds that have a weight average molecule weight of from 1,000 to 1,000,000 daltons, 9. A process as claimed in claim 1, in which the first and/or second polycondensates comprise uralkyds that are obtained and/or obtainable from three- or higher functional hydroxyl and/or carboxy functional components. 10. A process as claimed in claim 1, in which the product from step (d) has less than 0.1 wt-% of organic solvent by weight of total polycondensate resin (preferably is substantially free of organic solvent). 11. An aqueous dispersion of a polycondensate uralkyd obtained and/or obtainable by a process as claimed in claim 1. 12. An aqueous coating composition comprising a polycondensate uralkyd obtained and/or obtainable by a process as claimed in claim 1. 13. An article and/or substrate coated by a composition as claimed in claim 12. 14. A method of coating an article and/or substrate comprising the steps of
(I) applying a coating composition as claimed in claim 12 to an article and/or substrate, and (II) drying the coating thereon to obtain a coated article and/or substrate. | 1,700 |
4,251 | 15,024,224 | 1,786 | A sailcloth including at least one textile layer, wherein at least one textile layer consists of a nonwoven fabric material with unidirectionally or bidirectionally aligned filaments. | 1. A sailcloth with at least one textile layer, characterized in that at least one textile layer consists of a nonwoven fabric material with unidirectionally or bidirectionally aligned filaments. 2. The sailcloth according to claim 1, characterized by two outer layers and at least one inner layer. 3. The sailcloth according to claim 1, characterized in that one outer layer consists of a nonwoven fabric and the other outer layer of a sheet/foil. 4. The sailcloth according to claim 1, characterized in that the two outer layers consist of nonwoven fabric material. 5. The sailcloth according to claim 1, characterized in that the nonwoven fabric has a mass per unit area ranging between 20 and 100 g/m2. 6. The sailcloth according to claim 5, characterized in that the nonwoven fabric has a mass per unit area ranging between 30 and 60 g/m2. 7. The sailcloth according to claim 1, characterized in that the nonwoven fabric comprises filaments aligned in machine direction (0° direction). 8. The sailcloth according to claim 7, characterized in that the nonwoven fabric comprises filaments aligned bidirectionally in 0° direction and in 90° direction. 9. The sailcloth according to claim 1, characterized in that the nonwoven fabric comprises filaments of polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene vinyl acetate and polyamide. 10. The sailcloth according to claim 9, characterized in that the nonwoven fabric comprises polyester filaments. 11. The sailcloth according to claim 1, characterized by at least one inner layer of reinforcing filaments or yarns. 12. The sailcloth according to claim 11, characterized by at least three inner layers of reinforcing filaments or yarns. 13. The sailcloth according to claim 12, characterized in that the reinforcing filaments or yarns extend in the machine direction of the nonwoven fabric material at an angle of 0°, 20° to 40° and 75° to 105°. 14. The sailcloth according to claim 12, characterized in that the reinforcing filaments or yarns extend in relation to the machine direction of the nonwoven fabric material at an angle of 0°, 30°, and 90°. 15. The sailcloth according to claim 10, characterized in that the reinforcing filaments or yarns are laid in an adhesive bed. 16. The sailcloth according to claim 15, characterized in that the adhesive bed has a weight ranging between 20 and 40 g/m2. 17. The sailcloth according to claim 11, characterized in that the reinforcing filaments are provided in the form of warp sheets. 18. The sailcloth according to claim 17, characterized in that the reinforcing filaments consist of polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene vinyl acetate, polyamide, aramid, carbon fibers or optional combinations thereof. 19. A sail manufactured from sailcloth with at least one textile layer, characterized in that at least one textile layer consists of a nonwoven fabric material with unidirectionally or bidirectionally aligned filaments. 20. The sailcloth according to claim 2, characterized in that one outer layer consists of a nonwoven fabric and the other outer layer of a sheet/foil. | A sailcloth including at least one textile layer, wherein at least one textile layer consists of a nonwoven fabric material with unidirectionally or bidirectionally aligned filaments.1. A sailcloth with at least one textile layer, characterized in that at least one textile layer consists of a nonwoven fabric material with unidirectionally or bidirectionally aligned filaments. 2. The sailcloth according to claim 1, characterized by two outer layers and at least one inner layer. 3. The sailcloth according to claim 1, characterized in that one outer layer consists of a nonwoven fabric and the other outer layer of a sheet/foil. 4. The sailcloth according to claim 1, characterized in that the two outer layers consist of nonwoven fabric material. 5. The sailcloth according to claim 1, characterized in that the nonwoven fabric has a mass per unit area ranging between 20 and 100 g/m2. 6. The sailcloth according to claim 5, characterized in that the nonwoven fabric has a mass per unit area ranging between 30 and 60 g/m2. 7. The sailcloth according to claim 1, characterized in that the nonwoven fabric comprises filaments aligned in machine direction (0° direction). 8. The sailcloth according to claim 7, characterized in that the nonwoven fabric comprises filaments aligned bidirectionally in 0° direction and in 90° direction. 9. The sailcloth according to claim 1, characterized in that the nonwoven fabric comprises filaments of polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene vinyl acetate and polyamide. 10. The sailcloth according to claim 9, characterized in that the nonwoven fabric comprises polyester filaments. 11. The sailcloth according to claim 1, characterized by at least one inner layer of reinforcing filaments or yarns. 12. The sailcloth according to claim 11, characterized by at least three inner layers of reinforcing filaments or yarns. 13. The sailcloth according to claim 12, characterized in that the reinforcing filaments or yarns extend in the machine direction of the nonwoven fabric material at an angle of 0°, 20° to 40° and 75° to 105°. 14. The sailcloth according to claim 12, characterized in that the reinforcing filaments or yarns extend in relation to the machine direction of the nonwoven fabric material at an angle of 0°, 30°, and 90°. 15. The sailcloth according to claim 10, characterized in that the reinforcing filaments or yarns are laid in an adhesive bed. 16. The sailcloth according to claim 15, characterized in that the adhesive bed has a weight ranging between 20 and 40 g/m2. 17. The sailcloth according to claim 11, characterized in that the reinforcing filaments are provided in the form of warp sheets. 18. The sailcloth according to claim 17, characterized in that the reinforcing filaments consist of polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene vinyl acetate, polyamide, aramid, carbon fibers or optional combinations thereof. 19. A sail manufactured from sailcloth with at least one textile layer, characterized in that at least one textile layer consists of a nonwoven fabric material with unidirectionally or bidirectionally aligned filaments. 20. The sailcloth according to claim 2, characterized in that one outer layer consists of a nonwoven fabric and the other outer layer of a sheet/foil. | 1,700 |
4,252 | 16,536,747 | 1,796 | Systems and methods implementing the systems including a facility including a plurality of collection apparatuses distributed in the facility for ease of collection and transportation. The system also includes transportation subsystems for shipping filled inner containers to a processing subsystem and for transporting a fuel material or a land fillable material to incineration or landfill subsystems. The systems may also include a monitoring subsystem for monitoring the deployed collection apparatuses, inner containers, the fuel material and the land fillable material. | 1.-23 (canceled) 24. A collection apparatus comprising
a. a first outer container, the first outer container having:
i. an exterior, wherein the exterior is not adjacent to the exterior of a second outer container,
ii. an interior,
iii. a first opening; and
iv. a second opening;
b. a door, the door mounted to the first outer container, the door positioned so as to allow access to the interior of the first outer container through the second opening; c. a unidirectional depositing member, the unidirectional depositing member communicating between the exterior and the interior of the first outer container through the first opening in the first outer container, wherein the unidirectional depositing member comprises:
i. a scoop unidirectional depositing member, the scoop unidirectional depositing member including a scoop mounted within the first opening, the scoop sized so as to accept waste pharmaceutical containing materials to be deposited into the interior, the scoop rotatable about an axis; or
ii. the unidirectional depositing member consists of a slit through the exterior; and
d. an inner container, the inner container positioned within the interior of the first outer container. 25. The collection apparatus of claim 24 further, wherein the unidirectional depositing member is the scoop unidirectional depositing member and wherein the scoop includes a handle on an outer surface of the scoop. 26. The collection apparatus of claim 25, wherein the handle is adapted to be pulled by a user to insert waste pharmaceutical containing materials. 27. The collection apparatus of claim 26 further comprising at least one shaft, wherein the scoop is mounted on the at least one shaft, wherein the at least one shaft is coincident with the axis. 28. The collection apparatus of claim 27, wherein the at least one shaft is a plurality of shafts. 29. The collection apparatus of claim 24, wherein the unidirectional depositing member is a slit and the slit is horizontal. 30. The collection apparatus of claim 24, wherein the outer container is metallic. 31. The collection apparatus of claim 24, wherein the inner container is constructed of pulp material. 32. The collection apparatus of claim 24, wherein the collection apparatus has only one outer container and only one inner container. 33. The collection apparatus of claim 24 further comprising a lock, the lock positioned so as to secure the door to the first outer container. 34. A process comprising:
a. supplying a collection apparatus, the collection apparatus comprising
i. a first outer container, the first outer container having:
1. an exterior, wherein the exterior is not adjacent to the exterior of a second outer container,
2. an interior,
3. a first opening; and
4. a second opening;
ii. a door, the door mounted to the first outer container, the door positioned so as to allow access to the interior of the first outer container through the second opening;
iii. a unidirectional depositing member, the unidirectional depositing member communicating between the exterior and the interior of the first outer container through the first opening in the first outer container, wherein the unidirectional depositing member comprises:
1. a scoop unidirectional depositing member, the scoop unidirectional depositing member including a scoop mounted within the first opening, the scoop rotatable about an axis; or
2. the unidirectional depositing member consists of a slit through the exterior; and
iv. an inner container, the inner container positioned within the interior of the first outer container; and
b. receiving pharmaceutical containing materials into the interior through the unidirectional depositing member. 35. The process of claim 34 further comprising receiving the pharmaceutical containing materials into the inner container. 36. The process of claim 35 further comprising removing the inner container and disposing of the waste pharmaceutical containing material as fuel in cement facilities or incineration facilities. 37. The process of claim 34, wherein the inner container is constructed of pulp materials. 38. The process of claim 34, wherein the step of receiving the pharmaceutical containing materials comprise:
a. rotation of the scoop to an open position caused by movement of a handle, the handle coupled to the scoop; b. receipt of the pharmaceutical containing materials within the scoop; and c. rotation of the scoop to a closed position caused by movement of the handle. 39. The process of claim 34, wherein the step of receiving the pharmaceutical containing materials comprises receiving the pharmaceutical containing members through the slit. 40. The process of claim 39, wherein the slit is horizontal; 41. The process of claim 34, wherein the collection apparatus has only one outer container and only one inner container. 42. The process of claim 34, wherein the unidirectional depositing member is a plurality of slits extending radially from a central point located on the exterior surface. 43. The process of claim 34 further comprising removing the inner container from the outer container through the second opening. | Systems and methods implementing the systems including a facility including a plurality of collection apparatuses distributed in the facility for ease of collection and transportation. The system also includes transportation subsystems for shipping filled inner containers to a processing subsystem and for transporting a fuel material or a land fillable material to incineration or landfill subsystems. The systems may also include a monitoring subsystem for monitoring the deployed collection apparatuses, inner containers, the fuel material and the land fillable material.1.-23 (canceled) 24. A collection apparatus comprising
a. a first outer container, the first outer container having:
i. an exterior, wherein the exterior is not adjacent to the exterior of a second outer container,
ii. an interior,
iii. a first opening; and
iv. a second opening;
b. a door, the door mounted to the first outer container, the door positioned so as to allow access to the interior of the first outer container through the second opening; c. a unidirectional depositing member, the unidirectional depositing member communicating between the exterior and the interior of the first outer container through the first opening in the first outer container, wherein the unidirectional depositing member comprises:
i. a scoop unidirectional depositing member, the scoop unidirectional depositing member including a scoop mounted within the first opening, the scoop sized so as to accept waste pharmaceutical containing materials to be deposited into the interior, the scoop rotatable about an axis; or
ii. the unidirectional depositing member consists of a slit through the exterior; and
d. an inner container, the inner container positioned within the interior of the first outer container. 25. The collection apparatus of claim 24 further, wherein the unidirectional depositing member is the scoop unidirectional depositing member and wherein the scoop includes a handle on an outer surface of the scoop. 26. The collection apparatus of claim 25, wherein the handle is adapted to be pulled by a user to insert waste pharmaceutical containing materials. 27. The collection apparatus of claim 26 further comprising at least one shaft, wherein the scoop is mounted on the at least one shaft, wherein the at least one shaft is coincident with the axis. 28. The collection apparatus of claim 27, wherein the at least one shaft is a plurality of shafts. 29. The collection apparatus of claim 24, wherein the unidirectional depositing member is a slit and the slit is horizontal. 30. The collection apparatus of claim 24, wherein the outer container is metallic. 31. The collection apparatus of claim 24, wherein the inner container is constructed of pulp material. 32. The collection apparatus of claim 24, wherein the collection apparatus has only one outer container and only one inner container. 33. The collection apparatus of claim 24 further comprising a lock, the lock positioned so as to secure the door to the first outer container. 34. A process comprising:
a. supplying a collection apparatus, the collection apparatus comprising
i. a first outer container, the first outer container having:
1. an exterior, wherein the exterior is not adjacent to the exterior of a second outer container,
2. an interior,
3. a first opening; and
4. a second opening;
ii. a door, the door mounted to the first outer container, the door positioned so as to allow access to the interior of the first outer container through the second opening;
iii. a unidirectional depositing member, the unidirectional depositing member communicating between the exterior and the interior of the first outer container through the first opening in the first outer container, wherein the unidirectional depositing member comprises:
1. a scoop unidirectional depositing member, the scoop unidirectional depositing member including a scoop mounted within the first opening, the scoop rotatable about an axis; or
2. the unidirectional depositing member consists of a slit through the exterior; and
iv. an inner container, the inner container positioned within the interior of the first outer container; and
b. receiving pharmaceutical containing materials into the interior through the unidirectional depositing member. 35. The process of claim 34 further comprising receiving the pharmaceutical containing materials into the inner container. 36. The process of claim 35 further comprising removing the inner container and disposing of the waste pharmaceutical containing material as fuel in cement facilities or incineration facilities. 37. The process of claim 34, wherein the inner container is constructed of pulp materials. 38. The process of claim 34, wherein the step of receiving the pharmaceutical containing materials comprise:
a. rotation of the scoop to an open position caused by movement of a handle, the handle coupled to the scoop; b. receipt of the pharmaceutical containing materials within the scoop; and c. rotation of the scoop to a closed position caused by movement of the handle. 39. The process of claim 34, wherein the step of receiving the pharmaceutical containing materials comprises receiving the pharmaceutical containing members through the slit. 40. The process of claim 39, wherein the slit is horizontal; 41. The process of claim 34, wherein the collection apparatus has only one outer container and only one inner container. 42. The process of claim 34, wherein the unidirectional depositing member is a plurality of slits extending radially from a central point located on the exterior surface. 43. The process of claim 34 further comprising removing the inner container from the outer container through the second opening. | 1,700 |
4,253 | 15,719,020 | 1,713 | The present invention provides aqueous chemical mechanical planarization polishing (CMP polishing) compositions comprising one or more dispersions of a plurality of elongated, bent or nodular anionic functional colloidal silica particles or their mixture with one or more dispersions of anionic functional spherical colloidal silica particles, one or more amine carboxylic acids having an isoelectric point (pI) below 5, preferably, an acidic amino acid or pyridine acid, and, preferably, one or more ethoxylated anionic surfactants having a C 6 to C 16 alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl hydrophobic group, wherein the compositions have a pH of from 3 to 5. The compositions enable good silicon nitride removal and selectivity of nitride to oxide removal in polishing. | 1. An aqueous chemical mechanical planarization polishing composition comprising an abrasive of one or more dispersions of elongated, bent or nodular anionic functional colloidal silica particles or their mixture with one or more dispersions of anionic functional spherical colloidal silica particles, and one or more amine carboxylic acids having an isoelectric point (pI) below 5, wherein the compositions have a pH of from 3 to 5 and further wherein, the amount of the abrasive particles as solids, ranges from 0.01 to 30 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. 2. The aqueous chemical mechanical polishing composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the one or more amine carboxylic acids is an acidic amino acid or pyridine acid having pI of from 2.0 to 4.0. 3. The aqueous chemical mechanical polishing composition as claimed in claim 2, wherein the one or more amine carboxylic acids is an acidic amino acid chosen from glutamic acid or aspartic acid. 4. The aqueous chemical mechanical polishing composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the total solids amount of the one or more amine carboxylic acids ranges from 0.005 to 5 wt. %, based on the total mold weight of the composition. 5. The aqueous chemical mechanical polishing composition as claimed in claim 1, further comprising one or more ethoxylated anionic surfactants having a C6 to C16 alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl hydrophobic group. 6. The aqueous chemical mechanical polishing composition as claimed in claim 5, wherein the ethoxylated anionic surfactant is chosen from ethoxylated sulfates, ethoxylated sulfonic acid, ethoxylated sulfonate salts, ethoxylated phosphates, ethoxylated phosphonates, or ethoxylated carboxylates. 7. The aqueous chemical mechanical polishing composition as claimed in claim 5, wherein the amount of the ethoxylated anionic surfactant ranges from 0.0001 to 1 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. 8. The aqueous chemical mechanical polishing composition as claimed in claim 1 having a pH of from 3.5 to 4.5. 9. A method of using the aqueous chemical mechanical polishing composition as claimed in claim 1 comprising:
polishing a substrate with a chemical mechanical polishing pad and the aqueous chemical mechanical polishing composition. 10. The aqueous chemical mechanical polishing composition as claimed in claim 2, wherein the one or more amine carboxylic acids is a pyridine acid. 11. The aqueous chemical mechanical polishing composition as claimed in claim 10, wherein the pyridine acid is chosen from nicotinic acid or picolinic acid. 12. The aqueous chemical mechanical polishing composition as claimed in claim 4, wherein the total solids amount of the one or more amine carboxylic acids ranges from 0.01 to 1 wt. %, based on the total moles of the composition. | The present invention provides aqueous chemical mechanical planarization polishing (CMP polishing) compositions comprising one or more dispersions of a plurality of elongated, bent or nodular anionic functional colloidal silica particles or their mixture with one or more dispersions of anionic functional spherical colloidal silica particles, one or more amine carboxylic acids having an isoelectric point (pI) below 5, preferably, an acidic amino acid or pyridine acid, and, preferably, one or more ethoxylated anionic surfactants having a C 6 to C 16 alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl hydrophobic group, wherein the compositions have a pH of from 3 to 5. The compositions enable good silicon nitride removal and selectivity of nitride to oxide removal in polishing.1. An aqueous chemical mechanical planarization polishing composition comprising an abrasive of one or more dispersions of elongated, bent or nodular anionic functional colloidal silica particles or their mixture with one or more dispersions of anionic functional spherical colloidal silica particles, and one or more amine carboxylic acids having an isoelectric point (pI) below 5, wherein the compositions have a pH of from 3 to 5 and further wherein, the amount of the abrasive particles as solids, ranges from 0.01 to 30 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. 2. The aqueous chemical mechanical polishing composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the one or more amine carboxylic acids is an acidic amino acid or pyridine acid having pI of from 2.0 to 4.0. 3. The aqueous chemical mechanical polishing composition as claimed in claim 2, wherein the one or more amine carboxylic acids is an acidic amino acid chosen from glutamic acid or aspartic acid. 4. The aqueous chemical mechanical polishing composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the total solids amount of the one or more amine carboxylic acids ranges from 0.005 to 5 wt. %, based on the total mold weight of the composition. 5. The aqueous chemical mechanical polishing composition as claimed in claim 1, further comprising one or more ethoxylated anionic surfactants having a C6 to C16 alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl hydrophobic group. 6. The aqueous chemical mechanical polishing composition as claimed in claim 5, wherein the ethoxylated anionic surfactant is chosen from ethoxylated sulfates, ethoxylated sulfonic acid, ethoxylated sulfonate salts, ethoxylated phosphates, ethoxylated phosphonates, or ethoxylated carboxylates. 7. The aqueous chemical mechanical polishing composition as claimed in claim 5, wherein the amount of the ethoxylated anionic surfactant ranges from 0.0001 to 1 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. 8. The aqueous chemical mechanical polishing composition as claimed in claim 1 having a pH of from 3.5 to 4.5. 9. A method of using the aqueous chemical mechanical polishing composition as claimed in claim 1 comprising:
polishing a substrate with a chemical mechanical polishing pad and the aqueous chemical mechanical polishing composition. 10. The aqueous chemical mechanical polishing composition as claimed in claim 2, wherein the one or more amine carboxylic acids is a pyridine acid. 11. The aqueous chemical mechanical polishing composition as claimed in claim 10, wherein the pyridine acid is chosen from nicotinic acid or picolinic acid. 12. The aqueous chemical mechanical polishing composition as claimed in claim 4, wherein the total solids amount of the one or more amine carboxylic acids ranges from 0.01 to 1 wt. %, based on the total moles of the composition. | 1,700 |
4,254 | 14,489,101 | 1,742 | A method and apparatus for shaping fuselage sections. A first fuselage section is held in a holding structure in a cradle in a cradle system. Force are applied to the first fuselage section with an actuator system to a portion of the first fuselage section such that a first current shape of the first fuselage section changes towards a first desired shape for the first fuselage section to join the first the fuselage section to a second fuselage section. | 1. An apparatus comprising:
a holding structure that holds a fuselage section; and an actuator system that applies forces to the fuselage section while the fuselage section is held in the holding structure in which the forces change a current shape of the fuselage section towards a desired shape when commands are received from a controller. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the holding structure is a first holding structure, the actuator system is a first actuator system, the fuselage section is a first fuselage section, the current shape is a first current shape, and the desired shape is a first desired shape and further comprising:
a second holding structure that holds a second fuselage section; and a second actuator system that applies the forces to the second fuselage section while the second fuselage section is held in the second holding structure in which the forces change a second current shape of the second fuselage section towards a second desired shape when the commands are received from the controller. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the first desired shape and the second desired shape are selected for joining a first end of the first fuselage section to a second end of the second fuselage section. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the holding structure and the actuator system form a cradle in a cradle system. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the actuator system applies the forces to a portion of the fuselage section to cause the change in the current shape of the fuselage section. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the actuator system applies the forces to a portion of a first fuselage section at an end of the fuselage section. 7. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the portion is about one half of a circumference of the fuselage section. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the actuator system comprises:
actuators. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the actuator system further comprises:
a frame, wherein the actuators are physically associated with the frame and the frame holds the actuators in positons around the fuselage section when the fuselage section is held in a cradle. 10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the actuators are positioned at an end of the fuselage section held in the holding structure. 11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the actuators are selected from at least one of a linear actuator, a hydraulic actuator, a pneumatic actuator, or an electro mechanical actuator. 12. A method for shaping fuselage sections, the method comprising:
holding a first fuselage section in a holding structure in a cradle in a cradle system; and applying forces to the first fuselage section with an actuator system to a portion of the first fuselage section such that a first current shape of the first fuselage section changes towards a first desired shape for the first fuselage section to join the first fuselage section to a second fuselage section. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the cradle is a first cradle, the holding structure is a first holding structure, and wherein the holding step comprises:
holding the second fuselage section in a second cradle in the cradle system. 14. The method of claim 13 further comprising:
positioning the first fuselage section held in the first cradle relative to the second fuselage section held in the second cradle; and
joining the first fuselage section with the first desired shape to the second fuselage section with a second desired shape after positioning the first fuselage section held in the first cradle relative to the second fuselage section held in the second cradle. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the holding structure is a first holding structure, the cradle is a first cradle, the actuator system is a first actuator system, the portion is a first portion, the desired shape is a first desired shape, and further comprising:
holding the second fuselage section in a second holding structure in a second cradle in the cradle system; and applying the forces to the second fuselage section with a second actuator system to a second portion of the second fuselage section such that a second current shape of the second fuselage section changes towards a second desired shape for the second fuselage section to join the first fuselage section to the second fuselage section having the second current shape that is substantially the same as the first current shape. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the second fuselage section has a second desired shape, the first desired shape and the second desired shape are selected for joining a first end of the first fuselage section to a second end of the second fuselage section. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the actuator system applies the forces to the portion of the first fuselage section at an end of the first fuselage section. 18. The method of claim 12, wherein the portion is about one half of a circumference of the fuselage section. 19. The method of claim 12, wherein the actuator system comprises:
actuators; and a frame, wherein the actuators are physically associated with the frame and the frame holds a plurality of actuators in portions around the fuselage section when the fuselage section is held in the cradle. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the actuators are selected from at least one of a linear actuator, a hydraulic actuator, a pneumatic actuator, or an electro mechanical actuator. | A method and apparatus for shaping fuselage sections. A first fuselage section is held in a holding structure in a cradle in a cradle system. Force are applied to the first fuselage section with an actuator system to a portion of the first fuselage section such that a first current shape of the first fuselage section changes towards a first desired shape for the first fuselage section to join the first the fuselage section to a second fuselage section.1. An apparatus comprising:
a holding structure that holds a fuselage section; and an actuator system that applies forces to the fuselage section while the fuselage section is held in the holding structure in which the forces change a current shape of the fuselage section towards a desired shape when commands are received from a controller. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the holding structure is a first holding structure, the actuator system is a first actuator system, the fuselage section is a first fuselage section, the current shape is a first current shape, and the desired shape is a first desired shape and further comprising:
a second holding structure that holds a second fuselage section; and a second actuator system that applies the forces to the second fuselage section while the second fuselage section is held in the second holding structure in which the forces change a second current shape of the second fuselage section towards a second desired shape when the commands are received from the controller. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the first desired shape and the second desired shape are selected for joining a first end of the first fuselage section to a second end of the second fuselage section. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the holding structure and the actuator system form a cradle in a cradle system. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the actuator system applies the forces to a portion of the fuselage section to cause the change in the current shape of the fuselage section. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the actuator system applies the forces to a portion of a first fuselage section at an end of the fuselage section. 7. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the portion is about one half of a circumference of the fuselage section. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the actuator system comprises:
actuators. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the actuator system further comprises:
a frame, wherein the actuators are physically associated with the frame and the frame holds the actuators in positons around the fuselage section when the fuselage section is held in a cradle. 10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the actuators are positioned at an end of the fuselage section held in the holding structure. 11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the actuators are selected from at least one of a linear actuator, a hydraulic actuator, a pneumatic actuator, or an electro mechanical actuator. 12. A method for shaping fuselage sections, the method comprising:
holding a first fuselage section in a holding structure in a cradle in a cradle system; and applying forces to the first fuselage section with an actuator system to a portion of the first fuselage section such that a first current shape of the first fuselage section changes towards a first desired shape for the first fuselage section to join the first fuselage section to a second fuselage section. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the cradle is a first cradle, the holding structure is a first holding structure, and wherein the holding step comprises:
holding the second fuselage section in a second cradle in the cradle system. 14. The method of claim 13 further comprising:
positioning the first fuselage section held in the first cradle relative to the second fuselage section held in the second cradle; and
joining the first fuselage section with the first desired shape to the second fuselage section with a second desired shape after positioning the first fuselage section held in the first cradle relative to the second fuselage section held in the second cradle. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the holding structure is a first holding structure, the cradle is a first cradle, the actuator system is a first actuator system, the portion is a first portion, the desired shape is a first desired shape, and further comprising:
holding the second fuselage section in a second holding structure in a second cradle in the cradle system; and applying the forces to the second fuselage section with a second actuator system to a second portion of the second fuselage section such that a second current shape of the second fuselage section changes towards a second desired shape for the second fuselage section to join the first fuselage section to the second fuselage section having the second current shape that is substantially the same as the first current shape. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the second fuselage section has a second desired shape, the first desired shape and the second desired shape are selected for joining a first end of the first fuselage section to a second end of the second fuselage section. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the actuator system applies the forces to the portion of the first fuselage section at an end of the first fuselage section. 18. The method of claim 12, wherein the portion is about one half of a circumference of the fuselage section. 19. The method of claim 12, wherein the actuator system comprises:
actuators; and a frame, wherein the actuators are physically associated with the frame and the frame holds a plurality of actuators in portions around the fuselage section when the fuselage section is held in the cradle. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the actuators are selected from at least one of a linear actuator, a hydraulic actuator, a pneumatic actuator, or an electro mechanical actuator. | 1,700 |
4,255 | 15,499,284 | 1,771 | Embodiments of the present invention relate to a method and apparatus for mixing additives into a fluid fuel at a predictable concentration. The method comprises: taking a sample of the fuel; mixing the additive into the sample in metered proportions; testing the sample to determine that the correct amount of additive is present; storing the remaining fuel until it is time for the fuel to be used; and mixing the additive into the remainder of the fuel in the same metered proportions. | 1. A method for providing a fuel meeting a predetermined specification of properties, the method comprising:
taking a sample of the fuel; mixing an additive into the sample in metered proportions; testing the sample to determine that the combination of the fuel and the additive meets the predetermined specification of properties; storing the remaining fuel without the additive for subsequent mixing with the additive into the remainder of the fuel in the same metered proportion. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising the step of:
adjusting the metered proportions of the fuel and the additive where testing reveals that the sample contains an incorrect amount of additive. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fuel and the additive are fluids at the time of mixing. 4. The method as claimed in claim 3, wherein at least one of the fuel and the additive are liquid at the time of mixing. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least one of the fuel and the additive is a hydrocarbon. 6. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the hydrocarbon has been distilled from crude oil. 7. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein one of the fuel and the additive comprises gasoline. 8. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein one of the fuel and the additive comprises alcohol. 9. The method as claimed in claim 8, wherein the alcohol comprises ethanol. 10. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein one of the fuel and the additive comprises a bio-fuel. 11. An apparatus adapted for carrying out the method in claim 1, the apparatus comprising;
a blending system for incorporating the additive into the fuel; and a sample line for taking off a sample of the mixed additive and fuel for testing. 12. The apparatus as claimed in claim 11, wherein the blending system comprises a skid. 13. The apparatus as claimed in claim 11, wherein the blending system comprises a plurality of cylinders, and wherein each cylinder contains a piston, and each cylinder comprises at least one inlet, through which fuel or additive is supplied to the cylinder. 14. The apparatus as claimed in claim 13, wherein each cylinder comprises a first inlet and a second inlet, one at each end of the cylinder, and a valve which in use alternately directs the fuel or additive to the first inlet or the second inlet. 15. The apparatus as claimed in claim 14, wherein, in use, the piston of each cylinder is driven solely by the pressure of fluid entering the cylinder. 16. The apparatus as claimed in claim 13, wherein the blending system comprises a primary cylinder and at least one secondary cylinder, wherein the pistons in the secondary cylinders are arranged to operate in synchrony with the piston in the primary cylinder. 17. The apparatus as claimed in claim 16, wherein each cylinder comprises a first inlet and a second inlet, one at each end of the cylinder, and a valve which in use alternately directs the fuel or additive to the first inlet or the second inlet, wherein the primary cylinder comprises at least one proximity switch, arranged to operate the valve in the primary cylinder when the piston approaches the end of the primary cylinder. 18. The apparatus as claimed in claim 17, wherein the proximity switch in the primary cylinder is also arranged to operate the valves in the secondary cylinders. 19. The apparatus as claimed in claim 11, wherein the apparatus comprises a heat exchanger, and the fuel and the additive are put through opposite sides of the heat exchanger prior to mixing. 20. The apparatus as claimed in claim 11, wherein the cylinders are mounted inside a temperature controlled enclosure. | Embodiments of the present invention relate to a method and apparatus for mixing additives into a fluid fuel at a predictable concentration. The method comprises: taking a sample of the fuel; mixing the additive into the sample in metered proportions; testing the sample to determine that the correct amount of additive is present; storing the remaining fuel until it is time for the fuel to be used; and mixing the additive into the remainder of the fuel in the same metered proportions.1. A method for providing a fuel meeting a predetermined specification of properties, the method comprising:
taking a sample of the fuel; mixing an additive into the sample in metered proportions; testing the sample to determine that the combination of the fuel and the additive meets the predetermined specification of properties; storing the remaining fuel without the additive for subsequent mixing with the additive into the remainder of the fuel in the same metered proportion. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising the step of:
adjusting the metered proportions of the fuel and the additive where testing reveals that the sample contains an incorrect amount of additive. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fuel and the additive are fluids at the time of mixing. 4. The method as claimed in claim 3, wherein at least one of the fuel and the additive are liquid at the time of mixing. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least one of the fuel and the additive is a hydrocarbon. 6. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the hydrocarbon has been distilled from crude oil. 7. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein one of the fuel and the additive comprises gasoline. 8. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein one of the fuel and the additive comprises alcohol. 9. The method as claimed in claim 8, wherein the alcohol comprises ethanol. 10. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein one of the fuel and the additive comprises a bio-fuel. 11. An apparatus adapted for carrying out the method in claim 1, the apparatus comprising;
a blending system for incorporating the additive into the fuel; and a sample line for taking off a sample of the mixed additive and fuel for testing. 12. The apparatus as claimed in claim 11, wherein the blending system comprises a skid. 13. The apparatus as claimed in claim 11, wherein the blending system comprises a plurality of cylinders, and wherein each cylinder contains a piston, and each cylinder comprises at least one inlet, through which fuel or additive is supplied to the cylinder. 14. The apparatus as claimed in claim 13, wherein each cylinder comprises a first inlet and a second inlet, one at each end of the cylinder, and a valve which in use alternately directs the fuel or additive to the first inlet or the second inlet. 15. The apparatus as claimed in claim 14, wherein, in use, the piston of each cylinder is driven solely by the pressure of fluid entering the cylinder. 16. The apparatus as claimed in claim 13, wherein the blending system comprises a primary cylinder and at least one secondary cylinder, wherein the pistons in the secondary cylinders are arranged to operate in synchrony with the piston in the primary cylinder. 17. The apparatus as claimed in claim 16, wherein each cylinder comprises a first inlet and a second inlet, one at each end of the cylinder, and a valve which in use alternately directs the fuel or additive to the first inlet or the second inlet, wherein the primary cylinder comprises at least one proximity switch, arranged to operate the valve in the primary cylinder when the piston approaches the end of the primary cylinder. 18. The apparatus as claimed in claim 17, wherein the proximity switch in the primary cylinder is also arranged to operate the valves in the secondary cylinders. 19. The apparatus as claimed in claim 11, wherein the apparatus comprises a heat exchanger, and the fuel and the additive are put through opposite sides of the heat exchanger prior to mixing. 20. The apparatus as claimed in claim 11, wherein the cylinders are mounted inside a temperature controlled enclosure. | 1,700 |
4,256 | 13,173,298 | 1,791 | Disclosed are improved sugar coatings for topically pre-sweetened food products that are sugar reduced whether in the form of a syrup or in the form of a dried coating. The syrup form is useful as an intermediate product in the preparation of pre-sweetened food products. In dry form, the present formulations can be a component part of a composite food product especially in the form of a topical coating or filling. The present invention is particularly suited for the preparation of R-T-E pre-sweetened cereals. The coating formulations comprise less than 70% sucrose, corn syrup and 1-20% non-hydrated integrated starch and preferably about 5-10% insoluble mineral salts each of particle size of about 50 microns. | 1. A pre-sweetener reduced sucrose hypocrystalline sugar slurry, comprising:
About 40-70% sucrose (dry weight basis); About 10-30% non-sucrose soluble solids; About 1-20% non-hydrated starch having a particle size of 50 microns or less; and, About 8-25% moisture. 2. The pre-sweetener sugar slurry syrup of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the starch is provided from a low protein flour. 3. The pre-sweetener sugar slurry syrup of claim 1:
additionally comprising about 0.1% to about 15% of a finely milled insoluble fiber. 4. The pre-sweetener sugar slurry syrup of claim 1, having a sucrose crystallinity value of 25% v/v or less and wherein at least a portion of the non-sucrose soluble solids is provided by an ingredient selected from the group consisting of corn syrup, glucose syrup, inulin, soluble corn fiber and mixtures thereof. 5. The pre-sweetener sugar slurry syrup of claim 1 having a moisture content of about 15-25%. 6. The pre-sweetener sugar slurry syrup of claim 1 additionally comprising about 5% to about 25% of an edible insoluble mineral. 7. The pre-sweetener sugar slurry syrup of claim 6 wherein at least a portion of the edible-insoluble mineral is calcium carbonate. 8. The pre-sweetener sugar slurry syrup of claim 6 wherein at least a portion of the starch ingredient is provided by a whole grain flour ingredient. 9. The pre-sweetener sugar slurry syrup of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the non-hydrated starch is supplied by an insoluble cereal grain bran. 10. The pre-sweetener sugar slurry syrup of claim 4, having a fat content of up to 15%. 11. A method for preparing a pre-sweetener, reduced hypocrystalline sugar slurry syrup, comprising the steps:
A. Preparing a sugar make-up slurry comprising: About 40-70% sucrose (dry weight basis), About 10-35% non-sucrose soluble solids, About 1-20% non-hydrated insoluble starch having a particle size of 50 microns of less, and, sufficient amounts of water to provide the sugar make-up slurry with a moisture content ranging from about 8-25%; B. heating the make-up sugar slurry with agitation to below the gelatinization temperature of the starch about 170-250° F. (75-121° C.) to dissolve the ingredients to form a hot sugar slurry liquid. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein at least a portion of the starch is provided by a cereal grain bran. 13. A method for preparing a pre-sweetener reduced sucrose hypocrystalline sugar slurry syrup comprising the steps of:
(a) providing pieces of dried base; (b) coating the dried base pieces with a pre-sweetener coating comprising
About 40-70% sucrose (dry weight basis) of the coating;
About 10-25% non-sucrose soluble solids;
About 1-20% non-hydrated starch having a particle size of 50 microns of less;
About 8-25% moisture: and,
wherein the weight ratio of dried base pieces to coating ranges from about 10:1 to 0.5:1 to form the coated pieces; (c) reducing the moisture content of the coated pieces to a range of less than 5% to provide finished pre-sweetened coated food pieces. 14. The method of claim 13 wherein at least a portion of the dried base includes a R-T-E cereal. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the coating additionally comprises about 5-10% of a calcium material. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein of the pre-sweetener coating is hypo crystalline and having a sucrose crystallinity of less than 25%. 17. The method of claim 11 additionally comprising the steps of:
C. evaporatively concentrating the hot sugar slurry liquid by maintaining the temperature at below the gelatinization temperature of the starch to foam a cooked hot sugar concentrated slurry syrup having a moisture content ranging from about 8-12% and wherein the non-hydrated starch remains ungellatinized;
D. cooling the hot slurry sugar syrup to a temperature of 162° F. (72° C.) or cooler to form a cooled hot sugar slurry syrup a cooled concentrated sugar or saccharide syrup about 40-85% of sugar components and having 25% or less crystallinity and 15-20% or less moisture. 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the sugar syrup has a moisture content of about 4-15%. 19. The product prepared by the method of claim 18. 20. A sweetened dry comestible, comprising:
from about 5-60% of the comestible of a coating, said coating including from about 0.5-5% of non-hydrated starch, a calcium material in amounts sufficient to provide a calcium content ranging from about 0.15-5.5% by weight, dry basis, and the balance nutritive carbohydrate sweeteners. 21. The comestible of claim 20 wherein the comestible is a R-T-E cereal particle. 22. The comestible of claim 21 wherein the coating additionally comprises an insoluble fiber having a particle size of 50 microns or less. 23. The comestible of claim 22 wherein the calcium material is ground limestone having a particle size of less than 15 microns. 24. The comestible of claim 23 wherein the coating has a thickness in the range of about 10-200 microns. 25. The comestible of claim 24 wherein the coating has a thickness in the range of about 20-40 microns. 26. The comestible of claim 24 wherein at least a portion of the starch ingredient is provided by a whole grain cereal flour ingredient. | Disclosed are improved sugar coatings for topically pre-sweetened food products that are sugar reduced whether in the form of a syrup or in the form of a dried coating. The syrup form is useful as an intermediate product in the preparation of pre-sweetened food products. In dry form, the present formulations can be a component part of a composite food product especially in the form of a topical coating or filling. The present invention is particularly suited for the preparation of R-T-E pre-sweetened cereals. The coating formulations comprise less than 70% sucrose, corn syrup and 1-20% non-hydrated integrated starch and preferably about 5-10% insoluble mineral salts each of particle size of about 50 microns.1. A pre-sweetener reduced sucrose hypocrystalline sugar slurry, comprising:
About 40-70% sucrose (dry weight basis); About 10-30% non-sucrose soluble solids; About 1-20% non-hydrated starch having a particle size of 50 microns or less; and, About 8-25% moisture. 2. The pre-sweetener sugar slurry syrup of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the starch is provided from a low protein flour. 3. The pre-sweetener sugar slurry syrup of claim 1:
additionally comprising about 0.1% to about 15% of a finely milled insoluble fiber. 4. The pre-sweetener sugar slurry syrup of claim 1, having a sucrose crystallinity value of 25% v/v or less and wherein at least a portion of the non-sucrose soluble solids is provided by an ingredient selected from the group consisting of corn syrup, glucose syrup, inulin, soluble corn fiber and mixtures thereof. 5. The pre-sweetener sugar slurry syrup of claim 1 having a moisture content of about 15-25%. 6. The pre-sweetener sugar slurry syrup of claim 1 additionally comprising about 5% to about 25% of an edible insoluble mineral. 7. The pre-sweetener sugar slurry syrup of claim 6 wherein at least a portion of the edible-insoluble mineral is calcium carbonate. 8. The pre-sweetener sugar slurry syrup of claim 6 wherein at least a portion of the starch ingredient is provided by a whole grain flour ingredient. 9. The pre-sweetener sugar slurry syrup of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the non-hydrated starch is supplied by an insoluble cereal grain bran. 10. The pre-sweetener sugar slurry syrup of claim 4, having a fat content of up to 15%. 11. A method for preparing a pre-sweetener, reduced hypocrystalline sugar slurry syrup, comprising the steps:
A. Preparing a sugar make-up slurry comprising: About 40-70% sucrose (dry weight basis), About 10-35% non-sucrose soluble solids, About 1-20% non-hydrated insoluble starch having a particle size of 50 microns of less, and, sufficient amounts of water to provide the sugar make-up slurry with a moisture content ranging from about 8-25%; B. heating the make-up sugar slurry with agitation to below the gelatinization temperature of the starch about 170-250° F. (75-121° C.) to dissolve the ingredients to form a hot sugar slurry liquid. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein at least a portion of the starch is provided by a cereal grain bran. 13. A method for preparing a pre-sweetener reduced sucrose hypocrystalline sugar slurry syrup comprising the steps of:
(a) providing pieces of dried base; (b) coating the dried base pieces with a pre-sweetener coating comprising
About 40-70% sucrose (dry weight basis) of the coating;
About 10-25% non-sucrose soluble solids;
About 1-20% non-hydrated starch having a particle size of 50 microns of less;
About 8-25% moisture: and,
wherein the weight ratio of dried base pieces to coating ranges from about 10:1 to 0.5:1 to form the coated pieces; (c) reducing the moisture content of the coated pieces to a range of less than 5% to provide finished pre-sweetened coated food pieces. 14. The method of claim 13 wherein at least a portion of the dried base includes a R-T-E cereal. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the coating additionally comprises about 5-10% of a calcium material. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein of the pre-sweetener coating is hypo crystalline and having a sucrose crystallinity of less than 25%. 17. The method of claim 11 additionally comprising the steps of:
C. evaporatively concentrating the hot sugar slurry liquid by maintaining the temperature at below the gelatinization temperature of the starch to foam a cooked hot sugar concentrated slurry syrup having a moisture content ranging from about 8-12% and wherein the non-hydrated starch remains ungellatinized;
D. cooling the hot slurry sugar syrup to a temperature of 162° F. (72° C.) or cooler to form a cooled hot sugar slurry syrup a cooled concentrated sugar or saccharide syrup about 40-85% of sugar components and having 25% or less crystallinity and 15-20% or less moisture. 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the sugar syrup has a moisture content of about 4-15%. 19. The product prepared by the method of claim 18. 20. A sweetened dry comestible, comprising:
from about 5-60% of the comestible of a coating, said coating including from about 0.5-5% of non-hydrated starch, a calcium material in amounts sufficient to provide a calcium content ranging from about 0.15-5.5% by weight, dry basis, and the balance nutritive carbohydrate sweeteners. 21. The comestible of claim 20 wherein the comestible is a R-T-E cereal particle. 22. The comestible of claim 21 wherein the coating additionally comprises an insoluble fiber having a particle size of 50 microns or less. 23. The comestible of claim 22 wherein the calcium material is ground limestone having a particle size of less than 15 microns. 24. The comestible of claim 23 wherein the coating has a thickness in the range of about 10-200 microns. 25. The comestible of claim 24 wherein the coating has a thickness in the range of about 20-40 microns. 26. The comestible of claim 24 wherein at least a portion of the starch ingredient is provided by a whole grain cereal flour ingredient. | 1,700 |
4,257 | 15,017,009 | 1,792 | Methods of high pressure processing of food products are provided. The methods can include adding a secondary inhibitor to the food product to prevent or slow the growth of pathogenic microorganisms and/or to prevent or slow the growth of spoilage microorganisms. The methods can increase the shelf life and/or the usable life of ready-to-eat food products. Exemplary food products include ready-to-eat deli style meats such as beef, turkey, or ham products. The secondary inhibitor can be an organic acid or consumable salt thereof. In some embodiments the secondary inhibitor is acetic acid, e.g. vinegar. High pressure processed food products are also provided. The food products can have a longer shelf life, a longer usable life, and can be safer for human consumption that conventional high pressure processed food products. | 1. A method of high-pressure processing of a food product comprising adding an effective amount of a secondary inhibitor to the food product. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
(a) sealing the food product comprising the secondary inhibitor in a vacuum sealed package; (b) placing the vacuum sealed package into a pressure vessel comprising a pressure medium; (c) pressurizing the pressure vessel to a predetermined pressure for a period of time. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the predetermined pressure is from about 60,000 psi to about 100,000 psi. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the period of time is from about 100 s to about 400 s. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the period of time is from about 100 s to about 400 s. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the pressure medium is selected from the group consisting of air, water, and oil. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the food product is a ready-to-eat food product. 8. The method of claim 2, wherein the food product is a ready-to-eat food product. 9. The method of claim 2, wherein the secondary inhibitor is an organic acid or a consumable salt thereof. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the organic acid is selected from the group consisting of acetic acid, propionic acid, levulinic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, gluconic acid, tartaric acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, ascorbic acid, phosphoric acid, and a combination thereof. 11. The method of claim 2, wherein the secondary inhibitor is vinegar. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the effective amount is from about 0.1% daily value (DV) to about 0.5% daily value (DV). 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the effective amount is from about 0.1% to about 1.5% (w/w) based upon the weight of the food product. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the effective amount is effective to slow the growth of Listeria monocytogenes by at least 50% as compared to the same food product under the otherwise same conditions except without the secondary inhibitor. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the effective amount is effective to prevent the outgrowth of Listeria monocytogenes to ≦2 log cfu/g. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the effective amount is at least 50% less than the effective amount of the secondary inhibitor that would be needed to achieve the same usable life in the same food product under the same conditions except without the high pressure processing. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the percent increase in usable life of the food product is greater than the possible percent increase in usable life of the otherwise same food product except using only the secondary inhibitor or the high pressure processing. 18. A ready-to-eat food product, wherein the ready-to-eat food product has been prepared by the method of claim 2. 19. The ready-to-eat food product of claim 17, wherein the food product is selected from the group consisting of ready-to-eat beef, ready-to-eat poultry, ready-to-eat pork, and ready-to-eat fish. 20. The ready-to-eat food product of claim 18, wherein the food product has a longer usable life than the same food product under the otherwise same conditions except not prepared with high pressure processing. 21. The ready-to-eat food product of claim 18, wherein the food product has a longer usable life than the same food product under the otherwise same conditions except not prepared with a secondary inhibitor. 22. The ready-to-eat food product of claims 18, wherein the food product has a lower level of pathogenic microorganisms after storage at 39±1° F. for 21 days than the same food product under the otherwise same conditions except for without the secondary inhibitor or without the high pressure processing. | Methods of high pressure processing of food products are provided. The methods can include adding a secondary inhibitor to the food product to prevent or slow the growth of pathogenic microorganisms and/or to prevent or slow the growth of spoilage microorganisms. The methods can increase the shelf life and/or the usable life of ready-to-eat food products. Exemplary food products include ready-to-eat deli style meats such as beef, turkey, or ham products. The secondary inhibitor can be an organic acid or consumable salt thereof. In some embodiments the secondary inhibitor is acetic acid, e.g. vinegar. High pressure processed food products are also provided. The food products can have a longer shelf life, a longer usable life, and can be safer for human consumption that conventional high pressure processed food products.1. A method of high-pressure processing of a food product comprising adding an effective amount of a secondary inhibitor to the food product. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
(a) sealing the food product comprising the secondary inhibitor in a vacuum sealed package; (b) placing the vacuum sealed package into a pressure vessel comprising a pressure medium; (c) pressurizing the pressure vessel to a predetermined pressure for a period of time. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the predetermined pressure is from about 60,000 psi to about 100,000 psi. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the period of time is from about 100 s to about 400 s. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the period of time is from about 100 s to about 400 s. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the pressure medium is selected from the group consisting of air, water, and oil. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the food product is a ready-to-eat food product. 8. The method of claim 2, wherein the food product is a ready-to-eat food product. 9. The method of claim 2, wherein the secondary inhibitor is an organic acid or a consumable salt thereof. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the organic acid is selected from the group consisting of acetic acid, propionic acid, levulinic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, gluconic acid, tartaric acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, ascorbic acid, phosphoric acid, and a combination thereof. 11. The method of claim 2, wherein the secondary inhibitor is vinegar. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the effective amount is from about 0.1% daily value (DV) to about 0.5% daily value (DV). 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the effective amount is from about 0.1% to about 1.5% (w/w) based upon the weight of the food product. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the effective amount is effective to slow the growth of Listeria monocytogenes by at least 50% as compared to the same food product under the otherwise same conditions except without the secondary inhibitor. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the effective amount is effective to prevent the outgrowth of Listeria monocytogenes to ≦2 log cfu/g. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the effective amount is at least 50% less than the effective amount of the secondary inhibitor that would be needed to achieve the same usable life in the same food product under the same conditions except without the high pressure processing. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the percent increase in usable life of the food product is greater than the possible percent increase in usable life of the otherwise same food product except using only the secondary inhibitor or the high pressure processing. 18. A ready-to-eat food product, wherein the ready-to-eat food product has been prepared by the method of claim 2. 19. The ready-to-eat food product of claim 17, wherein the food product is selected from the group consisting of ready-to-eat beef, ready-to-eat poultry, ready-to-eat pork, and ready-to-eat fish. 20. The ready-to-eat food product of claim 18, wherein the food product has a longer usable life than the same food product under the otherwise same conditions except not prepared with high pressure processing. 21. The ready-to-eat food product of claim 18, wherein the food product has a longer usable life than the same food product under the otherwise same conditions except not prepared with a secondary inhibitor. 22. The ready-to-eat food product of claims 18, wherein the food product has a lower level of pathogenic microorganisms after storage at 39±1° F. for 21 days than the same food product under the otherwise same conditions except for without the secondary inhibitor or without the high pressure processing. | 1,700 |
4,258 | 15,757,171 | 1,796 | A method for the manufacture of an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyst, the method comprising; providing a metal organic framework (MOF) material having a specific internal pore volume of 0.7 cm 3 g −1 or greater; providing a source of iron and/or cobalt; pyrolysing the MOF material together with the source of iron and/or cobalt to form the catalyst, wherein the MOF material comprises nitrogen and/or the MOF material is pyrolysed together with a source of nitrogen and the source of iron and/or cobalt is disclosed. | 1. A method for the manufacture of an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyst, the method comprising:
pyrolysing a metal organic framework (MOF) material having a specific internal pore volume of 0.7 cm3g−1 or greater together with a source of iron and/or cobalt to form the catalyst, wherein the MOF material comprises nitrogen and/or the MOF material is pyrolysed together with a source of nitrogen and the source of iron and/or cobalt. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the MOF material comprises a transition metal selected from Zn, Mg, Cu, Ag, and Ni, or a combination of two or more thereof. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the transition metal comprises zinc. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the MOF material is a Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework (ZIF) material. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the MOF material has a specific internal pore volume of 0.9 cm3g−1 or greater. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the source of iron and/or cobalt is a salt of iron and/or cobalt. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the pyrolysis of the MOF material is conducted at a temperature from 700 to 1500° C. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the source of nitrogen comprises a nitrogen-containing ligand, preferably 1,10-phenanthroline. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the pyrolysis is conducted under an atmosphere comprising, argon, nitrogen, ammonia, or hydrogen, or mixtures thereof. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the pyrolysis is conducted in two steps, a first step under an inert atmosphere and a second step under an atmosphere comprising ammonia, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and/or carbon monoxide. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the MOF material has an average crystal size with a longest size of 200 nm or less. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the MOF material is provided on an electrically conducting support. 13. A method for the manufacture of an ORR catalyst, the method comprising:
pyrolysing a metal organic framework (MOF) material having an isotropic cavity shape with a largest cavity size of 12 Å or greater together with a source of iron and/or cobalt to form the catalyst, wherein the MOF material comprises nitrogen and/or the MOF material is pyrolysed together with a source of nitrogen and the source of iron and/or carbon. 14. A method for the manufacture of an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyst, the method comprising:
combining a metal organic framework (MOF) ligand and MOF metal source with a source of iron and/or cobalt and optionally a source of nitrogen; applying a source of energy sufficient to provide a catalyst precursor comprising a MOF material having a specific internal pore volume of 0.7 cm3g−1 or greater; and pyrolysing the catalyst precursor to provide the ORR catalyst. 15. A method for the manufacture of an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyst, the method comprising:
combining a metal organic framework (MOF) ligand and MOF metal source with a source of iron and/or cobalt and optionally providing a source of nitrogen; applying a source of energy sufficient to provide a catalyst precursor comprising a MOF material having an isotropic cavity shape with a largest cavity size of 12 Å or greater; and pyrolysing the catalyst precursor to provide the ORR catalyst. 16. An ORR catalyst obtainable by the method of claim 1. 17. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method further comprises forming an ink composition comprising the catalyst and a polymer. 18. An ink composition obtainable by the method of claim 17. 19. A cathode electrode for a fuel cell comprising the ORR catalyst of claim 16. 20. An ORR catalyst obtainable by the method of claim 13. 21. An ORR catalyst obtainable by the method of claim 14. 22. An ORR catalyst obtainable by the method of claim 15. 23. The method according to claim 13, wherein the method further comprises forming an ink composition comprising the catalyst and a polymer. 24. The method according to claim 14, wherein the method further comprises forming an ink composition comprising the catalyst and a polymer. 25. The method according to claim 15, wherein the method further comprises forming an ink composition comprising the catalyst and a polymer. 26. An ink composition obtainable by the method of claim 23. 27. An ink composition obtainable by the method of claim 24. 28. An ink composition obtainable by the method of claim 25. 29. A cathode electrode for a fuel cell comprising the ORR catalyst of claim 20. 30. A cathode electrode for a fuel cell comprising the ORR catalyst of claim 21. 31. A cathode electrode for a fuel cell comprising the ORR catalyst of claim 22. | A method for the manufacture of an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyst, the method comprising; providing a metal organic framework (MOF) material having a specific internal pore volume of 0.7 cm 3 g −1 or greater; providing a source of iron and/or cobalt; pyrolysing the MOF material together with the source of iron and/or cobalt to form the catalyst, wherein the MOF material comprises nitrogen and/or the MOF material is pyrolysed together with a source of nitrogen and the source of iron and/or cobalt is disclosed.1. A method for the manufacture of an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyst, the method comprising:
pyrolysing a metal organic framework (MOF) material having a specific internal pore volume of 0.7 cm3g−1 or greater together with a source of iron and/or cobalt to form the catalyst, wherein the MOF material comprises nitrogen and/or the MOF material is pyrolysed together with a source of nitrogen and the source of iron and/or cobalt. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the MOF material comprises a transition metal selected from Zn, Mg, Cu, Ag, and Ni, or a combination of two or more thereof. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the transition metal comprises zinc. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the MOF material is a Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework (ZIF) material. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the MOF material has a specific internal pore volume of 0.9 cm3g−1 or greater. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the source of iron and/or cobalt is a salt of iron and/or cobalt. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the pyrolysis of the MOF material is conducted at a temperature from 700 to 1500° C. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the source of nitrogen comprises a nitrogen-containing ligand, preferably 1,10-phenanthroline. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the pyrolysis is conducted under an atmosphere comprising, argon, nitrogen, ammonia, or hydrogen, or mixtures thereof. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the pyrolysis is conducted in two steps, a first step under an inert atmosphere and a second step under an atmosphere comprising ammonia, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and/or carbon monoxide. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the MOF material has an average crystal size with a longest size of 200 nm or less. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the MOF material is provided on an electrically conducting support. 13. A method for the manufacture of an ORR catalyst, the method comprising:
pyrolysing a metal organic framework (MOF) material having an isotropic cavity shape with a largest cavity size of 12 Å or greater together with a source of iron and/or cobalt to form the catalyst, wherein the MOF material comprises nitrogen and/or the MOF material is pyrolysed together with a source of nitrogen and the source of iron and/or carbon. 14. A method for the manufacture of an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyst, the method comprising:
combining a metal organic framework (MOF) ligand and MOF metal source with a source of iron and/or cobalt and optionally a source of nitrogen; applying a source of energy sufficient to provide a catalyst precursor comprising a MOF material having a specific internal pore volume of 0.7 cm3g−1 or greater; and pyrolysing the catalyst precursor to provide the ORR catalyst. 15. A method for the manufacture of an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyst, the method comprising:
combining a metal organic framework (MOF) ligand and MOF metal source with a source of iron and/or cobalt and optionally providing a source of nitrogen; applying a source of energy sufficient to provide a catalyst precursor comprising a MOF material having an isotropic cavity shape with a largest cavity size of 12 Å or greater; and pyrolysing the catalyst precursor to provide the ORR catalyst. 16. An ORR catalyst obtainable by the method of claim 1. 17. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method further comprises forming an ink composition comprising the catalyst and a polymer. 18. An ink composition obtainable by the method of claim 17. 19. A cathode electrode for a fuel cell comprising the ORR catalyst of claim 16. 20. An ORR catalyst obtainable by the method of claim 13. 21. An ORR catalyst obtainable by the method of claim 14. 22. An ORR catalyst obtainable by the method of claim 15. 23. The method according to claim 13, wherein the method further comprises forming an ink composition comprising the catalyst and a polymer. 24. The method according to claim 14, wherein the method further comprises forming an ink composition comprising the catalyst and a polymer. 25. The method according to claim 15, wherein the method further comprises forming an ink composition comprising the catalyst and a polymer. 26. An ink composition obtainable by the method of claim 23. 27. An ink composition obtainable by the method of claim 24. 28. An ink composition obtainable by the method of claim 25. 29. A cathode electrode for a fuel cell comprising the ORR catalyst of claim 20. 30. A cathode electrode for a fuel cell comprising the ORR catalyst of claim 21. 31. A cathode electrode for a fuel cell comprising the ORR catalyst of claim 22. | 1,700 |
4,259 | 15,683,801 | 1,741 | A tread for a tire includes a first circumferential groove extending in a circumferential direction of the pneumatic tire, a second circumferential groove extending in the circumferential direction of the pneumatic tire, a third circumferential groove extending in the circumferential direction of the pneumatic tire, and a fourth circumferential groove extending in the circumferential direction of the pneumatic tire. The first, second, third, and fourth circumferential grooves defining first, second, third, fourth, and fifth ribs. The first and fifth ribs include lateral grooves and incisions extending circumferentially fully around the first and fifth ribs. The incisions of the first and fifth ribs reduce noise generated by the tread under operating conditions. | 1. A tread for a tire comprising:
a first circumferential groove extending in a circumferential direction of the pneumatic tire; a second circumferential groove extending in the circumferential direction of the pneumatic tire; a third circumferential groove extending in the circumferential direction of the pneumatic tire; and a fourth circumferential groove extending in the circumferential direction of the pneumatic tire, the first, second, third, and fourth circumferential grooves defining first, second, third, fourth, and fifth ribs, the first and fifth ribs including lateral grooves; and incisions extending circumferentially fully around the first and fifth ribs, the incisions of the first and fifth ribs reducing noise generated by the tread under operating conditions. 2. The tread as set forth in claim 1 wherein the first rib has between 6 and 12 incisions. 3. The tread as set forth in claim 1 wherein the fifth rib has between 6 and 12 incisions. 4. The tread as set forth in claim 1 wherein the incisions of the first rib have a depth between 1.0 mm and 4.0 mm. 5. The tread as set forth in claim 1 wherein the incisions of the fifth rib have a depth between 1.0 mm and 4.0 mm. 6. The tread as set forth in claim 1 wherein the incisions of the first rib have a lateral spacing between 1.0 mm and 6.0 mm. 7. The tread as set forth in claim 1 wherein the incisions of the fifth rib have a lateral spacing between 1.0 mm and 6.0 mm. 8. The tread as set forth in claim 1 wherein the incisions of the first rib have a width between 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm. 9. The tread as set forth in claim 1 wherein the incisions of the fifth rib have a width between 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm. 10. The tread as set forth in claim 1 wherein the incisions of the first and fifth ribs have depths of 2.0 mm. 11. A pneumatic tire with a tread comprising:
a first circumferential groove extending in a circumferential direction of the pneumatic tire; a second circumferential groove extending in the circumferential direction of the pneumatic tire; a third circumferential groove extending in the circumferential direction of the pneumatic tire; and a fourth circumferential groove extending in the circumferential direction of the pneumatic tire, the first, second, third, and fourth circumferential grooves defining first, second, third, fourth, and fifth ribs, each of the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth ribs including incisions extending circumferentially fully around the tread, the incisions reducing noise generated by the tread under operating conditions. 12. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 11 wherein each rib has between 6 and 12 incisions. 13. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 11 wherein the incisions of each rib have a depth between 1.0 mm and 4.0 mm. 14. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the incisions of each rib have a lateral spacing between 1.0 mm and 6.0 mm. 15. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the incisions of each rib have a width between 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm. 16. A method for reducing noise created by a tread of a pneumatic tire under operating conditions, the method comprising the steps of:
extending a first incision across the tread in a circumferential direction; and extending a second incision across the tread in the circumferential direction, the second incision being parallel to the first incision and an axial distance from the first incision between 1.0 mm and 5.0 mm, edge to edge. 17. The method as set forth in claim 16 wherein the first and second incisions each have a radial depth between 1.0 mm and 4.0 mm. 18. The method as set forth in claim 17 wherein the first and second incisions each have an axial width between 0.5 mm and 1.5 mm. 19. The method as set forth in claim 18 wherein the first and second incisions each have a radial depth of about 2.0 mm. 20. The method as set forth in claim 19 further including the step of extending third, fourth, fifth, and sixth incisions across the tread in the circumferential direction, the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth incisions being parallel to the first and second incisions and an axial distance from an adjacent incision between 1.0 mm and 5.0 mm, circumferential edge to circumferential edge. | A tread for a tire includes a first circumferential groove extending in a circumferential direction of the pneumatic tire, a second circumferential groove extending in the circumferential direction of the pneumatic tire, a third circumferential groove extending in the circumferential direction of the pneumatic tire, and a fourth circumferential groove extending in the circumferential direction of the pneumatic tire. The first, second, third, and fourth circumferential grooves defining first, second, third, fourth, and fifth ribs. The first and fifth ribs include lateral grooves and incisions extending circumferentially fully around the first and fifth ribs. The incisions of the first and fifth ribs reduce noise generated by the tread under operating conditions.1. A tread for a tire comprising:
a first circumferential groove extending in a circumferential direction of the pneumatic tire; a second circumferential groove extending in the circumferential direction of the pneumatic tire; a third circumferential groove extending in the circumferential direction of the pneumatic tire; and a fourth circumferential groove extending in the circumferential direction of the pneumatic tire, the first, second, third, and fourth circumferential grooves defining first, second, third, fourth, and fifth ribs, the first and fifth ribs including lateral grooves; and incisions extending circumferentially fully around the first and fifth ribs, the incisions of the first and fifth ribs reducing noise generated by the tread under operating conditions. 2. The tread as set forth in claim 1 wherein the first rib has between 6 and 12 incisions. 3. The tread as set forth in claim 1 wherein the fifth rib has between 6 and 12 incisions. 4. The tread as set forth in claim 1 wherein the incisions of the first rib have a depth between 1.0 mm and 4.0 mm. 5. The tread as set forth in claim 1 wherein the incisions of the fifth rib have a depth between 1.0 mm and 4.0 mm. 6. The tread as set forth in claim 1 wherein the incisions of the first rib have a lateral spacing between 1.0 mm and 6.0 mm. 7. The tread as set forth in claim 1 wherein the incisions of the fifth rib have a lateral spacing between 1.0 mm and 6.0 mm. 8. The tread as set forth in claim 1 wherein the incisions of the first rib have a width between 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm. 9. The tread as set forth in claim 1 wherein the incisions of the fifth rib have a width between 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm. 10. The tread as set forth in claim 1 wherein the incisions of the first and fifth ribs have depths of 2.0 mm. 11. A pneumatic tire with a tread comprising:
a first circumferential groove extending in a circumferential direction of the pneumatic tire; a second circumferential groove extending in the circumferential direction of the pneumatic tire; a third circumferential groove extending in the circumferential direction of the pneumatic tire; and a fourth circumferential groove extending in the circumferential direction of the pneumatic tire, the first, second, third, and fourth circumferential grooves defining first, second, third, fourth, and fifth ribs, each of the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth ribs including incisions extending circumferentially fully around the tread, the incisions reducing noise generated by the tread under operating conditions. 12. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 11 wherein each rib has between 6 and 12 incisions. 13. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 11 wherein the incisions of each rib have a depth between 1.0 mm and 4.0 mm. 14. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the incisions of each rib have a lateral spacing between 1.0 mm and 6.0 mm. 15. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the incisions of each rib have a width between 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm. 16. A method for reducing noise created by a tread of a pneumatic tire under operating conditions, the method comprising the steps of:
extending a first incision across the tread in a circumferential direction; and extending a second incision across the tread in the circumferential direction, the second incision being parallel to the first incision and an axial distance from the first incision between 1.0 mm and 5.0 mm, edge to edge. 17. The method as set forth in claim 16 wherein the first and second incisions each have a radial depth between 1.0 mm and 4.0 mm. 18. The method as set forth in claim 17 wherein the first and second incisions each have an axial width between 0.5 mm and 1.5 mm. 19. The method as set forth in claim 18 wherein the first and second incisions each have a radial depth of about 2.0 mm. 20. The method as set forth in claim 19 further including the step of extending third, fourth, fifth, and sixth incisions across the tread in the circumferential direction, the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth incisions being parallel to the first and second incisions and an axial distance from an adjacent incision between 1.0 mm and 5.0 mm, circumferential edge to circumferential edge. | 1,700 |
4,260 | 12,119,990 | 1,793 | The invention provides a curing agent comprising a plant-based nitrite derived from plant material comprising nitrate and a process for preparing the curing agent comprising contacting a plant material with an organism capable of converting nitrate to nitrite. The curing agent can be used to preserve or cure meat or meat products. | 1. A curing agent comprising at least about 50 ppm plant-based nitrite, said plant-based nitrite being derived from plant material comprising at least about 50 ppm nitrate, said curing agent being capable of curing a meat or meat product. 2. The curing agent of claim 1, wherein said plant-based nitrite is derived from nitrate-containing plant material selected from the group consisting of celery, beet, cabbage, cucumber, eggplant, mushroom, lettuce, squash, zucchini, mixed salad greens, carrot, artichoke, green beans, lima beans, broccoli, cauliflower, collard greens, corn, mustard, okra, onion, Chinese pea pods, black eyed peas, green peas, potatoes, turnips, radishes, and combinations thereof. 3. The curing agent of claim 2, wherein the nitrate-containing plant material is celery. 4. The curing agent of claim 1, further comprising a member selected from the group consisting of yeast extract, protein hydrolyzates, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, salts, acids, bases, and combinations thereof. 5. The curing agent of claim 4, further comprising sodium chloride in an amount of about 6 wt. % or less. 6. The curing agent of claim 1, comprising least about 50 ppm plant-based nitrite. 7. The curing agent of claim 1, wherein the curing agent is substantially free of non-natural nitrate and nitrite. 8. A process for preparing a curing agent comprising:
(i) selecting a plant material comprising at least about 50 ppm nitrate, (ii) contacting said plant material with an organism capable of converting said nitrate to nitrite, and (iii) converting a predetermined amount of said nitrate to nitrite. 9. The process of claim 8, wherein the plant material is heat treated or filter sterilized before it is contacted by the organism. 10. The process of claim 8, wherein the curing agent is heat treated or filter sterilized after the predetermined amount of nitrite is produced. 11. The process of claim 8, wherein the organism is inactivated or removed from the curing agent after the predetermined amount of nitrite is produced. 12. The process of claim 8, wherein the plant material is selected from the group consisting of celery, beet, cabbage, cucumber, eggplant, mushroom, lettuce, squash, zucchini, mixed salad greens, carrot, artichoke, green beans, lima beans, broccoli, cauliflower, collard greens, corn, mustard, okra, onion, Chinese pea pods, black eyed peas, green peas, potatoes, turnips, radishes, and combinations thereof. 13. The process of claim 12, wherein the plant material is celery. 14. The process of claim 8, wherein the plant material further comprises a member selected from the group consisting of yeast extract, protein hydrolyzates, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, salts, acids, bases, and combinations thereof. 15. The process of claim 8, further comprising sodium chloride in an amount of about 6 wt. % or less. 16. The process of claim 8, wherein the organism is selected from the group consisting of the Micrococcaceae family, the Micrococcus genus, the Staphylococcus genus, gram positive coci, Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, Streptococcus, lactic acid bacteria, and combinations thereof. 17. The process of claim 16, wherein the organism is M. varians, S. carnosus, or a combination thereof. 18. The process of claim 8, wherein the curing agent comprises at least about 50 ppm nitrite. 19. The process of claim 8, wherein the plant material and the organism are contacted at a temperature of about 0° C. to about 50° C. 20. The process of claim 8, wherein the plant material and the organism are contacted at a pH of about 5 to about 9. 21. The process of claim 8, wherein the plant material and the organism are contacted under anaerobic aeration conditions. 22. The process of claim 8, wherein the process is substantially free of non-natural nitrate and nitrite. 23. A process for preserving a meat or meat product comprising contacting said meat or meat product with a curing agent comprising plant-based nitrite, said plant-based nitrite being derived from plant material comprising at least about 50 ppm nitrate, wherein the meat or meat product is preserved. 24. The process of claim 23, wherein the meat or meat product is a whole muscle cured meat or an emulsified cured meat. 25. The process of claim 23, wherein the meat or meat product is selected from the group consisting of ham, turkey, chicken, hot dogs, lunch meat, and bacon. 26. The process of claim 23, wherein the curing agent is concentrated before it contacts the meat or meat products. 27. The process of claim 23, wherein the plant-based nitrite is present in the curing agent in an amount of about 50 ppm to about 200 ppm. 28. The process of claim 23, wherein the curing agent is substantially free of non-natural nitrate and nitrite. 29. A cured meat or meat product, said meat or meat product having been treated with a curing agent comprising plant-based nitrite, said plant-based nitrite being derived from plant material comprising at least about 50 ppm nitrate. 30. The cured meat or meat product of claim 29, wherein the meat or meat product is a whole muscle cured meat or an emulsified cured meat. 31. The cured meat or meat product of claim 29, wherein the meat or meat product is selected from the group consisting of ham, turkey, chicken, hot dogs, lunch meat, and bacon. 32. The cured meat or meat product of claim 29, wherein the curing agent is concentrated before it contacts the meat or meat products. 33. The cured meat or meat product of claim 29, wherein the plant-based nitrite is present in the curing agent in an amount of about 50 ppm to about 200 ppm. 34. The cured meat or meat product of claim 29, wherein the curing agent is substantially free of non-natural nitrate and nitrite. | The invention provides a curing agent comprising a plant-based nitrite derived from plant material comprising nitrate and a process for preparing the curing agent comprising contacting a plant material with an organism capable of converting nitrate to nitrite. The curing agent can be used to preserve or cure meat or meat products.1. A curing agent comprising at least about 50 ppm plant-based nitrite, said plant-based nitrite being derived from plant material comprising at least about 50 ppm nitrate, said curing agent being capable of curing a meat or meat product. 2. The curing agent of claim 1, wherein said plant-based nitrite is derived from nitrate-containing plant material selected from the group consisting of celery, beet, cabbage, cucumber, eggplant, mushroom, lettuce, squash, zucchini, mixed salad greens, carrot, artichoke, green beans, lima beans, broccoli, cauliflower, collard greens, corn, mustard, okra, onion, Chinese pea pods, black eyed peas, green peas, potatoes, turnips, radishes, and combinations thereof. 3. The curing agent of claim 2, wherein the nitrate-containing plant material is celery. 4. The curing agent of claim 1, further comprising a member selected from the group consisting of yeast extract, protein hydrolyzates, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, salts, acids, bases, and combinations thereof. 5. The curing agent of claim 4, further comprising sodium chloride in an amount of about 6 wt. % or less. 6. The curing agent of claim 1, comprising least about 50 ppm plant-based nitrite. 7. The curing agent of claim 1, wherein the curing agent is substantially free of non-natural nitrate and nitrite. 8. A process for preparing a curing agent comprising:
(i) selecting a plant material comprising at least about 50 ppm nitrate, (ii) contacting said plant material with an organism capable of converting said nitrate to nitrite, and (iii) converting a predetermined amount of said nitrate to nitrite. 9. The process of claim 8, wherein the plant material is heat treated or filter sterilized before it is contacted by the organism. 10. The process of claim 8, wherein the curing agent is heat treated or filter sterilized after the predetermined amount of nitrite is produced. 11. The process of claim 8, wherein the organism is inactivated or removed from the curing agent after the predetermined amount of nitrite is produced. 12. The process of claim 8, wherein the plant material is selected from the group consisting of celery, beet, cabbage, cucumber, eggplant, mushroom, lettuce, squash, zucchini, mixed salad greens, carrot, artichoke, green beans, lima beans, broccoli, cauliflower, collard greens, corn, mustard, okra, onion, Chinese pea pods, black eyed peas, green peas, potatoes, turnips, radishes, and combinations thereof. 13. The process of claim 12, wherein the plant material is celery. 14. The process of claim 8, wherein the plant material further comprises a member selected from the group consisting of yeast extract, protein hydrolyzates, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, salts, acids, bases, and combinations thereof. 15. The process of claim 8, further comprising sodium chloride in an amount of about 6 wt. % or less. 16. The process of claim 8, wherein the organism is selected from the group consisting of the Micrococcaceae family, the Micrococcus genus, the Staphylococcus genus, gram positive coci, Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, Streptococcus, lactic acid bacteria, and combinations thereof. 17. The process of claim 16, wherein the organism is M. varians, S. carnosus, or a combination thereof. 18. The process of claim 8, wherein the curing agent comprises at least about 50 ppm nitrite. 19. The process of claim 8, wherein the plant material and the organism are contacted at a temperature of about 0° C. to about 50° C. 20. The process of claim 8, wherein the plant material and the organism are contacted at a pH of about 5 to about 9. 21. The process of claim 8, wherein the plant material and the organism are contacted under anaerobic aeration conditions. 22. The process of claim 8, wherein the process is substantially free of non-natural nitrate and nitrite. 23. A process for preserving a meat or meat product comprising contacting said meat or meat product with a curing agent comprising plant-based nitrite, said plant-based nitrite being derived from plant material comprising at least about 50 ppm nitrate, wherein the meat or meat product is preserved. 24. The process of claim 23, wherein the meat or meat product is a whole muscle cured meat or an emulsified cured meat. 25. The process of claim 23, wherein the meat or meat product is selected from the group consisting of ham, turkey, chicken, hot dogs, lunch meat, and bacon. 26. The process of claim 23, wherein the curing agent is concentrated before it contacts the meat or meat products. 27. The process of claim 23, wherein the plant-based nitrite is present in the curing agent in an amount of about 50 ppm to about 200 ppm. 28. The process of claim 23, wherein the curing agent is substantially free of non-natural nitrate and nitrite. 29. A cured meat or meat product, said meat or meat product having been treated with a curing agent comprising plant-based nitrite, said plant-based nitrite being derived from plant material comprising at least about 50 ppm nitrate. 30. The cured meat or meat product of claim 29, wherein the meat or meat product is a whole muscle cured meat or an emulsified cured meat. 31. The cured meat or meat product of claim 29, wherein the meat or meat product is selected from the group consisting of ham, turkey, chicken, hot dogs, lunch meat, and bacon. 32. The cured meat or meat product of claim 29, wherein the curing agent is concentrated before it contacts the meat or meat products. 33. The cured meat or meat product of claim 29, wherein the plant-based nitrite is present in the curing agent in an amount of about 50 ppm to about 200 ppm. 34. The cured meat or meat product of claim 29, wherein the curing agent is substantially free of non-natural nitrate and nitrite. | 1,700 |
4,261 | 15,367,272 | 1,792 | A container for holding at least a first food item and a second food item. The container can comprise a sidewall with a microwave energy interactive layer. A shielded interior portion of an interior of the container can be defined by at least the microwave energy interactive layer and can be for at least partially receiving the first food item. An at least partially unshielded interior portion of the interior of the container can be at least partially defined by the sidewall and can be for at least partially receiving the second food item. A plurality of apertures can extend through at least the microwave energy interactive layer, and each aperture can have a characteristic dimension that is selected based on a cutoff frequency of a microwave oven to be sufficiently small so that substantially all microwave energy incident on the container is substantially prevented from passing through the apertures. | 1. A container for holding at least a first food item and a second food item during exposure to microwave energy in a microwave oven having a cutoff frequency, the container comprising:
a sidewall extending at least partially around an interior of the container, the sidewall comprising at least a substrate layer and a microwave energy interactive layer; a shielded interior portion of the interior of the container, the shielded interior portion being at least partially defined by at least the microwave energy interactive layer of the sidewall, the shielded interior portion being for at least partially receiving the first food item; and an at least partially unshielded interior portion of the interior of the container, the at least partially unshielded interior portion being at least partially defined by the sidewall, the at least partially unshielded interior portion being for at least partially receiving the second food item; wherein a plurality of apertures extend through at least the microwave energy interactive layer, each aperture of the plurality of apertures has a characteristic dimension that is selected based on the cutoff frequency of the microwave oven to be sufficiently small so that substantially all microwave energy incident on the microwave energy interactive layer is substantially prevented from passing through the apertures. 2. The container of claim 1, wherein the apertures of the plurality of apertures are disposed in an arrangement in which the apertures are generally evenly spaced from one another. 3. The container of claim 2, wherein each of the apertures is spaced apart from the respectively adjacent apertures by approximately the characteristic diameter of the apertures. 4. The container of claim 1, wherein each of the apertures is generally circular and the characteristic dimension is the diameter of the circular apertures. 5. The container of claim 4, wherein the diameter of each of the apertures is approximately 2 mm and the cutoff frequency is approximately 2.45 GHz. 6. The container of claim 5, wherein each of the apertures is spaced apart from the respectively adjacent apertures by approximately 2 mm. 7. The container of claim 5, wherein each of the apertures is spaced apart from the respectively adjacent apertures by approximately 0.5 mm. 8. The container of claim 1, wherein each of the apertures comprises a triangular shape. 9. The container of claim 1, wherein the at least partially unshielded interior portion is at least partially defined by a marginal portion of the substrate layer extending between the microwave energy interactive layer and an upper rim of the container, the marginal portion being generally free of the microwave energy interactive layer. 10. The container of claim 9, further comprising a bottom wall further at least partially defining the interior of the container. 11. The container of claim 10, wherein the microwave energy interactive layer and the substrate layer of the sidewall are a first microwave energy interactive layer and a first substrate layer, respectively, and the bottom wall comprises a second substrate layer and a second microwave energy interactive layer, the shielded interior portion being further at least partially defined by the second microwave energy interactive layer. 12. The container of claim 1, wherein the microwave energy interactive layer and the substrate layer of the sidewall are a first microwave energy interactive layer and a first substrate layer, respectively, and the container further comprises a bottom wall further at least partially defining the interior of the container, the bottom wall comprising a second substrate layer and a second microwave energy interactive layer, the shielded interior portion being further at least partially defined by the second microwave energy interactive layer. 13. The container of claim 12, wherein the plurality of apertures is a first plurality of apertures, and a second plurality of apertures extends through at least the second microwave energy interactive layer in the bottom wall. 14. The container of claim 1, wherein the shielded interior portion of the container is at least partially defined by a first region of the microwave energy interactive layer, the at least partially unshielded interior portion of the container is at least partially defined by a second region of the microwave energy interactive layer, and the plurality of apertures extends in the first region. 15. The container of claim 14, wherein the plurality of apertures is a first plurality of apertures, the characteristic dimension of the apertures of the first plurality of apertures is a first characteristic dimension, the second region comprises a second plurality of apertures, and each aperture of the second plurality of apertures comprises a second characteristic dimension that is larger than the first characteristic dimension so that the second plurality of apertures allow propagation of a percentage of the microwave energy incident on the second region of the microwave energy interactive layer through the apertures of the second plurality of apertures. 16. The container of claim 14, wherein the shielded interior portion of the container is a first shielded interior portion, the container further comprises a second shielded interior portion at least partially defined by a third region of the microwave energy interactive layer, and the second shielded interior portion is spaced apart from the first shielded interior portion by at least the at least partially unshielded interior portion. 17. The container of claim 16, wherein the plurality of apertures is a first plurality of apertures, the third region comprises a second plurality of apertures, and the apertures of the second plurality of apertures are substantially identical to the apertures of the first plurality of apertures. 18. The container of claim 16, further comprising a bottom wall further at least partially defining the first shielded interior portion of the container and a lid further at least partially defining the second shielded interior portion of the container. 19. A method of forming a container for holding at least a first food item and a second food item during exposure to microwave energy in a microwave oven having a cutoff frequency, the method comprising:
obtaining a sidewall blank comprising at least a substrate layer and a microwave energy interactive layer, the microwave energy interactive layer comprising a plurality of apertures, each extending through at least the microwave energy interactive layer, each aperture of the plurality of apertures has a characteristic dimension that is selected based on the cutoff frequency of the microwave oven to be sufficiently small so that substantially all microwave energy incident on the microwave energy interactive layer is substantially prevented from passing through the apertures; and forming a sidewall extending at least partially around an interior of the container with the sidewall blank, the forming the sidewall comprising
forming a shielded interior portion of the interior of the container, the shielded interior portion being at least partially defined by the microwave energy interactive layer of the sidewall, the shielded interior portion being for at least partially receiving the first food item; and
forming an at least partially unshielded interior portion of the interior of the container, the at least partially unshielded interior portion being at least partially defined by the sidewall, the at least partially unshielded interior portion being for at least partially receiving the second food item. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein each of the apertures of the plurality of apertures is spaced apart from the respectively adjacent apertures by approximately the characteristic diameter of the apertures. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein each of the apertures is generally circular and the characteristic dimension is the diameter of the circular apertures. 22. The method of claim 19, wherein each of the apertures comprises a triangular shape. 23. The method of claim 19, wherein the at least partially unshielded interior portion is at least partially defined by a marginal portion of the substrate layer extending between the microwave energy interactive layer and an upper rim of the container, the marginal portion being generally free of the microwave energy interactive layer. 24. The method of claim 19, wherein the microwave energy interactive layer and the substrate layer of the sidewall are a first microwave energy interactive layer and a first substrate layer, respectively, and the method further comprises obtaining a bottom blank and forming a bottom wall from the bottom blank, the bottom wall further at least partially defining the interior of the container, the bottom wall comprising a second substrate layer and a second microwave energy interactive layer, the shielded interior portion being further defined by the second microwave energy interactive layer. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the plurality of apertures is a first plurality of apertures, and a second plurality of apertures extends through at least the second microwave energy interactive layer in the bottom blank. 26. The method of claim 24, wherein the forming the bottom wall comprises attaching the bottom blank to the sidewall proximate the first microwave energy interactive layer. 27. A package for being exposed to microwave energy in a microwave oven having a cutoff frequency, the package comprising:
a container comprising a sidewall extending at least partially around an interior of the container, the sidewall comprising at least a substrate layer and a microwave energy interactive layer, wherein
a shielded interior portion of the interior of the container is at least partially defined by the microwave energy interactive layer of the sidewall,
an at least partially unshielded interior portion of the interior of the container is at least partially defined by the sidewall, and
a plurality of apertures extending through at least the microwave energy interactive layer, each aperture of the plurality of apertures has a characteristic dimension that is selected based on the cutoff frequency of the microwave oven to be sufficiently small so that substantially all microwave energy incident on the microwave energy interactive layer is substantially prevented from passing through the apertures;
a first food item at least partially disposed in the shielded interior portion for being shielded from microwave energy incident on the container by at least the microwave energy interactive layer; and a second food item at least partially disposed in the at least partially unshielded interior portion. 28. The package of claim 27, wherein each of the apertures is generally circular and the characteristic dimension is the diameter of the circular apertures. 29. The package of claim 27, wherein each of the apertures comprises a triangular shape. 30. The package of claim 27, wherein the at least partially unshielded interior portion is at least partially defined by a marginal portion of the substrate layer extending between the microwave energy interactive layer and an upper rim of the container, the marginal portion being generally free of the microwave energy interactive layer. 31. The package of claim 27, wherein the microwave energy interactive layer and the substrate layer of the sidewall are a first microwave energy interactive layer and a first substrate layer, respectively, and the container further comprises a bottom wall, the bottom wall further at least partially defining the interior of the container, the bottom wall comprising a second substrate layer and a second microwave energy interactive layer, the shielded interior portion being further defined by the second microwave energy interactive layer. 32. A method comprising:
obtaining a container comprising a sidewall extending at least partially around an interior of the container, the sidewall comprising at least a substrate layer and a microwave energy interactive layer, wherein
a shielded interior portion of the interior of the container is at least partially defined by at least the microwave energy interactive layer of the sidewall,
an at least partially unshielded interior portion of the interior of the container is at least partially defined by the sidewall, and
a plurality of apertures extends through at least the microwave energy interactive layer;
disposing a first food item in the shielded interior portion; disposing a second food item in the at least partially unshielded interior portion; and exposing the container to microwave energy in a microwave oven having a cutoff frequency, wherein each aperture of the plurality of apertures has a characteristic dimension that is selected based on the cutoff frequency of the microwave oven to be sufficiently small so that the microwave energy interactive layer and the apertures substantially shield the first food item from the microwave energy. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein each of the apertures is generally circular and the characteristic dimension is the diameter of the circular apertures. 34. The method of claim 32, wherein each of the apertures comprises a triangular shape. 35. The method of claim 32, wherein the at least partially unshielded interior portion is at least partially defined by a marginal portion of the substrate layer extending between the microwave energy interactive layer and an upper rim of the container, the marginal portion being generally free of the microwave energy interactive layer. 36. The method of claim 32, wherein the microwave energy interactive layer and the substrate layer of the sidewall are a first microwave energy interactive layer and a first substrate layer, respectively, and the container further comprises a bottom wall, the bottom wall further at least partially defining the interior of the container, the bottom wall comprising a second substrate layer and a second microwave energy interactive layer, the shielded interior portion being further defined by the second microwave energy interactive layer. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein the plurality of apertures is a first plurality of apertures, and a second plurality of apertures extends through at least the second microwave energy interactive layer in the bottom wall. 38. The method of claim 32, wherein the first food item and the second food item are frozen prior to the exposing the container to the microwave energy, the exposing the container to the microwave energy comprises heating the second food item with the microwave energy, and the first food item is substantially frozen after the exposing the container to the microwave energy. | A container for holding at least a first food item and a second food item. The container can comprise a sidewall with a microwave energy interactive layer. A shielded interior portion of an interior of the container can be defined by at least the microwave energy interactive layer and can be for at least partially receiving the first food item. An at least partially unshielded interior portion of the interior of the container can be at least partially defined by the sidewall and can be for at least partially receiving the second food item. A plurality of apertures can extend through at least the microwave energy interactive layer, and each aperture can have a characteristic dimension that is selected based on a cutoff frequency of a microwave oven to be sufficiently small so that substantially all microwave energy incident on the container is substantially prevented from passing through the apertures.1. A container for holding at least a first food item and a second food item during exposure to microwave energy in a microwave oven having a cutoff frequency, the container comprising:
a sidewall extending at least partially around an interior of the container, the sidewall comprising at least a substrate layer and a microwave energy interactive layer; a shielded interior portion of the interior of the container, the shielded interior portion being at least partially defined by at least the microwave energy interactive layer of the sidewall, the shielded interior portion being for at least partially receiving the first food item; and an at least partially unshielded interior portion of the interior of the container, the at least partially unshielded interior portion being at least partially defined by the sidewall, the at least partially unshielded interior portion being for at least partially receiving the second food item; wherein a plurality of apertures extend through at least the microwave energy interactive layer, each aperture of the plurality of apertures has a characteristic dimension that is selected based on the cutoff frequency of the microwave oven to be sufficiently small so that substantially all microwave energy incident on the microwave energy interactive layer is substantially prevented from passing through the apertures. 2. The container of claim 1, wherein the apertures of the plurality of apertures are disposed in an arrangement in which the apertures are generally evenly spaced from one another. 3. The container of claim 2, wherein each of the apertures is spaced apart from the respectively adjacent apertures by approximately the characteristic diameter of the apertures. 4. The container of claim 1, wherein each of the apertures is generally circular and the characteristic dimension is the diameter of the circular apertures. 5. The container of claim 4, wherein the diameter of each of the apertures is approximately 2 mm and the cutoff frequency is approximately 2.45 GHz. 6. The container of claim 5, wherein each of the apertures is spaced apart from the respectively adjacent apertures by approximately 2 mm. 7. The container of claim 5, wherein each of the apertures is spaced apart from the respectively adjacent apertures by approximately 0.5 mm. 8. The container of claim 1, wherein each of the apertures comprises a triangular shape. 9. The container of claim 1, wherein the at least partially unshielded interior portion is at least partially defined by a marginal portion of the substrate layer extending between the microwave energy interactive layer and an upper rim of the container, the marginal portion being generally free of the microwave energy interactive layer. 10. The container of claim 9, further comprising a bottom wall further at least partially defining the interior of the container. 11. The container of claim 10, wherein the microwave energy interactive layer and the substrate layer of the sidewall are a first microwave energy interactive layer and a first substrate layer, respectively, and the bottom wall comprises a second substrate layer and a second microwave energy interactive layer, the shielded interior portion being further at least partially defined by the second microwave energy interactive layer. 12. The container of claim 1, wherein the microwave energy interactive layer and the substrate layer of the sidewall are a first microwave energy interactive layer and a first substrate layer, respectively, and the container further comprises a bottom wall further at least partially defining the interior of the container, the bottom wall comprising a second substrate layer and a second microwave energy interactive layer, the shielded interior portion being further at least partially defined by the second microwave energy interactive layer. 13. The container of claim 12, wherein the plurality of apertures is a first plurality of apertures, and a second plurality of apertures extends through at least the second microwave energy interactive layer in the bottom wall. 14. The container of claim 1, wherein the shielded interior portion of the container is at least partially defined by a first region of the microwave energy interactive layer, the at least partially unshielded interior portion of the container is at least partially defined by a second region of the microwave energy interactive layer, and the plurality of apertures extends in the first region. 15. The container of claim 14, wherein the plurality of apertures is a first plurality of apertures, the characteristic dimension of the apertures of the first plurality of apertures is a first characteristic dimension, the second region comprises a second plurality of apertures, and each aperture of the second plurality of apertures comprises a second characteristic dimension that is larger than the first characteristic dimension so that the second plurality of apertures allow propagation of a percentage of the microwave energy incident on the second region of the microwave energy interactive layer through the apertures of the second plurality of apertures. 16. The container of claim 14, wherein the shielded interior portion of the container is a first shielded interior portion, the container further comprises a second shielded interior portion at least partially defined by a third region of the microwave energy interactive layer, and the second shielded interior portion is spaced apart from the first shielded interior portion by at least the at least partially unshielded interior portion. 17. The container of claim 16, wherein the plurality of apertures is a first plurality of apertures, the third region comprises a second plurality of apertures, and the apertures of the second plurality of apertures are substantially identical to the apertures of the first plurality of apertures. 18. The container of claim 16, further comprising a bottom wall further at least partially defining the first shielded interior portion of the container and a lid further at least partially defining the second shielded interior portion of the container. 19. A method of forming a container for holding at least a first food item and a second food item during exposure to microwave energy in a microwave oven having a cutoff frequency, the method comprising:
obtaining a sidewall blank comprising at least a substrate layer and a microwave energy interactive layer, the microwave energy interactive layer comprising a plurality of apertures, each extending through at least the microwave energy interactive layer, each aperture of the plurality of apertures has a characteristic dimension that is selected based on the cutoff frequency of the microwave oven to be sufficiently small so that substantially all microwave energy incident on the microwave energy interactive layer is substantially prevented from passing through the apertures; and forming a sidewall extending at least partially around an interior of the container with the sidewall blank, the forming the sidewall comprising
forming a shielded interior portion of the interior of the container, the shielded interior portion being at least partially defined by the microwave energy interactive layer of the sidewall, the shielded interior portion being for at least partially receiving the first food item; and
forming an at least partially unshielded interior portion of the interior of the container, the at least partially unshielded interior portion being at least partially defined by the sidewall, the at least partially unshielded interior portion being for at least partially receiving the second food item. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein each of the apertures of the plurality of apertures is spaced apart from the respectively adjacent apertures by approximately the characteristic diameter of the apertures. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein each of the apertures is generally circular and the characteristic dimension is the diameter of the circular apertures. 22. The method of claim 19, wherein each of the apertures comprises a triangular shape. 23. The method of claim 19, wherein the at least partially unshielded interior portion is at least partially defined by a marginal portion of the substrate layer extending between the microwave energy interactive layer and an upper rim of the container, the marginal portion being generally free of the microwave energy interactive layer. 24. The method of claim 19, wherein the microwave energy interactive layer and the substrate layer of the sidewall are a first microwave energy interactive layer and a first substrate layer, respectively, and the method further comprises obtaining a bottom blank and forming a bottom wall from the bottom blank, the bottom wall further at least partially defining the interior of the container, the bottom wall comprising a second substrate layer and a second microwave energy interactive layer, the shielded interior portion being further defined by the second microwave energy interactive layer. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the plurality of apertures is a first plurality of apertures, and a second plurality of apertures extends through at least the second microwave energy interactive layer in the bottom blank. 26. The method of claim 24, wherein the forming the bottom wall comprises attaching the bottom blank to the sidewall proximate the first microwave energy interactive layer. 27. A package for being exposed to microwave energy in a microwave oven having a cutoff frequency, the package comprising:
a container comprising a sidewall extending at least partially around an interior of the container, the sidewall comprising at least a substrate layer and a microwave energy interactive layer, wherein
a shielded interior portion of the interior of the container is at least partially defined by the microwave energy interactive layer of the sidewall,
an at least partially unshielded interior portion of the interior of the container is at least partially defined by the sidewall, and
a plurality of apertures extending through at least the microwave energy interactive layer, each aperture of the plurality of apertures has a characteristic dimension that is selected based on the cutoff frequency of the microwave oven to be sufficiently small so that substantially all microwave energy incident on the microwave energy interactive layer is substantially prevented from passing through the apertures;
a first food item at least partially disposed in the shielded interior portion for being shielded from microwave energy incident on the container by at least the microwave energy interactive layer; and a second food item at least partially disposed in the at least partially unshielded interior portion. 28. The package of claim 27, wherein each of the apertures is generally circular and the characteristic dimension is the diameter of the circular apertures. 29. The package of claim 27, wherein each of the apertures comprises a triangular shape. 30. The package of claim 27, wherein the at least partially unshielded interior portion is at least partially defined by a marginal portion of the substrate layer extending between the microwave energy interactive layer and an upper rim of the container, the marginal portion being generally free of the microwave energy interactive layer. 31. The package of claim 27, wherein the microwave energy interactive layer and the substrate layer of the sidewall are a first microwave energy interactive layer and a first substrate layer, respectively, and the container further comprises a bottom wall, the bottom wall further at least partially defining the interior of the container, the bottom wall comprising a second substrate layer and a second microwave energy interactive layer, the shielded interior portion being further defined by the second microwave energy interactive layer. 32. A method comprising:
obtaining a container comprising a sidewall extending at least partially around an interior of the container, the sidewall comprising at least a substrate layer and a microwave energy interactive layer, wherein
a shielded interior portion of the interior of the container is at least partially defined by at least the microwave energy interactive layer of the sidewall,
an at least partially unshielded interior portion of the interior of the container is at least partially defined by the sidewall, and
a plurality of apertures extends through at least the microwave energy interactive layer;
disposing a first food item in the shielded interior portion; disposing a second food item in the at least partially unshielded interior portion; and exposing the container to microwave energy in a microwave oven having a cutoff frequency, wherein each aperture of the plurality of apertures has a characteristic dimension that is selected based on the cutoff frequency of the microwave oven to be sufficiently small so that the microwave energy interactive layer and the apertures substantially shield the first food item from the microwave energy. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein each of the apertures is generally circular and the characteristic dimension is the diameter of the circular apertures. 34. The method of claim 32, wherein each of the apertures comprises a triangular shape. 35. The method of claim 32, wherein the at least partially unshielded interior portion is at least partially defined by a marginal portion of the substrate layer extending between the microwave energy interactive layer and an upper rim of the container, the marginal portion being generally free of the microwave energy interactive layer. 36. The method of claim 32, wherein the microwave energy interactive layer and the substrate layer of the sidewall are a first microwave energy interactive layer and a first substrate layer, respectively, and the container further comprises a bottom wall, the bottom wall further at least partially defining the interior of the container, the bottom wall comprising a second substrate layer and a second microwave energy interactive layer, the shielded interior portion being further defined by the second microwave energy interactive layer. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein the plurality of apertures is a first plurality of apertures, and a second plurality of apertures extends through at least the second microwave energy interactive layer in the bottom wall. 38. The method of claim 32, wherein the first food item and the second food item are frozen prior to the exposing the container to the microwave energy, the exposing the container to the microwave energy comprises heating the second food item with the microwave energy, and the first food item is substantially frozen after the exposing the container to the microwave energy. | 1,700 |
4,262 | 15,589,062 | 1,778 | An apparatus has a hub including a water inlet for receiving source water, a water outlet for discharging ozonated water, and an interface between the water inlet and the water outlet. The apparatus also has a cartridge including an electrolytic cell for ozonating the source water. The electrolytic cell has a cathode, an anode comprising diamond, and a membrane between the cathode and the anode. The electrolytic cell is configured to flow source water through both the cathode and the anode. The cartridge further includes at least one cartridge port for removably coupling with the interface on the hub. The at least one cartridge port and the interface are configured to flow source water from the hub into the electrolytic cell and to flow ozonated water from the electrolytic cell into the hub. | 1. A replaceable cartridge for ozonating water, the cartridge configured to interface with a hub, the cartridge comprising: a cartridge housing, an electrolytic cell within the housing, the electrolytic cell having an anode and a cathode; a water inlet fluidly coupled to the electrolytic cell; and an ozonated water outlet; a neck having a central axis and at least one thread configured to rotatingly engage an opposing element on the hub. 2. The replaceable cartridge according to claim 1, the neck further comprising at least one radial terminal electrically coupled to one of the anode and the cathode. 3. The replaceable cartridge of claim 1, wherein the neck comprises two terminals, wherein a first one of the terminals electrically coupled to the anode, and a second one of the terminals is electrically coupled to the cathode. 4. The replaceable cartridge of claim 3, wherein the terminals are 180 degrees apart on the neck. 5. The replaceable cartridge according to claim 1, wherein the at least one thread has a multi-tiered profile comprising a first ridge having a first radial dimension, and a second ridge having a second radial dimension, the second dimension greater than the first dimension. 6. The replaceable cartridge according to claim 5, the neck further comprising at least one radial terminal, the at least one radial terminal extending through the first ridge and electrically coupled to one of the anode and the cathode. 7. The replaceable cartridge of claim 5, wherein the thread further comprises a third ridge, the third ridge spaced from the second ridge. 8. The replaceable cartridge of claim 2, the cartridge further comprising: at least one sealing element configured to sealingly engage with the hub, and wherein the sealing element, the at least one thread, and the at least one radial terminal are configured such that the at least one sealing element sealingly engages the hub before the at least one radial terminal engages an opposing terminal on the hub. 9. A cartridge for removably coupling with a hub having an interface, the cartridge comprising: an electrolytic cell for ozonating the source water, the electrolytic cell having a cathode, an anode, and a membrane between the cathode and the anode, the electrolytic cell configured to flow source water through both the cathode and the anode; and cartridge ports for removably coupling with the interface on the hub, the cartridge ports comprising an input port configured to flow water from the hub into the electrolytic cell, and an output port configured to flow ozonated water from the electrolytic cell into the hub. 10. The cartridge of claim 9, the cartridge further comprising a neck having a central axis, the input port and the output port being arranged coaxial about the central axis and extending through the neck. 11. The cartridge of claim 9, further comprising a filter positioned to filter the source water before the source water enters the electrolytic cell. 12. The replaceable cartridge according to claim 9, the cartridge further comprising a neck, and the neck further comprising at least one radial terminal, the at least one radial terminal electrically coupled to one of the anode and the cathode. 13. The replaceable cartridge according to claim 12, the neck having at least one thread comprising at least one ridge; the at least one radial terminal extending through the at least one ridge. 14. The replaceable cartridge of claim 9, the cartridge further comprising a neck, the neck comprising two terminals, wherein a first one of the terminals electrically coupled to the anode, and a second one of the terminals is electrically coupled to the cathode. 15. The replaceable cartridge of claim 9, the anode comprising a boron doped diamond material. 16. The replaceable cartridge of claim 15, the anode comprising a substrate coated with the boron doped diamond material. 17. The replaceable cartridge of claim 9, the anode comprising a free standing diamond material. 18. The replaceable cartridge of claim 17, the free standing diamond material having a thickness of between 0.2 mm to 1.0 mm. 19. An apparatus for generating ozone and dissolving ozone into source water, the apparatus comprising: a hub including a water inlet for receiving source water, a water outlet for discharging ozonated water, and an interface between the water inlet and the water outlet; a cartridge including an electrolytic cell for ozonating the source water, the electrolytic cell having a cathode, and a membrane between the cathode and the anode, the electrolytic cell configured to flow source water through both the cathode and the anode, the cartridge further including cartridge ports for removably coupling with the interface on the hub, the cartridge ports and the interface comprising an input port configured to flow source water from the hub into the electrolytic cell, and an output port configured to flow ozonated water from the electrolytic cell into the hub. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, the cartridge comprising a neck having a central axis and at least one thread configured to rotatingly engage an opposing element on the hub. 21. The apparatus of claim 19, the cartridge comprising a neck having a central axis, the input port and the output port being arranged coaxial about the central axis and extending through the neck. | An apparatus has a hub including a water inlet for receiving source water, a water outlet for discharging ozonated water, and an interface between the water inlet and the water outlet. The apparatus also has a cartridge including an electrolytic cell for ozonating the source water. The electrolytic cell has a cathode, an anode comprising diamond, and a membrane between the cathode and the anode. The electrolytic cell is configured to flow source water through both the cathode and the anode. The cartridge further includes at least one cartridge port for removably coupling with the interface on the hub. The at least one cartridge port and the interface are configured to flow source water from the hub into the electrolytic cell and to flow ozonated water from the electrolytic cell into the hub.1. A replaceable cartridge for ozonating water, the cartridge configured to interface with a hub, the cartridge comprising: a cartridge housing, an electrolytic cell within the housing, the electrolytic cell having an anode and a cathode; a water inlet fluidly coupled to the electrolytic cell; and an ozonated water outlet; a neck having a central axis and at least one thread configured to rotatingly engage an opposing element on the hub. 2. The replaceable cartridge according to claim 1, the neck further comprising at least one radial terminal electrically coupled to one of the anode and the cathode. 3. The replaceable cartridge of claim 1, wherein the neck comprises two terminals, wherein a first one of the terminals electrically coupled to the anode, and a second one of the terminals is electrically coupled to the cathode. 4. The replaceable cartridge of claim 3, wherein the terminals are 180 degrees apart on the neck. 5. The replaceable cartridge according to claim 1, wherein the at least one thread has a multi-tiered profile comprising a first ridge having a first radial dimension, and a second ridge having a second radial dimension, the second dimension greater than the first dimension. 6. The replaceable cartridge according to claim 5, the neck further comprising at least one radial terminal, the at least one radial terminal extending through the first ridge and electrically coupled to one of the anode and the cathode. 7. The replaceable cartridge of claim 5, wherein the thread further comprises a third ridge, the third ridge spaced from the second ridge. 8. The replaceable cartridge of claim 2, the cartridge further comprising: at least one sealing element configured to sealingly engage with the hub, and wherein the sealing element, the at least one thread, and the at least one radial terminal are configured such that the at least one sealing element sealingly engages the hub before the at least one radial terminal engages an opposing terminal on the hub. 9. A cartridge for removably coupling with a hub having an interface, the cartridge comprising: an electrolytic cell for ozonating the source water, the electrolytic cell having a cathode, an anode, and a membrane between the cathode and the anode, the electrolytic cell configured to flow source water through both the cathode and the anode; and cartridge ports for removably coupling with the interface on the hub, the cartridge ports comprising an input port configured to flow water from the hub into the electrolytic cell, and an output port configured to flow ozonated water from the electrolytic cell into the hub. 10. The cartridge of claim 9, the cartridge further comprising a neck having a central axis, the input port and the output port being arranged coaxial about the central axis and extending through the neck. 11. The cartridge of claim 9, further comprising a filter positioned to filter the source water before the source water enters the electrolytic cell. 12. The replaceable cartridge according to claim 9, the cartridge further comprising a neck, and the neck further comprising at least one radial terminal, the at least one radial terminal electrically coupled to one of the anode and the cathode. 13. The replaceable cartridge according to claim 12, the neck having at least one thread comprising at least one ridge; the at least one radial terminal extending through the at least one ridge. 14. The replaceable cartridge of claim 9, the cartridge further comprising a neck, the neck comprising two terminals, wherein a first one of the terminals electrically coupled to the anode, and a second one of the terminals is electrically coupled to the cathode. 15. The replaceable cartridge of claim 9, the anode comprising a boron doped diamond material. 16. The replaceable cartridge of claim 15, the anode comprising a substrate coated with the boron doped diamond material. 17. The replaceable cartridge of claim 9, the anode comprising a free standing diamond material. 18. The replaceable cartridge of claim 17, the free standing diamond material having a thickness of between 0.2 mm to 1.0 mm. 19. An apparatus for generating ozone and dissolving ozone into source water, the apparatus comprising: a hub including a water inlet for receiving source water, a water outlet for discharging ozonated water, and an interface between the water inlet and the water outlet; a cartridge including an electrolytic cell for ozonating the source water, the electrolytic cell having a cathode, and a membrane between the cathode and the anode, the electrolytic cell configured to flow source water through both the cathode and the anode, the cartridge further including cartridge ports for removably coupling with the interface on the hub, the cartridge ports and the interface comprising an input port configured to flow source water from the hub into the electrolytic cell, and an output port configured to flow ozonated water from the electrolytic cell into the hub. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, the cartridge comprising a neck having a central axis and at least one thread configured to rotatingly engage an opposing element on the hub. 21. The apparatus of claim 19, the cartridge comprising a neck having a central axis, the input port and the output port being arranged coaxial about the central axis and extending through the neck. | 1,700 |
4,263 | 13,921,372 | 1,792 | A packaged food product and a method for assembling a packaged food product that includes an edible sheet-like layer enclosing edible contents as a roll, the edible sheet-like layer and the edible contents separated from each other by a removable vapor barrier for maintaining freshness of the edible sheet-like layer until the food product is ready to be consumed, the removable vapor barrier being graspable by the user for removing it from the rest of the assembled product. | 1. A packaged food product (1), comprising:
a non-edible first layer of sheet-like material (11); an edible, sheet-like second layer (21) on a surface of the first layer (11); a non-edible third layer of sheet-like material (31), the third layer on a surface of the second layer (21) facing opposite the surface of the first layer (11); an edible fourth layer of an edible substrate (41) on a surface of the third layer (31) facing opposite the surface of the second layer (21), the fourth layer (41) extending from a first edge of the third layer (31) toward an opposite second edge of the third layer (31), an extended region (33) of the third layer at the second edge being free of the edible substrate of the fourth layer (41); and a fifth layer of edible ingredients (51) on the fourth layer (41), the edible ingredients (51) provided on a side of the fourth layer (41) facing opposite the surface of the third layer (31), wherein the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth layers (11, 21, 31, 41, 51) form an assembly that is rolled about itself, the fifth layer (51) forming a center of the rolled assembly, the first layer (11) forming an outermost layer, and the extended region (33) of the third layer (31) extending out from one end of the rolled assembly, wherein the third layer (31) is a removable vapor barrier between the fourth layer (41) of the edible substrate and the edible, sheet-like second layer (21), wherein the third layer (31) is slideable against the second and fourth layers (21, 41) such that the third layer (31) may be pulled, by grasping the extended region, and removed from the rolled assembly without removing the contents of the fourth layer (41) from the rolled assembly. 2. The packaged food product of claim 1, wherein the second layer (21) comprises seaweed. 3. The packaged food product of claim 1, wherein the non-edible first layer (11) and the non-edible third layer (31) each consist of transparent plastic food wrapping material. 4. The packaged food product of claim 3, wherein the transparent plastic food wrapping material is cellophane. 5. The packaged food product of claim 1, wherein the edible substrate (41) of the fourth layer comprises a layer of rice. 6. The packaged food product of claim 1, wherein the edible substrate of the fourth layer (41) comprises a layer of grain and bean mixture. 7. The packaged food product of claim 1, wherein the edible substrate of the fourth layer (41) comprises a layer of egg. 8. The packaged food product of claim 1, wherein the edible second layer (21) comprises a leafy green vegetable. 9. The packaged food product of claim 1, wherein the edible second layer (21) comprises a soy sheet. 10. The packaged food product of claim 1, wherein both ends of the rolled assembly are sealed from the outside by the non-edible first layer (11). 11. The packaged food product of claim 1, further comprising:
a holding element (71) having a hole extending therethrough, a surface the holding element (71) located at an end of the rolled assembly where the extended region (35) of the third layer (31) extends through the hole of the holding element (71), the holding element configured to permit the third layer (31) to slide through the hole while preventing passage of the second, fourth, and fifth layers (21, 41, 51). 12. The packaged food product of claim 11, wherein the holding element (71) forms the bottom of a cup element (73) fitted over the end of the rolled assembly. 13. The packaged food product of claim 11, wherein an extending region (12) of the first layer (11) surrounds the holding element (71) and surrounds at least a portion of the extended region (35) that extends through the hole of the holding element (71). 14. The packaged food product of claim 12, further comprising:
one of a clip or a tie, fitted around the extended region (35) of the third layer (31) and the extending region (12) of the first layer (11) surrounding the at least a portion of the extended region (35). 15. A method for making a packaged food product (1), comprising the steps of:
providing a first non-edible layer of sheet-like material (31) on a preparation surface, the first non-edible layer (31) having a first edge, a second edge opposite said first edge, and two opposite side edges; spreading a thin layer of an edible substrate (41) onto the first flexible non-edible material (31) between the first edge of the first non-edible layer (31) and the second edge of the first non-edible layer (31), an extended region (33) of the first non-edible layer at the second edge remaining free of the edible substrate (41); placing a layer of one or more edible ingredients (51) on the edible substrate (41) along a center line of the edible substrate (41); lifting the two opposite side edges of the first non-edible layer (31) from the preparation surface, and bringing the two opposite side edges together to enclose the edible substrate (41) around the layer of one or more edible ingredients (51); placing a first of the two opposite side edges over a second of the two opposite side edges to close the first non-edible layer (31) around the edible substrate (41) and the layer of one or more edible ingredients (51), such that the first non-edible layer (31), the edible substrate (41), and the layer of one or more edible ingredients (51) form a rolled sub-assembly; rolling the rolled sub-assembly inside an edible sheet-like material (21) to form a second rolled sub-assembly; rolling the second rolled sub-assembly into a second non-edible layer of sheet-like material (11); and securing the second non-edible layer (11) to prevent the second non-edible layer (11) from unrolling, wherein the first non-edible layer (31) is a vapor barrier that prevents transmission of moisture from the edible substrate (41) to the edible sheet-like material (21), wherein the first non-edible layer (31) is slideable from between the edible sheet-like material (21) and the edible substrate (41) such that the first non-edible layer (31) may be pulled, by grasping the extended region (33), and removed from between the edible sheet-like material (21) and the edible substrate (41). 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the edible sheet-like material (21) is seaweed. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the edible substrate (41) comprises one of rice, egg, leafy green vegetable, or grain and bean mixture. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the edible sheet-like material (21) is a soy sheet. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the first non-edible layer (31) consists of clear plastic food wrapping material or cellophane. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the first non-edible layer (31) consists of clear plastic food wrapping material or cellophane, and the second non-edible layer (11) consists of food wrapping paper. 21. The method of claim 15, further comprising:
mixing oil into the edible substrate (41) to facilitate sliding between the first non-edible layer (31) and the edible substrate (41). 22. The method of claim 15, further comprising:
treating the first non-edible layer (31) with non-stick spray on a side that contacts the edible substrate (41) to facilitate sliding between the first non-edible layer (31) and the edible substrate (41). 23. The method of claim 15, further comprising:
sealing the second non-edible layer (11) at an open end of the rolled final assembly to prevent exposure of the edible substrate (41), edible ingredients (51), and edible sheet-like material (21) to the outside. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the second non-edible layer (11) comprises a heat sealable food wrapping material, and wherein the second non-edible layer (11) is sealed by heat-sealing. 25. The method of claim 11, wherein the step of rolling the second rolled sub-assembly into a second non-edible layer of sheet-like material (11) comprises the sub-steps of:
partly rolling the second rolled sub-assembly into the second non-edible layer of sheet-like material (11); folding up a bottom end of the partly rolled second non-edible layer (11) against an exposed surface of the second non-edible layer (11); and securing an end-most portion of the folded bottom end to the exposed surface of the second non-edible layer (11). 26. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
after the step of rolling the second rolled sub-assembly around the remainder portion of the second non-edible layer (11) to form the rolled final assembly, providing a cup element (73), having a hole extending through a bottom thereof, at an end of the rolled final assembly such that an inner surface of the bottom of the cup element (73) faces the end of the rolled final assembly, and the extended region (35) of the first non-edible layer is placed through the hole of the cup element (73) thereby to extend from an outer surface of the bottom of the cup element (73). 27. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
after the step of placing the first of the two opposite side edges over the second of the two opposite side edges to close the first non-edible layer and form the rolled sub-assembly, providing a holding element (71), having a hole extending therethrough, at an end of the rolled sub-assembly such that a first surface of the holding element (71) faces the end of the rolled sub-assembly, and the extended region (35) of the first non-edible layer is placed through the hole of the holding element (71) thereby to extend from an opposite second surface of the holding element (71). 28. The method of claim 27, further comprising:
fitting one of a clip or a tie around the extended region (35) of the third layer (31) to seal the extended region (35) of the third layer (31). | A packaged food product and a method for assembling a packaged food product that includes an edible sheet-like layer enclosing edible contents as a roll, the edible sheet-like layer and the edible contents separated from each other by a removable vapor barrier for maintaining freshness of the edible sheet-like layer until the food product is ready to be consumed, the removable vapor barrier being graspable by the user for removing it from the rest of the assembled product.1. A packaged food product (1), comprising:
a non-edible first layer of sheet-like material (11); an edible, sheet-like second layer (21) on a surface of the first layer (11); a non-edible third layer of sheet-like material (31), the third layer on a surface of the second layer (21) facing opposite the surface of the first layer (11); an edible fourth layer of an edible substrate (41) on a surface of the third layer (31) facing opposite the surface of the second layer (21), the fourth layer (41) extending from a first edge of the third layer (31) toward an opposite second edge of the third layer (31), an extended region (33) of the third layer at the second edge being free of the edible substrate of the fourth layer (41); and a fifth layer of edible ingredients (51) on the fourth layer (41), the edible ingredients (51) provided on a side of the fourth layer (41) facing opposite the surface of the third layer (31), wherein the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth layers (11, 21, 31, 41, 51) form an assembly that is rolled about itself, the fifth layer (51) forming a center of the rolled assembly, the first layer (11) forming an outermost layer, and the extended region (33) of the third layer (31) extending out from one end of the rolled assembly, wherein the third layer (31) is a removable vapor barrier between the fourth layer (41) of the edible substrate and the edible, sheet-like second layer (21), wherein the third layer (31) is slideable against the second and fourth layers (21, 41) such that the third layer (31) may be pulled, by grasping the extended region, and removed from the rolled assembly without removing the contents of the fourth layer (41) from the rolled assembly. 2. The packaged food product of claim 1, wherein the second layer (21) comprises seaweed. 3. The packaged food product of claim 1, wherein the non-edible first layer (11) and the non-edible third layer (31) each consist of transparent plastic food wrapping material. 4. The packaged food product of claim 3, wherein the transparent plastic food wrapping material is cellophane. 5. The packaged food product of claim 1, wherein the edible substrate (41) of the fourth layer comprises a layer of rice. 6. The packaged food product of claim 1, wherein the edible substrate of the fourth layer (41) comprises a layer of grain and bean mixture. 7. The packaged food product of claim 1, wherein the edible substrate of the fourth layer (41) comprises a layer of egg. 8. The packaged food product of claim 1, wherein the edible second layer (21) comprises a leafy green vegetable. 9. The packaged food product of claim 1, wherein the edible second layer (21) comprises a soy sheet. 10. The packaged food product of claim 1, wherein both ends of the rolled assembly are sealed from the outside by the non-edible first layer (11). 11. The packaged food product of claim 1, further comprising:
a holding element (71) having a hole extending therethrough, a surface the holding element (71) located at an end of the rolled assembly where the extended region (35) of the third layer (31) extends through the hole of the holding element (71), the holding element configured to permit the third layer (31) to slide through the hole while preventing passage of the second, fourth, and fifth layers (21, 41, 51). 12. The packaged food product of claim 11, wherein the holding element (71) forms the bottom of a cup element (73) fitted over the end of the rolled assembly. 13. The packaged food product of claim 11, wherein an extending region (12) of the first layer (11) surrounds the holding element (71) and surrounds at least a portion of the extended region (35) that extends through the hole of the holding element (71). 14. The packaged food product of claim 12, further comprising:
one of a clip or a tie, fitted around the extended region (35) of the third layer (31) and the extending region (12) of the first layer (11) surrounding the at least a portion of the extended region (35). 15. A method for making a packaged food product (1), comprising the steps of:
providing a first non-edible layer of sheet-like material (31) on a preparation surface, the first non-edible layer (31) having a first edge, a second edge opposite said first edge, and two opposite side edges; spreading a thin layer of an edible substrate (41) onto the first flexible non-edible material (31) between the first edge of the first non-edible layer (31) and the second edge of the first non-edible layer (31), an extended region (33) of the first non-edible layer at the second edge remaining free of the edible substrate (41); placing a layer of one or more edible ingredients (51) on the edible substrate (41) along a center line of the edible substrate (41); lifting the two opposite side edges of the first non-edible layer (31) from the preparation surface, and bringing the two opposite side edges together to enclose the edible substrate (41) around the layer of one or more edible ingredients (51); placing a first of the two opposite side edges over a second of the two opposite side edges to close the first non-edible layer (31) around the edible substrate (41) and the layer of one or more edible ingredients (51), such that the first non-edible layer (31), the edible substrate (41), and the layer of one or more edible ingredients (51) form a rolled sub-assembly; rolling the rolled sub-assembly inside an edible sheet-like material (21) to form a second rolled sub-assembly; rolling the second rolled sub-assembly into a second non-edible layer of sheet-like material (11); and securing the second non-edible layer (11) to prevent the second non-edible layer (11) from unrolling, wherein the first non-edible layer (31) is a vapor barrier that prevents transmission of moisture from the edible substrate (41) to the edible sheet-like material (21), wherein the first non-edible layer (31) is slideable from between the edible sheet-like material (21) and the edible substrate (41) such that the first non-edible layer (31) may be pulled, by grasping the extended region (33), and removed from between the edible sheet-like material (21) and the edible substrate (41). 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the edible sheet-like material (21) is seaweed. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the edible substrate (41) comprises one of rice, egg, leafy green vegetable, or grain and bean mixture. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the edible sheet-like material (21) is a soy sheet. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the first non-edible layer (31) consists of clear plastic food wrapping material or cellophane. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the first non-edible layer (31) consists of clear plastic food wrapping material or cellophane, and the second non-edible layer (11) consists of food wrapping paper. 21. The method of claim 15, further comprising:
mixing oil into the edible substrate (41) to facilitate sliding between the first non-edible layer (31) and the edible substrate (41). 22. The method of claim 15, further comprising:
treating the first non-edible layer (31) with non-stick spray on a side that contacts the edible substrate (41) to facilitate sliding between the first non-edible layer (31) and the edible substrate (41). 23. The method of claim 15, further comprising:
sealing the second non-edible layer (11) at an open end of the rolled final assembly to prevent exposure of the edible substrate (41), edible ingredients (51), and edible sheet-like material (21) to the outside. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the second non-edible layer (11) comprises a heat sealable food wrapping material, and wherein the second non-edible layer (11) is sealed by heat-sealing. 25. The method of claim 11, wherein the step of rolling the second rolled sub-assembly into a second non-edible layer of sheet-like material (11) comprises the sub-steps of:
partly rolling the second rolled sub-assembly into the second non-edible layer of sheet-like material (11); folding up a bottom end of the partly rolled second non-edible layer (11) against an exposed surface of the second non-edible layer (11); and securing an end-most portion of the folded bottom end to the exposed surface of the second non-edible layer (11). 26. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
after the step of rolling the second rolled sub-assembly around the remainder portion of the second non-edible layer (11) to form the rolled final assembly, providing a cup element (73), having a hole extending through a bottom thereof, at an end of the rolled final assembly such that an inner surface of the bottom of the cup element (73) faces the end of the rolled final assembly, and the extended region (35) of the first non-edible layer is placed through the hole of the cup element (73) thereby to extend from an outer surface of the bottom of the cup element (73). 27. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
after the step of placing the first of the two opposite side edges over the second of the two opposite side edges to close the first non-edible layer and form the rolled sub-assembly, providing a holding element (71), having a hole extending therethrough, at an end of the rolled sub-assembly such that a first surface of the holding element (71) faces the end of the rolled sub-assembly, and the extended region (35) of the first non-edible layer is placed through the hole of the holding element (71) thereby to extend from an opposite second surface of the holding element (71). 28. The method of claim 27, further comprising:
fitting one of a clip or a tie around the extended region (35) of the third layer (31) to seal the extended region (35) of the third layer (31). | 1,700 |
4,264 | 15,038,021 | 1,742 | A pneumatic tire of the present technology is a pneumatic tire provided with a tread portion, side wall portions and bead portions, a plurality of circumferential grooves extending in the tire circumferential direction being provided in the tread portion, and a belt-shaped sound-absorbing member being bonded via an adhesive layer to the tire inner surface in a region corresponding to the tread portion along the tire circumferential direction, wherein the width W of the sound-absorbing member is from 70% to 95% of the tire ground contact width TCW, and the total width of the circumferential grooves included in the region in the tire width direction in which the sound-absorbing member is disposed is from 25% to 40% of the width W of the sound-absorbing member. | 1. A pneumatic tire, comprising:
an annular-shaped tread portion extending in a tire circumferential direction; a pair of side wall portions disposed on both sides of the tread portion; and a pair of bead portions disposed to the inside of the side wall portions in a tire radial direction, a plurality of circumferential grooves that extend in the tire circumferential direction being provided in the tread portion, and a belt-shaped sound-absorbing member being bonded via an adhesive layer to a tire inner surface in a region corresponding to the tread portion along the tire circumferential direction, the tire being characterized in that: the sound-absorbing member has a width of 70% to 95% of a ground contact width of the tire, and the circumferential grooves included in a region in a tire width direction in which the sound-absorbing member is disposed have a total width of 25% to 40% of the width of the sound-absorbing member. 2. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the sound-absorbing member is disposed so that all of the circumferential grooves formed in the tread portion are included within the region in the tire width direction in which the sound-absorbing member is disposed. 3. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer is double-sided adhesive tape having a thickness of 0.1 mm to 1.2 mm. 4. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the tire ground contact width is from 110 mm to 170 mm, and the circumferential grooves disposed in the region in the tire width direction in which the sound-absorbing member is disposed include four main grooves having a width of at least 4 mm. 5. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the tire ground contact width is from 150 mm to 280 mm, and the circumferential grooves disposed in the region in the tire width direction in which the sound-absorbing member is disposed include three main grooves having a width of at least 10 mm and one or two auxiliary grooves having a width of less than 10 mm. 6. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the widest circumferential grooves out of the circumferential grooves disposed in the region in the tire width direction in which the sound-absorbing member is disposed has a width of at least 15 mm. 7. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein ends in the tire width direction of the sound-absorbing member are disposed in regions outside areas directly beneath the circumferential grooves. 8. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the sound-absorbing member is constituted by a single sound-absorbing member extending in the tire circumferential direction, the single member being of uniform thickness at least within a range corresponding to the bonded surface of the sound-absorbing member as seen in a cross-section orthogonal to the longitudinal direction thereof, and having a constant cross-sectional shape along its longitudinal direction. 9. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the volume of the sound-absorbing member is more than 20% of the volume of a cavity formed within the tire when mounted on a rim. 10. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the sound-absorbing member has a hardness of 60 N to 170 N and a tensile strength of 60 kPa to 180 kPa. 11. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer is constituted by double-sided adhesive tape having a peel adhesive force in a range from 8 N/20 mm to 40 N/20 mm. 12. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein a carcass layer is mounted between the pair of bead portions, a belt layer is disposed to the outer circumferential side of the carcass layer in the tread portion, the carcass layer is folded back from the tire inner side to the tire outer side around bead cores disposed in the bead portions, the folded back portion of the carcass layer extends to a position overlapping the belt layer, and the ends in the tire width direction of the sound- absorbing member are disposed at positions at least 5 mm away from the positions of the ends of the carcass layer. 13. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the sound-absorbing member is constituted by a porous material containing interconnecting cells. 14. The pneumatic tire according to claim 13, wherein the porous material is polyurethane foam. | A pneumatic tire of the present technology is a pneumatic tire provided with a tread portion, side wall portions and bead portions, a plurality of circumferential grooves extending in the tire circumferential direction being provided in the tread portion, and a belt-shaped sound-absorbing member being bonded via an adhesive layer to the tire inner surface in a region corresponding to the tread portion along the tire circumferential direction, wherein the width W of the sound-absorbing member is from 70% to 95% of the tire ground contact width TCW, and the total width of the circumferential grooves included in the region in the tire width direction in which the sound-absorbing member is disposed is from 25% to 40% of the width W of the sound-absorbing member.1. A pneumatic tire, comprising:
an annular-shaped tread portion extending in a tire circumferential direction; a pair of side wall portions disposed on both sides of the tread portion; and a pair of bead portions disposed to the inside of the side wall portions in a tire radial direction, a plurality of circumferential grooves that extend in the tire circumferential direction being provided in the tread portion, and a belt-shaped sound-absorbing member being bonded via an adhesive layer to a tire inner surface in a region corresponding to the tread portion along the tire circumferential direction, the tire being characterized in that: the sound-absorbing member has a width of 70% to 95% of a ground contact width of the tire, and the circumferential grooves included in a region in a tire width direction in which the sound-absorbing member is disposed have a total width of 25% to 40% of the width of the sound-absorbing member. 2. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the sound-absorbing member is disposed so that all of the circumferential grooves formed in the tread portion are included within the region in the tire width direction in which the sound-absorbing member is disposed. 3. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer is double-sided adhesive tape having a thickness of 0.1 mm to 1.2 mm. 4. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the tire ground contact width is from 110 mm to 170 mm, and the circumferential grooves disposed in the region in the tire width direction in which the sound-absorbing member is disposed include four main grooves having a width of at least 4 mm. 5. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the tire ground contact width is from 150 mm to 280 mm, and the circumferential grooves disposed in the region in the tire width direction in which the sound-absorbing member is disposed include three main grooves having a width of at least 10 mm and one or two auxiliary grooves having a width of less than 10 mm. 6. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the widest circumferential grooves out of the circumferential grooves disposed in the region in the tire width direction in which the sound-absorbing member is disposed has a width of at least 15 mm. 7. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein ends in the tire width direction of the sound-absorbing member are disposed in regions outside areas directly beneath the circumferential grooves. 8. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the sound-absorbing member is constituted by a single sound-absorbing member extending in the tire circumferential direction, the single member being of uniform thickness at least within a range corresponding to the bonded surface of the sound-absorbing member as seen in a cross-section orthogonal to the longitudinal direction thereof, and having a constant cross-sectional shape along its longitudinal direction. 9. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the volume of the sound-absorbing member is more than 20% of the volume of a cavity formed within the tire when mounted on a rim. 10. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the sound-absorbing member has a hardness of 60 N to 170 N and a tensile strength of 60 kPa to 180 kPa. 11. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer is constituted by double-sided adhesive tape having a peel adhesive force in a range from 8 N/20 mm to 40 N/20 mm. 12. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein a carcass layer is mounted between the pair of bead portions, a belt layer is disposed to the outer circumferential side of the carcass layer in the tread portion, the carcass layer is folded back from the tire inner side to the tire outer side around bead cores disposed in the bead portions, the folded back portion of the carcass layer extends to a position overlapping the belt layer, and the ends in the tire width direction of the sound- absorbing member are disposed at positions at least 5 mm away from the positions of the ends of the carcass layer. 13. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the sound-absorbing member is constituted by a porous material containing interconnecting cells. 14. The pneumatic tire according to claim 13, wherein the porous material is polyurethane foam. | 1,700 |
4,265 | 14,383,407 | 1,793 | Foodstuffs such as cereals, vegetables or fruits can be sterilized and disinfected by simple short-time processing for preservation of them over an extended period of time without recourse to substances harmful to human bodies, and prevention of growth of mold.
After a foodstuff is brought into contact with overheated steam having a temperature of 250° C. to 620° C., calcium oxide-containing powders are added to and mixed with it. The foodstuff may come into contact with overheated steam simultaneously with addition and mixing of the calcium oxide-containing powders.
The time of contact of the foodstuff with overheated steam is preferably 20 seconds to 0.5 second.
The calcium oxide-containing powders are preferably natural calcium oxide powders obtained by firing shells, coral, the nacreous layer, eggshells, or bones of animals, fishes or birds. | 1. A method for sterilization and preservation of foodstuffs, characterized in that a foodstuff is brought into contact with overheated steam having a temperature of 250° C. to 620° C. after which calcium oxide-containing powders are added to and mixed with said foodstuff. 2. A method for sterilization and preservation of foodstuffs, characterized in that a foodstuff is brought into contact with overheated steam having a temperature of 250° C. to 620° C. simultaneously with addition and mixing of calcium oxide-containing powders to and with said foodstuff. 3. A method for sterilization and preservation of foodstuffs, characterized in that a foodstuff is brought into contact with overheated steam having a temperature of 250° C. to 620° C. for 20 seconds to 0.5 second after which calcium oxide-containing powders are added to and mixed with said foodstuff. 4. A method for sterilization and preservation of foodstuffs, characterized in that a foodstuff is brought into contact with overheated steam having a temperature of 250° C. to 620° C. for 20 seconds to 0.5 second simultaneously with addition and mixing of calcium oxide-containing powders to and with said foodstuff. 5. A method for sterilization and preservation of foodstuffs, characterized in that a foodstuff is brought into contact with overheated steam having a temperature of 250° C. to 620° C. for 20 seconds to 0.5 second simultaneously with spraying and scattering of a calcium oxide-containing liquid on said foodstuff so that calcium oxide is uniformly added and deposited onto a surface of the foodstuff 6. A method for sterilization and preservation of foodstuffs, characterized in that a foodstuff is brought into contact with overheated steam having a temperature of 250° C. to 620° C. for 20 seconds to 0.5 second after which a calcium oxide-containing liquid is sprayed and scattered on said foodstuff so that calcium oxide is uniformly added and deposited onto a surface of said foodstuff. 7. A method for sterilization and preservation of foodstuffs as recited in claim 1, characterized in that said foodstuff is at least one selected from vegetables, fruits, cereals, seafood, and meat. 8. A method for sterilization and preservation of foodstuffs as recited in claim 1, characterized in that said calcium oxide-containing powders have an average particle diameter of 10 to 400·m. 9. A method for sterilization and preservation of foodstuffs as recited in claim 1, characterized in that the calcium oxide-containing powders contain an antibacterial agent, a disinfectant or a deodorant. 10. A method for sterilization and preservation of foodstuffs as recited in claim 1, characterized in that said calcium oxide-containing powders are natural calcium oxide powders obtained by firing shells, coral, the nacreous layer, eggshells, or bones of animals, fishes or birds. 11. A method for sterilization and preservation of foodstuffs as recited in claim 1, characterized in that contact of said foodstuff with said calcium oxide-containing powders takes place by mixing and addition of 0.005 to 5.0 parts by weight of said calcium oxide-containing powders with and to 100 parts by weight of said foodstuff. 12. A method for sterilization and preservation of foodstuffs as recited in claim 1, characterized in that 0.005 to 5.0 parts by weight of said calcium oxide-containing powders having an average particle diameter of 10 to 200 □m are added to and mixed with 100 parts by weight of a cereal as said foodstuff 13. A method for sterilization and preservation of foodstuffs as recited in claim 1, characterized in that contact of said foodstuff with overheated steam takes place by allowing said foodstuff fed from above an upright cylindrical unit and falling down through it to come in contact with overheated steam jetted out of an inner wall of said cylindrical unit. 14. A method for sterilization and preservation of foodstuffs as recited in claim 1, characterized in that a temperature of said overheated steam coming into contact with said foodstuff is 300° C. to 600° C. 15. A method for sterilization and preservation of foodstuffs as recited in claim 1, characterized in that said foodstuff is any one selected from a group consisting of rice, barley/wheat, corn, peanuts, soybeans, fruits, fishes, shellfishes, and vegetables. 16. A foodstuff processed by any one of the methods as recited in claim 1. | Foodstuffs such as cereals, vegetables or fruits can be sterilized and disinfected by simple short-time processing for preservation of them over an extended period of time without recourse to substances harmful to human bodies, and prevention of growth of mold.
After a foodstuff is brought into contact with overheated steam having a temperature of 250° C. to 620° C., calcium oxide-containing powders are added to and mixed with it. The foodstuff may come into contact with overheated steam simultaneously with addition and mixing of the calcium oxide-containing powders.
The time of contact of the foodstuff with overheated steam is preferably 20 seconds to 0.5 second.
The calcium oxide-containing powders are preferably natural calcium oxide powders obtained by firing shells, coral, the nacreous layer, eggshells, or bones of animals, fishes or birds.1. A method for sterilization and preservation of foodstuffs, characterized in that a foodstuff is brought into contact with overheated steam having a temperature of 250° C. to 620° C. after which calcium oxide-containing powders are added to and mixed with said foodstuff. 2. A method for sterilization and preservation of foodstuffs, characterized in that a foodstuff is brought into contact with overheated steam having a temperature of 250° C. to 620° C. simultaneously with addition and mixing of calcium oxide-containing powders to and with said foodstuff. 3. A method for sterilization and preservation of foodstuffs, characterized in that a foodstuff is brought into contact with overheated steam having a temperature of 250° C. to 620° C. for 20 seconds to 0.5 second after which calcium oxide-containing powders are added to and mixed with said foodstuff. 4. A method for sterilization and preservation of foodstuffs, characterized in that a foodstuff is brought into contact with overheated steam having a temperature of 250° C. to 620° C. for 20 seconds to 0.5 second simultaneously with addition and mixing of calcium oxide-containing powders to and with said foodstuff. 5. A method for sterilization and preservation of foodstuffs, characterized in that a foodstuff is brought into contact with overheated steam having a temperature of 250° C. to 620° C. for 20 seconds to 0.5 second simultaneously with spraying and scattering of a calcium oxide-containing liquid on said foodstuff so that calcium oxide is uniformly added and deposited onto a surface of the foodstuff 6. A method for sterilization and preservation of foodstuffs, characterized in that a foodstuff is brought into contact with overheated steam having a temperature of 250° C. to 620° C. for 20 seconds to 0.5 second after which a calcium oxide-containing liquid is sprayed and scattered on said foodstuff so that calcium oxide is uniformly added and deposited onto a surface of said foodstuff. 7. A method for sterilization and preservation of foodstuffs as recited in claim 1, characterized in that said foodstuff is at least one selected from vegetables, fruits, cereals, seafood, and meat. 8. A method for sterilization and preservation of foodstuffs as recited in claim 1, characterized in that said calcium oxide-containing powders have an average particle diameter of 10 to 400·m. 9. A method for sterilization and preservation of foodstuffs as recited in claim 1, characterized in that the calcium oxide-containing powders contain an antibacterial agent, a disinfectant or a deodorant. 10. A method for sterilization and preservation of foodstuffs as recited in claim 1, characterized in that said calcium oxide-containing powders are natural calcium oxide powders obtained by firing shells, coral, the nacreous layer, eggshells, or bones of animals, fishes or birds. 11. A method for sterilization and preservation of foodstuffs as recited in claim 1, characterized in that contact of said foodstuff with said calcium oxide-containing powders takes place by mixing and addition of 0.005 to 5.0 parts by weight of said calcium oxide-containing powders with and to 100 parts by weight of said foodstuff. 12. A method for sterilization and preservation of foodstuffs as recited in claim 1, characterized in that 0.005 to 5.0 parts by weight of said calcium oxide-containing powders having an average particle diameter of 10 to 200 □m are added to and mixed with 100 parts by weight of a cereal as said foodstuff 13. A method for sterilization and preservation of foodstuffs as recited in claim 1, characterized in that contact of said foodstuff with overheated steam takes place by allowing said foodstuff fed from above an upright cylindrical unit and falling down through it to come in contact with overheated steam jetted out of an inner wall of said cylindrical unit. 14. A method for sterilization and preservation of foodstuffs as recited in claim 1, characterized in that a temperature of said overheated steam coming into contact with said foodstuff is 300° C. to 600° C. 15. A method for sterilization and preservation of foodstuffs as recited in claim 1, characterized in that said foodstuff is any one selected from a group consisting of rice, barley/wheat, corn, peanuts, soybeans, fruits, fishes, shellfishes, and vegetables. 16. A foodstuff processed by any one of the methods as recited in claim 1. | 1,700 |
4,266 | 14,407,860 | 1,797 | A device for detecting airborne contaminants includes a protonated, electrically conductive sensing material with affinity for binding with, and capable of being deprotonated by, the airborne contaminant. Electronics measure a property of the sensing material that is sensitive to deprotonation and generates signals indicative of the airborne contaminant. A method for detecting airborne contaminants includes: determining a property change of the protonated, electrically conductive material; and determining presence of the airborne contaminant based on the change. A system for detecting airborne contaminants includes: a data center in remote communication with multiple sensing devices each having: protonated, electrically conductive sensing material with affinity for binding with, and capable of being depronated by, an airborne contaminant, and electronics for relaying signals indicative of a sensing material deprotonation property to the data center; and wherein a user associated with a sensing device is notified of an abnormal level of the airborne contaminant. | 1-46. (canceled) 47. Device for detecting an airborne contaminant, comprising:
a protonated, electrically conductive sensing material having (a) affinity for binding with the airborne contaminant, and (b) resistance sensitive to binding of the airborne contaminant; a pair of interdigitated electrodes in contact with the sensing material and located on a surface of the sensing material; and electronics for measuring the resistance of the sensing material through measurement of direct-current resistance of the sensing material between the pair of interdigitated electrodes. 48. Device of claim 47, the sensing material being configured to undergo deprotonation by reacting directly with the airborne contaminant. 49. Device of claim 48, the sensing material being selected from the group consisting of a thin film, a polymer film, and a molecularly imprinted polymer film. 50. Device of claim 48, the sensing material being a polymer film comprising one or more of: a π electron-conjugated polymer; polyalinine; polypyrrole; polythiophene; a derivative of polyalinine, polypyrrole, or polythiophene; and a copolymer of polyalinine, polypyrrole, polythiophene, or a derivative thereof. 51. Device of claim 47, the sensing material comprising:
an additive having affinity for reacting with the airborne contaminant to form a first reaction product; and a protonated, electrically conductive component configured to deprotonate by reaction with the first reaction product. 52. Device of claim 47, further comprising a clock for time-stamping measurement by the electronics of the resistance of the sensing material. 53. Device of claim 47, the airborne contaminant being a component of tobacco smoke. 54. Device of claim 47, the airborne contaminant being selected from the group consisting of carbon monoxide, nicotine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and combinations thereof. 55. Device of claim 47, the electronics comprising:
processor for processing measurements by the electronics of the resistance of the sensing material, memory having data for correlating the property to a level of the airborne contaminant, and interface for communicating visible, audible, and/or tactile information to a user. 56. Device of claim 47,
the airborne contaminant defining a plurality of airborne contaminants; the sensing material defining a plurality of sensing materials, each being protonated and electrically conductive and each having (a) affinity for binding with a respective one of the plurality of airborne contaminants, and (b) resistance sensitive to binding of the respective one of the plurality of airborne contaminants; the pair of interdigitated electrodes defining a plurality of pairs of interdigitated electrodes, each of the plurality of pairs of interdigitated electrodes being in contact with and located on a surface of a respective one of the plurality of different sensing materials; and the electronics including electronics for measuring the resistance of each of the plurality of sensing materials through measurement of direct-current resistance of each of the plurality of sensing materials between respective ones of the plurality of pairs of interdigitated electrodes. 57. Method for detecting at least one airborne contaminant, comprising:
measuring resistance of a protonated, electrically conductive sensing material, exposed to ambient air with the at least one airborne contaminant, through measurement of direct-current resistance between a pair of interdigitated electrodes in contact with and located on a surface of the sensing material; and determining presence of the at least one airborne contaminant based upon detection of change of the resistance of the sensing material. 58. Method of claim 57,
further comprising communicating with a computer remote from the sensing material; and the step of determining occurring within the remote computer. 59. Method of claim 57, the step of determining comprising determining an abnormal level of the at least one airborne contaminant. 60. Method of claim 57, further comprising storing in memory, data representative of the change of the resistance of the sensing material. 61. Method of claim 60, further comprising downloading at least a portion of the data to a remote computer for determining presence of the at least one airborne contaminant, when the change exceeds a threshold. 62. Method of claim 60, further comprising communicating to an end user if the presence of the at least one airborne contaminant exceeds a threshold. 63. Method of claim 57,
the at least one airborne contaminant being a plurality of airborne contaminants; the step of measuring comprising measuring a plurality of resistances of a respective plurality of protonated, electrically conductive sensing materials through measurement, for each respective one of the sensing materials, of direct-current resistance between a pair of interdigitated electrodes in contact with and located on a surface of the respective one of the sensing materials, each of the sensing materials being exposed to the ambient air and being sensitive to a different one the plurality of airborne contaminants; and the step of determining comprising monitoring change of resistance the plurality of sensing materials to determine presence of each one of the plurality of airborne contaminants. 64. Method of claim 57, further comprising exposing the sensing material to the airborne contaminant to deprotonate the sensing material to change the resistance. 65. Method of claim 57, the airborne contaminant being a component of tobacco smoke. 66. Method of claim 57, the airborne contaminant being one or more of carbon monoxide, nicotine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, acetaldehyde and formaldehyde. 67. Method of claim 57, the material being selected from the group of a thin film, a polymer film, a π electron-conjugated polymer film, and a molecularly imprinted polymer film. 68. System for detecting airborne contaminants, comprising
a plurality of sensing devices, each of the sensing devices having:
protonated, electrically conductive sensing material having an affinity for binding with at least one of the airborne contaminants, and
electronics for generating signals indicative of deprotonation of the sensing material, by the at least one of the airborne contaminants; and
a data center, in remote communication with the plurality of sensing devices, for processing the signals generated by each of the plurality of sensing devices to notify a user associated with any of the sensing devices of an abnormal level of at least one of the airborne contaminants. 69. System of claim 68, the data center including an interface for notifying the user associated with any of the sensing devices, by email or text message, of the abnormal level. 70. System of claim 68, one or more of the sensing devices being implemented in a cell phone. 71. System of claim 68, the electronics being configured to generate the signals indicative of a deprotonation based upon measurement of one or more of resistance, conductivity, capacitance, and a derivative thereof. 72. System of claim 68, the airborne contaminant being a component of tobacco smoke. 73. System of claim 68, the airborne contaminant being one or more of carbon monoxide, nicotine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, acetaldehyde, and formaldehyde. 74. System of claim 68,
further comprising dielectric sensing devices in remote communication with the data center, each of the dielectric sensing devices having:
dielectric sensing material with an affinity for binding with at least one of the airborne contaminants and a dielectric property sensitive to the binding of the at least one of the airborne contaminants therewith, and
electronics for relaying signals indicative of a dielectric property to the data center; and
the data center being further configured to process the signals indicative of a dielectric property to notify a user associated with any of the dielectric sensing devices of an abnormal level of at least one of the airborne contaminants. 75. System of claim 74, the dielectric property being one or more of capacitance and a derivative thereof. 76. System of claim 74, one or more of the sensing devices and/or dielectric sensing devices being implemented in a cell phone. | A device for detecting airborne contaminants includes a protonated, electrically conductive sensing material with affinity for binding with, and capable of being deprotonated by, the airborne contaminant. Electronics measure a property of the sensing material that is sensitive to deprotonation and generates signals indicative of the airborne contaminant. A method for detecting airborne contaminants includes: determining a property change of the protonated, electrically conductive material; and determining presence of the airborne contaminant based on the change. A system for detecting airborne contaminants includes: a data center in remote communication with multiple sensing devices each having: protonated, electrically conductive sensing material with affinity for binding with, and capable of being depronated by, an airborne contaminant, and electronics for relaying signals indicative of a sensing material deprotonation property to the data center; and wherein a user associated with a sensing device is notified of an abnormal level of the airborne contaminant.1-46. (canceled) 47. Device for detecting an airborne contaminant, comprising:
a protonated, electrically conductive sensing material having (a) affinity for binding with the airborne contaminant, and (b) resistance sensitive to binding of the airborne contaminant; a pair of interdigitated electrodes in contact with the sensing material and located on a surface of the sensing material; and electronics for measuring the resistance of the sensing material through measurement of direct-current resistance of the sensing material between the pair of interdigitated electrodes. 48. Device of claim 47, the sensing material being configured to undergo deprotonation by reacting directly with the airborne contaminant. 49. Device of claim 48, the sensing material being selected from the group consisting of a thin film, a polymer film, and a molecularly imprinted polymer film. 50. Device of claim 48, the sensing material being a polymer film comprising one or more of: a π electron-conjugated polymer; polyalinine; polypyrrole; polythiophene; a derivative of polyalinine, polypyrrole, or polythiophene; and a copolymer of polyalinine, polypyrrole, polythiophene, or a derivative thereof. 51. Device of claim 47, the sensing material comprising:
an additive having affinity for reacting with the airborne contaminant to form a first reaction product; and a protonated, electrically conductive component configured to deprotonate by reaction with the first reaction product. 52. Device of claim 47, further comprising a clock for time-stamping measurement by the electronics of the resistance of the sensing material. 53. Device of claim 47, the airborne contaminant being a component of tobacco smoke. 54. Device of claim 47, the airborne contaminant being selected from the group consisting of carbon monoxide, nicotine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and combinations thereof. 55. Device of claim 47, the electronics comprising:
processor for processing measurements by the electronics of the resistance of the sensing material, memory having data for correlating the property to a level of the airborne contaminant, and interface for communicating visible, audible, and/or tactile information to a user. 56. Device of claim 47,
the airborne contaminant defining a plurality of airborne contaminants; the sensing material defining a plurality of sensing materials, each being protonated and electrically conductive and each having (a) affinity for binding with a respective one of the plurality of airborne contaminants, and (b) resistance sensitive to binding of the respective one of the plurality of airborne contaminants; the pair of interdigitated electrodes defining a plurality of pairs of interdigitated electrodes, each of the plurality of pairs of interdigitated electrodes being in contact with and located on a surface of a respective one of the plurality of different sensing materials; and the electronics including electronics for measuring the resistance of each of the plurality of sensing materials through measurement of direct-current resistance of each of the plurality of sensing materials between respective ones of the plurality of pairs of interdigitated electrodes. 57. Method for detecting at least one airborne contaminant, comprising:
measuring resistance of a protonated, electrically conductive sensing material, exposed to ambient air with the at least one airborne contaminant, through measurement of direct-current resistance between a pair of interdigitated electrodes in contact with and located on a surface of the sensing material; and determining presence of the at least one airborne contaminant based upon detection of change of the resistance of the sensing material. 58. Method of claim 57,
further comprising communicating with a computer remote from the sensing material; and the step of determining occurring within the remote computer. 59. Method of claim 57, the step of determining comprising determining an abnormal level of the at least one airborne contaminant. 60. Method of claim 57, further comprising storing in memory, data representative of the change of the resistance of the sensing material. 61. Method of claim 60, further comprising downloading at least a portion of the data to a remote computer for determining presence of the at least one airborne contaminant, when the change exceeds a threshold. 62. Method of claim 60, further comprising communicating to an end user if the presence of the at least one airborne contaminant exceeds a threshold. 63. Method of claim 57,
the at least one airborne contaminant being a plurality of airborne contaminants; the step of measuring comprising measuring a plurality of resistances of a respective plurality of protonated, electrically conductive sensing materials through measurement, for each respective one of the sensing materials, of direct-current resistance between a pair of interdigitated electrodes in contact with and located on a surface of the respective one of the sensing materials, each of the sensing materials being exposed to the ambient air and being sensitive to a different one the plurality of airborne contaminants; and the step of determining comprising monitoring change of resistance the plurality of sensing materials to determine presence of each one of the plurality of airborne contaminants. 64. Method of claim 57, further comprising exposing the sensing material to the airborne contaminant to deprotonate the sensing material to change the resistance. 65. Method of claim 57, the airborne contaminant being a component of tobacco smoke. 66. Method of claim 57, the airborne contaminant being one or more of carbon monoxide, nicotine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, acetaldehyde and formaldehyde. 67. Method of claim 57, the material being selected from the group of a thin film, a polymer film, a π electron-conjugated polymer film, and a molecularly imprinted polymer film. 68. System for detecting airborne contaminants, comprising
a plurality of sensing devices, each of the sensing devices having:
protonated, electrically conductive sensing material having an affinity for binding with at least one of the airborne contaminants, and
electronics for generating signals indicative of deprotonation of the sensing material, by the at least one of the airborne contaminants; and
a data center, in remote communication with the plurality of sensing devices, for processing the signals generated by each of the plurality of sensing devices to notify a user associated with any of the sensing devices of an abnormal level of at least one of the airborne contaminants. 69. System of claim 68, the data center including an interface for notifying the user associated with any of the sensing devices, by email or text message, of the abnormal level. 70. System of claim 68, one or more of the sensing devices being implemented in a cell phone. 71. System of claim 68, the electronics being configured to generate the signals indicative of a deprotonation based upon measurement of one or more of resistance, conductivity, capacitance, and a derivative thereof. 72. System of claim 68, the airborne contaminant being a component of tobacco smoke. 73. System of claim 68, the airborne contaminant being one or more of carbon monoxide, nicotine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, acetaldehyde, and formaldehyde. 74. System of claim 68,
further comprising dielectric sensing devices in remote communication with the data center, each of the dielectric sensing devices having:
dielectric sensing material with an affinity for binding with at least one of the airborne contaminants and a dielectric property sensitive to the binding of the at least one of the airborne contaminants therewith, and
electronics for relaying signals indicative of a dielectric property to the data center; and
the data center being further configured to process the signals indicative of a dielectric property to notify a user associated with any of the dielectric sensing devices of an abnormal level of at least one of the airborne contaminants. 75. System of claim 74, the dielectric property being one or more of capacitance and a derivative thereof. 76. System of claim 74, one or more of the sensing devices and/or dielectric sensing devices being implemented in a cell phone. | 1,700 |
4,267 | 15,101,695 | 1,783 | The present invention concerns a manufactured article comprising at least one 1 nanostructured surface, wherein: said nanostructured surface is made of a material having a surface energy of less than 25 m J/m 2 , preferably less than 20 m J/m 2 , and comprises an array of contiguous cells defining cavities, the cavities of the cells being separated from each other by intermediate solid 20 material walls, and the cavities have an average height (H) and an average radius (R) which meet the conditions: R≧5 nm, preferably R≧10 nm; 2 R≦250 nm, preferably R≦200 nm, better R≦150 nm and more preferably R≦100 nm; and H≦3R. The invention concerns also a method for designing a nanostructured surface comprising an array of juxtaposed cells defining cavities separated from each other by solid 30 intermediate walls. | 1.-16. (canceled) 17. A manufactured article comprising at least one nanostructured surface, wherein:
the nanostructured surface is made of a material having a surface energy of less than 25 mJ/m2, and comprises an array of contiguous cells defining cavities; and the cavities of the cells are separated from each other by intermediate solid material walls and open to the environment; and the cavities have an average height (H) and an average radius (R) wherein:
R≧5 nm;
R≧250 nm; and
H≧3R. 18. The manufactured article of claim 17, wherein:
R≧10 mm; and R≦200 mm. 19. The manufactured article of claim 18, wherein R≦150 mm. 20. The manufactured article of claim 18, wherein R≦100 mm. 21. The manufactured article of claim 17 having a sinking (α) equal to or lower than 50%, wherein:
α
(
%
)
=
h
H
100
where h is a wetting height by a liquid of the cavity intermediate wall and H is an average height of the cavity. 22. The manufactured article of claim 21, wherein sinking (α) is from 10% to less than 30% and cavity average height H≦1.5 R. 23. The manufactured article of claim 21, wherein sinking (α) is less than 10% and cavity average height H≦0.5 R. 24. The manufactured article of claim 21, wherein sinking (α) is determined by freezing a liquid or hardening a fluid while keeping a same surface tension for the fluid as the liquid to probe and measure the sinking by checking shape of the solidified liquid by SEM (scanning electron microscopy). 25. The manufactured article of claim 21, wherein sinking (α) is calculated using the theoretical model:
α
=
(
1
+
R
H
f
(
θ
adv
)
)
(
P
a
+
2
γ
cos
θ
adv
R
)
-
V
i
V
0
P
0
P
a
+
2
γ
cos
θ
adv
R
wherein:
γ is liquid surface tension;
Pa is hydrostatic pressure→Pa=P0+ρgz+ΔP;
P0 is atmospheric pressure;
ρgz is pressure caused by gravity of a liquid drop;
ΔP is external pressure applied onto the drop;
R is average radius of the cavity;
H is average height of the cavity;
d is average distance between two cavities;
θadv is advancing angle of the liquid onto a flat surface, made of a same material;
V0 is geometrical volume of one cavity→V0=πR2H;
Vi is total volume of the cavity including the volume of air trapped by the liquid when it contacts the surface
->
Vi
=
π
R
2
H
+
3
2
(
2
R
+
d
)
2
wherein e is a thickness of an air layer trapped by a liquid; and
f(θ): coefficient→ for cylindrical cavity:
f
(
θ
)
=
1
-
sin
θ
6
cos
θ
[
3
+
(
1
-
sin
θ
)
2
cos
θ
2
]
wherein the liquid is linoleic acid and ΔP=2.5 104 Pa, and wherein, if the cavities have a wall side profile forming an angle β (different than 90°) with an horizontal plane of the nanostructured surface, θadv is replaced by (θadv+π/2−β). 26. The manufactured article of claim 17, wherein H>0.20 R 27. The manufactured article of claim 17, wherein a geometrical solid fraction (φ) of the cell array is equal to or lower than 0.7, the geometrical solid fraction (φ) is defined as from nanostructure top view perspective as a ratio of a solid surface area to total surface area of the nanostructured surface. 28. The manufactured article of claim 27, wherein the geometrical solid fraction (φ) of the sell array is equal to/or lower than 0.5. 29. The manufactured article of claim 27, wherein the geometrical solid fraction (φ) of the cell array is equal or lower than 0.3 30. The manufactured article of claim 17, wherein the array is a periodical array. 31. The manufactured article of claim 17, wherein the nanocavities are cylindrical. 32. The manufactured article of claim 17, wherein the nanostructured surface has been submitted to a hydrophobic and/or oleophobic treatment. 33. The manufactured article of claim 32, wherein the hydrophobic and/or oleophobic treatment consists of depositing a hydrophobic and/or oleophobic coating on the manufactured surface. 34. The manufactured article of claim 33, wherein the hydrophobic and/or oleophobic coating comprises fluorinated compounds. 35. The manufactured article of claim 17, wherein the manufactured article is a transparent article. 36. The manufactured article of claim 35, wherein the transparent article is an optical article. 37. The manufactured article of claim 36, wherein the transparent article is an ophthalmic lens. 38. A method for designing a nanostructured surface comprising an array of juxtaposed cells defining cavities separated from each other by solid intermediate walls, the method comprising:
obtaining a map of areas of different values of a sinking (α) as a function of a radius (R) and a height (H) of the cavities, the values of the sinking (α) calculated using the theoretical model:
α
=
(
1
+
R
H
f
(
θ
adv
)
)
(
P
a
+
2
γ
cos
θ
adv
R
)
-
V
i
V
0
P
0
P
a
+
2
γ
cos
θ
adv
R
wherein:
γ is liquid surface tension;
Pa is hydrostatic pressure→Pa=P0±ρgz+ΔP;
P0 is atmospheric pressure;
ρgz is pressure caused by gravity of a liquid drop;
ΔP is external pressure applied onto the drop;
R is average radius of the cavity;
H is average height of the cavity;
d is average distance between two cavities;
θadv is advancing angle of the liquid onto a flat surface, made of a same materials;
V0 is geometrical volume of one cavity→V0=πR2H;
Vi is total volume of the cavity including the volume of air trapped by the liquid when it contacts the surface
->
Vi
=
π
R
2
H
+
3
2
(
2
R
+
d
)
2
wherein e is a thickness of an air layer trapped by a liquid; and
f(θ): coefficient→ for cylindrical cavity:
f
(
θ
)
=
1
-
sin
θ
6
cos
θ
[
3
+
(
1
-
sin
θ
)
2
cos
θ
2
]
wherein the liquid is linoleic acid and ΔP=2.5 104Pa, and wherein,if the cavities have a wall side profile forming an angle β (different than 90°) with an horizontal plane of the nanostructured surface θadv is replaced by (θadv+π/2−β);
selecting values of radius (R) and height (H) for the cavities of a desired sinking value; and
forming the cell array with the selected values for the radius (R) and height (H) of the cavities. | The present invention concerns a manufactured article comprising at least one 1 nanostructured surface, wherein: said nanostructured surface is made of a material having a surface energy of less than 25 m J/m 2 , preferably less than 20 m J/m 2 , and comprises an array of contiguous cells defining cavities, the cavities of the cells being separated from each other by intermediate solid 20 material walls, and the cavities have an average height (H) and an average radius (R) which meet the conditions: R≧5 nm, preferably R≧10 nm; 2 R≦250 nm, preferably R≦200 nm, better R≦150 nm and more preferably R≦100 nm; and H≦3R. The invention concerns also a method for designing a nanostructured surface comprising an array of juxtaposed cells defining cavities separated from each other by solid 30 intermediate walls.1.-16. (canceled) 17. A manufactured article comprising at least one nanostructured surface, wherein:
the nanostructured surface is made of a material having a surface energy of less than 25 mJ/m2, and comprises an array of contiguous cells defining cavities; and the cavities of the cells are separated from each other by intermediate solid material walls and open to the environment; and the cavities have an average height (H) and an average radius (R) wherein:
R≧5 nm;
R≧250 nm; and
H≧3R. 18. The manufactured article of claim 17, wherein:
R≧10 mm; and R≦200 mm. 19. The manufactured article of claim 18, wherein R≦150 mm. 20. The manufactured article of claim 18, wherein R≦100 mm. 21. The manufactured article of claim 17 having a sinking (α) equal to or lower than 50%, wherein:
α
(
%
)
=
h
H
100
where h is a wetting height by a liquid of the cavity intermediate wall and H is an average height of the cavity. 22. The manufactured article of claim 21, wherein sinking (α) is from 10% to less than 30% and cavity average height H≦1.5 R. 23. The manufactured article of claim 21, wherein sinking (α) is less than 10% and cavity average height H≦0.5 R. 24. The manufactured article of claim 21, wherein sinking (α) is determined by freezing a liquid or hardening a fluid while keeping a same surface tension for the fluid as the liquid to probe and measure the sinking by checking shape of the solidified liquid by SEM (scanning electron microscopy). 25. The manufactured article of claim 21, wherein sinking (α) is calculated using the theoretical model:
α
=
(
1
+
R
H
f
(
θ
adv
)
)
(
P
a
+
2
γ
cos
θ
adv
R
)
-
V
i
V
0
P
0
P
a
+
2
γ
cos
θ
adv
R
wherein:
γ is liquid surface tension;
Pa is hydrostatic pressure→Pa=P0+ρgz+ΔP;
P0 is atmospheric pressure;
ρgz is pressure caused by gravity of a liquid drop;
ΔP is external pressure applied onto the drop;
R is average radius of the cavity;
H is average height of the cavity;
d is average distance between two cavities;
θadv is advancing angle of the liquid onto a flat surface, made of a same material;
V0 is geometrical volume of one cavity→V0=πR2H;
Vi is total volume of the cavity including the volume of air trapped by the liquid when it contacts the surface
->
Vi
=
π
R
2
H
+
3
2
(
2
R
+
d
)
2
wherein e is a thickness of an air layer trapped by a liquid; and
f(θ): coefficient→ for cylindrical cavity:
f
(
θ
)
=
1
-
sin
θ
6
cos
θ
[
3
+
(
1
-
sin
θ
)
2
cos
θ
2
]
wherein the liquid is linoleic acid and ΔP=2.5 104 Pa, and wherein, if the cavities have a wall side profile forming an angle β (different than 90°) with an horizontal plane of the nanostructured surface, θadv is replaced by (θadv+π/2−β). 26. The manufactured article of claim 17, wherein H>0.20 R 27. The manufactured article of claim 17, wherein a geometrical solid fraction (φ) of the cell array is equal to or lower than 0.7, the geometrical solid fraction (φ) is defined as from nanostructure top view perspective as a ratio of a solid surface area to total surface area of the nanostructured surface. 28. The manufactured article of claim 27, wherein the geometrical solid fraction (φ) of the sell array is equal to/or lower than 0.5. 29. The manufactured article of claim 27, wherein the geometrical solid fraction (φ) of the cell array is equal or lower than 0.3 30. The manufactured article of claim 17, wherein the array is a periodical array. 31. The manufactured article of claim 17, wherein the nanocavities are cylindrical. 32. The manufactured article of claim 17, wherein the nanostructured surface has been submitted to a hydrophobic and/or oleophobic treatment. 33. The manufactured article of claim 32, wherein the hydrophobic and/or oleophobic treatment consists of depositing a hydrophobic and/or oleophobic coating on the manufactured surface. 34. The manufactured article of claim 33, wherein the hydrophobic and/or oleophobic coating comprises fluorinated compounds. 35. The manufactured article of claim 17, wherein the manufactured article is a transparent article. 36. The manufactured article of claim 35, wherein the transparent article is an optical article. 37. The manufactured article of claim 36, wherein the transparent article is an ophthalmic lens. 38. A method for designing a nanostructured surface comprising an array of juxtaposed cells defining cavities separated from each other by solid intermediate walls, the method comprising:
obtaining a map of areas of different values of a sinking (α) as a function of a radius (R) and a height (H) of the cavities, the values of the sinking (α) calculated using the theoretical model:
α
=
(
1
+
R
H
f
(
θ
adv
)
)
(
P
a
+
2
γ
cos
θ
adv
R
)
-
V
i
V
0
P
0
P
a
+
2
γ
cos
θ
adv
R
wherein:
γ is liquid surface tension;
Pa is hydrostatic pressure→Pa=P0±ρgz+ΔP;
P0 is atmospheric pressure;
ρgz is pressure caused by gravity of a liquid drop;
ΔP is external pressure applied onto the drop;
R is average radius of the cavity;
H is average height of the cavity;
d is average distance between two cavities;
θadv is advancing angle of the liquid onto a flat surface, made of a same materials;
V0 is geometrical volume of one cavity→V0=πR2H;
Vi is total volume of the cavity including the volume of air trapped by the liquid when it contacts the surface
->
Vi
=
π
R
2
H
+
3
2
(
2
R
+
d
)
2
wherein e is a thickness of an air layer trapped by a liquid; and
f(θ): coefficient→ for cylindrical cavity:
f
(
θ
)
=
1
-
sin
θ
6
cos
θ
[
3
+
(
1
-
sin
θ
)
2
cos
θ
2
]
wherein the liquid is linoleic acid and ΔP=2.5 104Pa, and wherein,if the cavities have a wall side profile forming an angle β (different than 90°) with an horizontal plane of the nanostructured surface θadv is replaced by (θadv+π/2−β);
selecting values of radius (R) and height (H) for the cavities of a desired sinking value; and
forming the cell array with the selected values for the radius (R) and height (H) of the cavities. | 1,700 |
4,268 | 15,627,802 | 1,714 | Provided is a dust limiting collection bag for collecting used insulation and method of making the bag. The bag is formed from a non-porous, heat-sealable plastic and includes a filter. | 1. An insulation collection bag constructed to collect insulation from a building comprising:
a sheet of non-porous, heat-sealable, plastic sheet that has been heat sealed to form a bag; a plurality of inlets spaced out along a top of the bag constructed and sized to connect to an exit hose of a vacuum device; and a filter connected to the bag constructed to allow air to solely escape the bag through the filter. 2. The bag according to claim 1, wherein the bag is at least 100 square feet of surface area when laid flat. 3. The bag according to claim 1, wherein the plastic sheet comprises polyethylene or polypropylene. 4. The bag according to claim 3, wherein the filter material comprises landscape fabric. 5. The bag according to claim 3, wherein the filter material comprises polyethylene or polypropylene fibers. 6. The bag according to claim 3, wherein the filter is heat sealed to the sheet. 7. A method of making an insulation collection bag comprising:
folding a sheet of non-porous, heat-sealable, plastic so that a first part of the sheet lies on top of the a second part of the sheet; heat sealing unfolded sides of the sheet together to form the bag so that the first part of the sheet forms the top of the bag and the second part of the sheet forms the bottom of the bag; sealing a plurality of inlets to the bag so that the inlets are spaced apart along a top of the bag; and connecting a filter to the bag. 8. The method according to claim 7, further comprising providing a truck, trailer or roll off dumpster, the sheet in a size at least twice as big as a bag sized to fit on the truck, trailer or roll off dumpster so that when the sheet is folded the bag formed, the bag will fit on the truck, trailer or roll off dumpster. 9. The method according to claim 7, wherein the heat-sealable plastic comprises polypropylene or polyethylene. 10. The method according to claim 7, wherein the filter is formed from landscape fabric. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the filter is formed from polypropylene or polyethylene fibers. 12. The method according to claim 7, wherein the filter is in the form of a filter bag and the filter bag is connected to an inlet. 13. The method according to claim 7, wherein the filter is formed of a heat sealable fabric and the method further comprises heat sealing the filter to the plastic sheet or inlet. | Provided is a dust limiting collection bag for collecting used insulation and method of making the bag. The bag is formed from a non-porous, heat-sealable plastic and includes a filter.1. An insulation collection bag constructed to collect insulation from a building comprising:
a sheet of non-porous, heat-sealable, plastic sheet that has been heat sealed to form a bag; a plurality of inlets spaced out along a top of the bag constructed and sized to connect to an exit hose of a vacuum device; and a filter connected to the bag constructed to allow air to solely escape the bag through the filter. 2. The bag according to claim 1, wherein the bag is at least 100 square feet of surface area when laid flat. 3. The bag according to claim 1, wherein the plastic sheet comprises polyethylene or polypropylene. 4. The bag according to claim 3, wherein the filter material comprises landscape fabric. 5. The bag according to claim 3, wherein the filter material comprises polyethylene or polypropylene fibers. 6. The bag according to claim 3, wherein the filter is heat sealed to the sheet. 7. A method of making an insulation collection bag comprising:
folding a sheet of non-porous, heat-sealable, plastic so that a first part of the sheet lies on top of the a second part of the sheet; heat sealing unfolded sides of the sheet together to form the bag so that the first part of the sheet forms the top of the bag and the second part of the sheet forms the bottom of the bag; sealing a plurality of inlets to the bag so that the inlets are spaced apart along a top of the bag; and connecting a filter to the bag. 8. The method according to claim 7, further comprising providing a truck, trailer or roll off dumpster, the sheet in a size at least twice as big as a bag sized to fit on the truck, trailer or roll off dumpster so that when the sheet is folded the bag formed, the bag will fit on the truck, trailer or roll off dumpster. 9. The method according to claim 7, wherein the heat-sealable plastic comprises polypropylene or polyethylene. 10. The method according to claim 7, wherein the filter is formed from landscape fabric. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the filter is formed from polypropylene or polyethylene fibers. 12. The method according to claim 7, wherein the filter is in the form of a filter bag and the filter bag is connected to an inlet. 13. The method according to claim 7, wherein the filter is formed of a heat sealable fabric and the method further comprises heat sealing the filter to the plastic sheet or inlet. | 1,700 |
4,269 | 15,503,741 | 1,749 | The invention relates to a hybrid cord for use as a reinforcement in a belt bandage of a pneumatic vehicle tire, consisting of at least two threads with ends which are twisted together. At least one first thread is a high-modulus thread with a specified thread fineness, and another thread is a low-modulus thread, said other low-modulus thread having a lower thread fineness than the first thread. The invention is characterized in that the proportion of the high-modulus thread in the hybrid cord is 80 - 95 wt. %; the difference between the thread fineness of the high-modulus thread and the thread fineness of the other low-modulus thread is > 800 dtex; and the elongation at break of the high-modulus thread ranges from 1 %- 8 %, and the elongation at break of the low-modulus thread ranges from 9 %- 30 %. | 1-11. (canceled) 12. A hybrid cord incorporated in a belt bandage of a pneumatic vehicle tire, the hybrid cord comprising at least a first yarn having a first end and a second yarn having a second end, wherein the first end and the second end are twisted together, and wherein the proportion of the first yarn in the hybrid cord is 80-95% by weight;
wherein the first yarn is a high-modulus yarn with a specified yarn fineness, wherein the second yarn being is a low-modulus yarn and having a lower yarn fineness than the first yarn, and wherein the yarn fineness of the first yarn in comparison with the yarn fineness of the second yarn is ≧1150 dtex; and, wherein the elongation at break of the first yarn lies in a range of 1%-8% and the elongation at break of the second yarn lies in a range of 9%-30%. 13. The hybrid cord as claimed in claim 12, characterized in that the elongation at break of first yarn lies in a range of 3%-6% and the elongation at break of the second yarn lies in a range of 15%-25%. 14. The hybrid cord as claimed in claim 12, wherein the hybrid cord further comprises a high-modulus yarn of the same fineness as the first yarn. 15. The hybrid cord as claimed in claim 12, wherein the proportion of the first yarn in the hybrid cord is 90-95% by weight and the difference of the yarn fineness of the first yarn in comparison with the yarn fineness of the second yarn is ≧1400 dtex. 16. The hybrid cord as claimed in claim 12, wherein the first yarn is carbon fiber, glass fiber, basalt or aromatic polyamide. 17. The hybrid cord as claimed in claim 12, wherein the second yarn is a polyamide or a polyester. 18. The hybrid cord as claimed in claim 12 having a construction of aramid 1680×2 +nylon 700×1, or a construction of carbon fiber 1600×2+nylon 700×1. 19. The hybrid cord as claimed in claim 12 having a construction of aramid 1680×2 +nylon 470×1, or a construction of carbon fiber 1600×2+nylon 470×1. 20. The hybrid cord as claimed in claim 12 having a construction of aramid 1680×2 +nylon 235×1 or a construction of carbon fiber 1600×2+nylon 235×1. 21. The hybrid cord as claimed in claim 12 as comprised in a belt bandage that covers a belt radially on the outside of the pneumatic vehicle tire, wherein the pneumatic vehicle tire is of a radial type of construction with a multi-ply breaker belt. 22. A hybrid cord incorporated in a belt bandage of a pneumatic vehicle tire, the hybrid cord comprising at least a first yarn having a first end and a second yarn having a second end, wherein the first end and the second end are twisted together, and wherein the proportion of the first yarn in the hybrid cord is 90-95% by weight;
wherein the first yarn is a high-modulus yarn with a specified yarn fineness, wherein the second yarn being is a low-modulus yarn and having a lower yarn fineness than the first yarn, and wherein the yarn fineness of the first yarn in comparison with the yarn fineness of the second yarn is ≧1400 dtex; and, wherein the elongation at break of the first yarn lies in a range of 1%-8% and the elongation at break of the second yarn lies in a range of 9%-30%. 23. The hybrid cord as claimed in claim 22, characterized in that the elongation at break of first yarn lies in a range of 3%-6% and the elongation at break of the second yarn lies in a range of 15%-25%. 24. The hybrid cord as claimed in claim 22, wherein the hybrid cord further comprises a high-modulus yarn of the same fineness as the first yarn. 25. The hybrid cord as claimed in claim 22, wherein the proportion of the first yarn in the hybrid cord is 90-95% by weight and the difference of the yarn fineness of the first yarn in comparison with the yarn fineness of the second yarn is ≧1400 dtex. 26. The hybrid cord as claimed in claim 22, wherein the first yarn is carbon fiber, glass fiber, basalt or aromatic polyamide, and wherein the second yarn is a polyamide or a polyester. 27. The hybrid cord as claimed in claim 22 having a construction of aramid 1680×2 +nylon 700×1, or a construction of carbon fiber 1600×2+nylon 700×1. 28. The hybrid cord as claimed in claim 22 having a construction of aramid 1680×2 +nylon 470×1, or a construction of carbon fiber 1600×2+nylon 470×1. 29. The hybrid cord as claimed in claim 22 having a construction of aramid 1680×2 'nylon 235×1 or a construction of carbon fiber 1600×2+nylon 235×1. 30. The hybrid cord as claimed in claim 22 as comprised in a belt bandage that covers a belt radially on the outside of the pneumatic vehicle tire, wherein the pneumatic vehicle tire is of a radial type of construction with a multi-ply breaker belt. 31. A hybrid cord incorporated in a belt bandage of a pneumatic vehicle tire, the hybrid cord comprising at least a first yarn having a first end and a second yarn having a second end, wherein the first end and the second end are twisted together, and wherein the proportion of the first yarn in the hybrid cord is 80-95% by weight;
wherein the first yarn is a high-modulus yarn with a specified yarn fineness, wherein the second yarn being is a low-modulus yarn and having a lower yarn fineness than the first yarn, and wherein the yarn fineness of the first yarn in comparison with the yarn fineness of the second yarn is ≧800 dtex; wherein the elongation at break of the first yarn lies in a range of 1%-8% and the elongation at break of the second yarn lies in a range of 9%-30%; and, wherein the hybrid cord as has a construction of aramid 1680 ×2+nylon 700×1, or a construction of carbon fiber 1600×2+nylon 700×1; or, wherein the hybrid cord as has a construction of aramid 1680×2+nylon 470×1, or a construction of carbon fiber 1600×2+nylon 470×1; or, wherein the hybrid cord as has a construction of aramid 1680×2+nylon 235×1 or a construction of carbon fiber 1600×2+nylon 235×1. | The invention relates to a hybrid cord for use as a reinforcement in a belt bandage of a pneumatic vehicle tire, consisting of at least two threads with ends which are twisted together. At least one first thread is a high-modulus thread with a specified thread fineness, and another thread is a low-modulus thread, said other low-modulus thread having a lower thread fineness than the first thread. The invention is characterized in that the proportion of the high-modulus thread in the hybrid cord is 80 - 95 wt. %; the difference between the thread fineness of the high-modulus thread and the thread fineness of the other low-modulus thread is > 800 dtex; and the elongation at break of the high-modulus thread ranges from 1 %- 8 %, and the elongation at break of the low-modulus thread ranges from 9 %- 30 %.1-11. (canceled) 12. A hybrid cord incorporated in a belt bandage of a pneumatic vehicle tire, the hybrid cord comprising at least a first yarn having a first end and a second yarn having a second end, wherein the first end and the second end are twisted together, and wherein the proportion of the first yarn in the hybrid cord is 80-95% by weight;
wherein the first yarn is a high-modulus yarn with a specified yarn fineness, wherein the second yarn being is a low-modulus yarn and having a lower yarn fineness than the first yarn, and wherein the yarn fineness of the first yarn in comparison with the yarn fineness of the second yarn is ≧1150 dtex; and, wherein the elongation at break of the first yarn lies in a range of 1%-8% and the elongation at break of the second yarn lies in a range of 9%-30%. 13. The hybrid cord as claimed in claim 12, characterized in that the elongation at break of first yarn lies in a range of 3%-6% and the elongation at break of the second yarn lies in a range of 15%-25%. 14. The hybrid cord as claimed in claim 12, wherein the hybrid cord further comprises a high-modulus yarn of the same fineness as the first yarn. 15. The hybrid cord as claimed in claim 12, wherein the proportion of the first yarn in the hybrid cord is 90-95% by weight and the difference of the yarn fineness of the first yarn in comparison with the yarn fineness of the second yarn is ≧1400 dtex. 16. The hybrid cord as claimed in claim 12, wherein the first yarn is carbon fiber, glass fiber, basalt or aromatic polyamide. 17. The hybrid cord as claimed in claim 12, wherein the second yarn is a polyamide or a polyester. 18. The hybrid cord as claimed in claim 12 having a construction of aramid 1680×2 +nylon 700×1, or a construction of carbon fiber 1600×2+nylon 700×1. 19. The hybrid cord as claimed in claim 12 having a construction of aramid 1680×2 +nylon 470×1, or a construction of carbon fiber 1600×2+nylon 470×1. 20. The hybrid cord as claimed in claim 12 having a construction of aramid 1680×2 +nylon 235×1 or a construction of carbon fiber 1600×2+nylon 235×1. 21. The hybrid cord as claimed in claim 12 as comprised in a belt bandage that covers a belt radially on the outside of the pneumatic vehicle tire, wherein the pneumatic vehicle tire is of a radial type of construction with a multi-ply breaker belt. 22. A hybrid cord incorporated in a belt bandage of a pneumatic vehicle tire, the hybrid cord comprising at least a first yarn having a first end and a second yarn having a second end, wherein the first end and the second end are twisted together, and wherein the proportion of the first yarn in the hybrid cord is 90-95% by weight;
wherein the first yarn is a high-modulus yarn with a specified yarn fineness, wherein the second yarn being is a low-modulus yarn and having a lower yarn fineness than the first yarn, and wherein the yarn fineness of the first yarn in comparison with the yarn fineness of the second yarn is ≧1400 dtex; and, wherein the elongation at break of the first yarn lies in a range of 1%-8% and the elongation at break of the second yarn lies in a range of 9%-30%. 23. The hybrid cord as claimed in claim 22, characterized in that the elongation at break of first yarn lies in a range of 3%-6% and the elongation at break of the second yarn lies in a range of 15%-25%. 24. The hybrid cord as claimed in claim 22, wherein the hybrid cord further comprises a high-modulus yarn of the same fineness as the first yarn. 25. The hybrid cord as claimed in claim 22, wherein the proportion of the first yarn in the hybrid cord is 90-95% by weight and the difference of the yarn fineness of the first yarn in comparison with the yarn fineness of the second yarn is ≧1400 dtex. 26. The hybrid cord as claimed in claim 22, wherein the first yarn is carbon fiber, glass fiber, basalt or aromatic polyamide, and wherein the second yarn is a polyamide or a polyester. 27. The hybrid cord as claimed in claim 22 having a construction of aramid 1680×2 +nylon 700×1, or a construction of carbon fiber 1600×2+nylon 700×1. 28. The hybrid cord as claimed in claim 22 having a construction of aramid 1680×2 +nylon 470×1, or a construction of carbon fiber 1600×2+nylon 470×1. 29. The hybrid cord as claimed in claim 22 having a construction of aramid 1680×2 'nylon 235×1 or a construction of carbon fiber 1600×2+nylon 235×1. 30. The hybrid cord as claimed in claim 22 as comprised in a belt bandage that covers a belt radially on the outside of the pneumatic vehicle tire, wherein the pneumatic vehicle tire is of a radial type of construction with a multi-ply breaker belt. 31. A hybrid cord incorporated in a belt bandage of a pneumatic vehicle tire, the hybrid cord comprising at least a first yarn having a first end and a second yarn having a second end, wherein the first end and the second end are twisted together, and wherein the proportion of the first yarn in the hybrid cord is 80-95% by weight;
wherein the first yarn is a high-modulus yarn with a specified yarn fineness, wherein the second yarn being is a low-modulus yarn and having a lower yarn fineness than the first yarn, and wherein the yarn fineness of the first yarn in comparison with the yarn fineness of the second yarn is ≧800 dtex; wherein the elongation at break of the first yarn lies in a range of 1%-8% and the elongation at break of the second yarn lies in a range of 9%-30%; and, wherein the hybrid cord as has a construction of aramid 1680 ×2+nylon 700×1, or a construction of carbon fiber 1600×2+nylon 700×1; or, wherein the hybrid cord as has a construction of aramid 1680×2+nylon 470×1, or a construction of carbon fiber 1600×2+nylon 470×1; or, wherein the hybrid cord as has a construction of aramid 1680×2+nylon 235×1 or a construction of carbon fiber 1600×2+nylon 235×1. | 1,700 |
4,270 | 14,950,724 | 1,747 | An aerosol delivery system is provided, comprising a control body portion including a first elongate tubular member having a power source disposed therein. A cartridge body portion includes a second tubular member having opposed first and second ends. One of the first and second ends is removably engaged with one end of the control body portion. The cartridge body portion further comprises a first aerosol generation arrangement disposed within the second tubular member and configured to operably engage the power source upon engagement between the control body portion and the cartridge body portion. A second aerosol generation arrangement is disposed between the first aerosol generation arrangement and a mouth-engaging end of the aerosol delivery system, the second aerosol generation arrangement being either removably engaged with the cartridge body portion or housed within the second tubular member of the cartridge body portion. An associated method is also provided. | 1. An aerosol delivery system, comprising:
a control body portion including a first elongate tubular member having opposed ends, and a power source disposed therein; a cartridge body portion including a second tubular member having opposed first and second ends, the first end being engaged with one of the opposed ends of the control body portion, the cartridge body portion further comprising a first aerosol generation arrangement disposed within the second tubular member and configured to operably engage the power source upon engagement between the one of the opposed ends of the control body portion and the first end of the cartridge body portion, the second end of the cartridge body portion facing toward a mouth-engaging end of the aerosol delivery system; and a second aerosol generation arrangement disposed between the first aerosol generation arrangement and the mouth-engaging end of the aerosol delivery system, the second aerosol generation arrangement being either removably engaged with the cartridge body portion or housed within the second tubular member of the cartridge body portion, and wherein the second aerosol generation arrangement further includes a plurality of aerosol-generating elements in the form of beads or pellets. 2. The aerosol-producing article of claim 1, further comprising a first separating element disposed within the second tubular member between the first aerosol generation arrangement and the second aerosol generation arrangement, the first separating element being one of heat-conductive and air permeable. 3. The aerosol delivery system of claim 2, wherein the first separating element extends along a longitudinal axis between opposed ends so as to define a thickness, the thickness of the first separating element being configured to space the second aerosol generation arrangement from a heating element of the first aerosol generation arrangement. 4. The aerosol delivery system of claim 1, further comprising a second separating element between the second aerosol generation arrangement and the mouth-engaging end, the second separating element being one of heat-conductive and air permeable. 5. The aerosol delivery system of claim 1, wherein the second aerosol generation arrangement comprises a cartridge having an elongate tubular body and opposed end members, each of the end members being one of heat-conductive and air permeable, the elongate tubular body being further configured to receive the plurality of aerosol-generating elements and to cooperate with the opposed end members to contain the plurality of aerosol-generating elements therein, the cartridge being configured to be received by the second tubular member. 6. The aerosol delivery system of claim 1, wherein the first aerosol generation arrangement comprises a liquid reservoir disposed within the second tubular member and configured to receive an aerosol precursor substance used by the first aerosol generation arrangement to generate a first aerosol. 7. The aerosol delivery system of claim 6, wherein the aerosol precursor substance is one of glycerin, propylene glycol, water, saline, nicotine, organic acids, and combinations thereof. 8. The aerosol delivery system of claim 1, wherein the first aerosol generation arrangement includes a heating element configured to provide heat for producing a first aerosol, and the second aerosol generation arrangement includes at least one aerosol-generating element, the at least one aerosol-generating element being arranged to interact with the heat and the first aerosol, drawn therethrough toward the mouth-engaging end, in response to a suction applied to the mouth-engaging end. 9. The aerosol delivery system of claim 1, wherein each bead or pellet is in the form of an extruded material comprising a particulate material selected from a tobacco material and a filler, at least one aerosol forming material, and at least one binder. 10. The aerosol delivery system of claim 9, wherein the aerosol-generating elements comprise one or more of particulate tobacco, a tobacco extract, and nicotine, wherein the nicotine in free base form, salt form, as a complex, or as a solvate. 11. The aerosol delivery system of claim 9, wherein the aerosol-generating elements further comprise one or more flavorants. 12. The aerosol delivery system of claim 1, wherein the second aerosol generation arrangement is housed within the second tubular member of the cartridge body portion and includes a plurality of aerosol-generating elements in the form of beads or pellets retained in place by a first air permeable separating element disposed within the second tubular member between the first aerosol generation arrangement and the second aerosol generation arrangement and a second separating element between the second aerosol generation arrangement and the mouth-engaging end. 13. The aerosol delivery system of claim 1, wherein the second aerosol generation arrangement is removably engaged with the cartridge body portion and includes a plurality of aerosol-generating elements in the form of beads or pellets retained in place by a first air permeable separating element between the first aerosol generation arrangement and the second aerosol generation arrangement and a second separating element between the second aerosol generation arrangement and the mouth-engaging end. 14. The aerosol delivery system of claim 1, wherein the second aerosol generation arrangement comprises an outer housing body and a plurality of stackable, gas-permeable containers within the outer housing body, each container containing a plurality of aerosol-generating elements. 15. The aerosol delivery system of claim 1, wherein the second aerosol generation arrangement comprises an outer housing body and an internal compartment subdivided into multiple subcompartments, each subcompartment containing a plurality of aerosol-generating elements. 16. The aerosol delivery system of claim 1, wherein the beads or pellets comprise a substrate material selected from the group consisting of glass beads, fibers, honeycomb structures, porous monoliths, and polymer beads. | An aerosol delivery system is provided, comprising a control body portion including a first elongate tubular member having a power source disposed therein. A cartridge body portion includes a second tubular member having opposed first and second ends. One of the first and second ends is removably engaged with one end of the control body portion. The cartridge body portion further comprises a first aerosol generation arrangement disposed within the second tubular member and configured to operably engage the power source upon engagement between the control body portion and the cartridge body portion. A second aerosol generation arrangement is disposed between the first aerosol generation arrangement and a mouth-engaging end of the aerosol delivery system, the second aerosol generation arrangement being either removably engaged with the cartridge body portion or housed within the second tubular member of the cartridge body portion. An associated method is also provided.1. An aerosol delivery system, comprising:
a control body portion including a first elongate tubular member having opposed ends, and a power source disposed therein; a cartridge body portion including a second tubular member having opposed first and second ends, the first end being engaged with one of the opposed ends of the control body portion, the cartridge body portion further comprising a first aerosol generation arrangement disposed within the second tubular member and configured to operably engage the power source upon engagement between the one of the opposed ends of the control body portion and the first end of the cartridge body portion, the second end of the cartridge body portion facing toward a mouth-engaging end of the aerosol delivery system; and a second aerosol generation arrangement disposed between the first aerosol generation arrangement and the mouth-engaging end of the aerosol delivery system, the second aerosol generation arrangement being either removably engaged with the cartridge body portion or housed within the second tubular member of the cartridge body portion, and wherein the second aerosol generation arrangement further includes a plurality of aerosol-generating elements in the form of beads or pellets. 2. The aerosol-producing article of claim 1, further comprising a first separating element disposed within the second tubular member between the first aerosol generation arrangement and the second aerosol generation arrangement, the first separating element being one of heat-conductive and air permeable. 3. The aerosol delivery system of claim 2, wherein the first separating element extends along a longitudinal axis between opposed ends so as to define a thickness, the thickness of the first separating element being configured to space the second aerosol generation arrangement from a heating element of the first aerosol generation arrangement. 4. The aerosol delivery system of claim 1, further comprising a second separating element between the second aerosol generation arrangement and the mouth-engaging end, the second separating element being one of heat-conductive and air permeable. 5. The aerosol delivery system of claim 1, wherein the second aerosol generation arrangement comprises a cartridge having an elongate tubular body and opposed end members, each of the end members being one of heat-conductive and air permeable, the elongate tubular body being further configured to receive the plurality of aerosol-generating elements and to cooperate with the opposed end members to contain the plurality of aerosol-generating elements therein, the cartridge being configured to be received by the second tubular member. 6. The aerosol delivery system of claim 1, wherein the first aerosol generation arrangement comprises a liquid reservoir disposed within the second tubular member and configured to receive an aerosol precursor substance used by the first aerosol generation arrangement to generate a first aerosol. 7. The aerosol delivery system of claim 6, wherein the aerosol precursor substance is one of glycerin, propylene glycol, water, saline, nicotine, organic acids, and combinations thereof. 8. The aerosol delivery system of claim 1, wherein the first aerosol generation arrangement includes a heating element configured to provide heat for producing a first aerosol, and the second aerosol generation arrangement includes at least one aerosol-generating element, the at least one aerosol-generating element being arranged to interact with the heat and the first aerosol, drawn therethrough toward the mouth-engaging end, in response to a suction applied to the mouth-engaging end. 9. The aerosol delivery system of claim 1, wherein each bead or pellet is in the form of an extruded material comprising a particulate material selected from a tobacco material and a filler, at least one aerosol forming material, and at least one binder. 10. The aerosol delivery system of claim 9, wherein the aerosol-generating elements comprise one or more of particulate tobacco, a tobacco extract, and nicotine, wherein the nicotine in free base form, salt form, as a complex, or as a solvate. 11. The aerosol delivery system of claim 9, wherein the aerosol-generating elements further comprise one or more flavorants. 12. The aerosol delivery system of claim 1, wherein the second aerosol generation arrangement is housed within the second tubular member of the cartridge body portion and includes a plurality of aerosol-generating elements in the form of beads or pellets retained in place by a first air permeable separating element disposed within the second tubular member between the first aerosol generation arrangement and the second aerosol generation arrangement and a second separating element between the second aerosol generation arrangement and the mouth-engaging end. 13. The aerosol delivery system of claim 1, wherein the second aerosol generation arrangement is removably engaged with the cartridge body portion and includes a plurality of aerosol-generating elements in the form of beads or pellets retained in place by a first air permeable separating element between the first aerosol generation arrangement and the second aerosol generation arrangement and a second separating element between the second aerosol generation arrangement and the mouth-engaging end. 14. The aerosol delivery system of claim 1, wherein the second aerosol generation arrangement comprises an outer housing body and a plurality of stackable, gas-permeable containers within the outer housing body, each container containing a plurality of aerosol-generating elements. 15. The aerosol delivery system of claim 1, wherein the second aerosol generation arrangement comprises an outer housing body and an internal compartment subdivided into multiple subcompartments, each subcompartment containing a plurality of aerosol-generating elements. 16. The aerosol delivery system of claim 1, wherein the beads or pellets comprise a substrate material selected from the group consisting of glass beads, fibers, honeycomb structures, porous monoliths, and polymer beads. | 1,700 |
4,271 | 15,029,360 | 1,789 | A composite film comprising one or more barrier film layers, wherein the one or more barrier film layers are liquid impermeable and have a total moisture vapor transfer rate (MVTR) of at least 14.6 g/24 hr/m 2 according to ASTM E96B and one or more dimensionally stable layers, wherein the composite film has a robustness of greater than about 1.49 pound force. | 1. A composite film comprising:
a) one or more barrier film layers, wherein the one or more barrier film layers are liquid impermeable and have a total moisture vapor transfer rate (MVTR) of at least 14.6 g/m2/24 hr according to ASTM E96B; and b) one or more dimensionally stable layers, wherein the composite film has a robustness of greater than about 1.49 pound force. 2. The composite film of claim 1 wherein the one or more barrier film layers are selected from the list consisting of polyolefins, ethylene vinyl acetate polymers, ethylene ethyl acrylate polymers, ethylene acrylic acid polymers, ethylene methyl acrylate polymers, ethylene butyl acrylate polymers, polyesters, polyamides, ethylene vinyl alcohol polymers, polystyrenes, polyurethanes, polyetherolefinic thermoplastic elastomers of ethylene and propylene, poly-ether-amides block copolymers, polyethylene-acrylic acid copolymers, polyethylene oxide and its copolymers, poly lactide and copolymers, polyamides, polyester block copolymers, sulfonated polyesters, poly-ether-ester block copolymers, poly-ether-ester-amide block copolymers, polyacrylates, polyacrylic acids, ionomers, polyethylene-vinyl acetate with a vinyl acetate content of more than 28 weight %, polyvinyl alcohol and its copolymers, polyvinyl ethers and their copolymers, poly-2-ethyl-oxazoline, polyvinyl pyrrolidone and its copolymers, and combinations thereof. 3. The composite film of claim 1 wherein each of the one or more barrier layers comprise a monolithic film, a microporous film or a combination thereof. 4. The composite film of claim 1 wherein the total thickness of the one or more barrier layers is less than about 0.5 mils. 5. The composite film of claim 1 wherein the total thickness of the composite film is less than about 2.0 mils. 6. The composite film of claim 1 wherein the composite film has a robustness of greater than about 2 pound force. 7. The composite film of claim 1 wherein the composite film has a robustness of about 2.33 pound force. 8. The composite film of claim 1 wherein the composite film has a MVTR in the range from about 50 to about 4500 grams/24 hr/m2 according to ASTM E96B. 9. The composite film of claim 1 wherein the one or more dimensionally stabilizing layers is selected from the list consisting of polyolefins, poly(ether-b-amide)s, polyesters, polyurethanes and copolymers and blends thereof. 10. The composite film of claim 1 wherein each of the one or more dimensionally stabilizing layers is a heat activated adhesive layer. 11. The composite film of claim 1 wherein each of the one or more dimensionally stabilizing layers is a calendared layer. 12. The composite film of claim 1 wherein the one or more of the dimensionally stabilizing layers are apertured layers having holes at a rate of about 5,000 to about 50,000 holes per square meter. 13. The composite film of claim 12 wherein said apertured layers have holes at a rate of about 20,000 to about 50,000 holes/m2. 14. The composite film of claim 12 wherein said apertured layers have holes having diameters from about 1 to about 100 microns in length. 15. The composite film of claim 12 wherein said apertured layers have holes having diameters from about 5 to about 25 microns in length. 16. A carpet pad comprising the composite film of any of claims 1-15. 17. A carpet pad comprising:
a) a carpet cushion having an upper and lower surface thereon, and b) a composite film bonded to said upper surface comprising one or more barrier layers and one or more dimensionally stabilizing layers, wherein the composite film has a moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR) of at least 14.6 g/24 hr/m2 according to ASTM E96B and a robustness of greater than about 1.49 pound force. 18. The carpet pad of claim 17 wherein the carpet cushion is selected from the group consisting of continuous or rebond foam. 19. The carpet pad of claim 17 wherein the carpet cushion is selected from the group consisting of polyurethane, jute, cotton, rubber, and re-bond polyurethane. 20. The carpet pad of claim 17 wherein the total thickness of the one or more barrier layers is less than about 0.5 mils. 21. The carpet pad of claim 17 wherein the total thickness of the composite film is less than about 2.0 mils. 22. The carpet pad of claim 17 wherein the composite film has a robustness of greater than about 2 pound force. 23. The carpet pad of claim 17 wherein the composite film has a robustness of about 2.33 pound force. 24. A carpet system comprising a carpet pad comprising
a) a carpet cushion having an upper and lower surface thereon; b) a composite film bonded to said upper surface comprising one or more barrier layers and one or more dimensionally stabilizing layers; and c) a carpet laid adjacent to said upper surface of said pad, said carpet comprising a plurality of tufted yarns, a primary backing for receiving said tufted yarns, and a secondary backing, wherein the composite film has a moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR) of at least 14.6 g/24 hr/m2 according to ASTM E96B and a robustness of greater than about 1.49 pound force. 25. The carpet system of claim 24 wherein said tufted yarns are selected from the group consisting of polyamide, polyester, polypropylene, acrylic, wool, blended yarns and combinations thereof. 26. The carpet system of claim 24 wherein the total thickness of the one or more barrier layers is less than about 0.5 mils. 27. The carpet system of claim 24 wherein the total thickness of the composite film is less than about 2.0 mils. 28. The carpet system of claim 24 wherein the composite film has a robustness of greater than about 2 pound force. 29. The carpet system of claim 24 wherein the composite film has a robustness of about 2.33 pound force. | A composite film comprising one or more barrier film layers, wherein the one or more barrier film layers are liquid impermeable and have a total moisture vapor transfer rate (MVTR) of at least 14.6 g/24 hr/m 2 according to ASTM E96B and one or more dimensionally stable layers, wherein the composite film has a robustness of greater than about 1.49 pound force.1. A composite film comprising:
a) one or more barrier film layers, wherein the one or more barrier film layers are liquid impermeable and have a total moisture vapor transfer rate (MVTR) of at least 14.6 g/m2/24 hr according to ASTM E96B; and b) one or more dimensionally stable layers, wherein the composite film has a robustness of greater than about 1.49 pound force. 2. The composite film of claim 1 wherein the one or more barrier film layers are selected from the list consisting of polyolefins, ethylene vinyl acetate polymers, ethylene ethyl acrylate polymers, ethylene acrylic acid polymers, ethylene methyl acrylate polymers, ethylene butyl acrylate polymers, polyesters, polyamides, ethylene vinyl alcohol polymers, polystyrenes, polyurethanes, polyetherolefinic thermoplastic elastomers of ethylene and propylene, poly-ether-amides block copolymers, polyethylene-acrylic acid copolymers, polyethylene oxide and its copolymers, poly lactide and copolymers, polyamides, polyester block copolymers, sulfonated polyesters, poly-ether-ester block copolymers, poly-ether-ester-amide block copolymers, polyacrylates, polyacrylic acids, ionomers, polyethylene-vinyl acetate with a vinyl acetate content of more than 28 weight %, polyvinyl alcohol and its copolymers, polyvinyl ethers and their copolymers, poly-2-ethyl-oxazoline, polyvinyl pyrrolidone and its copolymers, and combinations thereof. 3. The composite film of claim 1 wherein each of the one or more barrier layers comprise a monolithic film, a microporous film or a combination thereof. 4. The composite film of claim 1 wherein the total thickness of the one or more barrier layers is less than about 0.5 mils. 5. The composite film of claim 1 wherein the total thickness of the composite film is less than about 2.0 mils. 6. The composite film of claim 1 wherein the composite film has a robustness of greater than about 2 pound force. 7. The composite film of claim 1 wherein the composite film has a robustness of about 2.33 pound force. 8. The composite film of claim 1 wherein the composite film has a MVTR in the range from about 50 to about 4500 grams/24 hr/m2 according to ASTM E96B. 9. The composite film of claim 1 wherein the one or more dimensionally stabilizing layers is selected from the list consisting of polyolefins, poly(ether-b-amide)s, polyesters, polyurethanes and copolymers and blends thereof. 10. The composite film of claim 1 wherein each of the one or more dimensionally stabilizing layers is a heat activated adhesive layer. 11. The composite film of claim 1 wherein each of the one or more dimensionally stabilizing layers is a calendared layer. 12. The composite film of claim 1 wherein the one or more of the dimensionally stabilizing layers are apertured layers having holes at a rate of about 5,000 to about 50,000 holes per square meter. 13. The composite film of claim 12 wherein said apertured layers have holes at a rate of about 20,000 to about 50,000 holes/m2. 14. The composite film of claim 12 wherein said apertured layers have holes having diameters from about 1 to about 100 microns in length. 15. The composite film of claim 12 wherein said apertured layers have holes having diameters from about 5 to about 25 microns in length. 16. A carpet pad comprising the composite film of any of claims 1-15. 17. A carpet pad comprising:
a) a carpet cushion having an upper and lower surface thereon, and b) a composite film bonded to said upper surface comprising one or more barrier layers and one or more dimensionally stabilizing layers, wherein the composite film has a moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR) of at least 14.6 g/24 hr/m2 according to ASTM E96B and a robustness of greater than about 1.49 pound force. 18. The carpet pad of claim 17 wherein the carpet cushion is selected from the group consisting of continuous or rebond foam. 19. The carpet pad of claim 17 wherein the carpet cushion is selected from the group consisting of polyurethane, jute, cotton, rubber, and re-bond polyurethane. 20. The carpet pad of claim 17 wherein the total thickness of the one or more barrier layers is less than about 0.5 mils. 21. The carpet pad of claim 17 wherein the total thickness of the composite film is less than about 2.0 mils. 22. The carpet pad of claim 17 wherein the composite film has a robustness of greater than about 2 pound force. 23. The carpet pad of claim 17 wherein the composite film has a robustness of about 2.33 pound force. 24. A carpet system comprising a carpet pad comprising
a) a carpet cushion having an upper and lower surface thereon; b) a composite film bonded to said upper surface comprising one or more barrier layers and one or more dimensionally stabilizing layers; and c) a carpet laid adjacent to said upper surface of said pad, said carpet comprising a plurality of tufted yarns, a primary backing for receiving said tufted yarns, and a secondary backing, wherein the composite film has a moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR) of at least 14.6 g/24 hr/m2 according to ASTM E96B and a robustness of greater than about 1.49 pound force. 25. The carpet system of claim 24 wherein said tufted yarns are selected from the group consisting of polyamide, polyester, polypropylene, acrylic, wool, blended yarns and combinations thereof. 26. The carpet system of claim 24 wherein the total thickness of the one or more barrier layers is less than about 0.5 mils. 27. The carpet system of claim 24 wherein the total thickness of the composite film is less than about 2.0 mils. 28. The carpet system of claim 24 wherein the composite film has a robustness of greater than about 2 pound force. 29. The carpet system of claim 24 wherein the composite film has a robustness of about 2.33 pound force. | 1,700 |
4,272 | 14,565,106 | 1,722 | Disclosed is a device for removing residual hydrogen in a fuel cell. The device for removing residual hydrogen in a fuel cell sucks residual hydrogen gas in a fuel cell system and easily removes the sucked hydrogen gas so as to prevent a fire, an explosion, and the like which may occur due to residual hydrogen in the fuel cell system during maintenance work of a fuel cell vehicle. In particular, the device may be manufactured as a simple ejector structure in which a nozzle, a venturi, and a diffuser are sequentially combined, the nozzle and the venturi are combined, and the like to use compressed air as a driving flow and use gas inside a fuel cell system as a suction flow and thus easily remove the residual hydrogen. | 1. A device for removing residual hydrogen in a fuel cell, comprising:
a driving pipe configured to reduce pressure while increasing a speed of a driving flow supplied from a driving flow supply source; and a suction pipe configured to be integrally connected to an inlet of the driving pipe to guide a suction flow including the residual hydrogen in a fuel cell system to the driving pipe using energy of the driving flow. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein an inner diameter portion of the driving pipe is provided with a venturi having a diameter that gradually reduces and is then constant. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein an inner diameter portion of the driving pipe is formed in a structure in which a venturi has a diameter that gradually reduces and is then constant and a diffuser whose diameter is gradually increased are disposed on the same axis in parallel. 4. The device of claim 1, wherein the inlet of the driving pipe is further connected to a nozzle to inject the driving flow from the driving flow supply source into the driving pipe. 5. The device of claim 4, wherein an inlet of the nozzle is press-fitted with a ring type elastic member into which an air gun tip is inserted to maintain an airtight state. 6. The device of claim 1, wherein the inlet of the driving pipe includes a driving flow supply opening into which the air gun tip is directly inserted. 7. The device of claim 6, wherein an inner diameter portion of the driving flow supply opening is press-fitted with a ring type elastic member into which an air gun tip is inserted to maintain an airtight state. 8. The device of claim 1, wherein a distal end of the suction pipe is integrally further connected to a flexible pipe which is connected to the fuel cell system. 9. The device of claim 8, wherein a distal end of the flexible pipe is further connected to an adapter which is fastened to suit each gas suction position of the fuel cell system. 10. The device of claim 1, wherein the inlet of the driving pipe is connected to an inflated line having a quick connector to connect the driving pipe to the driving flow supply source and an inflated line between the quick connector and the inlet of the driving pipe includes an on/off valve configured to permit and cut off a flow of the driving flow. 11. The device of claim 10, wherein the inflated line between the on/off valve and the inlet of the driving pipe includes a regulator or a pressure gauge configured to detect a flow pressure of the driving flow. 12. The device of claim 1, wherein a discharge side of the driving pipe includes with a muffler configured to reduce noise when the suction flow including the residual hydrogen is discharged from the suction pipe. 13. The device of claim 12, wherein a body portion of the muffler is enclosed within a case with the driving pipe and the suction pipe. 14. The device of claim 12, wherein in addition to the driving pipe and the suction pipe, a body portion of the muffler is enclosed with a noise absorbing material and then is disposed within a case. 15. The device of claim 1, wherein when the suction flow including the residual hydrogen in the fuel cell system is discharged through the suction pipe along with the driving flow, a hydrogen concentration is adjusted to be about 4% or less in average or at maximum of about 8% or less and when the hydrogen concentration is greater than about 4% in average or at maximum of about 8% or greater, an outlet of the suction pipe is directly connected to a vent hole opening in a workplace. 16. A fuel cell system comprising the device of claim 1 to remove residual hydrogen in a fuel cell. 17. A vehicle comprising a fuel cell system of claim 16. | Disclosed is a device for removing residual hydrogen in a fuel cell. The device for removing residual hydrogen in a fuel cell sucks residual hydrogen gas in a fuel cell system and easily removes the sucked hydrogen gas so as to prevent a fire, an explosion, and the like which may occur due to residual hydrogen in the fuel cell system during maintenance work of a fuel cell vehicle. In particular, the device may be manufactured as a simple ejector structure in which a nozzle, a venturi, and a diffuser are sequentially combined, the nozzle and the venturi are combined, and the like to use compressed air as a driving flow and use gas inside a fuel cell system as a suction flow and thus easily remove the residual hydrogen.1. A device for removing residual hydrogen in a fuel cell, comprising:
a driving pipe configured to reduce pressure while increasing a speed of a driving flow supplied from a driving flow supply source; and a suction pipe configured to be integrally connected to an inlet of the driving pipe to guide a suction flow including the residual hydrogen in a fuel cell system to the driving pipe using energy of the driving flow. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein an inner diameter portion of the driving pipe is provided with a venturi having a diameter that gradually reduces and is then constant. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein an inner diameter portion of the driving pipe is formed in a structure in which a venturi has a diameter that gradually reduces and is then constant and a diffuser whose diameter is gradually increased are disposed on the same axis in parallel. 4. The device of claim 1, wherein the inlet of the driving pipe is further connected to a nozzle to inject the driving flow from the driving flow supply source into the driving pipe. 5. The device of claim 4, wherein an inlet of the nozzle is press-fitted with a ring type elastic member into which an air gun tip is inserted to maintain an airtight state. 6. The device of claim 1, wherein the inlet of the driving pipe includes a driving flow supply opening into which the air gun tip is directly inserted. 7. The device of claim 6, wherein an inner diameter portion of the driving flow supply opening is press-fitted with a ring type elastic member into which an air gun tip is inserted to maintain an airtight state. 8. The device of claim 1, wherein a distal end of the suction pipe is integrally further connected to a flexible pipe which is connected to the fuel cell system. 9. The device of claim 8, wherein a distal end of the flexible pipe is further connected to an adapter which is fastened to suit each gas suction position of the fuel cell system. 10. The device of claim 1, wherein the inlet of the driving pipe is connected to an inflated line having a quick connector to connect the driving pipe to the driving flow supply source and an inflated line between the quick connector and the inlet of the driving pipe includes an on/off valve configured to permit and cut off a flow of the driving flow. 11. The device of claim 10, wherein the inflated line between the on/off valve and the inlet of the driving pipe includes a regulator or a pressure gauge configured to detect a flow pressure of the driving flow. 12. The device of claim 1, wherein a discharge side of the driving pipe includes with a muffler configured to reduce noise when the suction flow including the residual hydrogen is discharged from the suction pipe. 13. The device of claim 12, wherein a body portion of the muffler is enclosed within a case with the driving pipe and the suction pipe. 14. The device of claim 12, wherein in addition to the driving pipe and the suction pipe, a body portion of the muffler is enclosed with a noise absorbing material and then is disposed within a case. 15. The device of claim 1, wherein when the suction flow including the residual hydrogen in the fuel cell system is discharged through the suction pipe along with the driving flow, a hydrogen concentration is adjusted to be about 4% or less in average or at maximum of about 8% or less and when the hydrogen concentration is greater than about 4% in average or at maximum of about 8% or greater, an outlet of the suction pipe is directly connected to a vent hole opening in a workplace. 16. A fuel cell system comprising the device of claim 1 to remove residual hydrogen in a fuel cell. 17. A vehicle comprising a fuel cell system of claim 16. | 1,700 |
4,273 | 14,560,833 | 1,744 | Solution casting a nanostructure. Preparing a template by ablating nanoholes in a substrate using single-femtosecond laser machining. Replicating the nanoholes by applying a solution of a polymer and a solvent into the template. After the solvent has substantially dissipated, removing the replica from the substrate. | 1-16. (canceled) 17. A nanostructure, comprising:
(a) a polymer, and (b) an aspect ratio of at least ten-to-one, wherein said nanostructure is prepared from a nanohole formed within a transparent substrate by ablation using a single femtosecond laser pulse. 18. The nanostructure of claim 17, wherein said aspect ratio exceeds twenty-five-to-one. 19. The nanostructure of claim 17, wherein said nanostructure comprises a length greater than ten microns and a width less than one micron. 20. The nanostructure of claim 19, wherein said nanostructure comprises a length of at least thirty microns and a width less than one micron. 21. The nanostructure of claim 17, wherein said nanostructure is cast, synthesized, molded, replicated, imprinted, or embossed from said nanohole. 22. The nanostructure of claim 17, further comprising an array of nanostructures, each having an aspect ratio of at least ten-to-one, said array being fabricated from a plurality of nanoholes, each formed within a transparent substrate by ablation using a single femtosecond laser pulse. 23. The nanostructure of claim 22, wherein said nanostructures are non-randomly positioned. 24. A method for fabricating a nanostructure, comprising:
(a) providing a template of transparent material; (b) ablating at least one nanohole in said template using a single femtosecond laser pulse; (c) filling said at least one nanohole with a first polymeric material; and (d) extracting said first polymeric material as the nanostructure, wherein said nanostructure has an aspect ratio of at least ten-to-one. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein said filling comprises filling a plurality of non-randomly positioned nanoholes in said template with a first polymeric material to replicate an array of non-randomly positioned nanostructures. 26. The method of claim 24, further comprising treating a surface of the template with a material to modify the surface and bonding characteristics associated with said template and said first polymeric material. 27. The method of claim 24, wherein said ablating comprises introducing a generally spherical aberration into a focus associated with the laser pulse to distribute the focused light and increase an aspect ratio associated with said at least one nanohole. 28. The method of claim 24, wherein said ablating comprises introducing an aberration of a laser beam to alter a shape of the focused beam and the shape or number of said at least one nanohole. 29. The method of claim 24, further comprising modifying the template to enlarge or change a geometry of said at least one nanohole. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein said modifying comprises using chemical reactions, vapor, etching, or liquid growth processes. 31. A reusable template for high-throughput production of nanostructure arrays, comprising a transparent material and a plurality of high aspect ratio nanoholes ablated in a surface thereof by a plurality of single femtosecond laser pulses. 32. The template of claim 31, wherein said nanoholes are non-randomly positioned. 33. The template of claim 31, wherein said aspect ratio is at least ten-to-one. 34. The template of claim 31, wherein said nanoholes are at least ten microns deep. 35. The template of claim 31, wherein said transparent material comprises:
(a) any glass or amorphous material, (b) any thermosetting or thermoplastic polymer, or (c) any crystalline material. 36. The template of claim 35, wherein said glass or amorphous material comprises fused silica, silica glasses, quartz, soda-lime-silica glass, BK7 optical glass or other borosilicate. 37. The template of claim 35, wherein said thermosetting or thermoplastic polymer comprises polycarbonate, acrylic, polymethylmethacralate, polydimethylsiloxane, or polyvinal alcohol. 38. The template of claim 35, wherein said crystalline material comprises diamond or sapphire. 39. The template of claim 31, wherein said transparent material is fused silica. 40. A nanostructure array, comprising a plurality of high aspect ratio polymer nanostructures positioned in a user-defined pattern and fabricated from a plurality of nanoholes formed within a transparent substrate by ablation using an equivalent number of femtosecond laser pulses. 41. The array of claim 40, wherein said nanoholes have a depth to width ratio of at least 10:1. 42. The array of claim 41, wherein said nanoholes have a width of 1 μm or less. 43. The array of claim 41, wherein said nanoholes have a depth that is at least twenty-five times greater than said width. | Solution casting a nanostructure. Preparing a template by ablating nanoholes in a substrate using single-femtosecond laser machining. Replicating the nanoholes by applying a solution of a polymer and a solvent into the template. After the solvent has substantially dissipated, removing the replica from the substrate.1-16. (canceled) 17. A nanostructure, comprising:
(a) a polymer, and (b) an aspect ratio of at least ten-to-one, wherein said nanostructure is prepared from a nanohole formed within a transparent substrate by ablation using a single femtosecond laser pulse. 18. The nanostructure of claim 17, wherein said aspect ratio exceeds twenty-five-to-one. 19. The nanostructure of claim 17, wherein said nanostructure comprises a length greater than ten microns and a width less than one micron. 20. The nanostructure of claim 19, wherein said nanostructure comprises a length of at least thirty microns and a width less than one micron. 21. The nanostructure of claim 17, wherein said nanostructure is cast, synthesized, molded, replicated, imprinted, or embossed from said nanohole. 22. The nanostructure of claim 17, further comprising an array of nanostructures, each having an aspect ratio of at least ten-to-one, said array being fabricated from a plurality of nanoholes, each formed within a transparent substrate by ablation using a single femtosecond laser pulse. 23. The nanostructure of claim 22, wherein said nanostructures are non-randomly positioned. 24. A method for fabricating a nanostructure, comprising:
(a) providing a template of transparent material; (b) ablating at least one nanohole in said template using a single femtosecond laser pulse; (c) filling said at least one nanohole with a first polymeric material; and (d) extracting said first polymeric material as the nanostructure, wherein said nanostructure has an aspect ratio of at least ten-to-one. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein said filling comprises filling a plurality of non-randomly positioned nanoholes in said template with a first polymeric material to replicate an array of non-randomly positioned nanostructures. 26. The method of claim 24, further comprising treating a surface of the template with a material to modify the surface and bonding characteristics associated with said template and said first polymeric material. 27. The method of claim 24, wherein said ablating comprises introducing a generally spherical aberration into a focus associated with the laser pulse to distribute the focused light and increase an aspect ratio associated with said at least one nanohole. 28. The method of claim 24, wherein said ablating comprises introducing an aberration of a laser beam to alter a shape of the focused beam and the shape or number of said at least one nanohole. 29. The method of claim 24, further comprising modifying the template to enlarge or change a geometry of said at least one nanohole. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein said modifying comprises using chemical reactions, vapor, etching, or liquid growth processes. 31. A reusable template for high-throughput production of nanostructure arrays, comprising a transparent material and a plurality of high aspect ratio nanoholes ablated in a surface thereof by a plurality of single femtosecond laser pulses. 32. The template of claim 31, wherein said nanoholes are non-randomly positioned. 33. The template of claim 31, wherein said aspect ratio is at least ten-to-one. 34. The template of claim 31, wherein said nanoholes are at least ten microns deep. 35. The template of claim 31, wherein said transparent material comprises:
(a) any glass or amorphous material, (b) any thermosetting or thermoplastic polymer, or (c) any crystalline material. 36. The template of claim 35, wherein said glass or amorphous material comprises fused silica, silica glasses, quartz, soda-lime-silica glass, BK7 optical glass or other borosilicate. 37. The template of claim 35, wherein said thermosetting or thermoplastic polymer comprises polycarbonate, acrylic, polymethylmethacralate, polydimethylsiloxane, or polyvinal alcohol. 38. The template of claim 35, wherein said crystalline material comprises diamond or sapphire. 39. The template of claim 31, wherein said transparent material is fused silica. 40. A nanostructure array, comprising a plurality of high aspect ratio polymer nanostructures positioned in a user-defined pattern and fabricated from a plurality of nanoholes formed within a transparent substrate by ablation using an equivalent number of femtosecond laser pulses. 41. The array of claim 40, wherein said nanoholes have a depth to width ratio of at least 10:1. 42. The array of claim 41, wherein said nanoholes have a width of 1 μm or less. 43. The array of claim 41, wherein said nanoholes have a depth that is at least twenty-five times greater than said width. | 1,700 |
4,274 | 15,427,982 | 1,798 | A control system is described for synchronizing food processing steps performed by a multi-function cooking apparatus with food processing steps performed by one or more remote kitchen appliances, includes a recipe program interface for accessing a recipe program on a data storage device wherein the recipe program is configured to be executed by the cooking apparatus and has internal instructions configured to control functions of the cooking apparatus for performing food processing steps thereon, and has at least one external instruction for a remote food processing step performed by a particular remote kitchen appliance. | 1. A control system for synchronizing food processing steps performed by a multi-function cooking apparatus with food processing steps for performance by one or more remote kitchen appliances, the system comprising:
a recipe program interface having access to a recipe program on a data storage device, wherein the recipe program is configured to be executed by the cooking apparatus and wherein the recipe program has internal instructions configured to control functions of the cooking apparatus for performing food processing steps thereon, and has at least one external instruction for a remote food processing step performed by a first remote kitchen appliance; a control parameter interface configured to receive, from a remote temperature sensor, temperature data reflecting one or more temperature values associated with a component of food product being processed by the first remote kitchen appliance, in response to the execution of the at least one external instruction; a control parameter evaluator configured to check compliance of the received temperature data with control parameters of the at least one external instruction; and a recipe program adjustment component configured to adjust, not-yet-executed program instructions of the recipe program, if the received temperature data does not comply with the control parameters of the at least one external instruction, the adjustment being based on the evaluation of the received temperature data to re-synchronize the cooking apparatus with the first remote kitchen appliance wherein not-yet-executed program instructions correspond to program instructions subsequent to the currently executed program instruction. 2. The control system of claim 1, wherein the recipe program further comprises additional external instructions affecting remote food processing steps performed by a second remote kitchen appliance and wherein the recipe program adjustment component is further configured to adjust the additional external instructions to re-synchronize the cooking apparatus and the second remote kitchen appliance with the first remote kitchen appliance. 3. The control system of claim 1, wherein the received temperature data includes a spatial temperature profile reflecting a temperature gradation inside a component of food product. 4. The control system of claim 1, wherein the control parameter evaluator is further configured to:
compute, based on the received temperature data, a prediction value for a point in time when the execution of the remote food processing step of the first remote kitchen appliance, in response to the at least one external instruction will terminate; compare the prediction value with a termination time value expected according to the control parameters of the recipe program; and determine a lack of compliance of the received temperature data with the control parameters of the at least one external instruction if the difference between the prediction value and the expected value exceeds a predefined threshold value. 5. The control system of claim 1, wherein the recipe program adjustment component is configured to adjust one or more internal instructions of the not-yet-executed program instructions. 6. The control system of claim 1, wherein the recipe program adjustment component is configured to adjust one or more external instructions of the not-yet-executed program instructions. 7. A multi-function cooking apparatus comprising the control system according to claim 1. 8. A food processing method for executing machine readable instructions of a recipe program for preparing a food product with a cooking apparatus, the method comprising:
executing the recipe program to synchronize food processing steps performed by the cooking apparatus with food processing steps performed by at least one remote kitchen appliance, the recipe program having internal instructions configured to control functions of the cooking apparatus for performing food processing steps thereon, and having at least one external instruction for a remote food processing step performed by the at least one remote kitchen appliance; receiving, by a control parameter interface, from a remote temperature sensor, temperature data reflecting one or more temperature values associated with a component of the food product, wherein the component of food product is processed by the at least one remote kitchen appliance, in response to the execution of the at least one external instruction; upon completion of the remote food processing step, processing the food product on the cooking apparatus according to the internal instructions, if the received temperature data complies with control parameters of the at least one external instruction; and adjusting, by a recipe program adjustment component, not-yet-executed program instructions of the recipe program based on the evaluation of the received temperature data, if the received temperature data does not comply with the control parameters of the at least one external instruction, the adjusting including re-synchronizing of the cooking apparatus with the at least one remote kitchen appliance wherein not-yet-executed program instructions correspond to program instructions subsequent to the currently executed program instruction. 9. The food processing method of claim 8, wherein the cooking function of the at least one remote kitchen appliance is a heating or a cooling function. 10. The food processing method of claim 8, wherein the recipe program has further external instructions affecting a cooking function of an additional remote kitchen appliance, and adjusting includes adjusting additional external instructions to re-synchronize the cooking apparatus and the additional remote kitchen appliance with the at least one remote kitchen appliance. 11. The food processing method of claim 8, wherein the received temperature data includes a spatial temperature profile reflecting a temperature gradation inside the component of food product. 12. The food processing method of claim 8, further comprising:
computing, based on the received temperature data, a prediction value for a point in time when the execution of the cooking function of the at least one remote kitchen appliance in response to the at least one external instruction will terminate; comparing the prediction value with a termination time value expected according to the control parameters of the recipe program; and determining a lack of compliance of the received temperature data with the control parameters of the at least one external instruction, if the difference between the prediction value and the expected value exceeds a predefined threshold value. 13. The food processing method of claim 8, wherein the adjusting step is applied to one or more internal instructions. 14. The food processing method of claim 8, wherein the adjusting step is applied to one or more external instructions. 15. A computer program product for synchronizing food processing steps performed by a multi-function cooking apparatus with food processing steps performed by one or more remote kitchen appliances, the computer program product comprising program code that when loaded into a memory of a control system and being executed by at least one processor of the control system cause the control system to perform the steps:
providing to the cooking apparatus machine readable program instructions of a recipe program for preparing a food product, wherein the recipe program is configured to synchronize food processing steps performed by the cooking apparatus with food processing steps performed by at least one remote kitchen appliance, the recipe program having internal instructions configured to control functions of the cooking apparatus for performing food processing steps thereon, and having at least one external instruction for a remote food processing step performed at least one remote kitchen appliance; receiving, by a control parameter interface, from a remote temperature sensor, temperature data reflecting one or more temperature values associated with a component of food product wherein the component of food product is processed by the at least one remote kitchen appliance, in response to the execution of the at least one external instruction; upon completion of the remote food processing step, proceeding with processing the food product on the cooking apparatus according to the internal instructions, if the received temperature data complies with control parameters of the at least one external instruction; and adjusting, by a recipe program adjustment component, not-yet-executed program instructions of the recipe program, if the received temperature data does not comply with the control parameters of the at least one external instruction, the adjusting being based on the evaluation of the received temperature data to re-synchronize the cooking apparatus with the at least one remote kitchen appliance, wherein not-yet-executed program instructions correspond to program instructions subsequent to the currently executed program instruction. 16. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein the cooking function of the at least one remote kitchen appliance is a heating or a cooling function. 17. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein the recipe program has additional external instructions affecting a cooking function of an additional remote kitchen appliance, and the program code for adjusting not-yet-executed program instructions includes program code for adjusting the additional external instructions to re-synchronize the cooking apparatus and the additional remote kitchen appliance with the at least one remote kitchen appliance. 18. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein the received temperature data includes a spatial temperature profile reflecting a temperature gradation inside the component of food product. 19. The computer program product of claim 15, further comprising program code for:
computing, based on the received temperature data, a prediction value for a point in time when the execution of the cooking function of the at least one remote kitchen appliance, in response to the at least one external instruction will terminate; comparing the prediction value with a termination time value expected according to the control parameters of the recipe program; and determining a lack of compliance of the received temperature data with the control parameters of the at least one external instruction, if the difference between the prediction value and the expected value exceeds a predefined threshold value. 20. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein the adjusting of not-yet-executed program instructions step is applied to one or more internal instructions, or is applied to one or more external instructions. | A control system is described for synchronizing food processing steps performed by a multi-function cooking apparatus with food processing steps performed by one or more remote kitchen appliances, includes a recipe program interface for accessing a recipe program on a data storage device wherein the recipe program is configured to be executed by the cooking apparatus and has internal instructions configured to control functions of the cooking apparatus for performing food processing steps thereon, and has at least one external instruction for a remote food processing step performed by a particular remote kitchen appliance.1. A control system for synchronizing food processing steps performed by a multi-function cooking apparatus with food processing steps for performance by one or more remote kitchen appliances, the system comprising:
a recipe program interface having access to a recipe program on a data storage device, wherein the recipe program is configured to be executed by the cooking apparatus and wherein the recipe program has internal instructions configured to control functions of the cooking apparatus for performing food processing steps thereon, and has at least one external instruction for a remote food processing step performed by a first remote kitchen appliance; a control parameter interface configured to receive, from a remote temperature sensor, temperature data reflecting one or more temperature values associated with a component of food product being processed by the first remote kitchen appliance, in response to the execution of the at least one external instruction; a control parameter evaluator configured to check compliance of the received temperature data with control parameters of the at least one external instruction; and a recipe program adjustment component configured to adjust, not-yet-executed program instructions of the recipe program, if the received temperature data does not comply with the control parameters of the at least one external instruction, the adjustment being based on the evaluation of the received temperature data to re-synchronize the cooking apparatus with the first remote kitchen appliance wherein not-yet-executed program instructions correspond to program instructions subsequent to the currently executed program instruction. 2. The control system of claim 1, wherein the recipe program further comprises additional external instructions affecting remote food processing steps performed by a second remote kitchen appliance and wherein the recipe program adjustment component is further configured to adjust the additional external instructions to re-synchronize the cooking apparatus and the second remote kitchen appliance with the first remote kitchen appliance. 3. The control system of claim 1, wherein the received temperature data includes a spatial temperature profile reflecting a temperature gradation inside a component of food product. 4. The control system of claim 1, wherein the control parameter evaluator is further configured to:
compute, based on the received temperature data, a prediction value for a point in time when the execution of the remote food processing step of the first remote kitchen appliance, in response to the at least one external instruction will terminate; compare the prediction value with a termination time value expected according to the control parameters of the recipe program; and determine a lack of compliance of the received temperature data with the control parameters of the at least one external instruction if the difference between the prediction value and the expected value exceeds a predefined threshold value. 5. The control system of claim 1, wherein the recipe program adjustment component is configured to adjust one or more internal instructions of the not-yet-executed program instructions. 6. The control system of claim 1, wherein the recipe program adjustment component is configured to adjust one or more external instructions of the not-yet-executed program instructions. 7. A multi-function cooking apparatus comprising the control system according to claim 1. 8. A food processing method for executing machine readable instructions of a recipe program for preparing a food product with a cooking apparatus, the method comprising:
executing the recipe program to synchronize food processing steps performed by the cooking apparatus with food processing steps performed by at least one remote kitchen appliance, the recipe program having internal instructions configured to control functions of the cooking apparatus for performing food processing steps thereon, and having at least one external instruction for a remote food processing step performed by the at least one remote kitchen appliance; receiving, by a control parameter interface, from a remote temperature sensor, temperature data reflecting one or more temperature values associated with a component of the food product, wherein the component of food product is processed by the at least one remote kitchen appliance, in response to the execution of the at least one external instruction; upon completion of the remote food processing step, processing the food product on the cooking apparatus according to the internal instructions, if the received temperature data complies with control parameters of the at least one external instruction; and adjusting, by a recipe program adjustment component, not-yet-executed program instructions of the recipe program based on the evaluation of the received temperature data, if the received temperature data does not comply with the control parameters of the at least one external instruction, the adjusting including re-synchronizing of the cooking apparatus with the at least one remote kitchen appliance wherein not-yet-executed program instructions correspond to program instructions subsequent to the currently executed program instruction. 9. The food processing method of claim 8, wherein the cooking function of the at least one remote kitchen appliance is a heating or a cooling function. 10. The food processing method of claim 8, wherein the recipe program has further external instructions affecting a cooking function of an additional remote kitchen appliance, and adjusting includes adjusting additional external instructions to re-synchronize the cooking apparatus and the additional remote kitchen appliance with the at least one remote kitchen appliance. 11. The food processing method of claim 8, wherein the received temperature data includes a spatial temperature profile reflecting a temperature gradation inside the component of food product. 12. The food processing method of claim 8, further comprising:
computing, based on the received temperature data, a prediction value for a point in time when the execution of the cooking function of the at least one remote kitchen appliance in response to the at least one external instruction will terminate; comparing the prediction value with a termination time value expected according to the control parameters of the recipe program; and determining a lack of compliance of the received temperature data with the control parameters of the at least one external instruction, if the difference between the prediction value and the expected value exceeds a predefined threshold value. 13. The food processing method of claim 8, wherein the adjusting step is applied to one or more internal instructions. 14. The food processing method of claim 8, wherein the adjusting step is applied to one or more external instructions. 15. A computer program product for synchronizing food processing steps performed by a multi-function cooking apparatus with food processing steps performed by one or more remote kitchen appliances, the computer program product comprising program code that when loaded into a memory of a control system and being executed by at least one processor of the control system cause the control system to perform the steps:
providing to the cooking apparatus machine readable program instructions of a recipe program for preparing a food product, wherein the recipe program is configured to synchronize food processing steps performed by the cooking apparatus with food processing steps performed by at least one remote kitchen appliance, the recipe program having internal instructions configured to control functions of the cooking apparatus for performing food processing steps thereon, and having at least one external instruction for a remote food processing step performed at least one remote kitchen appliance; receiving, by a control parameter interface, from a remote temperature sensor, temperature data reflecting one or more temperature values associated with a component of food product wherein the component of food product is processed by the at least one remote kitchen appliance, in response to the execution of the at least one external instruction; upon completion of the remote food processing step, proceeding with processing the food product on the cooking apparatus according to the internal instructions, if the received temperature data complies with control parameters of the at least one external instruction; and adjusting, by a recipe program adjustment component, not-yet-executed program instructions of the recipe program, if the received temperature data does not comply with the control parameters of the at least one external instruction, the adjusting being based on the evaluation of the received temperature data to re-synchronize the cooking apparatus with the at least one remote kitchen appliance, wherein not-yet-executed program instructions correspond to program instructions subsequent to the currently executed program instruction. 16. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein the cooking function of the at least one remote kitchen appliance is a heating or a cooling function. 17. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein the recipe program has additional external instructions affecting a cooking function of an additional remote kitchen appliance, and the program code for adjusting not-yet-executed program instructions includes program code for adjusting the additional external instructions to re-synchronize the cooking apparatus and the additional remote kitchen appliance with the at least one remote kitchen appliance. 18. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein the received temperature data includes a spatial temperature profile reflecting a temperature gradation inside the component of food product. 19. The computer program product of claim 15, further comprising program code for:
computing, based on the received temperature data, a prediction value for a point in time when the execution of the cooking function of the at least one remote kitchen appliance, in response to the at least one external instruction will terminate; comparing the prediction value with a termination time value expected according to the control parameters of the recipe program; and determining a lack of compliance of the received temperature data with the control parameters of the at least one external instruction, if the difference between the prediction value and the expected value exceeds a predefined threshold value. 20. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein the adjusting of not-yet-executed program instructions step is applied to one or more internal instructions, or is applied to one or more external instructions. | 1,700 |
4,275 | 15,540,875 | 1,765 | A coated wire includes a steel alloy coated with a coating comprising one or more amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane compounds selected from the group consisting of an amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane, an amino/mercaptan co-alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane, an amino/blocked mercaptan co-alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane, or a salt of one or more thereof. A rubber composition and a process for coating wire is also disclosed. | 1. A coated wire comprising:
a steel alloy wire coated with a coating comprising one or more amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane compounds selected from the group consisting of an amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane, an amino/mercaptan co- alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane, an amino/blocked mercaptan co- alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane, or a salt of one or more thereof; and having the formula:
wherein w, x, y and z represent mole fractions, z does not equal zero, at least one of w, x or y must also be present, and w+x+y+z=1.00;
wherein at least one of R1, R2, R3and R4 must be present and be selected from the group consisting of R6Z, wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of NH2, HNR7 and NR7 2; and one or more remaining R1, R2, R3 or R4, if present, are the same or different and selected from the group consisting of (i) H or an alkyl groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, (ii) cycloalkyl groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, (iii) alkylaryl groups having 7 to about 20 carbon atoms, (iv) R6X, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, SH, SaR7, NR7 2, OR7, CO2H, SCOR7, CO2R7, OH, olefins, epoxides, amino groups, vinyl groups, acrylates and methacrylates, wherein a=1 to about 8, and (v) R6YR8X, wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of O, S, NH and NR7; wherein R6 and R8 are selected from the group consisting of alkylene groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, cycloalkylene groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, and a single bond; and R5 and R7 are selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, and alkylaryl groups having 7 to about 20 carbon atoms. 2. The coated wire of claim 1, wherein the steel alloy is selected from the group consisting of: ferroaluminum, bronze-aluminum, ferrovanadium, ferromanganese, gray cast iron, and stainless steel. 3. The coated wire of claim 1, wherein the steel alloy is an alloy of iron with an alloy metal, wherein the alloy metal has a lower density than iron. 4. The coated wire of claim 1, wherein the steel alloy is an alloy of iron with an alloy metal, and the alloy metal is selected from one or more of the group consisting of aluminum, manganese, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, silicon, boron, aluminum, cobalt, copper, cerium, niobium, titanium, tungsten, tin, zinc, lead, and zirconium. 5. The coated wire of claim 4, wherein the steel alloy comprises iron and about 1% to about 50% of the alloy metal. 6. The coated wire of claim 1, wherein a surface of the steel alloy wire is oil free. 7. The coated wire of claim 1, wherein the coating comprises a mixture of amino-AMS and amino co-AMS in about 30:70 to about 50:50 molar ratio. 8. The coated wire of claim 1, wherein the coating is solidified on a surface of the steel alloy. 9. The coated wire of claim 1, wherein the amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane liberates about 0.05% to about 10% by weight alcohol when treated by substantially total acid hydrolysis. 10. A process for continuously coating a steel alloy wire comprising the steps of:
wetting the steel alloy wire in a bath of a solution comprising 0.01 to 5% of one or more amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane compounds selected from the group consisting of an amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane, an amino/mercaptan co-alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane, an amino/blocked mercaptan co-alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane, or a slat thereof; and having the formula
wherein w, x, y and z represent mole fractions, z does not equal zero, at least one of w, x or y must also be present, and w+x+y+z=1.00;
wherein at least one of R1, R2, R3and R4 must be present and be selected from the group consisting of R6Z, wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of NH2, HNR7 and NR7 2; and one or more remaining R1, R2, R3 or R4, if present, are the same or different and selected from the group consisting of (i) H or an alkyl groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, (ii) cycloalkyl groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, (iii) alkylaryl groups having 7 to about 20 carbon atoms, (iv) R6X, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, SH, SaR7, NR7 2, OR7, CO2H, SCOR7, CO2R7, OH, olefins, epoxides, amino groups, vinyl groups, acrylates and methacrylates, wherein a=1 to about 8, and (v) R6YR8X, wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of O, S, NH and NR7; wherein R6 and R8 are selected from the group consisting of alkylene groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, cycloalkylene groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, and a single bond; and R5 and R7 are selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, and alkylaryl groups having 7 to about 20 carbon atoms; and
heating the coated steel alloy wire such that the steel alloy wire reaches a minimum temperature of at least 110° C. in at least one step, thereby forming a dry coated steel alloy wire. 11. The process of claim 10, wherein the heating step comprises pulling the steel alloy wire through a low temperature heating zone having a temperature ranging from about 50° C. to about 150° C. and a high temperature heating zone having a different temperature ranging from 150° C. to about 240° C. 12. The process of claim 10, wherein the steel alloy is selected from the group consisting of: ferroaluminum, bronze-aluminum, ferrovanadium, ferromanganese, gray cast iron, and stainless steel. 13. The process of claim 10, wherein the steel alloy is an alloy of iron with an alloy metal, wherein the alloy metal has a lower density than iron. 14. The process of claim 10, wherein the steel alloy is an alloy of iron with an alloy metal, and the alloy metal is selected from one or more of the group consisting of aluminum, manganese, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, silicon, boron, aluminum, cobalt, copper, cerium, niobium, titanium, tungsten, tin, zinc, lead, and zirconium. 15. The process of claim 13, wherein the steel alloy comprises iron and about 1% to about 50% of the alloy metal. 16. The process of claim 10, further comprising removing oil from the steel alloy wire, by soaking the steel alloy wire in a solvent for the oil prior to the wetting step. 17. The process of claim 10, wherein the bath comprises a solvent for oil. 18. The process of claim 11, wherein the coated steel alloy wire is dried in the low temperature heating zone, and the amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane coating is crosslinked in the high temperature heating zone. 19. A rubber composition comprising:
a coated steel alloy embedded in a vulcanizable rubber stock; wherein the steel alloy is coated with an adhesive comprising one or more amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane compounds selected from the group consisting of an amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane, an amino/mercaptan co-alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane, an amino/blocked mercaptan co- alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane, or a salt of one or more thereof; and having the formula
wherein w, x, y and z represent mole fractions, z does not equal zero, at least one of w, x or y must also be present, and w+x+y+z=1.00; wherein at least one of R1, R2, R3and R4 must be present and be selected from the group consisting of R6Z, wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of NH2, HNR7 and NR7 2; and one or more remaining R1, R2, R3 or R4, if present, are the same or different and selected from the group consisting of (i) H or an alkyl groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, (ii) cycloalkyl groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, (iii) alkylaryl groups having 7 to about 20 carbon atoms, (iv) R6X, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, SH, SaR7, NR7 2, OR7, CO2H, SCOR7, CO2R7, OH, olefins, epoxides, amino groups, vinyl groups, acrylates and methacrylates, wherein a=1 to about 8, and (v) R6YR8X, wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of O, S, NH and NR7; wherein R6 and R8 are selected from the group consisting of alkylene groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, cycloalkylene groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, and a single bond; and R5 and R7 are selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, and alkylaryl groups having 7 to about 20 carbon atoms. 20. The rubber composition of claim 19, wherein the steel alloy is an alloy of iron with an alloy metal, and the alloy metal is selected from one or more of the group consisting of aluminum, manganese, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, silicon, boron, aluminum, cobalt, copper, cerium, niobium, titanium, tungsten, tin, zinc, lead, and zirconium; and the steel alloy comprises iron and about 1% to about 50% of at least one alloy metal. | A coated wire includes a steel alloy coated with a coating comprising one or more amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane compounds selected from the group consisting of an amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane, an amino/mercaptan co-alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane, an amino/blocked mercaptan co-alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane, or a salt of one or more thereof. A rubber composition and a process for coating wire is also disclosed.1. A coated wire comprising:
a steel alloy wire coated with a coating comprising one or more amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane compounds selected from the group consisting of an amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane, an amino/mercaptan co- alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane, an amino/blocked mercaptan co- alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane, or a salt of one or more thereof; and having the formula:
wherein w, x, y and z represent mole fractions, z does not equal zero, at least one of w, x or y must also be present, and w+x+y+z=1.00;
wherein at least one of R1, R2, R3and R4 must be present and be selected from the group consisting of R6Z, wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of NH2, HNR7 and NR7 2; and one or more remaining R1, R2, R3 or R4, if present, are the same or different and selected from the group consisting of (i) H or an alkyl groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, (ii) cycloalkyl groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, (iii) alkylaryl groups having 7 to about 20 carbon atoms, (iv) R6X, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, SH, SaR7, NR7 2, OR7, CO2H, SCOR7, CO2R7, OH, olefins, epoxides, amino groups, vinyl groups, acrylates and methacrylates, wherein a=1 to about 8, and (v) R6YR8X, wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of O, S, NH and NR7; wherein R6 and R8 are selected from the group consisting of alkylene groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, cycloalkylene groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, and a single bond; and R5 and R7 are selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, and alkylaryl groups having 7 to about 20 carbon atoms. 2. The coated wire of claim 1, wherein the steel alloy is selected from the group consisting of: ferroaluminum, bronze-aluminum, ferrovanadium, ferromanganese, gray cast iron, and stainless steel. 3. The coated wire of claim 1, wherein the steel alloy is an alloy of iron with an alloy metal, wherein the alloy metal has a lower density than iron. 4. The coated wire of claim 1, wherein the steel alloy is an alloy of iron with an alloy metal, and the alloy metal is selected from one or more of the group consisting of aluminum, manganese, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, silicon, boron, aluminum, cobalt, copper, cerium, niobium, titanium, tungsten, tin, zinc, lead, and zirconium. 5. The coated wire of claim 4, wherein the steel alloy comprises iron and about 1% to about 50% of the alloy metal. 6. The coated wire of claim 1, wherein a surface of the steel alloy wire is oil free. 7. The coated wire of claim 1, wherein the coating comprises a mixture of amino-AMS and amino co-AMS in about 30:70 to about 50:50 molar ratio. 8. The coated wire of claim 1, wherein the coating is solidified on a surface of the steel alloy. 9. The coated wire of claim 1, wherein the amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane liberates about 0.05% to about 10% by weight alcohol when treated by substantially total acid hydrolysis. 10. A process for continuously coating a steel alloy wire comprising the steps of:
wetting the steel alloy wire in a bath of a solution comprising 0.01 to 5% of one or more amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane compounds selected from the group consisting of an amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane, an amino/mercaptan co-alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane, an amino/blocked mercaptan co-alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane, or a slat thereof; and having the formula
wherein w, x, y and z represent mole fractions, z does not equal zero, at least one of w, x or y must also be present, and w+x+y+z=1.00;
wherein at least one of R1, R2, R3and R4 must be present and be selected from the group consisting of R6Z, wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of NH2, HNR7 and NR7 2; and one or more remaining R1, R2, R3 or R4, if present, are the same or different and selected from the group consisting of (i) H or an alkyl groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, (ii) cycloalkyl groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, (iii) alkylaryl groups having 7 to about 20 carbon atoms, (iv) R6X, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, SH, SaR7, NR7 2, OR7, CO2H, SCOR7, CO2R7, OH, olefins, epoxides, amino groups, vinyl groups, acrylates and methacrylates, wherein a=1 to about 8, and (v) R6YR8X, wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of O, S, NH and NR7; wherein R6 and R8 are selected from the group consisting of alkylene groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, cycloalkylene groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, and a single bond; and R5 and R7 are selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, and alkylaryl groups having 7 to about 20 carbon atoms; and
heating the coated steel alloy wire such that the steel alloy wire reaches a minimum temperature of at least 110° C. in at least one step, thereby forming a dry coated steel alloy wire. 11. The process of claim 10, wherein the heating step comprises pulling the steel alloy wire through a low temperature heating zone having a temperature ranging from about 50° C. to about 150° C. and a high temperature heating zone having a different temperature ranging from 150° C. to about 240° C. 12. The process of claim 10, wherein the steel alloy is selected from the group consisting of: ferroaluminum, bronze-aluminum, ferrovanadium, ferromanganese, gray cast iron, and stainless steel. 13. The process of claim 10, wherein the steel alloy is an alloy of iron with an alloy metal, wherein the alloy metal has a lower density than iron. 14. The process of claim 10, wherein the steel alloy is an alloy of iron with an alloy metal, and the alloy metal is selected from one or more of the group consisting of aluminum, manganese, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, silicon, boron, aluminum, cobalt, copper, cerium, niobium, titanium, tungsten, tin, zinc, lead, and zirconium. 15. The process of claim 13, wherein the steel alloy comprises iron and about 1% to about 50% of the alloy metal. 16. The process of claim 10, further comprising removing oil from the steel alloy wire, by soaking the steel alloy wire in a solvent for the oil prior to the wetting step. 17. The process of claim 10, wherein the bath comprises a solvent for oil. 18. The process of claim 11, wherein the coated steel alloy wire is dried in the low temperature heating zone, and the amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane coating is crosslinked in the high temperature heating zone. 19. A rubber composition comprising:
a coated steel alloy embedded in a vulcanizable rubber stock; wherein the steel alloy is coated with an adhesive comprising one or more amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane compounds selected from the group consisting of an amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane, an amino/mercaptan co-alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane, an amino/blocked mercaptan co- alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane, or a salt of one or more thereof; and having the formula
wherein w, x, y and z represent mole fractions, z does not equal zero, at least one of w, x or y must also be present, and w+x+y+z=1.00; wherein at least one of R1, R2, R3and R4 must be present and be selected from the group consisting of R6Z, wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of NH2, HNR7 and NR7 2; and one or more remaining R1, R2, R3 or R4, if present, are the same or different and selected from the group consisting of (i) H or an alkyl groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, (ii) cycloalkyl groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, (iii) alkylaryl groups having 7 to about 20 carbon atoms, (iv) R6X, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, SH, SaR7, NR7 2, OR7, CO2H, SCOR7, CO2R7, OH, olefins, epoxides, amino groups, vinyl groups, acrylates and methacrylates, wherein a=1 to about 8, and (v) R6YR8X, wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of O, S, NH and NR7; wherein R6 and R8 are selected from the group consisting of alkylene groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, cycloalkylene groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, and a single bond; and R5 and R7 are selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, and alkylaryl groups having 7 to about 20 carbon atoms. 20. The rubber composition of claim 19, wherein the steel alloy is an alloy of iron with an alloy metal, and the alloy metal is selected from one or more of the group consisting of aluminum, manganese, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, silicon, boron, aluminum, cobalt, copper, cerium, niobium, titanium, tungsten, tin, zinc, lead, and zirconium; and the steel alloy comprises iron and about 1% to about 50% of at least one alloy metal. | 1,700 |
4,276 | 15,678,680 | 1,781 | A system and method for sintering a thin, high purity fused silica glass sheet having a thickness of 500 μm or less, includes a step of rastering a beam of a laser across a sheet of high purity fused silica soot; wherein a pattern of the rastering includes tightly spacing target locations on the sheet such that the laser sinters the soot and simultaneously forms tiny notches on a first major surface of the sheet when viewed in cross-section, wherein the tiny notches are crenellated such that at least some of the notches have generally flat bottom surfaces and at least some respective adjoining caps have generally plateau top surfaces offset from the bottom surfaces by steeply-angled sidewalls. | 1. A high purity fused silica glass sheet, comprising:
a first major surface; a second major surface opposite the first major surface; at least 99.9 mole % silica, wherein the silica is at least generally amorphous, having less than 1% crystalline content by weight; and an average thickness between the first major surface and the second major surface of less than 500 μm; wherein the first major surface, in cross section, has tiny notches along the first major surface, wherein at least ten of the tiny notches have:
a depth that is at least 25 nm and no more than 1 μm measured relative to a higher one of adjoining local caps on either side of the respective notch,
a width between adjoining local caps that is at least 5 μm, and
a length of at least 500 μm. 2. The high purity fused silica glass sheet of claim 1, wherein the notches are crenellated such that at least some of the notches have generally flat bottom surfaces and at least some respective adjoining caps have generally plateau top surfaces offset from the bottom surfaces by steeply-angled sidewalls. 3. The high purity fused silica glass sheet of claim 1, wherein at least 10 of the tiny notches that are each within 1000 μm of at least one other of the tiny notches along the first major surface, and wherein at least three notches that are side-by-side-by-side with one another in a row each have a depth that is within 20 percent of an average depth of the three notches. 4. The high purity fused silica glass sheet of claim 1, wherein the tiny notches curve along the length thereof. 5. The high purity fused silica glass sheet of claim 4, wherein the curve of the tiny notches turns at least 10-degrees off of a straight line. 6. The high purity fused silica glass sheet of claim 5, wherein the curve turns at least 10-degrees and no more than 360-degrees in a distance of 500 μm along the length of the tiny notches. 7. The high purity fused silica glass sheet of claim 6, wherein the tiny notches, at the location of the turn, maintain separation from one another about the turn. 8. The high purity fused silica glass sheet of claim 6, wherein the tiny notches curve at least 90-degrees in a continuous turn along the length of the tiny notches. 9. The high purity fused silica glass sheet of claim 6, wherein the curve generally forms a polygon with rounded vertices. 10. The high purity fused silica glass sheet of claim 6, wherein the notches each have a width between local caps that is at least 50 μm, and wherein the tiny notches each have a depth that is at least 100 nm and no more than 500 nm measured relative to the higher of the adjoining local caps on either side of the respective notch. 11. The high purity fused silica glass sheet of claim 10, wherein the notches each have a length of at least 2500 μm. 12. An electronic device, comprising:
a thin substrate comprising a high purity fused silica sheet having a thickness of 500 μm or less, wherein the high purity fused silica sheet comprises notches on a major surface thereof, wherein notches are crenellated such that at least some of the notches have generally flat bottom surfaces and at least some respective adjoining caps have generally plateau top surfaces offset from the bottom surfaces by steeply-angled sidewalls; and a metal layer coupled to the thin substrate and overlaying the notches, wherein an underside of the metal layer facing the crenellations is textured in a pattern that inversely relates to geometry of the crenellations such that caps on the major surface of the high purity fused silica sheet correspond to notches on the underside of the metal layer and notches on the underside of the metal layer correspond to caps on the major surface of the high purity fused silica sheet of the substrate. 13. The electronic device of claim 12, wherein the notches are tiny, each having a depth that is at least 25 nm and no more than 1 μm measured relative to a higher one of adjoining local caps on either side of the respective notch, wherein the notches each have a width between adjoining local caps that is at least 5 μm, and wherein the notches each have a length of at least 500 μm. 14. The electronic device of claim 13, wherein the metal layer directly contacts the thin substrate. 15. The electronic device of claim 14, wherein the metal layer directly contacts the high purity fused silica sheet of the thin substrate. 16. The electronic device of claim 12, wherein the thin substrate has a thickness of 200 μm or less. 17. The electronic device of claim 12, wherein the high purity fused silica sheet has a porosity of less than 10% by volume. 18. A method of sintering a thin, high purity fused silica glass sheet having a thickness of 500 μm or less, comprising a step of rastering a beam of a laser across a sheet of high purity fused silica soot; wherein a pattern of the rastering includes tightly spacing target locations on the sheet such that the laser sinters the soot and simultaneously forms notches on a first major surface of the sheet when viewed in cross-section, wherein the notches are crenellated such that at least some of the notches have generally flat bottom surfaces and at least some respective adjoining caps have generally plateau top surfaces offset from the bottom surfaces by steeply-angled sidewalls. 19. The method of sintering of claim 18, wherein the pattern includes moving the beam of the laser in general polygon shapes, wherein vertices of the polygon shapes are rounded. 20. The method of sintering of claim 18, wherein the notches are tiny, each having a depth that is at least 25 nm and no more than 1 μm measured relative to a higher one of adjoining local caps on either side of the respective notch, wherein the notches each have a width between adjoining local caps that is at least 5 μm, and wherein the notches each have a length of at least 500 μm. | A system and method for sintering a thin, high purity fused silica glass sheet having a thickness of 500 μm or less, includes a step of rastering a beam of a laser across a sheet of high purity fused silica soot; wherein a pattern of the rastering includes tightly spacing target locations on the sheet such that the laser sinters the soot and simultaneously forms tiny notches on a first major surface of the sheet when viewed in cross-section, wherein the tiny notches are crenellated such that at least some of the notches have generally flat bottom surfaces and at least some respective adjoining caps have generally plateau top surfaces offset from the bottom surfaces by steeply-angled sidewalls.1. A high purity fused silica glass sheet, comprising:
a first major surface; a second major surface opposite the first major surface; at least 99.9 mole % silica, wherein the silica is at least generally amorphous, having less than 1% crystalline content by weight; and an average thickness between the first major surface and the second major surface of less than 500 μm; wherein the first major surface, in cross section, has tiny notches along the first major surface, wherein at least ten of the tiny notches have:
a depth that is at least 25 nm and no more than 1 μm measured relative to a higher one of adjoining local caps on either side of the respective notch,
a width between adjoining local caps that is at least 5 μm, and
a length of at least 500 μm. 2. The high purity fused silica glass sheet of claim 1, wherein the notches are crenellated such that at least some of the notches have generally flat bottom surfaces and at least some respective adjoining caps have generally plateau top surfaces offset from the bottom surfaces by steeply-angled sidewalls. 3. The high purity fused silica glass sheet of claim 1, wherein at least 10 of the tiny notches that are each within 1000 μm of at least one other of the tiny notches along the first major surface, and wherein at least three notches that are side-by-side-by-side with one another in a row each have a depth that is within 20 percent of an average depth of the three notches. 4. The high purity fused silica glass sheet of claim 1, wherein the tiny notches curve along the length thereof. 5. The high purity fused silica glass sheet of claim 4, wherein the curve of the tiny notches turns at least 10-degrees off of a straight line. 6. The high purity fused silica glass sheet of claim 5, wherein the curve turns at least 10-degrees and no more than 360-degrees in a distance of 500 μm along the length of the tiny notches. 7. The high purity fused silica glass sheet of claim 6, wherein the tiny notches, at the location of the turn, maintain separation from one another about the turn. 8. The high purity fused silica glass sheet of claim 6, wherein the tiny notches curve at least 90-degrees in a continuous turn along the length of the tiny notches. 9. The high purity fused silica glass sheet of claim 6, wherein the curve generally forms a polygon with rounded vertices. 10. The high purity fused silica glass sheet of claim 6, wherein the notches each have a width between local caps that is at least 50 μm, and wherein the tiny notches each have a depth that is at least 100 nm and no more than 500 nm measured relative to the higher of the adjoining local caps on either side of the respective notch. 11. The high purity fused silica glass sheet of claim 10, wherein the notches each have a length of at least 2500 μm. 12. An electronic device, comprising:
a thin substrate comprising a high purity fused silica sheet having a thickness of 500 μm or less, wherein the high purity fused silica sheet comprises notches on a major surface thereof, wherein notches are crenellated such that at least some of the notches have generally flat bottom surfaces and at least some respective adjoining caps have generally plateau top surfaces offset from the bottom surfaces by steeply-angled sidewalls; and a metal layer coupled to the thin substrate and overlaying the notches, wherein an underside of the metal layer facing the crenellations is textured in a pattern that inversely relates to geometry of the crenellations such that caps on the major surface of the high purity fused silica sheet correspond to notches on the underside of the metal layer and notches on the underside of the metal layer correspond to caps on the major surface of the high purity fused silica sheet of the substrate. 13. The electronic device of claim 12, wherein the notches are tiny, each having a depth that is at least 25 nm and no more than 1 μm measured relative to a higher one of adjoining local caps on either side of the respective notch, wherein the notches each have a width between adjoining local caps that is at least 5 μm, and wherein the notches each have a length of at least 500 μm. 14. The electronic device of claim 13, wherein the metal layer directly contacts the thin substrate. 15. The electronic device of claim 14, wherein the metal layer directly contacts the high purity fused silica sheet of the thin substrate. 16. The electronic device of claim 12, wherein the thin substrate has a thickness of 200 μm or less. 17. The electronic device of claim 12, wherein the high purity fused silica sheet has a porosity of less than 10% by volume. 18. A method of sintering a thin, high purity fused silica glass sheet having a thickness of 500 μm or less, comprising a step of rastering a beam of a laser across a sheet of high purity fused silica soot; wherein a pattern of the rastering includes tightly spacing target locations on the sheet such that the laser sinters the soot and simultaneously forms notches on a first major surface of the sheet when viewed in cross-section, wherein the notches are crenellated such that at least some of the notches have generally flat bottom surfaces and at least some respective adjoining caps have generally plateau top surfaces offset from the bottom surfaces by steeply-angled sidewalls. 19. The method of sintering of claim 18, wherein the pattern includes moving the beam of the laser in general polygon shapes, wherein vertices of the polygon shapes are rounded. 20. The method of sintering of claim 18, wherein the notches are tiny, each having a depth that is at least 25 nm and no more than 1 μm measured relative to a higher one of adjoining local caps on either side of the respective notch, wherein the notches each have a width between adjoining local caps that is at least 5 μm, and wherein the notches each have a length of at least 500 μm. | 1,700 |
4,277 | 11,634,624 | 1,792 | A kit comprising unassembled edible components, or tools, ingredients and a mold for making the edible components, for creating an individualized, or unique, entertaining food assembly. The kit comprises a processed comestible generally shaped to represent a body portion of a person, animal, animated character, creature, toy, structure, vegetable, or fruit, and an edible appendage, or a plurality of appendages, generally shaped to represent appendages of a person, animal, animated character, creature, toy, structure, vegetable, or fruit, for alternately detachably combining with the processed comestible for the assembly of one, or more, creative configurations, designed by the user. A plurality of malleable, or gummy appendages for the creation of whimsically shaped assembly configurations is also provided in an embodiment. A specialized kit is provided for the creative assembly having a preselected theme in another embodiment. A variety assembly kit is also provided in still another embodiment for the individual creation of an assortment of edible assemblies. | 1. A comestible kit for creating one or more edible assembly configurations or designs comprising the unassembled components comprising:
(a) a processed comestible generally shaped to represent a body portion of a person, animal, animated character, creature, toy, structure, vegetable, or fruit, or a mold and ingredients for making said body portion, comprising a plurality of discretionary detachably combinable surfaces, or locations, and (b) a detachably combining edible appendage generally shaped to represent an appendage of a person, animal, animated character, creature, toy, structure, vegetable, or fruit for alternately detachably combining with said plurality of discretionary surfaces, or locations, at the discretion of a user for enabling creative combinations of said edible appendage with said shaped body portion for the assembly of one or more creative configurations or designs to said user's own liking, whereby a user can create their own edible designs. 2. The comestible kit for creating one or more edible assembly configurations comprising the unassembled components of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of detachably combining edible appendages. 3. The comestible kit for creating one or more edible assembly configurations comprising the unassembled components of claim 1 wherein said processed comestible comprises cake, candy, brownie, cookie, cereal and a binder, popcorn and a binder, bread, pretzel, cheese, or combinations thereof. 4. The comestible kit for creating one or more edible assembly configurations comprising the unassembled components of claim 1, further comprising a substantially discretionary combinable composition or surface on said processed comestible for detachably combining said edible appendage with substantially any portion of, or location on said shaped body portion. 5. The comestible kit for creating one or more edible assembly configurations comprising the unassembled components of claim 1, further comprising a whimsical or silly shaped body portion and a plurality of detachably combining whimsically shaped appendages in a plurality of designs, shapes, or orientations, said kit further comprises anthropomorphic characteristics comprising a smiling face on a dinosaur, said kit further comprises a plurality of accessories, tools, molds, ingredients, decorations, packaging and a set of instructions, said instructions further includes means for alternate use of said molds and ingredients of said kit. 6. The comestible kit for creating one or more edible assembly configurations comprising the unassembled components of claim 1, further comprising a specially shaped body portion and a plurality of detachably combining specially shaped appendages comprising a predetermined theme, wherein said predetermined theme comprises an edible rocking horse, or an edible Cinderella's Coach, said kit further comprises a plurality of accessories, tools, molds, ingredients, decorations, packaging and a set of instructions, said kit further comprising means for alternate use of said molds and ingredients within said kit. 7. The comestible kit for creating one or more edible assembly configurations comprising the unassembled components of claim 1, further comprising a detachably combining malleable appendage generally shaped to represent an appendage of a person, animal, animated character, creature, toy, structure, vegetable, or fruit comprising a gummy, gelatin, dried fruit puree, licorice, or malleable ingredient, wherein said malleable appendage comprises a gummy or gelatin ingredient arm, leg, hair, or octopus tentacle, said kit further comprises a plurality of detachably combining malleable appendages. 8. The comestible kit for creating one or more edible assembly configurations comprising the unassembled components of claim 1, further comprising a variety kit comprising an assortment of differently shaped body portions each generally shaped to represent a body portion of a person, animal, animated character, creature, toy, vegetable, or fruit, or a mold and ingredients for providing said body portion and a plurality of edible detachably combining appendages for the assembly of a plurality of assorted edible assemblies, wherein said variety kit comprises a whimsical variety kit for the assembly of an assortment of whimsical, or silly shaped assemblies, or configurations thereof, wherein said variety kit comprises a specialized kit for the construction of an assortment of specially shaped assemblies comprising a predetermined theme, wherein said variety kit comprises a combination of whimsical and specialized shaped body portions and appendages, said variety kit further includes a plurality of accessories, tools, decorations, packaging and means for alternate use of said mold and ingredients of said kit. 9. The comestible kit for creating one or more edible assembly configurations comprising the unassembled components of claim 1, further comprising a detachably combining functional appendage generally shaped to represent an appendage of a person, animal, animated character, creature, toy, vegetable, or fruit for detachably combining with said edible shaped body portion comprising, a) a rigid or footed appendage for displaying or retaining said body portion in an upright or desired position on a utilitarian surface, b) a rocking appendage comprising a curved surface for rocking said shaped body portion in a plurality of directions on a flat or utilitarian surface when gently tipped by a user, c) a rolling appendage comprising an edible wheel for rolling said shaped body portion along a flat or utilitarian surface when gently pushed by a user, d) an hourglass shaped or multifaceted appendage for providing the option of standing said shaped body portion on a one of a plurality of selectable orientations, e) a skewering appendage, f) an appendage comprising a peg-like or insertable portion protruding therefrom, or means for detachably combining with a shaped body portion, g) a hanging appendage comprising a retaining surface for hanging said appendage or said shaped body portion on a utilitarian surface, h) an edible appendage comprising a composite ingredient, i) a whistling appendage capable of making a whistling sound, j) a freeform appendage for complimenting the theme of a shaped body portion, k) a handle appendage, wherein said handle appendage comprises an edible handle for a body portion generally shaped to represent a drinking mug, or l) a spinning appendage for spinning said shaped body upon an axis comprising the operative means of a prior art inedible spinning toy or article. 10. The comestible kit for creating one or more edible assembly configurations comprising the unassembled components of claim 1, further comprising a designated location on said shaped body portion for a suggested detachable combining location of an edible appendage with a shaped body portion, wherein said designated location comprises a convex arch for detachably combining an edible axil appendage with a car shaped body portion, said comestible kit further comprises a plurality of designated locations for detachably combining one or a plurality of appendages. 11. A comestible kit for creating one or more individualized edible assembly configurations comprising the unassembled components comprising:
(a) a processed comestible generally shaped to represent a body portion of a person, animal, animated character, creature, toy, structure, vegetable, or fruit, or a mold and ingredients for making said body portion, comprising a substantially discretionary combinable surface or composition, and (b) a plurality of detachably combining edible appendages generally shaped to represent appendages of a person, animal, animated character, creature, toy, structure, vegetable, or fruit for detachably combining with substantially any portion of, or location on said shaped body portion at the discretion of a user for enabling creative combinations of said edible appendage with said shaped body portion for the assembly of one or more creative configurations or designs to said user's own liking, whereby a user can have fun creatively assembling their own edible design configurations. 12. The comestible kit for creating one or more individualized edible assembly configurations comprising the unassembled components of claim 11 wherein said processed food comprises cake, candy, brownie, cookie, cereal and a binder, popcorn and a binder, bread, pretzel, cheese, or combinations thereof. 13. The comestible kit for creating one or more individualized edible assembly configurations comprising the unassembled components of claim 11 wherein said kit further comprises a plurality of edible whimsically shaped appendages for detachably combining with said substantially any portion of, or location on said shaped body portion at the discretion of said user, said kit further comprises means for providing a plurality of anthropomorphic characteristics, appendages, accessories, tools, molds, ingredients, packaging, decorations, and means for alternate use of said molds and ingredients. 14. The comestible kit for creating one or more individualized edible assembly configurations comprising the unassembled components of claim 11, further comprising a variety kit comprising an assortment of differently shaped body portions and an assortment of differently shaped appendages, wherein said variety kit comprises an assortment of whimsically shaped body portions and a plurality of assorted whimsically shaped appendages, wherein said variety kit comprises an assortment of specially shaped body portions and an assortment of specially shaped appendages comprising a predetermined theme, or a combination of assorted whimsically and specially shaped body portions and appendages, said variety kit further includes a plurality of accessories, tools, decorations and a set of instructions for alternate use of said mold and ingredients of said kit. 15. The comestible kit for creating one or more individualized edible assembly configurations comprising the unassembled components of claim 11, further comprising a detachably combining functional appendage generally shaped to represent an appendage of a person, animal, animated character, creature, toy, vegetable, or fruit for detachably combining with said edible shaped body portion comprising, a) a rigid or footed appendage for displaying or retaining said body portion in an upright or desired position on a utilitarian surface, b) a malleable appendage generally shaped to represent an appendage of a person, animal, animated character, creature, toy, structure, vegetable, or fruit comprising a gummy, gelatin, dried fruit puree, or licorice ingredient arm, leg, or hair, c) a rocking appendage comprising a curved surface for rocking said shaped body portion in a plurality of directions on a flat or utilitarian surface when gently tipped by a user, d) a rolling appendage comprising an edible wheel for rolling said shaped body portion along a flat or utilitarian surface when gently pushed by a user, e) an hourglass shaped or multifaceted appendage for providing the option of standing said shaped body portion on one of a plurality of selectable orientations, f) a skewering appendage, g) an appendage comprising a peg-like or insertable portion protruding therefrom, or means for detachably combining an edible appendage with a shaped body portion, h) a hanging appendage comprising a retaining surface for hanging said appendage or said shaped body portion on a utilitarian surface, i) a composite appendage comprising a composite ingredient, j) a whistling appendage capable of making a whistling sound, k) a freeform appendage for complimenting the motif of a shaped body portion, l) a handle-type appendage, wherein said handle-type appendage comprises an edible handle for a body portion generally shaped to represent a drinking mug, or m) a spinning appendage for spinning said body upon an axis comprising the operative means of a prior art inedible spinning toy or article. 16. A comestible kit for creatively constructing one or more individualized edible assembly configurations or designs comprising the unassembled components comprising:
(a) a processed comestible generally shaped to represent a body portion of a person, animal, animated character, creature, toy, structure, vegetable, or fruit, or a mold and ingredients for making said body portion, comprising a plurality of discretionary combinable surfaces or locations, and (b) means, comprising a detachably combining edible appendage generally shaped to represent an appendage of a person, animal, animated character, creature, toy, structure, vegetable, or fruit for detachably combining with said plurality of discretionary detachably combinable surfaces, or locations of said body portion, for creating one or more individualized edible assembly configurations or designs to a user's own liking. 17. The comestible kit for creatively constructing one or more individualized edible assembly configurations or designs comprising the unassembled components of claim 16 wherein said edible body portion comprises a) cake, candy, brownie, cookie, cereal and a binder, popcorn and a binder, bread, pretzel, cheese, or combinations thereof, b) a hollow or solid composition, c) a filling inside said body portion, d) a composite ingredient, e) a two dimensional flattened shaped body portion, f) a three dimensional figure shaped body portion, or g) means, comprising a void for housing a component of said kit. 18. The comestible kit for creatively constructing one or more individualized edible assembly configurations or designs comprising the unassembled components of claim 16, further comprising means for detachably combining a plurality of edible appendages with said plurality of discretionary combinable surfaces or locations, at the discretion of a user, wherein said plurality of edible appendages comprises a composite ingredient. 19. The comestible kit for creatively constructing one or more individualized edible assembly configurations or designs comprising the unassembled components of claim 16, further comprising a processed comestible comprising a substantially discretionary combinable composition or surface for detachably combining said edible appendage with substantially any portion of, or location on said shaped body portion. 20. The comestible kit for creatively constructing one or more individualized edible assembly configurations or designs comprising the unassembled components of claim 16, further comprising means for detachably combining a functional appendage generally shaped to represent an appendage of a person, animal, animated character, creature, toy, vegetable, or fruit with said edible shaped body portion comprising a) a rigid or footed appendage for displaying or retaining said body portion in an upright or desired position on a utilitarian surface, b) a malleable appendage generally shaped to represent an appendage of a person, animal, animated character, creature, toy, structure, vegetable, or fruit comprising a gummy, gelatin or licorice ingredient arm, leg, or hair, c) a rocking appendage comprising a curved surface for rocking said shaped body portion in a plurality of directions on a flat or utilitarian surface when gently tipped by a user, d) a rolling appendage comprising an edible wheel for rolling said shaped body portion along a flat or utilitarian surface when gently pushed by a user, e) an hourglass shaped or multifaceted appendage for providing the option of standing said shaped body portion on a one of a plurality of selectable orientations, f) a skewer-like appendage, g) an appendage comprising a peg-like or insertable portion protruding therefrom, or means for detachably combining an edible appendage with a shaped body portion, h) a hanging appendage comprising a retaining surface for hanging said appendage or said shaped body portion on a utilitarian surface, i) a composite appendage comprising a composite ingredient, j) a whistling appendage capable of making a whistling sound, k) a freeform appendage for complimenting the motif of a shaped body portion, l) a handled appendage, wherein said handled appendage comprises an edible handle for a body portion generally shaped to represent a drinking mug, or m) a spinning appendage for spinning said body upon an axis comprising the operative means of a prior art inedible spinning toy or article. | A kit comprising unassembled edible components, or tools, ingredients and a mold for making the edible components, for creating an individualized, or unique, entertaining food assembly. The kit comprises a processed comestible generally shaped to represent a body portion of a person, animal, animated character, creature, toy, structure, vegetable, or fruit, and an edible appendage, or a plurality of appendages, generally shaped to represent appendages of a person, animal, animated character, creature, toy, structure, vegetable, or fruit, for alternately detachably combining with the processed comestible for the assembly of one, or more, creative configurations, designed by the user. A plurality of malleable, or gummy appendages for the creation of whimsically shaped assembly configurations is also provided in an embodiment. A specialized kit is provided for the creative assembly having a preselected theme in another embodiment. A variety assembly kit is also provided in still another embodiment for the individual creation of an assortment of edible assemblies.1. A comestible kit for creating one or more edible assembly configurations or designs comprising the unassembled components comprising:
(a) a processed comestible generally shaped to represent a body portion of a person, animal, animated character, creature, toy, structure, vegetable, or fruit, or a mold and ingredients for making said body portion, comprising a plurality of discretionary detachably combinable surfaces, or locations, and (b) a detachably combining edible appendage generally shaped to represent an appendage of a person, animal, animated character, creature, toy, structure, vegetable, or fruit for alternately detachably combining with said plurality of discretionary surfaces, or locations, at the discretion of a user for enabling creative combinations of said edible appendage with said shaped body portion for the assembly of one or more creative configurations or designs to said user's own liking, whereby a user can create their own edible designs. 2. The comestible kit for creating one or more edible assembly configurations comprising the unassembled components of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of detachably combining edible appendages. 3. The comestible kit for creating one or more edible assembly configurations comprising the unassembled components of claim 1 wherein said processed comestible comprises cake, candy, brownie, cookie, cereal and a binder, popcorn and a binder, bread, pretzel, cheese, or combinations thereof. 4. The comestible kit for creating one or more edible assembly configurations comprising the unassembled components of claim 1, further comprising a substantially discretionary combinable composition or surface on said processed comestible for detachably combining said edible appendage with substantially any portion of, or location on said shaped body portion. 5. The comestible kit for creating one or more edible assembly configurations comprising the unassembled components of claim 1, further comprising a whimsical or silly shaped body portion and a plurality of detachably combining whimsically shaped appendages in a plurality of designs, shapes, or orientations, said kit further comprises anthropomorphic characteristics comprising a smiling face on a dinosaur, said kit further comprises a plurality of accessories, tools, molds, ingredients, decorations, packaging and a set of instructions, said instructions further includes means for alternate use of said molds and ingredients of said kit. 6. The comestible kit for creating one or more edible assembly configurations comprising the unassembled components of claim 1, further comprising a specially shaped body portion and a plurality of detachably combining specially shaped appendages comprising a predetermined theme, wherein said predetermined theme comprises an edible rocking horse, or an edible Cinderella's Coach, said kit further comprises a plurality of accessories, tools, molds, ingredients, decorations, packaging and a set of instructions, said kit further comprising means for alternate use of said molds and ingredients within said kit. 7. The comestible kit for creating one or more edible assembly configurations comprising the unassembled components of claim 1, further comprising a detachably combining malleable appendage generally shaped to represent an appendage of a person, animal, animated character, creature, toy, structure, vegetable, or fruit comprising a gummy, gelatin, dried fruit puree, licorice, or malleable ingredient, wherein said malleable appendage comprises a gummy or gelatin ingredient arm, leg, hair, or octopus tentacle, said kit further comprises a plurality of detachably combining malleable appendages. 8. The comestible kit for creating one or more edible assembly configurations comprising the unassembled components of claim 1, further comprising a variety kit comprising an assortment of differently shaped body portions each generally shaped to represent a body portion of a person, animal, animated character, creature, toy, vegetable, or fruit, or a mold and ingredients for providing said body portion and a plurality of edible detachably combining appendages for the assembly of a plurality of assorted edible assemblies, wherein said variety kit comprises a whimsical variety kit for the assembly of an assortment of whimsical, or silly shaped assemblies, or configurations thereof, wherein said variety kit comprises a specialized kit for the construction of an assortment of specially shaped assemblies comprising a predetermined theme, wherein said variety kit comprises a combination of whimsical and specialized shaped body portions and appendages, said variety kit further includes a plurality of accessories, tools, decorations, packaging and means for alternate use of said mold and ingredients of said kit. 9. The comestible kit for creating one or more edible assembly configurations comprising the unassembled components of claim 1, further comprising a detachably combining functional appendage generally shaped to represent an appendage of a person, animal, animated character, creature, toy, vegetable, or fruit for detachably combining with said edible shaped body portion comprising, a) a rigid or footed appendage for displaying or retaining said body portion in an upright or desired position on a utilitarian surface, b) a rocking appendage comprising a curved surface for rocking said shaped body portion in a plurality of directions on a flat or utilitarian surface when gently tipped by a user, c) a rolling appendage comprising an edible wheel for rolling said shaped body portion along a flat or utilitarian surface when gently pushed by a user, d) an hourglass shaped or multifaceted appendage for providing the option of standing said shaped body portion on a one of a plurality of selectable orientations, e) a skewering appendage, f) an appendage comprising a peg-like or insertable portion protruding therefrom, or means for detachably combining with a shaped body portion, g) a hanging appendage comprising a retaining surface for hanging said appendage or said shaped body portion on a utilitarian surface, h) an edible appendage comprising a composite ingredient, i) a whistling appendage capable of making a whistling sound, j) a freeform appendage for complimenting the theme of a shaped body portion, k) a handle appendage, wherein said handle appendage comprises an edible handle for a body portion generally shaped to represent a drinking mug, or l) a spinning appendage for spinning said shaped body upon an axis comprising the operative means of a prior art inedible spinning toy or article. 10. The comestible kit for creating one or more edible assembly configurations comprising the unassembled components of claim 1, further comprising a designated location on said shaped body portion for a suggested detachable combining location of an edible appendage with a shaped body portion, wherein said designated location comprises a convex arch for detachably combining an edible axil appendage with a car shaped body portion, said comestible kit further comprises a plurality of designated locations for detachably combining one or a plurality of appendages. 11. A comestible kit for creating one or more individualized edible assembly configurations comprising the unassembled components comprising:
(a) a processed comestible generally shaped to represent a body portion of a person, animal, animated character, creature, toy, structure, vegetable, or fruit, or a mold and ingredients for making said body portion, comprising a substantially discretionary combinable surface or composition, and (b) a plurality of detachably combining edible appendages generally shaped to represent appendages of a person, animal, animated character, creature, toy, structure, vegetable, or fruit for detachably combining with substantially any portion of, or location on said shaped body portion at the discretion of a user for enabling creative combinations of said edible appendage with said shaped body portion for the assembly of one or more creative configurations or designs to said user's own liking, whereby a user can have fun creatively assembling their own edible design configurations. 12. The comestible kit for creating one or more individualized edible assembly configurations comprising the unassembled components of claim 11 wherein said processed food comprises cake, candy, brownie, cookie, cereal and a binder, popcorn and a binder, bread, pretzel, cheese, or combinations thereof. 13. The comestible kit for creating one or more individualized edible assembly configurations comprising the unassembled components of claim 11 wherein said kit further comprises a plurality of edible whimsically shaped appendages for detachably combining with said substantially any portion of, or location on said shaped body portion at the discretion of said user, said kit further comprises means for providing a plurality of anthropomorphic characteristics, appendages, accessories, tools, molds, ingredients, packaging, decorations, and means for alternate use of said molds and ingredients. 14. The comestible kit for creating one or more individualized edible assembly configurations comprising the unassembled components of claim 11, further comprising a variety kit comprising an assortment of differently shaped body portions and an assortment of differently shaped appendages, wherein said variety kit comprises an assortment of whimsically shaped body portions and a plurality of assorted whimsically shaped appendages, wherein said variety kit comprises an assortment of specially shaped body portions and an assortment of specially shaped appendages comprising a predetermined theme, or a combination of assorted whimsically and specially shaped body portions and appendages, said variety kit further includes a plurality of accessories, tools, decorations and a set of instructions for alternate use of said mold and ingredients of said kit. 15. The comestible kit for creating one or more individualized edible assembly configurations comprising the unassembled components of claim 11, further comprising a detachably combining functional appendage generally shaped to represent an appendage of a person, animal, animated character, creature, toy, vegetable, or fruit for detachably combining with said edible shaped body portion comprising, a) a rigid or footed appendage for displaying or retaining said body portion in an upright or desired position on a utilitarian surface, b) a malleable appendage generally shaped to represent an appendage of a person, animal, animated character, creature, toy, structure, vegetable, or fruit comprising a gummy, gelatin, dried fruit puree, or licorice ingredient arm, leg, or hair, c) a rocking appendage comprising a curved surface for rocking said shaped body portion in a plurality of directions on a flat or utilitarian surface when gently tipped by a user, d) a rolling appendage comprising an edible wheel for rolling said shaped body portion along a flat or utilitarian surface when gently pushed by a user, e) an hourglass shaped or multifaceted appendage for providing the option of standing said shaped body portion on one of a plurality of selectable orientations, f) a skewering appendage, g) an appendage comprising a peg-like or insertable portion protruding therefrom, or means for detachably combining an edible appendage with a shaped body portion, h) a hanging appendage comprising a retaining surface for hanging said appendage or said shaped body portion on a utilitarian surface, i) a composite appendage comprising a composite ingredient, j) a whistling appendage capable of making a whistling sound, k) a freeform appendage for complimenting the motif of a shaped body portion, l) a handle-type appendage, wherein said handle-type appendage comprises an edible handle for a body portion generally shaped to represent a drinking mug, or m) a spinning appendage for spinning said body upon an axis comprising the operative means of a prior art inedible spinning toy or article. 16. A comestible kit for creatively constructing one or more individualized edible assembly configurations or designs comprising the unassembled components comprising:
(a) a processed comestible generally shaped to represent a body portion of a person, animal, animated character, creature, toy, structure, vegetable, or fruit, or a mold and ingredients for making said body portion, comprising a plurality of discretionary combinable surfaces or locations, and (b) means, comprising a detachably combining edible appendage generally shaped to represent an appendage of a person, animal, animated character, creature, toy, structure, vegetable, or fruit for detachably combining with said plurality of discretionary detachably combinable surfaces, or locations of said body portion, for creating one or more individualized edible assembly configurations or designs to a user's own liking. 17. The comestible kit for creatively constructing one or more individualized edible assembly configurations or designs comprising the unassembled components of claim 16 wherein said edible body portion comprises a) cake, candy, brownie, cookie, cereal and a binder, popcorn and a binder, bread, pretzel, cheese, or combinations thereof, b) a hollow or solid composition, c) a filling inside said body portion, d) a composite ingredient, e) a two dimensional flattened shaped body portion, f) a three dimensional figure shaped body portion, or g) means, comprising a void for housing a component of said kit. 18. The comestible kit for creatively constructing one or more individualized edible assembly configurations or designs comprising the unassembled components of claim 16, further comprising means for detachably combining a plurality of edible appendages with said plurality of discretionary combinable surfaces or locations, at the discretion of a user, wherein said plurality of edible appendages comprises a composite ingredient. 19. The comestible kit for creatively constructing one or more individualized edible assembly configurations or designs comprising the unassembled components of claim 16, further comprising a processed comestible comprising a substantially discretionary combinable composition or surface for detachably combining said edible appendage with substantially any portion of, or location on said shaped body portion. 20. The comestible kit for creatively constructing one or more individualized edible assembly configurations or designs comprising the unassembled components of claim 16, further comprising means for detachably combining a functional appendage generally shaped to represent an appendage of a person, animal, animated character, creature, toy, vegetable, or fruit with said edible shaped body portion comprising a) a rigid or footed appendage for displaying or retaining said body portion in an upright or desired position on a utilitarian surface, b) a malleable appendage generally shaped to represent an appendage of a person, animal, animated character, creature, toy, structure, vegetable, or fruit comprising a gummy, gelatin or licorice ingredient arm, leg, or hair, c) a rocking appendage comprising a curved surface for rocking said shaped body portion in a plurality of directions on a flat or utilitarian surface when gently tipped by a user, d) a rolling appendage comprising an edible wheel for rolling said shaped body portion along a flat or utilitarian surface when gently pushed by a user, e) an hourglass shaped or multifaceted appendage for providing the option of standing said shaped body portion on a one of a plurality of selectable orientations, f) a skewer-like appendage, g) an appendage comprising a peg-like or insertable portion protruding therefrom, or means for detachably combining an edible appendage with a shaped body portion, h) a hanging appendage comprising a retaining surface for hanging said appendage or said shaped body portion on a utilitarian surface, i) a composite appendage comprising a composite ingredient, j) a whistling appendage capable of making a whistling sound, k) a freeform appendage for complimenting the motif of a shaped body portion, l) a handled appendage, wherein said handled appendage comprises an edible handle for a body portion generally shaped to represent a drinking mug, or m) a spinning appendage for spinning said body upon an axis comprising the operative means of a prior art inedible spinning toy or article. | 1,700 |
4,278 | 15,812,309 | 1,793 | A bakery product is produced by mixing ingredients to produce a dough composition, the ingredients including water, flour, and thermostable yeast; making up a raw bakery product having a first volume from the dough composition; leavening, freezing, and baking the frozen raw bakery product to produce a finished bakery product. Leavening includes resting and not proofing or fermentation. After leavening and immediately prior to baking the raw bakery product has a second volume that is less than 150% of the first volume. The finished bakery product has a third volume that is at least 200% of the first volume. A packaged ready-to-bake frozen dough product includes a frozen dough product having a dough matrix; thermally stable yeast; and a plurality of air cells, at least 90% of the air cells being smaller than 4 mm, and a packaging including instructions to bake the dough without proofing or fermenting the dough. | 1. A method for making a bakery product, the method comprising:
mixing ingredients to produce a dough composition, the ingredients comprising water, flour, and thermostable yeast; making up a raw bakery product from the dough composition; leavening the raw bakery product; freezing the leavened raw bakery product; and baking the raw bakery product to produce a finished bakery product, wherein the leavening the raw bakery product prior to baking consist of resting until reaching a yeast gassing plateau, and wherein the ingredients are free of chemical leaveners. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the ingredients are free of leaveners other than thermostable yeast 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the thermostable yeast is a semi-dry yeast, a frozen yeast, a frozen dough yeast, or a combination thereof. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the resting includes one or more rest periods having a total duration of 40 minutes or less. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the raw bakery product has a first volume before leavening and a second volume after leavening, and the finished bakery product has a third volume, and wherein the second volume is 150% or less of the first volume, and the third volume is 200% or more of the first volume. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the raw bakery product is baked without first thawing the bakery product before baking. 7. A method for making a bakery product, the method comprising:
mixing ingredients to produce a dough composition, the ingredients comprising water, flour, and thermostable yeast; making up a raw bakery product from the dough composition, the made up raw bakery product having a first volume; leavening the raw bakery product; freezing the leavened raw bakery product; and baking the raw bakery product to produce a finished bakery product, wherein after leavening and immediately prior to baking the raw bakery product has a second volume that is up to 150% of the first volume, and wherein the finished bakery product has a third volume that is at least 200% of the first volume. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the leavening does not include proofing or fermentation. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the leavening prior to baking consists of resting until gassing reaches a plateau seen in a Risograph. 10. A method for making a bakery product, the method comprising:
mixing ingredients to produce a dough composition, the ingredients comprising water, flour, and thermostable yeast; making up a raw bakery product from the dough composition; leavening the raw bakery product; and baking the raw bakery product, wherein any leavening steps prior to baking have a total duration of 35 minutes or less, and wherein the raw bakery product has a first volume and the finished bakery product has a second volume that is at least 200% of the first volume. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the leavening steps consist of resting for 35 minutes or less and rising during baking. 12. The method of any one of claim 1, 7, or 10, wherein the finished bakery product is a pizza. 13. The method of any one of claim 1, 7, or 10, wherein the finished bakery product is bread. 14. The method of any one of claim 1, 7, or 10, wherein the ingredients comprise one or more dough enhancers. 15. The method of claim 1 or 10, wherein the ingredients are free of chemical leaveners. 16. The method of any one of claim 1, 7, or 10, further comprising freezing the raw bakery product prior to baking. 17. The method of claim 16, where in the raw bakery product is frozen for at least 2 weeks. 18. A method for providing a bakery product, the method comprising:
mixing ingredients to produce a dough composition, the ingredients comprising water, flour, and thermostable yeast; making up a raw bakery product from the dough composition; leavening the raw bakery product until a yeast gassing plateau is reached; freezing the leavened raw bakery product; packaging the frozen raw bakery product; distributing the packaged frozen raw bakery product with instructions to bake the frozen raw bakery product without thawing, fermenting, or proofing. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the ingredients are free of chemical leaveners. 20. The method of claim 18 further comprising storing the frozen raw bakery product under freezing conditions. 21. The method of claim 18, wherein distributing comprises delivering the packaged frozen raw bakery product to a retail outlet or to a consumer. 22. The method of claim 18, wherein at least about 75% of yeast cells in the frozen raw bakery product are viable. 23. A non-proofed non-fermented frozen dough comprising:
a dough matrix comprising flour, water and one or more dough conditioners comprising a polysaccharide selected from propylene glycol alginate, sodium alginate, xanthan, gellan, pectin, guar gum, carrageenan, locust bean gum, gum Arabic, carboxymethyl cellulose, METHOCEL, BENECEL, or a combination thereof; thermally stable yeast; and a plurality of air cells, wherein the dough has a temperature below 32° F., and wherein at least 90% of the air cells in the dough are smaller than 4 mm in diameter. 24. The non-proofed non-fermented frozen dough of claim 23, wherein the thermostable yeast is a semi-dry yeast, a frozen yeast, a frozen dough yeast or a combination thereof. 25. The non-proofed non-fermented frozen dough of claim 23, wherein the dough comprises from about 1 to about 10% of thermally stable yeast. 26. The non-proofed non-fermented frozen dough of claim 23, wherein the dough comprises from about 0.1 to about 0.6% polysaccharide. 27. The non-proofed non-fermented frozen dough of claim 23, wherein the dough contains one or more additives selected from DATEM, SSL, lecithin, monoglyceride, diglyceride, or a combination thereof. 28. The non-proofed non-fermented frozen dough of claim 23, wherein dough contains one or more oxidative agents selected from ascorbic acid, glucose oxidase, or a combination thereof. 29. The non-proofed non-fermented frozen dough of claim 23, wherein dough contains flavoring agents. 30. The non-proofed non-fermented frozen dough of claim 23, wherein the dough is at its final ornamental design and can be baked directly from freezer without having to thaw or proof. 31. The no-proofed non-fermented frozen dough of claim 23, wherein the dough comprises less than 0.1% of chemical leaveners. 32. The non-proofed non-fermented frozen dough of claim 23, wherein the dough contains sodium bicarbonate. 33. A packaged ready-to-bake frozen dough product comprising:
a frozen dough product having a dough matrix comprising:
flour, water and one or more dough conditioners comprising a polysaccharide selected from propylene glycol alginate, sodium alginate, xanthan, gellan, pectin, guar gum, carrageenan, locust bean gum, gum Arabic, carboxymethyl cellulose, METHOCEL, BENECEL, or a combination thereof;
thermally stable yeast; and
a plurality of air cells, wherein at least 90% of the air cells in the dough are smaller than 4 mm in diameter,
a packaging surrounding the dough, the packaging including instructions to bake the dough without proofing or fermenting the dough. 34. The product of claim 33, wherein the package includes instructions to bake the dough without thawing. 35. The product of claim 33, wherein at least about 75% of yeast cells in the dough are viable. 36. The product of claim 33, wherein the frozen dough product comprises a pizza. | A bakery product is produced by mixing ingredients to produce a dough composition, the ingredients including water, flour, and thermostable yeast; making up a raw bakery product having a first volume from the dough composition; leavening, freezing, and baking the frozen raw bakery product to produce a finished bakery product. Leavening includes resting and not proofing or fermentation. After leavening and immediately prior to baking the raw bakery product has a second volume that is less than 150% of the first volume. The finished bakery product has a third volume that is at least 200% of the first volume. A packaged ready-to-bake frozen dough product includes a frozen dough product having a dough matrix; thermally stable yeast; and a plurality of air cells, at least 90% of the air cells being smaller than 4 mm, and a packaging including instructions to bake the dough without proofing or fermenting the dough.1. A method for making a bakery product, the method comprising:
mixing ingredients to produce a dough composition, the ingredients comprising water, flour, and thermostable yeast; making up a raw bakery product from the dough composition; leavening the raw bakery product; freezing the leavened raw bakery product; and baking the raw bakery product to produce a finished bakery product, wherein the leavening the raw bakery product prior to baking consist of resting until reaching a yeast gassing plateau, and wherein the ingredients are free of chemical leaveners. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the ingredients are free of leaveners other than thermostable yeast 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the thermostable yeast is a semi-dry yeast, a frozen yeast, a frozen dough yeast, or a combination thereof. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the resting includes one or more rest periods having a total duration of 40 minutes or less. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the raw bakery product has a first volume before leavening and a second volume after leavening, and the finished bakery product has a third volume, and wherein the second volume is 150% or less of the first volume, and the third volume is 200% or more of the first volume. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the raw bakery product is baked without first thawing the bakery product before baking. 7. A method for making a bakery product, the method comprising:
mixing ingredients to produce a dough composition, the ingredients comprising water, flour, and thermostable yeast; making up a raw bakery product from the dough composition, the made up raw bakery product having a first volume; leavening the raw bakery product; freezing the leavened raw bakery product; and baking the raw bakery product to produce a finished bakery product, wherein after leavening and immediately prior to baking the raw bakery product has a second volume that is up to 150% of the first volume, and wherein the finished bakery product has a third volume that is at least 200% of the first volume. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the leavening does not include proofing or fermentation. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the leavening prior to baking consists of resting until gassing reaches a plateau seen in a Risograph. 10. A method for making a bakery product, the method comprising:
mixing ingredients to produce a dough composition, the ingredients comprising water, flour, and thermostable yeast; making up a raw bakery product from the dough composition; leavening the raw bakery product; and baking the raw bakery product, wherein any leavening steps prior to baking have a total duration of 35 minutes or less, and wherein the raw bakery product has a first volume and the finished bakery product has a second volume that is at least 200% of the first volume. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the leavening steps consist of resting for 35 minutes or less and rising during baking. 12. The method of any one of claim 1, 7, or 10, wherein the finished bakery product is a pizza. 13. The method of any one of claim 1, 7, or 10, wherein the finished bakery product is bread. 14. The method of any one of claim 1, 7, or 10, wherein the ingredients comprise one or more dough enhancers. 15. The method of claim 1 or 10, wherein the ingredients are free of chemical leaveners. 16. The method of any one of claim 1, 7, or 10, further comprising freezing the raw bakery product prior to baking. 17. The method of claim 16, where in the raw bakery product is frozen for at least 2 weeks. 18. A method for providing a bakery product, the method comprising:
mixing ingredients to produce a dough composition, the ingredients comprising water, flour, and thermostable yeast; making up a raw bakery product from the dough composition; leavening the raw bakery product until a yeast gassing plateau is reached; freezing the leavened raw bakery product; packaging the frozen raw bakery product; distributing the packaged frozen raw bakery product with instructions to bake the frozen raw bakery product without thawing, fermenting, or proofing. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the ingredients are free of chemical leaveners. 20. The method of claim 18 further comprising storing the frozen raw bakery product under freezing conditions. 21. The method of claim 18, wherein distributing comprises delivering the packaged frozen raw bakery product to a retail outlet or to a consumer. 22. The method of claim 18, wherein at least about 75% of yeast cells in the frozen raw bakery product are viable. 23. A non-proofed non-fermented frozen dough comprising:
a dough matrix comprising flour, water and one or more dough conditioners comprising a polysaccharide selected from propylene glycol alginate, sodium alginate, xanthan, gellan, pectin, guar gum, carrageenan, locust bean gum, gum Arabic, carboxymethyl cellulose, METHOCEL, BENECEL, or a combination thereof; thermally stable yeast; and a plurality of air cells, wherein the dough has a temperature below 32° F., and wherein at least 90% of the air cells in the dough are smaller than 4 mm in diameter. 24. The non-proofed non-fermented frozen dough of claim 23, wherein the thermostable yeast is a semi-dry yeast, a frozen yeast, a frozen dough yeast or a combination thereof. 25. The non-proofed non-fermented frozen dough of claim 23, wherein the dough comprises from about 1 to about 10% of thermally stable yeast. 26. The non-proofed non-fermented frozen dough of claim 23, wherein the dough comprises from about 0.1 to about 0.6% polysaccharide. 27. The non-proofed non-fermented frozen dough of claim 23, wherein the dough contains one or more additives selected from DATEM, SSL, lecithin, monoglyceride, diglyceride, or a combination thereof. 28. The non-proofed non-fermented frozen dough of claim 23, wherein dough contains one or more oxidative agents selected from ascorbic acid, glucose oxidase, or a combination thereof. 29. The non-proofed non-fermented frozen dough of claim 23, wherein dough contains flavoring agents. 30. The non-proofed non-fermented frozen dough of claim 23, wherein the dough is at its final ornamental design and can be baked directly from freezer without having to thaw or proof. 31. The no-proofed non-fermented frozen dough of claim 23, wherein the dough comprises less than 0.1% of chemical leaveners. 32. The non-proofed non-fermented frozen dough of claim 23, wherein the dough contains sodium bicarbonate. 33. A packaged ready-to-bake frozen dough product comprising:
a frozen dough product having a dough matrix comprising:
flour, water and one or more dough conditioners comprising a polysaccharide selected from propylene glycol alginate, sodium alginate, xanthan, gellan, pectin, guar gum, carrageenan, locust bean gum, gum Arabic, carboxymethyl cellulose, METHOCEL, BENECEL, or a combination thereof;
thermally stable yeast; and
a plurality of air cells, wherein at least 90% of the air cells in the dough are smaller than 4 mm in diameter,
a packaging surrounding the dough, the packaging including instructions to bake the dough without proofing or fermenting the dough. 34. The product of claim 33, wherein the package includes instructions to bake the dough without thawing. 35. The product of claim 33, wherein at least about 75% of yeast cells in the dough are viable. 36. The product of claim 33, wherein the frozen dough product comprises a pizza. | 1,700 |
4,279 | 15,518,229 | 1,748 | In an example of a three-dimensional (3D) printing method, a build material (consisting of an inorganic particle and a polymer attached thereto) is applied. The polymer is a continuous coating having a thickness from about 3 nm to about 1500 nm, or nano-beads having an average diameter from about 3 nm to about 1500 nm. The build material is heated to a temperature from about 5° C. to about 50° C. below the polymer's melting point. A coalescent dispersion (including a coalescent agent and inorganic nanoparticles) is selectively applied on a portion of the build material, and the applied build material and coalescent dispersion are exposed to electromagnetic radiation. The coalescent dispersion absorbs the electromagnetic radiation and heats up the portion of the build material in contact therewith to fuse the portion of the build material in contact with the coalescent dispersion and to form a layer of a 3D object. | 1. A three-dimensional (3D) printing method, comprising:
applying a build material, the build material consisting of:
an inorganic particle; and
a polymer attached to the inorganic particle, the polymer being i) a continuous coating having a thickness ranging from about 3 nm to about 1500 nm, or ii) nano-beads having an average diameter ranging from about 3 nm to about 1500 nm;
heating the build material to a temperature ranging from about 5° C. to about 50° C. below a melting point of the polymer; selectively applying a coalescent dispersion on a portion of the build material, the coalescent dispersion including a coalescent agent and inorganic nanoparticles having an average diameter ranging from about 10 nm to about 500 nm; and exposing the applied build material and the applied coalescent dispersion to electromagnetic radiation, whereby the coalescent dispersion absorbs the electromagnetic radiation and heats up the portion of the build material in contact with the coalescent dispersion to fuse the portion of the build material in contact with the coalescent dispersion and to form a layer of a three-dimensional (3D) object. 2. The 3D printing method as defined in claim 1 wherein the build material is applied on a contact surface, and the coalescent dispersion is selectively applied on the portion of the build material in a pattern of a cross-section of the layer of the 3D object to be formed, the cross-section being parallel to the contact surface. 3. The 3D printing method as defined in claim 1, further comprising:
depositing an other layer of the build material on the layer of the 3D object; selectively applying an other layer of the coalescent dispersion on at least a portion of the other layer of the build material; and exposing the other layer of the build material and the other layer of the coalescent dispersion to electromagnetic radiation, whereby the coalescent dispersion absorbs the radiation and converts the absorbed radiation to thermal energy, whereby the coalescent dispersion absorbs the electromagnetic radiation and heats up the portion of the other layer of the build material in contact with the other layer of the coalescent dispersion to fuse the portion of the other layer of the build material in contact with the other layer of the coalescent dispersion and to form an other layer of the 3D object. 4. The 3D printing method as defined in claim 3, further comprising repeating the depositing, the selectively applying, and exposing to create subsequent layers of the 3D object. 5. The 3D printing method as defined in claim 4, further comprising:
exposing the 3D object to a cleaning process, thereby removing any non-fused build material from the 3D object, the cleaning process being selected from the group consisting of brushing, water-jet cleaning, sonic cleaning, blasting, and combinations thereof; and exposing the 3D object to a heat treatment at a decomposition temperature of the polymer, thereby removing the polymer from the 3D object. 6. The 3D printing method as defined in claim 5, further comprising annealing the 3D object at a melting temperature of the inorganic particle or at a temperature ranging from 1° C. to about 300° C. lower than the melting temperature of the inorganic particle. 7. The 3D printing method as defined in claim 1 wherein:
the build material includes the polymer in an amount ranging from about 0.1 wt % to about 10 wt % of a total weight percent of the inorganic particle in the build material; and
wherein the polymer has a glass transition temperature ranging from about 0° C. to about 200° C. 8. The 3D printing method as defined in claim 1 wherein a packing density of the applied build material and the applied coalescent dispersion ranges from about 0.35 g/cm3 to about 0.9 g/cm3. 9. The 3D printing method as defined in claim 1 wherein the inorganic nanoparticles in the coalescent dispersion include:
a core particle selected from the group consisting of a metal, a metal alloy, a metal oxide, a ceramic, and combinations thereof; and
an other polymer attached to the core particle, the other polymer being i) a continuous coating having a thickness ranging from about 3 nm to about 1500 nm, or ii) nano-beads having an average diameter ranging from about 3 nm to about 1500 nm. 10. A three-dimensional (3D) printing system, comprising:
a fabrication bed; a build material to be introduced into the fabrication bed, the build material consisting of:
an inorganic particle; and
a polymer attached to the inorganic particle, the polymer being i) a continuous coating having a thickness ranging from about 3 nm to about 1500 nm, or ii) nano-beads having an average diameter ranging from about 3 nm to about 1500 nm;
an inkjet applicator; a coalescent dispersion to be selectively introduced by the inkjet applicator onto the build material in the fabrication bed, the coalescent dispersion including:
a coalescent agent; and
inorganic nanoparticles having an average diameter ranging from about 10 nm to about 500 nm;
a radiation source to expose the coalescent dispersion and the build material in the fabrication bed to electromagnetic radiation. 11. The 3D printing system as defined in claim 10 wherein the build material includes the polymer in an amount ranging from about 0.1 wt % to about 10 wt % of a total weight percent of the inorganic particle in the build material. 12. The 3D printing system as defined in claim 10 wherein:
the inorganic particle of the build material is selected from the group consisting of a metal, a metal alloy, a metal oxide, a ceramic, and combinations thereof; and
the polymer of the build material has a glass transition temperature ranging from about 0° C. to about 200° C. 13. The 3D printing system as defined in claim 10 wherein the inorganic particle of the build material has a particle density ranging from about 1 g/cm3 to about 10 g/cm3 and a particle size ranging from about 1 μm to about 100 μm. 14. The 3D printing system as defined in claim 10 wherein:
the inorganic nanoparticles in the coalescent dispersion include:
a core particle selected from the group consisting of a metal, a metal alloy, a metal oxide, a ceramic, and combinations thereof; and
an other polymer attached to the core particle, the other polymer being i) a continuous coating having a thickness ranging from about 3 nm to about 1500 nm, or ii) nano-beads having an average diameter ranging from about 3 nm to about 1500 nm; and
the coalescent dispersion further includes a densification agent, a dispersant, a surfactant, a co-solvent, a biocide, or combinations thereof. 15. The 3D printing system as defined in claim 11 wherein the inkjet applicator is a thermal inkjet printhead or a piezoelectric inkjet printhead. | In an example of a three-dimensional (3D) printing method, a build material (consisting of an inorganic particle and a polymer attached thereto) is applied. The polymer is a continuous coating having a thickness from about 3 nm to about 1500 nm, or nano-beads having an average diameter from about 3 nm to about 1500 nm. The build material is heated to a temperature from about 5° C. to about 50° C. below the polymer's melting point. A coalescent dispersion (including a coalescent agent and inorganic nanoparticles) is selectively applied on a portion of the build material, and the applied build material and coalescent dispersion are exposed to electromagnetic radiation. The coalescent dispersion absorbs the electromagnetic radiation and heats up the portion of the build material in contact therewith to fuse the portion of the build material in contact with the coalescent dispersion and to form a layer of a 3D object.1. A three-dimensional (3D) printing method, comprising:
applying a build material, the build material consisting of:
an inorganic particle; and
a polymer attached to the inorganic particle, the polymer being i) a continuous coating having a thickness ranging from about 3 nm to about 1500 nm, or ii) nano-beads having an average diameter ranging from about 3 nm to about 1500 nm;
heating the build material to a temperature ranging from about 5° C. to about 50° C. below a melting point of the polymer; selectively applying a coalescent dispersion on a portion of the build material, the coalescent dispersion including a coalescent agent and inorganic nanoparticles having an average diameter ranging from about 10 nm to about 500 nm; and exposing the applied build material and the applied coalescent dispersion to electromagnetic radiation, whereby the coalescent dispersion absorbs the electromagnetic radiation and heats up the portion of the build material in contact with the coalescent dispersion to fuse the portion of the build material in contact with the coalescent dispersion and to form a layer of a three-dimensional (3D) object. 2. The 3D printing method as defined in claim 1 wherein the build material is applied on a contact surface, and the coalescent dispersion is selectively applied on the portion of the build material in a pattern of a cross-section of the layer of the 3D object to be formed, the cross-section being parallel to the contact surface. 3. The 3D printing method as defined in claim 1, further comprising:
depositing an other layer of the build material on the layer of the 3D object; selectively applying an other layer of the coalescent dispersion on at least a portion of the other layer of the build material; and exposing the other layer of the build material and the other layer of the coalescent dispersion to electromagnetic radiation, whereby the coalescent dispersion absorbs the radiation and converts the absorbed radiation to thermal energy, whereby the coalescent dispersion absorbs the electromagnetic radiation and heats up the portion of the other layer of the build material in contact with the other layer of the coalescent dispersion to fuse the portion of the other layer of the build material in contact with the other layer of the coalescent dispersion and to form an other layer of the 3D object. 4. The 3D printing method as defined in claim 3, further comprising repeating the depositing, the selectively applying, and exposing to create subsequent layers of the 3D object. 5. The 3D printing method as defined in claim 4, further comprising:
exposing the 3D object to a cleaning process, thereby removing any non-fused build material from the 3D object, the cleaning process being selected from the group consisting of brushing, water-jet cleaning, sonic cleaning, blasting, and combinations thereof; and exposing the 3D object to a heat treatment at a decomposition temperature of the polymer, thereby removing the polymer from the 3D object. 6. The 3D printing method as defined in claim 5, further comprising annealing the 3D object at a melting temperature of the inorganic particle or at a temperature ranging from 1° C. to about 300° C. lower than the melting temperature of the inorganic particle. 7. The 3D printing method as defined in claim 1 wherein:
the build material includes the polymer in an amount ranging from about 0.1 wt % to about 10 wt % of a total weight percent of the inorganic particle in the build material; and
wherein the polymer has a glass transition temperature ranging from about 0° C. to about 200° C. 8. The 3D printing method as defined in claim 1 wherein a packing density of the applied build material and the applied coalescent dispersion ranges from about 0.35 g/cm3 to about 0.9 g/cm3. 9. The 3D printing method as defined in claim 1 wherein the inorganic nanoparticles in the coalescent dispersion include:
a core particle selected from the group consisting of a metal, a metal alloy, a metal oxide, a ceramic, and combinations thereof; and
an other polymer attached to the core particle, the other polymer being i) a continuous coating having a thickness ranging from about 3 nm to about 1500 nm, or ii) nano-beads having an average diameter ranging from about 3 nm to about 1500 nm. 10. A three-dimensional (3D) printing system, comprising:
a fabrication bed; a build material to be introduced into the fabrication bed, the build material consisting of:
an inorganic particle; and
a polymer attached to the inorganic particle, the polymer being i) a continuous coating having a thickness ranging from about 3 nm to about 1500 nm, or ii) nano-beads having an average diameter ranging from about 3 nm to about 1500 nm;
an inkjet applicator; a coalescent dispersion to be selectively introduced by the inkjet applicator onto the build material in the fabrication bed, the coalescent dispersion including:
a coalescent agent; and
inorganic nanoparticles having an average diameter ranging from about 10 nm to about 500 nm;
a radiation source to expose the coalescent dispersion and the build material in the fabrication bed to electromagnetic radiation. 11. The 3D printing system as defined in claim 10 wherein the build material includes the polymer in an amount ranging from about 0.1 wt % to about 10 wt % of a total weight percent of the inorganic particle in the build material. 12. The 3D printing system as defined in claim 10 wherein:
the inorganic particle of the build material is selected from the group consisting of a metal, a metal alloy, a metal oxide, a ceramic, and combinations thereof; and
the polymer of the build material has a glass transition temperature ranging from about 0° C. to about 200° C. 13. The 3D printing system as defined in claim 10 wherein the inorganic particle of the build material has a particle density ranging from about 1 g/cm3 to about 10 g/cm3 and a particle size ranging from about 1 μm to about 100 μm. 14. The 3D printing system as defined in claim 10 wherein:
the inorganic nanoparticles in the coalescent dispersion include:
a core particle selected from the group consisting of a metal, a metal alloy, a metal oxide, a ceramic, and combinations thereof; and
an other polymer attached to the core particle, the other polymer being i) a continuous coating having a thickness ranging from about 3 nm to about 1500 nm, or ii) nano-beads having an average diameter ranging from about 3 nm to about 1500 nm; and
the coalescent dispersion further includes a densification agent, a dispersant, a surfactant, a co-solvent, a biocide, or combinations thereof. 15. The 3D printing system as defined in claim 11 wherein the inkjet applicator is a thermal inkjet printhead or a piezoelectric inkjet printhead. | 1,700 |
4,280 | 15,335,060 | 1,726 | Photovoltaic (PV) assemblies and modules for converting solar radiation to electrical energy are disclosed. A PV module comprises a plurality of PV or solar cells for generating DC power. In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells are encapsulated within a PV laminate. A PV assembly comprises an electronic component assembly coupled to the PV module. The electronic component assembly comprises an enclosure defining an interior region and a power conditioning circuit within the interior region of the enclosure. The power conditioning circuit comprises at least one electronic component for conditioning power generated by the plurality of solar cells. The electronic component assembly comprises a first electrical conduit for inputting direct current (DC) generated by the plurality of solar cells to the power conditioning circuit. The electronic component assembly further comprises a second electrical conduit for outputting conditioned power from the power conditioning circuit. Additionally, the electronic component assembly comprises a humidity control circuit within the enclosure for performing a dehumidification operation. The humidity control circuit comprises a first heating component and regulates a moisture or humidity level within the interior region of the enclosure. | 1. An alternating current photovoltaic (ACPV) module comprising:
a photovoltaic (PV) laminate having a front side that faces the sun during normal operation to collect solar radiation during normal operation of the ACPV module and a back side opposite the front side, the PV laminate comprising:
a plurality of solar cells disposed within the PV laminate; the plurality of solar cells arranged into a plurality of solar cell strings; and,
a backsheet on the back side of the PV laminate;
a frame surrounding the PV laminate; an electronic component assembly coupled to the frame, the electronic component assembly comprising:
an enclosure defining an interior region;
a power conditioning circuit within the interior region of the enclosure, the power conditioning circuit comprising a microinverter for converting direct current generated by the plurality of solar cells into alternating current;
a first electrical conduit for inputting direct current generated by the plurality of solar cells to the power conditioning circuit;
a second electrical conduit for outputting alternating current from the power conditioning circuit;
a humidity control circuit within the enclosure for performing a dehumidification operation, the humidity control circuit comprising:
a first heating component;
a humidity sensing component; and,
wherein the humidity control circuit regulates a humidity level within the interior region of the enclosure. 2. The PV assembly according to claim 1, wherein the first heating component of the humidity control circuit comprises a resistor. 3. The PV assembly according to claim 1, wherein the first heating component of the humidity control circuit is a component of the power conditioning circuit. 4. A photovoltaic (PV) assembly comprising:
a PV module comprising a plurality of solar cells; an electronic component assembly coupled to the PV module, the electronic component assembly comprising:
an enclosure defining an interior region;
a power conditioning circuit within the interior region of the enclosure, the power conditioning circuit comprising an electronic component for conditioning power generated by the plurality of solar cells;
a first electrical conduit for inputting direct current generated by the plurality of solar cells to the power conditioning circuit;
a second electrical conduit for outputting conditioned power from the power conditioning circuit;
a humidity control circuit within the enclosure for performing a dehumidification operation, the humidity control circuit comprising a first heating component;
wherein the humidity control circuit regulates a humidity level within the interior region of the enclosure. 5. The PV assembly according to claim 4, wherein the PV module comprises a frame, and the electronic component assembly is mounted to the frame of the PV module. 6. The PV assembly according to claim 4, wherein the power conditioning circuit comprises a microinverter for converting direct current generated by the plurality of solar cells into alternating current and wherein the second electrical conduit outputs alternating current from the microinverter. 7. The PV assembly according to claim 4, wherein the power conditioning circuit comprises an electronic DC to DC optimizer. 8. The PV assembly according to claim 4, wherein the humidity control circuit comprises a sensor. 9. The PV assembly according to claim 8, wherein the sensor is a temperature sensor. 10. The PV assembly according to claim 8, wherein the sensor is a humidity sensor. 11. The PV assembly according to claim 4, wherein the PV assembly further comprises a control unit for regulating the humidity level within the interior region of the enclosure. 12. The PV assembly according to claim 11, wherein the control unit is a component of the humidity control circuit located within the enclosure. 13. The PV assembly according to claim 11, wherein the control unit is configured to actuate the first heating component if a measured humidity level within the interior region is above a predetermined maximum humidity level. 14. The PV assembly according to claim 11, wherein the control unit is configured to:
compute an error value based on a sensed humidity level and a predetermined maximum humidity level; compute a control signal based on a predetermined function of the error value; and, transmit the control signal to the first heating component, thereby actuating the first heating component. 15. The PV assembly according to claim 14, wherein computing the control signal comprises computing the control signal by a predetermined proportional control function, integral control function, a derivative control function or a combination thereof. 16. The PV assembly according to claim 4, wherein the humidity control circuit further comprises a second heating component; and, wherein the first and second heating components are configured to be actuated independently. 17. An electronic component assembly for coupling to a PV module, the electronic component assembly comprising:
an enclosure defining an interior region; a power conditioning circuit within the interior region of the enclosure, the power conditioning circuit comprising an electronic component for conditioning power generated by the plurality of solar cells; an first electrical conduit for inputting direct current generated by the plurality of solar cells to the power conditioning circuit; a second electrical conduit for outputting conditioned power from the power conditioning circuit; a humidity control circuit within the enclosure for performing a dehumidification operation, the humidity control circuit comprising a first heating component; wherein the humidity control circuit regulates a humidity level within the interior region of the enclosure. 18. The electronic component assembly according to claim 17, wherein the humidity control circuit and the power conditioning circuit are mounted on a first printed circuit board. 19. The PV assembly according to claim 17, wherein the enclosure comprises a vent. 20. The PV assembly according to claim 17, wherein the humidity control circuit is powered via the second electrical conduit. | Photovoltaic (PV) assemblies and modules for converting solar radiation to electrical energy are disclosed. A PV module comprises a plurality of PV or solar cells for generating DC power. In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells are encapsulated within a PV laminate. A PV assembly comprises an electronic component assembly coupled to the PV module. The electronic component assembly comprises an enclosure defining an interior region and a power conditioning circuit within the interior region of the enclosure. The power conditioning circuit comprises at least one electronic component for conditioning power generated by the plurality of solar cells. The electronic component assembly comprises a first electrical conduit for inputting direct current (DC) generated by the plurality of solar cells to the power conditioning circuit. The electronic component assembly further comprises a second electrical conduit for outputting conditioned power from the power conditioning circuit. Additionally, the electronic component assembly comprises a humidity control circuit within the enclosure for performing a dehumidification operation. The humidity control circuit comprises a first heating component and regulates a moisture or humidity level within the interior region of the enclosure.1. An alternating current photovoltaic (ACPV) module comprising:
a photovoltaic (PV) laminate having a front side that faces the sun during normal operation to collect solar radiation during normal operation of the ACPV module and a back side opposite the front side, the PV laminate comprising:
a plurality of solar cells disposed within the PV laminate; the plurality of solar cells arranged into a plurality of solar cell strings; and,
a backsheet on the back side of the PV laminate;
a frame surrounding the PV laminate; an electronic component assembly coupled to the frame, the electronic component assembly comprising:
an enclosure defining an interior region;
a power conditioning circuit within the interior region of the enclosure, the power conditioning circuit comprising a microinverter for converting direct current generated by the plurality of solar cells into alternating current;
a first electrical conduit for inputting direct current generated by the plurality of solar cells to the power conditioning circuit;
a second electrical conduit for outputting alternating current from the power conditioning circuit;
a humidity control circuit within the enclosure for performing a dehumidification operation, the humidity control circuit comprising:
a first heating component;
a humidity sensing component; and,
wherein the humidity control circuit regulates a humidity level within the interior region of the enclosure. 2. The PV assembly according to claim 1, wherein the first heating component of the humidity control circuit comprises a resistor. 3. The PV assembly according to claim 1, wherein the first heating component of the humidity control circuit is a component of the power conditioning circuit. 4. A photovoltaic (PV) assembly comprising:
a PV module comprising a plurality of solar cells; an electronic component assembly coupled to the PV module, the electronic component assembly comprising:
an enclosure defining an interior region;
a power conditioning circuit within the interior region of the enclosure, the power conditioning circuit comprising an electronic component for conditioning power generated by the plurality of solar cells;
a first electrical conduit for inputting direct current generated by the plurality of solar cells to the power conditioning circuit;
a second electrical conduit for outputting conditioned power from the power conditioning circuit;
a humidity control circuit within the enclosure for performing a dehumidification operation, the humidity control circuit comprising a first heating component;
wherein the humidity control circuit regulates a humidity level within the interior region of the enclosure. 5. The PV assembly according to claim 4, wherein the PV module comprises a frame, and the electronic component assembly is mounted to the frame of the PV module. 6. The PV assembly according to claim 4, wherein the power conditioning circuit comprises a microinverter for converting direct current generated by the plurality of solar cells into alternating current and wherein the second electrical conduit outputs alternating current from the microinverter. 7. The PV assembly according to claim 4, wherein the power conditioning circuit comprises an electronic DC to DC optimizer. 8. The PV assembly according to claim 4, wherein the humidity control circuit comprises a sensor. 9. The PV assembly according to claim 8, wherein the sensor is a temperature sensor. 10. The PV assembly according to claim 8, wherein the sensor is a humidity sensor. 11. The PV assembly according to claim 4, wherein the PV assembly further comprises a control unit for regulating the humidity level within the interior region of the enclosure. 12. The PV assembly according to claim 11, wherein the control unit is a component of the humidity control circuit located within the enclosure. 13. The PV assembly according to claim 11, wherein the control unit is configured to actuate the first heating component if a measured humidity level within the interior region is above a predetermined maximum humidity level. 14. The PV assembly according to claim 11, wherein the control unit is configured to:
compute an error value based on a sensed humidity level and a predetermined maximum humidity level; compute a control signal based on a predetermined function of the error value; and, transmit the control signal to the first heating component, thereby actuating the first heating component. 15. The PV assembly according to claim 14, wherein computing the control signal comprises computing the control signal by a predetermined proportional control function, integral control function, a derivative control function or a combination thereof. 16. The PV assembly according to claim 4, wherein the humidity control circuit further comprises a second heating component; and, wherein the first and second heating components are configured to be actuated independently. 17. An electronic component assembly for coupling to a PV module, the electronic component assembly comprising:
an enclosure defining an interior region; a power conditioning circuit within the interior region of the enclosure, the power conditioning circuit comprising an electronic component for conditioning power generated by the plurality of solar cells; an first electrical conduit for inputting direct current generated by the plurality of solar cells to the power conditioning circuit; a second electrical conduit for outputting conditioned power from the power conditioning circuit; a humidity control circuit within the enclosure for performing a dehumidification operation, the humidity control circuit comprising a first heating component; wherein the humidity control circuit regulates a humidity level within the interior region of the enclosure. 18. The electronic component assembly according to claim 17, wherein the humidity control circuit and the power conditioning circuit are mounted on a first printed circuit board. 19. The PV assembly according to claim 17, wherein the enclosure comprises a vent. 20. The PV assembly according to claim 17, wherein the humidity control circuit is powered via the second electrical conduit. | 1,700 |
4,281 | 15,035,374 | 1,735 | The invention relates to a device for welding rod-shaped electrical conductors provided with an outer insulating sheath, the device comprising a compression space for receiving two connecting regions of the conductors to be connected to each other, wherein the compression space is provided with a marking device for axial positioning of the connecting regions, the marking device comprising a radiation-emitting device defining a position mark ( 56, 57 ). | 1. A device for welding rod-shaped electrical conductors the device comprising:
a compression space for receiving two connecting regions of conductors to be connected to each other, the compression space being limited in a first axial direction (z-axis) at two opposing sides by a working surface of a sonotrode transmitting ultrasonic vibrations in the first axial direction and by an opposing surface of an opposing electrode and in a second axial direction (y-axis) at two opposing sides by a limiting surface of a slider element displaceable in the second axial direction and by a limiting surface of a limiting element; and a marking device for axial positioning of the connecting regions, the marking device including a radiation-emitting device interacting in a contactless manner with end cross-sections of the connecting regions in such a manner that an axial position of the end cross-sections within the compression space is defined in a third axial direction (x-axis) parallel to the working surface of the sonotrode by a position mark, the position mark being a point of reflection or point of absorption of the radiation on the working surface of the sonotrode or on the limiting surface of the limiting element. 2. The device according to claim 1, in which a radiation-guiding device including at least one beam guide is arranged between the radiation-emitting device and the working surface of the sonotrode or the limiting surface of the limiting element in such a manner that a beam path defined by the beam guide and impinging upon the working surface of the sonotrode or upon the limiting surface of the limiting element, said beam path forming the position mark arranged at a defined distance-a from a side edge of the working surface of the sonotrode. 3. The device according to claim 2, in which the the position mark extends linearly at a right angle to the third axial direction. 4. The device according to claim 2, in which the beam guide includes a beam deflection device. 5. The device according to claim 2, in which the beam guide is an optical waveguide. 6. The device according to claim 5, in which the beam deflection device is integrally with the beam guide. 7. The device according to claim 1, in which the radiation-emitting device is arranged above the limiting element and opposite the slider element at a distance from the working surface of the sonotrode, that a beam path exiting the radiation-emitting device extends toward the beam deflection device arranged above the working surface of the sonotrode and the beam path exiting the beam deflection device impinges upon the working surface of the sonotrode so as to form the position mark (12, 56, 57). 8. The device according to claim 2, in which the beam deflection device includes two beam guides forming two beam paths serving to form two position marks arranged at a defined distance a from the side edges of the working surface of the sonotrode and at a defined distance b from each other. 9. The device according to claim 1, in which the radiation-emitting device is a radiation source emitting optical radiation. 10. The device according to claim 9, in which the radiation source is a laser radiation source. | The invention relates to a device for welding rod-shaped electrical conductors provided with an outer insulating sheath, the device comprising a compression space for receiving two connecting regions of the conductors to be connected to each other, wherein the compression space is provided with a marking device for axial positioning of the connecting regions, the marking device comprising a radiation-emitting device defining a position mark ( 56, 57 ).1. A device for welding rod-shaped electrical conductors the device comprising:
a compression space for receiving two connecting regions of conductors to be connected to each other, the compression space being limited in a first axial direction (z-axis) at two opposing sides by a working surface of a sonotrode transmitting ultrasonic vibrations in the first axial direction and by an opposing surface of an opposing electrode and in a second axial direction (y-axis) at two opposing sides by a limiting surface of a slider element displaceable in the second axial direction and by a limiting surface of a limiting element; and a marking device for axial positioning of the connecting regions, the marking device including a radiation-emitting device interacting in a contactless manner with end cross-sections of the connecting regions in such a manner that an axial position of the end cross-sections within the compression space is defined in a third axial direction (x-axis) parallel to the working surface of the sonotrode by a position mark, the position mark being a point of reflection or point of absorption of the radiation on the working surface of the sonotrode or on the limiting surface of the limiting element. 2. The device according to claim 1, in which a radiation-guiding device including at least one beam guide is arranged between the radiation-emitting device and the working surface of the sonotrode or the limiting surface of the limiting element in such a manner that a beam path defined by the beam guide and impinging upon the working surface of the sonotrode or upon the limiting surface of the limiting element, said beam path forming the position mark arranged at a defined distance-a from a side edge of the working surface of the sonotrode. 3. The device according to claim 2, in which the the position mark extends linearly at a right angle to the third axial direction. 4. The device according to claim 2, in which the beam guide includes a beam deflection device. 5. The device according to claim 2, in which the beam guide is an optical waveguide. 6. The device according to claim 5, in which the beam deflection device is integrally with the beam guide. 7. The device according to claim 1, in which the radiation-emitting device is arranged above the limiting element and opposite the slider element at a distance from the working surface of the sonotrode, that a beam path exiting the radiation-emitting device extends toward the beam deflection device arranged above the working surface of the sonotrode and the beam path exiting the beam deflection device impinges upon the working surface of the sonotrode so as to form the position mark (12, 56, 57). 8. The device according to claim 2, in which the beam deflection device includes two beam guides forming two beam paths serving to form two position marks arranged at a defined distance a from the side edges of the working surface of the sonotrode and at a defined distance b from each other. 9. The device according to claim 1, in which the radiation-emitting device is a radiation source emitting optical radiation. 10. The device according to claim 9, in which the radiation source is a laser radiation source. | 1,700 |
4,282 | 15,870,552 | 1,733 | This invention relates generally to uses of novel nanomaterial composition and the systems in which they are used, and more particularly to nanomaterial compositions generally comprising carbon and a metal, which composition can be exposed to pulsed emissions to react, activate, combine, or sinter the nanomaterial composition. The nanomaterial compositions can alternatively be utilized at ambient temperature or under other means to cause such reaction, activation, combination, or sintering to occur. | 1. A system for sintering materials, said system comprising:
a flashlamp generates a plurality of electromagnetic emission pulses for irradiating a film on a substrate in ambient air in order to sinter said film on said substrate such that the conductivity of said film on said substrate increases by at least two-fold, wherein said film includes at least one metal less than 1 micrometer; and a control circuit controls said flashlamp to limit a duration of each of said electromagnetic emission pulses to be between one microsecond and one hundred milliseconds. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein said system further includes a printer for printing said film on said substrate using a formulation having said one metal less than 1 micrometer. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein said one metal is copper. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein said substrate has a decomposition temperature below 450 degrees Celsius. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein said substrate includes a substance selected from the group consisting of PET, polyester, plastics, polymers, resins, paper products, laminates and combinations thereof. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein said flashlamp is a xenon flashlamp. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein said system further includes a conveyor for moving said substrate. | This invention relates generally to uses of novel nanomaterial composition and the systems in which they are used, and more particularly to nanomaterial compositions generally comprising carbon and a metal, which composition can be exposed to pulsed emissions to react, activate, combine, or sinter the nanomaterial composition. The nanomaterial compositions can alternatively be utilized at ambient temperature or under other means to cause such reaction, activation, combination, or sintering to occur.1. A system for sintering materials, said system comprising:
a flashlamp generates a plurality of electromagnetic emission pulses for irradiating a film on a substrate in ambient air in order to sinter said film on said substrate such that the conductivity of said film on said substrate increases by at least two-fold, wherein said film includes at least one metal less than 1 micrometer; and a control circuit controls said flashlamp to limit a duration of each of said electromagnetic emission pulses to be between one microsecond and one hundred milliseconds. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein said system further includes a printer for printing said film on said substrate using a formulation having said one metal less than 1 micrometer. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein said one metal is copper. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein said substrate has a decomposition temperature below 450 degrees Celsius. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein said substrate includes a substance selected from the group consisting of PET, polyester, plastics, polymers, resins, paper products, laminates and combinations thereof. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein said flashlamp is a xenon flashlamp. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein said system further includes a conveyor for moving said substrate. | 1,700 |
4,283 | 16,305,992 | 1,793 | A low sodium salt product for curing meats is provided. The low sodium salt product for curing meats includes sodium chloride; a sodium chloride replacing material selected from the group consisting of potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, ammonium chloride, magnesium sulphate and combinations thereof; at least one flavorant; at least one nitrite; and a phosphate flavor stabilizing agent present in an amount to inhibit the reaction of the at least one flavorant and the at least one nitrite. | 1. A low sodium salt product for curing meats comprising:
sodium chloride; a sodium chloride replacing material selected from the group consisting of potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, ammonium chloride, magnesium sulphate and combinations thereof; at least one flavorant; at least one nitrite; and a phosphate flavor stabilizing agent present in an amount to inhibit the reaction of the at least one flavorant and the at least one nitrite. 2. The low sodium salt product according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of phosphate flavor stabilizing agent to nitrite is from about 25:1 to about 35:1. 3. The low sodium salt product according to claim 2, wherein the weight ratio of phosphate flavor stabilizing agent to nitrite is about 30:1. 4. The low sodium salt product according to claim 1, wherein the product delivers from about 0.005% to about 0.05% nitrite to the cured meat. 5. The low sodium salt product according to claim 1, wherein the product delivers about 0.01% nitrite to the cured meat. 6. The low sodium salt product according to claim 1, including from about 3% to about 6% by weight of the salt product of the at least one flavorant. 7. The low sodium salt product according to claim 1, wherein the at least one nitrite is selected from the group consisting of sodium nitrite, potassium nitrite, calcium nitrite, magnesium nitrite, ammonium nitrite and mixtures thereof. 8. The low sodium salt product according to claim 1, wherein the phosphate flavor stabilizing agent may be alkali metal phosphates or alkaline earth metal phosphates. 9. A low sodium salt product for curing meats comprising:
sodium chloride; a sodium chloride replacing material; at least one flavorant; at least one nitrite; and a phosphate flavor stabilizing agent; wherein the low sodium salt product delivers about 0.01% of the at least one nitrite to the cured meat. 10. The low sodium salt product according to claim 9, wherein the weight ratio of phosphate flavor stabilizing agent to nitrite is about 30:1. 11. The low sodium salt product according to claim 9, including about 50% sodium chloride, about 31.4% sodium chloride replacing material, about 4.6% flavorant, about 0.46% nitrite and about 13.9% phosphate flavor stabilizing agent. | A low sodium salt product for curing meats is provided. The low sodium salt product for curing meats includes sodium chloride; a sodium chloride replacing material selected from the group consisting of potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, ammonium chloride, magnesium sulphate and combinations thereof; at least one flavorant; at least one nitrite; and a phosphate flavor stabilizing agent present in an amount to inhibit the reaction of the at least one flavorant and the at least one nitrite.1. A low sodium salt product for curing meats comprising:
sodium chloride; a sodium chloride replacing material selected from the group consisting of potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, ammonium chloride, magnesium sulphate and combinations thereof; at least one flavorant; at least one nitrite; and a phosphate flavor stabilizing agent present in an amount to inhibit the reaction of the at least one flavorant and the at least one nitrite. 2. The low sodium salt product according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of phosphate flavor stabilizing agent to nitrite is from about 25:1 to about 35:1. 3. The low sodium salt product according to claim 2, wherein the weight ratio of phosphate flavor stabilizing agent to nitrite is about 30:1. 4. The low sodium salt product according to claim 1, wherein the product delivers from about 0.005% to about 0.05% nitrite to the cured meat. 5. The low sodium salt product according to claim 1, wherein the product delivers about 0.01% nitrite to the cured meat. 6. The low sodium salt product according to claim 1, including from about 3% to about 6% by weight of the salt product of the at least one flavorant. 7. The low sodium salt product according to claim 1, wherein the at least one nitrite is selected from the group consisting of sodium nitrite, potassium nitrite, calcium nitrite, magnesium nitrite, ammonium nitrite and mixtures thereof. 8. The low sodium salt product according to claim 1, wherein the phosphate flavor stabilizing agent may be alkali metal phosphates or alkaline earth metal phosphates. 9. A low sodium salt product for curing meats comprising:
sodium chloride; a sodium chloride replacing material; at least one flavorant; at least one nitrite; and a phosphate flavor stabilizing agent; wherein the low sodium salt product delivers about 0.01% of the at least one nitrite to the cured meat. 10. The low sodium salt product according to claim 9, wherein the weight ratio of phosphate flavor stabilizing agent to nitrite is about 30:1. 11. The low sodium salt product according to claim 9, including about 50% sodium chloride, about 31.4% sodium chloride replacing material, about 4.6% flavorant, about 0.46% nitrite and about 13.9% phosphate flavor stabilizing agent. | 1,700 |
4,284 | 15,632,575 | 1,715 | A method of additive manufacturing of an object includes directing laser energy from a laser to a region for material deposition, extruding material using an extruder at the region of material deposition, sensing temperature within the region of the material deposition, and electronically controlling the laser energy using the temperature so as to sufficiently heat the region for material deposition prior to extruding the material to increase strength of the object. | 1. A method of additive manufacturing of an object comprising:
directing laser energy from a laser to a region for material deposition; extruding material using an extruder at the region of material deposition; sensing temperature within the region of the material deposition; and electronically controlling the laser energy using the temperature so as to sufficiently heat the region for material deposition prior to extruding the material to increase strength of the object. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the laser comprises a laser diode. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the strength of the object is increased by reducing susceptibility of delamination of layers of the object. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the laser energy is pulsed laser energy. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the laser energy is continuous wave laser energy. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the laser energy textures the region for material deposition. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising removing deposited material at the region for material deposition using the laser energy from the laser. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the sensing the temperature is performed using a bolometer. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the sensing the temperature is performed using thermal imaging detector. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the sensing the temperature is performed using a fiber detector. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the laser is a free space laser. 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the laser energy is conveyed from the laser through a fiber delivery system. 13. The method of claim 1 wherein a plurality of fibers are used in sensing the temperature and directing the laser energy. 14. The method of claim 13 wherein the plurality of fibers are arranged in a ring configuration around a pen tip of the extruder. 15. The method of claim 1 wherein the laser energy textures a surface of the region of material deposition in order to prepare the surface. 16. The method of claim 1 further comprising identifying the region of material deposition as a defective area. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the directing the laser energy from the laser to the region for material deposition provides for smoothing the defective area. 18. The method of claim 17 further comprising milling the defective area. 19. A system for additive manufacturing, comprising:
an extruder for extruding a material onto a surface; a laser for directing laser energy onto the surface; a heat detector for sensing temperature at the surface; a control system operatively connected to the extruder, the heat detector, and the laser; wherein the control system is configured to control the directing of the laser energy onto the surface based on the temperature at the surface sensed using the heat detector to heat a region of the surface prior to extruding the material onto the surface. 20. A method of additive manufacturing of an object comprising:
directing laser or LED energy in a region of material deposition as an ultraviolet (UV) curing light source; and controlling the laser power in a closed loop feedback from temperature sensing in the deposition region. | A method of additive manufacturing of an object includes directing laser energy from a laser to a region for material deposition, extruding material using an extruder at the region of material deposition, sensing temperature within the region of the material deposition, and electronically controlling the laser energy using the temperature so as to sufficiently heat the region for material deposition prior to extruding the material to increase strength of the object.1. A method of additive manufacturing of an object comprising:
directing laser energy from a laser to a region for material deposition; extruding material using an extruder at the region of material deposition; sensing temperature within the region of the material deposition; and electronically controlling the laser energy using the temperature so as to sufficiently heat the region for material deposition prior to extruding the material to increase strength of the object. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the laser comprises a laser diode. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the strength of the object is increased by reducing susceptibility of delamination of layers of the object. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the laser energy is pulsed laser energy. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the laser energy is continuous wave laser energy. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the laser energy textures the region for material deposition. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising removing deposited material at the region for material deposition using the laser energy from the laser. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the sensing the temperature is performed using a bolometer. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the sensing the temperature is performed using thermal imaging detector. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the sensing the temperature is performed using a fiber detector. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the laser is a free space laser. 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the laser energy is conveyed from the laser through a fiber delivery system. 13. The method of claim 1 wherein a plurality of fibers are used in sensing the temperature and directing the laser energy. 14. The method of claim 13 wherein the plurality of fibers are arranged in a ring configuration around a pen tip of the extruder. 15. The method of claim 1 wherein the laser energy textures a surface of the region of material deposition in order to prepare the surface. 16. The method of claim 1 further comprising identifying the region of material deposition as a defective area. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the directing the laser energy from the laser to the region for material deposition provides for smoothing the defective area. 18. The method of claim 17 further comprising milling the defective area. 19. A system for additive manufacturing, comprising:
an extruder for extruding a material onto a surface; a laser for directing laser energy onto the surface; a heat detector for sensing temperature at the surface; a control system operatively connected to the extruder, the heat detector, and the laser; wherein the control system is configured to control the directing of the laser energy onto the surface based on the temperature at the surface sensed using the heat detector to heat a region of the surface prior to extruding the material onto the surface. 20. A method of additive manufacturing of an object comprising:
directing laser or LED energy in a region of material deposition as an ultraviolet (UV) curing light source; and controlling the laser power in a closed loop feedback from temperature sensing in the deposition region. | 1,700 |
4,285 | 15,966,852 | 1,798 | A storage and sterilizing case shaped and dimensioned for storing a tattoo machine therein. The case has a cover and a base. The cover is connected to the base via a hinge securing the cover to the base along adjacent edges thereof. The base includes a tray for supporting the tattoo machine within the case. The interior of the case is provided with an electronic circuit board and at least one ultraviolet light. | 1. A storage and sterilizing case, comprising:
a storage and sterilizing case shaped and dimensioned for storing a tattoo machine; the case has a cover and a base, each of the cover and the base includes a concave construction such that when the case is closed the cover and base define an enclosed space, the cover being connected to the base via a hinge securing the cover to the base along adjacent edges thereof such that the cover may be selectively moved between an open configuration where contents of the case are exposed and a closed configuration where contents of the case are fully enclosed within the case, wherein the base includes a tray for supporting the tattoo machine within the case; the case further includes an electronic circuit board and at least one ultraviolet light. 2. The storage and sterilizing case according claim 1, further including a tattoo machine. 3. The storage and sterilizing case according claim 2, wherein the at least one ultraviolet light includes four 5 inch ultraviolet bulbs within poly(methyl methacrylate) casings. 4. The storage and sterilizing case according claim 3, wherein the cover is substantially rectangular in shape and includes first and second short side walls and first and second long side walls depending from a cover wall, as well as an external surface and an interior surface on opposite sides of the cover; and the base is rectangular in shape and includes first and second short side walls and first and second long side walls depending from a base wall, as well as an external surface and an interior surface on opposite sides of the base; wherein when in the closed configuration the first and second short side walls and the first and second long side walls of the cover align with the first and second short side walls and the first and second long side walls of the base with the respective external surfaces of the cover and the base facing away from each other, and wherein two of the ultraviolet lights are secured along the interior surface of the base along first and second long side walls of the base, and the other two ultraviolet lights are secured along the interior surface of the cover along the cover wall in alignment with the first and second short side walls of the cover. 5. The storage and sterilizing case according claim 4, wherein an actuator transmits a signal to the electronic circuit board when the cover is closed upon the base causing power to be applied to the at least one ultraviolet light, and opening of the case interrupts the signal causing power to the at least one ultraviolet light to cease. 6. The storage and sterilizing case according claim 2, wherein an actuator transmits a signal to the electronic circuit board when the cover is closed upon the base causing power to be applied to the at least one ultraviolet light, and opening of the case interrupts the signal causing power to the at least one ultraviolet light to cease. 7. The storage and sterilizing case according claim 2, wherein the electronic circuit board includes a timer which controls the timing for providing power to the at least one ultraviolet light. 8. The storage and sterilizing case according claim 2, wherein the at least one ultraviolet light functions with the following characteristics: Wattage: 0.3 W±15%; Voltage: 160V±8; Power: 1.7 mA; 254 nm output: 260 uW/cm2 (at surface); Stability: 5 min; Life: 10000 hrs. 9. The storage and sterilizing case according claim 2, wherein the tattoo machine includes a frame to which a tube having a grip is coupled, the tattoo machine also includes a needle positioned to extend through the inside of the tube, wherein the needle is secured to a needle drive mechanism coupled to the frame such that the needle may be moved relative to the tube in a desired manner for the application of ink to the skin of an individual. 10. The storage and sterilizing case according claim 1, wherein the case is further provided with a clasp in the form of a locking mechanism allowing for selective fastening of the case in the closed configuration and opening thereof when desired. 11. The storage and sterilizing case according claim 1, wherein the base is provided with a handle. 12. The storage and sterilizing case according claim 1, wherein the at least one ultraviolet light includes four 5 inch ultraviolet bulbs within poly(methyl methacrylate) casings. 13. The storage and sterilizing case according claim 14, wherein two of the ultraviolet lights are secured along an interior surface of the base, and the other two ultraviolet lights are secured along an interior surface of the cover. 14. The storage and sterilizing case according claim 1, wherein an actuator transmits a signal to the electronic circuit board when the cover is closed upon the base causing power to be applied to the at least one ultraviolet light, and opening of the case interrupts the signal causing power to the at least one ultraviolet light to cease. 15. The storage and sterilizing case according claim 1, wherein the electronic circuit board includes a timer which controls the timing for providing power to the at least one ultraviolet light. 16. The storage and sterilizing case according claim 1, wherein the at least one ultraviolet light functions with the following characteristics: Wattage: 0.3 W±15%; Voltage: 160V±8; Power: 1.7 mA; 254 nm output: 260 uW/cm2 (at surface); Stability: 5 min; Life: 10000 hrs. | A storage and sterilizing case shaped and dimensioned for storing a tattoo machine therein. The case has a cover and a base. The cover is connected to the base via a hinge securing the cover to the base along adjacent edges thereof. The base includes a tray for supporting the tattoo machine within the case. The interior of the case is provided with an electronic circuit board and at least one ultraviolet light.1. A storage and sterilizing case, comprising:
a storage and sterilizing case shaped and dimensioned for storing a tattoo machine; the case has a cover and a base, each of the cover and the base includes a concave construction such that when the case is closed the cover and base define an enclosed space, the cover being connected to the base via a hinge securing the cover to the base along adjacent edges thereof such that the cover may be selectively moved between an open configuration where contents of the case are exposed and a closed configuration where contents of the case are fully enclosed within the case, wherein the base includes a tray for supporting the tattoo machine within the case; the case further includes an electronic circuit board and at least one ultraviolet light. 2. The storage and sterilizing case according claim 1, further including a tattoo machine. 3. The storage and sterilizing case according claim 2, wherein the at least one ultraviolet light includes four 5 inch ultraviolet bulbs within poly(methyl methacrylate) casings. 4. The storage and sterilizing case according claim 3, wherein the cover is substantially rectangular in shape and includes first and second short side walls and first and second long side walls depending from a cover wall, as well as an external surface and an interior surface on opposite sides of the cover; and the base is rectangular in shape and includes first and second short side walls and first and second long side walls depending from a base wall, as well as an external surface and an interior surface on opposite sides of the base; wherein when in the closed configuration the first and second short side walls and the first and second long side walls of the cover align with the first and second short side walls and the first and second long side walls of the base with the respective external surfaces of the cover and the base facing away from each other, and wherein two of the ultraviolet lights are secured along the interior surface of the base along first and second long side walls of the base, and the other two ultraviolet lights are secured along the interior surface of the cover along the cover wall in alignment with the first and second short side walls of the cover. 5. The storage and sterilizing case according claim 4, wherein an actuator transmits a signal to the electronic circuit board when the cover is closed upon the base causing power to be applied to the at least one ultraviolet light, and opening of the case interrupts the signal causing power to the at least one ultraviolet light to cease. 6. The storage and sterilizing case according claim 2, wherein an actuator transmits a signal to the electronic circuit board when the cover is closed upon the base causing power to be applied to the at least one ultraviolet light, and opening of the case interrupts the signal causing power to the at least one ultraviolet light to cease. 7. The storage and sterilizing case according claim 2, wherein the electronic circuit board includes a timer which controls the timing for providing power to the at least one ultraviolet light. 8. The storage and sterilizing case according claim 2, wherein the at least one ultraviolet light functions with the following characteristics: Wattage: 0.3 W±15%; Voltage: 160V±8; Power: 1.7 mA; 254 nm output: 260 uW/cm2 (at surface); Stability: 5 min; Life: 10000 hrs. 9. The storage and sterilizing case according claim 2, wherein the tattoo machine includes a frame to which a tube having a grip is coupled, the tattoo machine also includes a needle positioned to extend through the inside of the tube, wherein the needle is secured to a needle drive mechanism coupled to the frame such that the needle may be moved relative to the tube in a desired manner for the application of ink to the skin of an individual. 10. The storage and sterilizing case according claim 1, wherein the case is further provided with a clasp in the form of a locking mechanism allowing for selective fastening of the case in the closed configuration and opening thereof when desired. 11. The storage and sterilizing case according claim 1, wherein the base is provided with a handle. 12. The storage and sterilizing case according claim 1, wherein the at least one ultraviolet light includes four 5 inch ultraviolet bulbs within poly(methyl methacrylate) casings. 13. The storage and sterilizing case according claim 14, wherein two of the ultraviolet lights are secured along an interior surface of the base, and the other two ultraviolet lights are secured along an interior surface of the cover. 14. The storage and sterilizing case according claim 1, wherein an actuator transmits a signal to the electronic circuit board when the cover is closed upon the base causing power to be applied to the at least one ultraviolet light, and opening of the case interrupts the signal causing power to the at least one ultraviolet light to cease. 15. The storage and sterilizing case according claim 1, wherein the electronic circuit board includes a timer which controls the timing for providing power to the at least one ultraviolet light. 16. The storage and sterilizing case according claim 1, wherein the at least one ultraviolet light functions with the following characteristics: Wattage: 0.3 W±15%; Voltage: 160V±8; Power: 1.7 mA; 254 nm output: 260 uW/cm2 (at surface); Stability: 5 min; Life: 10000 hrs. | 1,700 |
4,286 | 15,390,055 | 1,734 | A method of controlling an additive manufacturing process in which one or more energy beams are used to selectively fuse a powder contained in a build chamber having a gas flow therein in order to form a workpiece, in the presence of one or more plumes generated by interaction of the one or more energy beams with the powder. The method includes controlling a trajectory of at least one of the plumes, so as to prevent the one or more energy beams from intersecting the one or more plumes. | 1. A method of controlling an additive manufacturing process in which one or more energy beams are used to selectively fuse a powder contained in a build chamber having a gas flow therein in order to form a workpiece, in the presence of one or more plumes generated by interaction of the one or more energy beams with the powder, the method comprising controlling a trajectory of at least one of the plumes, so as to prevent the one or more energy beams from intersecting the one or more plumes. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein a plume trajectory is modified by varying a magnitude of the gas flow. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein a plume trajectory is modified by varying a direction of the gas flow. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the gas flow is introduced into the build chamber through two or more separate inlet ducts, each of the inlet ducts discharging a gas flow in a different direction. 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising introducing the gas flow into the build chamber through two or more separate inlet ducts so as to generate a vortex in the gas flow. 6. The method of claim 1 further comprising using a suction source in fluid communication with the build chamber to draw one or more of the plumes away from the powder. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining the trajectory of the one or more plumes by sensing. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining the trajectory of the one or more plumes by modeling. 9. The method of claim 1 further comprising steering one or more of the energy beams so as to avoid intersecting the one or more plumes. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein an intersection of one or more of the energy beams with one or more of the plumes is predicted prior to the intersection occurring. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein an intersection of the energy beam with one or more of the plumes is not predicted prior to the intersection occurring. 12. The method of claim 1 wherein an electronic controller with access to observed or predicted plume trajectories applies this information to determine when to change a trajectory of one or more of the plumes. 13. The method of claim 1 wherein a path is selected for each of the one or more plumes prior to beginning the additive manufacturing process. 14. A method of making a workpiece, comprising:
depositing a powdered material in a build chamber disposed in a housing, while using a gas flow apparatus coupled in fluid communication with the housing to provide a gas flow over the powder; in the presence of the gas flow, directing one or more energy beams to selectively fuse the powdered material in a pattern corresponding to a cross-sectional layer of the workpiece, wherein interaction of the one or more energy beams with the powdered material generates one or more plumes entrained in the gas flow; and selectively modifying the gas flow in order to control a trajectory of at least one of the plumes, so as to prevent the energy beams from intersecting the plumes. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein a plume trajectory is modified by varying a magnitude of the gas flow. 16. The method of claim 14 wherein a plume trajectory is modified by varying a direction of the gas flow. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the gas flow is introduced into the build chamber through two or more separate inlet ducts, each of the inlet ducts discharging a gas flow in a different direction. 18. The method of claim 14 further comprising introducing the gas flow into the build chamber through two or more separate inlet ducts so as to generate a vortex in the gas flow. 19. The method of claim 14 further comprising using a suction source in fluid communication with the build chamber to draw one or more of the plumes away from the powder. 20. The method of claim 14, further comprising determining the trajectory of the one or more plumes by sensing. 21. The method of claim 1 14, further comprising determining the trajectory of the one or more plumes by modeling. 22. The method of claim 1 14 further comprising steering one or more of the energy beams so as to avoid intersecting the one or more plumes. 23. The method of claim 14 wherein an intersection of one or more of the energy beams with one or more of the plumes is predicted prior to the intersection occurring. 24. The method of claim 14 wherein an intersection of the energy beam with one or more of the plumes is not predicted prior to the intersection occurring. 25. The method of claim 14 wherein an electronic controller with access to observed or predicted plume trajectories applies this information to determine when to change a trajectory of one or more of the plumes. 26. The method of claim 14 wherein a path is selected for each of the one or more plumes prior to beginning the additive manufacturing process. | A method of controlling an additive manufacturing process in which one or more energy beams are used to selectively fuse a powder contained in a build chamber having a gas flow therein in order to form a workpiece, in the presence of one or more plumes generated by interaction of the one or more energy beams with the powder. The method includes controlling a trajectory of at least one of the plumes, so as to prevent the one or more energy beams from intersecting the one or more plumes.1. A method of controlling an additive manufacturing process in which one or more energy beams are used to selectively fuse a powder contained in a build chamber having a gas flow therein in order to form a workpiece, in the presence of one or more plumes generated by interaction of the one or more energy beams with the powder, the method comprising controlling a trajectory of at least one of the plumes, so as to prevent the one or more energy beams from intersecting the one or more plumes. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein a plume trajectory is modified by varying a magnitude of the gas flow. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein a plume trajectory is modified by varying a direction of the gas flow. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the gas flow is introduced into the build chamber through two or more separate inlet ducts, each of the inlet ducts discharging a gas flow in a different direction. 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising introducing the gas flow into the build chamber through two or more separate inlet ducts so as to generate a vortex in the gas flow. 6. The method of claim 1 further comprising using a suction source in fluid communication with the build chamber to draw one or more of the plumes away from the powder. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining the trajectory of the one or more plumes by sensing. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining the trajectory of the one or more plumes by modeling. 9. The method of claim 1 further comprising steering one or more of the energy beams so as to avoid intersecting the one or more plumes. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein an intersection of one or more of the energy beams with one or more of the plumes is predicted prior to the intersection occurring. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein an intersection of the energy beam with one or more of the plumes is not predicted prior to the intersection occurring. 12. The method of claim 1 wherein an electronic controller with access to observed or predicted plume trajectories applies this information to determine when to change a trajectory of one or more of the plumes. 13. The method of claim 1 wherein a path is selected for each of the one or more plumes prior to beginning the additive manufacturing process. 14. A method of making a workpiece, comprising:
depositing a powdered material in a build chamber disposed in a housing, while using a gas flow apparatus coupled in fluid communication with the housing to provide a gas flow over the powder; in the presence of the gas flow, directing one or more energy beams to selectively fuse the powdered material in a pattern corresponding to a cross-sectional layer of the workpiece, wherein interaction of the one or more energy beams with the powdered material generates one or more plumes entrained in the gas flow; and selectively modifying the gas flow in order to control a trajectory of at least one of the plumes, so as to prevent the energy beams from intersecting the plumes. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein a plume trajectory is modified by varying a magnitude of the gas flow. 16. The method of claim 14 wherein a plume trajectory is modified by varying a direction of the gas flow. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the gas flow is introduced into the build chamber through two or more separate inlet ducts, each of the inlet ducts discharging a gas flow in a different direction. 18. The method of claim 14 further comprising introducing the gas flow into the build chamber through two or more separate inlet ducts so as to generate a vortex in the gas flow. 19. The method of claim 14 further comprising using a suction source in fluid communication with the build chamber to draw one or more of the plumes away from the powder. 20. The method of claim 14, further comprising determining the trajectory of the one or more plumes by sensing. 21. The method of claim 1 14, further comprising determining the trajectory of the one or more plumes by modeling. 22. The method of claim 1 14 further comprising steering one or more of the energy beams so as to avoid intersecting the one or more plumes. 23. The method of claim 14 wherein an intersection of one or more of the energy beams with one or more of the plumes is predicted prior to the intersection occurring. 24. The method of claim 14 wherein an intersection of the energy beam with one or more of the plumes is not predicted prior to the intersection occurring. 25. The method of claim 14 wherein an electronic controller with access to observed or predicted plume trajectories applies this information to determine when to change a trajectory of one or more of the plumes. 26. The method of claim 14 wherein a path is selected for each of the one or more plumes prior to beginning the additive manufacturing process. | 1,700 |
4,287 | 15,061,884 | 1,729 | The invention relates to a battery pack which is worn on the back and has an arrangement of rechargeable battery cells provided with a common electrical connection for a line to an electric load (M). A carrying arrangement includes at least one back panel and at least one shoulder strap. The back panel is configured with an upper, shoulder portion and with a lower, back portion. The line is guided into the carrying arrangement through an opening in the back panel and routed from the opening in the back panel to an outer periphery of the carrying arrangement. The line is guided onward along at least one section of the outer periphery of the carrying arrangement and is secured in a releasable manner by at least one fastening element in the region of the section of the outer periphery of the carrying arrangement. | 1. A back carried battery pack for an exterior load, the back carried batter pack comprising:
a battery pack housing; an arrangement of rechargeable cells accommodated in said battery pack housing; said arrangement of rechargeable cells having a common electrical connection; a connecting line configured to connect said common electrical connection to the exterior load; said batter pack housing including a carrying arrangement having a back panel and a shoulder strap; said back panel having an upper shoulder section and a lower back section; said shoulder strap having an upper end fixed to said upper shoulder section and a lower end fixed to said lower back section; said back panel defining an opening; said connecting line being guided through said opening and into said carrying arrangement; said carrying arrangement having an outer periphery; said connecting line being routed from said opening in said back panel to said outer periphery and being further guided along a segment of said outer periphery; and, at least one fastening element configured to releasably fix said connecting line to said outer periphery in said segment of said outer periphery. 2. The battery pack of claim 1, wherein said shoulder strap is a first shoulder strap, the battery pack further comprising:
a second shoulder strap having an upper end; and, said connecting line is guided between said upper end of said first shoulder strap and said upper end of said second shoulder strap. 3. The battery pack of claim 1, wherein said fastening element is a first element, the battery pack further comprising a second fastening element configured to fix said connecting line to said back panel between said opening and said outer periphery. 4. The battery pack of claim 1, wherein:
said back panel has a first pad and a second pad; and, said connecting line is guided between said first pad and said second pad to said outer periphery. 5. The battery pack of claim 1, wherein said back panel has an outer panel periphery and said outer periphery of said carrying arrangement is formed by said outer panel periphery. 6. The battery pack of claim 1, wherein:
said shoulder strap has a first side facing away from said back panel; and, said outer periphery of said carrying arrangement is formed by said first side of said shoulder strap. 7. The battery pack of claim 1, wherein said battery pack housing defines side edges; and, said back panel extends beyond said side edges. 8. The battery pack of claim 1, wherein said fastening element is configured as a loop; and, said loop is configured to be openable and closeable via a hook-and-loop fastener. 9. The battery pack of claim 1 further comprising a cover fixed on said back panel and configured to accommodate said battery pack housing. 10. The battery pack of claim 9, wherein said cover has a lower end disposed adjacent to said lower back section; and, said cover is open at said lower end. 11. The battery pack of claim 9, wherein said cover is made of a water-repellent, flexible material. 12. The battery pack of claim 9 further comprising a releasable, water-repellent closure configured to fix said cover to said back panel. | The invention relates to a battery pack which is worn on the back and has an arrangement of rechargeable battery cells provided with a common electrical connection for a line to an electric load (M). A carrying arrangement includes at least one back panel and at least one shoulder strap. The back panel is configured with an upper, shoulder portion and with a lower, back portion. The line is guided into the carrying arrangement through an opening in the back panel and routed from the opening in the back panel to an outer periphery of the carrying arrangement. The line is guided onward along at least one section of the outer periphery of the carrying arrangement and is secured in a releasable manner by at least one fastening element in the region of the section of the outer periphery of the carrying arrangement.1. A back carried battery pack for an exterior load, the back carried batter pack comprising:
a battery pack housing; an arrangement of rechargeable cells accommodated in said battery pack housing; said arrangement of rechargeable cells having a common electrical connection; a connecting line configured to connect said common electrical connection to the exterior load; said batter pack housing including a carrying arrangement having a back panel and a shoulder strap; said back panel having an upper shoulder section and a lower back section; said shoulder strap having an upper end fixed to said upper shoulder section and a lower end fixed to said lower back section; said back panel defining an opening; said connecting line being guided through said opening and into said carrying arrangement; said carrying arrangement having an outer periphery; said connecting line being routed from said opening in said back panel to said outer periphery and being further guided along a segment of said outer periphery; and, at least one fastening element configured to releasably fix said connecting line to said outer periphery in said segment of said outer periphery. 2. The battery pack of claim 1, wherein said shoulder strap is a first shoulder strap, the battery pack further comprising:
a second shoulder strap having an upper end; and, said connecting line is guided between said upper end of said first shoulder strap and said upper end of said second shoulder strap. 3. The battery pack of claim 1, wherein said fastening element is a first element, the battery pack further comprising a second fastening element configured to fix said connecting line to said back panel between said opening and said outer periphery. 4. The battery pack of claim 1, wherein:
said back panel has a first pad and a second pad; and, said connecting line is guided between said first pad and said second pad to said outer periphery. 5. The battery pack of claim 1, wherein said back panel has an outer panel periphery and said outer periphery of said carrying arrangement is formed by said outer panel periphery. 6. The battery pack of claim 1, wherein:
said shoulder strap has a first side facing away from said back panel; and, said outer periphery of said carrying arrangement is formed by said first side of said shoulder strap. 7. The battery pack of claim 1, wherein said battery pack housing defines side edges; and, said back panel extends beyond said side edges. 8. The battery pack of claim 1, wherein said fastening element is configured as a loop; and, said loop is configured to be openable and closeable via a hook-and-loop fastener. 9. The battery pack of claim 1 further comprising a cover fixed on said back panel and configured to accommodate said battery pack housing. 10. The battery pack of claim 9, wherein said cover has a lower end disposed adjacent to said lower back section; and, said cover is open at said lower end. 11. The battery pack of claim 9, wherein said cover is made of a water-repellent, flexible material. 12. The battery pack of claim 9 further comprising a releasable, water-repellent closure configured to fix said cover to said back panel. | 1,700 |
4,288 | 14,680,669 | 1,782 | A coated article is disclosed. The article includes a coating formed by thermal decomposition, oxidation then functionalization. The article is configured for a marine environment, the marine environment including fouling features. The coating is resistant to the fouling features. Additionally or alternatively, the article is a medical device configured for a protein-containing environment, the protein-containing environment including protein adsorption features. The coating is resistant to the protein adsorption features. | 1. A thermal chemical vapor coated article, comprising:
a coating formed by thermal decomposition, oxidation then functionalization; wherein the article is a medical device configured for a protein-containing environment, the protein-containing environment including protein adsorption conditions; wherein the coating is resistant to the protein adsorption conditions. 2. The thermal chemical vapor coated article of claim 1, wherein the thermal decomposition is by introduction of dimethylsilane. 3. The thermal chemical vapor coated article of claim 1, wherein the oxidation is by introduction of zero air. 4. The thermal chemical vapor coated article of claim 1, wherein the functionalization is by introduction of trimethylsilane. 5. The thermal chemical vapor coated article of claim 1, wherein the medical device is a biomedical device, surgical equipment, a portion of a medical diagnostic sampling system, a medical implant, or a combination thereof. 6. The thermal chemical vapor coated article of claim 1, further comprising a stainless steel surface, the coating positioned on the stainless steel surface. 7. The thermal chemical vapor coated article of claim 6, wherein the stainless steel surface includes 316 stainless steel. 8. The thermal chemical vapor coated article of claim 1, further comprising a titanium surface, the coating positioned on the titanium surface. 9. The thermal chemical vapor coated article of claim 1, further comprising a composite metal surface, the coating positioned on the composite metal surface. 10. The thermal chemical vapor coated article of claim 1, further comprising a glass surface, the coating positioned on the glass surface. 11. The thermal chemical vapor coated article of claim 1, wherein the coating is positioned in a tube, the tube having an internal diameter of between 1 millimeter and 3 millimeters. 12. The thermal chemical vapor coated article of claim 1, wherein the coating is positioned in a tube, the tube having an internal diameter of less than 3 millimeters. 13. The thermal chemical vapor coated article of claim 1, wherein the coating is positioned in a tube, the tube having an internal diameter of between 0.1 millimeter and 1 millimeters. 14. The thermal chemical vapor coated article of claim 1, wherein the coating is positioned in a tube, the tube having an internal diameter of between 0.1 millimeter and 3 millimeters. 15. The thermal chemical vapor coated article of claim 1, wherein the coating has a thickness of between about 100 nm and about 1,000 nm. 16. A thermal chemical vapor process of producing the coating of claim 1. 17. A thermal chemical vapor coated article, comprising:
a coating formed by thermal decomposition on a stainless steel surface, oxidation then functionalization; wherein the article is a medical device configured for a protein-containing environment, the protein-containing environment including protein adsorption conditions; wherein the coating is resistant to the protein adsorption conditions; wherein the thermal decomposition is by introduction of dimethylsilane; wherein the oxidation is by introduction of zero air; wherein the functionalization is by introduction of trimethylsilane; and wherein the medical device is a biomedical device, surgical equipment, a portion of a medical diagnostic sampling system, a medical implant, or a combination thereof. 18. A thermal chemical vapor coated article, comprising:
a coating formed by oxidation of dimethylsilane then functionalization with trimethylsilane. 19. The thermal chemical vapor coated article of claim 18, wherein the coating is further formed by thermal decomposition by introduction of the dimethylsilane, the oxidation is by introduction of zero air, and the functionalization is by introduction of trimethylsilane. 20. A thermal chemical vapor process of producing the coating of claim 18. | A coated article is disclosed. The article includes a coating formed by thermal decomposition, oxidation then functionalization. The article is configured for a marine environment, the marine environment including fouling features. The coating is resistant to the fouling features. Additionally or alternatively, the article is a medical device configured for a protein-containing environment, the protein-containing environment including protein adsorption features. The coating is resistant to the protein adsorption features.1. A thermal chemical vapor coated article, comprising:
a coating formed by thermal decomposition, oxidation then functionalization; wherein the article is a medical device configured for a protein-containing environment, the protein-containing environment including protein adsorption conditions; wherein the coating is resistant to the protein adsorption conditions. 2. The thermal chemical vapor coated article of claim 1, wherein the thermal decomposition is by introduction of dimethylsilane. 3. The thermal chemical vapor coated article of claim 1, wherein the oxidation is by introduction of zero air. 4. The thermal chemical vapor coated article of claim 1, wherein the functionalization is by introduction of trimethylsilane. 5. The thermal chemical vapor coated article of claim 1, wherein the medical device is a biomedical device, surgical equipment, a portion of a medical diagnostic sampling system, a medical implant, or a combination thereof. 6. The thermal chemical vapor coated article of claim 1, further comprising a stainless steel surface, the coating positioned on the stainless steel surface. 7. The thermal chemical vapor coated article of claim 6, wherein the stainless steel surface includes 316 stainless steel. 8. The thermal chemical vapor coated article of claim 1, further comprising a titanium surface, the coating positioned on the titanium surface. 9. The thermal chemical vapor coated article of claim 1, further comprising a composite metal surface, the coating positioned on the composite metal surface. 10. The thermal chemical vapor coated article of claim 1, further comprising a glass surface, the coating positioned on the glass surface. 11. The thermal chemical vapor coated article of claim 1, wherein the coating is positioned in a tube, the tube having an internal diameter of between 1 millimeter and 3 millimeters. 12. The thermal chemical vapor coated article of claim 1, wherein the coating is positioned in a tube, the tube having an internal diameter of less than 3 millimeters. 13. The thermal chemical vapor coated article of claim 1, wherein the coating is positioned in a tube, the tube having an internal diameter of between 0.1 millimeter and 1 millimeters. 14. The thermal chemical vapor coated article of claim 1, wherein the coating is positioned in a tube, the tube having an internal diameter of between 0.1 millimeter and 3 millimeters. 15. The thermal chemical vapor coated article of claim 1, wherein the coating has a thickness of between about 100 nm and about 1,000 nm. 16. A thermal chemical vapor process of producing the coating of claim 1. 17. A thermal chemical vapor coated article, comprising:
a coating formed by thermal decomposition on a stainless steel surface, oxidation then functionalization; wherein the article is a medical device configured for a protein-containing environment, the protein-containing environment including protein adsorption conditions; wherein the coating is resistant to the protein adsorption conditions; wherein the thermal decomposition is by introduction of dimethylsilane; wherein the oxidation is by introduction of zero air; wherein the functionalization is by introduction of trimethylsilane; and wherein the medical device is a biomedical device, surgical equipment, a portion of a medical diagnostic sampling system, a medical implant, or a combination thereof. 18. A thermal chemical vapor coated article, comprising:
a coating formed by oxidation of dimethylsilane then functionalization with trimethylsilane. 19. The thermal chemical vapor coated article of claim 18, wherein the coating is further formed by thermal decomposition by introduction of the dimethylsilane, the oxidation is by introduction of zero air, and the functionalization is by introduction of trimethylsilane. 20. A thermal chemical vapor process of producing the coating of claim 18. | 1,700 |
4,289 | 15,348,194 | 1,712 | A method of forming an optical component includes fusing glass powder material to a facesheet to form a first core material layer on the facesheet. The method also includes successively fusing glass powder material in a plurality of additional core material layers to build a core material structure on the facesheet. The method can include positioning the facesheet on a mandrel prior to fusing glass powder material to the facesheet. Fusing glass powder material to the facesheet can include fusing the glass powder material to a polishable surface of the facesheet. | 1. A method of forming an optical component comprising:
fusing glass powder material to a facesheet to form a first core material layer on the facesheet; and successively fusing glass powder material in a plurality of additional core material layers to build a core material structure on the facesheet. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein at least one of fusing glass powder to form the first core material layer and successively fusing glass powder material in a plurality of additional core material layers includes:
depositing powder over at least one of the facesheet, the first core material layer, and/or the one of the additional core material layers; and selectively fusing only a portion of the powder. 3. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein depositing powder includes depositing powder over an entire assembly of the facesheet and any subsequently layers of glass subsequently fused thereto. 4. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein fusing glass powder material includes fusing low expansion glass powder into low expansion glass. 5. The method as recited in claim 4, wherein fusing glass powder material includes fusing low expansion titania-silica glass powder into low expansion titania-silica glass. 6. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein fusing glass powder material to a facesheet includes fusing glass powder material to a facesheet that is contoured for optical properties. 7. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising positioning the facesheet on a mandrel prior to fusing glass powder material to the facesheet. 8. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein fusing glass powder material to the facesheet includes fusing the glass powder material to a side of the facesheet opposing a polishable surface of the facesheet. 9. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein successively fusing glass powder material includes forming a mirror substrate. 10. The method as recited in claim 9, wherein forming a mirror substrate includes forming an optimal three-dimensional mirror topology that minimizes the mass of mirror substrate while providing a level of stiffness and stability above a predetermined minimum requirement. 11. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein successively fusing glass powder material includes varying material properties in successive layers. | A method of forming an optical component includes fusing glass powder material to a facesheet to form a first core material layer on the facesheet. The method also includes successively fusing glass powder material in a plurality of additional core material layers to build a core material structure on the facesheet. The method can include positioning the facesheet on a mandrel prior to fusing glass powder material to the facesheet. Fusing glass powder material to the facesheet can include fusing the glass powder material to a polishable surface of the facesheet.1. A method of forming an optical component comprising:
fusing glass powder material to a facesheet to form a first core material layer on the facesheet; and successively fusing glass powder material in a plurality of additional core material layers to build a core material structure on the facesheet. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein at least one of fusing glass powder to form the first core material layer and successively fusing glass powder material in a plurality of additional core material layers includes:
depositing powder over at least one of the facesheet, the first core material layer, and/or the one of the additional core material layers; and selectively fusing only a portion of the powder. 3. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein depositing powder includes depositing powder over an entire assembly of the facesheet and any subsequently layers of glass subsequently fused thereto. 4. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein fusing glass powder material includes fusing low expansion glass powder into low expansion glass. 5. The method as recited in claim 4, wherein fusing glass powder material includes fusing low expansion titania-silica glass powder into low expansion titania-silica glass. 6. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein fusing glass powder material to a facesheet includes fusing glass powder material to a facesheet that is contoured for optical properties. 7. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising positioning the facesheet on a mandrel prior to fusing glass powder material to the facesheet. 8. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein fusing glass powder material to the facesheet includes fusing the glass powder material to a side of the facesheet opposing a polishable surface of the facesheet. 9. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein successively fusing glass powder material includes forming a mirror substrate. 10. The method as recited in claim 9, wherein forming a mirror substrate includes forming an optimal three-dimensional mirror topology that minimizes the mass of mirror substrate while providing a level of stiffness and stability above a predetermined minimum requirement. 11. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein successively fusing glass powder material includes varying material properties in successive layers. | 1,700 |
4,290 | 13,632,674 | 1,788 | Doped nanoparticles, methods of making such nanoparticles, and uses of such nanoparticles. The nanoparticles exhibit a metal-insulator phase transition at a temperature of −200° C. to 350° C. The nanoparticles have a broad range of sizes and various morphologies. The nanoparticles can be used in coatings and in device structures. | 1) A VO2 nanoparticle doped with a plurality of metal cations selected from the group consisting of K cations, Na cations, Cs cations, Sr cations, Ba cations, Ca cations, W cations, Mo cations, Ag cations, Pb cations Nb cations, Cr cations, Al cations, Fe cations, Ti cations, Zr cations, Ta cations, Sc cations, Ga cations, Cu cations, Co cations, Ni cations, rare-earth element cations, and combinations thereof,
wherein the dopant is present in the nanoparticle at 0.1 to 10% by weight, wherein the dopants do not segregate into distinct phases and the dopants are substitutionally incorporated within a VO2 structure such that they replace vanadium atoms in the VO2 structure. 2) The nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle exhibits a metal-insulator transition at a temperature of from −200° C. to 350° C. 3) The nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle has a morphology selected from the group consisting of nanowires, nanostars, nanosheets, nanobelts, nanotetrapods, nanorods, nanospheres, nanoobelisks nanodendrites, aligned nanowire arrays, and combinations thereof. 4) The nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle has monoclinic, triclinic, or rutile crystal symmetry. 5) The nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle has a size of 1 nm to 1 micron. 6) The nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle is doped with a plurality of anion dopants, the dopants do not segregate into distinct phases and the anion dopants are substitutionally incorporated within a VO2 structure such that they replace oxygen atoms in the VO2 structure. 7) The nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle is at least partially covered by a layer of metal oxide selected from TiO2, ZnO, CeO2, HfO2, ZrO2, and combinations thereof. 8) A method for making doped VO2 nanoparticles comprising the steps of:
a) contacting
a vanadium oxide source,
a dopant source,
a reducing agent selected from the group consisting of oxalic acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid, methanol, ethanol, butanediol, acetone, 2-propanol, n-propanol, butanol, pentanol, glycerol, ethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol and combinations thereof, optionally, a structure-directing agent selected from the group consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, ethylene oxide and propylene oxide block copolymer surfactants, polyethyleneoxide surfactants, and combinations thereof,
in a solvent to form a reaction mixture;
b) heating the reaction mixture to a temperature of from 25° C. to 300° C. under autogeneous pressure for 0.5 hours to 336 hours; c) allowing the reaction mixture to cool to ambient temperature; and d) isolating the doped VO2 nanoparticles. 9) The method of claim 8, wherein the vanadium oxide source is V2O5, V2O4, CuV2O6, NaVO3, vanadium foil, VO, or V2O3. 10) The method of claim 8, wherein the dopant source comprises a metal and the dopant source is a nitrate salt of the metal, acetate salt of the metal, oxalate salt of the metal, oxide of metals, or a combination thereof. 11) The method of claim 8, wherein the dopant source is tungstic acid, chromic acid, molybdic acid, lead acetate, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, niobium oxide, chromium oxide, aluminum oxide, iron oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, tantalum oxide, scandium oxide, or gallium oxide. 12) The method of claim 8, wherein the solvent is an organic solvent or an aqueous medium. 13) The method of claim 12, wherein the organic solvent is toluene, anisole, ethylene glycol, or a combination thereof and the aqueous medium is water or a solution comprising an alcohol and water. 14) The method of claim 8, wherein V6O13 or other substoichiometric oxides are not detectible in the isolated product. 15) A coating comprising a plurality of nanoparticles of claim 1. 16) The coating of claim 15 wherein the nanoparticles are disposed in a polymer. 17) The coating of claim 16, wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of polymethylmethacrylate, polyethylenimine, polyetherimide, polycarbonate, polyethylene oxide, polypyrrole polystyrene, and combinations thereof. 18) The coating of claim 15, wherein the coating exhibits thermochromic behavior, electrochromic behavior, or mechanochromic behavior based on a metal-insulator transition. 19) The coating of claim 18, wherein the metal-insulator transition is induced by heating the coating, application of voltage to the coating, flowing a current through the film, or by imposition of strain on the coating. 20) The coating of claim 15, wherein the coating is disposed on the inner surface of the outer pane of a dual pane window. | Doped nanoparticles, methods of making such nanoparticles, and uses of such nanoparticles. The nanoparticles exhibit a metal-insulator phase transition at a temperature of −200° C. to 350° C. The nanoparticles have a broad range of sizes and various morphologies. The nanoparticles can be used in coatings and in device structures.1) A VO2 nanoparticle doped with a plurality of metal cations selected from the group consisting of K cations, Na cations, Cs cations, Sr cations, Ba cations, Ca cations, W cations, Mo cations, Ag cations, Pb cations Nb cations, Cr cations, Al cations, Fe cations, Ti cations, Zr cations, Ta cations, Sc cations, Ga cations, Cu cations, Co cations, Ni cations, rare-earth element cations, and combinations thereof,
wherein the dopant is present in the nanoparticle at 0.1 to 10% by weight, wherein the dopants do not segregate into distinct phases and the dopants are substitutionally incorporated within a VO2 structure such that they replace vanadium atoms in the VO2 structure. 2) The nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle exhibits a metal-insulator transition at a temperature of from −200° C. to 350° C. 3) The nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle has a morphology selected from the group consisting of nanowires, nanostars, nanosheets, nanobelts, nanotetrapods, nanorods, nanospheres, nanoobelisks nanodendrites, aligned nanowire arrays, and combinations thereof. 4) The nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle has monoclinic, triclinic, or rutile crystal symmetry. 5) The nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle has a size of 1 nm to 1 micron. 6) The nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle is doped with a plurality of anion dopants, the dopants do not segregate into distinct phases and the anion dopants are substitutionally incorporated within a VO2 structure such that they replace oxygen atoms in the VO2 structure. 7) The nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle is at least partially covered by a layer of metal oxide selected from TiO2, ZnO, CeO2, HfO2, ZrO2, and combinations thereof. 8) A method for making doped VO2 nanoparticles comprising the steps of:
a) contacting
a vanadium oxide source,
a dopant source,
a reducing agent selected from the group consisting of oxalic acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid, methanol, ethanol, butanediol, acetone, 2-propanol, n-propanol, butanol, pentanol, glycerol, ethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol and combinations thereof, optionally, a structure-directing agent selected from the group consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, ethylene oxide and propylene oxide block copolymer surfactants, polyethyleneoxide surfactants, and combinations thereof,
in a solvent to form a reaction mixture;
b) heating the reaction mixture to a temperature of from 25° C. to 300° C. under autogeneous pressure for 0.5 hours to 336 hours; c) allowing the reaction mixture to cool to ambient temperature; and d) isolating the doped VO2 nanoparticles. 9) The method of claim 8, wherein the vanadium oxide source is V2O5, V2O4, CuV2O6, NaVO3, vanadium foil, VO, or V2O3. 10) The method of claim 8, wherein the dopant source comprises a metal and the dopant source is a nitrate salt of the metal, acetate salt of the metal, oxalate salt of the metal, oxide of metals, or a combination thereof. 11) The method of claim 8, wherein the dopant source is tungstic acid, chromic acid, molybdic acid, lead acetate, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, niobium oxide, chromium oxide, aluminum oxide, iron oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, tantalum oxide, scandium oxide, or gallium oxide. 12) The method of claim 8, wherein the solvent is an organic solvent or an aqueous medium. 13) The method of claim 12, wherein the organic solvent is toluene, anisole, ethylene glycol, or a combination thereof and the aqueous medium is water or a solution comprising an alcohol and water. 14) The method of claim 8, wherein V6O13 or other substoichiometric oxides are not detectible in the isolated product. 15) A coating comprising a plurality of nanoparticles of claim 1. 16) The coating of claim 15 wherein the nanoparticles are disposed in a polymer. 17) The coating of claim 16, wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of polymethylmethacrylate, polyethylenimine, polyetherimide, polycarbonate, polyethylene oxide, polypyrrole polystyrene, and combinations thereof. 18) The coating of claim 15, wherein the coating exhibits thermochromic behavior, electrochromic behavior, or mechanochromic behavior based on a metal-insulator transition. 19) The coating of claim 18, wherein the metal-insulator transition is induced by heating the coating, application of voltage to the coating, flowing a current through the film, or by imposition of strain on the coating. 20) The coating of claim 15, wherein the coating is disposed on the inner surface of the outer pane of a dual pane window. | 1,700 |
4,291 | 14,461,939 | 1,717 | A masking member contains parallel through-holes, each of the through-holes contains a tilted wall structure; an upper end of the tilted wall structure of one of the through-holes abuts on an upper end of the tilted wall structure of an adjacent one of the through-holes thereby forming a knife-edge ridge at the upper ends. The masking member may in contact with a substrate. Formation in quantity of various different populations of a substance being studied with multiple combinations of distribution form and distribution density may be conducted by dripping a suspension of a single concentration of the substance onto the masking member. | 1. A masking member used for forming a population of molecules or particles on a substrate comprising:
parallel through-holes, each of the through-holes comprises a tilted wall structure; an upper end of the tilted wall structure of one of the through-holes abuts on an upper end of the tilted wall structure of an adjacent one of the through-holes thereby forming a knife-edge ridge at the upper ends. 2. The masking member as claimed in claim 1, the masking member is in contact with a substrate. 3. The masking member as claimed in claim 1, an upper opening area of one of the through-holes is different from an upper opening area of another one of the through-holes. 4. The masking member as claimed in claim 1, a lower opening area of one of the through-holes is different from a lower opening area of another one of the through-holes. 5. The masking member as claimed in claim 1, a density D of the population of the molecules or the particles is defined by a formula of D=CLS/s, C is a concentration of the molecules or the particles in a solution or a suspension, L is a depth of the solution or the suspension, S is an area of the upper opening and s is an area of the lower opening. 6. The masking member as claimed in claim 1, a surface of the wall structure is made of a material that is resistant against adhesion of the molecules or the particles. 7. The masking member as claimed in claim 1, the masking member is made of silicone rubber or fluorine rubber or a combination of silicone rubber and fluorine rubber. 8. The above masking member as claimed in claim 1, the wall structure is coated with one selected from a group consisting of polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid and polyacrylic amide or a hydrophilic polymer combining two or more selected from the group. 9. The masking member as claimed in claim 1, the molecules or the particles are cells, proteins, nucleic acids, bio-derived polymers, metal nanoparticles, semiconductor particles, ceramic particles, or resin particles. 10. The masking member as claimed in claim 1, a solution or a suspension of the molecules or the particles is free from reacting with the masking member. 11. The masking member as claimed in claim 1, the masking member comprises a groove on a surface along an upper boundary of the wall structure of the masking member. 12. The masking member as claimed in claim 2, all or a part of the substrate comprises porous materials, fibrous materials or gels, or a combination of any of the porous materials, the fibrous materials and the gels. 13. A method for using the masking member according to claim 1, comprising:
positioning the masking member in close contact with a substrate; placing a solution or a suspension of the molecules or the particles on the masking member; passing the molecules or the particles through the upper opening of the masking member; settling the substance along the tilted wall; and depositing the molecules or the particles onto the substrate in a predetermined area bounded by a lower opening of the wall structure. 14. The method according to claim 13 comprising:
producing various different populations of the molecules or the particles with arbitrary distribution forms and distribution densities simultaneously and in quantity. 15. The method according to claim 13, the molecules or the particles are cells, proteins, nucleic acids, bio-derived polymers, metal nanoparticles, semiconductor particles, ceramic particles, or resin particles. 16. The method as claimed in claim 13, the solution or the suspension is free from reacting with the masking member. 17. The method as claimed in claim 13, the masking member comprises a groove on a surface along an upper boundary of the wall structure. 18. The method as claimed in claim 13, an upper surface of the masking member comprises a groove or is tilted toward a lower opening of the through-hole and is not horizontal. 19. The method as claimed in claim 13, a surface of the wall structure is made of a material that is resistant against adhesion of the molecules or the particles. 20. The method as claimed in claim 13, all or a part of the substrate comprises porous materials, fibrous materials or gels, or a combination of any of the porous materials, the fibrous materials and the gels. | A masking member contains parallel through-holes, each of the through-holes contains a tilted wall structure; an upper end of the tilted wall structure of one of the through-holes abuts on an upper end of the tilted wall structure of an adjacent one of the through-holes thereby forming a knife-edge ridge at the upper ends. The masking member may in contact with a substrate. Formation in quantity of various different populations of a substance being studied with multiple combinations of distribution form and distribution density may be conducted by dripping a suspension of a single concentration of the substance onto the masking member.1. A masking member used for forming a population of molecules or particles on a substrate comprising:
parallel through-holes, each of the through-holes comprises a tilted wall structure; an upper end of the tilted wall structure of one of the through-holes abuts on an upper end of the tilted wall structure of an adjacent one of the through-holes thereby forming a knife-edge ridge at the upper ends. 2. The masking member as claimed in claim 1, the masking member is in contact with a substrate. 3. The masking member as claimed in claim 1, an upper opening area of one of the through-holes is different from an upper opening area of another one of the through-holes. 4. The masking member as claimed in claim 1, a lower opening area of one of the through-holes is different from a lower opening area of another one of the through-holes. 5. The masking member as claimed in claim 1, a density D of the population of the molecules or the particles is defined by a formula of D=CLS/s, C is a concentration of the molecules or the particles in a solution or a suspension, L is a depth of the solution or the suspension, S is an area of the upper opening and s is an area of the lower opening. 6. The masking member as claimed in claim 1, a surface of the wall structure is made of a material that is resistant against adhesion of the molecules or the particles. 7. The masking member as claimed in claim 1, the masking member is made of silicone rubber or fluorine rubber or a combination of silicone rubber and fluorine rubber. 8. The above masking member as claimed in claim 1, the wall structure is coated with one selected from a group consisting of polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid and polyacrylic amide or a hydrophilic polymer combining two or more selected from the group. 9. The masking member as claimed in claim 1, the molecules or the particles are cells, proteins, nucleic acids, bio-derived polymers, metal nanoparticles, semiconductor particles, ceramic particles, or resin particles. 10. The masking member as claimed in claim 1, a solution or a suspension of the molecules or the particles is free from reacting with the masking member. 11. The masking member as claimed in claim 1, the masking member comprises a groove on a surface along an upper boundary of the wall structure of the masking member. 12. The masking member as claimed in claim 2, all or a part of the substrate comprises porous materials, fibrous materials or gels, or a combination of any of the porous materials, the fibrous materials and the gels. 13. A method for using the masking member according to claim 1, comprising:
positioning the masking member in close contact with a substrate; placing a solution or a suspension of the molecules or the particles on the masking member; passing the molecules or the particles through the upper opening of the masking member; settling the substance along the tilted wall; and depositing the molecules or the particles onto the substrate in a predetermined area bounded by a lower opening of the wall structure. 14. The method according to claim 13 comprising:
producing various different populations of the molecules or the particles with arbitrary distribution forms and distribution densities simultaneously and in quantity. 15. The method according to claim 13, the molecules or the particles are cells, proteins, nucleic acids, bio-derived polymers, metal nanoparticles, semiconductor particles, ceramic particles, or resin particles. 16. The method as claimed in claim 13, the solution or the suspension is free from reacting with the masking member. 17. The method as claimed in claim 13, the masking member comprises a groove on a surface along an upper boundary of the wall structure. 18. The method as claimed in claim 13, an upper surface of the masking member comprises a groove or is tilted toward a lower opening of the through-hole and is not horizontal. 19. The method as claimed in claim 13, a surface of the wall structure is made of a material that is resistant against adhesion of the molecules or the particles. 20. The method as claimed in claim 13, all or a part of the substrate comprises porous materials, fibrous materials or gels, or a combination of any of the porous materials, the fibrous materials and the gels. | 1,700 |
4,292 | 14,491,099 | 1,791 | A method of and a system for surface pasteurizing or sterilizing low-moisture particulate foods, such as nuts, oats, and spices, is disclosed wherein the foods are pre-heated, pasteurized or sterilized in a gas, optionally dried, and cooled. The gas pasteurizing or sterilizing the foods contains water vapor and one or more further gasses, preferably air. | 1. A method of surface pasteurizing or sterilizing low-moisture particulate foods, comprising:
pre-heating the foods; pasteurizing or sterilizing the foods with gas comprising water vapor and one or more further gasses, and wherein the foods are heated to a temperature higher than the condensation temperature of the water vapor in the gas; and cooling the foods. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the one or more further gasses comprises air. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the relative humidity (RH) of the gas pasteurizing or sterilizing the foods is in excess of 60%. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the relative humidity (RH) of the gas pasteurizing or sterilizing the foods is in a range from 60 to 99%. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the relative humidity (RH) of the gas pasteurizing or sterilizing the foods is in a range from 80 to 98%. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the relative humidity (RH) of the gas pasteurizing or sterilizing the foods is in a range from 70 to 97%. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the foods are pre-heated to a temperature in a range from 1 to 20° C. above the condensation temperature of the water vapor in the gas. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the foods are pre-heated to a temperature in a range from 2 to 10° C. above the condensation temperature of the water vapor in the gas pasteurizing or sterilizing the foods. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the foods are pre-heated by means of a gas having a relative humidity in a range from 5 to 70% if pre-heating is followed by pasteurization and in a range from 5 to 90% if pre-heating is followed by sterilization. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the relative humidity of the pre-heating gas is gradually increased during pre-heating. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein, during pasteurization or sterilization, the gas is at atmospheric pressure ±20%. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the difference in water activity (ΔAw) of the foods and the gas pasteurising or sterilising the foods is in a range from 0.01 to 0.25. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the difference in water activity (ΔAw) of the foods and the gas pasteurising or sterilising the foods is in a range from 0.05 to 0.2. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least pre-heating the foods and pasteurizing or sterilizing the foods are carried out in the same vessel or column or on the same conveyor. 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein, during pasteurization or sterilization, the surface of the foods remains substantially free of condensate. 16. The method according to claim 1, wherein the duration of pasteurization or sterilization is in a range from 1 to 10 minutes. 17. The method according to claim 1, wherein the total duration of pre-heating, pasteurization or sterilization, and cooling to below 40° C. is in a range from 3 to 30 minutes. 18. A system for pasteurizing or sterilizing low-moisture foods, comprising at least one vessel, column or conveyor for pasteurizing or sterilizing the foods in a gas and a controller for operating the system, wherein the controller is arranged to heat the foods to a temperature higher than the condensation temperature of the water vapor in the gas for pasteurizing or sterilizing the foods. 19. The system according to claim 18, and further comprising an injector, humidifier and/or heater, arranged to set the relative humidity (RH) of the gas for pasteurizing or sterilizing the foods to a value in excess of 60%. 20. The system according to claim 18, wherein the vessel is an atmospheric vessel and/or comprising two or more parallel vessels for pasteurizing or sterilizing the foods in a gas, at least two of the vessels having a capacity of less than 1000 kg and/or wherein the controller is arranged to operate at least two of the vessels out of phase. 21. A method of surface pasteurizing or sterilizing low-moisture particulate foods, comprising:
pre-heating the foods; pasteurizing or sterilizing the foods with gas comprising water vapor and one or more further gasses, wherein the relative humidity (RH) of the gas pasteurizing or sterilizing the foods is in excess of 60%, and wherein the difference in water activity (ΔAw) of the foods and the gas pasteurising or sterilising the foods is in a range from 0.01 to 0.25; and cooling the foods. | A method of and a system for surface pasteurizing or sterilizing low-moisture particulate foods, such as nuts, oats, and spices, is disclosed wherein the foods are pre-heated, pasteurized or sterilized in a gas, optionally dried, and cooled. The gas pasteurizing or sterilizing the foods contains water vapor and one or more further gasses, preferably air.1. A method of surface pasteurizing or sterilizing low-moisture particulate foods, comprising:
pre-heating the foods; pasteurizing or sterilizing the foods with gas comprising water vapor and one or more further gasses, and wherein the foods are heated to a temperature higher than the condensation temperature of the water vapor in the gas; and cooling the foods. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the one or more further gasses comprises air. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the relative humidity (RH) of the gas pasteurizing or sterilizing the foods is in excess of 60%. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the relative humidity (RH) of the gas pasteurizing or sterilizing the foods is in a range from 60 to 99%. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the relative humidity (RH) of the gas pasteurizing or sterilizing the foods is in a range from 80 to 98%. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the relative humidity (RH) of the gas pasteurizing or sterilizing the foods is in a range from 70 to 97%. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the foods are pre-heated to a temperature in a range from 1 to 20° C. above the condensation temperature of the water vapor in the gas. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the foods are pre-heated to a temperature in a range from 2 to 10° C. above the condensation temperature of the water vapor in the gas pasteurizing or sterilizing the foods. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the foods are pre-heated by means of a gas having a relative humidity in a range from 5 to 70% if pre-heating is followed by pasteurization and in a range from 5 to 90% if pre-heating is followed by sterilization. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the relative humidity of the pre-heating gas is gradually increased during pre-heating. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein, during pasteurization or sterilization, the gas is at atmospheric pressure ±20%. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the difference in water activity (ΔAw) of the foods and the gas pasteurising or sterilising the foods is in a range from 0.01 to 0.25. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the difference in water activity (ΔAw) of the foods and the gas pasteurising or sterilising the foods is in a range from 0.05 to 0.2. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least pre-heating the foods and pasteurizing or sterilizing the foods are carried out in the same vessel or column or on the same conveyor. 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein, during pasteurization or sterilization, the surface of the foods remains substantially free of condensate. 16. The method according to claim 1, wherein the duration of pasteurization or sterilization is in a range from 1 to 10 minutes. 17. The method according to claim 1, wherein the total duration of pre-heating, pasteurization or sterilization, and cooling to below 40° C. is in a range from 3 to 30 minutes. 18. A system for pasteurizing or sterilizing low-moisture foods, comprising at least one vessel, column or conveyor for pasteurizing or sterilizing the foods in a gas and a controller for operating the system, wherein the controller is arranged to heat the foods to a temperature higher than the condensation temperature of the water vapor in the gas for pasteurizing or sterilizing the foods. 19. The system according to claim 18, and further comprising an injector, humidifier and/or heater, arranged to set the relative humidity (RH) of the gas for pasteurizing or sterilizing the foods to a value in excess of 60%. 20. The system according to claim 18, wherein the vessel is an atmospheric vessel and/or comprising two or more parallel vessels for pasteurizing or sterilizing the foods in a gas, at least two of the vessels having a capacity of less than 1000 kg and/or wherein the controller is arranged to operate at least two of the vessels out of phase. 21. A method of surface pasteurizing or sterilizing low-moisture particulate foods, comprising:
pre-heating the foods; pasteurizing or sterilizing the foods with gas comprising water vapor and one or more further gasses, wherein the relative humidity (RH) of the gas pasteurizing or sterilizing the foods is in excess of 60%, and wherein the difference in water activity (ΔAw) of the foods and the gas pasteurising or sterilising the foods is in a range from 0.01 to 0.25; and cooling the foods. | 1,700 |
4,293 | 15,322,133 | 1,726 | Provided is a viscous dispersion liquid useful for forming a semiconductor porous film (porous semiconductor layer) by low-temperature deposition. The viscous dispersion liquid contains water as a dispersion medium, and titanium dioxide nanoparticles, wherein the viscous dispersion liquid has a solid content concentration of 30% by mass to 60% by mass, the titanium dioxide nanoparticles include anatase crystalline titanium dioxide nanoparticles having an average particle diameter of 10 nm to 100 nm, and brookite crystalline titanium dioxide nanoparticles having an average particle diameter of 5 nm to 15 nm, and the viscous dispersion liquid has a viscosity of 10 Pa·s to 500 Pa·s at 25° C. | 1. A viscous dispersion liquid comprising:
water as a dispersion medium; and titanium dioxide nanoparticles, wherein
the viscous dispersion liquid has a solid content concentration of 30% by mass to 60% by mass,
the titanium dioxide nanoparticles include anatase crystalline titanium dioxide nanoparticles having an average particle diameter of 10 nm to 100 nm, and brookite crystalline titanium dioxide nanoparticles having an average particle diameter of 5 nm to 15 nm, and
the viscous dispersion liquid has a viscosity of 10 Pa·s to 500 Pa·s at 25° C. 2. The viscous dispersion liquid of claim 1, wherein the anatase crystalline titanium dioxide nanoparticles include anatase crystalline titanium dioxide nanoparticles (a) having an average particle diameter of 30 nm to 100 nm. 3. The viscous dispersion liquid of claim 2, wherein the anatase crystalline titanium dioxide nanoparticles further include anatase crystalline titanium dioxide nanoparticles (b) having an average particle diameter of 10 nm to 25 nm. 4. The viscous dispersion liquid of claim 2, wherein a proportion of the anatase crystalline titanium dioxide nanoparticles (a) in the anatase crystalline titanium dioxide nanoparticles is 60% by mass or more. 5. The viscous dispersion liquid of claim 1, prepared by adding the anatase crystalline titanium dioxide nanoparticles into a water dispersion of the brookite crystalline titanium dioxide nanoparticles. 6. A method of producing the viscous dispersion liquid of claim 1, comprising:
adding the anatase crystalline titanium dioxide nanoparticles into a water dispersion of the brookite crystalline titanium dioxide nanoparticles. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein adding the anatase crystalline titanium dioxide nanoparticles comprises: (a) adding anatase crystalline titanium dioxide nanoparticles (a) having an average particle diameter of 30 nm to 100 nm; and (b) adding anatase crystalline titanium dioxide nanoparticles (b) having an average particle diameter of 10 nm to 25 nm. 8. A porous semiconductor electrode substrate comprising:
a conductive substrate; and a porous semiconductor layer formed by applying the viscous dispersion liquid of claim 1 onto the conductive substrate, and drying the viscous dispersion liquid applied. 9. A dye-sensitized solar cell comprising the porous semiconductor electrode substrate of claim 8. | Provided is a viscous dispersion liquid useful for forming a semiconductor porous film (porous semiconductor layer) by low-temperature deposition. The viscous dispersion liquid contains water as a dispersion medium, and titanium dioxide nanoparticles, wherein the viscous dispersion liquid has a solid content concentration of 30% by mass to 60% by mass, the titanium dioxide nanoparticles include anatase crystalline titanium dioxide nanoparticles having an average particle diameter of 10 nm to 100 nm, and brookite crystalline titanium dioxide nanoparticles having an average particle diameter of 5 nm to 15 nm, and the viscous dispersion liquid has a viscosity of 10 Pa·s to 500 Pa·s at 25° C.1. A viscous dispersion liquid comprising:
water as a dispersion medium; and titanium dioxide nanoparticles, wherein
the viscous dispersion liquid has a solid content concentration of 30% by mass to 60% by mass,
the titanium dioxide nanoparticles include anatase crystalline titanium dioxide nanoparticles having an average particle diameter of 10 nm to 100 nm, and brookite crystalline titanium dioxide nanoparticles having an average particle diameter of 5 nm to 15 nm, and
the viscous dispersion liquid has a viscosity of 10 Pa·s to 500 Pa·s at 25° C. 2. The viscous dispersion liquid of claim 1, wherein the anatase crystalline titanium dioxide nanoparticles include anatase crystalline titanium dioxide nanoparticles (a) having an average particle diameter of 30 nm to 100 nm. 3. The viscous dispersion liquid of claim 2, wherein the anatase crystalline titanium dioxide nanoparticles further include anatase crystalline titanium dioxide nanoparticles (b) having an average particle diameter of 10 nm to 25 nm. 4. The viscous dispersion liquid of claim 2, wherein a proportion of the anatase crystalline titanium dioxide nanoparticles (a) in the anatase crystalline titanium dioxide nanoparticles is 60% by mass or more. 5. The viscous dispersion liquid of claim 1, prepared by adding the anatase crystalline titanium dioxide nanoparticles into a water dispersion of the brookite crystalline titanium dioxide nanoparticles. 6. A method of producing the viscous dispersion liquid of claim 1, comprising:
adding the anatase crystalline titanium dioxide nanoparticles into a water dispersion of the brookite crystalline titanium dioxide nanoparticles. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein adding the anatase crystalline titanium dioxide nanoparticles comprises: (a) adding anatase crystalline titanium dioxide nanoparticles (a) having an average particle diameter of 30 nm to 100 nm; and (b) adding anatase crystalline titanium dioxide nanoparticles (b) having an average particle diameter of 10 nm to 25 nm. 8. A porous semiconductor electrode substrate comprising:
a conductive substrate; and a porous semiconductor layer formed by applying the viscous dispersion liquid of claim 1 onto the conductive substrate, and drying the viscous dispersion liquid applied. 9. A dye-sensitized solar cell comprising the porous semiconductor electrode substrate of claim 8. | 1,700 |
4,294 | 15,407,385 | 1,783 | A high frequency semi-isotropic embossed polymer interlayer sheet is disclosed. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet has a first side; a second side opposing the first side; and an embossed surface on at least one of the sides, and a surface texture ratio, Str, (as measured per ISO 25178) of between 0.1 and 0.99. The embossed polymer sheet may have at least 50 roughness peaks per centimeter (R PC, as measured per ASME B46.1 (1985)). The embossed polymer sheet may have a mottle value of less than or equal to 2.5 (as measured by a Clear Mottle Analyzer (CMA)). The embossed polymer sheet may be polyvinyl butyral. | 1. An embossed polymer interlayer sheet comprising: a first side; a second side opposing the first side; and an embossed surface on at least one of the sides, wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet has a high frequency semi-isotropic surface having a surface texture ratio, Str, (as measured per ISO 25178) of between 0.2 and 0.99, a surface roughness, Sz, of from greater than about 10 to less than about 85 microns, and at least 50 roughness peaks per centimeter (R PC, as measured per ASME B46.1 (1985)). 2. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 1, wherein the Str value (as measured per ISO 25178) is greater than 0.5. 3. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 1, wherein the Str value (as measured per ISO 25178) is between 0.2 and 0.8. 4. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 1, wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet has at least 100 roughness peaks per centimeter (R PC, as measured per ASME B46.1 (1985)). 5. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 1, wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet has a peak height distribution kurtosis, Sku, of greater than 3.0 (as measured per ISO 25178). 6. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 1, wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet has uniform de-airing and an average light transmission of at least 70% when placed between two glass substrates and de-aired using a cold nip roll process. 7. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 1, wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet has a mottle value of less than or equal to 2.5 (as measured by a Clear Mottle Analyzer (CMA)) when laminated between two glass substrates. 8. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 1, wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet comprises a multi-layer sheet. 9. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 1, wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet comprises poly(vinyl butyral). 10. An embossed polymer interlayer sheet comprising: a first side; a second side opposing the first side; and an embossed surface on at least one of the sides, wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet has a semi-isotropic surface having a surface texture ratio, Str, (as measured per ISO 25178) of between 0.2 and 0.99 and wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet has at least 50 roughness peaks per centimeter (R PC, as measured per ASME B46.1 (1985)),
wherein the polymer sheet is embossed by an embossing roller having a surface comprising blasted voids having a diameter of less than or equal to 0.02 inches and a depth of up to about 200 μm. 11. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 10, wherein the polymer sheet is embossed by an embossing roller having a surface comprising blasted voids having a diameter of from 0.001 to about 0.01 inches and a depth of between about 10 and about 100 μm. 12. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 10, wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet has uniform de-airing and an average light transmission of at least 70% when de-aired using a cold nip roll process. 13. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 10, wherein the embossed polymer sheet is embossed by an embossing roller having a surface roughness, Rz, of about 20 to 200 microns. 14. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 10, wherein the embossed polymer sheet is embossed by a method comprising the steps of: extruding a polymer melt sheet; after the extruding, embossing the polymer melt sheet in a single embossing stage and after the embossing, cooling the polymer melt sheet to form an embossed polymer interlayer sheet, wherein, after the cooling, the polymer interlayer sheet retains substantially all of the embossing applied to the polymer melt sheet. 15. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 10, wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet comprises a multi-layer sheet. 16. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 10, wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet comprises poly(vinyl butyral). 17. An embossed polymer interlayer sheet comprising: a first side; a second side opposing the first side; and an embossed surface on at least one of the sides, wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet has a high frequency semi-isotropic surface having a surface texture ratio, Str, (as measured per ISO 25178) of between 0.2 and 0.99 and having at least 50 roughness peaks per centimeter (R PC, as measured per ASME B46.1 (1985)), and wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet has uniform de-airing and an average light transmission of at least 70% when de-aired using a cold nip roll process and a surface roughness, Sz, of from greater than about 10 to less than about 85 microns. 18. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 17, wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet comprises a multi-layer sheet. 19. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 17, wherein the polymer is polyvinyl butyral. 20. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 17, wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet has a mottle value of less than or equal to 2.5 (as measured by a Clear Mottle Analyzer (CMA)). | A high frequency semi-isotropic embossed polymer interlayer sheet is disclosed. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet has a first side; a second side opposing the first side; and an embossed surface on at least one of the sides, and a surface texture ratio, Str, (as measured per ISO 25178) of between 0.1 and 0.99. The embossed polymer sheet may have at least 50 roughness peaks per centimeter (R PC, as measured per ASME B46.1 (1985)). The embossed polymer sheet may have a mottle value of less than or equal to 2.5 (as measured by a Clear Mottle Analyzer (CMA)). The embossed polymer sheet may be polyvinyl butyral.1. An embossed polymer interlayer sheet comprising: a first side; a second side opposing the first side; and an embossed surface on at least one of the sides, wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet has a high frequency semi-isotropic surface having a surface texture ratio, Str, (as measured per ISO 25178) of between 0.2 and 0.99, a surface roughness, Sz, of from greater than about 10 to less than about 85 microns, and at least 50 roughness peaks per centimeter (R PC, as measured per ASME B46.1 (1985)). 2. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 1, wherein the Str value (as measured per ISO 25178) is greater than 0.5. 3. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 1, wherein the Str value (as measured per ISO 25178) is between 0.2 and 0.8. 4. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 1, wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet has at least 100 roughness peaks per centimeter (R PC, as measured per ASME B46.1 (1985)). 5. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 1, wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet has a peak height distribution kurtosis, Sku, of greater than 3.0 (as measured per ISO 25178). 6. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 1, wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet has uniform de-airing and an average light transmission of at least 70% when placed between two glass substrates and de-aired using a cold nip roll process. 7. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 1, wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet has a mottle value of less than or equal to 2.5 (as measured by a Clear Mottle Analyzer (CMA)) when laminated between two glass substrates. 8. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 1, wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet comprises a multi-layer sheet. 9. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 1, wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet comprises poly(vinyl butyral). 10. An embossed polymer interlayer sheet comprising: a first side; a second side opposing the first side; and an embossed surface on at least one of the sides, wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet has a semi-isotropic surface having a surface texture ratio, Str, (as measured per ISO 25178) of between 0.2 and 0.99 and wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet has at least 50 roughness peaks per centimeter (R PC, as measured per ASME B46.1 (1985)),
wherein the polymer sheet is embossed by an embossing roller having a surface comprising blasted voids having a diameter of less than or equal to 0.02 inches and a depth of up to about 200 μm. 11. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 10, wherein the polymer sheet is embossed by an embossing roller having a surface comprising blasted voids having a diameter of from 0.001 to about 0.01 inches and a depth of between about 10 and about 100 μm. 12. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 10, wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet has uniform de-airing and an average light transmission of at least 70% when de-aired using a cold nip roll process. 13. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 10, wherein the embossed polymer sheet is embossed by an embossing roller having a surface roughness, Rz, of about 20 to 200 microns. 14. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 10, wherein the embossed polymer sheet is embossed by a method comprising the steps of: extruding a polymer melt sheet; after the extruding, embossing the polymer melt sheet in a single embossing stage and after the embossing, cooling the polymer melt sheet to form an embossed polymer interlayer sheet, wherein, after the cooling, the polymer interlayer sheet retains substantially all of the embossing applied to the polymer melt sheet. 15. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 10, wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet comprises a multi-layer sheet. 16. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 10, wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet comprises poly(vinyl butyral). 17. An embossed polymer interlayer sheet comprising: a first side; a second side opposing the first side; and an embossed surface on at least one of the sides, wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet has a high frequency semi-isotropic surface having a surface texture ratio, Str, (as measured per ISO 25178) of between 0.2 and 0.99 and having at least 50 roughness peaks per centimeter (R PC, as measured per ASME B46.1 (1985)), and wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet has uniform de-airing and an average light transmission of at least 70% when de-aired using a cold nip roll process and a surface roughness, Sz, of from greater than about 10 to less than about 85 microns. 18. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 17, wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet comprises a multi-layer sheet. 19. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 17, wherein the polymer is polyvinyl butyral. 20. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 17, wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet has a mottle value of less than or equal to 2.5 (as measured by a Clear Mottle Analyzer (CMA)). | 1,700 |
4,295 | 15,305,175 | 1,793 | A shelf-stable ready-to-eat packaged focaccia, is described having appearance and organoleptic qualities comparable to those of a fresh focaccia, which has a relative humidity comprised between 25 and 32%, preferably 27% and water activity (a w ) comprised between 0.85 and 0.92, preferably 0.89, and blind holes on its surface having depth of at least 50% of the thickness of the focaccia. A process for the production of a ready-to-eat shelf-stable packaged focaccia is also described which comprises the steps of: a) preparing a dough for focaccia comprising, by weight based on the total weight of the dough, 40-60% flour, 20-35% water, 7-16% vegetable oils and/or fats and/or fractions thereof, of which 1-6% extra virgin olive oil, 0.5-4% yeast, 0.1-3% salt, 0-15% at least one organoleptically characterising ingredient; 0-0.1% at least one baking processing aid, 0-0.8% at least one emulsifier and 0-1.5% dietary fibres; b) extrusion of the dough thus prepared thus obtaining a plurality of sheets of extruded raw dough for focaccia, and subsequent lamination of the plurality of sheets of raw dough for focaccia thus obtaining a layer of laminated raw dough for focaccia; c) first leavening of the layer of laminated raw dough for focaccia thus obtained at a temperature comprised between 20 and 30° C.; d) shaping of the layer of leavened raw dough for focaccia thus obtained forming a plurality of blind holes on the surface of the dough and filling of the holes with a saline solution; | 1-21. (canceled) 22. A shelf-stable and ready-to-eat packaged focaccia, with a shelf-life of at least 60 days, with appearance and organoleptic characteristics comparable to those of a fresh focaccia, which contains, by weight based on the final weight of the focaccia, extra virgin olive oil in a quantity of at least 6% and has relative humidity comprised between 25 and 32%, preferably 27%, and water activity (aw) comprised between 0.85 and 0.92, preferably 0.89, and blind holes on its surface having depth of at least 50% of the thickness of said focaccia. 23. The focaccia according to claim 22 wherein said relative humidity and water activity are substantially homogeneous across said focaccia. 24. The focaccia according to claim 22, wherein said focaccia comprises, by weight based on the final weight of the focaccia, flour in a quantity comprised between 50 and 60%, preferably about 56%; vegetable fats and/or oils and/or fractions thereof in a quantity comprised between 12 and 20%, preferably about 17%, of which extra virgin olive oil in a quantity comprised between 6 and 10%, preferably about 9%; yeast in a quantity comprised between 2 and 4%, preferably about 3%; salt in a quantity comprised between 1.0 and 2.3%, preferably about 2%, at least one organoleptically characterising ingredient in a quantity comprised between 0 and 15%; at least one baking processing aid in a quantity comprised between 0% and 0.1%; at least one emulsifier in a quantity comprised between 0 and 0.8%; and dietary fibres in a quantity comprised between 0 and 1.5%. 25. The focaccia according to claim 24, wherein said flour is selected from any cereal flour, preferably in the group consisting of durum wheat, soft wheat, turanicum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. turanicum), rye, corn, rice, spelt, barley, sorghum, millet, oats, triticale, buckwheat, quinoa, and mixtures thereof, more preferably soft wheat flour. 26. The focaccia according to claim 24, wherein said vegetable fats and/or oils and/or fractions thereof are selected in the group consisting of palm, olive, sunflower, high oleic sunflower, canola oils and/or fats and combinations thereof, preferably a mixture of extra virgin olive oil and palm fat and/or vegetable margarine. 27. The focaccia according to claim 26, which comprises a quantity of extra virgin olive oil comprised between 6 and 10% and a quantity of palm fat and/or vegetable margarine comprised between 6 and 10%. 28. The focaccia according to claim 24, wherein said at least one baking processing aid is an ascorbic acid and/or enzyme based baking improver; said at least one emulsifier is selected from mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids and/or lecithin; and said dietary fibres are selected from the group consisting of guar fibres, wheat fibres, sugar cane fibres, and combinations thereof, preferably guar fibre. 29. The focaccia according to claim 24, wherein said focaccia consists of, by weight based on the final weight of the focaccia, flour in a quantity comprised between 50 and 60%; vegetable fats and/or oils and/or fractions thereof in a quantity comprised between 12 and 20%, of which extra virgin olive oil in a quantity comprised between 6 and 10%; yeast in a quantity comprised between 2 and 4%; salt in a quantity comprised between 1.0 and 2.3%; at least one baking processing aid in a quantity comprised between 0 and 0.1%; at least one emulsifier in a quantity comprised between 0 and 0.8%; dietary fibres in a quantity comprised between 0 and 1.5%; and sufficient water to reach 100%. 30. The focaccia according to claim 22, wherein said focaccia comprises one or more organoleptically characterising ingredients substantially homogeneously distributed both on the surface and in its entire thickness in a quantity comprised between 5 and 15%, by weight based on the total weight of the dough. 31. The focaccia according to claim 30, wherein said organoleptically characterising ingredient is olives. 32. The focaccia according to claim 22, wherein said focaccia comprises one or more organoleptically characterising ingredients prevalently placed inside said focaccia, in a quantity comprised between 5 and 15%, by weight based on the total weight of the dough. 33. The focaccia according to claim 32, wherein said organoleptically characterising ingredient is tomato. 34. The focaccia according to claim 22, wherein said focaccia comprises at least one organoleptically characterising ingredient on the upper surface. 35. A process for the production of a ready-to-eat shelf-stable packaged focaccia having relative humidity comprised between 25 and 32%, and water activity (aw) comprised between 0.85 and 0.92, which process comprises the steps of:
a) preparation of a dough for focaccia comprising, by weight based on the total weight of the dough, 40-60% flour, 20-35% water, 7-16% vegetable oils and/or fats and/or fractions thereof, of which 1-6% extra virgin olive oil, 0.5-4% yeast, 0.1-3% salt, 0-15% at least one organoleptically characterising ingredient; 0-0.1% at least one baking processing aid, 0-0.8% at least one emulsifier and 0-1.5% dietary fibres; b) extrusion of the dough thus prepared thus obtaining a plurality of sheets of extruded raw dough for focaccia, and subsequent lamination of said plurality of sheets of raw dough for focaccia thus obtaining a layer of laminated raw dough for focaccia; c) first leavening of said layer of laminated raw dough for focaccia thus obtained at a temperature between 20 and 30° C.; d) shaping of the layer of raw leavened dough for focaccia thus obtained forming a plurality of blind holes on the surface of the dough and filling said holes with a saline solution; e) second leavening of the raw dough thus obtained at a temperature comprised between 30 and 37° C.; f) oiling of the upper surface of the dough thus obtained with filling with the oil of said holes; g) baking of the raw dough thus obtained in an oven at a temperature comprised between 210 and 240° C.; and h) packaging of the focaccia thus obtained. 36. The process according to claim 35, wherein said step a) of kneading comprises a first step wherein said flour, water, said optional at least one baking processing aid, said optional at least one emulsifier and/or said optional dietary fibres and said optional at least one organoleptically characterising ingredient are mixed; and a second step wherein said vegetable oils and/or fats and/or fractions thereof, yeast and salt are introduced into the dough thus formed. 37. The process according to claim 35, wherein said step b) of extrusion and lamination is carried out with a passage of said dough in a “stress free” roller extruder thus obtaining a continuous layer of extruded raw dough, followed by the passage of said layer of extruded raw dough through a series of calibration rollers thus obtaining a sheet of extruded raw dough. 38. The process according to claim 37, wherein said step b) of extrusion and lamination involves the superimposition of from 2 to 8 of said sheets of extruded raw dough, more preferably 4, thus obtaining a layer of laminated raw dough for focaccia with total thickness of 4-7 mm. 39. The process according to claim 37 wherein said step b) of extrusion and lamination comprises a step of dosing of at least one organoleptically characterising ingredient in a quantity comprised between 5 and 15% between two extruded sheets of raw dough for focaccia. 40. The process according to claim 39, wherein said organoleptically characterising ingredient is tomato. 41. The process according to claim 35, wherein said step c) of first leavening is carried out for a time between 25 and 35 minutes, at a temperature comprised between 20 and 30° C., and a relative humidity comprised between 55 and 65%. 42. The process according to claim 35, wherein said step d) of shaping is carried out by poking said dough by means of a plurality of cylinders. 43. The process according to claim 35, wherein said saline solution comprises from 25% by weight of salt based on the volume of the solution to saturation. 44. The process according to claim 43 wherein said saline solution is saturated and comprises about 35% by weight of salt based on the volume of the solution. 45. The process according to claim 35, wherein said step e) of second leavening is carried out for a time comprised between 80 and 130 minutes, at a temperature comprised between 30 and 37° C., and a relative humidity comprised between 80 and 95%. 46. The process according to claim 35, wherein in said step g) of baking the oven is of the convection type and the baking is preferably carried out for a time comprised between 13 and 19 minutes, at a temperature comprised between 210 and 240° C. | A shelf-stable ready-to-eat packaged focaccia, is described having appearance and organoleptic qualities comparable to those of a fresh focaccia, which has a relative humidity comprised between 25 and 32%, preferably 27% and water activity (a w ) comprised between 0.85 and 0.92, preferably 0.89, and blind holes on its surface having depth of at least 50% of the thickness of the focaccia. A process for the production of a ready-to-eat shelf-stable packaged focaccia is also described which comprises the steps of: a) preparing a dough for focaccia comprising, by weight based on the total weight of the dough, 40-60% flour, 20-35% water, 7-16% vegetable oils and/or fats and/or fractions thereof, of which 1-6% extra virgin olive oil, 0.5-4% yeast, 0.1-3% salt, 0-15% at least one organoleptically characterising ingredient; 0-0.1% at least one baking processing aid, 0-0.8% at least one emulsifier and 0-1.5% dietary fibres; b) extrusion of the dough thus prepared thus obtaining a plurality of sheets of extruded raw dough for focaccia, and subsequent lamination of the plurality of sheets of raw dough for focaccia thus obtaining a layer of laminated raw dough for focaccia; c) first leavening of the layer of laminated raw dough for focaccia thus obtained at a temperature comprised between 20 and 30° C.; d) shaping of the layer of leavened raw dough for focaccia thus obtained forming a plurality of blind holes on the surface of the dough and filling of the holes with a saline solution;1-21. (canceled) 22. A shelf-stable and ready-to-eat packaged focaccia, with a shelf-life of at least 60 days, with appearance and organoleptic characteristics comparable to those of a fresh focaccia, which contains, by weight based on the final weight of the focaccia, extra virgin olive oil in a quantity of at least 6% and has relative humidity comprised between 25 and 32%, preferably 27%, and water activity (aw) comprised between 0.85 and 0.92, preferably 0.89, and blind holes on its surface having depth of at least 50% of the thickness of said focaccia. 23. The focaccia according to claim 22 wherein said relative humidity and water activity are substantially homogeneous across said focaccia. 24. The focaccia according to claim 22, wherein said focaccia comprises, by weight based on the final weight of the focaccia, flour in a quantity comprised between 50 and 60%, preferably about 56%; vegetable fats and/or oils and/or fractions thereof in a quantity comprised between 12 and 20%, preferably about 17%, of which extra virgin olive oil in a quantity comprised between 6 and 10%, preferably about 9%; yeast in a quantity comprised between 2 and 4%, preferably about 3%; salt in a quantity comprised between 1.0 and 2.3%, preferably about 2%, at least one organoleptically characterising ingredient in a quantity comprised between 0 and 15%; at least one baking processing aid in a quantity comprised between 0% and 0.1%; at least one emulsifier in a quantity comprised between 0 and 0.8%; and dietary fibres in a quantity comprised between 0 and 1.5%. 25. The focaccia according to claim 24, wherein said flour is selected from any cereal flour, preferably in the group consisting of durum wheat, soft wheat, turanicum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. turanicum), rye, corn, rice, spelt, barley, sorghum, millet, oats, triticale, buckwheat, quinoa, and mixtures thereof, more preferably soft wheat flour. 26. The focaccia according to claim 24, wherein said vegetable fats and/or oils and/or fractions thereof are selected in the group consisting of palm, olive, sunflower, high oleic sunflower, canola oils and/or fats and combinations thereof, preferably a mixture of extra virgin olive oil and palm fat and/or vegetable margarine. 27. The focaccia according to claim 26, which comprises a quantity of extra virgin olive oil comprised between 6 and 10% and a quantity of palm fat and/or vegetable margarine comprised between 6 and 10%. 28. The focaccia according to claim 24, wherein said at least one baking processing aid is an ascorbic acid and/or enzyme based baking improver; said at least one emulsifier is selected from mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids and/or lecithin; and said dietary fibres are selected from the group consisting of guar fibres, wheat fibres, sugar cane fibres, and combinations thereof, preferably guar fibre. 29. The focaccia according to claim 24, wherein said focaccia consists of, by weight based on the final weight of the focaccia, flour in a quantity comprised between 50 and 60%; vegetable fats and/or oils and/or fractions thereof in a quantity comprised between 12 and 20%, of which extra virgin olive oil in a quantity comprised between 6 and 10%; yeast in a quantity comprised between 2 and 4%; salt in a quantity comprised between 1.0 and 2.3%; at least one baking processing aid in a quantity comprised between 0 and 0.1%; at least one emulsifier in a quantity comprised between 0 and 0.8%; dietary fibres in a quantity comprised between 0 and 1.5%; and sufficient water to reach 100%. 30. The focaccia according to claim 22, wherein said focaccia comprises one or more organoleptically characterising ingredients substantially homogeneously distributed both on the surface and in its entire thickness in a quantity comprised between 5 and 15%, by weight based on the total weight of the dough. 31. The focaccia according to claim 30, wherein said organoleptically characterising ingredient is olives. 32. The focaccia according to claim 22, wherein said focaccia comprises one or more organoleptically characterising ingredients prevalently placed inside said focaccia, in a quantity comprised between 5 and 15%, by weight based on the total weight of the dough. 33. The focaccia according to claim 32, wherein said organoleptically characterising ingredient is tomato. 34. The focaccia according to claim 22, wherein said focaccia comprises at least one organoleptically characterising ingredient on the upper surface. 35. A process for the production of a ready-to-eat shelf-stable packaged focaccia having relative humidity comprised between 25 and 32%, and water activity (aw) comprised between 0.85 and 0.92, which process comprises the steps of:
a) preparation of a dough for focaccia comprising, by weight based on the total weight of the dough, 40-60% flour, 20-35% water, 7-16% vegetable oils and/or fats and/or fractions thereof, of which 1-6% extra virgin olive oil, 0.5-4% yeast, 0.1-3% salt, 0-15% at least one organoleptically characterising ingredient; 0-0.1% at least one baking processing aid, 0-0.8% at least one emulsifier and 0-1.5% dietary fibres; b) extrusion of the dough thus prepared thus obtaining a plurality of sheets of extruded raw dough for focaccia, and subsequent lamination of said plurality of sheets of raw dough for focaccia thus obtaining a layer of laminated raw dough for focaccia; c) first leavening of said layer of laminated raw dough for focaccia thus obtained at a temperature between 20 and 30° C.; d) shaping of the layer of raw leavened dough for focaccia thus obtained forming a plurality of blind holes on the surface of the dough and filling said holes with a saline solution; e) second leavening of the raw dough thus obtained at a temperature comprised between 30 and 37° C.; f) oiling of the upper surface of the dough thus obtained with filling with the oil of said holes; g) baking of the raw dough thus obtained in an oven at a temperature comprised between 210 and 240° C.; and h) packaging of the focaccia thus obtained. 36. The process according to claim 35, wherein said step a) of kneading comprises a first step wherein said flour, water, said optional at least one baking processing aid, said optional at least one emulsifier and/or said optional dietary fibres and said optional at least one organoleptically characterising ingredient are mixed; and a second step wherein said vegetable oils and/or fats and/or fractions thereof, yeast and salt are introduced into the dough thus formed. 37. The process according to claim 35, wherein said step b) of extrusion and lamination is carried out with a passage of said dough in a “stress free” roller extruder thus obtaining a continuous layer of extruded raw dough, followed by the passage of said layer of extruded raw dough through a series of calibration rollers thus obtaining a sheet of extruded raw dough. 38. The process according to claim 37, wherein said step b) of extrusion and lamination involves the superimposition of from 2 to 8 of said sheets of extruded raw dough, more preferably 4, thus obtaining a layer of laminated raw dough for focaccia with total thickness of 4-7 mm. 39. The process according to claim 37 wherein said step b) of extrusion and lamination comprises a step of dosing of at least one organoleptically characterising ingredient in a quantity comprised between 5 and 15% between two extruded sheets of raw dough for focaccia. 40. The process according to claim 39, wherein said organoleptically characterising ingredient is tomato. 41. The process according to claim 35, wherein said step c) of first leavening is carried out for a time between 25 and 35 minutes, at a temperature comprised between 20 and 30° C., and a relative humidity comprised between 55 and 65%. 42. The process according to claim 35, wherein said step d) of shaping is carried out by poking said dough by means of a plurality of cylinders. 43. The process according to claim 35, wherein said saline solution comprises from 25% by weight of salt based on the volume of the solution to saturation. 44. The process according to claim 43 wherein said saline solution is saturated and comprises about 35% by weight of salt based on the volume of the solution. 45. The process according to claim 35, wherein said step e) of second leavening is carried out for a time comprised between 80 and 130 minutes, at a temperature comprised between 30 and 37° C., and a relative humidity comprised between 80 and 95%. 46. The process according to claim 35, wherein in said step g) of baking the oven is of the convection type and the baking is preferably carried out for a time comprised between 13 and 19 minutes, at a temperature comprised between 210 and 240° C. | 1,700 |
4,296 | 14,513,417 | 1,723 | A battery warming-up system includes a main battery, an electric heating portion, and a control device. The main battery is mounted to a vehicle to supply an electric power to drive the vehicle, and is warmed by a heat generation of an inner resistance of the main battery according to an input and output of the electric power. The electric heating portion heats a compartment of the vehicle by using the electric power supplied from the main battery. The control device controls a temperature of the main battery by controlling a power supply from the main battery to the electric heating portion. The output of the main battery is increased by increasing the power supply from the main battery to the electric heating portion, and the main battery can be suitably warmed. Therefore, since a power loss due to a decrease of the inner resistance of the main battery is improved or the battery output becomes sufficient, the driving power of the vehicle can be properly ensured. | 1. A battery warming-up system comprising:
a main battery mounted to a vehicle to supply an electric power to drive the vehicle, the main battery warmed by a heat generation of an inner resistance of the main battery according to an input and output of the electric power; an electric heating portion heating a compartment of the vehicle by using the electric power supplied from the main battery; and a control device controlling a temperature of the main battery by controlling a power supply from the main battery to the electric heating portion. 2. The battery warming-up system according to claim 1, wherein
the control device supplies the electric power that is greater than a heating required output required by the electric heating portion to the electric heating portion. 3. The battery warming-up system according to claim 1, wherein
the control device adjusts the electric power supplied to the electric heating portion, according to the temperature of the main battery. 4. The battery warming-up system according to claim 1, wherein
the control device adjusts the electric power supplied to the electric heating portion, according to a temperature of the compartment. 5. The battery warming-up system according to claim 1, wherein
the control device adjusts the electric power supplied to the electric heating portion, a power residual of the main battery. 6. The battery warming-up system according to claim 1, wherein
the electric heating portion includes one of a heat pump system, an electric heater, and a seat heater. 7. The battery warming-up system according to claim 6, wherein
the electric heating portion is the electric heater or the heat pump system which is provided in a passage divided by an air mix damper in an air-conditioner, the air-conditioner adjusts a mix rate of a cold air and a warm air sent by a blower by using the air mix damper and supplies a mixed air of the cold air and the warm air to the compartment, and the control device controls a blowing rate of the blower and an opening degree of the air mix damper, and adjusts a heat quantity supplied to the compartment. 8. The battery warming-up system according to claim 7, wherein
when no heating request is generated, the control device terminates the blower or controls the air mix damper to open to a cold-air side. 9. A battery warming system comprising:
a main battery mounted to a vehicle to supply an electric power to drive the vehicle, the main battery warmed by a heat generation of an inner resistance of the main battery according to an input and output of the electric power; a sub battery directly connected to the main battery or indirectly connected to the main battery via a DC-DC converter, the sub battery charged by the electric power directly supplied from the main battery or by an electric power converted by the DC-DC converter from a DC power of the main battery; an accessory operating by using the electric power supplied from the sub battery; and a control device controlling a temperature of the main battery by controlling a power supply from the main battery to the electric heating portion. 10. The battery warming-up system according to claim 9, wherein
the control device controls the main battery to supply the electric power to the sub battery according to a power residual of the sub battery. 11. The battery warming-up system according to claim 9, wherein
the control device reduces a power residual of the sub battery by increasing a power consumption quantity of the accessory. 12. The battery warming-up system according to claim 9, wherein
the control device adjusts the electric power supplied to the sub battery or the power consumption quantity of the accessory, according to the temperature of the main battery. 13. The battery warming-up system according to claim 9, wherein
the control device adjusts the electric power supplied to the sub battery or the power consumption quantity of the accessory, according to a temperature of the compartment. 14. The battery warming-up system according to claim 9, wherein
the control device adjusts the electric power supplied to the sub battery or the power consumption quantity of the accessory, according to a power residual of the main battery. 15. The battery warming-up system according to claim 9, wherein
the accessory includes one of a pump, a fan, and a blower. | A battery warming-up system includes a main battery, an electric heating portion, and a control device. The main battery is mounted to a vehicle to supply an electric power to drive the vehicle, and is warmed by a heat generation of an inner resistance of the main battery according to an input and output of the electric power. The electric heating portion heats a compartment of the vehicle by using the electric power supplied from the main battery. The control device controls a temperature of the main battery by controlling a power supply from the main battery to the electric heating portion. The output of the main battery is increased by increasing the power supply from the main battery to the electric heating portion, and the main battery can be suitably warmed. Therefore, since a power loss due to a decrease of the inner resistance of the main battery is improved or the battery output becomes sufficient, the driving power of the vehicle can be properly ensured.1. A battery warming-up system comprising:
a main battery mounted to a vehicle to supply an electric power to drive the vehicle, the main battery warmed by a heat generation of an inner resistance of the main battery according to an input and output of the electric power; an electric heating portion heating a compartment of the vehicle by using the electric power supplied from the main battery; and a control device controlling a temperature of the main battery by controlling a power supply from the main battery to the electric heating portion. 2. The battery warming-up system according to claim 1, wherein
the control device supplies the electric power that is greater than a heating required output required by the electric heating portion to the electric heating portion. 3. The battery warming-up system according to claim 1, wherein
the control device adjusts the electric power supplied to the electric heating portion, according to the temperature of the main battery. 4. The battery warming-up system according to claim 1, wherein
the control device adjusts the electric power supplied to the electric heating portion, according to a temperature of the compartment. 5. The battery warming-up system according to claim 1, wherein
the control device adjusts the electric power supplied to the electric heating portion, a power residual of the main battery. 6. The battery warming-up system according to claim 1, wherein
the electric heating portion includes one of a heat pump system, an electric heater, and a seat heater. 7. The battery warming-up system according to claim 6, wherein
the electric heating portion is the electric heater or the heat pump system which is provided in a passage divided by an air mix damper in an air-conditioner, the air-conditioner adjusts a mix rate of a cold air and a warm air sent by a blower by using the air mix damper and supplies a mixed air of the cold air and the warm air to the compartment, and the control device controls a blowing rate of the blower and an opening degree of the air mix damper, and adjusts a heat quantity supplied to the compartment. 8. The battery warming-up system according to claim 7, wherein
when no heating request is generated, the control device terminates the blower or controls the air mix damper to open to a cold-air side. 9. A battery warming system comprising:
a main battery mounted to a vehicle to supply an electric power to drive the vehicle, the main battery warmed by a heat generation of an inner resistance of the main battery according to an input and output of the electric power; a sub battery directly connected to the main battery or indirectly connected to the main battery via a DC-DC converter, the sub battery charged by the electric power directly supplied from the main battery or by an electric power converted by the DC-DC converter from a DC power of the main battery; an accessory operating by using the electric power supplied from the sub battery; and a control device controlling a temperature of the main battery by controlling a power supply from the main battery to the electric heating portion. 10. The battery warming-up system according to claim 9, wherein
the control device controls the main battery to supply the electric power to the sub battery according to a power residual of the sub battery. 11. The battery warming-up system according to claim 9, wherein
the control device reduces a power residual of the sub battery by increasing a power consumption quantity of the accessory. 12. The battery warming-up system according to claim 9, wherein
the control device adjusts the electric power supplied to the sub battery or the power consumption quantity of the accessory, according to the temperature of the main battery. 13. The battery warming-up system according to claim 9, wherein
the control device adjusts the electric power supplied to the sub battery or the power consumption quantity of the accessory, according to a temperature of the compartment. 14. The battery warming-up system according to claim 9, wherein
the control device adjusts the electric power supplied to the sub battery or the power consumption quantity of the accessory, according to a power residual of the main battery. 15. The battery warming-up system according to claim 9, wherein
the accessory includes one of a pump, a fan, and a blower. | 1,700 |
4,297 | 15,729,945 | 1,783 | This disclosure is related to the field of polymer interlayers for multiple layer glass panels and multiple layer glass panels having at least one polymer interlayer sheet. Specifically, this disclosure is related to the field of polymer interlayers comprising multiple thermoplastic layers which resist the formation of optical defects. | 1. A polymer interlayer comprising:
a first polymer layer comprising at least one polymer selected from the group consisting of poly(vinyl butyral), polyurethane, and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate); a second polymer layer comprising at least one polymer selected from the group consisting of poly(vinyl butyral), polyurethane, and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate); wherein said second polymer layer is in contact with said first polymer layer; and a third polymer layer comprising at least one polymer selected from the group consisting of poly(vinyl butyral), polyurethane, and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate); wherein said third polymer layer is in contact with said second polymer layer; and wherein said second polymer layer is disposed between said first polymer layer and said third polymer layer, thereby resulting in a polymer interlayer comprising two skin layers and a core layer; and wherein each of said skin layers has a flow of about 0.19 mm to about 0.37 mm as measured by DF135, and wherein said first polymer layer and/or said third polymer layer has a stress relaxation modulus, G′(t), measured at a temperature of 150° C. and a time of 100 seconds, in the range of from 0.10 to 100 Pascals. 2. The polymer interlayer of claim 1, wherein said first polymer layer and/or said second polymer layer and/or said third layer comprise poly(vinyl butyral). 3. The polymer interlayer of claim 2, wherein said skin layers each have a flow of 0.19 to 0.26 mm as measured by DF135. 4. The polymer interlayer of claim 1, wherein said first polymer layer and/or said third polymer layer has an embossed post heat surface roughness, Rz, ranging from about 25 to about 55 microns. 5. The polymer interlayer of claim 3, wherein said first polymer layer and/or said third polymer layer has a stress relaxation modulus, G′(t), of less than about 100 Pascals. 6. The polymer interlayer of claim 2, wherein said second polymer layer comprises about 9 to about 18 weight percent residual hydroxyl groups calculated as PVOH. 7. The polymer interlayer of claim 2, wherein the first and third polymer layers and has a molecular weight less than 140,000 Daltons and the second polymer layer and has a molecular weight greater than 140,000 Daltons. 8. The polymer interlayer of claim 2, wherein the first and third polymer layers and have a molecular weight less than 130,000 Daltons. 9. A polymer interlayer comprising:
a first polymer layer comprising plasticized poly(vinyl butyral); a second polymer layer comprising plasticized poly(vinyl butyral) in contact with said first polymer layer; and a third polymer layer comprising plasticized poly(vinyl butyral) in contact with said second polymer layer; wherein said second polymer layer is disposed between said first polymer layer and said third polymer layer, thereby resulting in a polymer interlayer comprising two skin layers and a core layer; and wherein at least one of the first and third polymer layers has a stress relaxation modulus, G′(t), of less than about 100 Pascals. 10. The polymer interlayer of claim 9, wherein said first polymer layer and/or said third polymer layer has a flow in the range of about 0.19 mm to about 0.26 mm as measured by DF135. 11. The polymer interlayer of claim 9, wherein said first polymer layer and/or said third polymer layers comprise about 10 to about 55 phr plasticizer. 12. The polymer interlayer of claim 9, wherein said second polymer layer comprises about 9 to about 18 weight percent residual hydroxyl groups calculated as PVOH. 13. The polymer interlayer of claim 9, wherein the first and third polymer layers and has a molecular weight less than 140,000 Daltons and the second polymer layer and has a molecular weight greater than 140,000 Daltons. 14. The polymer interlayer of claim 9, wherein the first and third polymer layers and have a molecular weight less than 110,000 Daltons. 15. The polymer interlayer of claim 9, wherein the poly(vinyl butyral) in the first polymer layer and the poly(vinyl butyral) in the third polymer layer each have a residual hydroxyl content of at least 19 weight percent, calculated as PVOH, and wherein the total plasticizer content of each of the first polymer layer and the third polymer layer is not more than 38 phr. 16. The polymer interlayer of claim 9, wherein the poly(vinyl butyral) in the first polymer layer and the poly(vinyl butyral) in the third polymer layer each comprises about 13 to about 30 weight percent residual hydroxyl groups calculated as PVOH, and wherein the total plasticizer content of each of the first polymer layer and the third polymer layer is not more than 38 phr. 17. The polymer interlayer of claim 9, wherein the total plasticizer content in the interlayer is about 30 to 60 phr. 18. The polymer interlayer of claim 9, wherein said first polymer layer and/or said third polymer layers have a glass transition temperature of about 25° C. to about 55° C. 19. The polymer interlayer of claim 9, wherein said second polymer layer has a glass transition temperature of about 10° C. to about −15° C. | This disclosure is related to the field of polymer interlayers for multiple layer glass panels and multiple layer glass panels having at least one polymer interlayer sheet. Specifically, this disclosure is related to the field of polymer interlayers comprising multiple thermoplastic layers which resist the formation of optical defects.1. A polymer interlayer comprising:
a first polymer layer comprising at least one polymer selected from the group consisting of poly(vinyl butyral), polyurethane, and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate); a second polymer layer comprising at least one polymer selected from the group consisting of poly(vinyl butyral), polyurethane, and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate); wherein said second polymer layer is in contact with said first polymer layer; and a third polymer layer comprising at least one polymer selected from the group consisting of poly(vinyl butyral), polyurethane, and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate); wherein said third polymer layer is in contact with said second polymer layer; and wherein said second polymer layer is disposed between said first polymer layer and said third polymer layer, thereby resulting in a polymer interlayer comprising two skin layers and a core layer; and wherein each of said skin layers has a flow of about 0.19 mm to about 0.37 mm as measured by DF135, and wherein said first polymer layer and/or said third polymer layer has a stress relaxation modulus, G′(t), measured at a temperature of 150° C. and a time of 100 seconds, in the range of from 0.10 to 100 Pascals. 2. The polymer interlayer of claim 1, wherein said first polymer layer and/or said second polymer layer and/or said third layer comprise poly(vinyl butyral). 3. The polymer interlayer of claim 2, wherein said skin layers each have a flow of 0.19 to 0.26 mm as measured by DF135. 4. The polymer interlayer of claim 1, wherein said first polymer layer and/or said third polymer layer has an embossed post heat surface roughness, Rz, ranging from about 25 to about 55 microns. 5. The polymer interlayer of claim 3, wherein said first polymer layer and/or said third polymer layer has a stress relaxation modulus, G′(t), of less than about 100 Pascals. 6. The polymer interlayer of claim 2, wherein said second polymer layer comprises about 9 to about 18 weight percent residual hydroxyl groups calculated as PVOH. 7. The polymer interlayer of claim 2, wherein the first and third polymer layers and has a molecular weight less than 140,000 Daltons and the second polymer layer and has a molecular weight greater than 140,000 Daltons. 8. The polymer interlayer of claim 2, wherein the first and third polymer layers and have a molecular weight less than 130,000 Daltons. 9. A polymer interlayer comprising:
a first polymer layer comprising plasticized poly(vinyl butyral); a second polymer layer comprising plasticized poly(vinyl butyral) in contact with said first polymer layer; and a third polymer layer comprising plasticized poly(vinyl butyral) in contact with said second polymer layer; wherein said second polymer layer is disposed between said first polymer layer and said third polymer layer, thereby resulting in a polymer interlayer comprising two skin layers and a core layer; and wherein at least one of the first and third polymer layers has a stress relaxation modulus, G′(t), of less than about 100 Pascals. 10. The polymer interlayer of claim 9, wherein said first polymer layer and/or said third polymer layer has a flow in the range of about 0.19 mm to about 0.26 mm as measured by DF135. 11. The polymer interlayer of claim 9, wherein said first polymer layer and/or said third polymer layers comprise about 10 to about 55 phr plasticizer. 12. The polymer interlayer of claim 9, wherein said second polymer layer comprises about 9 to about 18 weight percent residual hydroxyl groups calculated as PVOH. 13. The polymer interlayer of claim 9, wherein the first and third polymer layers and has a molecular weight less than 140,000 Daltons and the second polymer layer and has a molecular weight greater than 140,000 Daltons. 14. The polymer interlayer of claim 9, wherein the first and third polymer layers and have a molecular weight less than 110,000 Daltons. 15. The polymer interlayer of claim 9, wherein the poly(vinyl butyral) in the first polymer layer and the poly(vinyl butyral) in the third polymer layer each have a residual hydroxyl content of at least 19 weight percent, calculated as PVOH, and wherein the total plasticizer content of each of the first polymer layer and the third polymer layer is not more than 38 phr. 16. The polymer interlayer of claim 9, wherein the poly(vinyl butyral) in the first polymer layer and the poly(vinyl butyral) in the third polymer layer each comprises about 13 to about 30 weight percent residual hydroxyl groups calculated as PVOH, and wherein the total plasticizer content of each of the first polymer layer and the third polymer layer is not more than 38 phr. 17. The polymer interlayer of claim 9, wherein the total plasticizer content in the interlayer is about 30 to 60 phr. 18. The polymer interlayer of claim 9, wherein said first polymer layer and/or said third polymer layers have a glass transition temperature of about 25° C. to about 55° C. 19. The polymer interlayer of claim 9, wherein said second polymer layer has a glass transition temperature of about 10° C. to about −15° C. | 1,700 |
4,298 | 14,389,905 | 1,767 | Compositions are provided that are radiation curable to polythioether polymers, which in some embodiments may be useful as sealants. In some embodiments, the composition comprises: a) at least one dithiol monomer; b) at least one diene monomer; c) at least one multifunctional monomer having at least three ethenyl groups; and d) at least one photoinitiator. In some embodiments, the composition comprises: f) at least one dithiol monomer; g) at least one diene monomer; h) at least one multifunctional monomer having at least three thiol groups; and i) at least one photoinitiator. In some embodiments, the composition comprises: k) at least one thiol terminated polythioether polymer; l) at least one multifunctional monomer having at least three ethenyl groups; and m) at least one photoinitiator. | 1. A composition that is radiation curable to a polythioether polymer, comprising:
a) at least one dithiol monomer; b) at least one diene monomer; c) at least one multifunctional monomer having at least three ethenyl groups; and d) at least one photoinitiator. 2. The composition according to claim 1 additionally comprising:
e) at least one epoxy resin. 3. The composition according to claim 1 wherein said at least one multifunctional monomer has three ethenyl groups. 4. A composition that is radiation curable to a polythioether polymer, comprising:
f) at least one dithiol monomer; g) at least one diene monomer; h) at least one multifunctional monomer having at least three thiol groups; and i) at least one photoinitiator. 5. The composition according to claim 4 additionally comprising:
j) at least one epoxy resin. 6. The composition according to claim 4 wherein said at least one multifunctional monomer has three thiol groups. 7. A composition that is radiation curable to a polythioether polymer, comprising:
k) at least one thiol terminated polythioether polymer; l) at least one multifunctional monomer having at least three ethenyl groups; and m) at least one photoinitiator. 8. The composition according to claim 7 wherein the at least one thiol terminated polythioether polymer comprises pendent hydroxide groups. 9. The composition according to claim 7 wherein said at least one multifunctional monomer has three ethenyl groups. 10. The composition according to claim 1 additionally comprising:
n) at least one filler. 11. The composition according to claim 1 additionally comprising:
o) at least one nanoparticle filler. 12. The composition according to claim 1 additionally comprising:
p) calcium carbonate. 13. The composition according to claim 1 additionally comprising:
q) nanoparticle calcium carbonate. 14. The composition according to claim 1 which visibly changes color upon cure. 15. The composition according to claim 1 which is curable by actinic light source. 16. The composition according to claim 1 which is curable by blue light source. 17. The composition according to claim 1 which is curable by UV light source. 18. A sealant comprising the composition according to claim 1. 19. A polythioether polymer obtained by radiation cure of any the composition according to claim 1. 20. The polythioether polymer according to claim 19 having a Tg less than −55° C. 21. The polythioether polymer according to claim 19 which exhibits high jet fuel resistance characterized by a volume swell of less than 30% and a weight gain of less than 20% when measured according to Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) International Standard AS5127/1. 22. A seal comprising the polythioether polymer according to claim 19. 23. The sealant according to claim 18 which is transparent. 24. The sealant according to claim 18 which is translucent. 25. The seal according to claim 22 which is transparent. 26. The seal according to claim 22 which is translucent. 27. The composition according to claim 2 wherein said at least one multifunctional monomer has three ethenyl groups. 28. The composition according to claim 5 wherein said at least one multifunctional monomer has three thiol groups. 29. The composition according to claim 8 wherein said at least one multifunctional monomer has three ethenyl groups. 30. The composition according to claim 4 additionally comprising:
o) at least one nanoparticle filler. 31. The composition according to claim 4 additionally comprising:
q) nanoparticle calcium carbonate. 32. The composition according to claim 7 additionally comprising:
o) at least one nanoparticle filler. 33. The composition according to claim 7 additionally comprising:
q) nanoparticle calcium carbonate. | Compositions are provided that are radiation curable to polythioether polymers, which in some embodiments may be useful as sealants. In some embodiments, the composition comprises: a) at least one dithiol monomer; b) at least one diene monomer; c) at least one multifunctional monomer having at least three ethenyl groups; and d) at least one photoinitiator. In some embodiments, the composition comprises: f) at least one dithiol monomer; g) at least one diene monomer; h) at least one multifunctional monomer having at least three thiol groups; and i) at least one photoinitiator. In some embodiments, the composition comprises: k) at least one thiol terminated polythioether polymer; l) at least one multifunctional monomer having at least three ethenyl groups; and m) at least one photoinitiator.1. A composition that is radiation curable to a polythioether polymer, comprising:
a) at least one dithiol monomer; b) at least one diene monomer; c) at least one multifunctional monomer having at least three ethenyl groups; and d) at least one photoinitiator. 2. The composition according to claim 1 additionally comprising:
e) at least one epoxy resin. 3. The composition according to claim 1 wherein said at least one multifunctional monomer has three ethenyl groups. 4. A composition that is radiation curable to a polythioether polymer, comprising:
f) at least one dithiol monomer; g) at least one diene monomer; h) at least one multifunctional monomer having at least three thiol groups; and i) at least one photoinitiator. 5. The composition according to claim 4 additionally comprising:
j) at least one epoxy resin. 6. The composition according to claim 4 wherein said at least one multifunctional monomer has three thiol groups. 7. A composition that is radiation curable to a polythioether polymer, comprising:
k) at least one thiol terminated polythioether polymer; l) at least one multifunctional monomer having at least three ethenyl groups; and m) at least one photoinitiator. 8. The composition according to claim 7 wherein the at least one thiol terminated polythioether polymer comprises pendent hydroxide groups. 9. The composition according to claim 7 wherein said at least one multifunctional monomer has three ethenyl groups. 10. The composition according to claim 1 additionally comprising:
n) at least one filler. 11. The composition according to claim 1 additionally comprising:
o) at least one nanoparticle filler. 12. The composition according to claim 1 additionally comprising:
p) calcium carbonate. 13. The composition according to claim 1 additionally comprising:
q) nanoparticle calcium carbonate. 14. The composition according to claim 1 which visibly changes color upon cure. 15. The composition according to claim 1 which is curable by actinic light source. 16. The composition according to claim 1 which is curable by blue light source. 17. The composition according to claim 1 which is curable by UV light source. 18. A sealant comprising the composition according to claim 1. 19. A polythioether polymer obtained by radiation cure of any the composition according to claim 1. 20. The polythioether polymer according to claim 19 having a Tg less than −55° C. 21. The polythioether polymer according to claim 19 which exhibits high jet fuel resistance characterized by a volume swell of less than 30% and a weight gain of less than 20% when measured according to Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) International Standard AS5127/1. 22. A seal comprising the polythioether polymer according to claim 19. 23. The sealant according to claim 18 which is transparent. 24. The sealant according to claim 18 which is translucent. 25. The seal according to claim 22 which is transparent. 26. The seal according to claim 22 which is translucent. 27. The composition according to claim 2 wherein said at least one multifunctional monomer has three ethenyl groups. 28. The composition according to claim 5 wherein said at least one multifunctional monomer has three thiol groups. 29. The composition according to claim 8 wherein said at least one multifunctional monomer has three ethenyl groups. 30. The composition according to claim 4 additionally comprising:
o) at least one nanoparticle filler. 31. The composition according to claim 4 additionally comprising:
q) nanoparticle calcium carbonate. 32. The composition according to claim 7 additionally comprising:
o) at least one nanoparticle filler. 33. The composition according to claim 7 additionally comprising:
q) nanoparticle calcium carbonate. | 1,700 |
4,299 | 13,148,384 | 1,794 | The present invention relates to an arc vaporization source for generating hard surface coatings on tools. The invention comprises an arc-vaporization source, comprising at least one electric solenoid and a permanent magnet arrangement that is displaceable relative to the target surface. The vaporization source can be adjusted to the different requirements of oxide, nitride, or metal coatings. The rate drop during the lifespan of a target to be vaporized can be held constant or adjusted by suitably adjusting the distance of the permanent magnets to the front side of the target. A compromise between the coating roughness and rate can be set. | 1. ARC vaporization source with a magnetic field arrangement provided on a target for generating magnetic fields on and above the target surface, wherein the magnetic field arrangement comprises marginal permanent magnets and at least one ring coil placed behind the target, whose inner diameter defined by the windings is smaller than or equal to, and in any case not considerably larger than the diameter of the target, characterized in that the marginal permanent magnets can be displaced away from the target essentially perpendicularly to the surface of the target and the projection of the marginal permanent magnets onto the target surface is further away from the middle of the target surface by comparison to the projection of the ring coil onto the target surface. 2. ARC vaporization source according to claim 1, characterized in that the marginal permanent magnets can be displaced regardless of the ring coil. 3. ARC vaporization source according to one of the claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the polarization of the marginal permanent magnets is predominantly and preferably the same for all. 4. ARC vaporization source according to claim 3, characterized in that inside the ring coil a central permanent magnet is provided with an opposite polarization to the predominant polarization of the marginal permanent magnets. 5. ARC vaporization source according to claim 4, characterized in that the central permanent magnet can be displaced away from the target essentially perpendicularly to the surface of the target. 6. ARC vaporization source according to claim 5, characterized in that the central permanent magnet is permanently connected over a connection leading through the magnetic flux with the marginal permanent magnets. 7. ARC vaporization source according to claim 5, characterized in that the central permanent magnet can be displaced essentially perpendicularly to the surface of the target independently of the marginal permanent magnets. 8. ARC vaporization installation with an ARC vaporization source according to one of the claims 1 to 7. | The present invention relates to an arc vaporization source for generating hard surface coatings on tools. The invention comprises an arc-vaporization source, comprising at least one electric solenoid and a permanent magnet arrangement that is displaceable relative to the target surface. The vaporization source can be adjusted to the different requirements of oxide, nitride, or metal coatings. The rate drop during the lifespan of a target to be vaporized can be held constant or adjusted by suitably adjusting the distance of the permanent magnets to the front side of the target. A compromise between the coating roughness and rate can be set.1. ARC vaporization source with a magnetic field arrangement provided on a target for generating magnetic fields on and above the target surface, wherein the magnetic field arrangement comprises marginal permanent magnets and at least one ring coil placed behind the target, whose inner diameter defined by the windings is smaller than or equal to, and in any case not considerably larger than the diameter of the target, characterized in that the marginal permanent magnets can be displaced away from the target essentially perpendicularly to the surface of the target and the projection of the marginal permanent magnets onto the target surface is further away from the middle of the target surface by comparison to the projection of the ring coil onto the target surface. 2. ARC vaporization source according to claim 1, characterized in that the marginal permanent magnets can be displaced regardless of the ring coil. 3. ARC vaporization source according to one of the claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the polarization of the marginal permanent magnets is predominantly and preferably the same for all. 4. ARC vaporization source according to claim 3, characterized in that inside the ring coil a central permanent magnet is provided with an opposite polarization to the predominant polarization of the marginal permanent magnets. 5. ARC vaporization source according to claim 4, characterized in that the central permanent magnet can be displaced away from the target essentially perpendicularly to the surface of the target. 6. ARC vaporization source according to claim 5, characterized in that the central permanent magnet is permanently connected over a connection leading through the magnetic flux with the marginal permanent magnets. 7. ARC vaporization source according to claim 5, characterized in that the central permanent magnet can be displaced essentially perpendicularly to the surface of the target independently of the marginal permanent magnets. 8. ARC vaporization installation with an ARC vaporization source according to one of the claims 1 to 7. | 1,700 |
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