Unnamed: 0
int64 0
350k
| ApplicationNumber
int64 9.75M
96.1M
| ArtUnit
int64 1.6k
3.99k
| Abstract
stringlengths 7
8.37k
| Claims
stringlengths 3
292k
| abstract-claims
stringlengths 68
293k
| TechCenter
int64 1.6k
3.9k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
348,800 | 16,806,292 | 2,493 | A work vehicle includes a chassis, a prime mover configured to move the chassis along a ground surface, and a suspension assembly that couples a wheel to the chassis. The suspension assembly includes a knuckle coupled to the wheel, a first suspension arm, and a suspension cylinder. The first suspension arm includes a first portion rotatably coupled to the chassis and a second portion extending away from the first portion and coupled to the knuckle. The suspension cylinder is rotatably coupled to the chassis and to a second suspension arm. The first suspension arm and the suspension cylinder are each configured to pivot relative to the chassis about a common pivot axis. | 1. A work vehicle comprising:
a chassis; a prime mover configured to move the chassis along a ground surface; and a suspension assembly that couples a wheel to the chassis, the suspension assembly including
a knuckle coupled to the wheel,
a first suspension arm having a first portion rotatably coupled to the chassis and a second portion extending away from the first portion and coupled to the knuckle, and
a suspension cylinder rotatably coupled to the chassis and to a second suspension arm,
wherein the first suspension arm and the suspension cylinder are each configured to pivot relative to the chassis about a common pivot axis. 2. The work vehicle of claim 1, wherein the second suspension arm is rotatably coupled to the chassis and further coupled to the knuckle. 3. The work vehicle of claim 1, wherein the suspension assembly further includes a pin configured to be received by each of the first suspension arm and the suspension cylinder. 4. the work vehicle of claim 1, wherein the suspension cylinder is configured to be actuated to selectively extend and retract in length between the chassis and the second suspension arm, to thereby selectively raise and lower a height of the chassis relative to the ground surface. 5. The work vehicle of claim 1, wherein the chassis extends along a longitudinal axis, and wherein the first portion of the first suspension arm comprises a first leg and a second leg spaced apart from the first leg along a direction of the longitudinal axis. 6. The work vehicle of claim 5, wherein the chassis includes a first flange, a second flange spaced apart from the first flange along the direction of the longitudinal axis, and a third flange located between the first and second flanges, and wherein the second leg is received between the second flange and the third flange, and wherein a cylinder portion of the suspension cylinder is received between the first flange and the third flange. 7. The work vehicle of claim 6, wherein a pin couples each of the first leg and the cylinder portion to the first, second, and third flanges, and wherein the pin defines the common pivot axis. 8. The work vehicle of claim 1, wherein the first portion of the first suspension arm includes a first leg and a second leg spaced apart from the first leg along a direction of a longitudinal axis of the chassis, and wherein the first leg and the suspension cylinder are each rotatably coupled to the chassis via a pin that defines the common pivot axis. 9. The work vehicle of claim 8, wherein the first leg defines a first bearing mount that receives a first bearing, and wherein the suspension cylinder includes a cylinder portion that defines a second bearing mount that receives a second bearing. 10. The work vehicle of claim 9, wherein the first and second bearings each receive the pin therethrough. 11. A work vehicle comprising:
a chassis including a pair of opposed flanges spaced apart from one another along a direction of a longitudinal axis of the chassis and configured to support a pin therebetween; a prime mover configured to move the chassis along a ground surface; and a suspension assembly that couples a wheel to the chassis, the suspension assembly including
a knuckle coupled to the wheel,
a first suspension arm having a first portion rotatably coupled to the chassis and a second portion extending away from the first portion and coupled to the knuckle, the first portion comprising a first leg and a second leg spaced apart from the first leg along the direction of the longitudinal axis, and
a suspension cylinder rotatably coupled to the chassis and to a second suspension arm;
wherein the second leg and the suspension cylinder are each rotatably coupled to the chassis via the pin. 12. The work vehicle of claim 11, wherein the second suspension arm is rotatably coupled to the chassis and further coupled to the knuckle. 13. The work vehicle of claim 12, wherein. 14. The work vehicle of claim 11, wherein the pair of opposed flanges include a first flange and a second flange, and wherein the chassis further includes a third flange located between the second flange and the third flange, and wherein the second leg is received between the first and third flanges, and wherein a cylinder portion of the suspension cylinder is received between the first flange and the third flange. 15. The work vehicle of claim 14, wherein the first leg defines a first bearing mount that receives a first bearing, and wherein the cylinder portion defines a second bearing mount that receives a second bearing. 16. The work vehicle of claim 15, wherein the first and second bearings each receive the pin therethrough. 17. The work vehicle of claim 11, wherein the pin defines a common pivot axis, and wherein the suspension cylinder and the first suspension arm are each configured to rotate about the common pivot axis. 18. The work vehicle of claim 17, wherein the suspension cylinder includes a cylinder portion and a rod portion, and wherein the cylinder portion is rotatably coupled to the chassis via the pin, and wherein the rod portion is coupled to the second suspension arm. 19. The work vehicle of claim 11, wherein one flange of the pair of opposed flanges defines a threaded bore and a counterbore adjacent the threaded bore that receives the pin, and wherein the suspension assembly further includes a bolt that extends through the pin and threads into the threaded bore to secure the pin between the pair of opposed flanges. 20. A suspension subassembly comprising:
a suspension arm; a suspension cylinder; and a pin configured to be received by each of the suspension arm and the suspension cylinder such that during operation of the suspension subassembly, the suspension arm and the suspension cylinder each rotate about a central axis of the pin. | A work vehicle includes a chassis, a prime mover configured to move the chassis along a ground surface, and a suspension assembly that couples a wheel to the chassis. The suspension assembly includes a knuckle coupled to the wheel, a first suspension arm, and a suspension cylinder. The first suspension arm includes a first portion rotatably coupled to the chassis and a second portion extending away from the first portion and coupled to the knuckle. The suspension cylinder is rotatably coupled to the chassis and to a second suspension arm. The first suspension arm and the suspension cylinder are each configured to pivot relative to the chassis about a common pivot axis.1. A work vehicle comprising:
a chassis; a prime mover configured to move the chassis along a ground surface; and a suspension assembly that couples a wheel to the chassis, the suspension assembly including
a knuckle coupled to the wheel,
a first suspension arm having a first portion rotatably coupled to the chassis and a second portion extending away from the first portion and coupled to the knuckle, and
a suspension cylinder rotatably coupled to the chassis and to a second suspension arm,
wherein the first suspension arm and the suspension cylinder are each configured to pivot relative to the chassis about a common pivot axis. 2. The work vehicle of claim 1, wherein the second suspension arm is rotatably coupled to the chassis and further coupled to the knuckle. 3. The work vehicle of claim 1, wherein the suspension assembly further includes a pin configured to be received by each of the first suspension arm and the suspension cylinder. 4. the work vehicle of claim 1, wherein the suspension cylinder is configured to be actuated to selectively extend and retract in length between the chassis and the second suspension arm, to thereby selectively raise and lower a height of the chassis relative to the ground surface. 5. The work vehicle of claim 1, wherein the chassis extends along a longitudinal axis, and wherein the first portion of the first suspension arm comprises a first leg and a second leg spaced apart from the first leg along a direction of the longitudinal axis. 6. The work vehicle of claim 5, wherein the chassis includes a first flange, a second flange spaced apart from the first flange along the direction of the longitudinal axis, and a third flange located between the first and second flanges, and wherein the second leg is received between the second flange and the third flange, and wherein a cylinder portion of the suspension cylinder is received between the first flange and the third flange. 7. The work vehicle of claim 6, wherein a pin couples each of the first leg and the cylinder portion to the first, second, and third flanges, and wherein the pin defines the common pivot axis. 8. The work vehicle of claim 1, wherein the first portion of the first suspension arm includes a first leg and a second leg spaced apart from the first leg along a direction of a longitudinal axis of the chassis, and wherein the first leg and the suspension cylinder are each rotatably coupled to the chassis via a pin that defines the common pivot axis. 9. The work vehicle of claim 8, wherein the first leg defines a first bearing mount that receives a first bearing, and wherein the suspension cylinder includes a cylinder portion that defines a second bearing mount that receives a second bearing. 10. The work vehicle of claim 9, wherein the first and second bearings each receive the pin therethrough. 11. A work vehicle comprising:
a chassis including a pair of opposed flanges spaced apart from one another along a direction of a longitudinal axis of the chassis and configured to support a pin therebetween; a prime mover configured to move the chassis along a ground surface; and a suspension assembly that couples a wheel to the chassis, the suspension assembly including
a knuckle coupled to the wheel,
a first suspension arm having a first portion rotatably coupled to the chassis and a second portion extending away from the first portion and coupled to the knuckle, the first portion comprising a first leg and a second leg spaced apart from the first leg along the direction of the longitudinal axis, and
a suspension cylinder rotatably coupled to the chassis and to a second suspension arm;
wherein the second leg and the suspension cylinder are each rotatably coupled to the chassis via the pin. 12. The work vehicle of claim 11, wherein the second suspension arm is rotatably coupled to the chassis and further coupled to the knuckle. 13. The work vehicle of claim 12, wherein. 14. The work vehicle of claim 11, wherein the pair of opposed flanges include a first flange and a second flange, and wherein the chassis further includes a third flange located between the second flange and the third flange, and wherein the second leg is received between the first and third flanges, and wherein a cylinder portion of the suspension cylinder is received between the first flange and the third flange. 15. The work vehicle of claim 14, wherein the first leg defines a first bearing mount that receives a first bearing, and wherein the cylinder portion defines a second bearing mount that receives a second bearing. 16. The work vehicle of claim 15, wherein the first and second bearings each receive the pin therethrough. 17. The work vehicle of claim 11, wherein the pin defines a common pivot axis, and wherein the suspension cylinder and the first suspension arm are each configured to rotate about the common pivot axis. 18. The work vehicle of claim 17, wherein the suspension cylinder includes a cylinder portion and a rod portion, and wherein the cylinder portion is rotatably coupled to the chassis via the pin, and wherein the rod portion is coupled to the second suspension arm. 19. The work vehicle of claim 11, wherein one flange of the pair of opposed flanges defines a threaded bore and a counterbore adjacent the threaded bore that receives the pin, and wherein the suspension assembly further includes a bolt that extends through the pin and threads into the threaded bore to secure the pin between the pair of opposed flanges. 20. A suspension subassembly comprising:
a suspension arm; a suspension cylinder; and a pin configured to be received by each of the suspension arm and the suspension cylinder such that during operation of the suspension subassembly, the suspension arm and the suspension cylinder each rotate about a central axis of the pin. | 2,400 |
348,801 | 16,806,266 | 2,493 | Parameters of a structure (900) are measured by reconstruction from observed diffracted radiation. The method includes the steps: (a) defining a structure model to represent the structure in a two- or three-dimensional model space; (b) using the structure model to simulate interaction of radiation with the structure; and (c) repeating step (b) while varying parameters of the structure model. The structure model is divided into a series of slices (a-f) along at least a first dimension (Z) of the model space. By the division into slices, a sloping face (904, 906) of at least one sub-structure is approximated by a series of steps (904β², 906β²) along at least a second dimension of the model space (X). The number of slices may vary dynamically as the parameters vary. The number of steps approximating said sloping face is maintained constant. Additional cuts (1302, 1304) are introduced, without introducing corresponding steps. | 1. A method of determining parameters of a structure, the structure comprising a plurality of sub-structures, the method comprising:
defining a structure model to represent the structure in a two- or three-dimensional model space; using the structure model to simulate interaction of radiation with the structure; and repeating the using the structure model while varying parameters of the structure model; wherein the using the structure model comprises dividing the structure model into a series of slices along at least a first dimension of the model space; wherein, by the division into the series of slices, a sloping face of at least one sub-structure is approximated by a series of steps along at least a second dimension of the model space, wherein the number of the steps approximating the sloping face is maintained constant between the repeating of the using the structure model while a number of the slices varies, and wherein at least one series of steps comprises two or more steps of different extent in the first dimension, the extents of the steps remaining in constant ratio to one another during performance of the method. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the structure model defines:
a first sub-structure whose extent in the first dimension depends on a first parameter, the first sub-structure having a first sloping face approximated by a first series of steps in the second dimension, a number of steps in the first series of steps being constant between the repeating of the using the structure model, and a second sub-structure whose extent in the first dimension depends on a second parameter, the second sub-structure having a second sloping face approximated by a second series of steps in the second dimension, a number of steps in the second series of steps being constant between the repeating of the using the structure model. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the dividing the structure model into slices that are continuous across the first and second substructures comprises introducing a cut in the second sub-structure to match a step in the first sub-structure without introducing a step in the approximated second sloping face. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the dividing the structure model into slices that are continuous across the first and second substructures comprises introducing a cut in the first sub-structure to match a step in the second sub-structure without introducing a step in the approximated first sloping face. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the structure model defines:
a lower sub-structure having a sloping face approximated by a lower series of steps, a number of steps in the lower series of steps being constant between the repeating of the using the structure model, and an upper sub-structure having a sloping face approximated by an upper series of steps, a number of steps in the upper series of steps being constant between the repeating of the using the structure model. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein within each series of steps an extent of each step in the first dimension varies with variation of the parameters in the repeating. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the repeating of the using the structure model comprises:
comparing the interaction simulated using the structure model with a real interaction observed in a metrology apparatus with the structure; varying one or more parameters of the structure model based on the comparison; and the repeating of the using the structure model using the varied parameters, and wherein the method further comprises: after a number of iterations of the repeating of the using the structure model, rep parameters of the structure model as a measurement of the parameters of the structure. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein:
the metrology apparatus comprises an angle-resolved spectrometer, and the comparing the interaction simulated using the structure mode comprises generating a simulated scatter spectrum of the structure. 9. An apparatus for use in determining parameters of a structure, the structure comprising a plurality of sub-structures, the apparatus comprising:
a processor configured to:
define a structure model to represent the structure in a two- or three-dimensional model space;
use the structure model to simulate interaction of radiation with the structure; and
repeat the using of the structure model while varying parameters of the structure model,
wherein during the using of the structure model, the processor is configured to divide the structure model into a series of slices along at least a first dimension of the model space,
wherein, by the division into the series of slices, a sloping face of at least one sub-structure is approximated by a series of steps along at least a second dimension of the model space,
wherein the processor is further configured to maintain a number of the steps approximating the sloping face constant between the repeat of the using the structure model while a number of the slices varies, and
wherein at least one series of steps comprises two or more steps of different extent in the first dimension, the extents of the steps remaining in constant ratio to one another while varying in extent between repeats of using the structure model. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the structure model defines:
a first sub-structure whose extent in the first dimension depends on a first parameter, the first sub-structure having a first sloping face approximated by a first series of steps in the second dimension, a number of steps in the first series of steps being constant between the repeat of the using the structure model; and a second sub-structure whose extent in the first dimension depends on a second parameter, the second sub-structure having a second sloping face approximated by a second series of steps in the second dimension, a number of steps in the second series of steps being constant between the repeat of the using the structure model. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein to divide the structure model into slices that are continuous across the first and second substructures, the processor is further configured to introduce a cut in the second sub-structure to match a step in the first sub-structure without introducing a step in the approximated second sloping face. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein to divide the structure model into slices that are continuous across the first and second substructures, the processor is further configured to introduce a cut in the first sub-structure to match a step in the second sub-structure without introducing a step in the approximated first sloping face. 13. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the structure model defines:
a lower sub-structure having a sloping face approximated by a lower series of steps, a number of steps in the lower series of steps being constant between the repeat of the using the structure model; and an upper sub-structure having a sloping face approximated by an upper series of steps, a number of steps in the upper series of steps being constant between the repeat of the using the structure model. 14. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein within each series of steps the processor is further configured to vary the extent of each step in the first dimension with variation of the parameters in the repeating step. 15. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein for the repeat of the using the structure model, the processor is configured to:
compare the interaction simulated using the structure model with a real interaction observed in a metrology apparatus with the structure; vary one or more parameters of the structure model based on the comparison; and repeat using the structure model using the varied parameters, and wherein the processor is further configured to, after a number of iterations of the repeat the using the structure model, report parameters of the structure model as a measurement of the parameters of the structure. 16. A metrology apparatus for use in determining parameters of a structure, the metrology apparatus comprising:
an irradiation system configured to generate a beam of radiation; a substrate support operable with the irradiation system to irradiate the structure including a plurality of substructures, the structure formed on the substrate with the beam of radiation; a detection system configured to detect radiation after interaction with the structure; and a processing apparatus configured to determine the parameters of the structure comprising:
a processor configured to:
define a structure model to represent the structure in a two- or three-dimensional model space;
use the structure model to simulate interaction of radiation with the structure; and
repeat using the structure model while varying parameters of the structure model,
wherein for the using the structure model, the processor is configured to divide the structure model into a series of slices along at least a first dimension of the model space,
wherein, by the division into the series of slices, a sloping face of at least one sub-structure is approximated by a series of steps along at least a second dimension of the model space,
wherein the processor is further configured to maintain a number of the steps approximating the sloping face constant between the repeat of the using the structure model while a number of the slices varies, and
wherein at least one series of steps comprises two or more steps of different extent in the first dimension, the extents of the steps remaining in constant ratio to one another while varying in extent between the repeat of the using the structure model. 17. The metrology apparatus of claim 16, wherein:
the metrology apparatus comprises an angle-resolved spectrometer, and the processing apparatus is further configured to generate a simulated scatter spectrum of the structure. 18. A device manufacturing method comprising:
transferring a pattern from a patterning device onto a substrate using a lithographic process, the pattern defining at least one structure including a plurality of sub-structures; measuring one or more properties of the structure to determine a value for one or more parameters of the lithographic process; and applying a correction in subsequent operations of the lithographic process in accordance with the measured one or more properties, wherein the measuring the one or more properties of the structure comprises determining a property by a method comprising:
defining a structure model to represent the structure in a two- or three-dimensional model space;
using the structure model to simulate interaction of radiation with the structure; and
repeating the using of the structure model while varying parameters of the structure model;
wherein the using the structure model comprises dividing the structure model into a series of slices along at least a first dimension of the model space,
wherein, by the division into the series of slices, a sloping face of at least one sub-structure is approximated by a series of steps along at least a second dimension of the model space;
wherein a number of the steps approximating the sloping face is maintained constant between the repeating of the using of the structure model while a number of the slices varies, and
wherein at least one series of steps comprises two or more steps of different extent in the first dimension, the extents of the steps remaining in constant ratio to one another during performance of the method. 19. A lithographic system comprising:
an illumination system configured to condition a radiation beam; a support configured to support a pattering device, the patterning device capable of imparting the radiation beam with a pattern in its cross section to form a patterned radiation beam; a substrate table constructed to hold a substrate; a projection system configured to project the patterned radiation beam onto a target portion of the substrate; and a metrology apparatus for use in determining parameters of a structure, the metrology apparatus comprising:
an irradiation system configured to generate a beam of radiation;
a substrate support operable with the irradiation system for irradiating the structure including a plurality of substructures, the structure formed on the substrate with radiation;
a detection system configured to detect radiation after interaction with the structure; and
a processing apparatus for use in determining parameters of the structure comprising:
a processor configured to:
define a structure model to represent the structure in a two- or three-dimensional model space;
use the structure model to simulate interaction of radiation with the structure; and
repeat the using of the structure model while varying parameters of the structure model;
wherein for the using the structure model; the processor is configured to divide the structure model into a series of slices along at least a first dimension of the model space,
wherein, by the division into the series of slices; a sloping face of at least one sub-structure is approximated by a series of steps along at least a second dimension of the model space,
wherein the processor is further configured to maintain a number of the steps approximating the sloping face constant between the repeat of the using the structure model while a number of the slices varies, and
wherein at least one series of steps comprises two or more steps of different extent in the first dimension; the extents of the steps remaining in constant ratio to one another while varying in extent between the repeat of the using the structure model. 20. A non-transitory tangible computer program product comprising machine readable instructions for causing a processor to perform operations comprising:
defining a structure model to represent the structure in a two- or three-dimensional model space; using the structure model to simulate interaction of radiation with the structure; and repeating the using of the structure model while varying parameters of the structure model, wherein the using the structure model comprises dividing the structure model into a series of slices along at least a first dimension of the model space, wherein; by the division into the series of slices, a sloping face of at least one sub-structure is approximated by a series of steps along at least a second dimension of the model space, wherein a number of the steps approximating the sloping face is maintained constant between the repeating of the using of the structure model while a number of the slices varies, and wherein at least one series of steps comprises two or more steps of different extent in the first dimension, the extents of the steps remaining in constant ratio to one another during performance of the operations. | Parameters of a structure (900) are measured by reconstruction from observed diffracted radiation. The method includes the steps: (a) defining a structure model to represent the structure in a two- or three-dimensional model space; (b) using the structure model to simulate interaction of radiation with the structure; and (c) repeating step (b) while varying parameters of the structure model. The structure model is divided into a series of slices (a-f) along at least a first dimension (Z) of the model space. By the division into slices, a sloping face (904, 906) of at least one sub-structure is approximated by a series of steps (904β², 906β²) along at least a second dimension of the model space (X). The number of slices may vary dynamically as the parameters vary. The number of steps approximating said sloping face is maintained constant. Additional cuts (1302, 1304) are introduced, without introducing corresponding steps.1. A method of determining parameters of a structure, the structure comprising a plurality of sub-structures, the method comprising:
defining a structure model to represent the structure in a two- or three-dimensional model space; using the structure model to simulate interaction of radiation with the structure; and repeating the using the structure model while varying parameters of the structure model; wherein the using the structure model comprises dividing the structure model into a series of slices along at least a first dimension of the model space; wherein, by the division into the series of slices, a sloping face of at least one sub-structure is approximated by a series of steps along at least a second dimension of the model space, wherein the number of the steps approximating the sloping face is maintained constant between the repeating of the using the structure model while a number of the slices varies, and wherein at least one series of steps comprises two or more steps of different extent in the first dimension, the extents of the steps remaining in constant ratio to one another during performance of the method. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the structure model defines:
a first sub-structure whose extent in the first dimension depends on a first parameter, the first sub-structure having a first sloping face approximated by a first series of steps in the second dimension, a number of steps in the first series of steps being constant between the repeating of the using the structure model, and a second sub-structure whose extent in the first dimension depends on a second parameter, the second sub-structure having a second sloping face approximated by a second series of steps in the second dimension, a number of steps in the second series of steps being constant between the repeating of the using the structure model. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the dividing the structure model into slices that are continuous across the first and second substructures comprises introducing a cut in the second sub-structure to match a step in the first sub-structure without introducing a step in the approximated second sloping face. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the dividing the structure model into slices that are continuous across the first and second substructures comprises introducing a cut in the first sub-structure to match a step in the second sub-structure without introducing a step in the approximated first sloping face. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the structure model defines:
a lower sub-structure having a sloping face approximated by a lower series of steps, a number of steps in the lower series of steps being constant between the repeating of the using the structure model, and an upper sub-structure having a sloping face approximated by an upper series of steps, a number of steps in the upper series of steps being constant between the repeating of the using the structure model. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein within each series of steps an extent of each step in the first dimension varies with variation of the parameters in the repeating. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the repeating of the using the structure model comprises:
comparing the interaction simulated using the structure model with a real interaction observed in a metrology apparatus with the structure; varying one or more parameters of the structure model based on the comparison; and the repeating of the using the structure model using the varied parameters, and wherein the method further comprises: after a number of iterations of the repeating of the using the structure model, rep parameters of the structure model as a measurement of the parameters of the structure. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein:
the metrology apparatus comprises an angle-resolved spectrometer, and the comparing the interaction simulated using the structure mode comprises generating a simulated scatter spectrum of the structure. 9. An apparatus for use in determining parameters of a structure, the structure comprising a plurality of sub-structures, the apparatus comprising:
a processor configured to:
define a structure model to represent the structure in a two- or three-dimensional model space;
use the structure model to simulate interaction of radiation with the structure; and
repeat the using of the structure model while varying parameters of the structure model,
wherein during the using of the structure model, the processor is configured to divide the structure model into a series of slices along at least a first dimension of the model space,
wherein, by the division into the series of slices, a sloping face of at least one sub-structure is approximated by a series of steps along at least a second dimension of the model space,
wherein the processor is further configured to maintain a number of the steps approximating the sloping face constant between the repeat of the using the structure model while a number of the slices varies, and
wherein at least one series of steps comprises two or more steps of different extent in the first dimension, the extents of the steps remaining in constant ratio to one another while varying in extent between repeats of using the structure model. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the structure model defines:
a first sub-structure whose extent in the first dimension depends on a first parameter, the first sub-structure having a first sloping face approximated by a first series of steps in the second dimension, a number of steps in the first series of steps being constant between the repeat of the using the structure model; and a second sub-structure whose extent in the first dimension depends on a second parameter, the second sub-structure having a second sloping face approximated by a second series of steps in the second dimension, a number of steps in the second series of steps being constant between the repeat of the using the structure model. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein to divide the structure model into slices that are continuous across the first and second substructures, the processor is further configured to introduce a cut in the second sub-structure to match a step in the first sub-structure without introducing a step in the approximated second sloping face. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein to divide the structure model into slices that are continuous across the first and second substructures, the processor is further configured to introduce a cut in the first sub-structure to match a step in the second sub-structure without introducing a step in the approximated first sloping face. 13. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the structure model defines:
a lower sub-structure having a sloping face approximated by a lower series of steps, a number of steps in the lower series of steps being constant between the repeat of the using the structure model; and an upper sub-structure having a sloping face approximated by an upper series of steps, a number of steps in the upper series of steps being constant between the repeat of the using the structure model. 14. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein within each series of steps the processor is further configured to vary the extent of each step in the first dimension with variation of the parameters in the repeating step. 15. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein for the repeat of the using the structure model, the processor is configured to:
compare the interaction simulated using the structure model with a real interaction observed in a metrology apparatus with the structure; vary one or more parameters of the structure model based on the comparison; and repeat using the structure model using the varied parameters, and wherein the processor is further configured to, after a number of iterations of the repeat the using the structure model, report parameters of the structure model as a measurement of the parameters of the structure. 16. A metrology apparatus for use in determining parameters of a structure, the metrology apparatus comprising:
an irradiation system configured to generate a beam of radiation; a substrate support operable with the irradiation system to irradiate the structure including a plurality of substructures, the structure formed on the substrate with the beam of radiation; a detection system configured to detect radiation after interaction with the structure; and a processing apparatus configured to determine the parameters of the structure comprising:
a processor configured to:
define a structure model to represent the structure in a two- or three-dimensional model space;
use the structure model to simulate interaction of radiation with the structure; and
repeat using the structure model while varying parameters of the structure model,
wherein for the using the structure model, the processor is configured to divide the structure model into a series of slices along at least a first dimension of the model space,
wherein, by the division into the series of slices, a sloping face of at least one sub-structure is approximated by a series of steps along at least a second dimension of the model space,
wherein the processor is further configured to maintain a number of the steps approximating the sloping face constant between the repeat of the using the structure model while a number of the slices varies, and
wherein at least one series of steps comprises two or more steps of different extent in the first dimension, the extents of the steps remaining in constant ratio to one another while varying in extent between the repeat of the using the structure model. 17. The metrology apparatus of claim 16, wherein:
the metrology apparatus comprises an angle-resolved spectrometer, and the processing apparatus is further configured to generate a simulated scatter spectrum of the structure. 18. A device manufacturing method comprising:
transferring a pattern from a patterning device onto a substrate using a lithographic process, the pattern defining at least one structure including a plurality of sub-structures; measuring one or more properties of the structure to determine a value for one or more parameters of the lithographic process; and applying a correction in subsequent operations of the lithographic process in accordance with the measured one or more properties, wherein the measuring the one or more properties of the structure comprises determining a property by a method comprising:
defining a structure model to represent the structure in a two- or three-dimensional model space;
using the structure model to simulate interaction of radiation with the structure; and
repeating the using of the structure model while varying parameters of the structure model;
wherein the using the structure model comprises dividing the structure model into a series of slices along at least a first dimension of the model space,
wherein, by the division into the series of slices, a sloping face of at least one sub-structure is approximated by a series of steps along at least a second dimension of the model space;
wherein a number of the steps approximating the sloping face is maintained constant between the repeating of the using of the structure model while a number of the slices varies, and
wherein at least one series of steps comprises two or more steps of different extent in the first dimension, the extents of the steps remaining in constant ratio to one another during performance of the method. 19. A lithographic system comprising:
an illumination system configured to condition a radiation beam; a support configured to support a pattering device, the patterning device capable of imparting the radiation beam with a pattern in its cross section to form a patterned radiation beam; a substrate table constructed to hold a substrate; a projection system configured to project the patterned radiation beam onto a target portion of the substrate; and a metrology apparatus for use in determining parameters of a structure, the metrology apparatus comprising:
an irradiation system configured to generate a beam of radiation;
a substrate support operable with the irradiation system for irradiating the structure including a plurality of substructures, the structure formed on the substrate with radiation;
a detection system configured to detect radiation after interaction with the structure; and
a processing apparatus for use in determining parameters of the structure comprising:
a processor configured to:
define a structure model to represent the structure in a two- or three-dimensional model space;
use the structure model to simulate interaction of radiation with the structure; and
repeat the using of the structure model while varying parameters of the structure model;
wherein for the using the structure model; the processor is configured to divide the structure model into a series of slices along at least a first dimension of the model space,
wherein, by the division into the series of slices; a sloping face of at least one sub-structure is approximated by a series of steps along at least a second dimension of the model space,
wherein the processor is further configured to maintain a number of the steps approximating the sloping face constant between the repeat of the using the structure model while a number of the slices varies, and
wherein at least one series of steps comprises two or more steps of different extent in the first dimension; the extents of the steps remaining in constant ratio to one another while varying in extent between the repeat of the using the structure model. 20. A non-transitory tangible computer program product comprising machine readable instructions for causing a processor to perform operations comprising:
defining a structure model to represent the structure in a two- or three-dimensional model space; using the structure model to simulate interaction of radiation with the structure; and repeating the using of the structure model while varying parameters of the structure model, wherein the using the structure model comprises dividing the structure model into a series of slices along at least a first dimension of the model space, wherein; by the division into the series of slices, a sloping face of at least one sub-structure is approximated by a series of steps along at least a second dimension of the model space, wherein a number of the steps approximating the sloping face is maintained constant between the repeating of the using of the structure model while a number of the slices varies, and wherein at least one series of steps comprises two or more steps of different extent in the first dimension, the extents of the steps remaining in constant ratio to one another during performance of the operations. | 2,400 |
348,802 | 16,806,298 | 2,493 | A method for the synthesis of N-protected 3,6-aminoalkyl-2,5-diketopiperazines is provided. The method includes obtaining a cyclic Ξ±-N protected active amino ester and adding it to a mixture of an amine catalyst in an organic solvent. | 1. A method for the synthesis of a compound according to Formula I: 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the mixture is heated to a temperature of up to 75Β° C. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the organic solvent is THF. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the catalyst is an amine catalyst. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the amine catalyst is benzamindoxine. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the mixture comprises a co-catalyst selected form hydroxybenzotriazole and hydroxysuccinimide. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the co-catalyst is present in an amount of about 0.2 equivalents that of the catalyst. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the wherein the catalyst is present in an amount of 0.25 to 2.5 equivalents based on the amount of the cyclic amino compound. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the organic solvent is selected from THF and ethanol. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the PG is selected from trifluoroacetyl, Cbz, and Boc. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein X is C. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein PG is trifluoroacetyl. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the organic solvent is selected from THF and ethanol. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein PG is Cbz. 15. A method for the synthesis of a diketopiperazine according to Formula II, 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the mixture is heated to a temperature of up to 75Β° C. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the organic solvent is THF. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the amine catalyst is benzamindoxine. 19. The method of claim 8, wherein the mixture comprises a co-catalyst selected form hydroxybenzotriazole and hydroxysuccinimide. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the PG is selected from trifluoroacetyl, Cbz, and Boc. | A method for the synthesis of N-protected 3,6-aminoalkyl-2,5-diketopiperazines is provided. The method includes obtaining a cyclic Ξ±-N protected active amino ester and adding it to a mixture of an amine catalyst in an organic solvent.1. A method for the synthesis of a compound according to Formula I: 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the mixture is heated to a temperature of up to 75Β° C. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the organic solvent is THF. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the catalyst is an amine catalyst. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the amine catalyst is benzamindoxine. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the mixture comprises a co-catalyst selected form hydroxybenzotriazole and hydroxysuccinimide. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the co-catalyst is present in an amount of about 0.2 equivalents that of the catalyst. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the wherein the catalyst is present in an amount of 0.25 to 2.5 equivalents based on the amount of the cyclic amino compound. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the organic solvent is selected from THF and ethanol. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the PG is selected from trifluoroacetyl, Cbz, and Boc. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein X is C. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein PG is trifluoroacetyl. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the organic solvent is selected from THF and ethanol. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein PG is Cbz. 15. A method for the synthesis of a diketopiperazine according to Formula II, 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the mixture is heated to a temperature of up to 75Β° C. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the organic solvent is THF. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the amine catalyst is benzamindoxine. 19. The method of claim 8, wherein the mixture comprises a co-catalyst selected form hydroxybenzotriazole and hydroxysuccinimide. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the PG is selected from trifluoroacetyl, Cbz, and Boc. | 2,400 |
348,803 | 16,806,300 | 2,493 | The invention concerns a method for straightening keratinous fibers including: (i) a step of applying on the keratinous fibers a hair straightening composition containing at least one polyhydroxylated aromatic compound, (ii) a step of increasing the temperature of the keratinous fibers, using heating means, to a temperature ranging between 110 and 250Β° C. | 1-11. (canceled) 12. A process for relaxing keratin fibers, comprising:
applying to the keratin fibers a hair-relaxing composition comprising at least one polyhydroxylated aromatic compound, wherein the pH of said hair relaxing composition is less than or equal to 9, and heating the keratin fibers to a temperature ranging from 110Β° C. to 250Β° C., wherein the polyhydroxylated aromatic compound is not chosen from:
4,5-diamino-2,6-dihydroxypyrimidine,
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid,
2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylpyrimidine,
dihydroxyorotic acid, or
2,4,5-trihydroxypyrimidine. 13. The process according to claim 12, wherein the keratin fibers are heated to a temperature ranging from 120Β° C. to 220Β° C. 14. The process according to claim 13, wherein the keratin fibers are heated to a temperature ranging from 140Β° C. to 220Β° C. 15. The process according to claim 12, wherein the hair-relaxing composition is applied to wet keratin fibers. 16. The process according to claim 12, wherein the keratin fibers are partially predried. 17. The process according to claim 12, wherein the molar concentration of the at least one polyhydroxylated aromatic compound ranges from 1 to 8 M. 18. The process according to claim 17, wherein the molar concentration of the at least one polyhydroxylated aromatic compound ranges from 1 to 4 M. 19. The process according to claim 18, wherein the molar concentration of the at least one polyhydroxylated aromatic compound ranges from 1.5 to 3M. 20. The process according to claim 12, wherein the pH of the hair relaxing composition is less than or equal to 7. 21. The process according to claim 12, wherein the at least one polyhydroxylated aromatic compound is chosen from compounds of formula (I): 22. The process according to claim 21, wherein the compound of formula (I) is chosen from:
catechol, resorcinol, 4-methylcatechol, 3-methylcatechol, 2-methylresorcinol, 5-methylresorcinol, 4-methylresorcinol, pyrogallol, 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene, phloroglucinol, 3-fluorocatechol, 4-fluorocatechol, 4-fluororesorcinol, 2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 3,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-ethylcatechol, 4-ethylresorcinol, 2,5-dimethylresorcinol, 4,5-dimethylresorcinol, 2,4-dimethyl-1,3-benzenediol, 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine, 3,5-dihydroxybenzylamine, 3-methoxycatechol, 5-methylpyrogallol, 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol, 5-methoxyresorcinol, 2,4,6-trihydroxytoluene, 3,5-dihydroxybenzyl 3,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-ethylcatechol, 4-ethylresorcinol, 2,5-dimethylresorcinol, 4,5-dimethylresorcinol, 2,4-dimethyl-1,3-benzenediol, 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine, 3,5-dihydroxybenzylamine, 3-methoxycatechol, 5-methylpyrogallol, 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol, 5-methoxyresorcinol, 2,4,6-trihydroxytoluene, 3,5-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol, 2-methoxyresorcinol, 5-methylpyrogallol, 4-methoxyresorcinol, 3,5-dihydroxytoluene monohydrate, 4-chlorocatechol, 3-chlorocatechol, 4-chlororesorcinol, 2-chlororesorcinol, 3β²,4β²-dihydroxyacetophenone, 2β²,3β²-dihydroxyacetophenone, 2β²,6β²-dihydroxyacetophenone, 2β²,4β²-dihydroxyacetophenone, 3β²,5β²-dihydroxyacetophenone, 2,6-dihydroxy-4-methylbenzaldehyde, 3-isopropylcatechol, 4-isopropylcatechol, 4-propylresorcinol, 2,4-dihydroxy-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, 3,4-dihydroxybenzamide, 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide, 2,6-dihydroxybenzamide, 2,4-dihydroxybenzamide, 3-hydroxytyramine, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzaldehyde, 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzaldehyde, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzaldehyde, 2,4,5-trihydroxybenzaldehyde, 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanol, 2,4,6-trihydroxy-1,3-dimethylbenzene, 2,6-dihydroxy-4-methylbenzyl alcohol, 2-fluoro-3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 3,4-dihydroxy-6-fluorobenzaldehyde, 2-methoxyphloroglucinol, 3,5-dihydroxyanisole hydrate, 4-aminoresorcinol hydrochloride, 2-aminoresorcinol hydrochloride, 5-aminobenzene-1,3-diol hydrochloride, phloroglucinol dihydrate, 3β²,4β²-dihydroxypropiophenone, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetone, (2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)acetone, 2β²,4β²-dihydroxypropiophenone, 2β²,4β²-dihydroxy-3β²-methylacetophenone, (2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetone, (3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)acetone, 2,6-dihydroxy-4β²-methylacetophenone, 4-tert-butylcatechol, 4-N-butylresorcinol, 2,4-diethyl-1,3-benzenediol, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetamide, 3-hydroxyacetaminophen, 2β²,3β²,4β²-trihydroxyacetophenone, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 2,3-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde, 3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde, 2β²,3β²,4β²-trihydroxyacetophenone, 2β²,4β²,6β²-trihydroxyacetophenone, 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methylbenzoic acid, 2,6-dihydroxy-4-methylbenzoic acid, 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acid, 3,5-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 2-ethyl-5-methoxybenzene-1,3-diol, 3,4,5,-trihydroxybenzamide, 4-amino-3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid, 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl glycol, 1,2-dihydroxy-4,5-dimethoxybenzene, 3,5-dihydroxyacetophenone monohydrate, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid monohydrate, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzaldehyde, hexahydroxybenzene, 3,5-dihydroxybenzylamine hydrochloride, 4,6-diaminoresorcinol hydrochloride, 4,5-dichlorocatechol, 3,5-dichlorocatechol, 4,6-dichlororesorcinol, 2β²,4β²-dihydroxy-3β²-methylpropiophenone, 1-(3-ethyl-2,6-dihydroxyphenyl)ethan-1-one, 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, (2,3,4-trihydroxyphenyl)acetone, (2,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)acetone, (3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)acetone, 2β²,6β²-dihydroxy-4β²-methoxyacetophenone, 1-(2,6-dihydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethan-1-one, 3(2,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid, 2,4-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethylbenzoic acid, (2,3,4-trihydroxyphenyl)acetone, (2,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)acetone, (2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)acetone, (3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)acetone, 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid, 5-hydroxyisovanillic acid, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamide hydrate, 4-bromocatechol, stereoisomers thereof, organic salts thereof, or mineral salts thereof. 23. The process according to claim 21, wherein the compound of formula (I) is chosen from:
resorcinol, 2-methylresorcinol, 5-methylresorcinol, 4-methylresorcinol, pyrogallol, 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene, 4-ethylresorcinol, 2,5-dimethylresorcinol, 4,5-dimethylresorcinol, 2,4-dimethyl-1,3-benzenediol, 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine, 3,5-dihydroxybenzylamine, 5-methylpyrogallol, 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol, 5-methoxyresorcinol, 2,4,6-trihydroxytoluene, 3,5-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol, 2-methoxyresorcinol, 5-methylpyrogallol, 4-methoxyresorcinol, 3,5-dihydroxytoluene monohydrate, 4-propylresorcinol, 2,4-dihydroxy-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, 3,4-dihydroxybenzamide, 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide, 2,6-dihydroxybenzamide, 2,4-dihydroxybenzamide, 3-hydroxytyramine, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanol, 2,4,6-trihydroxy-1,3-dimethylbenzene, 2,6-dihydroxy-4-methylbenzyl alcohol, 2-methoxyphloroglucinol, 3,5-dihydroxyanisole hydrate, 4-aminoresorcinol hydrochloride, 2-aminoresorcinol hydrochloride, 5-aminobenzene-1,3-diol hydrochloride, phloroglucinol dihydrate, 2,4-diethyl-1,3-benzenediol, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetamide, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methylbenzoic acid, 2,6-dihydroxy-4-methylbenzoic acid, 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acid, 3,5-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 2-ethyl-5-methoxybenzene-1,3-diol, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamide, 4-amino-3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-trihydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid, 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid, DL-3,4-dihydroxyphenyl glycol, 1,2-dihydroxy-4,5-dimethoxybenzene, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid monohydrate, hexahydroxybenzene, 3,5-dihydroxybenzylamine hydrochloride, sodium Ξ³-resorcylate, sodium Ξ²-resorcylate, 4,6-diaminoresorcinol hydrochloride, 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, 2,4-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethylbenzoic acid, DL-3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid, hydroxyisovanillic acid, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamide acid hydrate, gallic acid monohydrate, stereoisomers thereof, organic salts thereof, or mineral salts thereof. 24. A kit comprising:
at least one heating apparatus that provides a temperature ranging from 110Β° C. to 250Β° C., at least one hair-relaxing composition comprising at least one polyhydroxylated aromatic compound, wherein the pH of said hair-relaxing composition is less than or equal to 9, and wherein the polyhydroxylated aromatic compound is not chosen from: 4,5-diamino-2,6-dihydroxypyrimidine, or 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid. 25. The kit according to claim 24, wherein the at least one hair-relaxing composition comprises at least one polyhydroxylated aromatic compound chosen from:
catechol, resorcinol, 4-methylcatechol, 3-methylcatechol, 2-methylresorcinol, 5-methylresorcinol, 4-methylresorcinol, pyrogallol, 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene, phloroglucinol, 3-fluorocatechol, 4-fluorocatechol, 4-fluororesorcinol, 2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 3,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-ethylcatechol, 4-ethylresorcinol, 2,5-dimethylresorcinol, 4,5-dimethylresorcinol, 2,4-dimethyl-1,3-benzenediol, 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine, 3,5-dihydroxybenzylamine, 3-methoxycatechol, 5-methylpyrogallol, 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol, 5-methoxyresorcinol, 2,4,6-trihydroxytoluene, 3,5-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol, 2-methoxyresorcinol, 5-methylpyrogallol, 4-methoxyresorcinol, 3,5-dihydroxytoluene monohydrate, 4-chlorocatechol, 3-chlorocatechol, 4-chlororesorcinol, 2-chlororesorcinol, 3β²,4β²-dihydroxyacetophenone, 2β²,3β²-dihydroxyacetophenone, 2β²,6β²-dihydroxyacetophenone, 2β²,4β²-dihydroxyacetophenone, 3β²,5β²-dihydroxyacetophenone, 2,6-dihydroxy-4-methylbenzaldehyde, 3-isopropylcatechol, 4-isopropylcatechol, 4-propylresorcinol, 2,4-dihydroxy-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, 3,4-dihydroxybenzamide, 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide, 2,6-dihydroxybenzamide, 2,4-dihydroxybenzamide, 3-hydroxytyramine, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzaldehyde, 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzaldehyde, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzaldehyde, 2,4,5-trihydroxybenzaldehyde, 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanol, 2,4,6-trihydroxy-1,3-dimethylbenzene, 2,6-dihydroxy-4-methylbenzyl alcohol, 2-fluoro-3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 3,4-dihydroxy-6-fluorobenzaldehyde, 2-methoxyphloroglucinol, 3,5-dihydroxyanisole hydrate, 4-aminoresorcinol hydrochloride, 2-aminoresorcinol hydrochloride, 5-aminobenzene-1,3-diol hydrochloride, phloroglucinol dihydrate, 3β²,4β²-dihydroxypropiophenone, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetone, (2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)acetone, 2β²,4β²-dihydroxypropiophenone, 2β²,4β²-dihydroxy-3β²-methylacetophenone, (2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetone, (3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)acetone, 2,6-dihydroxy-4β²-methylacetophenone, 4-tert-butylcatechol, 4-N-butylresorcinol, 2,4-diethyl-1,3-benzenediol, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetamide, 3-hydroxyacetaminophen, 2β²,3β²,4β²-trihydroxyacetophenone, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 2,3-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde, 3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde, 2β²,3β²,4β²-trihydroxyacetophenone, 2β²,4β²,6β²-trihydroxyacetophenone, 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methylbenzoic acid, 2,6-dihydroxy-4-methylbenzoic acid, 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acid, 3,5-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 2-ethyl-5-methoxybenzene-1,3-diol, 3,4,5,-trihydroxybenzamide, 4-amino-3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid, 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl glycol, 1,2-dihydroxy-4,5-dimethoxybenzene, 3,5-dihydroxyacetophenone monohydrate, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid monohydrate, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzaldehyde, hexahydroxybenzene, 3,5-dihydroxybenzylamine hydrochloride, 4,6-diaminoresorcinol hydrochloride, 4,5-dichlorocatechol, 3,5-dichlorocatechol, 4,6-dichlororesorcinol, 2β²,4β²-dihydroxy-3β²-methylpropiophenone, 1-(3-ethyl-2,6-dihydroxyphenyl)ethan-1-one, 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, (2,3,4-trihydroxyphenyl)acetone, (2,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)acetone, (3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)acetone, 2β²,6β²-dihydroxy-4β²-methoxyacetophenone, 1-(2,6-dihydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethan-1-one, 3(2,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid, 2,4-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethylbenzoic acid, (2,3,4-trihydroxyphenyl)acetone, (2,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)acetone, (2,4,-trihydroxyphenyl)acetone, (3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)acetone, 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid, 5-hydroxyisovanillic acid, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamide hydrate, and 4-bromocatechol, | The invention concerns a method for straightening keratinous fibers including: (i) a step of applying on the keratinous fibers a hair straightening composition containing at least one polyhydroxylated aromatic compound, (ii) a step of increasing the temperature of the keratinous fibers, using heating means, to a temperature ranging between 110 and 250Β° C.1-11. (canceled) 12. A process for relaxing keratin fibers, comprising:
applying to the keratin fibers a hair-relaxing composition comprising at least one polyhydroxylated aromatic compound, wherein the pH of said hair relaxing composition is less than or equal to 9, and heating the keratin fibers to a temperature ranging from 110Β° C. to 250Β° C., wherein the polyhydroxylated aromatic compound is not chosen from:
4,5-diamino-2,6-dihydroxypyrimidine,
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid,
2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylpyrimidine,
dihydroxyorotic acid, or
2,4,5-trihydroxypyrimidine. 13. The process according to claim 12, wherein the keratin fibers are heated to a temperature ranging from 120Β° C. to 220Β° C. 14. The process according to claim 13, wherein the keratin fibers are heated to a temperature ranging from 140Β° C. to 220Β° C. 15. The process according to claim 12, wherein the hair-relaxing composition is applied to wet keratin fibers. 16. The process according to claim 12, wherein the keratin fibers are partially predried. 17. The process according to claim 12, wherein the molar concentration of the at least one polyhydroxylated aromatic compound ranges from 1 to 8 M. 18. The process according to claim 17, wherein the molar concentration of the at least one polyhydroxylated aromatic compound ranges from 1 to 4 M. 19. The process according to claim 18, wherein the molar concentration of the at least one polyhydroxylated aromatic compound ranges from 1.5 to 3M. 20. The process according to claim 12, wherein the pH of the hair relaxing composition is less than or equal to 7. 21. The process according to claim 12, wherein the at least one polyhydroxylated aromatic compound is chosen from compounds of formula (I): 22. The process according to claim 21, wherein the compound of formula (I) is chosen from:
catechol, resorcinol, 4-methylcatechol, 3-methylcatechol, 2-methylresorcinol, 5-methylresorcinol, 4-methylresorcinol, pyrogallol, 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene, phloroglucinol, 3-fluorocatechol, 4-fluorocatechol, 4-fluororesorcinol, 2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 3,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-ethylcatechol, 4-ethylresorcinol, 2,5-dimethylresorcinol, 4,5-dimethylresorcinol, 2,4-dimethyl-1,3-benzenediol, 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine, 3,5-dihydroxybenzylamine, 3-methoxycatechol, 5-methylpyrogallol, 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol, 5-methoxyresorcinol, 2,4,6-trihydroxytoluene, 3,5-dihydroxybenzyl 3,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-ethylcatechol, 4-ethylresorcinol, 2,5-dimethylresorcinol, 4,5-dimethylresorcinol, 2,4-dimethyl-1,3-benzenediol, 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine, 3,5-dihydroxybenzylamine, 3-methoxycatechol, 5-methylpyrogallol, 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol, 5-methoxyresorcinol, 2,4,6-trihydroxytoluene, 3,5-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol, 2-methoxyresorcinol, 5-methylpyrogallol, 4-methoxyresorcinol, 3,5-dihydroxytoluene monohydrate, 4-chlorocatechol, 3-chlorocatechol, 4-chlororesorcinol, 2-chlororesorcinol, 3β²,4β²-dihydroxyacetophenone, 2β²,3β²-dihydroxyacetophenone, 2β²,6β²-dihydroxyacetophenone, 2β²,4β²-dihydroxyacetophenone, 3β²,5β²-dihydroxyacetophenone, 2,6-dihydroxy-4-methylbenzaldehyde, 3-isopropylcatechol, 4-isopropylcatechol, 4-propylresorcinol, 2,4-dihydroxy-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, 3,4-dihydroxybenzamide, 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide, 2,6-dihydroxybenzamide, 2,4-dihydroxybenzamide, 3-hydroxytyramine, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzaldehyde, 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzaldehyde, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzaldehyde, 2,4,5-trihydroxybenzaldehyde, 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanol, 2,4,6-trihydroxy-1,3-dimethylbenzene, 2,6-dihydroxy-4-methylbenzyl alcohol, 2-fluoro-3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 3,4-dihydroxy-6-fluorobenzaldehyde, 2-methoxyphloroglucinol, 3,5-dihydroxyanisole hydrate, 4-aminoresorcinol hydrochloride, 2-aminoresorcinol hydrochloride, 5-aminobenzene-1,3-diol hydrochloride, phloroglucinol dihydrate, 3β²,4β²-dihydroxypropiophenone, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetone, (2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)acetone, 2β²,4β²-dihydroxypropiophenone, 2β²,4β²-dihydroxy-3β²-methylacetophenone, (2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetone, (3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)acetone, 2,6-dihydroxy-4β²-methylacetophenone, 4-tert-butylcatechol, 4-N-butylresorcinol, 2,4-diethyl-1,3-benzenediol, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetamide, 3-hydroxyacetaminophen, 2β²,3β²,4β²-trihydroxyacetophenone, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 2,3-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde, 3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde, 2β²,3β²,4β²-trihydroxyacetophenone, 2β²,4β²,6β²-trihydroxyacetophenone, 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methylbenzoic acid, 2,6-dihydroxy-4-methylbenzoic acid, 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acid, 3,5-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 2-ethyl-5-methoxybenzene-1,3-diol, 3,4,5,-trihydroxybenzamide, 4-amino-3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid, 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl glycol, 1,2-dihydroxy-4,5-dimethoxybenzene, 3,5-dihydroxyacetophenone monohydrate, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid monohydrate, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzaldehyde, hexahydroxybenzene, 3,5-dihydroxybenzylamine hydrochloride, 4,6-diaminoresorcinol hydrochloride, 4,5-dichlorocatechol, 3,5-dichlorocatechol, 4,6-dichlororesorcinol, 2β²,4β²-dihydroxy-3β²-methylpropiophenone, 1-(3-ethyl-2,6-dihydroxyphenyl)ethan-1-one, 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, (2,3,4-trihydroxyphenyl)acetone, (2,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)acetone, (3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)acetone, 2β²,6β²-dihydroxy-4β²-methoxyacetophenone, 1-(2,6-dihydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethan-1-one, 3(2,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid, 2,4-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethylbenzoic acid, (2,3,4-trihydroxyphenyl)acetone, (2,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)acetone, (2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)acetone, (3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)acetone, 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid, 5-hydroxyisovanillic acid, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamide hydrate, 4-bromocatechol, stereoisomers thereof, organic salts thereof, or mineral salts thereof. 23. The process according to claim 21, wherein the compound of formula (I) is chosen from:
resorcinol, 2-methylresorcinol, 5-methylresorcinol, 4-methylresorcinol, pyrogallol, 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene, 4-ethylresorcinol, 2,5-dimethylresorcinol, 4,5-dimethylresorcinol, 2,4-dimethyl-1,3-benzenediol, 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine, 3,5-dihydroxybenzylamine, 5-methylpyrogallol, 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol, 5-methoxyresorcinol, 2,4,6-trihydroxytoluene, 3,5-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol, 2-methoxyresorcinol, 5-methylpyrogallol, 4-methoxyresorcinol, 3,5-dihydroxytoluene monohydrate, 4-propylresorcinol, 2,4-dihydroxy-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, 3,4-dihydroxybenzamide, 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide, 2,6-dihydroxybenzamide, 2,4-dihydroxybenzamide, 3-hydroxytyramine, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanol, 2,4,6-trihydroxy-1,3-dimethylbenzene, 2,6-dihydroxy-4-methylbenzyl alcohol, 2-methoxyphloroglucinol, 3,5-dihydroxyanisole hydrate, 4-aminoresorcinol hydrochloride, 2-aminoresorcinol hydrochloride, 5-aminobenzene-1,3-diol hydrochloride, phloroglucinol dihydrate, 2,4-diethyl-1,3-benzenediol, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetamide, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methylbenzoic acid, 2,6-dihydroxy-4-methylbenzoic acid, 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acid, 3,5-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 2-ethyl-5-methoxybenzene-1,3-diol, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamide, 4-amino-3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-trihydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid, 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid, DL-3,4-dihydroxyphenyl glycol, 1,2-dihydroxy-4,5-dimethoxybenzene, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid monohydrate, hexahydroxybenzene, 3,5-dihydroxybenzylamine hydrochloride, sodium Ξ³-resorcylate, sodium Ξ²-resorcylate, 4,6-diaminoresorcinol hydrochloride, 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, 2,4-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethylbenzoic acid, DL-3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid, hydroxyisovanillic acid, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamide acid hydrate, gallic acid monohydrate, stereoisomers thereof, organic salts thereof, or mineral salts thereof. 24. A kit comprising:
at least one heating apparatus that provides a temperature ranging from 110Β° C. to 250Β° C., at least one hair-relaxing composition comprising at least one polyhydroxylated aromatic compound, wherein the pH of said hair-relaxing composition is less than or equal to 9, and wherein the polyhydroxylated aromatic compound is not chosen from: 4,5-diamino-2,6-dihydroxypyrimidine, or 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid. 25. The kit according to claim 24, wherein the at least one hair-relaxing composition comprises at least one polyhydroxylated aromatic compound chosen from:
catechol, resorcinol, 4-methylcatechol, 3-methylcatechol, 2-methylresorcinol, 5-methylresorcinol, 4-methylresorcinol, pyrogallol, 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene, phloroglucinol, 3-fluorocatechol, 4-fluorocatechol, 4-fluororesorcinol, 2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 3,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-ethylcatechol, 4-ethylresorcinol, 2,5-dimethylresorcinol, 4,5-dimethylresorcinol, 2,4-dimethyl-1,3-benzenediol, 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine, 3,5-dihydroxybenzylamine, 3-methoxycatechol, 5-methylpyrogallol, 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol, 5-methoxyresorcinol, 2,4,6-trihydroxytoluene, 3,5-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol, 2-methoxyresorcinol, 5-methylpyrogallol, 4-methoxyresorcinol, 3,5-dihydroxytoluene monohydrate, 4-chlorocatechol, 3-chlorocatechol, 4-chlororesorcinol, 2-chlororesorcinol, 3β²,4β²-dihydroxyacetophenone, 2β²,3β²-dihydroxyacetophenone, 2β²,6β²-dihydroxyacetophenone, 2β²,4β²-dihydroxyacetophenone, 3β²,5β²-dihydroxyacetophenone, 2,6-dihydroxy-4-methylbenzaldehyde, 3-isopropylcatechol, 4-isopropylcatechol, 4-propylresorcinol, 2,4-dihydroxy-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, 3,4-dihydroxybenzamide, 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide, 2,6-dihydroxybenzamide, 2,4-dihydroxybenzamide, 3-hydroxytyramine, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzaldehyde, 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzaldehyde, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzaldehyde, 2,4,5-trihydroxybenzaldehyde, 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanol, 2,4,6-trihydroxy-1,3-dimethylbenzene, 2,6-dihydroxy-4-methylbenzyl alcohol, 2-fluoro-3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 3,4-dihydroxy-6-fluorobenzaldehyde, 2-methoxyphloroglucinol, 3,5-dihydroxyanisole hydrate, 4-aminoresorcinol hydrochloride, 2-aminoresorcinol hydrochloride, 5-aminobenzene-1,3-diol hydrochloride, phloroglucinol dihydrate, 3β²,4β²-dihydroxypropiophenone, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetone, (2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)acetone, 2β²,4β²-dihydroxypropiophenone, 2β²,4β²-dihydroxy-3β²-methylacetophenone, (2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetone, (3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)acetone, 2,6-dihydroxy-4β²-methylacetophenone, 4-tert-butylcatechol, 4-N-butylresorcinol, 2,4-diethyl-1,3-benzenediol, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetamide, 3-hydroxyacetaminophen, 2β²,3β²,4β²-trihydroxyacetophenone, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 2,3-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde, 3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde, 2β²,3β²,4β²-trihydroxyacetophenone, 2β²,4β²,6β²-trihydroxyacetophenone, 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methylbenzoic acid, 2,6-dihydroxy-4-methylbenzoic acid, 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acid, 3,5-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 2-ethyl-5-methoxybenzene-1,3-diol, 3,4,5,-trihydroxybenzamide, 4-amino-3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid, 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl glycol, 1,2-dihydroxy-4,5-dimethoxybenzene, 3,5-dihydroxyacetophenone monohydrate, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid monohydrate, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzaldehyde, hexahydroxybenzene, 3,5-dihydroxybenzylamine hydrochloride, 4,6-diaminoresorcinol hydrochloride, 4,5-dichlorocatechol, 3,5-dichlorocatechol, 4,6-dichlororesorcinol, 2β²,4β²-dihydroxy-3β²-methylpropiophenone, 1-(3-ethyl-2,6-dihydroxyphenyl)ethan-1-one, 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, (2,3,4-trihydroxyphenyl)acetone, (2,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)acetone, (3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)acetone, 2β²,6β²-dihydroxy-4β²-methoxyacetophenone, 1-(2,6-dihydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethan-1-one, 3(2,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid, 2,4-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethylbenzoic acid, (2,3,4-trihydroxyphenyl)acetone, (2,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)acetone, (2,4,-trihydroxyphenyl)acetone, (3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)acetone, 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid, 5-hydroxyisovanillic acid, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamide hydrate, and 4-bromocatechol, | 2,400 |
348,804 | 16,806,260 | 2,493 | A machine includes a frame. The machine also includes a hopper assembly supported on the frame proximate to a front end of the machine. The machine further includes a conveyor system disposed proximate to the hopper assembly. The conveyor system includes a conveyor belt assembly and a drive mechanism adapted to operate the conveyor belt assembly. The machine includes a bumper extending transversely across the front end of the machine. The bumper defines an opening that is adapted to communicate with a portion of the drive mechanism disposed proximate to the bumper. | 1. A machine comprising:
a frame; a hopper assembly supported on the frame proximate to a front end of the machine; a conveyor system disposed proximate to the hopper assembly, the conveyor system including a plurality of conveyor plates and a drive mechanism adapted to operate the plurality of conveyor plates; and a bumper extending transversely across the front end of the machine, wherein the bumper defines an opening that is adapted to communicate with a portion of the drive mechanism disposed proximate to the bumper. 2. The machine of claim 1, wherein the opening is substantially rectangular in shape. 3. The machine of claim 1, wherein the opening is centrally disposed along a length of the bumper. 4. The machine of claim 1, wherein a first length defined by the opening is approximately equal to a width of the conveyor system. 5. The machine of claim 1, wherein the drive mechanism includes a pair of first chains and a pair of second chains disposed adjacent to the pair of first chains. 6. The machine of claim 5, wherein the opening is adapted to align with the pair of first chains and the pair of second chains. 7. The machine of claim 1, wherein a portion of the drive mechanism is in communication with a recess defined between the bumper and the plurality of conveyor plates. 8. The machine of claim 7 further comprising an apron adapted to enclose the recess. 9. The machine of claim 8, wherein the apron is pivotally coupled to a conveyor frame of the conveyor system. 10. The machine of claim 8, wherein the apron is rectangular in shape. 11. A material supply system associated with a machine, wherein the material supply system is disposed proximate to a front end of the machine, the material supply system comprising:
a hopper assembly; a conveyor system disposed proximate to the hopper assembly, the conveyor system including a plurality of conveyor plates and a drive mechanism adapted to operate the plurality of conveyor plates; and a bumper extending transversely across the front end of the machine, wherein the bumper defines an opening that is adapted to communicate with a portion of the drive mechanism disposed proximate to the bumper. 12. The material supply system of claim 11, wherein the opening is substantially rectangular in shape. 13. The material supply system of claim 11, wherein the opening is centrally disposed along a length of the bumper. 14. The material supply system of claim 11, wherein a first length defined by the opening is approximately equal to a width of the conveyor system. 15. The material supply system of claim 11, wherein the drive mechanism includes a pair of first chains and a pair of second chains disposed adjacent to the pair of first chains. 16. The material supply system of claim 15, wherein the opening is adapted to align with the pair of first chains and the pair of second chains. 17. The material supply system of claim 11, wherein a portion of the drive mechanism is in communication with a recess defined between the bumper and the plurality of conveyor plates. 18. The material supply system of claim 17 further comprising an apron adapted to enclose the recess. 19. The material supply system of claim 18, wherein the apron is pivotally coupled to a conveyor frame of the conveyor system. 20. The material supply system of claim 18, wherein the apron is rectangular in shape. | A machine includes a frame. The machine also includes a hopper assembly supported on the frame proximate to a front end of the machine. The machine further includes a conveyor system disposed proximate to the hopper assembly. The conveyor system includes a conveyor belt assembly and a drive mechanism adapted to operate the conveyor belt assembly. The machine includes a bumper extending transversely across the front end of the machine. The bumper defines an opening that is adapted to communicate with a portion of the drive mechanism disposed proximate to the bumper.1. A machine comprising:
a frame; a hopper assembly supported on the frame proximate to a front end of the machine; a conveyor system disposed proximate to the hopper assembly, the conveyor system including a plurality of conveyor plates and a drive mechanism adapted to operate the plurality of conveyor plates; and a bumper extending transversely across the front end of the machine, wherein the bumper defines an opening that is adapted to communicate with a portion of the drive mechanism disposed proximate to the bumper. 2. The machine of claim 1, wherein the opening is substantially rectangular in shape. 3. The machine of claim 1, wherein the opening is centrally disposed along a length of the bumper. 4. The machine of claim 1, wherein a first length defined by the opening is approximately equal to a width of the conveyor system. 5. The machine of claim 1, wherein the drive mechanism includes a pair of first chains and a pair of second chains disposed adjacent to the pair of first chains. 6. The machine of claim 5, wherein the opening is adapted to align with the pair of first chains and the pair of second chains. 7. The machine of claim 1, wherein a portion of the drive mechanism is in communication with a recess defined between the bumper and the plurality of conveyor plates. 8. The machine of claim 7 further comprising an apron adapted to enclose the recess. 9. The machine of claim 8, wherein the apron is pivotally coupled to a conveyor frame of the conveyor system. 10. The machine of claim 8, wherein the apron is rectangular in shape. 11. A material supply system associated with a machine, wherein the material supply system is disposed proximate to a front end of the machine, the material supply system comprising:
a hopper assembly; a conveyor system disposed proximate to the hopper assembly, the conveyor system including a plurality of conveyor plates and a drive mechanism adapted to operate the plurality of conveyor plates; and a bumper extending transversely across the front end of the machine, wherein the bumper defines an opening that is adapted to communicate with a portion of the drive mechanism disposed proximate to the bumper. 12. The material supply system of claim 11, wherein the opening is substantially rectangular in shape. 13. The material supply system of claim 11, wherein the opening is centrally disposed along a length of the bumper. 14. The material supply system of claim 11, wherein a first length defined by the opening is approximately equal to a width of the conveyor system. 15. The material supply system of claim 11, wherein the drive mechanism includes a pair of first chains and a pair of second chains disposed adjacent to the pair of first chains. 16. The material supply system of claim 15, wherein the opening is adapted to align with the pair of first chains and the pair of second chains. 17. The material supply system of claim 11, wherein a portion of the drive mechanism is in communication with a recess defined between the bumper and the plurality of conveyor plates. 18. The material supply system of claim 17 further comprising an apron adapted to enclose the recess. 19. The material supply system of claim 18, wherein the apron is pivotally coupled to a conveyor frame of the conveyor system. 20. The material supply system of claim 18, wherein the apron is rectangular in shape. | 2,400 |
348,805 | 16,806,297 | 2,855 | Methods and apparatus are described that improve the reliability and configurability of sensor systems. | 1. A sensor system, comprising:
a first substrate having a plurality of conductive traces thereon; a plurality of pieces of piezoresistive material, each of the pieces of piezoresistive material being positioned to contact a corresponding set of the conductive traces and forming a sensor therewith; and a second substrate, the second substrate including a plurality of depressions in a surface thereof, and a plurality of posts extending from the surface through corresponding apertures in the first substrate, thereby aligning each sensor with a corresponding one of the depressions. 2. The sensor system of claim 1, wherein each depression in the surface of the second substrate is configured such that there is a space between the corresponding piece of piezoresistive material and the second substrate when there is no force exerted on the sensor system. 3. The sensor system of claim 1, wherein each depression in the surface of the second substrate is configured such that the corresponding piece of piezoresistive material is in contact with the second substrate when there is no force exerted on the sensor system. 4. The sensor system of claim 1, wherein each depression in the surface of the second substrate is configured such that substantially no force is registered by the corresponding sensor when there is no force exerted on the sensor system. 5. The sensor system of claim 1, wherein each depression in the surface of the second substrate is configured to determine a dynamic range of the corresponding sensor. 6. The sensor system of claim 1, wherein each depression in the surface of the second substrate is configured to allow the corresponding piece of piezoresistive material to decompress after force is exerted on the sensor system. 7. The sensor system of claim 1, wherein the piezoresistive material is a fabric. 8. The sensor system of claim 1, wherein each of the pieces of piezoresistive material is secured to the first substrate with an adhesive element, each adhesive element having an aperture through which the corresponding piece of piezoresistive material contacts the corresponding set of traces. 9. The sensor system of claim 1, wherein the second substrate is a molded foam rubber material. 10. The sensor system of claim 1, further comprising a third substrate, the third substrate including an adhesive configured to secure the first substrate to the second substrate, the third substrate including apertures aligned with the posts and depressions of the second substrate. 11. The sensor system of claim 1, further comprising a third substrate, the third substrate including an adhesive configured to secure the first substrate to the second substrate and to enclose the first substrate and the sensors between the second and third substrates. 12. The sensor system of claim 1, wherein each set of conductive traces includes a pair of the conductive traces, each pair of conductive traces having interdigitated portions. 13. The sensor system of claim 1, wherein the posts are configured to counteract shear forces acting on the sensor system. 14. The sensor system of claim 1, wherein all of the conductive traces are disposed on one side of the first substrate. 15. The sensor system of claim 1, wherein the conductive traces are disposed on both sides of the first substrate. 16. A method of manufacturing a sensor system, comprising:
providing a first substrate; forming a plurality of apertures in the first substrate; forming a plurality of conductive traces on the first substrate, the plurality of conductive traces including a plurality of sets of sensor traces; aligning each of a plurality of pieces of piezoresistive material with a corresponding one of the sets of sensor traces, each piece of piezoresistive material being positioned to contact the corresponding set of sensor traces; providing a second substrate, the second substrate having a plurality of posts extending from a surface thereof, and a plurality of depressions in the surface thereof; and aligning the depressions of the second substrate with the pieces of piezoresistive material by inserting each of the posts of the second substrate in a corresponding one of the apertures of the first substrate. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein each depression in the surface of the second substrate is configured such that there is a space between the corresponding piece of piezoresistive material and the second substrate when the posts are fully inserted in the apertures. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein each depression in the surface of the second substrate is configured such that the corresponding piece of piezoresistive material is in contact with the second substrate when the posts are fully inserted in the apertures. 19. The method of claim 16, further comprising securing each of the pieces of piezoresistive material to the first substrate with an adhesive element, each adhesive element having an aperture through which the corresponding piece of piezoresistive material contacts the corresponding set of sensor traces. 20. The method of claim 16, further comprising securing the first substrate to the second substrate with a third substrate, the third substrate including an adhesive and apertures aligned with the posts and depressions of the second substrate. | Methods and apparatus are described that improve the reliability and configurability of sensor systems.1. A sensor system, comprising:
a first substrate having a plurality of conductive traces thereon; a plurality of pieces of piezoresistive material, each of the pieces of piezoresistive material being positioned to contact a corresponding set of the conductive traces and forming a sensor therewith; and a second substrate, the second substrate including a plurality of depressions in a surface thereof, and a plurality of posts extending from the surface through corresponding apertures in the first substrate, thereby aligning each sensor with a corresponding one of the depressions. 2. The sensor system of claim 1, wherein each depression in the surface of the second substrate is configured such that there is a space between the corresponding piece of piezoresistive material and the second substrate when there is no force exerted on the sensor system. 3. The sensor system of claim 1, wherein each depression in the surface of the second substrate is configured such that the corresponding piece of piezoresistive material is in contact with the second substrate when there is no force exerted on the sensor system. 4. The sensor system of claim 1, wherein each depression in the surface of the second substrate is configured such that substantially no force is registered by the corresponding sensor when there is no force exerted on the sensor system. 5. The sensor system of claim 1, wherein each depression in the surface of the second substrate is configured to determine a dynamic range of the corresponding sensor. 6. The sensor system of claim 1, wherein each depression in the surface of the second substrate is configured to allow the corresponding piece of piezoresistive material to decompress after force is exerted on the sensor system. 7. The sensor system of claim 1, wherein the piezoresistive material is a fabric. 8. The sensor system of claim 1, wherein each of the pieces of piezoresistive material is secured to the first substrate with an adhesive element, each adhesive element having an aperture through which the corresponding piece of piezoresistive material contacts the corresponding set of traces. 9. The sensor system of claim 1, wherein the second substrate is a molded foam rubber material. 10. The sensor system of claim 1, further comprising a third substrate, the third substrate including an adhesive configured to secure the first substrate to the second substrate, the third substrate including apertures aligned with the posts and depressions of the second substrate. 11. The sensor system of claim 1, further comprising a third substrate, the third substrate including an adhesive configured to secure the first substrate to the second substrate and to enclose the first substrate and the sensors between the second and third substrates. 12. The sensor system of claim 1, wherein each set of conductive traces includes a pair of the conductive traces, each pair of conductive traces having interdigitated portions. 13. The sensor system of claim 1, wherein the posts are configured to counteract shear forces acting on the sensor system. 14. The sensor system of claim 1, wherein all of the conductive traces are disposed on one side of the first substrate. 15. The sensor system of claim 1, wherein the conductive traces are disposed on both sides of the first substrate. 16. A method of manufacturing a sensor system, comprising:
providing a first substrate; forming a plurality of apertures in the first substrate; forming a plurality of conductive traces on the first substrate, the plurality of conductive traces including a plurality of sets of sensor traces; aligning each of a plurality of pieces of piezoresistive material with a corresponding one of the sets of sensor traces, each piece of piezoresistive material being positioned to contact the corresponding set of sensor traces; providing a second substrate, the second substrate having a plurality of posts extending from a surface thereof, and a plurality of depressions in the surface thereof; and aligning the depressions of the second substrate with the pieces of piezoresistive material by inserting each of the posts of the second substrate in a corresponding one of the apertures of the first substrate. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein each depression in the surface of the second substrate is configured such that there is a space between the corresponding piece of piezoresistive material and the second substrate when the posts are fully inserted in the apertures. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein each depression in the surface of the second substrate is configured such that the corresponding piece of piezoresistive material is in contact with the second substrate when the posts are fully inserted in the apertures. 19. The method of claim 16, further comprising securing each of the pieces of piezoresistive material to the first substrate with an adhesive element, each adhesive element having an aperture through which the corresponding piece of piezoresistive material contacts the corresponding set of sensor traces. 20. The method of claim 16, further comprising securing the first substrate to the second substrate with a third substrate, the third substrate including an adhesive and apertures aligned with the posts and depressions of the second substrate. | 2,800 |
348,806 | 16,806,310 | 2,444 | A system and method for decision making for autonomous vehicles. The method includes determining if a decision scenario is present; generating a first random number; communicating the first random number to a receiver via visible light communication; receiving a second random number and determining a priority order based on the generated random numbers. The priority is communicated to all relevant units to determine the order in which the vehicles should proceed. An optical random generator may be used to generate the random number associated with each vehicle. | 1. A method for decision making for autonomous vehicles, comprising:
determining a decision scenario involving a first vehicle and at least a second vehicle; generating a first random number for the first vehicle; receiving a second random number generated for the at least a second vehicle; determining a priority of the first vehicle and the at least a second vehicle for the decision scenario based on the first random number and the second random number; and communicating the determined priority to the first vehicle and the at least a second vehicle. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the receiving the second random number and the communication the determined priority is performed over a vehicle to vehicle communication via visible light communication. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the receiving the second random number and the communication the determined priority is performed over a vehicle to infrastructure communication via visible light communication. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first random number and the second random number are generated using an optical random number generator. | A system and method for decision making for autonomous vehicles. The method includes determining if a decision scenario is present; generating a first random number; communicating the first random number to a receiver via visible light communication; receiving a second random number and determining a priority order based on the generated random numbers. The priority is communicated to all relevant units to determine the order in which the vehicles should proceed. An optical random generator may be used to generate the random number associated with each vehicle.1. A method for decision making for autonomous vehicles, comprising:
determining a decision scenario involving a first vehicle and at least a second vehicle; generating a first random number for the first vehicle; receiving a second random number generated for the at least a second vehicle; determining a priority of the first vehicle and the at least a second vehicle for the decision scenario based on the first random number and the second random number; and communicating the determined priority to the first vehicle and the at least a second vehicle. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the receiving the second random number and the communication the determined priority is performed over a vehicle to vehicle communication via visible light communication. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the receiving the second random number and the communication the determined priority is performed over a vehicle to infrastructure communication via visible light communication. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first random number and the second random number are generated using an optical random number generator. | 2,400 |
348,807 | 16,806,290 | 2,444 | The present invention relates to a text messaging application which allows for highly stylized and personalized messages to be sent between users of the application. When installed on a user device, the application becomes the default application for receiving text messages. Incoming text messages are processed by the text application, and text messages of a standard format are sent to a standard text messaging application, which is then initiated to display standardized text. When messages are received from a communications device having the inventive application installed, the stylized font and image data are displayed as intended on any phone having the inventive application installed using a GUI driven menu, the menu providing a text box within which the text message is displayed, as well as commands for manipulating fonts and other image data. | 1. A method for generating customized font and image sets in text messages, each set having a background color, font size, font color, and font style, created with a communication device, said communicating device having a first, standard texting application, comprising the steps of:
operating the communication device to cause a processor in the communication device to open and execute a second, non-standard texting application stored in a memory; operating the communication device to cause the processor to open and execute a font application stored in the memory associated with said second application; operating the communication device to select one of a plurality of customized font sets available in the font application; composing a text message by inputting text characters using a keyboard displayed by the communication device in a display, the processor responding to the text characters by creating the text message incorporating the selected customized font set in accordance with the second, non-standard texting application and the font application; and displaying the text message incorporating the customized font set in the display. 2. The method of claim 1 including the step of providing said second texting application with a GUI driven interface menu. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein said interface menu is similar to a font menu from a well know word processor application. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein said word processor application is Microsoft Word. 5. The method of claim 3 wherein said word processor application is Corel Wordperfect. | The present invention relates to a text messaging application which allows for highly stylized and personalized messages to be sent between users of the application. When installed on a user device, the application becomes the default application for receiving text messages. Incoming text messages are processed by the text application, and text messages of a standard format are sent to a standard text messaging application, which is then initiated to display standardized text. When messages are received from a communications device having the inventive application installed, the stylized font and image data are displayed as intended on any phone having the inventive application installed using a GUI driven menu, the menu providing a text box within which the text message is displayed, as well as commands for manipulating fonts and other image data.1. A method for generating customized font and image sets in text messages, each set having a background color, font size, font color, and font style, created with a communication device, said communicating device having a first, standard texting application, comprising the steps of:
operating the communication device to cause a processor in the communication device to open and execute a second, non-standard texting application stored in a memory; operating the communication device to cause the processor to open and execute a font application stored in the memory associated with said second application; operating the communication device to select one of a plurality of customized font sets available in the font application; composing a text message by inputting text characters using a keyboard displayed by the communication device in a display, the processor responding to the text characters by creating the text message incorporating the selected customized font set in accordance with the second, non-standard texting application and the font application; and displaying the text message incorporating the customized font set in the display. 2. The method of claim 1 including the step of providing said second texting application with a GUI driven interface menu. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein said interface menu is similar to a font menu from a well know word processor application. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein said word processor application is Microsoft Word. 5. The method of claim 3 wherein said word processor application is Corel Wordperfect. | 2,400 |
348,808 | 16,806,283 | 2,444 | Described herein are IC devices that include semiconductor nanoribbons stacked over one another to realize high-density 3D SRAM. An example device includes an SRAM cell built based on a first nanoribbon, suitable for forming NMOS transistors, and a second nanoribbon, suitable for forming PMOS transistors. Both nanoribbons may extend substantially in the same plane above a support structure over which the memory device is provided. The SRAM cell includes transistors M1-M4, arranged to form two inverter structures. The first inverter structure includes transistor M1 in the first nanoribbon and transistor M2 in the second nanoribbon, while the second inverter structure includes transistor M3 in the first nanoribbon and transistor M4 in the second nanoribbon. The IC device may include multiple layers of nanoribbons, with one or more such SRAM cells in each layer, stacked upon one another above the support structure, thus realizing 3D SRAM. | 1. A memory device, comprising:
a first nanoribbon; a second nanoribbon; a transistor M1 and a transistor M3, each comprising a first source or drain (S/D) region and a second S/D region in the first nanoribbon; and a transistor M2 and a transistor M4, each comprising a first S/D region and a second S/D region in the second nanoribbon, wherein:
the first S/D region of the transistor M1 is coupled to the first S/D region of the transistor M2, and a gate stack of the transistor M1 is coupled to a gate stack of the transistor M2, and
the first S/D region of the transistor M3 is coupled to the first S/D region of the transistor M4, and a gate stack of the transistor M3 is coupled to a gate stack of the transistor M4. 2. The memory device according to claim 1, wherein the first nanoribbon includes a semiconductor material of a first type, the second nanoribbon includes a semiconductor material of a second type, one of the first type and the second type is an N-type semiconductor material and another one of the first type and the second type is a P-type semiconductor material. 3. The memory device according to claim 1, wherein:
each of the first S/D region of the transistor M1 and the first S/D region of the transistor M2 is coupled to a first bitline, each of the gate stack of the transistor M1 and the gate stack of the transistor M2 is coupled to a second bitline, each of the first S/D region of the transistor M3 and the first S/D region of the transistor M4 is coupled to the second bitline, each of the gate stack of the transistor M3 and the gate stack of the transistor M4 is coupled to the first bitline, and during operation of the memory device, a signal on the first bitline is complementary to a signal on the second bitline. 4. The memory device according to claim 3, wherein:
each of the first and second nanoribbons extends in a direction substantially parallel to a support structure over which the memory device is provided, and each of the first bitline and the second bitline extends in a direction substantially perpendicular to the support structure. 5. The memory device according to claim 3, wherein:
the memory device further includes a transistor M5 and a transistor M6, each comprising the first S/D region and the second S/D region in the first nanoribbon, each of the first S/D region of the transistor M1 and the first S/D region of the transistor M2 is coupled to the first bitline by being coupled to the first S/D region of the transistor M5 and the second S/D region of the transistor M5 being coupled to the first bitline, each of the gate stack of the transistor M1 and the gate stack of the transistor M2 is coupled to the second bitline by being coupled to the first S/D region of the transistor M6 and the second S/D region of the transistor M6 being coupled to the second bitline, each of the first S/D region of the transistor M3 and the first S/D region of the transistor M4 is coupled to the second bitline by being coupled to the first S/D region of the transistor M6 and the second S/D region of the transistor M6 being coupled to the second bitline, each of the gate stack of the transistor M3 and the gate stack of the transistor M4 is coupled to the first bitline by being coupled to the first S/D region of the transistor M5 and the second S/D region of the transistor M5 being coupled to the first bitline. 6. The memory device according to claim 5, wherein a gate stack of each of the transistor M5 and the transistor M6 is coupled to a wordline. 7. The memory device according to claim 6, wherein:
the transistors M1-M6 of the first and second nanoribbons form a first memory cell in a first plane above a support structure, the memory device further includes:
a third nanoribbon,
a fourth nanoribbon,
transistors M1, M3, M5, and M6, each comprising a first S/D region and a second S/D region in the third nanoribbon, and
transistors M2 and M4, each comprising a first S/D region and a second S/D region in the fourth nanoribbon,
the transistors M1-M6 of the third and fourth nanoribbons form a second memory cell in a second plane above the support structure, where the second plane is between the first plane and the support structure, and a contact to the gate stack of the transistor M5 of the first memory cell and a contact to a gate stack of the transistor M5 of the second memory cell are arranged in a staircase manner. 8. The memory device according to claim 7, wherein a contact to the gate stack of the transistor M6 of the first memory cell and a contact to a gate stack of the transistor M6 of the second memory cell are arranged in the staircase manner. 9. The memory device according to claim 5, wherein:
the memory device further includes a third nanoribbon, the memory device further includes a transistor M7 and a transistor M8, each comprising the first S/D region and the second S/D region in the third nanoribbon, the gate stack of the transistor M1 is further coupled to a gate stack of the transistor M7, and the first S/D region of the transistor M7 is coupled to the first S/D region of the transistor M8. 10. The memory device according to claim 9, wherein each of the first nanoribbon and the third nanoribbon includes a semiconductor material of a first type, the second nanoribbon includes a semiconductor material of a second type, one of the first type and the second type is an N-type semiconductor material and another one of the first type and the second type is a P-type semiconductor material. 11. A memory device, comprising:
a first nanoribbon; a second nanoribbon; and an memory cell, comprising a first inverter structure and a second inverter structure, wherein:
the first inverter structure includes a transistor M1 along the first nanoribbon and a transistor M2 along the second nanoribbon, and
the second inverter structure includes a transistor M3 along the first nanoribbon and a transistor M4 along the second nanoribbon. 12. The memory device according to claim 11, wherein the first nanoribbon includes a semiconductor material of a first type, the second nanoribbon includes a semiconductor material of a second type, one of the first type and the second type is an N-type semiconductor material and another one of the first type and the second type is a P-type semiconductor material. 13. The memory device according to claim 11, wherein:
an output of the first inverter structure is coupled to a first bitline, an input of the first inverter structure is coupled to a second bitline, an output of the second inverter structure is coupled to the second bitline, an input of the second inverter structure is coupled to the first bitline, and during operation of the memory device, a signal on the first bitline is complementary to a signal on the second bitline. 14. The memory device according to claim 13, wherein:
the memory device further includes a first access transistor and a second access transistor, the output of the first inverter structure is coupled to the first bitline by being coupled to the first access transistor and the first access transistor being coupled to the first bitline, the input of the first inverter structure is coupled to the second bitline by being coupled to the second access transistor and the second access transistor being coupled to the second bitline, the output of the second inverter structure is coupled to the second bitline by being coupled to the second access transistor and the second access transistor being coupled to the second bitline, and the input of the second inverter structure is coupled to the first bitline by being coupled to the first access transistor and the first access transistor being coupled to the first bitline. 15. The memory device according to claim 13, wherein:
each of the transistors M1-M4 includes a first source or drain (S/D) region, a second S/D region, and a gate stack, the first bitline is coupled to each of the first S/D region of the transistor M1 and the first S/D region of the transistor M2, the second bitline is coupled to each of the gate stack of the transistor M1 and the gate stack of the transistor M2, the second bitline is coupled to each of the first S/D region of the transistor M3 and the first S/D region of the transistor M4, and the first bitline is coupled to each of the gate stack of the transistor M3 and the gate stack of the transistor M4. 16. The memory device according to claim 15, wherein:
the memory device further includes a transistor M5 and a transistor M6, each comprising the first S/D region and the second S/D region in the first nanoribbon, each of the first S/D region of the transistor M1 and the first S/D region of the transistor M2 is coupled to the first bitline by being coupled to the first S/D region of the transistor M5 and the second S/D region of the transistor M5 being coupled to the first bitline, each of the gate stack of the transistor M1 and the gate stack of the transistor M2 is coupled to the second bitline by being coupled to the first S/D region of the transistor M6 and the second S/D region of the transistor M6 being coupled to the second bitline, each of the first S/D region of the transistor M3 and the first S/D region of the transistor M4 is coupled to the second bitline by being coupled to the first S/D region of the transistor M6 and the second S/D region of the transistor M6 being coupled to the second bitline, and each of the gate stack of the transistor M3 and the gate stack of the transistor M4 is coupled to the first bitline by being coupled to the first S/D region of the transistor M5 and the second S/D region of the transistor M5 being coupled to the first bitline. 17. The memory device according to claim 16, wherein a gate stack of each of the transistor M5 and the transistor M6 is coupled to a wordline. 18. A method of fabricating a memory device, the method comprising:
providing a first nanoribbon; providing a second nanoribbon; providing a transistor M1 and a transistor M3, each comprising a first source or drain (S/D) region and a second S/D region in the first nanoribbon; and providing a transistor M2 and a transistor M4, each comprising a first S/D region and a second S/D region in the second nanoribbon, wherein:
the first S/D region of the transistor M1 is coupled to the first S/D region of the transistor M2, and a gate stack of the transistor M1 is coupled to a gate stack of the transistor M2, and
the first S/D region of the transistor M3 is coupled to the first S/D region of the transistor M4, and a gate stack of the transistor M3 is coupled to a gate stack of the transistor M4. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the first nanoribbon includes a semiconductor material of a first type, the second nanoribbon includes a semiconductor material of a second type, one of the first type and the second type is an N-type semiconductor material and another one of the first type and the second type is a P-type semiconductor material. 20. The method according to claim 18, further comprising providing a first bitline and a second bitline, where:
each of the first S/D region of the transistor M1 and the first S/D region of the transistor M2 is coupled to the first bitline, each of the gate stack of the transistor M1 and the gate stack of the transistor M2 is coupled to the second bitline, each of the first S/D region of the transistor M3 and the first S/D region of the transistor M4 is coupled to the second bitline, each of the gate stack of the transistor M3 and the gate stack of the transistor M4 is coupled to the first bitline, and during operation of the memory device, a signal on the first bitline is complementary to a signal on the second bitline. | Described herein are IC devices that include semiconductor nanoribbons stacked over one another to realize high-density 3D SRAM. An example device includes an SRAM cell built based on a first nanoribbon, suitable for forming NMOS transistors, and a second nanoribbon, suitable for forming PMOS transistors. Both nanoribbons may extend substantially in the same plane above a support structure over which the memory device is provided. The SRAM cell includes transistors M1-M4, arranged to form two inverter structures. The first inverter structure includes transistor M1 in the first nanoribbon and transistor M2 in the second nanoribbon, while the second inverter structure includes transistor M3 in the first nanoribbon and transistor M4 in the second nanoribbon. The IC device may include multiple layers of nanoribbons, with one or more such SRAM cells in each layer, stacked upon one another above the support structure, thus realizing 3D SRAM.1. A memory device, comprising:
a first nanoribbon; a second nanoribbon; a transistor M1 and a transistor M3, each comprising a first source or drain (S/D) region and a second S/D region in the first nanoribbon; and a transistor M2 and a transistor M4, each comprising a first S/D region and a second S/D region in the second nanoribbon, wherein:
the first S/D region of the transistor M1 is coupled to the first S/D region of the transistor M2, and a gate stack of the transistor M1 is coupled to a gate stack of the transistor M2, and
the first S/D region of the transistor M3 is coupled to the first S/D region of the transistor M4, and a gate stack of the transistor M3 is coupled to a gate stack of the transistor M4. 2. The memory device according to claim 1, wherein the first nanoribbon includes a semiconductor material of a first type, the second nanoribbon includes a semiconductor material of a second type, one of the first type and the second type is an N-type semiconductor material and another one of the first type and the second type is a P-type semiconductor material. 3. The memory device according to claim 1, wherein:
each of the first S/D region of the transistor M1 and the first S/D region of the transistor M2 is coupled to a first bitline, each of the gate stack of the transistor M1 and the gate stack of the transistor M2 is coupled to a second bitline, each of the first S/D region of the transistor M3 and the first S/D region of the transistor M4 is coupled to the second bitline, each of the gate stack of the transistor M3 and the gate stack of the transistor M4 is coupled to the first bitline, and during operation of the memory device, a signal on the first bitline is complementary to a signal on the second bitline. 4. The memory device according to claim 3, wherein:
each of the first and second nanoribbons extends in a direction substantially parallel to a support structure over which the memory device is provided, and each of the first bitline and the second bitline extends in a direction substantially perpendicular to the support structure. 5. The memory device according to claim 3, wherein:
the memory device further includes a transistor M5 and a transistor M6, each comprising the first S/D region and the second S/D region in the first nanoribbon, each of the first S/D region of the transistor M1 and the first S/D region of the transistor M2 is coupled to the first bitline by being coupled to the first S/D region of the transistor M5 and the second S/D region of the transistor M5 being coupled to the first bitline, each of the gate stack of the transistor M1 and the gate stack of the transistor M2 is coupled to the second bitline by being coupled to the first S/D region of the transistor M6 and the second S/D region of the transistor M6 being coupled to the second bitline, each of the first S/D region of the transistor M3 and the first S/D region of the transistor M4 is coupled to the second bitline by being coupled to the first S/D region of the transistor M6 and the second S/D region of the transistor M6 being coupled to the second bitline, each of the gate stack of the transistor M3 and the gate stack of the transistor M4 is coupled to the first bitline by being coupled to the first S/D region of the transistor M5 and the second S/D region of the transistor M5 being coupled to the first bitline. 6. The memory device according to claim 5, wherein a gate stack of each of the transistor M5 and the transistor M6 is coupled to a wordline. 7. The memory device according to claim 6, wherein:
the transistors M1-M6 of the first and second nanoribbons form a first memory cell in a first plane above a support structure, the memory device further includes:
a third nanoribbon,
a fourth nanoribbon,
transistors M1, M3, M5, and M6, each comprising a first S/D region and a second S/D region in the third nanoribbon, and
transistors M2 and M4, each comprising a first S/D region and a second S/D region in the fourth nanoribbon,
the transistors M1-M6 of the third and fourth nanoribbons form a second memory cell in a second plane above the support structure, where the second plane is between the first plane and the support structure, and a contact to the gate stack of the transistor M5 of the first memory cell and a contact to a gate stack of the transistor M5 of the second memory cell are arranged in a staircase manner. 8. The memory device according to claim 7, wherein a contact to the gate stack of the transistor M6 of the first memory cell and a contact to a gate stack of the transistor M6 of the second memory cell are arranged in the staircase manner. 9. The memory device according to claim 5, wherein:
the memory device further includes a third nanoribbon, the memory device further includes a transistor M7 and a transistor M8, each comprising the first S/D region and the second S/D region in the third nanoribbon, the gate stack of the transistor M1 is further coupled to a gate stack of the transistor M7, and the first S/D region of the transistor M7 is coupled to the first S/D region of the transistor M8. 10. The memory device according to claim 9, wherein each of the first nanoribbon and the third nanoribbon includes a semiconductor material of a first type, the second nanoribbon includes a semiconductor material of a second type, one of the first type and the second type is an N-type semiconductor material and another one of the first type and the second type is a P-type semiconductor material. 11. A memory device, comprising:
a first nanoribbon; a second nanoribbon; and an memory cell, comprising a first inverter structure and a second inverter structure, wherein:
the first inverter structure includes a transistor M1 along the first nanoribbon and a transistor M2 along the second nanoribbon, and
the second inverter structure includes a transistor M3 along the first nanoribbon and a transistor M4 along the second nanoribbon. 12. The memory device according to claim 11, wherein the first nanoribbon includes a semiconductor material of a first type, the second nanoribbon includes a semiconductor material of a second type, one of the first type and the second type is an N-type semiconductor material and another one of the first type and the second type is a P-type semiconductor material. 13. The memory device according to claim 11, wherein:
an output of the first inverter structure is coupled to a first bitline, an input of the first inverter structure is coupled to a second bitline, an output of the second inverter structure is coupled to the second bitline, an input of the second inverter structure is coupled to the first bitline, and during operation of the memory device, a signal on the first bitline is complementary to a signal on the second bitline. 14. The memory device according to claim 13, wherein:
the memory device further includes a first access transistor and a second access transistor, the output of the first inverter structure is coupled to the first bitline by being coupled to the first access transistor and the first access transistor being coupled to the first bitline, the input of the first inverter structure is coupled to the second bitline by being coupled to the second access transistor and the second access transistor being coupled to the second bitline, the output of the second inverter structure is coupled to the second bitline by being coupled to the second access transistor and the second access transistor being coupled to the second bitline, and the input of the second inverter structure is coupled to the first bitline by being coupled to the first access transistor and the first access transistor being coupled to the first bitline. 15. The memory device according to claim 13, wherein:
each of the transistors M1-M4 includes a first source or drain (S/D) region, a second S/D region, and a gate stack, the first bitline is coupled to each of the first S/D region of the transistor M1 and the first S/D region of the transistor M2, the second bitline is coupled to each of the gate stack of the transistor M1 and the gate stack of the transistor M2, the second bitline is coupled to each of the first S/D region of the transistor M3 and the first S/D region of the transistor M4, and the first bitline is coupled to each of the gate stack of the transistor M3 and the gate stack of the transistor M4. 16. The memory device according to claim 15, wherein:
the memory device further includes a transistor M5 and a transistor M6, each comprising the first S/D region and the second S/D region in the first nanoribbon, each of the first S/D region of the transistor M1 and the first S/D region of the transistor M2 is coupled to the first bitline by being coupled to the first S/D region of the transistor M5 and the second S/D region of the transistor M5 being coupled to the first bitline, each of the gate stack of the transistor M1 and the gate stack of the transistor M2 is coupled to the second bitline by being coupled to the first S/D region of the transistor M6 and the second S/D region of the transistor M6 being coupled to the second bitline, each of the first S/D region of the transistor M3 and the first S/D region of the transistor M4 is coupled to the second bitline by being coupled to the first S/D region of the transistor M6 and the second S/D region of the transistor M6 being coupled to the second bitline, and each of the gate stack of the transistor M3 and the gate stack of the transistor M4 is coupled to the first bitline by being coupled to the first S/D region of the transistor M5 and the second S/D region of the transistor M5 being coupled to the first bitline. 17. The memory device according to claim 16, wherein a gate stack of each of the transistor M5 and the transistor M6 is coupled to a wordline. 18. A method of fabricating a memory device, the method comprising:
providing a first nanoribbon; providing a second nanoribbon; providing a transistor M1 and a transistor M3, each comprising a first source or drain (S/D) region and a second S/D region in the first nanoribbon; and providing a transistor M2 and a transistor M4, each comprising a first S/D region and a second S/D region in the second nanoribbon, wherein:
the first S/D region of the transistor M1 is coupled to the first S/D region of the transistor M2, and a gate stack of the transistor M1 is coupled to a gate stack of the transistor M2, and
the first S/D region of the transistor M3 is coupled to the first S/D region of the transistor M4, and a gate stack of the transistor M3 is coupled to a gate stack of the transistor M4. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the first nanoribbon includes a semiconductor material of a first type, the second nanoribbon includes a semiconductor material of a second type, one of the first type and the second type is an N-type semiconductor material and another one of the first type and the second type is a P-type semiconductor material. 20. The method according to claim 18, further comprising providing a first bitline and a second bitline, where:
each of the first S/D region of the transistor M1 and the first S/D region of the transistor M2 is coupled to the first bitline, each of the gate stack of the transistor M1 and the gate stack of the transistor M2 is coupled to the second bitline, each of the first S/D region of the transistor M3 and the first S/D region of the transistor M4 is coupled to the second bitline, each of the gate stack of the transistor M3 and the gate stack of the transistor M4 is coupled to the first bitline, and during operation of the memory device, a signal on the first bitline is complementary to a signal on the second bitline. | 2,400 |
348,809 | 16,806,296 | 2,444 | A package structure and an electronic device including the package structure are disclosed. The package structure includes a substrate, a wire layer disposed on the substrate, a visual unit disposed on the substrate, and an encapsulation element disposed on the substrate. The wire layer includes a plurality of patterned circuits. The visual unit includes a first area and a second area defined along a periphery of the first area. The first area is configured with a photoelectric element, and the photoelectric element is electrically connected to and disposed corresponding to at least one of the patterned circuits. The encapsulation element completely covers the first area of the visual unit and overlaps the corresponding patterned circuit, such that an average reflectance inside the encapsulation element is greater than an average reflectance outside the encapsulation element. | 1. A package structure, comprising:
a substrate; a wire layer disposed on the substrate, wherein the wire layer comprises a plurality of patterned circuits; a visual unit defined on the substrate, wherein the visual unit comprises a first area and a second area, the second area defined along a periphery of the first area and encompassing the first area, the first area is configured with a photoelectric element, and the photoelectric element is electrically connected to and disposed corresponding to at least one of the patterned circuits; and an encapsulation element disposed on the substrate, wherein the encapsulation element completely covers the first area of the visual unit and overlaps the corresponding one of the patterned circuits, such that an average reflectance inside the encapsulation element is greater than an average reflectance outside the encapsulation element. 2. The package structure according to claim 1, wherein the substrate is a flexible substrate. 3. The package structure according to claim 1, wherein the substrate is a light absorption substrate or a light reflection substrate. 4. The package structure according to claim 1, further comprising:
a light reflective layer disposed on the substrate, wherein the light reflective layer is disposed above or below the wire layer, and at least a part of the light reflective layer is defined as the first area of the visual unit. 5. The package structure according to claim 1, further comprising:
a light absorption layer disposed on the substrate, wherein the light absorption layer is disposed along the periphery of the first area of the visual unit and encompassing the first area, and the light absorption layer is defined as the second area of the visual unit. 6. The package structure according to claim 4, further comprising:
a light absorption layer disposed on the substrate or the light reflective layer, wherein the light absorption layer is disposed along the periphery of the first area of the visual unit, and the light absorption layer is defined as the second area of the visual unit. 7. The package structure according to claim 4, wherein the wire layer is disposed between the light reflective layer and the substrate. 8. The package structure according to claim 6, wherein the wire layer is disposed between the light reflective layer and the substrate, or the light reflective layer is disposed between the wire layer and the substrate. 9. The package structure according to claim 1, further comprising:
a plurality of first electrical connecting pads disposed on the substrate, wherein the first electrical connecting pads are disposed around the visual unit and corresponding to the patterned circuits of the wire layer; and a plurality of second electrical connecting pads disposed on the substrate, wherein the second electrical connecting pads are disposed on the wire layer, and the photoelectric element of the visual unit is connected to the wire layer through the second electrical connecting pad. 10. The package structure according to claim 1, further comprising:
a plurality of through holes disposed on the substrate, wherein the through holes are disposed corresponding to the patterned circuits of the wire layer; and a conductive element disposed in the through holes and electrically connected to the corresponding patterned circuits, wherein the conductive element is electrically connected to the photoelectric element of the visual unit through the corresponding patterned circuits. 11. An electronic device, comprising:
a driving circuit board comprising a conductive layer; a plurality of package structures of claim 1 disposed on the driving circuit board; and a plurality of conductive materials disposed on the conductive layer; wherein, the photoelectric element of each of the package structures is electrically connected to the conductive layer of the driving circuit board through the patterned circuits and the conductive materials. 12. An electronic device, comprising:
a driving circuit board comprising a conductive layer; a plurality of package structures of claim 2 disposed on the driving circuit board; and a plurality of conductive materials disposed on the conductive layer; wherein, the photoelectric element of each of the package structures is electrically connected to the conductive layer of the driving circuit board through the patterned circuits and the conductive materials. | A package structure and an electronic device including the package structure are disclosed. The package structure includes a substrate, a wire layer disposed on the substrate, a visual unit disposed on the substrate, and an encapsulation element disposed on the substrate. The wire layer includes a plurality of patterned circuits. The visual unit includes a first area and a second area defined along a periphery of the first area. The first area is configured with a photoelectric element, and the photoelectric element is electrically connected to and disposed corresponding to at least one of the patterned circuits. The encapsulation element completely covers the first area of the visual unit and overlaps the corresponding patterned circuit, such that an average reflectance inside the encapsulation element is greater than an average reflectance outside the encapsulation element.1. A package structure, comprising:
a substrate; a wire layer disposed on the substrate, wherein the wire layer comprises a plurality of patterned circuits; a visual unit defined on the substrate, wherein the visual unit comprises a first area and a second area, the second area defined along a periphery of the first area and encompassing the first area, the first area is configured with a photoelectric element, and the photoelectric element is electrically connected to and disposed corresponding to at least one of the patterned circuits; and an encapsulation element disposed on the substrate, wherein the encapsulation element completely covers the first area of the visual unit and overlaps the corresponding one of the patterned circuits, such that an average reflectance inside the encapsulation element is greater than an average reflectance outside the encapsulation element. 2. The package structure according to claim 1, wherein the substrate is a flexible substrate. 3. The package structure according to claim 1, wherein the substrate is a light absorption substrate or a light reflection substrate. 4. The package structure according to claim 1, further comprising:
a light reflective layer disposed on the substrate, wherein the light reflective layer is disposed above or below the wire layer, and at least a part of the light reflective layer is defined as the first area of the visual unit. 5. The package structure according to claim 1, further comprising:
a light absorption layer disposed on the substrate, wherein the light absorption layer is disposed along the periphery of the first area of the visual unit and encompassing the first area, and the light absorption layer is defined as the second area of the visual unit. 6. The package structure according to claim 4, further comprising:
a light absorption layer disposed on the substrate or the light reflective layer, wherein the light absorption layer is disposed along the periphery of the first area of the visual unit, and the light absorption layer is defined as the second area of the visual unit. 7. The package structure according to claim 4, wherein the wire layer is disposed between the light reflective layer and the substrate. 8. The package structure according to claim 6, wherein the wire layer is disposed between the light reflective layer and the substrate, or the light reflective layer is disposed between the wire layer and the substrate. 9. The package structure according to claim 1, further comprising:
a plurality of first electrical connecting pads disposed on the substrate, wherein the first electrical connecting pads are disposed around the visual unit and corresponding to the patterned circuits of the wire layer; and a plurality of second electrical connecting pads disposed on the substrate, wherein the second electrical connecting pads are disposed on the wire layer, and the photoelectric element of the visual unit is connected to the wire layer through the second electrical connecting pad. 10. The package structure according to claim 1, further comprising:
a plurality of through holes disposed on the substrate, wherein the through holes are disposed corresponding to the patterned circuits of the wire layer; and a conductive element disposed in the through holes and electrically connected to the corresponding patterned circuits, wherein the conductive element is electrically connected to the photoelectric element of the visual unit through the corresponding patterned circuits. 11. An electronic device, comprising:
a driving circuit board comprising a conductive layer; a plurality of package structures of claim 1 disposed on the driving circuit board; and a plurality of conductive materials disposed on the conductive layer; wherein, the photoelectric element of each of the package structures is electrically connected to the conductive layer of the driving circuit board through the patterned circuits and the conductive materials. 12. An electronic device, comprising:
a driving circuit board comprising a conductive layer; a plurality of package structures of claim 2 disposed on the driving circuit board; and a plurality of conductive materials disposed on the conductive layer; wherein, the photoelectric element of each of the package structures is electrically connected to the conductive layer of the driving circuit board through the patterned circuits and the conductive materials. | 2,400 |
348,810 | 16,806,294 | 2,444 | Provided is a lightning protection system for a wind turbine, including a connection unit to be placed between a nacelle and at least one blade of the wind turbine for conducting lightning current and/or static energy from the at least one blade to the nacelle, the connection unit including a first end portion with at least one nacelle contacting element, a second end portion with at least one blade contacting element, at least one first support member supporting the at least one nacelle contacting element, at least one second support member supporting the at least one blade contacting element, a base portion located between the first support member and the second support member, and at least one shifting element mechanically connecting the first support member and/or the second support member slidably relative to the base portion for amending a length of the connection unit in an amending direction from the blade to the nacelle. | 1. A lightning protection system for a wind turbine, comprising a connection unit to be placed between a nacelle and at least one blade of the wind turbine for conducting lightning current and/or static energy from the at least one blade to the nacelle, the connection unit comprising a first end portion with at least one nacelle contacting element, a second end portion with at least one blade contacting element, at least one first support member supporting the at least one nacelle contacting element, at least one second support member supporting the at least one blade contacting element, a base portion located between the first support member and the second support member, and at least one shifting element mechanically connecting the first support member and/or the second support member slidably relative to the base portion for amending a length of the connection unit in an amending direction from the blade to the nacelle. 2. The lightning protection system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one shifting element comprises a spring. 3. The lightning protection system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one nacelle contacting element and/or the at least one blade contacting element are rotatably supported on a shaft and are wheel shaped. 4. The lightning protection system according to claim 1, wherein the first support member and the second support member) are arm shaped and positioned parallel to each other at least regarding a projected length direction of the same. 5. The lightning protection system according to claim 1, wherein at least one end portion of the at least one shifting element is fixed at the base portion, at least one other end portion of the shifting element is fixed to the first support member and/or to the second support member, the base portion comprises at least one guiding projection, and the first support member and/or the second support member each comprise a guiding slot, in which the at least one guiding projection is slidably located. 6. The lightning protection system according to claim 5, wherein the length of the at least one guiding projection in a moving direction of the first support member and/or the second support member is longer than the width in a direction perpendicular to the moving direction. 7. The lightning protection system according to claim 5, wherein the first support member and/or the second support member are U-shaped or essentially U-shaped, wherein part of the base portion, on which the shifting element is fixed, is located form fit between two legs of the U-shaped first support member and/or the U-shaped second support member. 8. A wind turbine for generating electric power from wind energy, comprising a nacelle and blades, wherein at least one lightning protection system according to claim 1 is in contact with and between the nacelle and at least one of the blades. 9. The wind turbine according to claim 8, wherein the base portion is fixed at a blade mounting portion for mounting a blade to a rotor of the wind turbine. 10. The wind turbine according to claim 9, wherein the base portion is fixed at the blade mounting portion via an insulation member electrically insulating the base portion from the blade mounting portion. | Provided is a lightning protection system for a wind turbine, including a connection unit to be placed between a nacelle and at least one blade of the wind turbine for conducting lightning current and/or static energy from the at least one blade to the nacelle, the connection unit including a first end portion with at least one nacelle contacting element, a second end portion with at least one blade contacting element, at least one first support member supporting the at least one nacelle contacting element, at least one second support member supporting the at least one blade contacting element, a base portion located between the first support member and the second support member, and at least one shifting element mechanically connecting the first support member and/or the second support member slidably relative to the base portion for amending a length of the connection unit in an amending direction from the blade to the nacelle.1. A lightning protection system for a wind turbine, comprising a connection unit to be placed between a nacelle and at least one blade of the wind turbine for conducting lightning current and/or static energy from the at least one blade to the nacelle, the connection unit comprising a first end portion with at least one nacelle contacting element, a second end portion with at least one blade contacting element, at least one first support member supporting the at least one nacelle contacting element, at least one second support member supporting the at least one blade contacting element, a base portion located between the first support member and the second support member, and at least one shifting element mechanically connecting the first support member and/or the second support member slidably relative to the base portion for amending a length of the connection unit in an amending direction from the blade to the nacelle. 2. The lightning protection system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one shifting element comprises a spring. 3. The lightning protection system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one nacelle contacting element and/or the at least one blade contacting element are rotatably supported on a shaft and are wheel shaped. 4. The lightning protection system according to claim 1, wherein the first support member and the second support member) are arm shaped and positioned parallel to each other at least regarding a projected length direction of the same. 5. The lightning protection system according to claim 1, wherein at least one end portion of the at least one shifting element is fixed at the base portion, at least one other end portion of the shifting element is fixed to the first support member and/or to the second support member, the base portion comprises at least one guiding projection, and the first support member and/or the second support member each comprise a guiding slot, in which the at least one guiding projection is slidably located. 6. The lightning protection system according to claim 5, wherein the length of the at least one guiding projection in a moving direction of the first support member and/or the second support member is longer than the width in a direction perpendicular to the moving direction. 7. The lightning protection system according to claim 5, wherein the first support member and/or the second support member are U-shaped or essentially U-shaped, wherein part of the base portion, on which the shifting element is fixed, is located form fit between two legs of the U-shaped first support member and/or the U-shaped second support member. 8. A wind turbine for generating electric power from wind energy, comprising a nacelle and blades, wherein at least one lightning protection system according to claim 1 is in contact with and between the nacelle and at least one of the blades. 9. The wind turbine according to claim 8, wherein the base portion is fixed at a blade mounting portion for mounting a blade to a rotor of the wind turbine. 10. The wind turbine according to claim 9, wherein the base portion is fixed at the blade mounting portion via an insulation member electrically insulating the base portion from the blade mounting portion. | 2,400 |
348,811 | 16,806,325 | 2,444 | Aspects of the subject technology relate to an apparatus including multiple cavities disposed adjacent to one another in a housing structure. The apparatus further includes a number of membranes, with each membrane disposed over a cavity to seal the cavity, and a sensor that can sense a deflection of a respective membrane associated with one of the cavities in response to an applied pressure. Each membrane is operable within a respective pressure range, and the applied pressure is within an operating range of the respective membrane. | 1. An apparatus comprising:
a plurality of cavities disposed adjacent to one another in a housing structure; a plurality of membranes, each membrane disposed over and configured to seal a cavity of the plurality of cavities; and a sensor configured to sense a deflection of a respective membrane associated with one of the plurality of cavities in response to an applied pressure, wherein: each membrane of the plurality of membranes is operable within a respective pressure range, and the applied pressure is within an operating range of the respective membrane. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein respective pressure ranges of the plurality of membranes are different from one another and cover an overall pressure measurement range of the apparatus. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the overall pressure measurement range of the apparatus is within 0 kPa to greater than 300 kPa. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of cavities comprise a first, a second and a third cavity, and wherein the first, the second and the third cavities are sealed at a first, a second and a third internal pressure, respectively. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the first, the second and the third internal pressure are within a respective approximate pressure measurement range of a respective membrane associated with the first, the second and the third cavity. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the first, the second and the third internal pressure comprise 0 kPa, 100 kPa and 200 kPa, and wherein the respective approximate pressure measurement range of the respective membrane associated with the first, the second and the third cavity comprise 0 kPa to 100 kPa, 100 kPa to 200 kPa, and 200 kPa to 300 kPa. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the respective pressure range of the respective membrane comprises a pressure range that allows the respective membrane to operate in a linear deflection region. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sensor comprises one of a capacitive or a piezo-resistive sensor that is operable over a pressure range within 0 kPa to 300 kPa. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of cavities are built in a monolithic semiconductor substrate and the plurality of membranes comprise porous silicon membranes having thicknesses within a range of 2 ΞΌm to 100 ΞΌm. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the housing structure comprises a semiconductor substrate in which the plurality of cavities are built, and wherein the plurality of cavities have cavity gap sizes within a range of a few micrometers. 11. An electronic device comprising:
a multicavity pressure sensor; and an electronic circuit; wherein the multicavity pressure sensor comprises: multiple cavities created in a single substrate; multiple membranes, each membrane is operable within a respective pressure range and is disposed over a cavity of the multiple cavities to seal the cavity; and a sensor configured to sense a deflection of a respective membrane associated with one of the multiple cavities in response to an applied pressure, wherein: the applied pressure is within a linear region of operation of the respective membrane, and the electronic circuit is configured to process pressure signals from the sensor. 12. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the multiple cavities are sealed at unequal internal pressures. 13. The electronic device of claim 12, wherein the unequal internal pressures are within respective approximate pressure measurement ranges of respective membranes associated with the multiple cavities. 14. The electronic device of claim 12, wherein the unequal internal pressures comprise 0 kPa, 100 kPa and 200 kPa, and wherein the respective approximate pressure measurement ranges of the respective membranes associated with the multiple cavities comprise 0 kPa to 100 kPa, 100 kPa to 200 kPa, and 200 kPa to 300 kPa. 15. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the multiple cavities are built in a single semiconductor substrate and the multiple membranes comprise porous silicon membranes having thicknesses less than about 100 ΞΌm. 16. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the multiple cavities are built in a single semiconductor substrate and have cavity gap sizes within a range of a few micrometers. 17. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the sensor comprises one of a capacitive or a piezo-resistive sensor that is operable over an extended pressure range extending to about 300 kPa. 18. A wireless communication device comprising:
one or more transducers including a pressure sensor; and a processor configured to control operations of the one or more transducers and to process signals from the pressure sensor, the pressure sensor comprising: a plurality of cavities disposed adjacent to one another in a semiconductor substrate; a plurality of membranes disposed over the plurality of cavities and configured to seal the plurality of cavities; and a sensor configured to sense a deflection of a respective membrane associated with one of the plurality of cavities in response to an applied pressure, wherein: each membrane of the plurality of membranes is operable within a respective linear pressure region, the applied pressure is within the respective linear pressure region of the respective membrane, and the plurality of cavities are sealed at unequal internal pressures. 19. The wireless communication device of claim 18, wherein the sensor comprises one of a capacitive or a piezo-resistive sensor that is operable over an extended pressure range up to about 300 kPa. 20. The wireless communication device of claim 18, wherein the plurality of cavities are built in a single silicon substrate and have cavity gap sizes within a range of a few micrometers, and wherein the plurality of membranes comprise porous silicon membranes having thicknesses less than about 100 ΞΌm. | Aspects of the subject technology relate to an apparatus including multiple cavities disposed adjacent to one another in a housing structure. The apparatus further includes a number of membranes, with each membrane disposed over a cavity to seal the cavity, and a sensor that can sense a deflection of a respective membrane associated with one of the cavities in response to an applied pressure. Each membrane is operable within a respective pressure range, and the applied pressure is within an operating range of the respective membrane.1. An apparatus comprising:
a plurality of cavities disposed adjacent to one another in a housing structure; a plurality of membranes, each membrane disposed over and configured to seal a cavity of the plurality of cavities; and a sensor configured to sense a deflection of a respective membrane associated with one of the plurality of cavities in response to an applied pressure, wherein: each membrane of the plurality of membranes is operable within a respective pressure range, and the applied pressure is within an operating range of the respective membrane. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein respective pressure ranges of the plurality of membranes are different from one another and cover an overall pressure measurement range of the apparatus. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the overall pressure measurement range of the apparatus is within 0 kPa to greater than 300 kPa. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of cavities comprise a first, a second and a third cavity, and wherein the first, the second and the third cavities are sealed at a first, a second and a third internal pressure, respectively. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the first, the second and the third internal pressure are within a respective approximate pressure measurement range of a respective membrane associated with the first, the second and the third cavity. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the first, the second and the third internal pressure comprise 0 kPa, 100 kPa and 200 kPa, and wherein the respective approximate pressure measurement range of the respective membrane associated with the first, the second and the third cavity comprise 0 kPa to 100 kPa, 100 kPa to 200 kPa, and 200 kPa to 300 kPa. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the respective pressure range of the respective membrane comprises a pressure range that allows the respective membrane to operate in a linear deflection region. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sensor comprises one of a capacitive or a piezo-resistive sensor that is operable over a pressure range within 0 kPa to 300 kPa. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of cavities are built in a monolithic semiconductor substrate and the plurality of membranes comprise porous silicon membranes having thicknesses within a range of 2 ΞΌm to 100 ΞΌm. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the housing structure comprises a semiconductor substrate in which the plurality of cavities are built, and wherein the plurality of cavities have cavity gap sizes within a range of a few micrometers. 11. An electronic device comprising:
a multicavity pressure sensor; and an electronic circuit; wherein the multicavity pressure sensor comprises: multiple cavities created in a single substrate; multiple membranes, each membrane is operable within a respective pressure range and is disposed over a cavity of the multiple cavities to seal the cavity; and a sensor configured to sense a deflection of a respective membrane associated with one of the multiple cavities in response to an applied pressure, wherein: the applied pressure is within a linear region of operation of the respective membrane, and the electronic circuit is configured to process pressure signals from the sensor. 12. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the multiple cavities are sealed at unequal internal pressures. 13. The electronic device of claim 12, wherein the unequal internal pressures are within respective approximate pressure measurement ranges of respective membranes associated with the multiple cavities. 14. The electronic device of claim 12, wherein the unequal internal pressures comprise 0 kPa, 100 kPa and 200 kPa, and wherein the respective approximate pressure measurement ranges of the respective membranes associated with the multiple cavities comprise 0 kPa to 100 kPa, 100 kPa to 200 kPa, and 200 kPa to 300 kPa. 15. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the multiple cavities are built in a single semiconductor substrate and the multiple membranes comprise porous silicon membranes having thicknesses less than about 100 ΞΌm. 16. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the multiple cavities are built in a single semiconductor substrate and have cavity gap sizes within a range of a few micrometers. 17. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the sensor comprises one of a capacitive or a piezo-resistive sensor that is operable over an extended pressure range extending to about 300 kPa. 18. A wireless communication device comprising:
one or more transducers including a pressure sensor; and a processor configured to control operations of the one or more transducers and to process signals from the pressure sensor, the pressure sensor comprising: a plurality of cavities disposed adjacent to one another in a semiconductor substrate; a plurality of membranes disposed over the plurality of cavities and configured to seal the plurality of cavities; and a sensor configured to sense a deflection of a respective membrane associated with one of the plurality of cavities in response to an applied pressure, wherein: each membrane of the plurality of membranes is operable within a respective linear pressure region, the applied pressure is within the respective linear pressure region of the respective membrane, and the plurality of cavities are sealed at unequal internal pressures. 19. The wireless communication device of claim 18, wherein the sensor comprises one of a capacitive or a piezo-resistive sensor that is operable over an extended pressure range up to about 300 kPa. 20. The wireless communication device of claim 18, wherein the plurality of cavities are built in a single silicon substrate and have cavity gap sizes within a range of a few micrometers, and wherein the plurality of membranes comprise porous silicon membranes having thicknesses less than about 100 ΞΌm. | 2,400 |
348,812 | 16,806,341 | 1,736 | The invention relates to a method for producing alkali metal cyanides as solids, comprising the steps: i) an absorption step in the form of the absorption of hydrogen cyanide from a syngas containing hydrogen cyanide in an aqueous alkali metal hydroxide solution; ii) a preparation step for the waste gases containing cyanide that have accumulated in step i); iii) a crystallization step in the form of the introduction of the alkali metal cyanide solution into an evaporative crystallizer; iv) a condensation step for the vapour containing cyanide that has accumulated in step iii) to obtain a vapour condensate containing cyanide; v) a recirculation step, in which the vapour condensate containing cyanide that has been obtained in step iv) is used as an aqueous liquid in step ii). | 1. (canceled) 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. (canceled) 7. (cancelled) 8. A method for producing alkali metal cyanides as solids, comprising at least the following steps:
i) an absorption step, in which hydrogen cyanide from a synthesis gas containing hydrogen cyanide is absorbed in an aqueous alkali metal hydroxide solution to produce an aqueous alkali metal cyanide solution, wherein cyanide-containing waste gases arise from the absorption step; iii) a crystallization step, in which the alkali metal cyanide solution is introduced into an evaporative crystallizer, which is heated by heating and in which a pressure below 1013 mbar is provided, wherein cyanide-containing vapors arise from the crystallization step; iv) a step of condensation of the cyanide-containing vapors arising in step iii) to form a cyanide-containing vapor condensate; wherein the step of the condensation iv) is performed using a multistage steam jet compressor, which suctions the exhaust vapors out of the crystallizer. 9. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that the method comprises the following additional steps:
ii) a step of processing the cyanide-containing waste gases arising in step i), wherein
iia) in a first combustion step, the cyanide-containing waste gases arising in step i) are subjected to a sub-stoichiometric combustion, in the sub-stoichiometric combustion the oxygen component in the combustion chamber being less than stoichiometrically required;
iib) in a cooling step, a reaction mixture obtained in step iia) is cooled by introducing an aqueous liquid;
iic) in a second combustion step, a reaction mixture obtained in step iib) is combusted by supplying further oxygen or air under super-stoichiometric conditions, in the super-stoichiometric conditions the oxygen component in the combustion chamber being greater than stoichiometrically required;
v) a step of recirculation, during which the cyanide-containing vapor condensate obtained in step iv) is used as an aqueous liquid in step iib). 10. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that the steam jet compressor is used so that the compression ratio over all stages is approximately 1:33 to 1:10. 11. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that the steps ii) and iv) represent a closed loop with respect to the cyanide-containing vapor condensate obtained in step iv). 12. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that after step iii), a further step iiib) is performed with separating the alkali metal cyanide crystals formed from the mother liquor by centrifuging. 13. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that after the separation step iiib), a further step iiic) is performed as a recirculation step, in which approximately X vol.-% of the mother liquor separated in the step iiib) are recirculated into the absorption according to step i) and the recirculation of approximately (100-X) vol.-% of the mother liquor separated in step iiib) into the crystallization according to step iii). 14. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that after the separation step iiib), a further step iiid) is performed as a drying step, in which the alkali metal cyanide crystals separated in step iiib) are dried. 15. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that the alkali metal cyanide crystals formed in step iiib) have a grain size distribution having crystal sizes d50 of approximately 50-200 ΞΌm. 16. The method according to claim 13, characterized in that the steps i), iii), iiib), and iiic) form a closed loop with respect to the mother liquor separated in step iiib). 17. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that the alkali metal cyanide crystals separated in step iiib) are dried in a step iiid), wherein the drying is performed in a contact dryer having forced circulation at a temperature of the heating medium of approximately 180 to 400Β° C. 18. (canceled) 19. The method according to claim 10, characterized in that the steam jet compressor is used so that the compression ratio over all stages is approximately 1:16 to 1:15. 20. The method according to claim 19, characterized in that the steam jet compressor is used so that the compression ratio over all stages is approximately 1:15.5. 21. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that step iiib) is performed with separating the alkali metal cyanide crystals formed from the mother liquor by centrifuging by means for discontinuously operating peeler centrifuges. 22. The method according to claim 14, characterized in that the drying step is designed so that the separated alkali metal cyanide crystals are dried by means of a downstream contact dryer and the degree of drying of the alkali metal cyanide crystals can be set individually for batch to batch. 23. The method according to claim 15, characterized in that the alkali metal cyanide crystals formed in step iiib) have a grain size distribution having crystal size d50 of approximately 100-120 ΞΌm. 24. The method according to claim 17, characterized in that the drying is performed in the contact dryer having forced circulation at a temperature of the heating medium of approximately 185 to 250Β° C. 25. The method according to claim 14, characterized in that the alkali metal cyanide crystals separated in step iiib) are dried in a step iiid), wherein the drying is performed in a contact dryer having forced circulation at a temperature of the heating medium of approximately 180 to 400Β° C. 26. The method according to claim 25, characterized in that the drying is performed in the contact dryer having forced circulation at a temperature of the heating medium of approximately 185 to 250Β° C. 27. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that the evaporative crystallizer is heated by steam heating. | The invention relates to a method for producing alkali metal cyanides as solids, comprising the steps: i) an absorption step in the form of the absorption of hydrogen cyanide from a syngas containing hydrogen cyanide in an aqueous alkali metal hydroxide solution; ii) a preparation step for the waste gases containing cyanide that have accumulated in step i); iii) a crystallization step in the form of the introduction of the alkali metal cyanide solution into an evaporative crystallizer; iv) a condensation step for the vapour containing cyanide that has accumulated in step iii) to obtain a vapour condensate containing cyanide; v) a recirculation step, in which the vapour condensate containing cyanide that has been obtained in step iv) is used as an aqueous liquid in step ii).1. (canceled) 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. (canceled) 7. (cancelled) 8. A method for producing alkali metal cyanides as solids, comprising at least the following steps:
i) an absorption step, in which hydrogen cyanide from a synthesis gas containing hydrogen cyanide is absorbed in an aqueous alkali metal hydroxide solution to produce an aqueous alkali metal cyanide solution, wherein cyanide-containing waste gases arise from the absorption step; iii) a crystallization step, in which the alkali metal cyanide solution is introduced into an evaporative crystallizer, which is heated by heating and in which a pressure below 1013 mbar is provided, wherein cyanide-containing vapors arise from the crystallization step; iv) a step of condensation of the cyanide-containing vapors arising in step iii) to form a cyanide-containing vapor condensate; wherein the step of the condensation iv) is performed using a multistage steam jet compressor, which suctions the exhaust vapors out of the crystallizer. 9. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that the method comprises the following additional steps:
ii) a step of processing the cyanide-containing waste gases arising in step i), wherein
iia) in a first combustion step, the cyanide-containing waste gases arising in step i) are subjected to a sub-stoichiometric combustion, in the sub-stoichiometric combustion the oxygen component in the combustion chamber being less than stoichiometrically required;
iib) in a cooling step, a reaction mixture obtained in step iia) is cooled by introducing an aqueous liquid;
iic) in a second combustion step, a reaction mixture obtained in step iib) is combusted by supplying further oxygen or air under super-stoichiometric conditions, in the super-stoichiometric conditions the oxygen component in the combustion chamber being greater than stoichiometrically required;
v) a step of recirculation, during which the cyanide-containing vapor condensate obtained in step iv) is used as an aqueous liquid in step iib). 10. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that the steam jet compressor is used so that the compression ratio over all stages is approximately 1:33 to 1:10. 11. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that the steps ii) and iv) represent a closed loop with respect to the cyanide-containing vapor condensate obtained in step iv). 12. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that after step iii), a further step iiib) is performed with separating the alkali metal cyanide crystals formed from the mother liquor by centrifuging. 13. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that after the separation step iiib), a further step iiic) is performed as a recirculation step, in which approximately X vol.-% of the mother liquor separated in the step iiib) are recirculated into the absorption according to step i) and the recirculation of approximately (100-X) vol.-% of the mother liquor separated in step iiib) into the crystallization according to step iii). 14. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that after the separation step iiib), a further step iiid) is performed as a drying step, in which the alkali metal cyanide crystals separated in step iiib) are dried. 15. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that the alkali metal cyanide crystals formed in step iiib) have a grain size distribution having crystal sizes d50 of approximately 50-200 ΞΌm. 16. The method according to claim 13, characterized in that the steps i), iii), iiib), and iiic) form a closed loop with respect to the mother liquor separated in step iiib). 17. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that the alkali metal cyanide crystals separated in step iiib) are dried in a step iiid), wherein the drying is performed in a contact dryer having forced circulation at a temperature of the heating medium of approximately 180 to 400Β° C. 18. (canceled) 19. The method according to claim 10, characterized in that the steam jet compressor is used so that the compression ratio over all stages is approximately 1:16 to 1:15. 20. The method according to claim 19, characterized in that the steam jet compressor is used so that the compression ratio over all stages is approximately 1:15.5. 21. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that step iiib) is performed with separating the alkali metal cyanide crystals formed from the mother liquor by centrifuging by means for discontinuously operating peeler centrifuges. 22. The method according to claim 14, characterized in that the drying step is designed so that the separated alkali metal cyanide crystals are dried by means of a downstream contact dryer and the degree of drying of the alkali metal cyanide crystals can be set individually for batch to batch. 23. The method according to claim 15, characterized in that the alkali metal cyanide crystals formed in step iiib) have a grain size distribution having crystal size d50 of approximately 100-120 ΞΌm. 24. The method according to claim 17, characterized in that the drying is performed in the contact dryer having forced circulation at a temperature of the heating medium of approximately 185 to 250Β° C. 25. The method according to claim 14, characterized in that the alkali metal cyanide crystals separated in step iiib) are dried in a step iiid), wherein the drying is performed in a contact dryer having forced circulation at a temperature of the heating medium of approximately 180 to 400Β° C. 26. The method according to claim 25, characterized in that the drying is performed in the contact dryer having forced circulation at a temperature of the heating medium of approximately 185 to 250Β° C. 27. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that the evaporative crystallizer is heated by steam heating. | 1,700 |
348,813 | 16,806,247 | 1,736 | The invention relates to a method for producing alkali metal cyanides as solids, comprising the steps: i) an absorption step in the form of the absorption of hydrogen cyanide from a syngas containing hydrogen cyanide in an aqueous alkali metal hydroxide solution; ii) a preparation step for the waste gases containing cyanide that have accumulated in step i); iii) a crystallization step in the form of the introduction of the alkali metal cyanide solution into an evaporative crystallizer; iv) a condensation step for the vapour containing cyanide that has accumulated in step iii) to obtain a vapour condensate containing cyanide; v) a recirculation step, in which the vapour condensate containing cyanide that has been obtained in step iv) is used as an aqueous liquid in step ii). | 1. (canceled) 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. (canceled) 7. (cancelled) 8. A method for producing alkali metal cyanides as solids, comprising at least the following steps:
i) an absorption step, in which hydrogen cyanide from a synthesis gas containing hydrogen cyanide is absorbed in an aqueous alkali metal hydroxide solution to produce an aqueous alkali metal cyanide solution, wherein cyanide-containing waste gases arise from the absorption step; iii) a crystallization step, in which the alkali metal cyanide solution is introduced into an evaporative crystallizer, which is heated by heating and in which a pressure below 1013 mbar is provided, wherein cyanide-containing vapors arise from the crystallization step; iv) a step of condensation of the cyanide-containing vapors arising in step iii) to form a cyanide-containing vapor condensate; wherein the step of the condensation iv) is performed using a multistage steam jet compressor, which suctions the exhaust vapors out of the crystallizer. 9. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that the method comprises the following additional steps:
ii) a step of processing the cyanide-containing waste gases arising in step i), wherein
iia) in a first combustion step, the cyanide-containing waste gases arising in step i) are subjected to a sub-stoichiometric combustion, in the sub-stoichiometric combustion the oxygen component in the combustion chamber being less than stoichiometrically required;
iib) in a cooling step, a reaction mixture obtained in step iia) is cooled by introducing an aqueous liquid;
iic) in a second combustion step, a reaction mixture obtained in step iib) is combusted by supplying further oxygen or air under super-stoichiometric conditions, in the super-stoichiometric conditions the oxygen component in the combustion chamber being greater than stoichiometrically required;
v) a step of recirculation, during which the cyanide-containing vapor condensate obtained in step iv) is used as an aqueous liquid in step iib). 10. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that the steam jet compressor is used so that the compression ratio over all stages is approximately 1:33 to 1:10. 11. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that the steps ii) and iv) represent a closed loop with respect to the cyanide-containing vapor condensate obtained in step iv). 12. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that after step iii), a further step iiib) is performed with separating the alkali metal cyanide crystals formed from the mother liquor by centrifuging. 13. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that after the separation step iiib), a further step iiic) is performed as a recirculation step, in which approximately X vol.-% of the mother liquor separated in the step iiib) are recirculated into the absorption according to step i) and the recirculation of approximately (100-X) vol.-% of the mother liquor separated in step iiib) into the crystallization according to step iii). 14. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that after the separation step iiib), a further step iiid) is performed as a drying step, in which the alkali metal cyanide crystals separated in step iiib) are dried. 15. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that the alkali metal cyanide crystals formed in step iiib) have a grain size distribution having crystal sizes d50 of approximately 50-200 ΞΌm. 16. The method according to claim 13, characterized in that the steps i), iii), iiib), and iiic) form a closed loop with respect to the mother liquor separated in step iiib). 17. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that the alkali metal cyanide crystals separated in step iiib) are dried in a step iiid), wherein the drying is performed in a contact dryer having forced circulation at a temperature of the heating medium of approximately 180 to 400Β° C. 18. (canceled) 19. The method according to claim 10, characterized in that the steam jet compressor is used so that the compression ratio over all stages is approximately 1:16 to 1:15. 20. The method according to claim 19, characterized in that the steam jet compressor is used so that the compression ratio over all stages is approximately 1:15.5. 21. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that step iiib) is performed with separating the alkali metal cyanide crystals formed from the mother liquor by centrifuging by means for discontinuously operating peeler centrifuges. 22. The method according to claim 14, characterized in that the drying step is designed so that the separated alkali metal cyanide crystals are dried by means of a downstream contact dryer and the degree of drying of the alkali metal cyanide crystals can be set individually for batch to batch. 23. The method according to claim 15, characterized in that the alkali metal cyanide crystals formed in step iiib) have a grain size distribution having crystal size d50 of approximately 100-120 ΞΌm. 24. The method according to claim 17, characterized in that the drying is performed in the contact dryer having forced circulation at a temperature of the heating medium of approximately 185 to 250Β° C. 25. The method according to claim 14, characterized in that the alkali metal cyanide crystals separated in step iiib) are dried in a step iiid), wherein the drying is performed in a contact dryer having forced circulation at a temperature of the heating medium of approximately 180 to 400Β° C. 26. The method according to claim 25, characterized in that the drying is performed in the contact dryer having forced circulation at a temperature of the heating medium of approximately 185 to 250Β° C. 27. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that the evaporative crystallizer is heated by steam heating. | The invention relates to a method for producing alkali metal cyanides as solids, comprising the steps: i) an absorption step in the form of the absorption of hydrogen cyanide from a syngas containing hydrogen cyanide in an aqueous alkali metal hydroxide solution; ii) a preparation step for the waste gases containing cyanide that have accumulated in step i); iii) a crystallization step in the form of the introduction of the alkali metal cyanide solution into an evaporative crystallizer; iv) a condensation step for the vapour containing cyanide that has accumulated in step iii) to obtain a vapour condensate containing cyanide; v) a recirculation step, in which the vapour condensate containing cyanide that has been obtained in step iv) is used as an aqueous liquid in step ii).1. (canceled) 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. (canceled) 7. (cancelled) 8. A method for producing alkali metal cyanides as solids, comprising at least the following steps:
i) an absorption step, in which hydrogen cyanide from a synthesis gas containing hydrogen cyanide is absorbed in an aqueous alkali metal hydroxide solution to produce an aqueous alkali metal cyanide solution, wherein cyanide-containing waste gases arise from the absorption step; iii) a crystallization step, in which the alkali metal cyanide solution is introduced into an evaporative crystallizer, which is heated by heating and in which a pressure below 1013 mbar is provided, wherein cyanide-containing vapors arise from the crystallization step; iv) a step of condensation of the cyanide-containing vapors arising in step iii) to form a cyanide-containing vapor condensate; wherein the step of the condensation iv) is performed using a multistage steam jet compressor, which suctions the exhaust vapors out of the crystallizer. 9. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that the method comprises the following additional steps:
ii) a step of processing the cyanide-containing waste gases arising in step i), wherein
iia) in a first combustion step, the cyanide-containing waste gases arising in step i) are subjected to a sub-stoichiometric combustion, in the sub-stoichiometric combustion the oxygen component in the combustion chamber being less than stoichiometrically required;
iib) in a cooling step, a reaction mixture obtained in step iia) is cooled by introducing an aqueous liquid;
iic) in a second combustion step, a reaction mixture obtained in step iib) is combusted by supplying further oxygen or air under super-stoichiometric conditions, in the super-stoichiometric conditions the oxygen component in the combustion chamber being greater than stoichiometrically required;
v) a step of recirculation, during which the cyanide-containing vapor condensate obtained in step iv) is used as an aqueous liquid in step iib). 10. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that the steam jet compressor is used so that the compression ratio over all stages is approximately 1:33 to 1:10. 11. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that the steps ii) and iv) represent a closed loop with respect to the cyanide-containing vapor condensate obtained in step iv). 12. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that after step iii), a further step iiib) is performed with separating the alkali metal cyanide crystals formed from the mother liquor by centrifuging. 13. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that after the separation step iiib), a further step iiic) is performed as a recirculation step, in which approximately X vol.-% of the mother liquor separated in the step iiib) are recirculated into the absorption according to step i) and the recirculation of approximately (100-X) vol.-% of the mother liquor separated in step iiib) into the crystallization according to step iii). 14. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that after the separation step iiib), a further step iiid) is performed as a drying step, in which the alkali metal cyanide crystals separated in step iiib) are dried. 15. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that the alkali metal cyanide crystals formed in step iiib) have a grain size distribution having crystal sizes d50 of approximately 50-200 ΞΌm. 16. The method according to claim 13, characterized in that the steps i), iii), iiib), and iiic) form a closed loop with respect to the mother liquor separated in step iiib). 17. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that the alkali metal cyanide crystals separated in step iiib) are dried in a step iiid), wherein the drying is performed in a contact dryer having forced circulation at a temperature of the heating medium of approximately 180 to 400Β° C. 18. (canceled) 19. The method according to claim 10, characterized in that the steam jet compressor is used so that the compression ratio over all stages is approximately 1:16 to 1:15. 20. The method according to claim 19, characterized in that the steam jet compressor is used so that the compression ratio over all stages is approximately 1:15.5. 21. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that step iiib) is performed with separating the alkali metal cyanide crystals formed from the mother liquor by centrifuging by means for discontinuously operating peeler centrifuges. 22. The method according to claim 14, characterized in that the drying step is designed so that the separated alkali metal cyanide crystals are dried by means of a downstream contact dryer and the degree of drying of the alkali metal cyanide crystals can be set individually for batch to batch. 23. The method according to claim 15, characterized in that the alkali metal cyanide crystals formed in step iiib) have a grain size distribution having crystal size d50 of approximately 100-120 ΞΌm. 24. The method according to claim 17, characterized in that the drying is performed in the contact dryer having forced circulation at a temperature of the heating medium of approximately 185 to 250Β° C. 25. The method according to claim 14, characterized in that the alkali metal cyanide crystals separated in step iiib) are dried in a step iiid), wherein the drying is performed in a contact dryer having forced circulation at a temperature of the heating medium of approximately 180 to 400Β° C. 26. The method according to claim 25, characterized in that the drying is performed in the contact dryer having forced circulation at a temperature of the heating medium of approximately 185 to 250Β° C. 27. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that the evaporative crystallizer is heated by steam heating. | 1,700 |
348,814 | 16,806,284 | 1,736 | A package is configured to store and dispense fluids. The package includes a container and a dosing dispenser for closing an opening formed in the container. The dosing dispenser includes a lid having a syringe receiver, a child-resistant closure-release mechanism, and a valve assembly configured to permit the flow of fluid from the container to the syringe. | 1. A closure comprising
a lid including a top wall formed to include a central opening, and a side wall that extends downwardly from the top wall, the side wall having an inner side wall that extends circumferentially about a central axis, an outer side wall spaced radially from the inner side wall and arranged to extend only part-way around the central axis, and a rim connector that interconnects the inner side wall with the outer side wall, a flip-top cap mounted to the lid for pivotable movement about a cap pivot axis between a closed position, in which the flip-top cap covers the central opening, and an opened position, in which the flip-top cap is spaced apart from the top wall of the lid to expose the central opening, and a child-resistant closure-release mechanism including a lock tab coupled to the flip-top cap to move therewith and first and second retainer rails coupled to the outer side wall of the lid in a fixed position relative to the flip-top cap, wherein the lock tab is deformable relative to the lid from a locked position, in which the lock tab engages the first and second retainer rails to block the flip-top cap from pivoting about the cap pivot axis to the opened position, and an unlocked position, in which at least a portion of the lock tab is deformed inwardly toward the inner side wall of the lid to disengage the lock tab from the first and second retainer rails so that the lock tab is movable with the flip-top cap between the inner and outer side walls of the lid as the flip-top cap is pivoted about the cap pivot axis from the closed position to the opened position. 2. The closure of claim 1, wherein the lock tab includes a body plate that is coupled to the flip-top cap, a first protuberance coupled to a first circumferential side of the body plate, and a second protuberance coupled to a second circumferential side of the body plate, the first protuberance arranged to engage the first retainer rail in the locked position and the second protuberance arranged to engage the second retainer rail in the locked position. 3. The closure of claim 2, wherein the first and second retainer rails each include a sloped outer surface that engages a corresponding one of the first and second protuberances as the flip top cap is pivoted from the opened position toward the closed position and a lower retainer surface that engages the corresponding one of the first and second protuberances when the lock tab is in the locked position. 4. The closure of claim 3, wherein the first and second retainer rails each further include an inner surface spaced apart from the inner side wall to provide first and second unlocking passageways therebetween that receive the corresponding one of the first and second protuberances after the lock tab is deformed and as the flip-top cap is moved from the closed position toward the opened position. 5. The closure of claim 1, further comprising a valve including a central port sized and arranged to extend through the central aperture formed in the top wall, an upper disk coupled to the central port and arranged against an inner surface of the top wall, and a lower disk coupled to a lower surface of the upper disk. 6. The closure of claim 5, wherein the central port and the upper disk are formed to include a first passageway that extends along the central axis and the lower disk is formed to include a second passageway that extends along a second axis that is transverse to the central axis. 7. The closure of claim 6, wherein the upper disk has an outer diameter that is sized to locate an outer edge of the upper disk between the top wall of the lid and an upper surface of a filler neck of a container, and the lower disk has an outer diameter that is less than the outer diameter of the upper disk and to locate an outer edge of the lower disk in spaced-apart relation to the filler neck of the container. 8. The closure of claim 1, further comprising an anti-suction feature coupled to the top wall of the lid and configured to maintain spacing between an upper surface of the top wall and a mouth of a person placed on the lid around the opening to minimize formation of a complete seal between the mouth and the lid so that the mount cannot establish sufficient suction to remove fluid through the opening, wherein the anti-suction feature includes a plurality of ribs coupled to the upper surface of the top wall and that extend outwardly away from the opening along the upper surface. 9. A closure comprising
a lid including a top wall formed to include a central opening, and a side wall that extends downwardly from the top wall, the side wall having an inner side wall that extends circumferentially about a central axis, an outer side wall spaced radially from the inner side wall and that extends only part-way around the central axis, and a rim connector that interconnects the inner side wall with the outer side wall, a flip-top cap mounted to the lid for pivotable movement about a cap pivot axis between a closed position, in which the flip-top cap covers the central opening formed in the lid, and an opened position, in which the flip-top cap is spaced apart from the top wall of the lid to expose the central opening, and a valve including a central port sized and arranged to extend through the central aperture formed in the top wall, an upper disk coupled to the central port and arranged against an inner surface of the top wall, and a lower disk coupled to a lower surface of the upper disk, wherein the central port and the upper disk are formed to include a first passageway that extends along the central axis and the lower disk is formed to include a second passageway that extends along a second axis that is transverse to the central axis. 10. The closure of claim 9, wherein the second axis is perpendicular to the central axis. 11. The closure of claim 10, wherein the second passageway extends between a first aperture and a second aperture and the first and second apertures are sized to block fluid flow through the second passageway in the absence of a vacuum force above a predetermined threshold. 12. The closure of claim 12, wherein the upper disk has an outer diameter that is sized to locate an outer edge of the upper disk between the top wall of the lid and an upper surface of a filler neck of a container, and the lower disk has an outer diameter that is less than the outer diameter of the upper disk to locate an outer edge of the lower disk in spaced-apart relation to the filler neck of the container. 13. The closure of claim 9, further comprising an anti-suction feature coupled to the top wall of the lid and configured to maintain spacing between an upper surface of the top wall and a mouth of a person placed on the lid around the opening to minimize formation of a complete seal between the mouth and the lid so that the mount cannot establish sufficient suction to remove fluid through the opening, wherein the anti-suction feature includes a plurality of ribs coupled to the upper surface of the top wall and that extend outwardly away from the opening along the upper surface. 14. A closure comprising
a lid including a top wall formed to include an opening and a side wall that extends downwardly from the top wall and extends circumferentially about a central axis, a flip-top cap mounted to the lid for pivotable movement about a cap pivot axis relative to the lid between a closed position and an opened position, and an anti-suction feature coupled to the top wall of the lid and configured to maintain spacing between an upper surface of the top wall and a mouth of a person placed on the lid around the opening to minimize formation of a complete seal between the mouth and the lid so that the person cannot establish sufficient suction to remove fluid through the opening. 15. The closure of claim 14, wherein the anti-suction feature includes a plurality of ribs coupled to the upper surface of the top wall and that extend outwardly away from the opening along the upper surface, and each of the ribs included in the plurality of ribs includes an inner portion that abuts the opening and an outer portion that extends outwardly away from the inner portion. 16. The closure of claim 15, wherein the inner portion has a greater height from the upper surface of the top wall compared to the outer portion. 17. The closure of claim 16, wherein the outer portion tapers as it extends outwardly such that a height of the outer portion from the upper surface of the top wall decreases and a width of each rib increases as each rib extends outwardly from the opening. 18. The closure of claim 15, further comprising a valve including a central port sized and arranged to extend through the central opening formed in the top wall, an upper disk coupled to the central port and arranged against an inner surface of the top wall, and a lower disk coupled to a lower surface of the upper disk, the central port and the upper disk being formed to include a first passageway that extends along the central axis and the lower disk being formed to include a second passageway that extends along a second axis that is transverse to the central reference axis. 19. The closure of claim 14, further comprising a child-resistant closure-release mechanism including a lock tab coupled to the flip-top cap and first and second retainer rails coupled to the outer side wall of the lid. 20. The closure of claim 19, wherein the lock tab is deformable relative to the lid from a locked position, in which the lock tab engages the first and second retainer rails to block the flip-top cap from pivoting about the cap pivot axis to the opened position, and an unlocked position, in which at least a portion of the lock tab is deformed inwardly toward the inner side wall of the lid to disengage the lock tab from the first and second retainer rails so that the lock tab is movable with the flip-top cap between the inner and outer side walls of the lid as the flip-top cap is pivoted about the cap pivot axis from the closed position to the opened position. | A package is configured to store and dispense fluids. The package includes a container and a dosing dispenser for closing an opening formed in the container. The dosing dispenser includes a lid having a syringe receiver, a child-resistant closure-release mechanism, and a valve assembly configured to permit the flow of fluid from the container to the syringe.1. A closure comprising
a lid including a top wall formed to include a central opening, and a side wall that extends downwardly from the top wall, the side wall having an inner side wall that extends circumferentially about a central axis, an outer side wall spaced radially from the inner side wall and arranged to extend only part-way around the central axis, and a rim connector that interconnects the inner side wall with the outer side wall, a flip-top cap mounted to the lid for pivotable movement about a cap pivot axis between a closed position, in which the flip-top cap covers the central opening, and an opened position, in which the flip-top cap is spaced apart from the top wall of the lid to expose the central opening, and a child-resistant closure-release mechanism including a lock tab coupled to the flip-top cap to move therewith and first and second retainer rails coupled to the outer side wall of the lid in a fixed position relative to the flip-top cap, wherein the lock tab is deformable relative to the lid from a locked position, in which the lock tab engages the first and second retainer rails to block the flip-top cap from pivoting about the cap pivot axis to the opened position, and an unlocked position, in which at least a portion of the lock tab is deformed inwardly toward the inner side wall of the lid to disengage the lock tab from the first and second retainer rails so that the lock tab is movable with the flip-top cap between the inner and outer side walls of the lid as the flip-top cap is pivoted about the cap pivot axis from the closed position to the opened position. 2. The closure of claim 1, wherein the lock tab includes a body plate that is coupled to the flip-top cap, a first protuberance coupled to a first circumferential side of the body plate, and a second protuberance coupled to a second circumferential side of the body plate, the first protuberance arranged to engage the first retainer rail in the locked position and the second protuberance arranged to engage the second retainer rail in the locked position. 3. The closure of claim 2, wherein the first and second retainer rails each include a sloped outer surface that engages a corresponding one of the first and second protuberances as the flip top cap is pivoted from the opened position toward the closed position and a lower retainer surface that engages the corresponding one of the first and second protuberances when the lock tab is in the locked position. 4. The closure of claim 3, wherein the first and second retainer rails each further include an inner surface spaced apart from the inner side wall to provide first and second unlocking passageways therebetween that receive the corresponding one of the first and second protuberances after the lock tab is deformed and as the flip-top cap is moved from the closed position toward the opened position. 5. The closure of claim 1, further comprising a valve including a central port sized and arranged to extend through the central aperture formed in the top wall, an upper disk coupled to the central port and arranged against an inner surface of the top wall, and a lower disk coupled to a lower surface of the upper disk. 6. The closure of claim 5, wherein the central port and the upper disk are formed to include a first passageway that extends along the central axis and the lower disk is formed to include a second passageway that extends along a second axis that is transverse to the central axis. 7. The closure of claim 6, wherein the upper disk has an outer diameter that is sized to locate an outer edge of the upper disk between the top wall of the lid and an upper surface of a filler neck of a container, and the lower disk has an outer diameter that is less than the outer diameter of the upper disk and to locate an outer edge of the lower disk in spaced-apart relation to the filler neck of the container. 8. The closure of claim 1, further comprising an anti-suction feature coupled to the top wall of the lid and configured to maintain spacing between an upper surface of the top wall and a mouth of a person placed on the lid around the opening to minimize formation of a complete seal between the mouth and the lid so that the mount cannot establish sufficient suction to remove fluid through the opening, wherein the anti-suction feature includes a plurality of ribs coupled to the upper surface of the top wall and that extend outwardly away from the opening along the upper surface. 9. A closure comprising
a lid including a top wall formed to include a central opening, and a side wall that extends downwardly from the top wall, the side wall having an inner side wall that extends circumferentially about a central axis, an outer side wall spaced radially from the inner side wall and that extends only part-way around the central axis, and a rim connector that interconnects the inner side wall with the outer side wall, a flip-top cap mounted to the lid for pivotable movement about a cap pivot axis between a closed position, in which the flip-top cap covers the central opening formed in the lid, and an opened position, in which the flip-top cap is spaced apart from the top wall of the lid to expose the central opening, and a valve including a central port sized and arranged to extend through the central aperture formed in the top wall, an upper disk coupled to the central port and arranged against an inner surface of the top wall, and a lower disk coupled to a lower surface of the upper disk, wherein the central port and the upper disk are formed to include a first passageway that extends along the central axis and the lower disk is formed to include a second passageway that extends along a second axis that is transverse to the central axis. 10. The closure of claim 9, wherein the second axis is perpendicular to the central axis. 11. The closure of claim 10, wherein the second passageway extends between a first aperture and a second aperture and the first and second apertures are sized to block fluid flow through the second passageway in the absence of a vacuum force above a predetermined threshold. 12. The closure of claim 12, wherein the upper disk has an outer diameter that is sized to locate an outer edge of the upper disk between the top wall of the lid and an upper surface of a filler neck of a container, and the lower disk has an outer diameter that is less than the outer diameter of the upper disk to locate an outer edge of the lower disk in spaced-apart relation to the filler neck of the container. 13. The closure of claim 9, further comprising an anti-suction feature coupled to the top wall of the lid and configured to maintain spacing between an upper surface of the top wall and a mouth of a person placed on the lid around the opening to minimize formation of a complete seal between the mouth and the lid so that the mount cannot establish sufficient suction to remove fluid through the opening, wherein the anti-suction feature includes a plurality of ribs coupled to the upper surface of the top wall and that extend outwardly away from the opening along the upper surface. 14. A closure comprising
a lid including a top wall formed to include an opening and a side wall that extends downwardly from the top wall and extends circumferentially about a central axis, a flip-top cap mounted to the lid for pivotable movement about a cap pivot axis relative to the lid between a closed position and an opened position, and an anti-suction feature coupled to the top wall of the lid and configured to maintain spacing between an upper surface of the top wall and a mouth of a person placed on the lid around the opening to minimize formation of a complete seal between the mouth and the lid so that the person cannot establish sufficient suction to remove fluid through the opening. 15. The closure of claim 14, wherein the anti-suction feature includes a plurality of ribs coupled to the upper surface of the top wall and that extend outwardly away from the opening along the upper surface, and each of the ribs included in the plurality of ribs includes an inner portion that abuts the opening and an outer portion that extends outwardly away from the inner portion. 16. The closure of claim 15, wherein the inner portion has a greater height from the upper surface of the top wall compared to the outer portion. 17. The closure of claim 16, wherein the outer portion tapers as it extends outwardly such that a height of the outer portion from the upper surface of the top wall decreases and a width of each rib increases as each rib extends outwardly from the opening. 18. The closure of claim 15, further comprising a valve including a central port sized and arranged to extend through the central opening formed in the top wall, an upper disk coupled to the central port and arranged against an inner surface of the top wall, and a lower disk coupled to a lower surface of the upper disk, the central port and the upper disk being formed to include a first passageway that extends along the central axis and the lower disk being formed to include a second passageway that extends along a second axis that is transverse to the central reference axis. 19. The closure of claim 14, further comprising a child-resistant closure-release mechanism including a lock tab coupled to the flip-top cap and first and second retainer rails coupled to the outer side wall of the lid. 20. The closure of claim 19, wherein the lock tab is deformable relative to the lid from a locked position, in which the lock tab engages the first and second retainer rails to block the flip-top cap from pivoting about the cap pivot axis to the opened position, and an unlocked position, in which at least a portion of the lock tab is deformed inwardly toward the inner side wall of the lid to disengage the lock tab from the first and second retainer rails so that the lock tab is movable with the flip-top cap between the inner and outer side walls of the lid as the flip-top cap is pivoted about the cap pivot axis from the closed position to the opened position. | 1,700 |
348,815 | 16,806,339 | 1,736 | The invention relates to a computer-implemented method for detecting an anomaly of a rolling equipment rolling on rails of a railway resting on a rail support. This method comprises a decomposition (DECOMP) by discrete wavelet transform of a measurement signal (S) transmitted by a strain sensor detecting the deformation of the rail support into an approximation signal (AJ) and a residual signal (RJ) and a search (RECH-PA) for outliers (PA) in the residual signal (RJ) in order to detect an anomaly of the rolling equipment. | 1. A computer-implemented method for detecting an anomaly of a rolling equipment rolling on railway rails resting on a rail support, comprising the steps of:
applying a wavelet transform to a measurement signal transmitted by a strain sensor detecting a deformation of the rail support thereby decomposing said measurement signal into an approximation signal and a series of detail signals, summing all or part of the detail signals to form a residual signal; searching for outliers in the residual signal in order to detect an anomaly of the rolling equipment. 2. The computer-implemented method according to claim 1, wherein searching for outliers in the residual signal consists of searching for points of the residual signal which have an absolute value of the amplitude |ri| satisfying |ri|>ΞΌΞ½,R+Ξ±ΟΞ½,R, where ΞΌΞ½,R is the average noise contained in the residual signal, ΟΞ½,R is the standard deviation of the noise contained in the residual signal and Ξ± is a parameter for adjusting a detection sensitivity. 3. The computer-implemented method according to claim 1, further comprising a prior step of determining a level of decomposition of the wavelet transform, said level of decomposition minimising a square error given by w(ΟΞ½,RβΟΞ½,S)2+(ΟRβΟΞ½,S)2, where w is a weighting parameter, ΟΞ½,R is the standard deviation of the noise contained in the residual signal, ΟΞ½,S is the standard deviation of the noise contained in the measurement signal and ΟR is the standard deviation of the residual signal. 4. The computer-implemented method according to claim 1, further comprising in the event that an anomaly of the rolling equipment is detected, classifying the detected anomaly as an anomaly of a first type or of a second type. 5. The computer-implemented method according to claim 4, wherein the detected anomaly is classified as an anomaly of the first type when it is associated with one single peak of the residual signal and is classified as an anomaly of the second type when it is associated with at least two single peaks of the residual signal of opposite signs. 6. The computer-implemented method according to claim 5, wherein the detected anomaly is classified as an anomaly of the second type when it is associated with outliers, one whereof has an amplitude that is less than a first negative threshold and another whereof has an amplitude that is greater than a second positive threshold. 7. The computer-implemented method according to claim 1, further comprising a step of determining a severity of a detected anomaly. 8. The computer-implemented method according to claim 1, further comprising a step of detecting peaks in the approximation signal. 9. A data processing system configured to implement the method according to claim 1. 10. A computer program product comprising instructions which, when the program is executed by a computer, cause same to implement the method according to claim 1. | The invention relates to a computer-implemented method for detecting an anomaly of a rolling equipment rolling on rails of a railway resting on a rail support. This method comprises a decomposition (DECOMP) by discrete wavelet transform of a measurement signal (S) transmitted by a strain sensor detecting the deformation of the rail support into an approximation signal (AJ) and a residual signal (RJ) and a search (RECH-PA) for outliers (PA) in the residual signal (RJ) in order to detect an anomaly of the rolling equipment.1. A computer-implemented method for detecting an anomaly of a rolling equipment rolling on railway rails resting on a rail support, comprising the steps of:
applying a wavelet transform to a measurement signal transmitted by a strain sensor detecting a deformation of the rail support thereby decomposing said measurement signal into an approximation signal and a series of detail signals, summing all or part of the detail signals to form a residual signal; searching for outliers in the residual signal in order to detect an anomaly of the rolling equipment. 2. The computer-implemented method according to claim 1, wherein searching for outliers in the residual signal consists of searching for points of the residual signal which have an absolute value of the amplitude |ri| satisfying |ri|>ΞΌΞ½,R+Ξ±ΟΞ½,R, where ΞΌΞ½,R is the average noise contained in the residual signal, ΟΞ½,R is the standard deviation of the noise contained in the residual signal and Ξ± is a parameter for adjusting a detection sensitivity. 3. The computer-implemented method according to claim 1, further comprising a prior step of determining a level of decomposition of the wavelet transform, said level of decomposition minimising a square error given by w(ΟΞ½,RβΟΞ½,S)2+(ΟRβΟΞ½,S)2, where w is a weighting parameter, ΟΞ½,R is the standard deviation of the noise contained in the residual signal, ΟΞ½,S is the standard deviation of the noise contained in the measurement signal and ΟR is the standard deviation of the residual signal. 4. The computer-implemented method according to claim 1, further comprising in the event that an anomaly of the rolling equipment is detected, classifying the detected anomaly as an anomaly of a first type or of a second type. 5. The computer-implemented method according to claim 4, wherein the detected anomaly is classified as an anomaly of the first type when it is associated with one single peak of the residual signal and is classified as an anomaly of the second type when it is associated with at least two single peaks of the residual signal of opposite signs. 6. The computer-implemented method according to claim 5, wherein the detected anomaly is classified as an anomaly of the second type when it is associated with outliers, one whereof has an amplitude that is less than a first negative threshold and another whereof has an amplitude that is greater than a second positive threshold. 7. The computer-implemented method according to claim 1, further comprising a step of determining a severity of a detected anomaly. 8. The computer-implemented method according to claim 1, further comprising a step of detecting peaks in the approximation signal. 9. A data processing system configured to implement the method according to claim 1. 10. A computer program product comprising instructions which, when the program is executed by a computer, cause same to implement the method according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
348,816 | 16,806,319 | 1,736 | Integrated circuit (IC) structures including asymmetric, recessed source and drain regions and methods for forming are provided. In an example, the IC structure includes a substrate, a gate structure over the substrate, first and second spacers contacting respective, opposite sidewalls of the gate structure, and source and drain regions on opposite sides of the gate structure. In one configuration, the source region includes an upper source portion having a first lateral width, and a lower source portion having a second lateral width greater than the first lateral width, and the drain region includes an upper drain portion having a third lateral width, and a lower drain portion having a fourth lateral width that is substantially the same as the third lateral width. | 1. An integrated circuit (IC) structure, comprising:
a substrate; a gate structure over the substrate, the gate structure having a first gate sidewall and an opposite, second gate sidewall, and including a gate region and a gate dielectric layer formed under the gate region; a first spacer contacting the first gate sidewall of the gate structure; a second spacer contacting the opposite, second gate sidewall of the gate structure; and a source region and a drain region adjacent and on opposite sides of the gate structure, wherein the source region includes an upper source portion above the gate dielectric layer and having a first lateral width, and a lower source portion below the upper source portion and having a second lateral width greater than the first lateral width, and wherein the drain region includes an upper drain portion above the gate dielectric layer and having a third lateral width, and a lower drain portion below the upper drain portion and having a fourth lateral width that is substantially the same as the third lateral width. 2. The IC structure of claim 1, wherein the second lateral width of the lower source portion is greater than the fourth lateral width of the lower drain portion. 3. The IC structure of claim 1, wherein the source region has a shape of an upside-down T. 4. The IC structure of claim 1, wherein the lower source portion has a first source sidewall contacting a lower extent of the first spacer at a location between a first outer spacer sidewall of the first spacer and the first gate sidewall of the gate structure. 5. The IC structure of claim 4, wherein the first source sidewall of the lower source portion is laterally offset from the first gate sidewall of the gate structure to a first lateral distance, and wherein the lower drain portion has a first drain sidewall aligned with a second outer spacer sidewall of the second spacer and is laterally offset from the second gate sidewall of the gate structure to a second lateral distance that is greater than the first lateral distance. 6. The IC structure of claim 1, wherein the lower source portion has a first source sidewall and an opposite, second source sidewall substantially parallel to the first source sidewall. 7. The IC structure of claim 1, wherein the lower source portion has an upper extent including a portion that abuts a lower extent of the first spacer. 8. The IC structure of claim 1, wherein the upper source portion has a third source sidewall that abuts a portion of a first outer spacer sidewall of the first spacer. 9. The IC structure of claim 1, wherein the lower drain portion has a first drain sidewall aligned with a second outer spacer sidewall of the second spacer, and an opposite, second drain sidewall substantially parallel to the first drain sidewall. 10. The IC structure of claim 1, wherein the upper drain portion has a third drain sidewall that abuts a portion of a second outer spacer sidewall of the second spacer. 11. An integrated circuit (IC) structure, comprising:
a substrate; a gate structure over the substrate, the gate structure having a first gate sidewall and an opposite, second gate sidewall, and including a gate region and a gate dielectric layer formed under the gate region; a first spacer contacting the first gate sidewall of the gate structure; a second spacer contacting the opposite, second gate sidewall of the gate structure; and a source region and a drain region adjacent and on opposite sides of the gate structure, wherein the source region includes a source portion below the gate dielectric layer, the source portion having a first source sidewall that is laterally offset from the first gate sidewall of the gate structure to a first lateral distance, and wherein the drain region includes a drain portion below the gate dielectric layer, the drain portion having a first drain sidewall that is laterally offset from the second gate sidewall of the gate structure to a second lateral distance that is greater than the first lateral distance. 12. The IC structure of claim 11, wherein the first source sidewall contacts a lower extent of the first spacer at a location between a first outer spacer sidewall of the first spacer and the first gate sidewall of the gate structure. 13. The IC structure of claim 11, wherein the first drain sidewall is aligned with a second outer spacer sidewall of the second spacer. 14. The IC structure of claim 11, wherein the source portion has an opposite, second source sidewall substantially parallel to the first source sidewall, and the drain portion has an opposite, second drain sidewall substantially parallel to the first drain sidewall. 15. The IC structure of claim 11, wherein the source region further includes an upper source portion above the gate dielectric layer and having a first lateral width, and wherein the source portion below the upper source portion has a second lateral width greater than the first lateral width. 16. The IC structure of claim 11, wherein the source region further includes an upper source portion above the gate dielectric layer, the upper source portion having a third source sidewall that abuts a portion of a first outer spacer sidewall of the first spacer. 17. The IC structure of claim 11, wherein the drain region further includes an upper drain portion above the gate dielectric layer and having a third lateral width, and wherein the drain portion below the gate dielectric layer has a fourth lateral width that is substantially the same as the third lateral width. 18. The IC structure of claim 11, wherein the source portion below the gate dielectric layer has a second lateral width, and the drain portion below the gate dielectric layer has a fourth lateral width that is smaller than the second lateral width of the source portion. 19. A method of forming an integrated circuit (IC) structure, the method comprising:
forming a gate structure over a substrate, the gate structure having a first gate sidewall on a first side of the gate structure, and a second gate sidewall on a second side of the gate structure opposite to the first side, and the gate structure further including a gate region and a gate dielectric layer formed under the gate region; forming a source region in a first opening including an undercut region adjacent to the first side of the gate structure, the source region includes an upper source portion above the gate dielectric layer and having a first lateral width, and a lower source portion below the upper source portion and having a second lateral width greater than the first lateral width; forming a drain region in a second opening adjacent to the second side of the gate structure, wherein the drain region has a uniform lateral width; and forming a first spacer contacting the first gate sidewall of the gate structure, and a second spacer contacting the second gate sidewall of the gate structure. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the lower source portion has a first source sidewall that is laterally offset from the first gate sidewall of the gate structure to a first lateral distance, and wherein the drain region has a first drain sidewall that is laterally offset from the second gate sidewall of the gate structure to a second lateral distance that is greater than the first lateral distance. | Integrated circuit (IC) structures including asymmetric, recessed source and drain regions and methods for forming are provided. In an example, the IC structure includes a substrate, a gate structure over the substrate, first and second spacers contacting respective, opposite sidewalls of the gate structure, and source and drain regions on opposite sides of the gate structure. In one configuration, the source region includes an upper source portion having a first lateral width, and a lower source portion having a second lateral width greater than the first lateral width, and the drain region includes an upper drain portion having a third lateral width, and a lower drain portion having a fourth lateral width that is substantially the same as the third lateral width.1. An integrated circuit (IC) structure, comprising:
a substrate; a gate structure over the substrate, the gate structure having a first gate sidewall and an opposite, second gate sidewall, and including a gate region and a gate dielectric layer formed under the gate region; a first spacer contacting the first gate sidewall of the gate structure; a second spacer contacting the opposite, second gate sidewall of the gate structure; and a source region and a drain region adjacent and on opposite sides of the gate structure, wherein the source region includes an upper source portion above the gate dielectric layer and having a first lateral width, and a lower source portion below the upper source portion and having a second lateral width greater than the first lateral width, and wherein the drain region includes an upper drain portion above the gate dielectric layer and having a third lateral width, and a lower drain portion below the upper drain portion and having a fourth lateral width that is substantially the same as the third lateral width. 2. The IC structure of claim 1, wherein the second lateral width of the lower source portion is greater than the fourth lateral width of the lower drain portion. 3. The IC structure of claim 1, wherein the source region has a shape of an upside-down T. 4. The IC structure of claim 1, wherein the lower source portion has a first source sidewall contacting a lower extent of the first spacer at a location between a first outer spacer sidewall of the first spacer and the first gate sidewall of the gate structure. 5. The IC structure of claim 4, wherein the first source sidewall of the lower source portion is laterally offset from the first gate sidewall of the gate structure to a first lateral distance, and wherein the lower drain portion has a first drain sidewall aligned with a second outer spacer sidewall of the second spacer and is laterally offset from the second gate sidewall of the gate structure to a second lateral distance that is greater than the first lateral distance. 6. The IC structure of claim 1, wherein the lower source portion has a first source sidewall and an opposite, second source sidewall substantially parallel to the first source sidewall. 7. The IC structure of claim 1, wherein the lower source portion has an upper extent including a portion that abuts a lower extent of the first spacer. 8. The IC structure of claim 1, wherein the upper source portion has a third source sidewall that abuts a portion of a first outer spacer sidewall of the first spacer. 9. The IC structure of claim 1, wherein the lower drain portion has a first drain sidewall aligned with a second outer spacer sidewall of the second spacer, and an opposite, second drain sidewall substantially parallel to the first drain sidewall. 10. The IC structure of claim 1, wherein the upper drain portion has a third drain sidewall that abuts a portion of a second outer spacer sidewall of the second spacer. 11. An integrated circuit (IC) structure, comprising:
a substrate; a gate structure over the substrate, the gate structure having a first gate sidewall and an opposite, second gate sidewall, and including a gate region and a gate dielectric layer formed under the gate region; a first spacer contacting the first gate sidewall of the gate structure; a second spacer contacting the opposite, second gate sidewall of the gate structure; and a source region and a drain region adjacent and on opposite sides of the gate structure, wherein the source region includes a source portion below the gate dielectric layer, the source portion having a first source sidewall that is laterally offset from the first gate sidewall of the gate structure to a first lateral distance, and wherein the drain region includes a drain portion below the gate dielectric layer, the drain portion having a first drain sidewall that is laterally offset from the second gate sidewall of the gate structure to a second lateral distance that is greater than the first lateral distance. 12. The IC structure of claim 11, wherein the first source sidewall contacts a lower extent of the first spacer at a location between a first outer spacer sidewall of the first spacer and the first gate sidewall of the gate structure. 13. The IC structure of claim 11, wherein the first drain sidewall is aligned with a second outer spacer sidewall of the second spacer. 14. The IC structure of claim 11, wherein the source portion has an opposite, second source sidewall substantially parallel to the first source sidewall, and the drain portion has an opposite, second drain sidewall substantially parallel to the first drain sidewall. 15. The IC structure of claim 11, wherein the source region further includes an upper source portion above the gate dielectric layer and having a first lateral width, and wherein the source portion below the upper source portion has a second lateral width greater than the first lateral width. 16. The IC structure of claim 11, wherein the source region further includes an upper source portion above the gate dielectric layer, the upper source portion having a third source sidewall that abuts a portion of a first outer spacer sidewall of the first spacer. 17. The IC structure of claim 11, wherein the drain region further includes an upper drain portion above the gate dielectric layer and having a third lateral width, and wherein the drain portion below the gate dielectric layer has a fourth lateral width that is substantially the same as the third lateral width. 18. The IC structure of claim 11, wherein the source portion below the gate dielectric layer has a second lateral width, and the drain portion below the gate dielectric layer has a fourth lateral width that is smaller than the second lateral width of the source portion. 19. A method of forming an integrated circuit (IC) structure, the method comprising:
forming a gate structure over a substrate, the gate structure having a first gate sidewall on a first side of the gate structure, and a second gate sidewall on a second side of the gate structure opposite to the first side, and the gate structure further including a gate region and a gate dielectric layer formed under the gate region; forming a source region in a first opening including an undercut region adjacent to the first side of the gate structure, the source region includes an upper source portion above the gate dielectric layer and having a first lateral width, and a lower source portion below the upper source portion and having a second lateral width greater than the first lateral width; forming a drain region in a second opening adjacent to the second side of the gate structure, wherein the drain region has a uniform lateral width; and forming a first spacer contacting the first gate sidewall of the gate structure, and a second spacer contacting the second gate sidewall of the gate structure. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the lower source portion has a first source sidewall that is laterally offset from the first gate sidewall of the gate structure to a first lateral distance, and wherein the drain region has a first drain sidewall that is laterally offset from the second gate sidewall of the gate structure to a second lateral distance that is greater than the first lateral distance. | 1,700 |
348,817 | 16,806,312 | 1,736 | A method of forming a semiconductor structure includes forming a sacrificial material over a stack comprising alternating levels of a dielectric material and another material, forming an opening through the sacrificial material and at least some of the alternating levels of the dielectric material and the another material, forming at least one oxide material in the opening and overlying surfaces of the sacrificial material, an uppermost surface of the at least one oxide material extending more distal from a surface of a substrate than an uppermost level of the dielectric material and the another material, planarizing at least a portion of the at least one oxide material to expose a portion of the sacrificial material, and removing the sacrificial material while the uppermost surface of the at least one oxide material remains more distal from the surface of the substrate than the uppermost level of the alternating levels of the dielectric material and the another material. Related methods of forming semiconductor structures and related semiconductor devices are disclosed. | 1. A device, comprising:
stair step structures comprising steps opposing each other, the stair step structures each comprising alternating levels of a dielectric material and another material; a first liner material overlying the steps of the stair step structures and a region between the stair step structures; a second liner material overlying the first liner material and having a different material composition than the first liner material; and an insulative material adjacent to the second liner material and between the stair step structures. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the another material comprises a conductive material. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein the first liner comprises an oxide material. 4. The device of claim 3, wherein the second liner comprises silicon nitride. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein the first liner and the second liner extend a height above an uppermost level of the dielectric material and the another material. 6. The device of claim 5, wherein the height is between about 300 β« and about 3,000 β«. 7. The device of claim 1, further comprising another insulative material adjacent to the insulative material, an interface between the insulative material and the another insulative material being non-planar. 8. A device, comprising:
a first stair step structure comprising alternating levels of a dielectric material and another material; a second stair step structure comprising alternating levels of the dielectric material and the another material defining steps facing steps of the first stair step structure; a liner material over the steps of the first stair step structure and the steps of the second stair step structure; a first insulative material between the first stair step structure and the second stair step structure; and a second insulative material adjacent to the first insulative material and adjacent to an uppermost level of the dielectric material and the another material of the first stair step structure and the second stair step structure. 9. The device of claim 8, wherein the first insulative material extends from a lowermost level of the levels of the dielectric material and the another material to above an uppermost level of the levels of the dielectric material and the another material. 10. The device of claim 8, wherein a thickness of the liner material is between about 25 β« and about 150 β«. 11. The device of claim 8, wherein the first insulative material comprises a spin-on dielectric material, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, phosphosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, or fluorosilicate glass. 12. The device of claim 8, wherein the first insulative material extends above an uppermost level of the alternating levels of the dielectric material and the another material by a height between about 300 β« and about 3,000 β«. 13. The device of claim 8, wherein the second insulative material comprises silicon dioxide or silicon nitride. 14. The device of claim 8, further comprising another liner material located between the liner material and the first insulative material. 15. A stair step structure, comprising:
a stack structure comprising tiers of a dielectric material and another material defining steps of a stair step structure; a first insulative material substantially filling a valley between opposing steps of the stair step structure; and a second insulative material adjacent to the first insulative material, a portion of the second insulative material contacting an uppermost tier of the tiers and another portion of the second insulative material contacting the first insulative material. 16. The stair step structure of claim 15, wherein the second insulative material extends beyond the valley between opposing steps of the stair step structure. 17. The stair step structure of claim 15, wherein the second insulative material surrounds an upper portion of the first insulative material. 18. The stair step structure of claim 15, further comprising a first liner and a second liner between the steps of the stair step structure and the first insulative material. 19. The stair step structure of claim 18, wherein the first liner and the second liner intervene between a portion of the first insulative material and a portion of the second insulative material. 20. The stair step structure of claim 15, wherein substantially all portions of the second insulative material are located above an uppermost tier of the tiers of the dielectric material and the another material. | A method of forming a semiconductor structure includes forming a sacrificial material over a stack comprising alternating levels of a dielectric material and another material, forming an opening through the sacrificial material and at least some of the alternating levels of the dielectric material and the another material, forming at least one oxide material in the opening and overlying surfaces of the sacrificial material, an uppermost surface of the at least one oxide material extending more distal from a surface of a substrate than an uppermost level of the dielectric material and the another material, planarizing at least a portion of the at least one oxide material to expose a portion of the sacrificial material, and removing the sacrificial material while the uppermost surface of the at least one oxide material remains more distal from the surface of the substrate than the uppermost level of the alternating levels of the dielectric material and the another material. Related methods of forming semiconductor structures and related semiconductor devices are disclosed.1. A device, comprising:
stair step structures comprising steps opposing each other, the stair step structures each comprising alternating levels of a dielectric material and another material; a first liner material overlying the steps of the stair step structures and a region between the stair step structures; a second liner material overlying the first liner material and having a different material composition than the first liner material; and an insulative material adjacent to the second liner material and between the stair step structures. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the another material comprises a conductive material. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein the first liner comprises an oxide material. 4. The device of claim 3, wherein the second liner comprises silicon nitride. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein the first liner and the second liner extend a height above an uppermost level of the dielectric material and the another material. 6. The device of claim 5, wherein the height is between about 300 β« and about 3,000 β«. 7. The device of claim 1, further comprising another insulative material adjacent to the insulative material, an interface between the insulative material and the another insulative material being non-planar. 8. A device, comprising:
a first stair step structure comprising alternating levels of a dielectric material and another material; a second stair step structure comprising alternating levels of the dielectric material and the another material defining steps facing steps of the first stair step structure; a liner material over the steps of the first stair step structure and the steps of the second stair step structure; a first insulative material between the first stair step structure and the second stair step structure; and a second insulative material adjacent to the first insulative material and adjacent to an uppermost level of the dielectric material and the another material of the first stair step structure and the second stair step structure. 9. The device of claim 8, wherein the first insulative material extends from a lowermost level of the levels of the dielectric material and the another material to above an uppermost level of the levels of the dielectric material and the another material. 10. The device of claim 8, wherein a thickness of the liner material is between about 25 β« and about 150 β«. 11. The device of claim 8, wherein the first insulative material comprises a spin-on dielectric material, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, phosphosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, or fluorosilicate glass. 12. The device of claim 8, wherein the first insulative material extends above an uppermost level of the alternating levels of the dielectric material and the another material by a height between about 300 β« and about 3,000 β«. 13. The device of claim 8, wherein the second insulative material comprises silicon dioxide or silicon nitride. 14. The device of claim 8, further comprising another liner material located between the liner material and the first insulative material. 15. A stair step structure, comprising:
a stack structure comprising tiers of a dielectric material and another material defining steps of a stair step structure; a first insulative material substantially filling a valley between opposing steps of the stair step structure; and a second insulative material adjacent to the first insulative material, a portion of the second insulative material contacting an uppermost tier of the tiers and another portion of the second insulative material contacting the first insulative material. 16. The stair step structure of claim 15, wherein the second insulative material extends beyond the valley between opposing steps of the stair step structure. 17. The stair step structure of claim 15, wherein the second insulative material surrounds an upper portion of the first insulative material. 18. The stair step structure of claim 15, further comprising a first liner and a second liner between the steps of the stair step structure and the first insulative material. 19. The stair step structure of claim 18, wherein the first liner and the second liner intervene between a portion of the first insulative material and a portion of the second insulative material. 20. The stair step structure of claim 15, wherein substantially all portions of the second insulative material are located above an uppermost tier of the tiers of the dielectric material and the another material. | 1,700 |
348,818 | 16,806,314 | 1,736 | In a wireless communication network, a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) engine receives user data and transfers a TCP packet having the user data for delivery to wireless User Equipment (UE). The wireless UE wirelessly receives the TCP packet using a wireless communication protocol and generates a TCP Acknowledgment (ACK) that indicates the wireless communication protocol. The wireless UE wirelessly transfers the TCP ACK for delivery to the TCP engine. The TCP engine receives the TCP ACK and selects a UE instruction based on the wireless communication protocol indicated by the TCP ACK. The TCP engine transfer the UE instruction for delivery to the wireless UE. The wireless UE wirelessly receives and implements the UE instruction. | 1. A method of operating a wireless communication network, the method comprising:
a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) optimization engine receiving user data and responsively transferring a TCP packet having the user data for delivery to a wireless User Equipment (UE); the wireless UE wirelessly receiving the TCP packet using a wireless communication protocol, and in response, generating a TCP Acknowledgment (ACK) that indicates the wireless communication protocol and wirelessly transferring the TCP ACK for delivery to the TCP optimization engine; the TCP optimization engine receiving the TCP ACK, and in response, selecting a UE instruction based on the wireless communication protocol indicated by the TCP ACK and transferring the UE instruction for delivery to the wireless UE; and the wireless UE wirelessly receiving the UE instruction and responsively implementing the UE instruction. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein:
the wireless UE generating and transferring the TCP ACK comprises generating and transferring the TCP ACK that indicates the wireless communication protocol and the Radio Frequency (RF) band used by the wireless UE; and
the TCP optimization engine selecting the UE instruction comprises selecting the UE instruction based on the wireless communication protocol and the RF band indicated by the TCP ACK. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein:
the wireless UE generating and transferring the TCP ACK comprises generating and transferring the TCP ACK that indicates the wireless communication protocol and wireless signal strength at the wireless UE; and
the TCP optimization engine selecting the UE instruction comprises selecting the UE instruction based on the wireless communication protocol and the wireless signal strength indicated by the TCP ACK. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein:
the wireless UE generating and transferring the TCP ACK comprises generating and transferring the TCP ACK that indicates the wireless communication protocol and a data rate for the wireless UE; and
the TCP optimization engine selecting the UE instruction comprises selecting the UE instruction based on the wireless communication protocol and the data rate indicated by the TCP ACK. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein:
the wireless UE generating and transferring the TCP ACK comprises generating and transferring the TCP ACK that indicates the wireless communication protocol and a wireless hop count for the wireless UE; and
the TCP optimization engine selecting the UE instruction comprises selecting the UE instruction based on the wireless communication protocol and the wireless hop count indicated by the TCP ACK. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein:
the wireless UE generating and transferring the TCP ACK comprises generating and transferring the TCP ACK that indicates the wireless communication protocol and an untrusted status for the wireless communication protocol; and
the TCP optimization engine selecting the UE instruction comprises selecting the UE instruction based on the wireless communication protocol and the untrusted status for the wireless communication protocol indicated by the TCP ACK. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein:
the wireless UE generating and transferring the TCP ACK comprises generating and transferring the TCP ACK that indicates the wireless communication protocol and a trusted status for the wireless communication protocol; and
the TCP optimization engine selecting the UE instruction comprises selecting the UE instruction based on the wireless communication protocol and the trusted status for the wireless communication protocol indicated by the TCP ACK. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the wireless communication protocol comprises Fifth Generation New Radio (5GNR). 9. The method of claim 1 wherein:
the TCP optimization engine selecting the UE instruction comprises selecting a TCP buffer sizing instruction; and
the wireless UE implementing the UE instruction comprise sizing a TCP buffer per the TCP buffer sizing instruction. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein:
the TCP optimization engine selecting the UE instruction comprises selecting a TCP window sizing instruction; and
the wireless UE implementing the UE instruction comprise sizing a TCP window per the TCP window sizing instruction. 11. A wireless communication network comprising:
a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) optimization engine configured to receive user data and responsively transfer a TCP packet having the user data for delivery to a wireless User Equipment (UE); the wireless UE configured to wirelessly receive the TCP packet using a wireless communication protocol, and in response, generate a TCP Acknowledgment (ACK) that indicates the wireless communication protocol and wirelessly transfer the TCP ACK for delivery to the TCP optimization engine; the TCP optimization engine configured to receive the TCP ACK, and in response, select a UE instruction based on the wireless communication protocol indicated by the TCP ACK and transfer the UE instruction for delivery to the wireless UE; and the wireless UE configured to wirelessly receive the UE instruction and responsively implement the UE instruction. 12. The wireless communication network of claim 11 wherein:
the wireless UE is configured to generate and transfer the TCP ACK that indicates the wireless communication protocol and the Radio Frequency (RF) band used by the wireless UE; and
the TCP optimization engine is configured to select the UE instruction based on the wireless communication protocol and the RF band indicated by the TCP ACK. 13. The wireless communication network of claim 11 wherein:
the wireless UE is configured to generate and transfer the TCP ACK that indicates the wireless communication protocol and wireless signal strength at the wireless UE; and
the TCP optimization engine is configured to select the UE instruction based on the wireless communication protocol and the wireless signal strength indicated by the TCP ACK. 14. The wireless communication network of claim 11 wherein:
the wireless UE is configured to generate and transfer the TCP ACK that indicates the wireless communication protocol and a data rate for the wireless UE; and
the TCP optimization engine is configured to select the UE instruction based on the wireless communication protocol and the data rate indicated by the TCP ACK. 15. The wireless communication network of claim 11 wherein:
the wireless UE is configured to generate and transfer the TCP ACK that indicates the wireless communication protocol and a wireless hop count for the wireless UE; and
the TCP optimization engine is configured to select the UE instruction based on the wireless communication protocol and the wireless hop count indicated by the TCP ACK. 16. The wireless communication network of claim 11 wherein:
the wireless UE is configured to generate and transfer the TCP ACK that indicates the wireless communication protocol and an untrusted status for the wireless communication protocol; and
the TCP optimization engine is configured to select the UE instruction based on the wireless communication protocol and the untrusted status for the wireless communication protocol indicated by the TCP ACK. 17. The wireless communication network of claim 11 wherein:
the wireless UE is configured to generate and transfer the TCP ACK that indicates the wireless communication protocol and a trusted status for the wireless communication protocol; and
the TCP optimization engine is configured to select the UE instruction based on the wireless communication protocol and the trusted status for the wireless communication protocol indicated by the TCP ACK. 18. The wireless communication network of claim 11 wherein the wireless communication protocol comprises Fifth Generation New Radio (5GNR). 19. The wireless communication network of claim 11 wherein:
the UE instruction comprises a TCP buffer sizing instruction; and
the wireless UE is configured to size a TCP buffer per the TCP buffer sizing instruction. 20. The wireless communication network of claim 11 wherein:
the UE instruction comprises a TCP window sizing instruction; and
the wireless UE is configured to size a TCP window per the TCP window sizing instruction. | In a wireless communication network, a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) engine receives user data and transfers a TCP packet having the user data for delivery to wireless User Equipment (UE). The wireless UE wirelessly receives the TCP packet using a wireless communication protocol and generates a TCP Acknowledgment (ACK) that indicates the wireless communication protocol. The wireless UE wirelessly transfers the TCP ACK for delivery to the TCP engine. The TCP engine receives the TCP ACK and selects a UE instruction based on the wireless communication protocol indicated by the TCP ACK. The TCP engine transfer the UE instruction for delivery to the wireless UE. The wireless UE wirelessly receives and implements the UE instruction.1. A method of operating a wireless communication network, the method comprising:
a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) optimization engine receiving user data and responsively transferring a TCP packet having the user data for delivery to a wireless User Equipment (UE); the wireless UE wirelessly receiving the TCP packet using a wireless communication protocol, and in response, generating a TCP Acknowledgment (ACK) that indicates the wireless communication protocol and wirelessly transferring the TCP ACK for delivery to the TCP optimization engine; the TCP optimization engine receiving the TCP ACK, and in response, selecting a UE instruction based on the wireless communication protocol indicated by the TCP ACK and transferring the UE instruction for delivery to the wireless UE; and the wireless UE wirelessly receiving the UE instruction and responsively implementing the UE instruction. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein:
the wireless UE generating and transferring the TCP ACK comprises generating and transferring the TCP ACK that indicates the wireless communication protocol and the Radio Frequency (RF) band used by the wireless UE; and
the TCP optimization engine selecting the UE instruction comprises selecting the UE instruction based on the wireless communication protocol and the RF band indicated by the TCP ACK. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein:
the wireless UE generating and transferring the TCP ACK comprises generating and transferring the TCP ACK that indicates the wireless communication protocol and wireless signal strength at the wireless UE; and
the TCP optimization engine selecting the UE instruction comprises selecting the UE instruction based on the wireless communication protocol and the wireless signal strength indicated by the TCP ACK. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein:
the wireless UE generating and transferring the TCP ACK comprises generating and transferring the TCP ACK that indicates the wireless communication protocol and a data rate for the wireless UE; and
the TCP optimization engine selecting the UE instruction comprises selecting the UE instruction based on the wireless communication protocol and the data rate indicated by the TCP ACK. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein:
the wireless UE generating and transferring the TCP ACK comprises generating and transferring the TCP ACK that indicates the wireless communication protocol and a wireless hop count for the wireless UE; and
the TCP optimization engine selecting the UE instruction comprises selecting the UE instruction based on the wireless communication protocol and the wireless hop count indicated by the TCP ACK. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein:
the wireless UE generating and transferring the TCP ACK comprises generating and transferring the TCP ACK that indicates the wireless communication protocol and an untrusted status for the wireless communication protocol; and
the TCP optimization engine selecting the UE instruction comprises selecting the UE instruction based on the wireless communication protocol and the untrusted status for the wireless communication protocol indicated by the TCP ACK. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein:
the wireless UE generating and transferring the TCP ACK comprises generating and transferring the TCP ACK that indicates the wireless communication protocol and a trusted status for the wireless communication protocol; and
the TCP optimization engine selecting the UE instruction comprises selecting the UE instruction based on the wireless communication protocol and the trusted status for the wireless communication protocol indicated by the TCP ACK. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the wireless communication protocol comprises Fifth Generation New Radio (5GNR). 9. The method of claim 1 wherein:
the TCP optimization engine selecting the UE instruction comprises selecting a TCP buffer sizing instruction; and
the wireless UE implementing the UE instruction comprise sizing a TCP buffer per the TCP buffer sizing instruction. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein:
the TCP optimization engine selecting the UE instruction comprises selecting a TCP window sizing instruction; and
the wireless UE implementing the UE instruction comprise sizing a TCP window per the TCP window sizing instruction. 11. A wireless communication network comprising:
a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) optimization engine configured to receive user data and responsively transfer a TCP packet having the user data for delivery to a wireless User Equipment (UE); the wireless UE configured to wirelessly receive the TCP packet using a wireless communication protocol, and in response, generate a TCP Acknowledgment (ACK) that indicates the wireless communication protocol and wirelessly transfer the TCP ACK for delivery to the TCP optimization engine; the TCP optimization engine configured to receive the TCP ACK, and in response, select a UE instruction based on the wireless communication protocol indicated by the TCP ACK and transfer the UE instruction for delivery to the wireless UE; and the wireless UE configured to wirelessly receive the UE instruction and responsively implement the UE instruction. 12. The wireless communication network of claim 11 wherein:
the wireless UE is configured to generate and transfer the TCP ACK that indicates the wireless communication protocol and the Radio Frequency (RF) band used by the wireless UE; and
the TCP optimization engine is configured to select the UE instruction based on the wireless communication protocol and the RF band indicated by the TCP ACK. 13. The wireless communication network of claim 11 wherein:
the wireless UE is configured to generate and transfer the TCP ACK that indicates the wireless communication protocol and wireless signal strength at the wireless UE; and
the TCP optimization engine is configured to select the UE instruction based on the wireless communication protocol and the wireless signal strength indicated by the TCP ACK. 14. The wireless communication network of claim 11 wherein:
the wireless UE is configured to generate and transfer the TCP ACK that indicates the wireless communication protocol and a data rate for the wireless UE; and
the TCP optimization engine is configured to select the UE instruction based on the wireless communication protocol and the data rate indicated by the TCP ACK. 15. The wireless communication network of claim 11 wherein:
the wireless UE is configured to generate and transfer the TCP ACK that indicates the wireless communication protocol and a wireless hop count for the wireless UE; and
the TCP optimization engine is configured to select the UE instruction based on the wireless communication protocol and the wireless hop count indicated by the TCP ACK. 16. The wireless communication network of claim 11 wherein:
the wireless UE is configured to generate and transfer the TCP ACK that indicates the wireless communication protocol and an untrusted status for the wireless communication protocol; and
the TCP optimization engine is configured to select the UE instruction based on the wireless communication protocol and the untrusted status for the wireless communication protocol indicated by the TCP ACK. 17. The wireless communication network of claim 11 wherein:
the wireless UE is configured to generate and transfer the TCP ACK that indicates the wireless communication protocol and a trusted status for the wireless communication protocol; and
the TCP optimization engine is configured to select the UE instruction based on the wireless communication protocol and the trusted status for the wireless communication protocol indicated by the TCP ACK. 18. The wireless communication network of claim 11 wherein the wireless communication protocol comprises Fifth Generation New Radio (5GNR). 19. The wireless communication network of claim 11 wherein:
the UE instruction comprises a TCP buffer sizing instruction; and
the wireless UE is configured to size a TCP buffer per the TCP buffer sizing instruction. 20. The wireless communication network of claim 11 wherein:
the UE instruction comprises a TCP window sizing instruction; and
the wireless UE is configured to size a TCP window per the TCP window sizing instruction. | 1,700 |
348,819 | 16,806,355 | 1,736 | A magnetic force reducer is mounted on a holder having a belt and contains: a drive shaft, multiple rotators, and a magnetic conduct ring. The drive shaft is configured to rotate a rotatable disc, and the rotatable disc has multiple rotation segments and multiple first support portions. The multiple rotators are rotatably connected on two surfaces of the rotatable disc in parallel. A respective one rotator includes a swing arm rotatably connected with a respective one rotation segment and having a conductive rotation element and a second support portion. A resilient element is connected between the second support portion and a respective one first support portion of the rotatable disc. The magnetic conduct ring is fitted around the conductive rotation element of the respective one rotator to produce a magnetic field. | 1. A magnetic force reducer being mounted on a holder having a belt and comprising:
a drive shaft configured to rotate a rotatable disc, and the rotatable disc having multiple rotation segments and multiple first support portions which are arranged on multiple positions of the rotatable disc respectively; multiple rotators rotatably connected on two surfaces of the rotatable disc in parallel, a respective one rotator including a swing arm, wherein a first end of the swing arm is rotatably connected with a respective one rotation segment, and the swing arm has a conductive rotation element disposed on a second end thereof, the swing arm further has a second support portion defined on a predetermined position of the swing arm between the conductive rotation element and the respective one rotation segment, and a resilient element is connected between the second support portion and a respective one first support portion of the rotatable disc; a magnetic conduct ring fitted around the conductive rotation element of the respective one rotator to produce a magnetic field so that when the conductive rotation element rotates on the respective one rotator, the conductive rotation element moves to or over the magnetic conduct ring. 2. The magnetic force reducer as claimed in claim 1, wherein three rotators are arranged on each of the two surfaces of the rotatable disc. | A magnetic force reducer is mounted on a holder having a belt and contains: a drive shaft, multiple rotators, and a magnetic conduct ring. The drive shaft is configured to rotate a rotatable disc, and the rotatable disc has multiple rotation segments and multiple first support portions. The multiple rotators are rotatably connected on two surfaces of the rotatable disc in parallel. A respective one rotator includes a swing arm rotatably connected with a respective one rotation segment and having a conductive rotation element and a second support portion. A resilient element is connected between the second support portion and a respective one first support portion of the rotatable disc. The magnetic conduct ring is fitted around the conductive rotation element of the respective one rotator to produce a magnetic field.1. A magnetic force reducer being mounted on a holder having a belt and comprising:
a drive shaft configured to rotate a rotatable disc, and the rotatable disc having multiple rotation segments and multiple first support portions which are arranged on multiple positions of the rotatable disc respectively; multiple rotators rotatably connected on two surfaces of the rotatable disc in parallel, a respective one rotator including a swing arm, wherein a first end of the swing arm is rotatably connected with a respective one rotation segment, and the swing arm has a conductive rotation element disposed on a second end thereof, the swing arm further has a second support portion defined on a predetermined position of the swing arm between the conductive rotation element and the respective one rotation segment, and a resilient element is connected between the second support portion and a respective one first support portion of the rotatable disc; a magnetic conduct ring fitted around the conductive rotation element of the respective one rotator to produce a magnetic field so that when the conductive rotation element rotates on the respective one rotator, the conductive rotation element moves to or over the magnetic conduct ring. 2. The magnetic force reducer as claimed in claim 1, wherein three rotators are arranged on each of the two surfaces of the rotatable disc. | 1,700 |
348,820 | 16,806,307 | 1,736 | An inflatable bone tamp including a first balloon portion and a second balloon portion is provided. Each of the first balloon portion and the second balloon portion include interior cavities that can be filled with liquid, and these interior cavities communicate with one another via a valve. The valve can limit or restrict flow of the liquid between the cavities. As such, the first balloon portion and the second balloon portion can be sequentially inflated with the liquid through use of the valve. | 1. An inflatable bone tamp comprising:
an inner first tubular portion including a first passageway therethrough, and extending between a first proximal end and an opposite first distal end, the inner first tubular portion including at least one aperture adjacent the first distal end; an outer second tubular portion including a second passageway therethrough, and extending between a second proximal end and an opposite second distal end, the inner first tubular portion extending through the second passageway; a valve including an outer surface, a first side, an opposite second side, an aperture extending between the first side and the second side, and various perforations extending between the first side and the second side, the inner first tubular portion being received through the aperture; a first balloon portion including a first cavity, a first distal end portion, and a first proximal end portion, the first distal end portion being attached relative to the inner first tubular portion, and the first proximal end portion being attached relative to the outer surface of the valve; and a second balloon portion including a second cavity, a second distal end portion, and a second proximal end portion, the second distal end portion being attached relative to the outer surface of the valve, and the second proximal end portion being attached relative to the outer second tubular portion; wherein the first cavity and the second cavity communicate with one another via the various perforations in the valve, wherein a liquid pumped through the first passageway can enter the first cavity via the at least one aperture of the inner first tubular portion and can expand the first balloon portion from a first contracted position to a first expanded position, wherein the valve limits passage of the liquid from the first cavity to the second cavity through the various perforations until a threshold pressure of the liquid is reached in the first cavity, and wherein the fluid entering the second cavity via the various perforations in the valve can expand the second balloon portion from a second contracted position to a second expanded position. 2. The inflatable bone tamp of claim 1, wherein the threshold pressure can range from 50 to 300 psi. 3. The inflatable bone tamp of claim 1, wherein the various perforations are each formed by a first opening in the first side of the valve, a second opening in the second side of the valve, and a pathway extending between the first opening and the second opening. 4. The inflatable bone tamp of claim 3, wherein the first opening is larger than the second opening, and the pathway is tapered between the first opening and the second opening. 5. The inflatable bone tamp of claim 3, wherein the pathway has a convoluted path between the first opening and the second opening. 6. The inflatable bone tamp of claim 1, wherein the valve is made from foam, and the various perforations are formed through an open cell structure of the foam. 7. The inflatable bone tamp of claim 1, wherein each of the first balloon portion and the second balloon portion have toroidal shapes surrounding portions of the inner first tubular portion. 8. The inflatable bone tamp of claim 1, wherein a first fluid-tight seal is formed between the first distal end portion of the first balloon portion and the inner first tubular portion, a second fluid-tight seal is formed between the first proximal end portion of the first balloon portion and the outer surface of the valve, a third fluid-tight seal is formed between the second distal end portion of the second balloon portion and the outer surface of the valve, and a fourth fluid-tight seal is formed between the second proximal end portion and the outer second tubular portion. 9. An inflatable bone tamp comprising:
an outer first tubular portion including a first passageway therethrough, and extending between a first proximal end and an opposite first distal end; an inner second tubular portion including a second passageway therethrough, and extending between a second proximal end and an opposite second distal end, the inner second tubular portion extending through the first passageway, and the inner second tubular portion including at least one aperture adjacent the first distal end; a valve including an outer surface, a first side, an opposite second side, an aperture extending between the first side and the second side, and various perforations extending between the first side and the second side, the inner second tubular portion being received through the aperture; a first balloon portion including a first cavity, a first proximal end portion, and a first distal end portion, the first proximal end portion being attached relative to the outer first tubular portion, and the first distal end portion being attached relative to the outer surface of the valve; and a second balloon portion including a second cavity, a second proximal end portion, and a second distal end portion, the second proximal end portion being attached relative to the outer surface of the valve, and the second distal end portion being attached relative to the inner second tubular portion; wherein the first cavity and the second cavity communicate with one another via the various perforations in the valve, wherein a liquid pumped through the first passageway can enter the first cavity and can expand the first balloon portion from a first contracted position to a first expanded position, wherein the valve limits passage of the liquid from the first cavity to the second cavity through the various perforations until a threshold pressure of the liquid is reached in the first cavity, and wherein the fluid entering the second cavity via the various perforations in the valve can expand the second balloon portion from a second contracted position to a second expanded position. 10. The inflatable bone tamp of claim 9, wherein the threshold pressure can range from 50 to 300 psi. 11. The inflatable bone tamp of claim 9, wherein the various perforations are each formed by a first opening in the first side of the valve, a second opening in the second side of the valve, and a pathway extending between the first opening and the second opening. 12. The inflatable bone tamp of claim 11, wherein the first opening is larger than the second opening, and the pathway is tapered between the first opening and the second opening. 13. The inflatable bone tamp of claim 11, wherein the pathway has a convoluted path between the first opening and the second opening. 14. The inflatable bone tamp of claim 9, wherein the valve is made from foam, and the various perforations are formed through an open cell structure of the foam. 15. The inflatable bone tamp of claim 9, wherein each of the first balloon portion and the second balloon portion have toroidal shapes surrounding portions of the inner first tubular portion. 16. The inflatable bone tamp of claim 9, wherein a first fluid-tight seal is formed between the first proximal end portion of the first balloon portion and the outer first tubular portion, a second fluid-tight seal is formed between the first distal end portion of the first balloon portion and the outer surface of the valve, a third fluid-tight seal is formed between the second proximal end portion of the second balloon portion and the outer surface of the valve, and a fourth fluid-tight seal is formed between the second distal end portion and the inner second tubular portion. 17. An inflatable bone tamp comprising:
an inner first tubular portion including a first passageway therethrough, and extending between a first proximal end and an opposite first distal end, the inner first tubular portion including at least one aperture adjacent the first distal end; an outer second tubular portion including a second passageway therethrough, and extending between a second proximal end and an opposite second distal end, the inner first tubular portion extending through the second passageway; a valve including an outer surface, a first side, an opposite second side, an aperture extending between the first side and the second side, and various perforations extending between the first side and the second side, the inner first tubular portion being received through the aperture; a first balloon portion having a first distal end portion and a first proximal end portion, the first distal end portion being attached relative to the inner first tubular portion, and the first proximal end portion being attached relative to the outer surface of the valve; and a second balloon portion having a second distal end portion and a second proximal end portion, the second distal end portion being attached relative to the outer surface of the valve, and the second proximal end portion being attached relative to the outer second tubular portion; wherein interiors of the first balloon portion and the second balloon portion communicate with one another via the various perforations in the valve, wherein a liquid pumped through the first passageway can enter the interior of the first balloon portion via the at least one aperture of the inner first tubular portion and can expand the first balloon portion from a first contracted position to a first expanded position, wherein the valve limits passage of the liquid between the interiors of the first balloon portion and the second balloon portion through the various perforations until a threshold pressure of the liquid is reached in the interior of the first balloon portion, and wherein the fluid entering the interior of the second balloon portion via the various perforations in the valve can expand the second balloon portion from a second contracted position to a second expanded position. 18. The inflatable bone tamp of claim 17, wherein the threshold pressure can range from 50 to 300 psi. 19. The inflatable bone tamp of claim 17, wherein the various perforations are each formed by a first opening in the first side of the valve, a second opening in the second side of the valve, and a pathway being one of tapered and convoluted extending between the first opening and the second opening. 20. The inflatable bone tamp of claim 17, wherein the valve is made from foam, and the various perforations are formed through an open cell structure of the foam. | An inflatable bone tamp including a first balloon portion and a second balloon portion is provided. Each of the first balloon portion and the second balloon portion include interior cavities that can be filled with liquid, and these interior cavities communicate with one another via a valve. The valve can limit or restrict flow of the liquid between the cavities. As such, the first balloon portion and the second balloon portion can be sequentially inflated with the liquid through use of the valve.1. An inflatable bone tamp comprising:
an inner first tubular portion including a first passageway therethrough, and extending between a first proximal end and an opposite first distal end, the inner first tubular portion including at least one aperture adjacent the first distal end; an outer second tubular portion including a second passageway therethrough, and extending between a second proximal end and an opposite second distal end, the inner first tubular portion extending through the second passageway; a valve including an outer surface, a first side, an opposite second side, an aperture extending between the first side and the second side, and various perforations extending between the first side and the second side, the inner first tubular portion being received through the aperture; a first balloon portion including a first cavity, a first distal end portion, and a first proximal end portion, the first distal end portion being attached relative to the inner first tubular portion, and the first proximal end portion being attached relative to the outer surface of the valve; and a second balloon portion including a second cavity, a second distal end portion, and a second proximal end portion, the second distal end portion being attached relative to the outer surface of the valve, and the second proximal end portion being attached relative to the outer second tubular portion; wherein the first cavity and the second cavity communicate with one another via the various perforations in the valve, wherein a liquid pumped through the first passageway can enter the first cavity via the at least one aperture of the inner first tubular portion and can expand the first balloon portion from a first contracted position to a first expanded position, wherein the valve limits passage of the liquid from the first cavity to the second cavity through the various perforations until a threshold pressure of the liquid is reached in the first cavity, and wherein the fluid entering the second cavity via the various perforations in the valve can expand the second balloon portion from a second contracted position to a second expanded position. 2. The inflatable bone tamp of claim 1, wherein the threshold pressure can range from 50 to 300 psi. 3. The inflatable bone tamp of claim 1, wherein the various perforations are each formed by a first opening in the first side of the valve, a second opening in the second side of the valve, and a pathway extending between the first opening and the second opening. 4. The inflatable bone tamp of claim 3, wherein the first opening is larger than the second opening, and the pathway is tapered between the first opening and the second opening. 5. The inflatable bone tamp of claim 3, wherein the pathway has a convoluted path between the first opening and the second opening. 6. The inflatable bone tamp of claim 1, wherein the valve is made from foam, and the various perforations are formed through an open cell structure of the foam. 7. The inflatable bone tamp of claim 1, wherein each of the first balloon portion and the second balloon portion have toroidal shapes surrounding portions of the inner first tubular portion. 8. The inflatable bone tamp of claim 1, wherein a first fluid-tight seal is formed between the first distal end portion of the first balloon portion and the inner first tubular portion, a second fluid-tight seal is formed between the first proximal end portion of the first balloon portion and the outer surface of the valve, a third fluid-tight seal is formed between the second distal end portion of the second balloon portion and the outer surface of the valve, and a fourth fluid-tight seal is formed between the second proximal end portion and the outer second tubular portion. 9. An inflatable bone tamp comprising:
an outer first tubular portion including a first passageway therethrough, and extending between a first proximal end and an opposite first distal end; an inner second tubular portion including a second passageway therethrough, and extending between a second proximal end and an opposite second distal end, the inner second tubular portion extending through the first passageway, and the inner second tubular portion including at least one aperture adjacent the first distal end; a valve including an outer surface, a first side, an opposite second side, an aperture extending between the first side and the second side, and various perforations extending between the first side and the second side, the inner second tubular portion being received through the aperture; a first balloon portion including a first cavity, a first proximal end portion, and a first distal end portion, the first proximal end portion being attached relative to the outer first tubular portion, and the first distal end portion being attached relative to the outer surface of the valve; and a second balloon portion including a second cavity, a second proximal end portion, and a second distal end portion, the second proximal end portion being attached relative to the outer surface of the valve, and the second distal end portion being attached relative to the inner second tubular portion; wherein the first cavity and the second cavity communicate with one another via the various perforations in the valve, wherein a liquid pumped through the first passageway can enter the first cavity and can expand the first balloon portion from a first contracted position to a first expanded position, wherein the valve limits passage of the liquid from the first cavity to the second cavity through the various perforations until a threshold pressure of the liquid is reached in the first cavity, and wherein the fluid entering the second cavity via the various perforations in the valve can expand the second balloon portion from a second contracted position to a second expanded position. 10. The inflatable bone tamp of claim 9, wherein the threshold pressure can range from 50 to 300 psi. 11. The inflatable bone tamp of claim 9, wherein the various perforations are each formed by a first opening in the first side of the valve, a second opening in the second side of the valve, and a pathway extending between the first opening and the second opening. 12. The inflatable bone tamp of claim 11, wherein the first opening is larger than the second opening, and the pathway is tapered between the first opening and the second opening. 13. The inflatable bone tamp of claim 11, wherein the pathway has a convoluted path between the first opening and the second opening. 14. The inflatable bone tamp of claim 9, wherein the valve is made from foam, and the various perforations are formed through an open cell structure of the foam. 15. The inflatable bone tamp of claim 9, wherein each of the first balloon portion and the second balloon portion have toroidal shapes surrounding portions of the inner first tubular portion. 16. The inflatable bone tamp of claim 9, wherein a first fluid-tight seal is formed between the first proximal end portion of the first balloon portion and the outer first tubular portion, a second fluid-tight seal is formed between the first distal end portion of the first balloon portion and the outer surface of the valve, a third fluid-tight seal is formed between the second proximal end portion of the second balloon portion and the outer surface of the valve, and a fourth fluid-tight seal is formed between the second distal end portion and the inner second tubular portion. 17. An inflatable bone tamp comprising:
an inner first tubular portion including a first passageway therethrough, and extending between a first proximal end and an opposite first distal end, the inner first tubular portion including at least one aperture adjacent the first distal end; an outer second tubular portion including a second passageway therethrough, and extending between a second proximal end and an opposite second distal end, the inner first tubular portion extending through the second passageway; a valve including an outer surface, a first side, an opposite second side, an aperture extending between the first side and the second side, and various perforations extending between the first side and the second side, the inner first tubular portion being received through the aperture; a first balloon portion having a first distal end portion and a first proximal end portion, the first distal end portion being attached relative to the inner first tubular portion, and the first proximal end portion being attached relative to the outer surface of the valve; and a second balloon portion having a second distal end portion and a second proximal end portion, the second distal end portion being attached relative to the outer surface of the valve, and the second proximal end portion being attached relative to the outer second tubular portion; wherein interiors of the first balloon portion and the second balloon portion communicate with one another via the various perforations in the valve, wherein a liquid pumped through the first passageway can enter the interior of the first balloon portion via the at least one aperture of the inner first tubular portion and can expand the first balloon portion from a first contracted position to a first expanded position, wherein the valve limits passage of the liquid between the interiors of the first balloon portion and the second balloon portion through the various perforations until a threshold pressure of the liquid is reached in the interior of the first balloon portion, and wherein the fluid entering the interior of the second balloon portion via the various perforations in the valve can expand the second balloon portion from a second contracted position to a second expanded position. 18. The inflatable bone tamp of claim 17, wherein the threshold pressure can range from 50 to 300 psi. 19. The inflatable bone tamp of claim 17, wherein the various perforations are each formed by a first opening in the first side of the valve, a second opening in the second side of the valve, and a pathway being one of tapered and convoluted extending between the first opening and the second opening. 20. The inflatable bone tamp of claim 17, wherein the valve is made from foam, and the various perforations are formed through an open cell structure of the foam. | 1,700 |
348,821 | 16,806,329 | 1,736 | Methods and systems for multifactor authentication and authorization are described. A method includes receiving captured image data of a person with a badge needing access to a secure area, detecting at least two faces from the captured image data, identifying a first name based on matching a face associated with a live human face with a control face in a database, identifying a second name based on matching on another face associated with the badge with a control face in a database, performing character recognition on text associated with the another face, comparing the second name with the character recognized text, comparing the second name with the first name when the second name matches the character recognized text, checking access rights, checking for at least another person in a proximity of the secure area, and granting access when the person is sole person accessing the secure area. | 1. A method for multifactor authentication and authorization, the method comprising:
receiving captured image data of a person with a badge needing access to a secure area; detecting at least two faces from the captured image data; identifying a first name based on matching a face associated with a live human face with a control face in a database; identifying a second name based on matching on another face associated with the badge with a control face in a database; performing character recognition on text associated with the another face; comparing the second name with the character recognized text; comparing the second name with the first name when the second name and the character recognized text match; checking access rights for a matched name; checking for at least another person in a proximity of the secure area when the person has access rights for the secure area; and granting access when the person is sole person accessing the secure area. 2. The method of claim 1, the method further comprising:
determining whether the face is associated with the live human face; and denying access when the face is not associated with the live human face. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the determining further comprising:
tracking at least one of eye movements or eye blinks based on relationship between eye landmarks. 4. The method of claim 2, the method further comprising:
denying access when the second name and the character recognized text do not match. 5. The method of claim 4, the method further comprising:
denying access when the first name and the second name do not match. 6. The method of claim 5, the method further comprising:
denying access if the matched name has no access rights. 7. The method of claim 6, the method further comprising:
denying access when multiple persons are present in the proximity of the secure area. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the proximity of the secure area is a defined zone. 9. A method for multifactor authentication and authorization, the method comprising:
receiving a video stream of an individual carrying a badge needing access to a controlled site; performing, by comparing with identity data in a database, a first level authentication on a detected face determined to be a live human face; performing, by comparing with the identity data in a database, a second level authentication on a detected face determined from the badge; performing a third level authentication on character recognized text from the badge; performing a fourth level authentication using outputs from the second level authentication and the third level authentication; performing a fifth level authentication using outputs from the first level authentication and the fourth level authentication; performing authorization review of the individual; and granting access to the individual upon passing of the fifth level authentication and the authorization review when other individuals are unable to access the controlled site using the individual's access grant. 10. The method of claim 9, the method further comprising:
determining whether the face associated with the first level authentication is associated with the live human face; and denying access when the face associated with the first level authentication is not associated with the live human face. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the determining further comprising:
tracking at least one of eye movements or eye blinks based on relationship between eye landmarks to determine if the detected face is a live human face. 12. The method of claim 9, the method further comprising:
denying access when the first level authentication fails. 13. The method of claim 9, the method further comprising:
denying access when the second level authentication fails. 14. The method of claim 9, the method further comprising:
denying access when the third level authentication fails. 15. The method of claim 9, the method further comprising:
denying access when the fourth level authentication fails. 16. The method of claim 9, the method further comprising:
denying access when the fifth level authentication fails. 17. The method of claim 9, the method further comprising:
denying access when the authorization review fails. 18. The method of claim 9, the method further comprising:
denying access when multiple persons can access the controlled site with the individual's access grant. 19. A multifactor authentication and authorization system comprising:
an access device proximate a restricted access area, the access device including at least a video camera; a database configured to store identities; and an access controller connected to the access device and the database, the access controller configured to:
receive a video stream from the access device;
detect a first face associated with a person and a second face associated with a badge carried by the person;
match the first face with a first identity from the database when the first face is a live human face;
match the second face with a second identity from the database;
match a character recognized name from the badge with the second identity;
match the first identity with the second identity when the character recognized name matches the second identity;
check access rights for a matched identity;
check for multiple people in the restricted access area; and
grant access when the person has access rights and can access the restricted access area with no other people. 20. The system of claim 19, the access controller further configured to:
determine whether the first face is associated with the live human face by tracking at least one of eye movements or eye blinks based on geometry between eye landmarks; and deny access when the first face is not associated with the live human face. | Methods and systems for multifactor authentication and authorization are described. A method includes receiving captured image data of a person with a badge needing access to a secure area, detecting at least two faces from the captured image data, identifying a first name based on matching a face associated with a live human face with a control face in a database, identifying a second name based on matching on another face associated with the badge with a control face in a database, performing character recognition on text associated with the another face, comparing the second name with the character recognized text, comparing the second name with the first name when the second name matches the character recognized text, checking access rights, checking for at least another person in a proximity of the secure area, and granting access when the person is sole person accessing the secure area.1. A method for multifactor authentication and authorization, the method comprising:
receiving captured image data of a person with a badge needing access to a secure area; detecting at least two faces from the captured image data; identifying a first name based on matching a face associated with a live human face with a control face in a database; identifying a second name based on matching on another face associated with the badge with a control face in a database; performing character recognition on text associated with the another face; comparing the second name with the character recognized text; comparing the second name with the first name when the second name and the character recognized text match; checking access rights for a matched name; checking for at least another person in a proximity of the secure area when the person has access rights for the secure area; and granting access when the person is sole person accessing the secure area. 2. The method of claim 1, the method further comprising:
determining whether the face is associated with the live human face; and denying access when the face is not associated with the live human face. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the determining further comprising:
tracking at least one of eye movements or eye blinks based on relationship between eye landmarks. 4. The method of claim 2, the method further comprising:
denying access when the second name and the character recognized text do not match. 5. The method of claim 4, the method further comprising:
denying access when the first name and the second name do not match. 6. The method of claim 5, the method further comprising:
denying access if the matched name has no access rights. 7. The method of claim 6, the method further comprising:
denying access when multiple persons are present in the proximity of the secure area. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the proximity of the secure area is a defined zone. 9. A method for multifactor authentication and authorization, the method comprising:
receiving a video stream of an individual carrying a badge needing access to a controlled site; performing, by comparing with identity data in a database, a first level authentication on a detected face determined to be a live human face; performing, by comparing with the identity data in a database, a second level authentication on a detected face determined from the badge; performing a third level authentication on character recognized text from the badge; performing a fourth level authentication using outputs from the second level authentication and the third level authentication; performing a fifth level authentication using outputs from the first level authentication and the fourth level authentication; performing authorization review of the individual; and granting access to the individual upon passing of the fifth level authentication and the authorization review when other individuals are unable to access the controlled site using the individual's access grant. 10. The method of claim 9, the method further comprising:
determining whether the face associated with the first level authentication is associated with the live human face; and denying access when the face associated with the first level authentication is not associated with the live human face. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the determining further comprising:
tracking at least one of eye movements or eye blinks based on relationship between eye landmarks to determine if the detected face is a live human face. 12. The method of claim 9, the method further comprising:
denying access when the first level authentication fails. 13. The method of claim 9, the method further comprising:
denying access when the second level authentication fails. 14. The method of claim 9, the method further comprising:
denying access when the third level authentication fails. 15. The method of claim 9, the method further comprising:
denying access when the fourth level authentication fails. 16. The method of claim 9, the method further comprising:
denying access when the fifth level authentication fails. 17. The method of claim 9, the method further comprising:
denying access when the authorization review fails. 18. The method of claim 9, the method further comprising:
denying access when multiple persons can access the controlled site with the individual's access grant. 19. A multifactor authentication and authorization system comprising:
an access device proximate a restricted access area, the access device including at least a video camera; a database configured to store identities; and an access controller connected to the access device and the database, the access controller configured to:
receive a video stream from the access device;
detect a first face associated with a person and a second face associated with a badge carried by the person;
match the first face with a first identity from the database when the first face is a live human face;
match the second face with a second identity from the database;
match a character recognized name from the badge with the second identity;
match the first identity with the second identity when the character recognized name matches the second identity;
check access rights for a matched identity;
check for multiple people in the restricted access area; and
grant access when the person has access rights and can access the restricted access area with no other people. 20. The system of claim 19, the access controller further configured to:
determine whether the first face is associated with the live human face by tracking at least one of eye movements or eye blinks based on geometry between eye landmarks; and deny access when the first face is not associated with the live human face. | 1,700 |
348,822 | 16,806,321 | 1,736 | A radiation therapy treatment method includes providing a patient model, dosimetric constraints, delivery motion constraints, and delivery coordinate space of a radiation delivery device, where the delivery coordinate space is represented as a mesh with vertices connected by edges, where the vertices correspond to directions of a beam eye view (BEV) of the radiation delivery device. BEV region connectivity manifolds are constructed from the patient model, the dosimetric constraints, the delivery coordinate space, and existing beam trajectories, wherein each of the BEV region connectivity manifolds represents connections between contiguous 2D target regions. Beam trajectories are selected based on region connectedness information in the BEV region connectivity manifolds, the dosimetric constraints, the delivery motion constraints, and the existing beam trajectories. Radiation is delivered using the radiation delivery device in accordance with the selected beam trajectories. | 1. A method for radiation therapy treatment using a radiation delivery device, the method comprising:
providing a patient model, dosimetric constraints, delivery motion constraints, and delivery coordinate space of the radiation delivery device, wherein the delivery coordinate space is defined by all unique beam's eye views (BEVs) achievable by the radiation delivery device, and in which the delivery coordinate space is further characterized by connectivity and/or correlation of target regions within the unique BEVs comprising the delivery coordinate space; selecting beam trajectories based on target region connectedness information characterized over the delivery coordinate space; and delivering radiation using the radiation delivery device in accordance with the selected beam trajectories. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the delivery coordinate space is further characterized by distinctness of the 2D target regions within each of the BEVs; 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the distinctness of the 2D target regions is based on connectivity of the 2D target regions throughout the delivery coordinate space. 4. The method of claim 2 wherein selecting the beam trajectories is also based on an ability of the radiation delivery device at different points in the delivery coordinate space to create apertures that separate the 2D target regions within each of the BEVs in the delivery coordinate space. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein selecting the beam trajectories is also based on an ability of the radiation delivery device under delivery motion constraints to traverse from one point in the delivery coordinate space to an adjacent point while continuing to create apertures that most optimally separate the 2D target regions within each of the BEVs in the delivery coordinate space. 6. The method of claim 4 wherein each of the BEVs develops exposed area elements resulting from a possible configuration of the collimator. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein selecting the beam trajectories is also based on the angular coverage of and/or flux through 3D target volume(s) as accumulated by a beam delivery trajectory traversing the delivery coordinate space under all pertinent delivery motion constraints. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein selecting the beam trajectories is also based on pre-existing beam trajectories. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the delivery coordinate space is represented as a mesh with vertices connected by edges, where the vertices correspond to directions of each beam's eye view of the radiation delivery device. 10. The method of claim 9 further comprising determining distinct 2D target regions based on a BEV dose section and a BEV score section, wherein the term βsectionβ refers to a section of a BEV fiber bundle, wherein
i) the BEV dose section represents BEV dosimetrics for each area element of the BEV at each vertex in the delivery coordinate space; and
ii) the BEV score section represents a measure of goodness for treatment at each area element of each vertex in the delivery coordinate space. 11. The method of claim 9 further comprising constructing BEV region connectivity manifolds from the patient model, the dosimetric constraints, the delivery coordinate space, wherein each of the BEV region connectivity manifolds represents connections between contiguous 2D target regions. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein constructing the BEV region connectivity manifolds comprises:
expanding regions whose voxels have low binary angular flux counts; and
contracting regions whose voxels have high angular flux counts;
wherein angular flux counts are defined by a number of unique directions at which a beam hits a given voxel with a spherical binning scheme. 13. The method of claim 11 wherein constructing the BEV region connectivity manifold comprises:
i) at each vertex, identifying contiguous 2D target regions using a binary selection criterion to identify apertures for treatment;
ii) identifying connections between contiguous 2D target regions of neighboring vertices. 14. The method of claim 13 wherein the binary selection criterion is based on the BEV dose section, the BEV score section, and existing beam trajectories. 15. The method of claim 1 wherein selecting beam trajectories uses a max-distance function to select among trajectories found using a min-distance function. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein selecting beam trajectories maximizes angular spread and minimizes trajectory interference by including in the min-distance function and the max-distance function a per-voxel angular flux defined by a number of unique directions at which a beam hits a given voxel with a spherical binning scheme. | A radiation therapy treatment method includes providing a patient model, dosimetric constraints, delivery motion constraints, and delivery coordinate space of a radiation delivery device, where the delivery coordinate space is represented as a mesh with vertices connected by edges, where the vertices correspond to directions of a beam eye view (BEV) of the radiation delivery device. BEV region connectivity manifolds are constructed from the patient model, the dosimetric constraints, the delivery coordinate space, and existing beam trajectories, wherein each of the BEV region connectivity manifolds represents connections between contiguous 2D target regions. Beam trajectories are selected based on region connectedness information in the BEV region connectivity manifolds, the dosimetric constraints, the delivery motion constraints, and the existing beam trajectories. Radiation is delivered using the radiation delivery device in accordance with the selected beam trajectories.1. A method for radiation therapy treatment using a radiation delivery device, the method comprising:
providing a patient model, dosimetric constraints, delivery motion constraints, and delivery coordinate space of the radiation delivery device, wherein the delivery coordinate space is defined by all unique beam's eye views (BEVs) achievable by the radiation delivery device, and in which the delivery coordinate space is further characterized by connectivity and/or correlation of target regions within the unique BEVs comprising the delivery coordinate space; selecting beam trajectories based on target region connectedness information characterized over the delivery coordinate space; and delivering radiation using the radiation delivery device in accordance with the selected beam trajectories. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the delivery coordinate space is further characterized by distinctness of the 2D target regions within each of the BEVs; 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the distinctness of the 2D target regions is based on connectivity of the 2D target regions throughout the delivery coordinate space. 4. The method of claim 2 wherein selecting the beam trajectories is also based on an ability of the radiation delivery device at different points in the delivery coordinate space to create apertures that separate the 2D target regions within each of the BEVs in the delivery coordinate space. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein selecting the beam trajectories is also based on an ability of the radiation delivery device under delivery motion constraints to traverse from one point in the delivery coordinate space to an adjacent point while continuing to create apertures that most optimally separate the 2D target regions within each of the BEVs in the delivery coordinate space. 6. The method of claim 4 wherein each of the BEVs develops exposed area elements resulting from a possible configuration of the collimator. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein selecting the beam trajectories is also based on the angular coverage of and/or flux through 3D target volume(s) as accumulated by a beam delivery trajectory traversing the delivery coordinate space under all pertinent delivery motion constraints. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein selecting the beam trajectories is also based on pre-existing beam trajectories. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the delivery coordinate space is represented as a mesh with vertices connected by edges, where the vertices correspond to directions of each beam's eye view of the radiation delivery device. 10. The method of claim 9 further comprising determining distinct 2D target regions based on a BEV dose section and a BEV score section, wherein the term βsectionβ refers to a section of a BEV fiber bundle, wherein
i) the BEV dose section represents BEV dosimetrics for each area element of the BEV at each vertex in the delivery coordinate space; and
ii) the BEV score section represents a measure of goodness for treatment at each area element of each vertex in the delivery coordinate space. 11. The method of claim 9 further comprising constructing BEV region connectivity manifolds from the patient model, the dosimetric constraints, the delivery coordinate space, wherein each of the BEV region connectivity manifolds represents connections between contiguous 2D target regions. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein constructing the BEV region connectivity manifolds comprises:
expanding regions whose voxels have low binary angular flux counts; and
contracting regions whose voxels have high angular flux counts;
wherein angular flux counts are defined by a number of unique directions at which a beam hits a given voxel with a spherical binning scheme. 13. The method of claim 11 wherein constructing the BEV region connectivity manifold comprises:
i) at each vertex, identifying contiguous 2D target regions using a binary selection criterion to identify apertures for treatment;
ii) identifying connections between contiguous 2D target regions of neighboring vertices. 14. The method of claim 13 wherein the binary selection criterion is based on the BEV dose section, the BEV score section, and existing beam trajectories. 15. The method of claim 1 wherein selecting beam trajectories uses a max-distance function to select among trajectories found using a min-distance function. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein selecting beam trajectories maximizes angular spread and minimizes trajectory interference by including in the min-distance function and the max-distance function a per-voxel angular flux defined by a number of unique directions at which a beam hits a given voxel with a spherical binning scheme. | 1,700 |
348,823 | 16,806,322 | 1,736 | A memory system includes a nonvolatile memory and a memory controller that encodes first XOR data generated by performing an exclusive OR operation on pieces of user data, wherein a value of each bit of the XOR data is generated by performing an exclusive OR operation on values of bits that are at one of a plurality of bit positions of a piece of user data, generates codewords by encoding the plurality of pieces of user data and the generated XOR data, respectively, and stores the codewords in the nonvolatile memory. The memory controller also performs a read operation by reading the codewords from the nonvolatile memory and decoding them. When the decoding of two or more of the codewords fails, the memory controller generates second XOR data, and corrects the value of one of the bits corresponding to a codeword whose decoding failed, based on the second XOR data. | 1. A memory system comprising:
a nonvolatile memory, and a memory controller configured to:
encode first XOR data generated by performing an exclusive OR operation on a plurality of pieces of user data in bit units, wherein a value of each bit of the XOR data is generated by performing an exclusive OR operation on values of bits that are at one of a plurality of bit positions of a piece of user data, generate codewords by encoding the plurality of pieces of user data and the generated XOR data, respectively, and store the plurality of codewords in the nonvolatile memory; and
perform a read operation by reading the plurality of codewords from the nonvolatile memory as a plurality of received words and decoding the received words,
wherein:
when the decoding of two or more of the received words fails, the memory controller generates second XOR data, wherein a value of each bit of the second XOR data is an exclusive OR of values of bits of decoded codewords, which were successfully decoded from the received words, and received words, which were not successfully decoded into decoded codewords, at one of a plurality of bit positions of the decoded codeword or the received word; and
when a value of a bit of the second XOR data indicates a probability of an error in one of the values of the bits from which the value of the bit was generated, the memory controller corrects the value of one of the bits corresponding to one of the received words whose decoding failed, and decodes the received word that has been corrected. 2. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
each of the plurality of pieces of fourth data, which are received words whose decoding fails, includes a hard bit decision value, and the memory controller is configured to, for sixth data which is at the position which the second XOR data indicates a probability of an error in the fourth data:
calculate the posterior probability using the number of the failed codewords which is two or more, the prior probability that the sixth data is an error, and an average BER of the fourth data; and
when the posterior probability that the sixth data is an error is equal to or greater than a reference value is satisfied, invert the hard bit decision value included in the piece of fourth data corresponding to the sixth data, and decode the piece of fourth data corresponding to the sixth data using the inverted hard bit decision value. 3. The memory system according to claim 2, wherein
the posterior probability that the sixth data is an error varies depending on a number of the bits whose reliability is lower than a threshold value in the bits at the same position in the fourth data. 4. The memory system according to claim 2, wherein the reference value is 50%. 5. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
each of the plurality of pieces of fourth data, which are received words whose decoding fails, includes a soft bit decision value, and the memory controller is configured to, for sixth data which is at the position which the second XOR data indicates a probability of an error in the fourth data:
calculate the posterior probability using the number of the failed codewords which is two or more, the prior probability that the sixth data is an error, and an average BER of the fourth data, and
when the posterior probability that the sixth data is an error is equal to or greater than a reference value is satisfied, correct the soft bit decision value included in the piece of fourth data corresponding to the sixth data such that the soft bit decision value of the sixth data indicates the posterior probability that the sixth data is an error, and decode the received word including the piece of fourth data corresponding to the sixth data using the corrected soft bit decision value. 6. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein the memory controller is configured to:
when decoding of one of the received words corresponding to the user data fails, restore the received word whose decoding fails by performing an exclusive OR operation on the received words corresponding to the user data whose decoding succeeded and the first XOR data. | A memory system includes a nonvolatile memory and a memory controller that encodes first XOR data generated by performing an exclusive OR operation on pieces of user data, wherein a value of each bit of the XOR data is generated by performing an exclusive OR operation on values of bits that are at one of a plurality of bit positions of a piece of user data, generates codewords by encoding the plurality of pieces of user data and the generated XOR data, respectively, and stores the codewords in the nonvolatile memory. The memory controller also performs a read operation by reading the codewords from the nonvolatile memory and decoding them. When the decoding of two or more of the codewords fails, the memory controller generates second XOR data, and corrects the value of one of the bits corresponding to a codeword whose decoding failed, based on the second XOR data.1. A memory system comprising:
a nonvolatile memory, and a memory controller configured to:
encode first XOR data generated by performing an exclusive OR operation on a plurality of pieces of user data in bit units, wherein a value of each bit of the XOR data is generated by performing an exclusive OR operation on values of bits that are at one of a plurality of bit positions of a piece of user data, generate codewords by encoding the plurality of pieces of user data and the generated XOR data, respectively, and store the plurality of codewords in the nonvolatile memory; and
perform a read operation by reading the plurality of codewords from the nonvolatile memory as a plurality of received words and decoding the received words,
wherein:
when the decoding of two or more of the received words fails, the memory controller generates second XOR data, wherein a value of each bit of the second XOR data is an exclusive OR of values of bits of decoded codewords, which were successfully decoded from the received words, and received words, which were not successfully decoded into decoded codewords, at one of a plurality of bit positions of the decoded codeword or the received word; and
when a value of a bit of the second XOR data indicates a probability of an error in one of the values of the bits from which the value of the bit was generated, the memory controller corrects the value of one of the bits corresponding to one of the received words whose decoding failed, and decodes the received word that has been corrected. 2. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
each of the plurality of pieces of fourth data, which are received words whose decoding fails, includes a hard bit decision value, and the memory controller is configured to, for sixth data which is at the position which the second XOR data indicates a probability of an error in the fourth data:
calculate the posterior probability using the number of the failed codewords which is two or more, the prior probability that the sixth data is an error, and an average BER of the fourth data; and
when the posterior probability that the sixth data is an error is equal to or greater than a reference value is satisfied, invert the hard bit decision value included in the piece of fourth data corresponding to the sixth data, and decode the piece of fourth data corresponding to the sixth data using the inverted hard bit decision value. 3. The memory system according to claim 2, wherein
the posterior probability that the sixth data is an error varies depending on a number of the bits whose reliability is lower than a threshold value in the bits at the same position in the fourth data. 4. The memory system according to claim 2, wherein the reference value is 50%. 5. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
each of the plurality of pieces of fourth data, which are received words whose decoding fails, includes a soft bit decision value, and the memory controller is configured to, for sixth data which is at the position which the second XOR data indicates a probability of an error in the fourth data:
calculate the posterior probability using the number of the failed codewords which is two or more, the prior probability that the sixth data is an error, and an average BER of the fourth data, and
when the posterior probability that the sixth data is an error is equal to or greater than a reference value is satisfied, correct the soft bit decision value included in the piece of fourth data corresponding to the sixth data such that the soft bit decision value of the sixth data indicates the posterior probability that the sixth data is an error, and decode the received word including the piece of fourth data corresponding to the sixth data using the corrected soft bit decision value. 6. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein the memory controller is configured to:
when decoding of one of the received words corresponding to the user data fails, restore the received word whose decoding fails by performing an exclusive OR operation on the received words corresponding to the user data whose decoding succeeded and the first XOR data. | 1,700 |
348,824 | 16,806,313 | 1,736 | A management apparatus manages works to supply components to component mounting devices in a component mounting line. The management apparatus includes a component remaining number information acquisition portion that acquires, from each of the component mounting devices, a remaining number of components stored in the component mounting device, a worker information storage portion that stores worker information including a working range of each of workers in the component mounting line, a work sequence decision portion that generates work sequence information indicating a work sequence of component supply works for each of the workers based on the worker information and component remaining number information about a plurality of components within a predetermined period of time, and an information transmission portion that transmits the work sequence information to the workers who should perform the works. | 1. A component mounting system including a plurality of component mounting devices in the component mounting line in which the component mounting devices are connected to one another, and a management apparatus that manages works to supply components to the plurality of component mounting devices, the component mounting system comprising:
a to-be-supplied component decision portion that performs processing for deciding components that should be supplied based on component remaining number information acquired from monitoring a remaining number of components in each component mounting device and determining whether the component remaining number is smaller than a remaining number threshold; a worker information storage portion that stores worker information including a working range of each of workers in the component mounting line; a work sequence decision portion that generates work sequence information indicating a work sequence of a plurality of component supply works for each of the workers based on the worker information, and component remaining number information about a plurality of components acquired by the component remaining number information acquisition portion within a predetermined period of time; and an information transmission portion that transmits the work sequence information to the workers who should perform the works such that the workers execute a supply work of the components in accordance with the work sequence information; a display screen that receives the work sequence information; wherein the display screen displays work sequence information include that a target line that shows the component mounting line where the works should be performed and a table that shows a component supply portion to which the components should be supplied in the component mounting line. 2. The component mounting system according to claim 1, further comprising:
a component location information storage portion that stores location information indicating locations of to-be-supplied components to be supplied to the component supply devices, wherein the location information includes specifying a component shelf where the to-be-supplied components are located; wherein the work sequence decision portion decides the work sequence with the work sequence information including a work in which the workers acquire the to-be-supplied components based on the location information. 3. The component mounting system according to claim 1, further comprising:
a work completion information acquisition portion that receives work completion information from the component mounting devices, wherein the work sequence decision portion updates the work sequence information based on the work completion information, and transmits the updated work sequence information to the workers. 4. The component mounting system according to claim 1, further comprising:
a floor layout storage portion that stores floor layout information including at least one of a kind, a size and a position of each facility constituting the component mounting line; wherein the work sequence decision portion decides the work sequence information based on the floor layout information. 5. The component mounting system according to claim 1, further comprising:
a log-in state information acquisition portion that acquires information indicating a log-in state of each of portable terminals owned by the worker; wherein when the portable terminal owned by the worker to be assigned a work is not in the log-in state, the work sequence decision portion assigns the work to another worker whose portable terminal is in the log-in state based on the information from the log-in state information acquisition portion. 6. The component mounting system according to claim 1,
wherein when a work high in emergency occurs after the information transmission portion transmits the work sequence information to the workers, the work sequence decision portion decides work sequence information again so that the work high in emergency is performed with priority, and the information transmission portion transmits the work sequence information decided again to the workers, wherein the work high in emergency is a work for supplying components whose remaining number becomes below a remaining number threshold set as a limit or whose remaining number becomes zero. 7. A component mounting method for mounting electronic components on substrates by using an electronic component mounting system including a plurality of component mounting devices in the component mounting line in which the component mounting devices are connected to one another, and managing works to supply components to the plurality of component mounting devices by a management apparatus that manages the component mounting line, the component mounting method comprising:
acquiring, from each of the component mounting devices, a remaining number of components stored in the component mounting; generating work sequence information indicating a work sequence of a plurality of component supply works for each of the workers by assigning priority to the workers according to conditions based on worker information including a working range of each of the workers in the component mounting line, and component remaining number information about a plurality of components acquired within a predetermined period of time; transmitting the work sequence information to the workers who should perform the works such that the workers execute a supply work of the components in accordance with the work sequence information; displaying the work sequence information on a display screen; wherein the display screen displays work sequence information include that a target line that shows the component mounting line where the works should be performed and a table that shows a component supply portion to which the components should be supplied in the component mounting line. 8. The component mounting method according to claim 7, further comprising:
deciding the work sequence with the work sequence information including a work in which the workers acquire the to-be-supplied components based on location information indicating locations of to-be-supplied components to be supplied to the component supply devices. 9. The component mounting method according to claim 7, further comprising:
receiving work completion information from the component mounting devices, wherein in the deciding process, the work sequence information is updated based on the work completion information, and the updated work sequence information is transmitted to the workers. 10. The component mounting method according to claim 7,
wherein in the deciding process, the work sequence information is decided based on floor layout information including at least one of a kind, a size and a position of each facility constituting the component mounting line. 11. The component mounting method according to claim 7, further comprising:
acquiring information indicating a log-in state of each of portable terminals owned by the worker, wherein in the deciding process, when the portable terminal owned by the worker to be assigned a work is not in the log-in state, the work is assigned to another worker whose portable terminal is in the log-in state based on the information from the log-in state information acquisition portion. 12. The component mounting method according to claim 7,
wherein in the deciding process, when a work high in emergency occurs after the information transmission portion transmits the work sequence information to the workers, the work sequence decision portion decides work sequence information again so that the work high in emergency is performed with priority, and the information transmission portion transmits the work sequence information decided again to the workers, wherein the work high in emergency is a work for supplying components whose remaining number becomes below a remaining number threshold set as a limit or whose remaining number becomes zero. | A management apparatus manages works to supply components to component mounting devices in a component mounting line. The management apparatus includes a component remaining number information acquisition portion that acquires, from each of the component mounting devices, a remaining number of components stored in the component mounting device, a worker information storage portion that stores worker information including a working range of each of workers in the component mounting line, a work sequence decision portion that generates work sequence information indicating a work sequence of component supply works for each of the workers based on the worker information and component remaining number information about a plurality of components within a predetermined period of time, and an information transmission portion that transmits the work sequence information to the workers who should perform the works.1. A component mounting system including a plurality of component mounting devices in the component mounting line in which the component mounting devices are connected to one another, and a management apparatus that manages works to supply components to the plurality of component mounting devices, the component mounting system comprising:
a to-be-supplied component decision portion that performs processing for deciding components that should be supplied based on component remaining number information acquired from monitoring a remaining number of components in each component mounting device and determining whether the component remaining number is smaller than a remaining number threshold; a worker information storage portion that stores worker information including a working range of each of workers in the component mounting line; a work sequence decision portion that generates work sequence information indicating a work sequence of a plurality of component supply works for each of the workers based on the worker information, and component remaining number information about a plurality of components acquired by the component remaining number information acquisition portion within a predetermined period of time; and an information transmission portion that transmits the work sequence information to the workers who should perform the works such that the workers execute a supply work of the components in accordance with the work sequence information; a display screen that receives the work sequence information; wherein the display screen displays work sequence information include that a target line that shows the component mounting line where the works should be performed and a table that shows a component supply portion to which the components should be supplied in the component mounting line. 2. The component mounting system according to claim 1, further comprising:
a component location information storage portion that stores location information indicating locations of to-be-supplied components to be supplied to the component supply devices, wherein the location information includes specifying a component shelf where the to-be-supplied components are located; wherein the work sequence decision portion decides the work sequence with the work sequence information including a work in which the workers acquire the to-be-supplied components based on the location information. 3. The component mounting system according to claim 1, further comprising:
a work completion information acquisition portion that receives work completion information from the component mounting devices, wherein the work sequence decision portion updates the work sequence information based on the work completion information, and transmits the updated work sequence information to the workers. 4. The component mounting system according to claim 1, further comprising:
a floor layout storage portion that stores floor layout information including at least one of a kind, a size and a position of each facility constituting the component mounting line; wherein the work sequence decision portion decides the work sequence information based on the floor layout information. 5. The component mounting system according to claim 1, further comprising:
a log-in state information acquisition portion that acquires information indicating a log-in state of each of portable terminals owned by the worker; wherein when the portable terminal owned by the worker to be assigned a work is not in the log-in state, the work sequence decision portion assigns the work to another worker whose portable terminal is in the log-in state based on the information from the log-in state information acquisition portion. 6. The component mounting system according to claim 1,
wherein when a work high in emergency occurs after the information transmission portion transmits the work sequence information to the workers, the work sequence decision portion decides work sequence information again so that the work high in emergency is performed with priority, and the information transmission portion transmits the work sequence information decided again to the workers, wherein the work high in emergency is a work for supplying components whose remaining number becomes below a remaining number threshold set as a limit or whose remaining number becomes zero. 7. A component mounting method for mounting electronic components on substrates by using an electronic component mounting system including a plurality of component mounting devices in the component mounting line in which the component mounting devices are connected to one another, and managing works to supply components to the plurality of component mounting devices by a management apparatus that manages the component mounting line, the component mounting method comprising:
acquiring, from each of the component mounting devices, a remaining number of components stored in the component mounting; generating work sequence information indicating a work sequence of a plurality of component supply works for each of the workers by assigning priority to the workers according to conditions based on worker information including a working range of each of the workers in the component mounting line, and component remaining number information about a plurality of components acquired within a predetermined period of time; transmitting the work sequence information to the workers who should perform the works such that the workers execute a supply work of the components in accordance with the work sequence information; displaying the work sequence information on a display screen; wherein the display screen displays work sequence information include that a target line that shows the component mounting line where the works should be performed and a table that shows a component supply portion to which the components should be supplied in the component mounting line. 8. The component mounting method according to claim 7, further comprising:
deciding the work sequence with the work sequence information including a work in which the workers acquire the to-be-supplied components based on location information indicating locations of to-be-supplied components to be supplied to the component supply devices. 9. The component mounting method according to claim 7, further comprising:
receiving work completion information from the component mounting devices, wherein in the deciding process, the work sequence information is updated based on the work completion information, and the updated work sequence information is transmitted to the workers. 10. The component mounting method according to claim 7,
wherein in the deciding process, the work sequence information is decided based on floor layout information including at least one of a kind, a size and a position of each facility constituting the component mounting line. 11. The component mounting method according to claim 7, further comprising:
acquiring information indicating a log-in state of each of portable terminals owned by the worker, wherein in the deciding process, when the portable terminal owned by the worker to be assigned a work is not in the log-in state, the work is assigned to another worker whose portable terminal is in the log-in state based on the information from the log-in state information acquisition portion. 12. The component mounting method according to claim 7,
wherein in the deciding process, when a work high in emergency occurs after the information transmission portion transmits the work sequence information to the workers, the work sequence decision portion decides work sequence information again so that the work high in emergency is performed with priority, and the information transmission portion transmits the work sequence information decided again to the workers, wherein the work high in emergency is a work for supplying components whose remaining number becomes below a remaining number threshold set as a limit or whose remaining number becomes zero. | 1,700 |
348,825 | 16,806,331 | 3,661 | The present disclosure provides a method, an apparatus, a computer device and a computer-readable storage medium for positioning, and relates to the field of autonomous driving. The method obtains inertial measurement data of a device to be positioned at a current time and point cloud data collected by a LiDAR on the device at the current time; determines, by integrating the inertial measurement data, inertial positioning information of the device in an inertial coordinate system at the current time; and determines, based on the inertial positioning information, the point cloud data and at least one local map built in a local coordinate system, a positioning result of the device in the local coordinate system at the current time. Techniques of the present disclosure can provide an effective and stable local positioning result. | 1. A method, comprising:
obtaining inertial measurement data of a device at a first time and point cloud data collected by a LiDAR on the device at the first time; determining, by integrating the inertial measurement data, inertial positioning information of the device in an inertial coordinate system at the first time based on the inertial measurement data; and determining, based on the inertial positioning information, the point cloud data and at least one local map built in a local coordinate system, a first positioning result of the device in the local coordinate system at the first time. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining the first positioning result comprises:
determining a first posterior probability associated with the first positioning result based on a second positioning result of the device at a second time prior to the first time, the point cloud data, the inertial positioning information, and the at least one local map; and determining the first positioning result by maximizing the first posterior probability. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the determining the first posterior probability comprises:
determining a first likelihood value of the point cloud data with respect to the first positioning result and the at least one local map; determining a second likelihood value of the inertial positioning information with respect to the first positioning result and the second positioning result; and determining, based on the first likelihood value and the second likelihood value, the first posterior probability. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the at least one local map comprises a plurality of local maps having different resolutions, and the determining the first likelihood value comprises:
determining, for a local map of the plurality of local maps, a likelihood value of the point cloud data with respect to the first positioning result and the local map; and determining the first likelihood value based on a plurality of likelihood values determined for the plurality of local maps. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein:
the point cloud data comprises respective reflection information of a plurality of laser points, the at least one local map comprises a 3D local map, the 3D local map including a plurality of grids, each grid having corresponding laser reflection information and obstacle occupancy probability, and the determining the first likelihood value comprises:
determining, from the plurality of grids, a group of grids hit by the plurality of laser points by matching the point cloud data with the 3D local map; and
determining, based on a group of obstacle occupancy probabilities corresponding to the group of grids, laser reflection information corresponding to the group of grids and respective reflection information of the plurality of laser points in the point cloud data, the first likelihood value of the point cloud data with respect to the first positioning result and the 3D local map. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
prior to the determining the first positioning result, performing motion compensation on the point cloud data based on the inertial positioning information. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
in response to the first positioning result being determined, optimizing the first positioning result based on at least the inertial positioning information. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the first positioning result includes a relative pose of the point cloud data relative to the at least one local map, a first pose of the device in the local coordinate system and a second pose of the at least one local map in the local coordinate system, and the optimizing the first positioning result comprises:
optimizing the first pose and the second pose while keeping the relative pose unchanged. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the optimizing the first positioning result comprises:
determining a second posterior probability associated with a group of positioning results of the device, wherein the group of positioning results comprises at least the first positioning result of the device at the first time and a second positioning result of the device in the local coordinate system at a second time prior to the first time; and optimizing the first positioning result by maximizing the second posterior probability. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the determining the second posterior probability comprises:
determining a third likelihood value associated with the first positioning result; determining a fourth likelihood value of the inertial positioning information with respect to the first positioning result and the second positioning result; and determining the second posterior probability based on at least the third likelihood value and the fourth likelihood value. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the determining the third likelihood value comprises:
determining, based on the first pose and the second pose, an estimate for the relative pose; determining a residual between the estimate and the relative pose indicated by the first positioning result; and determining, based on at least the residual, the third likelihood value of the relative pose with respect to the first pose and the second pose. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the determining the second posterior probability comprises:
determining a fifth likelihood value associated with the second positioning result; determining a sixth likelihood value associated with a second inertial positioning information of the device in the inertial coordinate system at the second time; and determining the second posterior probability based on at least the third likelihood value, the fourth likelihood value, the fifth likelihood value and the sixth likelihood value. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one local map is built based on at least one frame of point cloud data collected by the LiDAR at at least one time prior to the first time, and the method further comprises:
updating the at least one local map based on the point cloud data. 14. A computing device, comprising:
one or more processors; and a memory for storing one or more programs, which, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the computing device to perform acts including:
obtaining inertial measurement data of a device at a first time and point cloud data collected by a LiDAR on the device at the first time;
determining, by integrating the inertial measurement data, inertial positioning information of the device in an inertial coordinate system at the first time; and
determining, based on the inertial positioning information, the point cloud data and at least one local map built in a local coordinate system, a first positioning result of a first pose of the device in the local coordinate system at the first time. 15. The computing device of claim 14, wherein the determining the first positioning result comprises:
determining a first posterior probability associated with the first positioning result based on a second positioning result of a second pose of the device at a second time prior to the first time, the point cloud data, the inertial positioning information and the at least one local map; and determining the first positioning result by maximizing the first posterior probability. 16. The computing device of claim 15, wherein the determining the first posterior probability comprises:
determining a first likelihood value of the point cloud data with respect to the first positioning result and the at least one local map; determining a second likelihood value of the inertial positioning information with respect to the first positioning result and the second positioning result; and determining, based on the first likelihood value and the second likelihood value, the first posterior probability. 17. The computing device of claim 14, wherein the acts further comprise:
prior to the determining the first positioning result, performing motion compensation on the point cloud data based on the inertial positioning information. 18. The computing device of claim 14, wherein the acts further comprise:
optimizing the first positioning result based on at least the inertial positioning information. 19. The computing device of claim 14, wherein the at least one local map is built based on at least one frame of point cloud data collected by the LiDAR at at least one time prior to the first time, and the acts further comprise:
updating the at least one local map based on the point cloud data. 20. A computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon a computer program that, when executed by a computing device, causes the computing device to perform:
obtaining inertial measurement data of an object at a first time and point cloud data collected by a LiDAR on the object at the first time; determining, by integrating the inertial measurement data, inertial positioning information of the device in an inertial coordinate system at the first time based on the inertial measurement data; and determining a pose of the object in a local coordinate system at the first time based on the inertial positioning information, the point cloud data, and at least one local map built in the local coordinate system. | The present disclosure provides a method, an apparatus, a computer device and a computer-readable storage medium for positioning, and relates to the field of autonomous driving. The method obtains inertial measurement data of a device to be positioned at a current time and point cloud data collected by a LiDAR on the device at the current time; determines, by integrating the inertial measurement data, inertial positioning information of the device in an inertial coordinate system at the current time; and determines, based on the inertial positioning information, the point cloud data and at least one local map built in a local coordinate system, a positioning result of the device in the local coordinate system at the current time. Techniques of the present disclosure can provide an effective and stable local positioning result.1. A method, comprising:
obtaining inertial measurement data of a device at a first time and point cloud data collected by a LiDAR on the device at the first time; determining, by integrating the inertial measurement data, inertial positioning information of the device in an inertial coordinate system at the first time based on the inertial measurement data; and determining, based on the inertial positioning information, the point cloud data and at least one local map built in a local coordinate system, a first positioning result of the device in the local coordinate system at the first time. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining the first positioning result comprises:
determining a first posterior probability associated with the first positioning result based on a second positioning result of the device at a second time prior to the first time, the point cloud data, the inertial positioning information, and the at least one local map; and determining the first positioning result by maximizing the first posterior probability. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the determining the first posterior probability comprises:
determining a first likelihood value of the point cloud data with respect to the first positioning result and the at least one local map; determining a second likelihood value of the inertial positioning information with respect to the first positioning result and the second positioning result; and determining, based on the first likelihood value and the second likelihood value, the first posterior probability. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the at least one local map comprises a plurality of local maps having different resolutions, and the determining the first likelihood value comprises:
determining, for a local map of the plurality of local maps, a likelihood value of the point cloud data with respect to the first positioning result and the local map; and determining the first likelihood value based on a plurality of likelihood values determined for the plurality of local maps. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein:
the point cloud data comprises respective reflection information of a plurality of laser points, the at least one local map comprises a 3D local map, the 3D local map including a plurality of grids, each grid having corresponding laser reflection information and obstacle occupancy probability, and the determining the first likelihood value comprises:
determining, from the plurality of grids, a group of grids hit by the plurality of laser points by matching the point cloud data with the 3D local map; and
determining, based on a group of obstacle occupancy probabilities corresponding to the group of grids, laser reflection information corresponding to the group of grids and respective reflection information of the plurality of laser points in the point cloud data, the first likelihood value of the point cloud data with respect to the first positioning result and the 3D local map. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
prior to the determining the first positioning result, performing motion compensation on the point cloud data based on the inertial positioning information. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
in response to the first positioning result being determined, optimizing the first positioning result based on at least the inertial positioning information. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the first positioning result includes a relative pose of the point cloud data relative to the at least one local map, a first pose of the device in the local coordinate system and a second pose of the at least one local map in the local coordinate system, and the optimizing the first positioning result comprises:
optimizing the first pose and the second pose while keeping the relative pose unchanged. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the optimizing the first positioning result comprises:
determining a second posterior probability associated with a group of positioning results of the device, wherein the group of positioning results comprises at least the first positioning result of the device at the first time and a second positioning result of the device in the local coordinate system at a second time prior to the first time; and optimizing the first positioning result by maximizing the second posterior probability. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the determining the second posterior probability comprises:
determining a third likelihood value associated with the first positioning result; determining a fourth likelihood value of the inertial positioning information with respect to the first positioning result and the second positioning result; and determining the second posterior probability based on at least the third likelihood value and the fourth likelihood value. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the determining the third likelihood value comprises:
determining, based on the first pose and the second pose, an estimate for the relative pose; determining a residual between the estimate and the relative pose indicated by the first positioning result; and determining, based on at least the residual, the third likelihood value of the relative pose with respect to the first pose and the second pose. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the determining the second posterior probability comprises:
determining a fifth likelihood value associated with the second positioning result; determining a sixth likelihood value associated with a second inertial positioning information of the device in the inertial coordinate system at the second time; and determining the second posterior probability based on at least the third likelihood value, the fourth likelihood value, the fifth likelihood value and the sixth likelihood value. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one local map is built based on at least one frame of point cloud data collected by the LiDAR at at least one time prior to the first time, and the method further comprises:
updating the at least one local map based on the point cloud data. 14. A computing device, comprising:
one or more processors; and a memory for storing one or more programs, which, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the computing device to perform acts including:
obtaining inertial measurement data of a device at a first time and point cloud data collected by a LiDAR on the device at the first time;
determining, by integrating the inertial measurement data, inertial positioning information of the device in an inertial coordinate system at the first time; and
determining, based on the inertial positioning information, the point cloud data and at least one local map built in a local coordinate system, a first positioning result of a first pose of the device in the local coordinate system at the first time. 15. The computing device of claim 14, wherein the determining the first positioning result comprises:
determining a first posterior probability associated with the first positioning result based on a second positioning result of a second pose of the device at a second time prior to the first time, the point cloud data, the inertial positioning information and the at least one local map; and determining the first positioning result by maximizing the first posterior probability. 16. The computing device of claim 15, wherein the determining the first posterior probability comprises:
determining a first likelihood value of the point cloud data with respect to the first positioning result and the at least one local map; determining a second likelihood value of the inertial positioning information with respect to the first positioning result and the second positioning result; and determining, based on the first likelihood value and the second likelihood value, the first posterior probability. 17. The computing device of claim 14, wherein the acts further comprise:
prior to the determining the first positioning result, performing motion compensation on the point cloud data based on the inertial positioning information. 18. The computing device of claim 14, wherein the acts further comprise:
optimizing the first positioning result based on at least the inertial positioning information. 19. The computing device of claim 14, wherein the at least one local map is built based on at least one frame of point cloud data collected by the LiDAR at at least one time prior to the first time, and the acts further comprise:
updating the at least one local map based on the point cloud data. 20. A computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon a computer program that, when executed by a computing device, causes the computing device to perform:
obtaining inertial measurement data of an object at a first time and point cloud data collected by a LiDAR on the object at the first time; determining, by integrating the inertial measurement data, inertial positioning information of the device in an inertial coordinate system at the first time based on the inertial measurement data; and determining a pose of the object in a local coordinate system at the first time based on the inertial positioning information, the point cloud data, and at least one local map built in the local coordinate system. | 3,600 |
348,826 | 16,806,347 | 3,661 | Image processing systems and methods are disclosed, including an image processing system comprising a computer running image processing software causing the computer to: divide an oblique aerial image into a plurality of sections, choose reference aerial image(s), having a consistent color distribution, for a first section and a second section; create a color-balancing transformation for the first and second sections of the oblique aerial image such that the first color distribution of the first section matches the consistent color distribution of the chosen reference aerial image and the second color distribution of the second section matches the consistent color distribution of the chosen reference aerial image; color-balance pixel(s) in the first and section sections of the oblique aerial image, such that at least one color-balancing transformation of the first and second sections matches the consistent color distribution of the reference aerial image(s). | 1. An image processing system, comprising:
a computer having image processing software that, when executed by the computer, causes the computer to:
divide an oblique aerial image into a plurality of sections, wherein a first section of the plurality of sections has a first color distribution and a second section of the plurality of sections has a second color distribution, the first color distribution differing from the second color distribution, and wherein each of the first section and the second section has pixels, each pixel having one or more color band;
choose one or more reference aerial image, having a consistent color distribution, for the first section and the second section by automatically matching at least a portion of geographic information of the one or more reference aerial image with at least a portion of geographic information of the first section and the second section;
create one or more first color-balancing transformation for one or more color band for the first section of the oblique aerial image, to match the first color distribution of the first section to the consistent color distribution of the chosen reference aerial image;
color-balance one or more pixel in the first section of the oblique aerial image using the one or more first color-balancing transformation, such that the first color distribution of the first section matches the consistent color distribution of the chosen reference aerial image;
create one or more second color-balancing transformation for the one or more color band for the second section of the oblique aerial image, to match the second color distribution of the second section to the consistent color distribution of the chosen reference aerial image; and
color-balance one or more pixel in the second section of the oblique aerial image using the one or more second color-balancing transformation, such that the second color distribution of the second section matches the consistent color distribution of the chosen reference aerial image. 2. The image processing system of claim 1, wherein creating one or more color-balancing transformation for one or more color band for the first section and the second section of the oblique aerial image comprises creating a corresponding color-balancing transformation for each color band in a color space of the first section and the second section. 3. The image processing system of claim 1, wherein creating one or more color-balancing transformation for one or more color band for the first section comprises creating two color-balancing transformations for two color bands for the first section, wherein color-balancing one or more pixel in the first section further comprises combining the two color-balancing transformations into a single pixel color value. 4. The image processing system of claim 1, wherein the one or more color band comprises a red color band. 5. The image processing system of claim 1, wherein the one or more color band comprises a blue color band. 6. The image processing system of claim 1, wherein the one or more color band comprises a green color band. 7. The image processing system of claim 1, wherein the first color distribution of the first section of the oblique aerial image is caused by first specular reflections and the second color distribution of the second section of the oblique aerial image is caused by second specular reflections. 8. The image processing system of claim 1, wherein a difference between the first color distribution of the first section of the oblique aerial image and the second color distribution of the second section of the oblique aerial image is based on differing path length distances between a first location of a first point in the first section and a camera when the oblique aerial image was captured and a second location of a second point in the second section and the camera when the oblique aerial image was captured. 9. The image processing system of claim 1, wherein the one or more reference aerial image comprises a nadir aerial image. 10. The image processing system of claim 1, wherein the one or more reference aerial image comprises another oblique aerial image. 11. An image processing method for color-balancing oblique images, comprising:
dividing, with a computer running image processing software, an oblique aerial image into a plurality of sections, wherein a first section of the plurality of sections has a first color distribution and a second section of the plurality of sections has a second color distribution, the first color distribution differing from the second color distribution, and wherein each of the first section and the second section has pixels, each pixel having at least one color band; choosing, with the computer, one or more reference aerial image, having a consistent color distribution, for the first section and the second section by automatically matching at least a portion of geographic information of the one or more reference aerial image with at least a portion of geographic information of the first section and the second section; creating, with the computer, one or more first color-balancing transformation for one or more color band for the first section of the oblique aerial image, to match the first color distribution of the first section to the consistent color distribution of the chosen reference aerial image; color-balancing, with the computer, one or more pixel in the first section of the oblique aerial image using the one or more first color-balancing transformation, such that the first color distribution of the first section matches the consistent color distribution of the chosen reference aerial image; creating, with the computer, one or more second color-balancing transformation for the one or more color band for the second section of the oblique aerial image, to match the second color distribution of the second section to the consistent color distribution of the chosen reference aerial image; and color-balancing, with the computer, one or more pixel in the second section of the oblique aerial image using the one or more second color-balancing transformation, such that the second color distribution of the second section matches the consistent color distribution of the chosen reference aerial image. 12. The image processing method of claim 11, wherein creating one or more color-balancing transformation for one or more color band for the first section and the second section of the oblique aerial image comprises creating a corresponding color-balancing transformation for each color band in a color space of the first section and the second section. 13. The image processing method of claim 11, wherein creating one or more color-balancing transformation for one or more color band for the first section comprises creating two color-balancing transformations for two color bands for the first section, wherein color-balancing one or more pixel in the first section further comprises combining the two color-balancing transformations into a single pixel color value. 14. The image processing method of claim 11, wherein the one or more color band comprises a red color band. 15. The image processing method of claim 11, wherein the one or more color band comprises a blue color band. 16. The image processing method of claim 11, wherein the one or more color band comprises a green color band. 17. The image processing method of claim 11, wherein the first color distribution of the first section of the oblique aerial image is caused by first specular reflections and the second color distribution of the second section of the oblique aerial image is caused by second specular reflections. 18. The image processing method of claim 11, wherein a difference between the first color distribution of the first section of the oblique aerial image and the second color distribution of the second section of the oblique aerial image is based on differing path length distances between a first location of a first point in the first section and a camera when the oblique aerial image was captured and a second location of a second point in the second section and the camera when the oblique aerial image was captured. 19. The image processing method of claim 11, wherein the one or more reference aerial image comprises a nadir aerial image. 20. The image processing method of claim 11, wherein the one or more reference aerial image comprises another oblique aerial image. | Image processing systems and methods are disclosed, including an image processing system comprising a computer running image processing software causing the computer to: divide an oblique aerial image into a plurality of sections, choose reference aerial image(s), having a consistent color distribution, for a first section and a second section; create a color-balancing transformation for the first and second sections of the oblique aerial image such that the first color distribution of the first section matches the consistent color distribution of the chosen reference aerial image and the second color distribution of the second section matches the consistent color distribution of the chosen reference aerial image; color-balance pixel(s) in the first and section sections of the oblique aerial image, such that at least one color-balancing transformation of the first and second sections matches the consistent color distribution of the reference aerial image(s).1. An image processing system, comprising:
a computer having image processing software that, when executed by the computer, causes the computer to:
divide an oblique aerial image into a plurality of sections, wherein a first section of the plurality of sections has a first color distribution and a second section of the plurality of sections has a second color distribution, the first color distribution differing from the second color distribution, and wherein each of the first section and the second section has pixels, each pixel having one or more color band;
choose one or more reference aerial image, having a consistent color distribution, for the first section and the second section by automatically matching at least a portion of geographic information of the one or more reference aerial image with at least a portion of geographic information of the first section and the second section;
create one or more first color-balancing transformation for one or more color band for the first section of the oblique aerial image, to match the first color distribution of the first section to the consistent color distribution of the chosen reference aerial image;
color-balance one or more pixel in the first section of the oblique aerial image using the one or more first color-balancing transformation, such that the first color distribution of the first section matches the consistent color distribution of the chosen reference aerial image;
create one or more second color-balancing transformation for the one or more color band for the second section of the oblique aerial image, to match the second color distribution of the second section to the consistent color distribution of the chosen reference aerial image; and
color-balance one or more pixel in the second section of the oblique aerial image using the one or more second color-balancing transformation, such that the second color distribution of the second section matches the consistent color distribution of the chosen reference aerial image. 2. The image processing system of claim 1, wherein creating one or more color-balancing transformation for one or more color band for the first section and the second section of the oblique aerial image comprises creating a corresponding color-balancing transformation for each color band in a color space of the first section and the second section. 3. The image processing system of claim 1, wherein creating one or more color-balancing transformation for one or more color band for the first section comprises creating two color-balancing transformations for two color bands for the first section, wherein color-balancing one or more pixel in the first section further comprises combining the two color-balancing transformations into a single pixel color value. 4. The image processing system of claim 1, wherein the one or more color band comprises a red color band. 5. The image processing system of claim 1, wherein the one or more color band comprises a blue color band. 6. The image processing system of claim 1, wherein the one or more color band comprises a green color band. 7. The image processing system of claim 1, wherein the first color distribution of the first section of the oblique aerial image is caused by first specular reflections and the second color distribution of the second section of the oblique aerial image is caused by second specular reflections. 8. The image processing system of claim 1, wherein a difference between the first color distribution of the first section of the oblique aerial image and the second color distribution of the second section of the oblique aerial image is based on differing path length distances between a first location of a first point in the first section and a camera when the oblique aerial image was captured and a second location of a second point in the second section and the camera when the oblique aerial image was captured. 9. The image processing system of claim 1, wherein the one or more reference aerial image comprises a nadir aerial image. 10. The image processing system of claim 1, wherein the one or more reference aerial image comprises another oblique aerial image. 11. An image processing method for color-balancing oblique images, comprising:
dividing, with a computer running image processing software, an oblique aerial image into a plurality of sections, wherein a first section of the plurality of sections has a first color distribution and a second section of the plurality of sections has a second color distribution, the first color distribution differing from the second color distribution, and wherein each of the first section and the second section has pixels, each pixel having at least one color band; choosing, with the computer, one or more reference aerial image, having a consistent color distribution, for the first section and the second section by automatically matching at least a portion of geographic information of the one or more reference aerial image with at least a portion of geographic information of the first section and the second section; creating, with the computer, one or more first color-balancing transformation for one or more color band for the first section of the oblique aerial image, to match the first color distribution of the first section to the consistent color distribution of the chosen reference aerial image; color-balancing, with the computer, one or more pixel in the first section of the oblique aerial image using the one or more first color-balancing transformation, such that the first color distribution of the first section matches the consistent color distribution of the chosen reference aerial image; creating, with the computer, one or more second color-balancing transformation for the one or more color band for the second section of the oblique aerial image, to match the second color distribution of the second section to the consistent color distribution of the chosen reference aerial image; and color-balancing, with the computer, one or more pixel in the second section of the oblique aerial image using the one or more second color-balancing transformation, such that the second color distribution of the second section matches the consistent color distribution of the chosen reference aerial image. 12. The image processing method of claim 11, wherein creating one or more color-balancing transformation for one or more color band for the first section and the second section of the oblique aerial image comprises creating a corresponding color-balancing transformation for each color band in a color space of the first section and the second section. 13. The image processing method of claim 11, wherein creating one or more color-balancing transformation for one or more color band for the first section comprises creating two color-balancing transformations for two color bands for the first section, wherein color-balancing one or more pixel in the first section further comprises combining the two color-balancing transformations into a single pixel color value. 14. The image processing method of claim 11, wherein the one or more color band comprises a red color band. 15. The image processing method of claim 11, wherein the one or more color band comprises a blue color band. 16. The image processing method of claim 11, wherein the one or more color band comprises a green color band. 17. The image processing method of claim 11, wherein the first color distribution of the first section of the oblique aerial image is caused by first specular reflections and the second color distribution of the second section of the oblique aerial image is caused by second specular reflections. 18. The image processing method of claim 11, wherein a difference between the first color distribution of the first section of the oblique aerial image and the second color distribution of the second section of the oblique aerial image is based on differing path length distances between a first location of a first point in the first section and a camera when the oblique aerial image was captured and a second location of a second point in the second section and the camera when the oblique aerial image was captured. 19. The image processing method of claim 11, wherein the one or more reference aerial image comprises a nadir aerial image. 20. The image processing method of claim 11, wherein the one or more reference aerial image comprises another oblique aerial image. | 3,600 |
348,827 | 16,806,353 | 1,643 | The present disclosure describes a pharmaceutical combination of an anti-CD19 antibody and a Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor and its use for the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and/or acute lymphoblastic leukemia. | 1. A method for treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in a patient, said method comprising administering to the patient an antibody specific for CD19 wherein said antibody comprises an HCDR1 region of sequence SYVMH (SEQ ID NO: 1), an HCDR2 region of sequence NPYNDG (SEQ ID NO: 2), an HCDR3 region of sequence GTYYYGTRVFDY (SEQ ID NO: 3), an LCDR1 region of sequence RSSKSLQNVNGNTYLY (SEQ ID NO: 4), an LCDR2 region of sequence RMSNLNS (SEQ ID NO: 5), and an LCDR3 region of sequence MQHLEYPIT (SEQ ID NO: 6) and a Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is selected from the group consisting of follicular lymphoma, small lymphocytic lymphoma, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, marginal zone, diffuse large B cell, Burkitt's, and mantle cell. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is follicular lymphoma. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is small lymphocytic lymphoma. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is diffuse large B cell lymphoma. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is Burkitt's lymphoma. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is mantle cell lymphoma. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the antibody specific for CD19 and the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor of said combination are administered separately. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor of said combination is administered prior to administration of the antibody specific for CD19. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the antibody specific for CD19 and the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor of said combination are administered simultaneously. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the antibody specific for CD19 and the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor of said combination are administered at a time where both drugs are active in the patient at the same time. | The present disclosure describes a pharmaceutical combination of an anti-CD19 antibody and a Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor and its use for the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and/or acute lymphoblastic leukemia.1. A method for treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in a patient, said method comprising administering to the patient an antibody specific for CD19 wherein said antibody comprises an HCDR1 region of sequence SYVMH (SEQ ID NO: 1), an HCDR2 region of sequence NPYNDG (SEQ ID NO: 2), an HCDR3 region of sequence GTYYYGTRVFDY (SEQ ID NO: 3), an LCDR1 region of sequence RSSKSLQNVNGNTYLY (SEQ ID NO: 4), an LCDR2 region of sequence RMSNLNS (SEQ ID NO: 5), and an LCDR3 region of sequence MQHLEYPIT (SEQ ID NO: 6) and a Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is selected from the group consisting of follicular lymphoma, small lymphocytic lymphoma, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, marginal zone, diffuse large B cell, Burkitt's, and mantle cell. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is follicular lymphoma. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is small lymphocytic lymphoma. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is diffuse large B cell lymphoma. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is Burkitt's lymphoma. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is mantle cell lymphoma. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the antibody specific for CD19 and the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor of said combination are administered separately. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor of said combination is administered prior to administration of the antibody specific for CD19. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the antibody specific for CD19 and the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor of said combination are administered simultaneously. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the antibody specific for CD19 and the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor of said combination are administered at a time where both drugs are active in the patient at the same time. | 1,600 |
348,828 | 16,806,330 | 1,643 | A network system is provided that includes a communication terminal including a microphone, a plurality of electronic devices, and a server. The server is configured to transmit a prescribed operation command collectively to the plurality of electronic devices linked to the communication terminal, based on a prescribed voice message from the communication terminal. | 1. A network system comprising:
a communication terminal including a microphone; a plurality of electronic devices; and a server, wherein the server is configured to transmit a prescribed operation command collectively to the plurality of electronic devices linked to the communication terminal, based on a prescribed voice message from the communication terminal. 2. A network system comprising:
a communication terminal having a position information acquisition function; a plurality of electronic devices; and a server, wherein the server is configured to transmit a prescribed operation command collectively to the plurality of electronic devices linked to the communication terminal, based on position information from the communication terminal. 3. A network system comprising:
a communication terminal including an operation unit; a plurality of electronic devices; and a server, wherein the server is configured to transmit a prescribed operation command collectively to the plurality of electronic devices linked to the communication terminal, when the communication terminal receives a prescribed operation. 4. A network system comprising:
a communication terminal including a locking/unlocking mechanism configured to lock and unlock a door; a plurality of electronic devices; and a server, wherein the server is configured to transmit a prescribed operation command collectively to the plurality of electronic devices linked to the locking/unlocking mechanism, when the server receives data from the communication terminal indicating that the door is one of locked and unlocked. 5. The network system according to claim 1,
wherein when the server transmits a prescribed operation command collectively to the plurality of electronic devices, the server prompts a user, through the communication terminal, to approve the operation command. 6. The network system according to claim 1,
wherein the server is configured to store a plurality of operation commands for each of the plurality of electronic devices, and when the server collectively transmits a prescribed operation command to the plurality of electronic devices, the server extracts, from among the plurality of electronic devices, the electronic device executing a command different from a plurality of commands, and prompts approval of the prescribed operation command with respect to the extracted electronic device. 7. The network system according to claim 1,
wherein when the server transmits the prescribed operation command collectively to the plurality of electronic devices, the server also initiates a prescribed service. 8. The network system according to claim 1,
wherein the server is configured to use learning through artificial intelligence (AI) and acquire a habit of a user of the communication terminal, and propose, to the user, a collective prescribed operation command suited to the habit. | A network system is provided that includes a communication terminal including a microphone, a plurality of electronic devices, and a server. The server is configured to transmit a prescribed operation command collectively to the plurality of electronic devices linked to the communication terminal, based on a prescribed voice message from the communication terminal.1. A network system comprising:
a communication terminal including a microphone; a plurality of electronic devices; and a server, wherein the server is configured to transmit a prescribed operation command collectively to the plurality of electronic devices linked to the communication terminal, based on a prescribed voice message from the communication terminal. 2. A network system comprising:
a communication terminal having a position information acquisition function; a plurality of electronic devices; and a server, wherein the server is configured to transmit a prescribed operation command collectively to the plurality of electronic devices linked to the communication terminal, based on position information from the communication terminal. 3. A network system comprising:
a communication terminal including an operation unit; a plurality of electronic devices; and a server, wherein the server is configured to transmit a prescribed operation command collectively to the plurality of electronic devices linked to the communication terminal, when the communication terminal receives a prescribed operation. 4. A network system comprising:
a communication terminal including a locking/unlocking mechanism configured to lock and unlock a door; a plurality of electronic devices; and a server, wherein the server is configured to transmit a prescribed operation command collectively to the plurality of electronic devices linked to the locking/unlocking mechanism, when the server receives data from the communication terminal indicating that the door is one of locked and unlocked. 5. The network system according to claim 1,
wherein when the server transmits a prescribed operation command collectively to the plurality of electronic devices, the server prompts a user, through the communication terminal, to approve the operation command. 6. The network system according to claim 1,
wherein the server is configured to store a plurality of operation commands for each of the plurality of electronic devices, and when the server collectively transmits a prescribed operation command to the plurality of electronic devices, the server extracts, from among the plurality of electronic devices, the electronic device executing a command different from a plurality of commands, and prompts approval of the prescribed operation command with respect to the extracted electronic device. 7. The network system according to claim 1,
wherein when the server transmits the prescribed operation command collectively to the plurality of electronic devices, the server also initiates a prescribed service. 8. The network system according to claim 1,
wherein the server is configured to use learning through artificial intelligence (AI) and acquire a habit of a user of the communication terminal, and propose, to the user, a collective prescribed operation command suited to the habit. | 1,600 |
348,829 | 16,806,349 | 1,643 | A carpet product including a primary backing layer and a plurality of yarn tufts. The plurality of yarn tufts are tufted in and extend upwardly from a top surface of the primary backing layer to form a tufted carpet product. The carpet product has an inner portion and a peripheral portion surrounding at least a portion of the inner portion and extending along at least one of the edges of the primary backing layer. The plurality of yarn tufts include a plurality of peripheral yarn tufts positioned within the peripheral portion of the tufted carpet product. A portion of the peripheral yarn tufts are anchored to other peripheral yarn tufts. At least a portion of each anchored peripheral yarn tuft is entangled with one or more of the other peripheral yarn tufts. | 1. A method comprising:
displacing a first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts of a tufted carpet product in an inward direction away from a periphery of the tufted carpet product to entangle a second plurality of peripheral yarn tufts of the tufted carpet product that are positioned inwardly of the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts, each of the first and second plurality of peripheral yarn tufts being tufted in and extending upwardly from a top surface of a primary backing layer of the tufted carpet product, wherein entanglement of the yarn tufts of the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts with the second plurality of peripheral yarn tufts anchors the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts to the second plurality of peripheral yarn tufts. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts and the second plurality of peripheral yarn tufts are positioned within a peripheral portion of the tufted carpet product, and wherein the peripheral portion of the tufted carpet product surrounds at least a portion of an inner portion of the tufted carpet product. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the peripheral portion of the tufted carpet product surrounds an entirety of the inner portion of the tufted carpet product. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts are displaced using at least one needle that is inserted into the first peripheral yarn tufts in the inward direction. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the at least one needle comprises a plurality of needles. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the tufted carpet product has an operative width between a first edge and a second edge, wherein the entanglement of the yarn tufts of the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts with the yarn tufts of the second plurality of peripheral yarn tufts extends inwardly from each of the first edge and the second edge by less than 30% of the operative width. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the tufted carpet product is a broadloom carpet. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the tufted carpet product is a carpet tile. 9. The method of claim 2, wherein the entanglement of the yarn tufts of the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts with the yarn tufts of the second plurality of peripheral yarn tufts causes the peripheral yarn tufts of the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts to have a mechanical stand fastness sufficient to prevent radial displacement of any peripheral yarn tuft of the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts beyond a reference plane that is positioned at a selected angle relative a vertical plane that is perpendicular to the primary backing layer, wherein the selected angle is less than 40 degrees. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the selected angle is less than 30 degrees. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the selected angle is less than 20 degrees. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the selected angle is less than 10 degrees. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the selected angle is about 0 degrees. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the selected angle is negative such that at least a portion of the peripheral yarn tuft of the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts is angled inwardly away from an edge of the carpet product. 15. The method of claim 2, wherein displacing the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts of the tufted carpet product in the inward direction to entangle the second plurality of peripheral yarn tufts of the tufted carpet product comprises entangling at least a portion of at least one peripheral yarn tuft of the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts with one or more yarn tufts within the inner portion of the tufted carpet product. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein displacing the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts of the tufted carpet product in the inward direction to entangle the second plurality of peripheral yarn tufts of the tufted carpet product comprises entangling at least one yarn tuft of the first plurality of yarn tufts with at least two other yarn tufts of the tufted carpet product. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein each peripheral yarn tuft of the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts comprises at least one filament having a tip, wherein displacing the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts of the tufted carpet product in the inward direction to entangle the second plurality of peripheral yarn tufts of the tufted carpet product comprises displacing the tip of each yarn tuft of the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts by a select distance, wherein the select distance ranges from about 0.1 inch to about 1.0 inch. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein displacing the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts of the tufted carpet product in the inward direction to entangle the second plurality of peripheral yarn tufts of the tufted carpet product comprises using a comb to displace the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts of the tufted carpet product in the inward direction. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein prior to the displacing of the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts, each yarn tuft of the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts extended substantially perpendicularly or perpendicularly relative to the primary backing layer. 20. A method comprising:
displacing a first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts of a tufted carpet product in an inward direction so that each yarn tuft of the first plurality of yarn tufts entangles at least one other tuft of the tufted carpet product in order to anchor the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts in a desired orientation relative to the primary backing layer, wherein each yarn tuft of the tufted carpet product is tufted in and extends upwardly from a top surface of a primary backing layer of the tufted carpet product. | A carpet product including a primary backing layer and a plurality of yarn tufts. The plurality of yarn tufts are tufted in and extend upwardly from a top surface of the primary backing layer to form a tufted carpet product. The carpet product has an inner portion and a peripheral portion surrounding at least a portion of the inner portion and extending along at least one of the edges of the primary backing layer. The plurality of yarn tufts include a plurality of peripheral yarn tufts positioned within the peripheral portion of the tufted carpet product. A portion of the peripheral yarn tufts are anchored to other peripheral yarn tufts. At least a portion of each anchored peripheral yarn tuft is entangled with one or more of the other peripheral yarn tufts.1. A method comprising:
displacing a first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts of a tufted carpet product in an inward direction away from a periphery of the tufted carpet product to entangle a second plurality of peripheral yarn tufts of the tufted carpet product that are positioned inwardly of the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts, each of the first and second plurality of peripheral yarn tufts being tufted in and extending upwardly from a top surface of a primary backing layer of the tufted carpet product, wherein entanglement of the yarn tufts of the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts with the second plurality of peripheral yarn tufts anchors the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts to the second plurality of peripheral yarn tufts. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts and the second plurality of peripheral yarn tufts are positioned within a peripheral portion of the tufted carpet product, and wherein the peripheral portion of the tufted carpet product surrounds at least a portion of an inner portion of the tufted carpet product. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the peripheral portion of the tufted carpet product surrounds an entirety of the inner portion of the tufted carpet product. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts are displaced using at least one needle that is inserted into the first peripheral yarn tufts in the inward direction. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the at least one needle comprises a plurality of needles. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the tufted carpet product has an operative width between a first edge and a second edge, wherein the entanglement of the yarn tufts of the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts with the yarn tufts of the second plurality of peripheral yarn tufts extends inwardly from each of the first edge and the second edge by less than 30% of the operative width. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the tufted carpet product is a broadloom carpet. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the tufted carpet product is a carpet tile. 9. The method of claim 2, wherein the entanglement of the yarn tufts of the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts with the yarn tufts of the second plurality of peripheral yarn tufts causes the peripheral yarn tufts of the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts to have a mechanical stand fastness sufficient to prevent radial displacement of any peripheral yarn tuft of the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts beyond a reference plane that is positioned at a selected angle relative a vertical plane that is perpendicular to the primary backing layer, wherein the selected angle is less than 40 degrees. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the selected angle is less than 30 degrees. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the selected angle is less than 20 degrees. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the selected angle is less than 10 degrees. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the selected angle is about 0 degrees. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the selected angle is negative such that at least a portion of the peripheral yarn tuft of the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts is angled inwardly away from an edge of the carpet product. 15. The method of claim 2, wherein displacing the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts of the tufted carpet product in the inward direction to entangle the second plurality of peripheral yarn tufts of the tufted carpet product comprises entangling at least a portion of at least one peripheral yarn tuft of the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts with one or more yarn tufts within the inner portion of the tufted carpet product. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein displacing the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts of the tufted carpet product in the inward direction to entangle the second plurality of peripheral yarn tufts of the tufted carpet product comprises entangling at least one yarn tuft of the first plurality of yarn tufts with at least two other yarn tufts of the tufted carpet product. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein each peripheral yarn tuft of the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts comprises at least one filament having a tip, wherein displacing the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts of the tufted carpet product in the inward direction to entangle the second plurality of peripheral yarn tufts of the tufted carpet product comprises displacing the tip of each yarn tuft of the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts by a select distance, wherein the select distance ranges from about 0.1 inch to about 1.0 inch. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein displacing the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts of the tufted carpet product in the inward direction to entangle the second plurality of peripheral yarn tufts of the tufted carpet product comprises using a comb to displace the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts of the tufted carpet product in the inward direction. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein prior to the displacing of the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts, each yarn tuft of the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts extended substantially perpendicularly or perpendicularly relative to the primary backing layer. 20. A method comprising:
displacing a first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts of a tufted carpet product in an inward direction so that each yarn tuft of the first plurality of yarn tufts entangles at least one other tuft of the tufted carpet product in order to anchor the first plurality of peripheral yarn tufts in a desired orientation relative to the primary backing layer, wherein each yarn tuft of the tufted carpet product is tufted in and extends upwardly from a top surface of a primary backing layer of the tufted carpet product. | 1,600 |
348,830 | 16,806,320 | 1,643 | A method of manufacturing a flexible electronic device is described. The method comprises arranging an electronic component on a temporary carrier, providing a flexible laminate comprising an adhesive layer, pressing the temporary carrier and the flexible laminate together with the adhesive layer facing the temporary carrier such that the electronic component is pushed into the adhesive layer, and removing the temporary carrier. Further, a corresponding flexible electronic device is described. | 1. A flexible printed circuit board, comprising:
an embedded electronic component. 2. The flexible printed circuit board according to claim 1, wherein the electronic component is a flexible electronic component. 3. The flexible printed circuit board according to claim 1, further comprising:
an electrically conductive layer, wherein the embedded electronic component comprises at least one contact terminal which is in direct contact with the electrically conductive layer. 4. The flexible printed circuit board according to claim 1, wherein the embedded electronic component is embedded in different insulating layers. 5. The flexible printed circuit according to claim 4, wherein the different insulating layers are comprised by a flexible laminate. 6. The flexible printed circuit according to claim 3, wherein the flexible printed circuit board comprises a further conductive layer, wherein the embedded electronic component is connected to the electrically conductive layer and the further conductive layer. 7. The flexible printed circuit board according to claim 1, wherein the embedded electronic component is a sensor. 8. The flexible printed circuit board according to claim 7, further comprising:
an opening exposing at least a part of the sensor. 9. The flexible printed circuit board according to claim 1, wherein the flexible printed circuit board is part of an electronic package. 10. The flexible printed circuit board according to claim 9, wherein the electronic package is a flexible electronic package. 11. A flexible electronic package, comprising:
a flexible printed circuit board, the flexible printed circuit board comprising an embedded electronic component. 12. The flexible electronic package according to claim 11, wherein the embedded electronic component is a flexible electronic component. 13. The flexible electronic package according to claim 11, further comprising:
a further flexible printed circuit board, the further flexible printed circuit board comprising a further electronic component. 14. The flexible electronic package according to claim 13, wherein the further electronic component is a flexible electronic component. 15. The flexible electronic package according to claim 13, further comprising:
a bonding layer, wherein the flexible printed circuit board and the further flexible printed circuit board are interconnected via the bonding layer. | A method of manufacturing a flexible electronic device is described. The method comprises arranging an electronic component on a temporary carrier, providing a flexible laminate comprising an adhesive layer, pressing the temporary carrier and the flexible laminate together with the adhesive layer facing the temporary carrier such that the electronic component is pushed into the adhesive layer, and removing the temporary carrier. Further, a corresponding flexible electronic device is described.1. A flexible printed circuit board, comprising:
an embedded electronic component. 2. The flexible printed circuit board according to claim 1, wherein the electronic component is a flexible electronic component. 3. The flexible printed circuit board according to claim 1, further comprising:
an electrically conductive layer, wherein the embedded electronic component comprises at least one contact terminal which is in direct contact with the electrically conductive layer. 4. The flexible printed circuit board according to claim 1, wherein the embedded electronic component is embedded in different insulating layers. 5. The flexible printed circuit according to claim 4, wherein the different insulating layers are comprised by a flexible laminate. 6. The flexible printed circuit according to claim 3, wherein the flexible printed circuit board comprises a further conductive layer, wherein the embedded electronic component is connected to the electrically conductive layer and the further conductive layer. 7. The flexible printed circuit board according to claim 1, wherein the embedded electronic component is a sensor. 8. The flexible printed circuit board according to claim 7, further comprising:
an opening exposing at least a part of the sensor. 9. The flexible printed circuit board according to claim 1, wherein the flexible printed circuit board is part of an electronic package. 10. The flexible printed circuit board according to claim 9, wherein the electronic package is a flexible electronic package. 11. A flexible electronic package, comprising:
a flexible printed circuit board, the flexible printed circuit board comprising an embedded electronic component. 12. The flexible electronic package according to claim 11, wherein the embedded electronic component is a flexible electronic component. 13. The flexible electronic package according to claim 11, further comprising:
a further flexible printed circuit board, the further flexible printed circuit board comprising a further electronic component. 14. The flexible electronic package according to claim 13, wherein the further electronic component is a flexible electronic component. 15. The flexible electronic package according to claim 13, further comprising:
a bonding layer, wherein the flexible printed circuit board and the further flexible printed circuit board are interconnected via the bonding layer. | 1,600 |
348,831 | 16,806,343 | 1,643 | Laser processing head (20) includes collimator lens (23) that converts laser light (70) into a parallel light beam; light-collecting lens (24) that collects laser light (70) converted into the parallel light beam; case (21) that contains collimator lens (23) and light-collecting lens (24); wavelength selection mirror (25) that is provided between collimator lens (23) and light-collecting lens (24) and transmits laser light (70) while reflecting light of a given wavelength different from that of laser light (70); and a transmission window provided at a position where the light of the given wavelength is transmitted and also where laser emission end face (61) of optical fiber (60) can be optically observed through wavelength selection mirror (25). | 1. A laser processing head that is connected to an optical fiber and radiates laser light wave-guided by the optical fiber toward a workpiece, comprising:
a collimator lens that converts the laser light into a parallel light beam; a light-collecting lens that collects the laser light converted into the parallel light beam; a case that contains the collimator lens and the light-collecting lens; a wavelength selection mirror that is provided in an optical path of the laser light between the collimator lens and the light-collecting lens and transmits the laser light, while reflecting light of a given wavelength different from a wavelength of the laser light; and a transmission window provided at a position where the light of the given wavelength is transmitted and also where a laser emission end face of the optical fiber can be optically observed through the wavelength selection mirror. 2. The laser processing head of claim 1, further comprising an optical block that is detachably provided between the collimator lens and the light-collecting lens in the case, has a the transmission window in a sidewall of the optical block, and contains the wavelength selection mirror. 3. An optical fiber inspection device connected to the laser processing head of claim 1, comprising:
an illumination light source that illuminates the laser emission end face with the light of the given wavelength different from the wavelength of the laser light, from the transmission window through the wavelength selection mirror; and an optical observation device that allows the laser emission end face illuminated by the illumination light source to be observed from the transmission window through the wavelength selection mirror. 4. An optical fiber inspection method by which the optical fiber connected to the laser processing head of claim 1 is inspected, comprising the steps of:
illuminating the laser emission end face with the light of the given wavelength different from the wavelength of the laser light, from the transmission window through the wavelength selection mirror;
optically observing the laser emission end face with the light of the given wavelength, from the transmission window through the wavelength selection mirror; and
inspecting conditions of the laser emission end face based on an observation result in the step of optically observing. | Laser processing head (20) includes collimator lens (23) that converts laser light (70) into a parallel light beam; light-collecting lens (24) that collects laser light (70) converted into the parallel light beam; case (21) that contains collimator lens (23) and light-collecting lens (24); wavelength selection mirror (25) that is provided between collimator lens (23) and light-collecting lens (24) and transmits laser light (70) while reflecting light of a given wavelength different from that of laser light (70); and a transmission window provided at a position where the light of the given wavelength is transmitted and also where laser emission end face (61) of optical fiber (60) can be optically observed through wavelength selection mirror (25).1. A laser processing head that is connected to an optical fiber and radiates laser light wave-guided by the optical fiber toward a workpiece, comprising:
a collimator lens that converts the laser light into a parallel light beam; a light-collecting lens that collects the laser light converted into the parallel light beam; a case that contains the collimator lens and the light-collecting lens; a wavelength selection mirror that is provided in an optical path of the laser light between the collimator lens and the light-collecting lens and transmits the laser light, while reflecting light of a given wavelength different from a wavelength of the laser light; and a transmission window provided at a position where the light of the given wavelength is transmitted and also where a laser emission end face of the optical fiber can be optically observed through the wavelength selection mirror. 2. The laser processing head of claim 1, further comprising an optical block that is detachably provided between the collimator lens and the light-collecting lens in the case, has a the transmission window in a sidewall of the optical block, and contains the wavelength selection mirror. 3. An optical fiber inspection device connected to the laser processing head of claim 1, comprising:
an illumination light source that illuminates the laser emission end face with the light of the given wavelength different from the wavelength of the laser light, from the transmission window through the wavelength selection mirror; and an optical observation device that allows the laser emission end face illuminated by the illumination light source to be observed from the transmission window through the wavelength selection mirror. 4. An optical fiber inspection method by which the optical fiber connected to the laser processing head of claim 1 is inspected, comprising the steps of:
illuminating the laser emission end face with the light of the given wavelength different from the wavelength of the laser light, from the transmission window through the wavelength selection mirror;
optically observing the laser emission end face with the light of the given wavelength, from the transmission window through the wavelength selection mirror; and
inspecting conditions of the laser emission end face based on an observation result in the step of optically observing. | 1,600 |
348,832 | 16,806,346 | 1,643 | A method for identifying a simulated social media account history is provided. The method may include querying a social media account to obtain social media identification information. The querying may determine whether the account history includes one or more parameters that indicate whether the social media account is related to an automated entity or a human entity. The parameters may include at least one of less than a threshold number of friends on the account; more than a threshold frequency of historic ticket purchases per unit time; disparate location of historic ticket purchases per unit time and/or a historic record of less than a threshold reaction time to a plurality of ticket offers. | 1. (canceled) 2. A method for identifying a simulated user third party data source account history, the method comprising:
querying a third part data source to obtain user information; receiving user information from the third party data source; compiling the user information from the third party data source to form a user account history; and determining whether the account history includes one or more parameters that indicate whether the user account history is more similar to a user profile associated with an automated entity or a user profile associated with a human entity. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the one or more parameters includes a determination of less than a threshold number of friends associated with the account. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the one or more parameters includes at a determination more than a threshold frequency of historic ticket purchases per unit time. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the one or more parameters includes a determination of a disparity of location of historic ticket purchases per unit time. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the one or more parameters includes a historic record of less than a threshold average reaction time to ticket offers. 7. The method of claim 2, further comprising monitoring the one or more parameters over a pre-determined period of time. 8. The method of claim 2, wherein the one or more parameters includes ticket purchasing history over a pre-predetermined period of time. 9. The method of claim 2, wherein the one or more parameters includes performance attendance over a pre-determined amount of time. 10. A method for identifying a simulated social media account history or a simulated third party data source profile, the method comprising:
querying a social media account to obtain social media account information or a third party data source to obtain user information; receiving social media account information from the social media account or receiving user information from the third party data source; compiling either or both of the social media account information from the social media account or the user information from the third party data source to form a user account history; and determining whether the account history includes one or more parameters that indicate whether the account history is related to an automated entity or a human entity. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the one or more parameters include a determination of less than a threshold number of friends associated with the account. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the one or more parameters include at a determination more than a threshold frequency of historic ticket purchases per unit time. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the one or more parameters include a determination of a disparity of location of historic ticket purchases per unit time. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the one or more parameters include a historic record of less than a threshold average reaction time to ticket offers. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the one or more parameters are monitored over a pre-determined period of time. 16. The method of claim 10, wherein the one or more parameters include ticket purchasing history over a pre-predetermined period of time. 17. The method of claim 10, wherein the one or more parameters include historical performance attendance over a pre-determined amount of time. 18. An article of manufacture comprising a non-transitory computer usable medium having computer readable program code embodied therein, the code when executed by one or more processors for configuring a computer to execute a method to identify automated ticket purchasers, the method comprising:
using a receiver to receive a plurality of logins, each of the logins intended for an event ticket purchase, each of the logins corresponding to third party data source information (βuser informationβ); using a processor to retrieve an account history associated with the user information; using the processor to calculate an index value based on the user information, said index value being based, at least in part, on the retrieved account history; using the processor to use an algorithm to categorize a first portion of the plurality of logins as human-based logins and a second portion of the plurality of logins as non-human-based logins; and following a pre-determined amount of time after the categorizing, substantially simultaneously replying to at least portion of the plurality of logins, said replying comprising providing a first set of pre-determined ticket purchasing opportunities to the human-based logins and a second set of pre-determined ticket purchasing opportunities to the non-human-based logins. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the plurality of logins are received at least 10 minutes prior to the replying. 20. The method of claim 18, further comprising using the processor to use a second algorithm to categorize a first portion of the plurality of logins as human-based logins, a second portion of the plurality of logins as non-human-based logins and a third portion of the plurality of logins as human-based priority logins. 21. The method of claim 20 wherein replying comprising providing a first set of pre-determined ticket purchasing opportunities to the human-based logins, a second set of pre-determined ticket purchasing opportunities to the non-human-based logins and a third set of pre-determined ticket purchasing opportunities to the priority set of human-based logins. | A method for identifying a simulated social media account history is provided. The method may include querying a social media account to obtain social media identification information. The querying may determine whether the account history includes one or more parameters that indicate whether the social media account is related to an automated entity or a human entity. The parameters may include at least one of less than a threshold number of friends on the account; more than a threshold frequency of historic ticket purchases per unit time; disparate location of historic ticket purchases per unit time and/or a historic record of less than a threshold reaction time to a plurality of ticket offers.1. (canceled) 2. A method for identifying a simulated user third party data source account history, the method comprising:
querying a third part data source to obtain user information; receiving user information from the third party data source; compiling the user information from the third party data source to form a user account history; and determining whether the account history includes one or more parameters that indicate whether the user account history is more similar to a user profile associated with an automated entity or a user profile associated with a human entity. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the one or more parameters includes a determination of less than a threshold number of friends associated with the account. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the one or more parameters includes at a determination more than a threshold frequency of historic ticket purchases per unit time. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the one or more parameters includes a determination of a disparity of location of historic ticket purchases per unit time. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the one or more parameters includes a historic record of less than a threshold average reaction time to ticket offers. 7. The method of claim 2, further comprising monitoring the one or more parameters over a pre-determined period of time. 8. The method of claim 2, wherein the one or more parameters includes ticket purchasing history over a pre-predetermined period of time. 9. The method of claim 2, wherein the one or more parameters includes performance attendance over a pre-determined amount of time. 10. A method for identifying a simulated social media account history or a simulated third party data source profile, the method comprising:
querying a social media account to obtain social media account information or a third party data source to obtain user information; receiving social media account information from the social media account or receiving user information from the third party data source; compiling either or both of the social media account information from the social media account or the user information from the third party data source to form a user account history; and determining whether the account history includes one or more parameters that indicate whether the account history is related to an automated entity or a human entity. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the one or more parameters include a determination of less than a threshold number of friends associated with the account. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the one or more parameters include at a determination more than a threshold frequency of historic ticket purchases per unit time. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the one or more parameters include a determination of a disparity of location of historic ticket purchases per unit time. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the one or more parameters include a historic record of less than a threshold average reaction time to ticket offers. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the one or more parameters are monitored over a pre-determined period of time. 16. The method of claim 10, wherein the one or more parameters include ticket purchasing history over a pre-predetermined period of time. 17. The method of claim 10, wherein the one or more parameters include historical performance attendance over a pre-determined amount of time. 18. An article of manufacture comprising a non-transitory computer usable medium having computer readable program code embodied therein, the code when executed by one or more processors for configuring a computer to execute a method to identify automated ticket purchasers, the method comprising:
using a receiver to receive a plurality of logins, each of the logins intended for an event ticket purchase, each of the logins corresponding to third party data source information (βuser informationβ); using a processor to retrieve an account history associated with the user information; using the processor to calculate an index value based on the user information, said index value being based, at least in part, on the retrieved account history; using the processor to use an algorithm to categorize a first portion of the plurality of logins as human-based logins and a second portion of the plurality of logins as non-human-based logins; and following a pre-determined amount of time after the categorizing, substantially simultaneously replying to at least portion of the plurality of logins, said replying comprising providing a first set of pre-determined ticket purchasing opportunities to the human-based logins and a second set of pre-determined ticket purchasing opportunities to the non-human-based logins. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the plurality of logins are received at least 10 minutes prior to the replying. 20. The method of claim 18, further comprising using the processor to use a second algorithm to categorize a first portion of the plurality of logins as human-based logins, a second portion of the plurality of logins as non-human-based logins and a third portion of the plurality of logins as human-based priority logins. 21. The method of claim 20 wherein replying comprising providing a first set of pre-determined ticket purchasing opportunities to the human-based logins, a second set of pre-determined ticket purchasing opportunities to the non-human-based logins and a third set of pre-determined ticket purchasing opportunities to the priority set of human-based logins. | 1,600 |
348,833 | 16,806,324 | 1,643 | A model integration method and device are provided. The method includes: obtaining an integrated model, the integrated model having one integrated output value and a plurality of input values, the plurality of input values corresponding to a plurality of output values of a plurality of independent models; performing one or more iterations of optimizing process until a preset iteration stop condition is satisfied: acquiring a prediction output by the integrated model based on a preset test event set; determining an index value of the integrated model based on the prediction output, the index value indicates a performance evaluation of the integrated model; if the index value fails to meet a preset performance requirement; after the preset iteration stop condition is satisfied, determining the integrated model as acceptable. | 1. A method for model integration, comprising:
obtaining an integrated model, the integrated model having one integrated output value and a plurality of input values, the plurality of input values corresponding to a plurality of output values of a plurality of independent models; performing one or more iterations of optimizing process until a preset iteration stop condition is satisfied, wherein the optimizing process comprises:
acquiring a prediction output by the integrated model based on a preset test event set;
determining an index value of the integrated model based on the prediction output, the index value indicates a performance evaluation of the integrated model;
if the index value fails to meet a preset performance requirement, optimizing the integrated model based on a preset optimization event set by performing one or more of following adjustments, wherein the preset optimization event set is different from the preset test event set:
refitting the integrated model by adjusting a plurality of integration weights respectively corresponding to the plurality of independent models; and
refitting one or more of the plurality of independent models by adjusting one or more parameters associated with each of the one or more independent models, wherein each of the parameters corresponds to an input to the each independent model; and
after the preset iteration stop condition is satisfied, determining the integrated model as acceptable. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the preset iteration stop condition comprises a requirement that the index value satisfies the preset performance requirement, or a number of the one or more iterations reaches a preset threshold. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the optimizing the integrated model comprises:
performing the refitting the integrated model in a first iteration; and if the preset performance requirement is not satisfied, performing the refitting one or more of the plurality of independent models in subsequent iterations. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the optimizing the integrated model further comprises:
retraining the integrated model to acquire a new integrated model after removing one or more independent models from the plurality of independent models to provide inputs to the integrated model, or after adding one or more new independent models to the plurality of independent models to provide inputs to the integrated model. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the refitting one or more of the plurality of independent models comprises:
sorting the plurality of independent models based on the plurality of corresponding integration weights; selecting one of the plurality of independent models that have not been refitted and has a highest integration weight; and refitting the selected independent model. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the optimizing the integrated model further comprises:
retraining one or more of the plurality of independent models to acquire one or more new independent models after removing or adding input features to each of the one or more independent models. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the obtaining an integrated model comprises:
obtaining a set of historical event data records, each comprising a plurality of predicted values generated by the plurality of independent models and an integrated label value, wherein each of the plurality of predicted values is within a predicted value range associated with the corresponding independent model; dividing the predicted value range associated with the corresponding independent model into a plurality of subintervals, wherein each of the plurality of predicted values falls into one of the plurality of subintervals; converting, for each of the set of historical event data records, the plurality of predicted values respectively to a plurality of encoded values; obtaining a training data set based on the set of historical event data records, wherein each training data of the training data set is associated with a plurality of eigenvalues determined based on the plurality of corresponding encoded values; and training the integrated model by a supervised learning algorithm based on the training data set. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the converting, for each of the set of historical event data records, the plurality of predicted values respectively to a plurality of encoded values comprises:
converting the plurality of predicted values respectively to a plurality of One-Hot encoded values, wherein each of the plurality of One-Hot encoded values comprises a plurality of bits, and a quantity of the plurality of bits equals to a quantity of the plurality of subintervals. 9. The method according to claim 7, wherein the converting, for each of the set of historical event data records, the plurality of predicted values respectively to a plurality of encoded values comprises:
for each independent model of the plurality of independent models, determining a plurality of weight of evidence (WOE) scores respectively for the plurality of subintervals; and converting each predicted value from the independent model to a WOE score corresponding to a subinterval of the plurality of subintervals in which the each predicted value belongs. 10. A system for model integration, comprising one or more processors and one or more non-transitory computer-readable memories coupled to the one or more processors and configured with instructions executable by the one or more processors to cause the system to perform operations comprising:
obtaining an integrated model, the integrated model having one integrated output value and a plurality of input values, the plurality of input values corresponding to a plurality of output values of a plurality of independent models; performing one or more iterations of optimizing process until a preset iteration stop condition is satisfied, wherein the optimizing process comprises:
acquiring a prediction output by the integrated model based on a preset test event set;
determining an index value of the integrated model based on the prediction output, the index value indicates a performance evaluation of the integrated model;
if the index value fails to meet a preset performance requirement, optimizing the integrated model based on a preset optimization event set by performing one or more of following adjustments, wherein the preset optimization event set is different from the preset test event set:
refitting the integrated model by adjusting a plurality of integration weights respectively corresponding to the plurality of independent models; and
refitting one or more of the plurality of independent models by adjusting one or more parameters associated with each of the one or more independent models, wherein each of the parameters corresponds to an input to the each independent model; and
after the preset iteration stop condition is satisfied, determining the integrated model as acceptable. 11. The system according to claim 10, wherein the preset iteration stop condition comprises a requirement that the index value satisfies the preset performance requirement, or a number of the one or more iterations reaches a preset threshold. 12. The system according to claim 10, wherein the optimizing the integrated model comprises:
performing the refitting the integrated model in a first iteration; and if the preset performance requirement is not satisfied, performing the refitting one or more of the plurality of independent models in subsequent iterations. 13. The system according to claim 10, wherein the refitting one or more of the plurality of independent models comprises:
sorting the plurality of independent models based on the plurality of corresponding integration weights; selecting one of the plurality of independent models that have not been refitted and has a highest integration weight; and refitting the selected independent model. 14. The system according to claim 10, wherein the obtaining an integrated model comprises:
obtaining a set of historical event data records, each comprising a plurality of predicted values generated by the plurality of independent models and an integrated label value, wherein each of the plurality of predicted values is within a predicted value range associated with the corresponding independent model; dividing the predicted value range associated with the corresponding independent model into a plurality of subintervals, wherein each of the plurality of predicted values falls into one of the plurality of subintervals; converting, for each of the set of historical event data records, the plurality of predicted values respectively to a plurality of encoded values; obtaining a training data set based on the set of historical event data records, wherein each training data of the training data set is associated with a plurality of eigenvalues determined based on the plurality of corresponding encoded values; and training the integrated model by a supervised learning algorithm based on the training data set. 15. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium for model integration configured with instructions executable by one or more processors to cause the one or more processors to perform operations comprising:
obtaining an integrated model, the integrated model having one integrated output value and a plurality of input values, the plurality of input values corresponding to a plurality of output values of a plurality of independent models; performing one or more iterations of optimizing process until a preset iteration stop condition is satisfied, wherein the optimizing process comprises:
acquiring a prediction output by the integrated model based on a preset test event set;
determining an index value of the integrated model based on the prediction output, the index value indicates a performance evaluation of the integrated model;
if the index value fails to meet a preset performance requirement, optimizing the integrated model based on a preset optimization event set by performing one or more of following adjustments, wherein the preset optimization event set is different from the preset test event set:
refitting the integrated model by adjusting a plurality of integration weights respectively corresponding to the plurality of independent models; and
refitting one or more of the plurality of independent models by adjusting one or more parameters associated with each of the one or more independent models, wherein each of the parameters corresponds to an input to the each independent model; and
after the preset iteration stop condition is satisfied, determining the integrated model as acceptable. 16. The storage medium according to claim 15, wherein the preset iteration stop condition comprises a requirement that the index value satisfies the preset performance requirement, or a number of the one or more iterations reaches a preset threshold. 17. The storage medium according to claim 15, wherein the optimizing the integrated model comprises:
performing the refitting the integrated model in a first iteration; and if the preset performance requirement is not satisfied, performing the refitting one or more of the plurality of independent models in subsequent iterations. 18. The storage medium according to claim 15, wherein the refitting one or more of the plurality of independent models comprises:
sorting the plurality of independent models based on the plurality of corresponding integration weights; selecting one of the plurality of independent models that have not been refitted and has a highest integration weight; and refitting the selected independent model. 19. The storage medium according to claim 15, wherein the optimizing the integrated model further comprises:
retraining one or more of the plurality of independent models to acquire one or more new independent models after removing or adding input features to each of the one or more independent models. 20. The storage medium according to claim 15, wherein the obtaining an integrated model comprises:
obtaining a set of historical event data records, each comprising a plurality of predicted values generated by the plurality of independent models and an integrated label value, wherein each of the plurality of predicted values is within a predicted value range associated with the corresponding independent model; dividing the predicted value range associated with the corresponding independent model into a plurality of subintervals, wherein each of the plurality of predicted values falls into one of the plurality of subintervals; converting, for each of the set of historical event data records, the plurality of predicted values respectively to a plurality of encoded values; obtaining a training data set based on the set of historical event data records, wherein each training data of the training data set is associated with a plurality of eigenvalues determined based on the plurality of corresponding encoded values; and training the integrated model by a supervised learning algorithm based on the training data set. | A model integration method and device are provided. The method includes: obtaining an integrated model, the integrated model having one integrated output value and a plurality of input values, the plurality of input values corresponding to a plurality of output values of a plurality of independent models; performing one or more iterations of optimizing process until a preset iteration stop condition is satisfied: acquiring a prediction output by the integrated model based on a preset test event set; determining an index value of the integrated model based on the prediction output, the index value indicates a performance evaluation of the integrated model; if the index value fails to meet a preset performance requirement; after the preset iteration stop condition is satisfied, determining the integrated model as acceptable.1. A method for model integration, comprising:
obtaining an integrated model, the integrated model having one integrated output value and a plurality of input values, the plurality of input values corresponding to a plurality of output values of a plurality of independent models; performing one or more iterations of optimizing process until a preset iteration stop condition is satisfied, wherein the optimizing process comprises:
acquiring a prediction output by the integrated model based on a preset test event set;
determining an index value of the integrated model based on the prediction output, the index value indicates a performance evaluation of the integrated model;
if the index value fails to meet a preset performance requirement, optimizing the integrated model based on a preset optimization event set by performing one or more of following adjustments, wherein the preset optimization event set is different from the preset test event set:
refitting the integrated model by adjusting a plurality of integration weights respectively corresponding to the plurality of independent models; and
refitting one or more of the plurality of independent models by adjusting one or more parameters associated with each of the one or more independent models, wherein each of the parameters corresponds to an input to the each independent model; and
after the preset iteration stop condition is satisfied, determining the integrated model as acceptable. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the preset iteration stop condition comprises a requirement that the index value satisfies the preset performance requirement, or a number of the one or more iterations reaches a preset threshold. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the optimizing the integrated model comprises:
performing the refitting the integrated model in a first iteration; and if the preset performance requirement is not satisfied, performing the refitting one or more of the plurality of independent models in subsequent iterations. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the optimizing the integrated model further comprises:
retraining the integrated model to acquire a new integrated model after removing one or more independent models from the plurality of independent models to provide inputs to the integrated model, or after adding one or more new independent models to the plurality of independent models to provide inputs to the integrated model. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the refitting one or more of the plurality of independent models comprises:
sorting the plurality of independent models based on the plurality of corresponding integration weights; selecting one of the plurality of independent models that have not been refitted and has a highest integration weight; and refitting the selected independent model. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the optimizing the integrated model further comprises:
retraining one or more of the plurality of independent models to acquire one or more new independent models after removing or adding input features to each of the one or more independent models. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the obtaining an integrated model comprises:
obtaining a set of historical event data records, each comprising a plurality of predicted values generated by the plurality of independent models and an integrated label value, wherein each of the plurality of predicted values is within a predicted value range associated with the corresponding independent model; dividing the predicted value range associated with the corresponding independent model into a plurality of subintervals, wherein each of the plurality of predicted values falls into one of the plurality of subintervals; converting, for each of the set of historical event data records, the plurality of predicted values respectively to a plurality of encoded values; obtaining a training data set based on the set of historical event data records, wherein each training data of the training data set is associated with a plurality of eigenvalues determined based on the plurality of corresponding encoded values; and training the integrated model by a supervised learning algorithm based on the training data set. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the converting, for each of the set of historical event data records, the plurality of predicted values respectively to a plurality of encoded values comprises:
converting the plurality of predicted values respectively to a plurality of One-Hot encoded values, wherein each of the plurality of One-Hot encoded values comprises a plurality of bits, and a quantity of the plurality of bits equals to a quantity of the plurality of subintervals. 9. The method according to claim 7, wherein the converting, for each of the set of historical event data records, the plurality of predicted values respectively to a plurality of encoded values comprises:
for each independent model of the plurality of independent models, determining a plurality of weight of evidence (WOE) scores respectively for the plurality of subintervals; and converting each predicted value from the independent model to a WOE score corresponding to a subinterval of the plurality of subintervals in which the each predicted value belongs. 10. A system for model integration, comprising one or more processors and one or more non-transitory computer-readable memories coupled to the one or more processors and configured with instructions executable by the one or more processors to cause the system to perform operations comprising:
obtaining an integrated model, the integrated model having one integrated output value and a plurality of input values, the plurality of input values corresponding to a plurality of output values of a plurality of independent models; performing one or more iterations of optimizing process until a preset iteration stop condition is satisfied, wherein the optimizing process comprises:
acquiring a prediction output by the integrated model based on a preset test event set;
determining an index value of the integrated model based on the prediction output, the index value indicates a performance evaluation of the integrated model;
if the index value fails to meet a preset performance requirement, optimizing the integrated model based on a preset optimization event set by performing one or more of following adjustments, wherein the preset optimization event set is different from the preset test event set:
refitting the integrated model by adjusting a plurality of integration weights respectively corresponding to the plurality of independent models; and
refitting one or more of the plurality of independent models by adjusting one or more parameters associated with each of the one or more independent models, wherein each of the parameters corresponds to an input to the each independent model; and
after the preset iteration stop condition is satisfied, determining the integrated model as acceptable. 11. The system according to claim 10, wherein the preset iteration stop condition comprises a requirement that the index value satisfies the preset performance requirement, or a number of the one or more iterations reaches a preset threshold. 12. The system according to claim 10, wherein the optimizing the integrated model comprises:
performing the refitting the integrated model in a first iteration; and if the preset performance requirement is not satisfied, performing the refitting one or more of the plurality of independent models in subsequent iterations. 13. The system according to claim 10, wherein the refitting one or more of the plurality of independent models comprises:
sorting the plurality of independent models based on the plurality of corresponding integration weights; selecting one of the plurality of independent models that have not been refitted and has a highest integration weight; and refitting the selected independent model. 14. The system according to claim 10, wherein the obtaining an integrated model comprises:
obtaining a set of historical event data records, each comprising a plurality of predicted values generated by the plurality of independent models and an integrated label value, wherein each of the plurality of predicted values is within a predicted value range associated with the corresponding independent model; dividing the predicted value range associated with the corresponding independent model into a plurality of subintervals, wherein each of the plurality of predicted values falls into one of the plurality of subintervals; converting, for each of the set of historical event data records, the plurality of predicted values respectively to a plurality of encoded values; obtaining a training data set based on the set of historical event data records, wherein each training data of the training data set is associated with a plurality of eigenvalues determined based on the plurality of corresponding encoded values; and training the integrated model by a supervised learning algorithm based on the training data set. 15. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium for model integration configured with instructions executable by one or more processors to cause the one or more processors to perform operations comprising:
obtaining an integrated model, the integrated model having one integrated output value and a plurality of input values, the plurality of input values corresponding to a plurality of output values of a plurality of independent models; performing one or more iterations of optimizing process until a preset iteration stop condition is satisfied, wherein the optimizing process comprises:
acquiring a prediction output by the integrated model based on a preset test event set;
determining an index value of the integrated model based on the prediction output, the index value indicates a performance evaluation of the integrated model;
if the index value fails to meet a preset performance requirement, optimizing the integrated model based on a preset optimization event set by performing one or more of following adjustments, wherein the preset optimization event set is different from the preset test event set:
refitting the integrated model by adjusting a plurality of integration weights respectively corresponding to the plurality of independent models; and
refitting one or more of the plurality of independent models by adjusting one or more parameters associated with each of the one or more independent models, wherein each of the parameters corresponds to an input to the each independent model; and
after the preset iteration stop condition is satisfied, determining the integrated model as acceptable. 16. The storage medium according to claim 15, wherein the preset iteration stop condition comprises a requirement that the index value satisfies the preset performance requirement, or a number of the one or more iterations reaches a preset threshold. 17. The storage medium according to claim 15, wherein the optimizing the integrated model comprises:
performing the refitting the integrated model in a first iteration; and if the preset performance requirement is not satisfied, performing the refitting one or more of the plurality of independent models in subsequent iterations. 18. The storage medium according to claim 15, wherein the refitting one or more of the plurality of independent models comprises:
sorting the plurality of independent models based on the plurality of corresponding integration weights; selecting one of the plurality of independent models that have not been refitted and has a highest integration weight; and refitting the selected independent model. 19. The storage medium according to claim 15, wherein the optimizing the integrated model further comprises:
retraining one or more of the plurality of independent models to acquire one or more new independent models after removing or adding input features to each of the one or more independent models. 20. The storage medium according to claim 15, wherein the obtaining an integrated model comprises:
obtaining a set of historical event data records, each comprising a plurality of predicted values generated by the plurality of independent models and an integrated label value, wherein each of the plurality of predicted values is within a predicted value range associated with the corresponding independent model; dividing the predicted value range associated with the corresponding independent model into a plurality of subintervals, wherein each of the plurality of predicted values falls into one of the plurality of subintervals; converting, for each of the set of historical event data records, the plurality of predicted values respectively to a plurality of encoded values; obtaining a training data set based on the set of historical event data records, wherein each training data of the training data set is associated with a plurality of eigenvalues determined based on the plurality of corresponding encoded values; and training the integrated model by a supervised learning algorithm based on the training data set. | 1,600 |
348,834 | 16,806,352 | 3,652 | A scooper assembly has a scoop container attached to the end of a hiking stick and a bag-retainer for retaining a roil of waste collection bags. The container is configured with a set of teeth that extend out from the bottom of the inlet opening and an outlet opening on the back of the container is configured for dumping feces from the container. The container is configured to retain a bag around the back outlet opening. The bag-retainer has a slot for pulling the end of the roll of bags therethrough, bag-teeth to aid in tearing a bag off from the roll, and a cleat and tray for holding a filled bag. A light-mount is configured to allow positioning of a light in any direction and a detachable rake may be alternately used to collect feces. A receptacle for personal articles and for pepper spray is provided. | 1. A scooper assembly for collecting feces comprising:
a) a hiking stick having a length from a handle end to a container end; b) a handle configured on the handle end; c) a bag-retainer comprising:
i) a bag roll receiver;
ii) a bag-slot in the bag roll receiver to allow an extended end of a roll of bags to pass therethrough; and
iii) a cleat comprising two vertical slots for receiving and retaining a filled bag that has feces collected therein 2. The scooper assembly of claim 1, wherein the bag-retainer is detachably attachable to the hiking stick and comprises a bag-clip that extends at least partially around the hiking stick. 3. The scooper assembly of claim 1, wherein the bag-retainer further comprises bag-teeth configured on a vertical arm to engage with perforations in the roll of bags to separate a bag from the roll of bags. 4. The scooper assembly of claim 1, further comprising a filled bag tray for receiving and retaining said filled bag, and wherein the filled bag tray is configured under the bag-retainer and cleat, whereby a filled end of the filled bag is configured for retention in the filled bag tray and a tied end of the filled bag is configured for retention in the cleat. 5. The scooper assembly of claim 1, wherein the bag-retainer further comprises a bag core interface extending from the bag roll receiver for receiving and retaining said roll of bags. 6. The scooper assembly of claim 5, further comprising a filled bag tray for receiving and retaining said filled bag, and wherein the filled bag tray is configured under the bag-retainer and cleat, whereby a filled end of the filled bag is configured for retention in the filled bag tray and a tied end of the filled bag is configured for retention in the cleat. 7. The scooper assembly of claim 1, further comprising a receptacle attached to the hiking stick. 8. The scooper assembly of claim 7, wherein the receptacle is detachably attached to the hiking stick by a receptacle-clip. 9. The scooper assembly of claim 1, further comprising a light-mount attached to the hiking stick and comprising:
a) an insert end; b) a protrusion end; c) a plurality of leaves tapering down toward the protrusion end and configured to expand outward when a light is inserted therethrough; d) a light pivot between the light-mount and light-mount clip that allows for 360-degree rotation of the light-mount. 10. The scooper assembly of claim 9, wherein the light-mount is detachably attached to the hiking stick by a light-mount clip. 11. A scooper assembly for collecting feces comprising:
a) a hiking stick having a length from a handle end to a container end; b) a handle configured on the handle end; c) a bag-retainer comprising:
i) a bag roll receiver;
ii) a bag-slot in the bag roll receiver to allow an extended end of a roll of bags to pass therethrough; and
iii) a bag core interface extending from the bag roll receiver for receiving and retaining said roll of bags
d) a container coupled to the container end of the hiking stick and comprising:
iv) an interior for receiving and retaining feces;
v) a front having an inlet opening for receiving said feces therethrough;
vi) a plurality of teeth extending from the front of the container;
vii) a back having an outlet opening for disposing feces from the container interior;
viii) a clip coupled to the container;
wherein the container is configured to retain a bag by the clip with an opening of the bag extended around the outlet opening of the container to receive said feces collected in the container. 12. The scooper assembly of claim 11, further comprising a door coupled to the back of the container and comprising a pivot to enable said door to pivot from a dosed position, wherein it covers at least a portion of the outlet opening to an open position to allow said feces collected in the container to be dumped through the outlet opening. 13. The scooper assembly of claim 11, wherein the container is detachably attached to the hiking stick by a threaded attachment feature. 14. The scooper assembly of claim 11, wherein the dip comprises a dip flange that extends outward from the container body to retain a bag thereover. 15. The scooper assembly of claim 11. comprising a clip on a top, a left side and a right side of the container. 16. The scooper assembly of claim 11, further comprising a plurality of teeth that extend from the front of the container to extended ends. 17. The scooper assembly of claim 16, wherein the extended ends of the plurality of teeth form a concave shape. 18. The scooper assembly of claim 17, wherein the plurality of teeth extend up from the bottom of the container at an incline angle of at least 5 degrees. 19. The scooper assembly of claim 11, further comprising a rake detachably attached to the hiking stick by a rake retainer clip. 20. A scooper assembly for collecting feces comprising:
a) a hiking stick having a length from a handle end to a container end: b) a handle connected to the handle end; c) a bag-retainer comprising:
i) a bag roll receiver;
ii) a bag-slot in the bag roll receiver to allow an extended end of a roll of bags to pass therethrough; and
iii) a bag core interface extending from the bag roll receiver for receiving and retaining said roll of bags.
d) a container coupled to the container end of the hiking stick and comprising:
iv) an interior for receiving and retaining feces;
v) a front having an inlet opening for receiving said feces therethrough;
vi) a plurality of teeth extending from the front of the container;
vii) a back having an outlet opening for disposing feces from the container interior;
viii) a dip coupled to the container;
wherein the container is configured to retain a bag by the dip with an opening of the bag extended around the outlet opening of the container to receive said feces collected in the container. | A scooper assembly has a scoop container attached to the end of a hiking stick and a bag-retainer for retaining a roil of waste collection bags. The container is configured with a set of teeth that extend out from the bottom of the inlet opening and an outlet opening on the back of the container is configured for dumping feces from the container. The container is configured to retain a bag around the back outlet opening. The bag-retainer has a slot for pulling the end of the roll of bags therethrough, bag-teeth to aid in tearing a bag off from the roll, and a cleat and tray for holding a filled bag. A light-mount is configured to allow positioning of a light in any direction and a detachable rake may be alternately used to collect feces. A receptacle for personal articles and for pepper spray is provided.1. A scooper assembly for collecting feces comprising:
a) a hiking stick having a length from a handle end to a container end; b) a handle configured on the handle end; c) a bag-retainer comprising:
i) a bag roll receiver;
ii) a bag-slot in the bag roll receiver to allow an extended end of a roll of bags to pass therethrough; and
iii) a cleat comprising two vertical slots for receiving and retaining a filled bag that has feces collected therein 2. The scooper assembly of claim 1, wherein the bag-retainer is detachably attachable to the hiking stick and comprises a bag-clip that extends at least partially around the hiking stick. 3. The scooper assembly of claim 1, wherein the bag-retainer further comprises bag-teeth configured on a vertical arm to engage with perforations in the roll of bags to separate a bag from the roll of bags. 4. The scooper assembly of claim 1, further comprising a filled bag tray for receiving and retaining said filled bag, and wherein the filled bag tray is configured under the bag-retainer and cleat, whereby a filled end of the filled bag is configured for retention in the filled bag tray and a tied end of the filled bag is configured for retention in the cleat. 5. The scooper assembly of claim 1, wherein the bag-retainer further comprises a bag core interface extending from the bag roll receiver for receiving and retaining said roll of bags. 6. The scooper assembly of claim 5, further comprising a filled bag tray for receiving and retaining said filled bag, and wherein the filled bag tray is configured under the bag-retainer and cleat, whereby a filled end of the filled bag is configured for retention in the filled bag tray and a tied end of the filled bag is configured for retention in the cleat. 7. The scooper assembly of claim 1, further comprising a receptacle attached to the hiking stick. 8. The scooper assembly of claim 7, wherein the receptacle is detachably attached to the hiking stick by a receptacle-clip. 9. The scooper assembly of claim 1, further comprising a light-mount attached to the hiking stick and comprising:
a) an insert end; b) a protrusion end; c) a plurality of leaves tapering down toward the protrusion end and configured to expand outward when a light is inserted therethrough; d) a light pivot between the light-mount and light-mount clip that allows for 360-degree rotation of the light-mount. 10. The scooper assembly of claim 9, wherein the light-mount is detachably attached to the hiking stick by a light-mount clip. 11. A scooper assembly for collecting feces comprising:
a) a hiking stick having a length from a handle end to a container end; b) a handle configured on the handle end; c) a bag-retainer comprising:
i) a bag roll receiver;
ii) a bag-slot in the bag roll receiver to allow an extended end of a roll of bags to pass therethrough; and
iii) a bag core interface extending from the bag roll receiver for receiving and retaining said roll of bags
d) a container coupled to the container end of the hiking stick and comprising:
iv) an interior for receiving and retaining feces;
v) a front having an inlet opening for receiving said feces therethrough;
vi) a plurality of teeth extending from the front of the container;
vii) a back having an outlet opening for disposing feces from the container interior;
viii) a clip coupled to the container;
wherein the container is configured to retain a bag by the clip with an opening of the bag extended around the outlet opening of the container to receive said feces collected in the container. 12. The scooper assembly of claim 11, further comprising a door coupled to the back of the container and comprising a pivot to enable said door to pivot from a dosed position, wherein it covers at least a portion of the outlet opening to an open position to allow said feces collected in the container to be dumped through the outlet opening. 13. The scooper assembly of claim 11, wherein the container is detachably attached to the hiking stick by a threaded attachment feature. 14. The scooper assembly of claim 11, wherein the dip comprises a dip flange that extends outward from the container body to retain a bag thereover. 15. The scooper assembly of claim 11. comprising a clip on a top, a left side and a right side of the container. 16. The scooper assembly of claim 11, further comprising a plurality of teeth that extend from the front of the container to extended ends. 17. The scooper assembly of claim 16, wherein the extended ends of the plurality of teeth form a concave shape. 18. The scooper assembly of claim 17, wherein the plurality of teeth extend up from the bottom of the container at an incline angle of at least 5 degrees. 19. The scooper assembly of claim 11, further comprising a rake detachably attached to the hiking stick by a rake retainer clip. 20. A scooper assembly for collecting feces comprising:
a) a hiking stick having a length from a handle end to a container end: b) a handle connected to the handle end; c) a bag-retainer comprising:
i) a bag roll receiver;
ii) a bag-slot in the bag roll receiver to allow an extended end of a roll of bags to pass therethrough; and
iii) a bag core interface extending from the bag roll receiver for receiving and retaining said roll of bags.
d) a container coupled to the container end of the hiking stick and comprising:
iv) an interior for receiving and retaining feces;
v) a front having an inlet opening for receiving said feces therethrough;
vi) a plurality of teeth extending from the front of the container;
vii) a back having an outlet opening for disposing feces from the container interior;
viii) a dip coupled to the container;
wherein the container is configured to retain a bag by the dip with an opening of the bag extended around the outlet opening of the container to receive said feces collected in the container. | 3,600 |
348,835 | 16,806,335 | 3,652 | A scooper assembly has a scoop container attached to the end of a hiking stick and a bag-retainer for retaining a roil of waste collection bags. The container is configured with a set of teeth that extend out from the bottom of the inlet opening and an outlet opening on the back of the container is configured for dumping feces from the container. The container is configured to retain a bag around the back outlet opening. The bag-retainer has a slot for pulling the end of the roll of bags therethrough, bag-teeth to aid in tearing a bag off from the roll, and a cleat and tray for holding a filled bag. A light-mount is configured to allow positioning of a light in any direction and a detachable rake may be alternately used to collect feces. A receptacle for personal articles and for pepper spray is provided. | 1. A scooper assembly for collecting feces comprising:
a) a hiking stick having a length from a handle end to a container end; b) a handle configured on the handle end; c) a bag-retainer comprising:
i) a bag roll receiver;
ii) a bag-slot in the bag roll receiver to allow an extended end of a roll of bags to pass therethrough; and
iii) a cleat comprising two vertical slots for receiving and retaining a filled bag that has feces collected therein 2. The scooper assembly of claim 1, wherein the bag-retainer is detachably attachable to the hiking stick and comprises a bag-clip that extends at least partially around the hiking stick. 3. The scooper assembly of claim 1, wherein the bag-retainer further comprises bag-teeth configured on a vertical arm to engage with perforations in the roll of bags to separate a bag from the roll of bags. 4. The scooper assembly of claim 1, further comprising a filled bag tray for receiving and retaining said filled bag, and wherein the filled bag tray is configured under the bag-retainer and cleat, whereby a filled end of the filled bag is configured for retention in the filled bag tray and a tied end of the filled bag is configured for retention in the cleat. 5. The scooper assembly of claim 1, wherein the bag-retainer further comprises a bag core interface extending from the bag roll receiver for receiving and retaining said roll of bags. 6. The scooper assembly of claim 5, further comprising a filled bag tray for receiving and retaining said filled bag, and wherein the filled bag tray is configured under the bag-retainer and cleat, whereby a filled end of the filled bag is configured for retention in the filled bag tray and a tied end of the filled bag is configured for retention in the cleat. 7. The scooper assembly of claim 1, further comprising a receptacle attached to the hiking stick. 8. The scooper assembly of claim 7, wherein the receptacle is detachably attached to the hiking stick by a receptacle-clip. 9. The scooper assembly of claim 1, further comprising a light-mount attached to the hiking stick and comprising:
a) an insert end; b) a protrusion end; c) a plurality of leaves tapering down toward the protrusion end and configured to expand outward when a light is inserted therethrough; d) a light pivot between the light-mount and light-mount clip that allows for 360-degree rotation of the light-mount. 10. The scooper assembly of claim 9, wherein the light-mount is detachably attached to the hiking stick by a light-mount clip. 11. A scooper assembly for collecting feces comprising:
a) a hiking stick having a length from a handle end to a container end; b) a handle configured on the handle end; c) a bag-retainer comprising:
i) a bag roll receiver;
ii) a bag-slot in the bag roll receiver to allow an extended end of a roll of bags to pass therethrough; and
iii) a bag core interface extending from the bag roll receiver for receiving and retaining said roll of bags
d) a container coupled to the container end of the hiking stick and comprising:
iv) an interior for receiving and retaining feces;
v) a front having an inlet opening for receiving said feces therethrough;
vi) a plurality of teeth extending from the front of the container;
vii) a back having an outlet opening for disposing feces from the container interior;
viii) a clip coupled to the container;
wherein the container is configured to retain a bag by the clip with an opening of the bag extended around the outlet opening of the container to receive said feces collected in the container. 12. The scooper assembly of claim 11, further comprising a door coupled to the back of the container and comprising a pivot to enable said door to pivot from a dosed position, wherein it covers at least a portion of the outlet opening to an open position to allow said feces collected in the container to be dumped through the outlet opening. 13. The scooper assembly of claim 11, wherein the container is detachably attached to the hiking stick by a threaded attachment feature. 14. The scooper assembly of claim 11, wherein the dip comprises a dip flange that extends outward from the container body to retain a bag thereover. 15. The scooper assembly of claim 11. comprising a clip on a top, a left side and a right side of the container. 16. The scooper assembly of claim 11, further comprising a plurality of teeth that extend from the front of the container to extended ends. 17. The scooper assembly of claim 16, wherein the extended ends of the plurality of teeth form a concave shape. 18. The scooper assembly of claim 17, wherein the plurality of teeth extend up from the bottom of the container at an incline angle of at least 5 degrees. 19. The scooper assembly of claim 11, further comprising a rake detachably attached to the hiking stick by a rake retainer clip. 20. A scooper assembly for collecting feces comprising:
a) a hiking stick having a length from a handle end to a container end: b) a handle connected to the handle end; c) a bag-retainer comprising:
i) a bag roll receiver;
ii) a bag-slot in the bag roll receiver to allow an extended end of a roll of bags to pass therethrough; and
iii) a bag core interface extending from the bag roll receiver for receiving and retaining said roll of bags.
d) a container coupled to the container end of the hiking stick and comprising:
iv) an interior for receiving and retaining feces;
v) a front having an inlet opening for receiving said feces therethrough;
vi) a plurality of teeth extending from the front of the container;
vii) a back having an outlet opening for disposing feces from the container interior;
viii) a dip coupled to the container;
wherein the container is configured to retain a bag by the dip with an opening of the bag extended around the outlet opening of the container to receive said feces collected in the container. | A scooper assembly has a scoop container attached to the end of a hiking stick and a bag-retainer for retaining a roil of waste collection bags. The container is configured with a set of teeth that extend out from the bottom of the inlet opening and an outlet opening on the back of the container is configured for dumping feces from the container. The container is configured to retain a bag around the back outlet opening. The bag-retainer has a slot for pulling the end of the roll of bags therethrough, bag-teeth to aid in tearing a bag off from the roll, and a cleat and tray for holding a filled bag. A light-mount is configured to allow positioning of a light in any direction and a detachable rake may be alternately used to collect feces. A receptacle for personal articles and for pepper spray is provided.1. A scooper assembly for collecting feces comprising:
a) a hiking stick having a length from a handle end to a container end; b) a handle configured on the handle end; c) a bag-retainer comprising:
i) a bag roll receiver;
ii) a bag-slot in the bag roll receiver to allow an extended end of a roll of bags to pass therethrough; and
iii) a cleat comprising two vertical slots for receiving and retaining a filled bag that has feces collected therein 2. The scooper assembly of claim 1, wherein the bag-retainer is detachably attachable to the hiking stick and comprises a bag-clip that extends at least partially around the hiking stick. 3. The scooper assembly of claim 1, wherein the bag-retainer further comprises bag-teeth configured on a vertical arm to engage with perforations in the roll of bags to separate a bag from the roll of bags. 4. The scooper assembly of claim 1, further comprising a filled bag tray for receiving and retaining said filled bag, and wherein the filled bag tray is configured under the bag-retainer and cleat, whereby a filled end of the filled bag is configured for retention in the filled bag tray and a tied end of the filled bag is configured for retention in the cleat. 5. The scooper assembly of claim 1, wherein the bag-retainer further comprises a bag core interface extending from the bag roll receiver for receiving and retaining said roll of bags. 6. The scooper assembly of claim 5, further comprising a filled bag tray for receiving and retaining said filled bag, and wherein the filled bag tray is configured under the bag-retainer and cleat, whereby a filled end of the filled bag is configured for retention in the filled bag tray and a tied end of the filled bag is configured for retention in the cleat. 7. The scooper assembly of claim 1, further comprising a receptacle attached to the hiking stick. 8. The scooper assembly of claim 7, wherein the receptacle is detachably attached to the hiking stick by a receptacle-clip. 9. The scooper assembly of claim 1, further comprising a light-mount attached to the hiking stick and comprising:
a) an insert end; b) a protrusion end; c) a plurality of leaves tapering down toward the protrusion end and configured to expand outward when a light is inserted therethrough; d) a light pivot between the light-mount and light-mount clip that allows for 360-degree rotation of the light-mount. 10. The scooper assembly of claim 9, wherein the light-mount is detachably attached to the hiking stick by a light-mount clip. 11. A scooper assembly for collecting feces comprising:
a) a hiking stick having a length from a handle end to a container end; b) a handle configured on the handle end; c) a bag-retainer comprising:
i) a bag roll receiver;
ii) a bag-slot in the bag roll receiver to allow an extended end of a roll of bags to pass therethrough; and
iii) a bag core interface extending from the bag roll receiver for receiving and retaining said roll of bags
d) a container coupled to the container end of the hiking stick and comprising:
iv) an interior for receiving and retaining feces;
v) a front having an inlet opening for receiving said feces therethrough;
vi) a plurality of teeth extending from the front of the container;
vii) a back having an outlet opening for disposing feces from the container interior;
viii) a clip coupled to the container;
wherein the container is configured to retain a bag by the clip with an opening of the bag extended around the outlet opening of the container to receive said feces collected in the container. 12. The scooper assembly of claim 11, further comprising a door coupled to the back of the container and comprising a pivot to enable said door to pivot from a dosed position, wherein it covers at least a portion of the outlet opening to an open position to allow said feces collected in the container to be dumped through the outlet opening. 13. The scooper assembly of claim 11, wherein the container is detachably attached to the hiking stick by a threaded attachment feature. 14. The scooper assembly of claim 11, wherein the dip comprises a dip flange that extends outward from the container body to retain a bag thereover. 15. The scooper assembly of claim 11. comprising a clip on a top, a left side and a right side of the container. 16. The scooper assembly of claim 11, further comprising a plurality of teeth that extend from the front of the container to extended ends. 17. The scooper assembly of claim 16, wherein the extended ends of the plurality of teeth form a concave shape. 18. The scooper assembly of claim 17, wherein the plurality of teeth extend up from the bottom of the container at an incline angle of at least 5 degrees. 19. The scooper assembly of claim 11, further comprising a rake detachably attached to the hiking stick by a rake retainer clip. 20. A scooper assembly for collecting feces comprising:
a) a hiking stick having a length from a handle end to a container end: b) a handle connected to the handle end; c) a bag-retainer comprising:
i) a bag roll receiver;
ii) a bag-slot in the bag roll receiver to allow an extended end of a roll of bags to pass therethrough; and
iii) a bag core interface extending from the bag roll receiver for receiving and retaining said roll of bags.
d) a container coupled to the container end of the hiking stick and comprising:
iv) an interior for receiving and retaining feces;
v) a front having an inlet opening for receiving said feces therethrough;
vi) a plurality of teeth extending from the front of the container;
vii) a back having an outlet opening for disposing feces from the container interior;
viii) a dip coupled to the container;
wherein the container is configured to retain a bag by the dip with an opening of the bag extended around the outlet opening of the container to receive said feces collected in the container. | 3,600 |
348,836 | 16,806,333 | 3,652 | The present disclosure relates to compositions, including, hydrogel compositions useful as topical analgesics including cannabinoids and anesthetics. The present disclosure also disclosure relates to compositions, including, hydrogel compositions useful as topical analgesics including cannabinoids and anesthetic as well as carboxymethyl cellulose, carrageenan and a cross-linking agent. | 1. A composition, comprising:
carboxymethyl cellulose in an amount of from about 1 wt % to about 25 wt %; a biocompatible polymer in an amount of from about 1 wt % to about 10 wt %; a polyalcohol in an amount of from about 1 wt % to about 70 wt %; a cross-linking agent in an amount of from about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt %; at least one cannabinoid is in an amount of from about 1 wt % to about 20 wt %.; and an effective amount of at least one anesthetic, wherein the composition has less than 0.5% water. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polyalcohol is glycerin. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one cannabinoid includes full spectrum hemp oil. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one anesthetic includes benzocaine. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one anesthetic is in an amount of from about 0.05 wt % to about 20 wt %. 6. The composition of claim 1, further including a salivary stimulating agent and the salivary stimulating agent is citric acid in an amount of from about 0.1 wt % to about 10 wt %. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the cross-linking agent is calcium chloride. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the biocompatible polymer is carrageenan and further including a second biocompatible polymer including xanthan gum in an amount of from about 1 wt % to about 10 wt %. 9. A composition, comprising:
sodium carboxymethyl cellulose including minimal residual water in an amount of from about 1 wt % to about 25 wt %; a biocompatible polymer in an amount of from about 1 wt % to about 10 wt %; a cross-linking agent in an amount of from about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt %; anhydrous glycerin polyalcohol in an amount of from about 1 wt % to about 70 wt %; full spectrum hemp oil in an amount of from about 1 wt % to about 20 wt %.; and benzocaine in an amount of from about 0.05 wt % to about 20 wt %. 10. The composition of claim 9, wherein the composition is a unit dose formulation and includes full spectrum hemp oil in a unit dose amount of from about 2 mg. to about 30 mg. and benzocaine in a unit dose amount of from about 2 mg. to about 20 mg. 11. The composition of claim 9, further including a salivary stimulating agent and the salivary stimulating agent is citric acid in an amount of from about 0.1 wt % to about 10 wt %. 12. The composition of claim 9, wherein the cross-linking agent is calcium chloride. 13. The composition of claim 9, wherein the biocompatible polymer is carrageenan and further including a second biocompatible polymer including xanthan gum in an amount of from about 1 wt % to about 10 wt %. 14. A method of treating pain of a patient using a therapeutic composition, the therapeutic composition being a unit dose formulation comprising:
sodium carboxymethyl cellulose including minimal residual water in an amount of from about 1 wt % to about 25 wt %; a biocompatible polymer in an amount of from about 1 wt % to about 10 wt %; a cross-linking agent in an amount of from about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt %; anhydrous glycerin polyalcohol in an amount of from about 1 wt % to about 70 wt %; full spectrum hemp oil in a unit dose amount of from about 2 mg. to about 30 mg.; and benzocaine in a unit dose amount of from about 2 mg. to about 20 mg., the method comprising topically administering the therapeutic composition to an oral cavity surface of the patient. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the full spectrum hemp oil is in an amount of from about 1 wt % to about 20 wt %. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the benzocaine is in an amount of from about 0.05 wt % to about 20 wt %. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein topically administering the therapeutic composition to an oral cavity surface of the patient includes topically administering the therapeutic composition to the cheek tissue in the oral cavity 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the therapeutic composition further includes, a salivary stimulating agent and the salivary stimulating agent is citric acid in an amount of from about 0.1 wt % to about 10 wt %. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the cross-linking agent is calcium chloride. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the biocompatible polymer is carrageenan and further including a second biocompatible polymer including xanthan gum in an amount of from about 1 wt % to about 10 wt %. | The present disclosure relates to compositions, including, hydrogel compositions useful as topical analgesics including cannabinoids and anesthetics. The present disclosure also disclosure relates to compositions, including, hydrogel compositions useful as topical analgesics including cannabinoids and anesthetic as well as carboxymethyl cellulose, carrageenan and a cross-linking agent.1. A composition, comprising:
carboxymethyl cellulose in an amount of from about 1 wt % to about 25 wt %; a biocompatible polymer in an amount of from about 1 wt % to about 10 wt %; a polyalcohol in an amount of from about 1 wt % to about 70 wt %; a cross-linking agent in an amount of from about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt %; at least one cannabinoid is in an amount of from about 1 wt % to about 20 wt %.; and an effective amount of at least one anesthetic, wherein the composition has less than 0.5% water. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polyalcohol is glycerin. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one cannabinoid includes full spectrum hemp oil. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one anesthetic includes benzocaine. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one anesthetic is in an amount of from about 0.05 wt % to about 20 wt %. 6. The composition of claim 1, further including a salivary stimulating agent and the salivary stimulating agent is citric acid in an amount of from about 0.1 wt % to about 10 wt %. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the cross-linking agent is calcium chloride. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the biocompatible polymer is carrageenan and further including a second biocompatible polymer including xanthan gum in an amount of from about 1 wt % to about 10 wt %. 9. A composition, comprising:
sodium carboxymethyl cellulose including minimal residual water in an amount of from about 1 wt % to about 25 wt %; a biocompatible polymer in an amount of from about 1 wt % to about 10 wt %; a cross-linking agent in an amount of from about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt %; anhydrous glycerin polyalcohol in an amount of from about 1 wt % to about 70 wt %; full spectrum hemp oil in an amount of from about 1 wt % to about 20 wt %.; and benzocaine in an amount of from about 0.05 wt % to about 20 wt %. 10. The composition of claim 9, wherein the composition is a unit dose formulation and includes full spectrum hemp oil in a unit dose amount of from about 2 mg. to about 30 mg. and benzocaine in a unit dose amount of from about 2 mg. to about 20 mg. 11. The composition of claim 9, further including a salivary stimulating agent and the salivary stimulating agent is citric acid in an amount of from about 0.1 wt % to about 10 wt %. 12. The composition of claim 9, wherein the cross-linking agent is calcium chloride. 13. The composition of claim 9, wherein the biocompatible polymer is carrageenan and further including a second biocompatible polymer including xanthan gum in an amount of from about 1 wt % to about 10 wt %. 14. A method of treating pain of a patient using a therapeutic composition, the therapeutic composition being a unit dose formulation comprising:
sodium carboxymethyl cellulose including minimal residual water in an amount of from about 1 wt % to about 25 wt %; a biocompatible polymer in an amount of from about 1 wt % to about 10 wt %; a cross-linking agent in an amount of from about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt %; anhydrous glycerin polyalcohol in an amount of from about 1 wt % to about 70 wt %; full spectrum hemp oil in a unit dose amount of from about 2 mg. to about 30 mg.; and benzocaine in a unit dose amount of from about 2 mg. to about 20 mg., the method comprising topically administering the therapeutic composition to an oral cavity surface of the patient. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the full spectrum hemp oil is in an amount of from about 1 wt % to about 20 wt %. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the benzocaine is in an amount of from about 0.05 wt % to about 20 wt %. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein topically administering the therapeutic composition to an oral cavity surface of the patient includes topically administering the therapeutic composition to the cheek tissue in the oral cavity 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the therapeutic composition further includes, a salivary stimulating agent and the salivary stimulating agent is citric acid in an amount of from about 0.1 wt % to about 10 wt %. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the cross-linking agent is calcium chloride. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the biocompatible polymer is carrageenan and further including a second biocompatible polymer including xanthan gum in an amount of from about 1 wt % to about 10 wt %. | 3,600 |
348,837 | 16,806,342 | 3,652 | Delivering immediate values by using program counter (PC)-relative load instructions to fetch literal data in processor-based devices is disclosed. In this regard, a processing element (PE) of a processor-based device provides an execution pipeline circuit that comprises an instruction processing portion and a data access portion. Using a literal data access logic circuit, the PE detects a PC-relative load instruction within a fetch window that includes multiple fetched instructions. The PE determines that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using literal data that is available to the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit (e.g., located within the fetch window containing the PC-relative load instruction, or stored in a literal pool buffer), The PE then retrieves the literal data within the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit, and executes the PC-relative load instruction using the literal data. | 1. A processor-based device, comprising:
a processing element (PE) comprising:
an execution pipeline circuit comprising an instruction processing portion and a data access portion; and
a literal data access logic circuit;
the PE configured to:
detect, by the literal data access logic circuit, a program counter (PC)-relative load instruction within a fetch window comprising a plurality of instructions of an instruction stream;
determine that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using literal data available to the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit; and
responsive to determining that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using the literal data available to the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit:
retrieve, by the literal data access logic circuit, the literal data within the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit; and
execute the PC-relative load instruction using the literal data. 2. The processor-based device of claim 1, wherein:
the PC-relative load instruction comprises an offset; and the PE is configured to:
determine that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using the literal data available to the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit by being configured to determine, based on the offset, that the literal data is within the fetch window; and
retrieve the literal data within the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit by being configured to retrieve the literal data from within the fetch window. 3. The processor-based device of claim 1, wherein the PE is configured to determine that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using the literal data available to the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit at a specified decision point within the execution pipeline circuit. 4. The processor-based device of claim 1, wherein:
the PE further comprises a loop buffer; the PE is configured to:
determine that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using the literal data available to the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit by being configured to detect that the PC-relative load instruction is within a loop, and that there exist no store instructions to a memory address of the literal data within the loop; and
retrieve the literal data within the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit by being configured to retrieve the literal data from the loop buffer;
the PE is further configured to store the literal data within the loop buffer for use in subsequent iterations of the loop. 5. The processor-based device of claim 1, wherein:
the PE further comprises a literal pool buffer; the PE is further configured to:
detect, by the literal data access logic circuit, a literal pool within the instruction stream; and
store the literal pool within the literal pool buffer; and
the PE is configured to:
determine that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using the literal data available to the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit by being configured to determine that the literal data corresponding to the PC-relative load instruction is stored in the literal pool buffer; and
retrieve the literal data within the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit by being configured to retrieve the literal data from the literal pool buffer. 6. The processor-based device of claim 5, wherein the PE is configured to:
detect the literal pool within the instruction stream by being configured to detect an unconditional PC-relative branch instruction in the instruction stream; and store the literal pool within the literal pool buffer by being configured to store data between the unconditional PC-relative branch instruction and a target instruction as the literal pool within the literal pool buffer. 7. The processor-based device of claim 6, wherein:
the PE further comprises a branch target buffer comprising a plurality of branch target buffer entries; and the PE is further configured to:
responsive to detecting the unconditional PC-relative branch instruction in the instruction stream, store data related to a size and an address of the literal pool in a branch target buffer entry of the plurality of branch target buffer entries corresponding to the unconditional PC-relative branch instruction;
subsequently fetch the literal pool based on the data related to the size and the address of the literal pool stored in the branch target buffer entry of the plurality of branch target buffer entries corresponding to the unconditional PC-relative branch instruction; and
store the literal pool in the literal pool buffer. 8. A method for delivering immediate values by using program counter (PC)-relative load instructions to fetch literal data, comprising:
detecting, by a literal data access logic circuit of a processing element (PE) of a processor-based device, a PC-relative load instruction within a fetch window comprising a plurality of instructions of an instruction stream; determining that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using literal data available to an instruction processing portion of an execution pipeline circuit; and responsive to determining that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using the literal data available to the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit:
retrieving, by the literal data access logic circuit, the literal data within the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit; and
executing the PC-relative load instruction using the literal data. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein:
the PC-relative load instruction comprises an offset; determining that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using the literal data available to the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit comprises determining, based on the offset, that the literal data is within the fetch window; and retrieving the literal data within the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit comprises retrieving the literal data from within the fetch window. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein determining that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using the literal data available to the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit comprising determining at a specified decision point within the execution pipeline circuit. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein:
the PE further comprises a loop buffer; determining that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using the literal data available to the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit comprises detecting that the PC-relative load instruction is within a loop, and that there exist no store instructions to a memory address of the literal data within the loop; retrieving the literal data within the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit comprises retrieving the literal data from the loop buffer; and the method further comprises storing the literal data within the loop buffer for use in subsequent iterations of the loop. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein:
the PE further comprises a literal pool buffer; the method further comprises:
detecting, by the literal data access logic circuit, a literal pool within the instruction stream; and
storing the literal pool within the literal pool buffer;
determining that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using the literal data available to the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit comprises determining that the literal data corresponding to the PC-relative load instruction is stored in the literal pool buffer; and retrieving the literal data within the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit comprises retrieving the literal data from the literal pool buffer. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein:
detecting the literal pool within the instruction stream comprises detecting an unconditional PC-relative branch instruction in the instruction stream; and storing the literal pool within the literal pool buffer comprises storing data between the unconditional PC-relative branch instruction and a target instruction as the literal pool within the literal pool buffer. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein:
the PE further comprises a branch target buffer comprising a plurality of branch target buffer entries; and the method further comprises:
responsive to detecting the unconditional PC-relative branch instruction in the instruction stream, storing data related to a size and an address of the literal pool in a branch target buffer entry of the plurality of branch target buffer entries corresponding to the unconditional PC-relative branch instruction;
subsequently fetching the literal pool based on the data related to the size and the address of the literal pool stored in the branch target buffer entry of the plurality of branch target buffer entries corresponding to the unconditional PC-relative branch instruction; and
storing the literal pool in the literal pool buffer. 15. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having stored thereon computer-executable instructions which, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to:
detect a program counter (PC)-relative load instruction within a fetch window comprising a plurality of instructions of an instruction stream; determine that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using literal data available to an instruction processing portion of an execution pipeline circuit; and responsive to determining that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using the literal data available to the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit:
retrieve, by a literal data access logic circuit, the literal data within the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit; and
execute the PC-relative load instruction using the literal data. 16. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein:
the PC-relative load instruction comprises an offset; and the computer-executable instructions cause the processor to:
determine that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using the literal data available to the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit by causing the processor to determine, based on the offset, that the literal data is within the fetch window; and
retrieve the literal data within the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit by causing the processor to retrieve the literal data from within the fetch window. 17. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the computer-executable instructions cause the processor to determine that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using the literal data available to the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit at a specified decision point within the execution pipeline circuit. 18. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein:
the PE further comprises a loop buffer; and the computer-executable instructions cause the processor to:
determine that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using the literal data available to the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit by causing the processor to detect that the PC-relative load instruction is within a loop, and that there exist no store instructions to a memory address of the literal data within the loop; and
retrieve the literal data within the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit by causing the processor to retrieve the literal data from the loop buffer; and
the computer-executable instructions further cause the processor to store the literal data within the loop buffer for use in subsequent iterations of the loop. 19. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein:
the PE further comprises a literal pool buffer; the computer-executable instructions further cause the processor to:
detect, by the literal data access logic circuit, a literal pool within the instruction stream; and
store the literal pool within the literal pool buffer; and
the computer-executable instructions cause the processor to:
determine that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using the literal data available to the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit by causing the processor to determine that the literal data corresponding to the PC-relative load instruction is stored in the literal pool buffer; and
retrieve the literal data within the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit by causing the processor to retrieve the literal data from the literal pool buffer. 20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 19, wherein the computer-executable instructions cause the processor to:
detect the literal pool within the instruction stream by causing the processor to detect an unconditional PC-relative branch instruction in the instruction stream; and store the literal pool within the literal pool buffer by causing the processor to store data between the unconditional PC-relative branch instruction and a target instruction as the literal pool within the literal pool buffer. 21. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 20, wherein:
the PE further comprises a branch target buffer comprising a plurality of branch target buffer entries; and the computer-executable instructions further cause the processor to:
responsive to detecting the unconditional PC-relative branch instruction in the instruction stream, store data related to a size and an address of the literal pool in a branch target buffer entry of the plurality of branch target buffer entries corresponding to the unconditional PC-relative branch instruction;
subsequently fetch the literal pool based on the data related to the size and the address of the literal pool stored in the branch target buffer entry of the plurality of branch target buffer entries corresponding to the unconditional PC-relative branch instruction; and
store the literal pool in the literal pool buffer. | Delivering immediate values by using program counter (PC)-relative load instructions to fetch literal data in processor-based devices is disclosed. In this regard, a processing element (PE) of a processor-based device provides an execution pipeline circuit that comprises an instruction processing portion and a data access portion. Using a literal data access logic circuit, the PE detects a PC-relative load instruction within a fetch window that includes multiple fetched instructions. The PE determines that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using literal data that is available to the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit (e.g., located within the fetch window containing the PC-relative load instruction, or stored in a literal pool buffer), The PE then retrieves the literal data within the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit, and executes the PC-relative load instruction using the literal data.1. A processor-based device, comprising:
a processing element (PE) comprising:
an execution pipeline circuit comprising an instruction processing portion and a data access portion; and
a literal data access logic circuit;
the PE configured to:
detect, by the literal data access logic circuit, a program counter (PC)-relative load instruction within a fetch window comprising a plurality of instructions of an instruction stream;
determine that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using literal data available to the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit; and
responsive to determining that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using the literal data available to the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit:
retrieve, by the literal data access logic circuit, the literal data within the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit; and
execute the PC-relative load instruction using the literal data. 2. The processor-based device of claim 1, wherein:
the PC-relative load instruction comprises an offset; and the PE is configured to:
determine that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using the literal data available to the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit by being configured to determine, based on the offset, that the literal data is within the fetch window; and
retrieve the literal data within the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit by being configured to retrieve the literal data from within the fetch window. 3. The processor-based device of claim 1, wherein the PE is configured to determine that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using the literal data available to the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit at a specified decision point within the execution pipeline circuit. 4. The processor-based device of claim 1, wherein:
the PE further comprises a loop buffer; the PE is configured to:
determine that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using the literal data available to the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit by being configured to detect that the PC-relative load instruction is within a loop, and that there exist no store instructions to a memory address of the literal data within the loop; and
retrieve the literal data within the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit by being configured to retrieve the literal data from the loop buffer;
the PE is further configured to store the literal data within the loop buffer for use in subsequent iterations of the loop. 5. The processor-based device of claim 1, wherein:
the PE further comprises a literal pool buffer; the PE is further configured to:
detect, by the literal data access logic circuit, a literal pool within the instruction stream; and
store the literal pool within the literal pool buffer; and
the PE is configured to:
determine that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using the literal data available to the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit by being configured to determine that the literal data corresponding to the PC-relative load instruction is stored in the literal pool buffer; and
retrieve the literal data within the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit by being configured to retrieve the literal data from the literal pool buffer. 6. The processor-based device of claim 5, wherein the PE is configured to:
detect the literal pool within the instruction stream by being configured to detect an unconditional PC-relative branch instruction in the instruction stream; and store the literal pool within the literal pool buffer by being configured to store data between the unconditional PC-relative branch instruction and a target instruction as the literal pool within the literal pool buffer. 7. The processor-based device of claim 6, wherein:
the PE further comprises a branch target buffer comprising a plurality of branch target buffer entries; and the PE is further configured to:
responsive to detecting the unconditional PC-relative branch instruction in the instruction stream, store data related to a size and an address of the literal pool in a branch target buffer entry of the plurality of branch target buffer entries corresponding to the unconditional PC-relative branch instruction;
subsequently fetch the literal pool based on the data related to the size and the address of the literal pool stored in the branch target buffer entry of the plurality of branch target buffer entries corresponding to the unconditional PC-relative branch instruction; and
store the literal pool in the literal pool buffer. 8. A method for delivering immediate values by using program counter (PC)-relative load instructions to fetch literal data, comprising:
detecting, by a literal data access logic circuit of a processing element (PE) of a processor-based device, a PC-relative load instruction within a fetch window comprising a plurality of instructions of an instruction stream; determining that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using literal data available to an instruction processing portion of an execution pipeline circuit; and responsive to determining that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using the literal data available to the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit:
retrieving, by the literal data access logic circuit, the literal data within the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit; and
executing the PC-relative load instruction using the literal data. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein:
the PC-relative load instruction comprises an offset; determining that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using the literal data available to the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit comprises determining, based on the offset, that the literal data is within the fetch window; and retrieving the literal data within the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit comprises retrieving the literal data from within the fetch window. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein determining that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using the literal data available to the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit comprising determining at a specified decision point within the execution pipeline circuit. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein:
the PE further comprises a loop buffer; determining that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using the literal data available to the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit comprises detecting that the PC-relative load instruction is within a loop, and that there exist no store instructions to a memory address of the literal data within the loop; retrieving the literal data within the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit comprises retrieving the literal data from the loop buffer; and the method further comprises storing the literal data within the loop buffer for use in subsequent iterations of the loop. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein:
the PE further comprises a literal pool buffer; the method further comprises:
detecting, by the literal data access logic circuit, a literal pool within the instruction stream; and
storing the literal pool within the literal pool buffer;
determining that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using the literal data available to the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit comprises determining that the literal data corresponding to the PC-relative load instruction is stored in the literal pool buffer; and retrieving the literal data within the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit comprises retrieving the literal data from the literal pool buffer. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein:
detecting the literal pool within the instruction stream comprises detecting an unconditional PC-relative branch instruction in the instruction stream; and storing the literal pool within the literal pool buffer comprises storing data between the unconditional PC-relative branch instruction and a target instruction as the literal pool within the literal pool buffer. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein:
the PE further comprises a branch target buffer comprising a plurality of branch target buffer entries; and the method further comprises:
responsive to detecting the unconditional PC-relative branch instruction in the instruction stream, storing data related to a size and an address of the literal pool in a branch target buffer entry of the plurality of branch target buffer entries corresponding to the unconditional PC-relative branch instruction;
subsequently fetching the literal pool based on the data related to the size and the address of the literal pool stored in the branch target buffer entry of the plurality of branch target buffer entries corresponding to the unconditional PC-relative branch instruction; and
storing the literal pool in the literal pool buffer. 15. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having stored thereon computer-executable instructions which, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to:
detect a program counter (PC)-relative load instruction within a fetch window comprising a plurality of instructions of an instruction stream; determine that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using literal data available to an instruction processing portion of an execution pipeline circuit; and responsive to determining that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using the literal data available to the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit:
retrieve, by a literal data access logic circuit, the literal data within the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit; and
execute the PC-relative load instruction using the literal data. 16. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein:
the PC-relative load instruction comprises an offset; and the computer-executable instructions cause the processor to:
determine that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using the literal data available to the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit by causing the processor to determine, based on the offset, that the literal data is within the fetch window; and
retrieve the literal data within the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit by causing the processor to retrieve the literal data from within the fetch window. 17. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the computer-executable instructions cause the processor to determine that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using the literal data available to the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit at a specified decision point within the execution pipeline circuit. 18. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein:
the PE further comprises a loop buffer; and the computer-executable instructions cause the processor to:
determine that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using the literal data available to the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit by causing the processor to detect that the PC-relative load instruction is within a loop, and that there exist no store instructions to a memory address of the literal data within the loop; and
retrieve the literal data within the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit by causing the processor to retrieve the literal data from the loop buffer; and
the computer-executable instructions further cause the processor to store the literal data within the loop buffer for use in subsequent iterations of the loop. 19. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein:
the PE further comprises a literal pool buffer; the computer-executable instructions further cause the processor to:
detect, by the literal data access logic circuit, a literal pool within the instruction stream; and
store the literal pool within the literal pool buffer; and
the computer-executable instructions cause the processor to:
determine that the PC-relative load instruction can be serviced using the literal data available to the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit by causing the processor to determine that the literal data corresponding to the PC-relative load instruction is stored in the literal pool buffer; and
retrieve the literal data within the instruction processing portion of the execution pipeline circuit by causing the processor to retrieve the literal data from the literal pool buffer. 20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 19, wherein the computer-executable instructions cause the processor to:
detect the literal pool within the instruction stream by causing the processor to detect an unconditional PC-relative branch instruction in the instruction stream; and store the literal pool within the literal pool buffer by causing the processor to store data between the unconditional PC-relative branch instruction and a target instruction as the literal pool within the literal pool buffer. 21. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 20, wherein:
the PE further comprises a branch target buffer comprising a plurality of branch target buffer entries; and the computer-executable instructions further cause the processor to:
responsive to detecting the unconditional PC-relative branch instruction in the instruction stream, store data related to a size and an address of the literal pool in a branch target buffer entry of the plurality of branch target buffer entries corresponding to the unconditional PC-relative branch instruction;
subsequently fetch the literal pool based on the data related to the size and the address of the literal pool stored in the branch target buffer entry of the plurality of branch target buffer entries corresponding to the unconditional PC-relative branch instruction; and
store the literal pool in the literal pool buffer. | 3,600 |
348,838 | 16,806,323 | 3,652 | The instant disclosure provides antibodies that specifically bind to TIM-3 (e.g., human TIM-3) and antagonize TIM-3 function. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions comprising these antibodies, nucleic acids encoding these antibodies, expression vectors and host cells for making these antibodies, and methods of treating a subject using these antibodies. | 1. (canceled) 2. An isolated antibody that specifically binds to human TIM-3, the antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region having complementarity determining regions CDRH1, CDRH2 and CDRH3 and a light chain variable region having complementarity determining regions CDRL1, CDRL2 and CDRL3, wherein the antibody is internalized upon binding to cells expressing human TIM-3, and wherein CDRH3 comprises the amino acid sequence of AKGGDYGGNYFD (SEQ ID NO: 3). 3-67. (canceled) 68. An isolated antibody that binds to the same epitope of TIM-3 as, or cross-competes for binding to human TIM-3 with, an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region having complementarity determining regions CDRH1, CDRH2 and CDRH3 and a light chain variable region having complementarity determining regions CDRL1, CDRL2 and CDRL3, wherein the CDRH1, CDRH2, CDRH3, CDRL1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 comprise the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 5, 2, 3, 14, 21, and 22, respectively. 69. (canceled) 70. The isolated antibody of claim 2, wherein:
(a) the antibody specifically binds to a variant TIM-3 protein having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 101 with a lower affinity than to a wild-type TIM-3 protein having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 79; (b) the antibody does not specifically bind to a variant TIM-3 protein having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 101; (c) the antibody binds to residue 40 of SEQ ID NO: 79; (d) the antibody binds to an epitope located within a region of human TIM-3 consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 93; (e) the antibody binds to an epitope located within a region of human TIM-3 consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 94; (f) the antibody binds to an epitope located within a region of human TIM-3 consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 95; (g) the antibody binds to an epitope located within a region of human TIM-3 consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 96; (h) the antibody binds to an epitope located within a region of human TIM-3 consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 97; (i) the antibody binds to an epitope located within a region of human TIM-3 consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 98; (j) the antibody binds to an epitope located within a region of human TIM-3 consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 99; and/or (k) the antibody binds to an epitope located within a region of human TIM-3 consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 100. 71-92. (canceled) 93. An isolated polynucleotide encoding a heavy chain variable region and/or a light chain variable region, or heavy and/or light chain, of an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region having complementarity determining regions CDRH1, CDRH2 and CDRH3 and a light chain variable region having complementarity determining regions CDRL1, CDRL2 and CDRL3, wherein:
(a) CDRH1 comprises the amino acid sequence of X1X2X3X4X5S (SEQ ID NO: 48), wherein X1 is R, S, A, G, K, M, or T, X2 is Q, S, A, G, R, or T, X3 is N, Y, G, or Q, X4 is A or Q, and X5 is W, M, A, S, or T; (b) CDRH2 comprises the amino acid sequence of WVSAISGSGGSTY (SEQ ID NO: 2); (c) CDRH3 comprises the amino acid sequence of AKGGDYGGNYFD (SEQ ID NO: 3); (d) CDRL1 comprises the amino acid sequence of X1ASQSVX2SSYLA (SEQ ID NO: 52), wherein X1 is R or G, and X2 is absent or S; (e) CDRL2 comprises the amino acid sequence of X1ASX2RAT (SEQ ID NO: 53), wherein X1 is D or G, and X2 is N, S, or T; and (f) CDRL3 comprises the amino acid sequence of QQYGSSPX1T (SEQ ID NO: 54), wherein X1 is L or I. 94. A vector comprising the polynucleotide of claim 93. 95. A recombinant host cell comprising the polynucleotide of claim 93. 96. A method of producing an antibody that binds to human TIM-3, the method comprising culturing the host cell of claim 95 so that the polynucleotide is expressed and the antibody is produced. 97. A method of: (a) increasing T cell activation in response to an antigen in a subject, (b) treating cancer in a subject, or (c) treating an infectious disease in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region having complementarity determining regions CDRH1, CDRH2 and CDRH3 and/or a light chain variable region having complementarity determining regions CDRL1, CDRL2 and CDRL3, wherein:
(a) CDRH1 comprises the amino acid sequence of X1X2X3X4X5S (SEQ ID NO: 48), wherein X1 is R, S, A, G, K, M, or T, X2 is Q, S, A, G, R, or T, X3 is N, Y, G, or Q, X4 is A or Q, and X5 is W, M, A, S, or T; (b) CDRH2 comprises the amino acid sequence of WVSAISGSGGSTY (SEQ ID NO: 2); (c) CDRH3 comprises the amino acid sequence of AKGGDYGGNYFD (SEQ ID NO: 3); (d) CDRL1 comprises the amino acid sequence of X1ASQSVX2SSYLA (SEQ ID NO: 52), wherein X1 is R or G, and X2 is absent or S; (e) CDRL2 comprises the amino acid sequence of X1ASX2RAT (SEQ ID NO: 53), wherein X1 is D or G, and X2 is N, S, or T; and (f) CDRL3 comprises the amino acid sequence of QQYGSSPX1T (SEQ ID NO: 54), wherein X1 is L or I. 98-113. (canceled) 114. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 93, wherein:
(a) CDRH1 comprises the amino acid sequence of X1X2NAWS (SEQ ID NO: 49), wherein: X1 is R or A; and X2 is Q or R; (b) CDRH1 comprises the amino acid sequence of X1X2GQX3S (SEQ ID NO: 50), wherein: X1 is K, M, or G; X2 is A or S; and X3 is S or T; (c) CDRH1 comprises the amino acid sequence of X1X2QQAS (SEQ ID NO: 51), wherein: X1 is S, R, T, or G; and X2 is A, S, T, or G; (d) CDRH1 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 4-12; (e) CDRL1 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 13-16; (f) CDRL2 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 17-21; and/or (g) CDRL3 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 22 and 23. 115. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 93,
wherein CDRH1, CDRH2 and CDRH3 comprise the CDRH1, CDRH2 and CDRH3 amino acid sequences, respectively, set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3; 4, 2, and 3; 5, 2, and 3; 6, 2, and 3; 7, 2, and 3; 8, 2, and 3; 9, 2, and 3; 10, 2, and 3; 11, 2, and 3; or 12, 2, and 3, and/or wherein CDRL1, CDRL2 and CDRL3 comprise the CDRL1, CDRL2 and CDRL3 amino acid sequences, respectively, set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13, 17, and 22; 14, 17, and 22; 15, 18, and 22; 14, 19, and 22; 14, 20, and 22; 14, 21, and 22; 16, 20, and 22; or 14, 17, and 23. 116. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 93, wherein CDRH1, CDRH2, CDRH3, CDRL1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 comprise the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 14, 21, and 22; 4, 2, 3, 14, 21, and 22; 5, 2, 3, 14, 21, and 22; 6, 2, 3, 14, 21, and 22; 7, 2, 3, 14, 21, and 22; 8, 2, 3, 14, 21, and 22; 9, 2, 3, 14, 21, and 22; 10, 2, 3, 14, 21, and 22; 11, 2, 3, 14, 21, and 22; 12, 2, 3, 14, 21, and 22; or 1, 2, 3, 15, 18, and 22, respectively. 117. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 93, wherein the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 55, and/or a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56. 118. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 93, wherein the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising an amino acid sequence which is at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 24-35, and/or wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region comprising an amino acid sequence which is at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 36-47. 119. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 93, wherein the antibody comprises a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58, 61, or 65, and/or a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 69. 120. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 93, the antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region, wherein the heavy chain variable region and the light chain variable region, respectively, comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 24 and 36; 24 and 38; 26 and 42; 24 and 42; 24 and 46; 24 and 43; 26 and 43; 26 and 46; 26 and 41; 24 and 41; 25 and 39; 24 and 47; 25 and 40; 26 and 47; 25 and 37; 25 and 45; 25 and 44; 25 and 46; 25 and 42; 25 and 41; 25 and 43; 25 and 47; 27 and 46; 28 and 46; 29 and 46; 30 and 46; 31 and 46; 32 and 46; 33 and 46; 34 and 46; or 35 and 46. 121. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 93, the antibody comprising a heavy chain and a light chain comprising, wherein the heavy chain and the light chain, respectively, comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 58 and 69; 61 and 69; or 65 and 69. 122. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 93, wherein the antibody comprises a heavy chain constant region selected from the group consisting of human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, and IgA2, optionally wherein the heavy chain constant region is:
(a) a variant of a wild type human IgG heavy chain constant region, wherein the variant human IgG heavy chain constant region binds to a human Fc gamma receptor with lower affinity than the wild type human IgG heavy chain constant region binds to the human Fc gamma receptor, optionally wherein the human Fc gamma receptor is selected from the group consisting of FcΞ³RI, FcΞ³RII, and FcΞ³RIII; (b) an IgG1 comprising a N297A mutation, numbered according to the EU numbering system, optionally comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72; (c) an IgG1 comprising a N297Q mutation, numbered according to the EU numbering system; (d) non-fucosylated IgG1; and/or (e) an IgG4 comprising a S228P mutation, numbered according to the EU numbering system, optionally comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74. 123. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 93, wherein the antibody comprises a human kappa or lambda light chain constant region, optionally wherein the light chain constant region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 76. | The instant disclosure provides antibodies that specifically bind to TIM-3 (e.g., human TIM-3) and antagonize TIM-3 function. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions comprising these antibodies, nucleic acids encoding these antibodies, expression vectors and host cells for making these antibodies, and methods of treating a subject using these antibodies.1. (canceled) 2. An isolated antibody that specifically binds to human TIM-3, the antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region having complementarity determining regions CDRH1, CDRH2 and CDRH3 and a light chain variable region having complementarity determining regions CDRL1, CDRL2 and CDRL3, wherein the antibody is internalized upon binding to cells expressing human TIM-3, and wherein CDRH3 comprises the amino acid sequence of AKGGDYGGNYFD (SEQ ID NO: 3). 3-67. (canceled) 68. An isolated antibody that binds to the same epitope of TIM-3 as, or cross-competes for binding to human TIM-3 with, an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region having complementarity determining regions CDRH1, CDRH2 and CDRH3 and a light chain variable region having complementarity determining regions CDRL1, CDRL2 and CDRL3, wherein the CDRH1, CDRH2, CDRH3, CDRL1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 comprise the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 5, 2, 3, 14, 21, and 22, respectively. 69. (canceled) 70. The isolated antibody of claim 2, wherein:
(a) the antibody specifically binds to a variant TIM-3 protein having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 101 with a lower affinity than to a wild-type TIM-3 protein having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 79; (b) the antibody does not specifically bind to a variant TIM-3 protein having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 101; (c) the antibody binds to residue 40 of SEQ ID NO: 79; (d) the antibody binds to an epitope located within a region of human TIM-3 consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 93; (e) the antibody binds to an epitope located within a region of human TIM-3 consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 94; (f) the antibody binds to an epitope located within a region of human TIM-3 consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 95; (g) the antibody binds to an epitope located within a region of human TIM-3 consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 96; (h) the antibody binds to an epitope located within a region of human TIM-3 consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 97; (i) the antibody binds to an epitope located within a region of human TIM-3 consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 98; (j) the antibody binds to an epitope located within a region of human TIM-3 consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 99; and/or (k) the antibody binds to an epitope located within a region of human TIM-3 consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 100. 71-92. (canceled) 93. An isolated polynucleotide encoding a heavy chain variable region and/or a light chain variable region, or heavy and/or light chain, of an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region having complementarity determining regions CDRH1, CDRH2 and CDRH3 and a light chain variable region having complementarity determining regions CDRL1, CDRL2 and CDRL3, wherein:
(a) CDRH1 comprises the amino acid sequence of X1X2X3X4X5S (SEQ ID NO: 48), wherein X1 is R, S, A, G, K, M, or T, X2 is Q, S, A, G, R, or T, X3 is N, Y, G, or Q, X4 is A or Q, and X5 is W, M, A, S, or T; (b) CDRH2 comprises the amino acid sequence of WVSAISGSGGSTY (SEQ ID NO: 2); (c) CDRH3 comprises the amino acid sequence of AKGGDYGGNYFD (SEQ ID NO: 3); (d) CDRL1 comprises the amino acid sequence of X1ASQSVX2SSYLA (SEQ ID NO: 52), wherein X1 is R or G, and X2 is absent or S; (e) CDRL2 comprises the amino acid sequence of X1ASX2RAT (SEQ ID NO: 53), wherein X1 is D or G, and X2 is N, S, or T; and (f) CDRL3 comprises the amino acid sequence of QQYGSSPX1T (SEQ ID NO: 54), wherein X1 is L or I. 94. A vector comprising the polynucleotide of claim 93. 95. A recombinant host cell comprising the polynucleotide of claim 93. 96. A method of producing an antibody that binds to human TIM-3, the method comprising culturing the host cell of claim 95 so that the polynucleotide is expressed and the antibody is produced. 97. A method of: (a) increasing T cell activation in response to an antigen in a subject, (b) treating cancer in a subject, or (c) treating an infectious disease in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region having complementarity determining regions CDRH1, CDRH2 and CDRH3 and/or a light chain variable region having complementarity determining regions CDRL1, CDRL2 and CDRL3, wherein:
(a) CDRH1 comprises the amino acid sequence of X1X2X3X4X5S (SEQ ID NO: 48), wherein X1 is R, S, A, G, K, M, or T, X2 is Q, S, A, G, R, or T, X3 is N, Y, G, or Q, X4 is A or Q, and X5 is W, M, A, S, or T; (b) CDRH2 comprises the amino acid sequence of WVSAISGSGGSTY (SEQ ID NO: 2); (c) CDRH3 comprises the amino acid sequence of AKGGDYGGNYFD (SEQ ID NO: 3); (d) CDRL1 comprises the amino acid sequence of X1ASQSVX2SSYLA (SEQ ID NO: 52), wherein X1 is R or G, and X2 is absent or S; (e) CDRL2 comprises the amino acid sequence of X1ASX2RAT (SEQ ID NO: 53), wherein X1 is D or G, and X2 is N, S, or T; and (f) CDRL3 comprises the amino acid sequence of QQYGSSPX1T (SEQ ID NO: 54), wherein X1 is L or I. 98-113. (canceled) 114. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 93, wherein:
(a) CDRH1 comprises the amino acid sequence of X1X2NAWS (SEQ ID NO: 49), wherein: X1 is R or A; and X2 is Q or R; (b) CDRH1 comprises the amino acid sequence of X1X2GQX3S (SEQ ID NO: 50), wherein: X1 is K, M, or G; X2 is A or S; and X3 is S or T; (c) CDRH1 comprises the amino acid sequence of X1X2QQAS (SEQ ID NO: 51), wherein: X1 is S, R, T, or G; and X2 is A, S, T, or G; (d) CDRH1 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 4-12; (e) CDRL1 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 13-16; (f) CDRL2 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 17-21; and/or (g) CDRL3 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 22 and 23. 115. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 93,
wherein CDRH1, CDRH2 and CDRH3 comprise the CDRH1, CDRH2 and CDRH3 amino acid sequences, respectively, set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3; 4, 2, and 3; 5, 2, and 3; 6, 2, and 3; 7, 2, and 3; 8, 2, and 3; 9, 2, and 3; 10, 2, and 3; 11, 2, and 3; or 12, 2, and 3, and/or wherein CDRL1, CDRL2 and CDRL3 comprise the CDRL1, CDRL2 and CDRL3 amino acid sequences, respectively, set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13, 17, and 22; 14, 17, and 22; 15, 18, and 22; 14, 19, and 22; 14, 20, and 22; 14, 21, and 22; 16, 20, and 22; or 14, 17, and 23. 116. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 93, wherein CDRH1, CDRH2, CDRH3, CDRL1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 comprise the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 14, 21, and 22; 4, 2, 3, 14, 21, and 22; 5, 2, 3, 14, 21, and 22; 6, 2, 3, 14, 21, and 22; 7, 2, 3, 14, 21, and 22; 8, 2, 3, 14, 21, and 22; 9, 2, 3, 14, 21, and 22; 10, 2, 3, 14, 21, and 22; 11, 2, 3, 14, 21, and 22; 12, 2, 3, 14, 21, and 22; or 1, 2, 3, 15, 18, and 22, respectively. 117. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 93, wherein the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 55, and/or a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56. 118. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 93, wherein the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising an amino acid sequence which is at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 24-35, and/or wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region comprising an amino acid sequence which is at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 36-47. 119. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 93, wherein the antibody comprises a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58, 61, or 65, and/or a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 69. 120. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 93, the antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region, wherein the heavy chain variable region and the light chain variable region, respectively, comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 24 and 36; 24 and 38; 26 and 42; 24 and 42; 24 and 46; 24 and 43; 26 and 43; 26 and 46; 26 and 41; 24 and 41; 25 and 39; 24 and 47; 25 and 40; 26 and 47; 25 and 37; 25 and 45; 25 and 44; 25 and 46; 25 and 42; 25 and 41; 25 and 43; 25 and 47; 27 and 46; 28 and 46; 29 and 46; 30 and 46; 31 and 46; 32 and 46; 33 and 46; 34 and 46; or 35 and 46. 121. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 93, the antibody comprising a heavy chain and a light chain comprising, wherein the heavy chain and the light chain, respectively, comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 58 and 69; 61 and 69; or 65 and 69. 122. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 93, wherein the antibody comprises a heavy chain constant region selected from the group consisting of human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, and IgA2, optionally wherein the heavy chain constant region is:
(a) a variant of a wild type human IgG heavy chain constant region, wherein the variant human IgG heavy chain constant region binds to a human Fc gamma receptor with lower affinity than the wild type human IgG heavy chain constant region binds to the human Fc gamma receptor, optionally wherein the human Fc gamma receptor is selected from the group consisting of FcΞ³RI, FcΞ³RII, and FcΞ³RIII; (b) an IgG1 comprising a N297A mutation, numbered according to the EU numbering system, optionally comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72; (c) an IgG1 comprising a N297Q mutation, numbered according to the EU numbering system; (d) non-fucosylated IgG1; and/or (e) an IgG4 comprising a S228P mutation, numbered according to the EU numbering system, optionally comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74. 123. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 93, wherein the antibody comprises a human kappa or lambda light chain constant region, optionally wherein the light chain constant region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 76. | 3,600 |
348,839 | 16,806,299 | 3,652 | The instant disclosure provides antibodies that specifically bind to TIM-3 (e.g., human TIM-3) and antagonize TIM-3 function. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions comprising these antibodies, nucleic acids encoding these antibodies, expression vectors and host cells for making these antibodies, and methods of treating a subject using these antibodies. | 1. An isolated antibody that specifically binds to human TIM-3, comprising a heavy chain variable region comprising complementarity determining regions CDRH1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein CDRH1, CDRH2, and CDRH3 comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 5, 2, and 3, respectively; and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46. 2. The isolated antibody of claim 1, wherein the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46. 3. The isolated antibody of claim 1, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 69. 4. The isolated antibody of claim 3, wherein the amino acid sequence of the light chain consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 69. 5. An isolated antibody that specifically binds to human TIM-3, comprising a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28; and a light chain variable region comprising complementarity determining regions CDRL1, CDRL2, and CDRL3, wherein CDRL1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 14, 21, and 22, respectively. 6. The isolated antibody of claim 5, wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28. 7. The isolated antibody of claim 5, wherein the antibody comprises a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61. 8. The isolated antibody of claim 7, wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61. 9. An isolated antibody that specifically binds to human TIM-3, comprising a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28; and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46. 10. The isolated antibody of claim 9, wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28; and the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46. 11. The isolated antibody of claim 9, wherein the antibody comprises a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61. 12. The isolated antibody of claim 11, wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61. 13. The isolated antibody of claim 9, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 69. 14. The isolated antibody of claim 13, wherein the amino acid sequence of the light chain consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 69. 15. An isolated antibody that specifically binds to human TIM-3, comprising a heavy chain and a light chain, wherein the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61; and the light chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 69. 16. The isolated antibody of claim 15, wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61. 17. The isolated antibody of claim 15, wherein the amino acid sequence of the light chain consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 69. 18. The isolated antibody of claim 15, wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61, and the amino acid sequence of the light chain consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 69. 19. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. 20. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim 2 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. 21. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim 3 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. 22. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim 4 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. 23. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim 5 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. 24. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim 6 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. 25. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim 7 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. 26. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim 8 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. 27. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim 9 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. 28. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim 10 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. 29. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim 15 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. 30. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim 18 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. | The instant disclosure provides antibodies that specifically bind to TIM-3 (e.g., human TIM-3) and antagonize TIM-3 function. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions comprising these antibodies, nucleic acids encoding these antibodies, expression vectors and host cells for making these antibodies, and methods of treating a subject using these antibodies.1. An isolated antibody that specifically binds to human TIM-3, comprising a heavy chain variable region comprising complementarity determining regions CDRH1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein CDRH1, CDRH2, and CDRH3 comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 5, 2, and 3, respectively; and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46. 2. The isolated antibody of claim 1, wherein the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46. 3. The isolated antibody of claim 1, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 69. 4. The isolated antibody of claim 3, wherein the amino acid sequence of the light chain consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 69. 5. An isolated antibody that specifically binds to human TIM-3, comprising a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28; and a light chain variable region comprising complementarity determining regions CDRL1, CDRL2, and CDRL3, wherein CDRL1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 14, 21, and 22, respectively. 6. The isolated antibody of claim 5, wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28. 7. The isolated antibody of claim 5, wherein the antibody comprises a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61. 8. The isolated antibody of claim 7, wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61. 9. An isolated antibody that specifically binds to human TIM-3, comprising a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28; and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46. 10. The isolated antibody of claim 9, wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28; and the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46. 11. The isolated antibody of claim 9, wherein the antibody comprises a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61. 12. The isolated antibody of claim 11, wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61. 13. The isolated antibody of claim 9, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 69. 14. The isolated antibody of claim 13, wherein the amino acid sequence of the light chain consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 69. 15. An isolated antibody that specifically binds to human TIM-3, comprising a heavy chain and a light chain, wherein the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61; and the light chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 69. 16. The isolated antibody of claim 15, wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61. 17. The isolated antibody of claim 15, wherein the amino acid sequence of the light chain consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 69. 18. The isolated antibody of claim 15, wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61, and the amino acid sequence of the light chain consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 69. 19. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. 20. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim 2 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. 21. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim 3 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. 22. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim 4 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. 23. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim 5 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. 24. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim 6 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. 25. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim 7 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. 26. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim 8 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. 27. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim 9 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. 28. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim 10 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. 29. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim 15 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. 30. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim 18 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. | 3,600 |
348,840 | 16,806,318 | 3,652 | The present disclosure relates to system and method for cleaning an end face of a bare optical fiber (100). The system and methods include inserting the end face of the bare optical fiber (100) through a layer of material (500) that includes electrospun fibers. | 1. (canceled) 2. An optical fiber alignment system comprising:
an alignment device extending between first and second fiber insertion regions, the alignment device defining an alignment groove that extends between the first and second fiber insertion regions, the alignment groove defining a fiber insertion path between the first and second fiber insertion regions; an engagement member disposed opposite the alignment groove; a biasing member that extends over the engagement member so that the engagement member is disposed between the biasing member and the alignment groove, the biasing member applying a spring bias to the engagement member to bias the engagement member towards the alignment groove sufficient to at least partially close the fiber insertion path, whereby an optical fiber displaces the engagement member against the spring bias to open the fiber insertion path when the optical fiber is moved within the alignment groove along the fiber insertion path; and gel disposed within the alignment device. 3. The optical fiber alignment system of claim 2, wherein the alignment device is elongate between the first and second fiber insertion regions. 4. The optical fiber alignment system of claim 2, wherein the alignment groove has a curved transverse cross-sectional shape. 5. The optical fiber alignment system of claim 2, wherein the biasing member includes a cantilevered beam. 6. The optical fiber alignment system of claim 2, wherein the biasing member holds the engagement member at the alignment device. 7. The optical fiber alignment system of claim 6, wherein the engagement member is disposed within a pocket defined by the alignment device; and wherein the biasing member is mounted to the alignment device to extend across the pocket. 8. The optical fiber alignment system of claim 2, wherein the alignment groove defines a mating location at which end faces of optical fibers inserted at the first and second fiber insertion regions contact each other, and wherein the biasing member is offset from the mating location. 9. The optical fiber alignment system of claim 2, wherein the biasing member is one of a plurality of biasing members. 10. The optical fiber alignment system of claim 9, wherein the plurality of biasing members include cantilevered springs extending from a common body. 11. The optical fiber alignment system of claim 10, wherein a first of the cantilevered springs extends in a first direction and a second of the cantilevered springs extends in a second direction that is opposite the first direction. 12. The optical fiber alignment system of claim 9, wherein the engagement member is one of plurality of engagement members. 13. The optical fiber alignment system of claim 12, wherein each biasing member applies a spring bias to one of the engagement members. 14. The optical fiber alignment system of claim 2, wherein the engagement member is s separate piece from the alignment device. 15. The optical fiber alignment system of claim 14, wherein the engagement member includes a ball. 16. The optical fiber alignment system of claim 2, wherein the first and second fiber insertion regions define insertion passages that taper inwardly towards the fiber insertion axis as the insertion passages extend into the alignment device. 17. The optical fiber alignment system of claim 2, wherein the alignment groove has a v-shaped transverse cross-section. 18. The optical fiber alignment system of claim 2, wherein the biasing member crosses the fiber insertion axis. 19. The optical fiber alignment system of claim 2, wherein the gel is a thix 20. The optical fiber alignment system of claim 2, wherein the alignment device, engagement member, and biasing member are disposed within a body of an optical adapter, the body being configured to receive and releasably retain a respective optical plug connector at opposite ends of the body. 21. the optical fiber alignment system of claim 20, wherein the body of the optical adapter is configured to receive and releasably retain a plurality of optical plug connectors at each of the opposite ends of the body; and wherein the body holds a plurality of alignment grooves, a plurality of engagement members, and a plurality of biasing members. | The present disclosure relates to system and method for cleaning an end face of a bare optical fiber (100). The system and methods include inserting the end face of the bare optical fiber (100) through a layer of material (500) that includes electrospun fibers.1. (canceled) 2. An optical fiber alignment system comprising:
an alignment device extending between first and second fiber insertion regions, the alignment device defining an alignment groove that extends between the first and second fiber insertion regions, the alignment groove defining a fiber insertion path between the first and second fiber insertion regions; an engagement member disposed opposite the alignment groove; a biasing member that extends over the engagement member so that the engagement member is disposed between the biasing member and the alignment groove, the biasing member applying a spring bias to the engagement member to bias the engagement member towards the alignment groove sufficient to at least partially close the fiber insertion path, whereby an optical fiber displaces the engagement member against the spring bias to open the fiber insertion path when the optical fiber is moved within the alignment groove along the fiber insertion path; and gel disposed within the alignment device. 3. The optical fiber alignment system of claim 2, wherein the alignment device is elongate between the first and second fiber insertion regions. 4. The optical fiber alignment system of claim 2, wherein the alignment groove has a curved transverse cross-sectional shape. 5. The optical fiber alignment system of claim 2, wherein the biasing member includes a cantilevered beam. 6. The optical fiber alignment system of claim 2, wherein the biasing member holds the engagement member at the alignment device. 7. The optical fiber alignment system of claim 6, wherein the engagement member is disposed within a pocket defined by the alignment device; and wherein the biasing member is mounted to the alignment device to extend across the pocket. 8. The optical fiber alignment system of claim 2, wherein the alignment groove defines a mating location at which end faces of optical fibers inserted at the first and second fiber insertion regions contact each other, and wherein the biasing member is offset from the mating location. 9. The optical fiber alignment system of claim 2, wherein the biasing member is one of a plurality of biasing members. 10. The optical fiber alignment system of claim 9, wherein the plurality of biasing members include cantilevered springs extending from a common body. 11. The optical fiber alignment system of claim 10, wherein a first of the cantilevered springs extends in a first direction and a second of the cantilevered springs extends in a second direction that is opposite the first direction. 12. The optical fiber alignment system of claim 9, wherein the engagement member is one of plurality of engagement members. 13. The optical fiber alignment system of claim 12, wherein each biasing member applies a spring bias to one of the engagement members. 14. The optical fiber alignment system of claim 2, wherein the engagement member is s separate piece from the alignment device. 15. The optical fiber alignment system of claim 14, wherein the engagement member includes a ball. 16. The optical fiber alignment system of claim 2, wherein the first and second fiber insertion regions define insertion passages that taper inwardly towards the fiber insertion axis as the insertion passages extend into the alignment device. 17. The optical fiber alignment system of claim 2, wherein the alignment groove has a v-shaped transverse cross-section. 18. The optical fiber alignment system of claim 2, wherein the biasing member crosses the fiber insertion axis. 19. The optical fiber alignment system of claim 2, wherein the gel is a thix 20. The optical fiber alignment system of claim 2, wherein the alignment device, engagement member, and biasing member are disposed within a body of an optical adapter, the body being configured to receive and releasably retain a respective optical plug connector at opposite ends of the body. 21. the optical fiber alignment system of claim 20, wherein the body of the optical adapter is configured to receive and releasably retain a plurality of optical plug connectors at each of the opposite ends of the body; and wherein the body holds a plurality of alignment grooves, a plurality of engagement members, and a plurality of biasing members. | 3,600 |
348,841 | 16,806,308 | 3,652 | An expandable pipe for restoring a damaged pipe is provided. The expandable pipe includes a liner formed of thermoplastic polyurethane, and grout material applied to the exterior surface of the liner. The exterior surface includes a plurality of flared tips and grooves, and each groove is located between adjacent flared tips. The grout material is disposed on the flared tips and in the grooves of the liner. The method used to restore the damaged pipe includes clamping the liner with the grout material on a puller-sealer fixture having a U-shaped cross-section to prevent debris from entering the interior of the liner, and pulling the puller-sealer fixture and liner through the damaged pipe. The grout material expands in volume upon exposure to moisture, ultra violet radiation, heat, and/or ultrasonics, and fills cracks or other imperfections and voids along the interior surface of the conduit, caused by corrosion, erosion, or other circumstances. | 1. An expandable pipe for restoring a damaged pipe, comprising:
a liner formed of a polymer-based and/or elastomer-based material, said liner including a plurality of fibers, said liner including an exterior surface, said exterior surface of said liner including a plurality of grooves, a grout material disposed in said grooves of said liner, and said grout material being expandable in a dimension upon exposure to moisture, ultra violet radiation, heat, and/or ultrasonics. 2. A method of manufacturing an expandable pipe for restoring a damaged pipe, comprising the steps of:
extruding a liner formed of a polymer-based and/or elastomer-based material and including a plurality of fibers, the extruded liner including an exterior surface with a plurality of grooves, and disposing a grout material in the grooves of the liner, and the grout material being expandable in a dimension upon exposure to moisture, ultra violet radiation, heat, and/or ultrasonics. 3. A method of restoring a damaged pipe, comprising the steps of:
providing a liner formed of a polymer-based and/or elastomer-based material, the liner including an exterior surface, applying a grout material to the exterior surface of the liner, disposing the liner on a puller-sealer fixture having a U-shaped cross-section, pulling the puller-sealer fixture and liner with the grout material through the damaged pipe, and exposing the grout material on the exterior surface of the liner to moisture, ultra violet radiation, heat, and/or ultrasonics, the exposing step causing the grout material to expand and contact an inner diameter surface of the damaged pipe. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the cross-section of the puller/sealer fixture includes no sharp edges, and the puller/sealer fixture maintains the liner in position while pulling the liner through the damaged pipe, 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the exterior surface of the liner includes a plurality of flared tips and grooves, each groove is located between adjacent flared tips, each of the flared tips of the liner includes a stem extending perpendicular to a base of the liner and an enlarged top flaring outwardly relative to the stem, the enlarged top has a width greater than a width of the stem. 6. The method of claim 3, wherein the step of pulling the puller-sealer fixture and liner with the grout material through the damaged pipe includes pulling the puller-seal fixture attached to a rolling dolly by a cable. 7. The method of claim 3, wherein the liner is secured to the puller/sealer fixture by clamps which prevent debris, moisture, and/or the grout material from entering an interior of the liner. 8. The method of claim 3, wherein the step of applying the grout material to the exterior surface of the liner includes applying unactivated liquid polyurethane grout to the exterior surface, the grout material further includes a 2-part urethane grout, and further including the step of spraying the 2-part urethane grout onto the inner diameter surface of the damaged pipe while pulling the puller-sealer fixture and liner through the damaged pipe, the 2-part urethane grout including urethane and a curing agent. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the spraying step includes spraying the 2-part urethane grout through spraying heads attached to the rolling dolly ahead of the liner, the spraying heads receive two feed lines routed along the cable, one of the feed lines includes the urethane and the other feed line includes the curing agent. 10. The method of claim 3, wherein the step of applying the unactivated liquid polyurethane grout to the exterior surface of the liner includes routing the liner through a dip tank assembly containing the grout material. 11. The method of claim 3 including exposing the grout material to moisture, ultra violet radiation, heat, and/or ultrasonics such that the grout material expands 1% to 1000% in volume, cures, and adheres to the liner and the inner diameter surface of the damaged pipe. 12. The method of claim 3, wherein the step of providing the liner includes extruding a flat sheet of the polymer-based and/or elastomer-based material, and welding the flat sheet to form the liner. 13. The method of claim 3, wherein the step of providing the liner includes extruding the liner from thermoplastic polyurethane including fibers, the thermoplastic polyurethane is clear,
the exterior surface of the liner includes a plurality of flared tips and grooves, each groove is located between adjacent flared tips, the flared tips are located along the entire exterior surface of the liner and continuously around an outer circumference of the liner, each of the flared tips of the liner includes a stem extending perpendicular to a base of the liner and an enlarged top flaring outwardly relative to the stem, the enlarged top has a width greater than a width of the stem, the step of extruding the liner is performed by an extrusion die which produces a flat sheet of the thermoplastic polyurethane including fibers, the step of providing the liner further includes welding the flat sheet to produce the liner, the liner has a diameter which is less than a diameter of the inner diameter surface of the host pipe when the liner is inflated, the liner has a diameter of 6 inches to 12 inches when the liner is inflated, the cross-section of the puller/sealer fixture includes no sharp edges, the puller/sealer fixture maintains the liner in position while pulling the liner through the damaged pipe, the step of applying the grout material to the exterior surface of the liner includes disposing unactivated liquid polyurethane grout on the flared tips and in the grooves, the flared tips and grooves maintain the unactivated liquid polyurethane grout on the exterior surface of the liner during the step of pulling the liner through the damaged pipe, the unactivated liquid polyurethane grout includes fibers and expands 1% to 1000% in volume upon exposing the grout material to moisture, the step of disposing the unactivated liquid polyurethane grout on the flared tips and in the grooves includes applying the unactivated liquid polyurethane grout to the exterior surface of the liner when the liner is flat, the unactivated liquid polyurethane grout is cured by moisture, the step of disposing the unactivated liquid polyurethane grout on the flared tips and in the grooves includes routing the liner through a dip tank assembly containing the unactivated liquid polyurethane grout, the dip tank assembly includes a coating tank which guides the liner through the unactivated liquid polyurethane grout using a series of rollers formed of ultra-high density polyurethane, the coating tank is formed of aluminum and includes a removable top and a drain, the dip tank assembly further includes a mixing tank formed of aluminum providing a reservoir of the unactivated liquid polyurethane grout and supplying the unactivated liquid polyurethane grout to the coating tank, the step of pulling the puller-sealer fixture and liner with the grout material through the damaged pipe includes pulling the puller-seal fixture attached to a rolling dolly by a cable, the puller/sealer fixture is a solid piece of material and is free of sharp edges along the liner, the liner is secured to the puller/sealer fixture by clamps which prevent debris, moisture, and/or the grout material from entering an interior of the liner, and further including spraying a 2-part urethane grout onto the inner diameter surface of the damaged pipe while pulling the puller-sealer fixture and liner through the damaged pipe, the 2-part urethane grout including urethane and a curing agent, the spraying step including spraying the 2-part urethane grout through spraying heads attached to the rolling dolly ahead of the liner, the spraying heads receive two feed lines routed along the cable, one of the feed lines includes the urethane and the other feed line includes the curing agent, mixing the urethane and the curing agent before spraying the 2-part urethane grout on the inner diameter surface of the damaged pipe, the grout material includes a mixture of the unactivated liquid polyurethane grout on the exterior surface of the liner and the 2-part urethane grout on the inner diameter surface of the damaged pipe, and further including the steps of capping ends of the liner and inflating the liner to a specific pressure after spraying the 2-part urethane grout on the inner diameter surface of the damaged pipe, the exposing step including exposing the grout material to moisture such that the grout material expands 1% to 1000% in volume, cures, and adheres to the liner and the inner diameter surface of the damaged pipe, and releasing the pressure from the inflated liner after the grout material is cured. 14. The method of claim 3, wherein the step of providing the liner includes extruding the liner from a thermoplastic material, the grout material applied to the exterior surface of the liner is in the form of a foam, and the grout material forms an adhesive or cohesive bond with the extruded liner such that a plurality of flared tips on the exterior surface of the extruded liner are not required for the liner and the grout material to maintain contact. | An expandable pipe for restoring a damaged pipe is provided. The expandable pipe includes a liner formed of thermoplastic polyurethane, and grout material applied to the exterior surface of the liner. The exterior surface includes a plurality of flared tips and grooves, and each groove is located between adjacent flared tips. The grout material is disposed on the flared tips and in the grooves of the liner. The method used to restore the damaged pipe includes clamping the liner with the grout material on a puller-sealer fixture having a U-shaped cross-section to prevent debris from entering the interior of the liner, and pulling the puller-sealer fixture and liner through the damaged pipe. The grout material expands in volume upon exposure to moisture, ultra violet radiation, heat, and/or ultrasonics, and fills cracks or other imperfections and voids along the interior surface of the conduit, caused by corrosion, erosion, or other circumstances.1. An expandable pipe for restoring a damaged pipe, comprising:
a liner formed of a polymer-based and/or elastomer-based material, said liner including a plurality of fibers, said liner including an exterior surface, said exterior surface of said liner including a plurality of grooves, a grout material disposed in said grooves of said liner, and said grout material being expandable in a dimension upon exposure to moisture, ultra violet radiation, heat, and/or ultrasonics. 2. A method of manufacturing an expandable pipe for restoring a damaged pipe, comprising the steps of:
extruding a liner formed of a polymer-based and/or elastomer-based material and including a plurality of fibers, the extruded liner including an exterior surface with a plurality of grooves, and disposing a grout material in the grooves of the liner, and the grout material being expandable in a dimension upon exposure to moisture, ultra violet radiation, heat, and/or ultrasonics. 3. A method of restoring a damaged pipe, comprising the steps of:
providing a liner formed of a polymer-based and/or elastomer-based material, the liner including an exterior surface, applying a grout material to the exterior surface of the liner, disposing the liner on a puller-sealer fixture having a U-shaped cross-section, pulling the puller-sealer fixture and liner with the grout material through the damaged pipe, and exposing the grout material on the exterior surface of the liner to moisture, ultra violet radiation, heat, and/or ultrasonics, the exposing step causing the grout material to expand and contact an inner diameter surface of the damaged pipe. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the cross-section of the puller/sealer fixture includes no sharp edges, and the puller/sealer fixture maintains the liner in position while pulling the liner through the damaged pipe, 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the exterior surface of the liner includes a plurality of flared tips and grooves, each groove is located between adjacent flared tips, each of the flared tips of the liner includes a stem extending perpendicular to a base of the liner and an enlarged top flaring outwardly relative to the stem, the enlarged top has a width greater than a width of the stem. 6. The method of claim 3, wherein the step of pulling the puller-sealer fixture and liner with the grout material through the damaged pipe includes pulling the puller-seal fixture attached to a rolling dolly by a cable. 7. The method of claim 3, wherein the liner is secured to the puller/sealer fixture by clamps which prevent debris, moisture, and/or the grout material from entering an interior of the liner. 8. The method of claim 3, wherein the step of applying the grout material to the exterior surface of the liner includes applying unactivated liquid polyurethane grout to the exterior surface, the grout material further includes a 2-part urethane grout, and further including the step of spraying the 2-part urethane grout onto the inner diameter surface of the damaged pipe while pulling the puller-sealer fixture and liner through the damaged pipe, the 2-part urethane grout including urethane and a curing agent. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the spraying step includes spraying the 2-part urethane grout through spraying heads attached to the rolling dolly ahead of the liner, the spraying heads receive two feed lines routed along the cable, one of the feed lines includes the urethane and the other feed line includes the curing agent. 10. The method of claim 3, wherein the step of applying the unactivated liquid polyurethane grout to the exterior surface of the liner includes routing the liner through a dip tank assembly containing the grout material. 11. The method of claim 3 including exposing the grout material to moisture, ultra violet radiation, heat, and/or ultrasonics such that the grout material expands 1% to 1000% in volume, cures, and adheres to the liner and the inner diameter surface of the damaged pipe. 12. The method of claim 3, wherein the step of providing the liner includes extruding a flat sheet of the polymer-based and/or elastomer-based material, and welding the flat sheet to form the liner. 13. The method of claim 3, wherein the step of providing the liner includes extruding the liner from thermoplastic polyurethane including fibers, the thermoplastic polyurethane is clear,
the exterior surface of the liner includes a plurality of flared tips and grooves, each groove is located between adjacent flared tips, the flared tips are located along the entire exterior surface of the liner and continuously around an outer circumference of the liner, each of the flared tips of the liner includes a stem extending perpendicular to a base of the liner and an enlarged top flaring outwardly relative to the stem, the enlarged top has a width greater than a width of the stem, the step of extruding the liner is performed by an extrusion die which produces a flat sheet of the thermoplastic polyurethane including fibers, the step of providing the liner further includes welding the flat sheet to produce the liner, the liner has a diameter which is less than a diameter of the inner diameter surface of the host pipe when the liner is inflated, the liner has a diameter of 6 inches to 12 inches when the liner is inflated, the cross-section of the puller/sealer fixture includes no sharp edges, the puller/sealer fixture maintains the liner in position while pulling the liner through the damaged pipe, the step of applying the grout material to the exterior surface of the liner includes disposing unactivated liquid polyurethane grout on the flared tips and in the grooves, the flared tips and grooves maintain the unactivated liquid polyurethane grout on the exterior surface of the liner during the step of pulling the liner through the damaged pipe, the unactivated liquid polyurethane grout includes fibers and expands 1% to 1000% in volume upon exposing the grout material to moisture, the step of disposing the unactivated liquid polyurethane grout on the flared tips and in the grooves includes applying the unactivated liquid polyurethane grout to the exterior surface of the liner when the liner is flat, the unactivated liquid polyurethane grout is cured by moisture, the step of disposing the unactivated liquid polyurethane grout on the flared tips and in the grooves includes routing the liner through a dip tank assembly containing the unactivated liquid polyurethane grout, the dip tank assembly includes a coating tank which guides the liner through the unactivated liquid polyurethane grout using a series of rollers formed of ultra-high density polyurethane, the coating tank is formed of aluminum and includes a removable top and a drain, the dip tank assembly further includes a mixing tank formed of aluminum providing a reservoir of the unactivated liquid polyurethane grout and supplying the unactivated liquid polyurethane grout to the coating tank, the step of pulling the puller-sealer fixture and liner with the grout material through the damaged pipe includes pulling the puller-seal fixture attached to a rolling dolly by a cable, the puller/sealer fixture is a solid piece of material and is free of sharp edges along the liner, the liner is secured to the puller/sealer fixture by clamps which prevent debris, moisture, and/or the grout material from entering an interior of the liner, and further including spraying a 2-part urethane grout onto the inner diameter surface of the damaged pipe while pulling the puller-sealer fixture and liner through the damaged pipe, the 2-part urethane grout including urethane and a curing agent, the spraying step including spraying the 2-part urethane grout through spraying heads attached to the rolling dolly ahead of the liner, the spraying heads receive two feed lines routed along the cable, one of the feed lines includes the urethane and the other feed line includes the curing agent, mixing the urethane and the curing agent before spraying the 2-part urethane grout on the inner diameter surface of the damaged pipe, the grout material includes a mixture of the unactivated liquid polyurethane grout on the exterior surface of the liner and the 2-part urethane grout on the inner diameter surface of the damaged pipe, and further including the steps of capping ends of the liner and inflating the liner to a specific pressure after spraying the 2-part urethane grout on the inner diameter surface of the damaged pipe, the exposing step including exposing the grout material to moisture such that the grout material expands 1% to 1000% in volume, cures, and adheres to the liner and the inner diameter surface of the damaged pipe, and releasing the pressure from the inflated liner after the grout material is cured. 14. The method of claim 3, wherein the step of providing the liner includes extruding the liner from a thermoplastic material, the grout material applied to the exterior surface of the liner is in the form of a foam, and the grout material forms an adhesive or cohesive bond with the extruded liner such that a plurality of flared tips on the exterior surface of the extruded liner are not required for the liner and the grout material to maintain contact. | 3,600 |
348,842 | 16,806,328 | 3,652 | wherein R1, R2, and R3 represent identically or differently either a phenyl group, or an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbons, and at least one of the phenyl group or the alkyl group is substituted by a sulfonate group or its salt, a cyano group, or a carboxy group or its salt. | 1. An electroless gold plating bath, comprising:
a water-soluble gold salt; a reducing agent; and a phosphine compound represented by a following formula (1) 2. The electroless gold plating bath according to claim 1, wherein the electroless gold plating bath contains no cyanide compound as an additive. | wherein R1, R2, and R3 represent identically or differently either a phenyl group, or an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbons, and at least one of the phenyl group or the alkyl group is substituted by a sulfonate group or its salt, a cyano group, or a carboxy group or its salt.1. An electroless gold plating bath, comprising:
a water-soluble gold salt; a reducing agent; and a phosphine compound represented by a following formula (1) 2. The electroless gold plating bath according to claim 1, wherein the electroless gold plating bath contains no cyanide compound as an additive. | 3,600 |
348,843 | 16,806,354 | 3,652 | A method for controlling transient operation of a rotary electric machine in an electric powertrain or other electrical system includes, during a shunt angle transition occurring during a maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) control region, determining an estimated output torque of the electric machine via a torque estimation block using d-axis and q-axis current commands and an additional value, i.e., an actual shunt angle or a machine temperature. The method includes subtracting the estimated output torque from a commanded output torque to derive an adjusted commanded torque value or torque error, and calculating, from the torque error, a delta d-axis current command and a delta q-axis current command. The method includes adjusting d-axis and q-axis current commands using the delta commands to produce adjusted d-axis and q-axis current commands, which are then used as closed-loop feedback control terms by the torque estimation block. | 1. A method for controlling transient operation of a rotary electric machine, comprising:
during a maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) control region of the electric machine:
determining an estimated output torque of the electric machine, via a torque estimation block within a torque loop a controller, using a d-axis current command, a q-axis current command, and an additional value, wherein the additional value is an actual shunt angle of the electric machine or a temperature of the electric machine;
subtracting the estimated output torque from a commanded output torque to thereby derive an adjusted commanded torque value or torque error;
calculating, using the adjusted commanded torque value or torque error, a delta d-axis current command and a delta q-axis current command;
adjusting a d-axis current command and a q-axis current command of the electric machine, via the controller, using the delta d-axis current command and the delta q-axis current command, respectively; and
providing the d-axis current command and the q-axis current command to the torque estimation block as closed-loop feedback control terms. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the rotary electric machine is a variable flux machine in which the transition modifies flux paths within and a back-EMF of the electric machine, and wherein the additional value is the actual shunt angle. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the electric machine is a permanent magnet machine, and wherein the additional value is the temperature of the electric machine. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
feeding a direct current bus voltage, a torque slew command, and a rotary speed of the electric machine into separate d-axis and q-axis current command lookup tables of the controller; and adding the delta d-axis current command and the delta q-axis current command to respective outputs of the separate d-axis and q-axis current command lookup tables to thereby derive the d-axis current command and the q-axis current command. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein calculating the delta d-axis current command and the delta q-axis current command includes processing the adjusted commanded torque value or torque error through a proportional-integral (PI) regulator to thereby produce a delta steady-state current magnitude, adding the delta steady-state current magnitude to a steady-state current magnitude to produce a new steady-state current value, processing the new steady-state current value through an MTPA beta angle lookup table to produce a current command beta angle of the electric machine, and transforming the current command beta angle into adjusted d-axis and q-axis values using a transformation block of the controller. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising: selectively and automatically resetting the PI regulator in response to a predetermined condition. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
during a field weakening control region of the electric machine occurring prior or subsequent to the MTPA control region:
using a modulation index control loop of the controller to regulate the d-axis current command; and
regulating the q-axis current command via the torque control loop of the controller. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising:
using a calibrated torque hysteresis band to avoid oscillation or jittering between the MTPA control region and the field weakening control region. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the estimated output torque includes using a flux lookup table to determine a d-axis flux contribution and a q-axis flux contribution, and wherein the torque estimation block includes a lookup table indexed by the d-axis current command, the q-axis current command, the d-axis flux contribution, and the q-axis flux contribution. 10. An electric powertrain comprising:
a rotary electric machine having phase windings; a traction power inverter module (TPIM) connected to the rotary electric machine via the phase windings; and a controller having:
a current control block connected to the TPIM, configured to receive d-axis and q-axis current commands, and in response to the d-axis and q-axis current commands, to output d-axis and q-axis voltage commands to the TPIM; and
a shunt control block configured to transition an actual shunt angle of the electric machine during a maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) control region of the electric machine to thereby modify flux paths within and back-EMF of the electric machine;
wherein the controller is configured to execute instructions to thereby control a transient operation of the rotary electric machine, and execution of the instructions causes the control system, during the shunt angle transition, to:
determine an estimated output torque of the rotary electric machine, via a torque estimation block, using a d-axis current command, a q-axis current command, and an additional value, wherein the additional value is an actual shunt angle of the electric machine or a temperature of the electric machine;
subtract the estimated output torque from a commanded output torque to thereby derive an adjusted commanded torque value or torque error;
calculate, from the adjusted commanded torque value or torque error, a delta d-axis current command and a delta q-axis current command;
adjust an actual d-axis current command and an actual q-axis current command of the electric machine using the delta d-axis current command and the delta q-axis current command, respectively, to thereby produce the d-axis command and the q-axis command; and
provide the d-axis current command and the q-axis current command as closed-loop feedback control terms to the torque estimation block. 11. The electric powertrain of claim 10, wherein the rotary electric machine is a variable flux machine, and wherein the additional value is the actual shunt angle. 12. (canceled) 13. The electric powertrain of claim 10, wherein the controller is configured to:
feed a direct current bus voltage, a torque slew command, and a rotary speed of the electric machine into separate d-axis and q-axis current command lookup tables; and add the delta d-axis current command and the delta q-axis current command to respective outputs of the d-axis and q-axis current command lookup tables to thereby derive the d-axis current command and the q-axis current command. 14. The electric powertrain of claim 10, wherein the controller is configured to:
calculate the delta d-axis current command and the delta q-axis current command by processing the adjusted commanded torque value through a proportional-integral (PI) regulator to thereby produce a delta steady-state current magnitude; add the delta steady-state current magnitude to a steady-state current magnitude to produce a new steady-state current value; process the new steady-state current value through an MTPA beta angle lookup table to produce a current command beta angle of the electric machine; and transform the current command beta angle into adjusted d-axis and q-axis values using a transformation block of the controller. 15. The electric powertrain of claim 14, wherein the controller is configured to selectively and automatically reset the PI regulator in response to a predetermined condition. 16. The electric powertrain of claim 14, wherein the controller is configured, during a field weakening control region of the rotary electric machine occurring prior or subsequent to the MTPA control region, to:
use a modulation index control loop or a voltage control loop of the controller to regulate the d-axis current command; and regulate the q-axis current command via the torque control loop of the controller. 17. The electric powertrain of claim 16, wherein the controller is configured to use a calibrated torque hysteresis band to avoid oscillation between the MTPA control region and the field weakening control region. 18. The electric powertrain of claim 14, wherein the controller is configured to determine the estimated output torque of the electric machine by using a flux lookup table to determine a d-axis and a q-axis flux contribution, and wherein the torque estimation block includes a lookup table indexed by the d-axis current command, the q-axis current command, the d-axis flux contribution, and the q-axis flux contribution. 19. The electric powertrain of claim 14, further comprising: a driven load connected to the rotary electric machine. 20. The electric powertrain of claim 19, wherein the driven load includes one or more road wheels of a motor vehicle. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the estimated output torque of the electric machine includes decoupling a steady-state current command into the d-axis current command and the q-axis command. | A method for controlling transient operation of a rotary electric machine in an electric powertrain or other electrical system includes, during a shunt angle transition occurring during a maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) control region, determining an estimated output torque of the electric machine via a torque estimation block using d-axis and q-axis current commands and an additional value, i.e., an actual shunt angle or a machine temperature. The method includes subtracting the estimated output torque from a commanded output torque to derive an adjusted commanded torque value or torque error, and calculating, from the torque error, a delta d-axis current command and a delta q-axis current command. The method includes adjusting d-axis and q-axis current commands using the delta commands to produce adjusted d-axis and q-axis current commands, which are then used as closed-loop feedback control terms by the torque estimation block.1. A method for controlling transient operation of a rotary electric machine, comprising:
during a maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) control region of the electric machine:
determining an estimated output torque of the electric machine, via a torque estimation block within a torque loop a controller, using a d-axis current command, a q-axis current command, and an additional value, wherein the additional value is an actual shunt angle of the electric machine or a temperature of the electric machine;
subtracting the estimated output torque from a commanded output torque to thereby derive an adjusted commanded torque value or torque error;
calculating, using the adjusted commanded torque value or torque error, a delta d-axis current command and a delta q-axis current command;
adjusting a d-axis current command and a q-axis current command of the electric machine, via the controller, using the delta d-axis current command and the delta q-axis current command, respectively; and
providing the d-axis current command and the q-axis current command to the torque estimation block as closed-loop feedback control terms. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the rotary electric machine is a variable flux machine in which the transition modifies flux paths within and a back-EMF of the electric machine, and wherein the additional value is the actual shunt angle. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the electric machine is a permanent magnet machine, and wherein the additional value is the temperature of the electric machine. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
feeding a direct current bus voltage, a torque slew command, and a rotary speed of the electric machine into separate d-axis and q-axis current command lookup tables of the controller; and adding the delta d-axis current command and the delta q-axis current command to respective outputs of the separate d-axis and q-axis current command lookup tables to thereby derive the d-axis current command and the q-axis current command. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein calculating the delta d-axis current command and the delta q-axis current command includes processing the adjusted commanded torque value or torque error through a proportional-integral (PI) regulator to thereby produce a delta steady-state current magnitude, adding the delta steady-state current magnitude to a steady-state current magnitude to produce a new steady-state current value, processing the new steady-state current value through an MTPA beta angle lookup table to produce a current command beta angle of the electric machine, and transforming the current command beta angle into adjusted d-axis and q-axis values using a transformation block of the controller. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising: selectively and automatically resetting the PI regulator in response to a predetermined condition. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
during a field weakening control region of the electric machine occurring prior or subsequent to the MTPA control region:
using a modulation index control loop of the controller to regulate the d-axis current command; and
regulating the q-axis current command via the torque control loop of the controller. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising:
using a calibrated torque hysteresis band to avoid oscillation or jittering between the MTPA control region and the field weakening control region. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the estimated output torque includes using a flux lookup table to determine a d-axis flux contribution and a q-axis flux contribution, and wherein the torque estimation block includes a lookup table indexed by the d-axis current command, the q-axis current command, the d-axis flux contribution, and the q-axis flux contribution. 10. An electric powertrain comprising:
a rotary electric machine having phase windings; a traction power inverter module (TPIM) connected to the rotary electric machine via the phase windings; and a controller having:
a current control block connected to the TPIM, configured to receive d-axis and q-axis current commands, and in response to the d-axis and q-axis current commands, to output d-axis and q-axis voltage commands to the TPIM; and
a shunt control block configured to transition an actual shunt angle of the electric machine during a maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) control region of the electric machine to thereby modify flux paths within and back-EMF of the electric machine;
wherein the controller is configured to execute instructions to thereby control a transient operation of the rotary electric machine, and execution of the instructions causes the control system, during the shunt angle transition, to:
determine an estimated output torque of the rotary electric machine, via a torque estimation block, using a d-axis current command, a q-axis current command, and an additional value, wherein the additional value is an actual shunt angle of the electric machine or a temperature of the electric machine;
subtract the estimated output torque from a commanded output torque to thereby derive an adjusted commanded torque value or torque error;
calculate, from the adjusted commanded torque value or torque error, a delta d-axis current command and a delta q-axis current command;
adjust an actual d-axis current command and an actual q-axis current command of the electric machine using the delta d-axis current command and the delta q-axis current command, respectively, to thereby produce the d-axis command and the q-axis command; and
provide the d-axis current command and the q-axis current command as closed-loop feedback control terms to the torque estimation block. 11. The electric powertrain of claim 10, wherein the rotary electric machine is a variable flux machine, and wherein the additional value is the actual shunt angle. 12. (canceled) 13. The electric powertrain of claim 10, wherein the controller is configured to:
feed a direct current bus voltage, a torque slew command, and a rotary speed of the electric machine into separate d-axis and q-axis current command lookup tables; and add the delta d-axis current command and the delta q-axis current command to respective outputs of the d-axis and q-axis current command lookup tables to thereby derive the d-axis current command and the q-axis current command. 14. The electric powertrain of claim 10, wherein the controller is configured to:
calculate the delta d-axis current command and the delta q-axis current command by processing the adjusted commanded torque value through a proportional-integral (PI) regulator to thereby produce a delta steady-state current magnitude; add the delta steady-state current magnitude to a steady-state current magnitude to produce a new steady-state current value; process the new steady-state current value through an MTPA beta angle lookup table to produce a current command beta angle of the electric machine; and transform the current command beta angle into adjusted d-axis and q-axis values using a transformation block of the controller. 15. The electric powertrain of claim 14, wherein the controller is configured to selectively and automatically reset the PI regulator in response to a predetermined condition. 16. The electric powertrain of claim 14, wherein the controller is configured, during a field weakening control region of the rotary electric machine occurring prior or subsequent to the MTPA control region, to:
use a modulation index control loop or a voltage control loop of the controller to regulate the d-axis current command; and regulate the q-axis current command via the torque control loop of the controller. 17. The electric powertrain of claim 16, wherein the controller is configured to use a calibrated torque hysteresis band to avoid oscillation between the MTPA control region and the field weakening control region. 18. The electric powertrain of claim 14, wherein the controller is configured to determine the estimated output torque of the electric machine by using a flux lookup table to determine a d-axis and a q-axis flux contribution, and wherein the torque estimation block includes a lookup table indexed by the d-axis current command, the q-axis current command, the d-axis flux contribution, and the q-axis flux contribution. 19. The electric powertrain of claim 14, further comprising: a driven load connected to the rotary electric machine. 20. The electric powertrain of claim 19, wherein the driven load includes one or more road wheels of a motor vehicle. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the estimated output torque of the electric machine includes decoupling a steady-state current command into the d-axis current command and the q-axis command. | 3,600 |
348,844 | 16,806,372 | 3,652 | A method for controlling transient operation of a rotary electric machine in an electric powertrain or other electrical system includes, during a shunt angle transition occurring during a maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) control region, determining an estimated output torque of the electric machine via a torque estimation block using d-axis and q-axis current commands and an additional value, i.e., an actual shunt angle or a machine temperature. The method includes subtracting the estimated output torque from a commanded output torque to derive an adjusted commanded torque value or torque error, and calculating, from the torque error, a delta d-axis current command and a delta q-axis current command. The method includes adjusting d-axis and q-axis current commands using the delta commands to produce adjusted d-axis and q-axis current commands, which are then used as closed-loop feedback control terms by the torque estimation block. | 1. A method for controlling transient operation of a rotary electric machine, comprising:
during a maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) control region of the electric machine:
determining an estimated output torque of the electric machine, via a torque estimation block within a torque loop a controller, using a d-axis current command, a q-axis current command, and an additional value, wherein the additional value is an actual shunt angle of the electric machine or a temperature of the electric machine;
subtracting the estimated output torque from a commanded output torque to thereby derive an adjusted commanded torque value or torque error;
calculating, using the adjusted commanded torque value or torque error, a delta d-axis current command and a delta q-axis current command;
adjusting a d-axis current command and a q-axis current command of the electric machine, via the controller, using the delta d-axis current command and the delta q-axis current command, respectively; and
providing the d-axis current command and the q-axis current command to the torque estimation block as closed-loop feedback control terms. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the rotary electric machine is a variable flux machine in which the transition modifies flux paths within and a back-EMF of the electric machine, and wherein the additional value is the actual shunt angle. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the electric machine is a permanent magnet machine, and wherein the additional value is the temperature of the electric machine. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
feeding a direct current bus voltage, a torque slew command, and a rotary speed of the electric machine into separate d-axis and q-axis current command lookup tables of the controller; and adding the delta d-axis current command and the delta q-axis current command to respective outputs of the separate d-axis and q-axis current command lookup tables to thereby derive the d-axis current command and the q-axis current command. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein calculating the delta d-axis current command and the delta q-axis current command includes processing the adjusted commanded torque value or torque error through a proportional-integral (PI) regulator to thereby produce a delta steady-state current magnitude, adding the delta steady-state current magnitude to a steady-state current magnitude to produce a new steady-state current value, processing the new steady-state current value through an MTPA beta angle lookup table to produce a current command beta angle of the electric machine, and transforming the current command beta angle into adjusted d-axis and q-axis values using a transformation block of the controller. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising: selectively and automatically resetting the PI regulator in response to a predetermined condition. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
during a field weakening control region of the electric machine occurring prior or subsequent to the MTPA control region:
using a modulation index control loop of the controller to regulate the d-axis current command; and
regulating the q-axis current command via the torque control loop of the controller. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising:
using a calibrated torque hysteresis band to avoid oscillation or jittering between the MTPA control region and the field weakening control region. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the estimated output torque includes using a flux lookup table to determine a d-axis flux contribution and a q-axis flux contribution, and wherein the torque estimation block includes a lookup table indexed by the d-axis current command, the q-axis current command, the d-axis flux contribution, and the q-axis flux contribution. 10. An electric powertrain comprising:
a rotary electric machine having phase windings; a traction power inverter module (TPIM) connected to the rotary electric machine via the phase windings; and a controller having:
a current control block connected to the TPIM, configured to receive d-axis and q-axis current commands, and in response to the d-axis and q-axis current commands, to output d-axis and q-axis voltage commands to the TPIM; and
a shunt control block configured to transition an actual shunt angle of the electric machine during a maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) control region of the electric machine to thereby modify flux paths within and back-EMF of the electric machine;
wherein the controller is configured to execute instructions to thereby control a transient operation of the rotary electric machine, and execution of the instructions causes the control system, during the shunt angle transition, to:
determine an estimated output torque of the rotary electric machine, via a torque estimation block, using a d-axis current command, a q-axis current command, and an additional value, wherein the additional value is an actual shunt angle of the electric machine or a temperature of the electric machine;
subtract the estimated output torque from a commanded output torque to thereby derive an adjusted commanded torque value or torque error;
calculate, from the adjusted commanded torque value or torque error, a delta d-axis current command and a delta q-axis current command;
adjust an actual d-axis current command and an actual q-axis current command of the electric machine using the delta d-axis current command and the delta q-axis current command, respectively, to thereby produce the d-axis command and the q-axis command; and
provide the d-axis current command and the q-axis current command as closed-loop feedback control terms to the torque estimation block. 11. The electric powertrain of claim 10, wherein the rotary electric machine is a variable flux machine, and wherein the additional value is the actual shunt angle. 12. (canceled) 13. The electric powertrain of claim 10, wherein the controller is configured to:
feed a direct current bus voltage, a torque slew command, and a rotary speed of the electric machine into separate d-axis and q-axis current command lookup tables; and add the delta d-axis current command and the delta q-axis current command to respective outputs of the d-axis and q-axis current command lookup tables to thereby derive the d-axis current command and the q-axis current command. 14. The electric powertrain of claim 10, wherein the controller is configured to:
calculate the delta d-axis current command and the delta q-axis current command by processing the adjusted commanded torque value through a proportional-integral (PI) regulator to thereby produce a delta steady-state current magnitude; add the delta steady-state current magnitude to a steady-state current magnitude to produce a new steady-state current value; process the new steady-state current value through an MTPA beta angle lookup table to produce a current command beta angle of the electric machine; and transform the current command beta angle into adjusted d-axis and q-axis values using a transformation block of the controller. 15. The electric powertrain of claim 14, wherein the controller is configured to selectively and automatically reset the PI regulator in response to a predetermined condition. 16. The electric powertrain of claim 14, wherein the controller is configured, during a field weakening control region of the rotary electric machine occurring prior or subsequent to the MTPA control region, to:
use a modulation index control loop or a voltage control loop of the controller to regulate the d-axis current command; and regulate the q-axis current command via the torque control loop of the controller. 17. The electric powertrain of claim 16, wherein the controller is configured to use a calibrated torque hysteresis band to avoid oscillation between the MTPA control region and the field weakening control region. 18. The electric powertrain of claim 14, wherein the controller is configured to determine the estimated output torque of the electric machine by using a flux lookup table to determine a d-axis and a q-axis flux contribution, and wherein the torque estimation block includes a lookup table indexed by the d-axis current command, the q-axis current command, the d-axis flux contribution, and the q-axis flux contribution. 19. The electric powertrain of claim 14, further comprising: a driven load connected to the rotary electric machine. 20. The electric powertrain of claim 19, wherein the driven load includes one or more road wheels of a motor vehicle. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the estimated output torque of the electric machine includes decoupling a steady-state current command into the d-axis current command and the q-axis command. | A method for controlling transient operation of a rotary electric machine in an electric powertrain or other electrical system includes, during a shunt angle transition occurring during a maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) control region, determining an estimated output torque of the electric machine via a torque estimation block using d-axis and q-axis current commands and an additional value, i.e., an actual shunt angle or a machine temperature. The method includes subtracting the estimated output torque from a commanded output torque to derive an adjusted commanded torque value or torque error, and calculating, from the torque error, a delta d-axis current command and a delta q-axis current command. The method includes adjusting d-axis and q-axis current commands using the delta commands to produce adjusted d-axis and q-axis current commands, which are then used as closed-loop feedback control terms by the torque estimation block.1. A method for controlling transient operation of a rotary electric machine, comprising:
during a maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) control region of the electric machine:
determining an estimated output torque of the electric machine, via a torque estimation block within a torque loop a controller, using a d-axis current command, a q-axis current command, and an additional value, wherein the additional value is an actual shunt angle of the electric machine or a temperature of the electric machine;
subtracting the estimated output torque from a commanded output torque to thereby derive an adjusted commanded torque value or torque error;
calculating, using the adjusted commanded torque value or torque error, a delta d-axis current command and a delta q-axis current command;
adjusting a d-axis current command and a q-axis current command of the electric machine, via the controller, using the delta d-axis current command and the delta q-axis current command, respectively; and
providing the d-axis current command and the q-axis current command to the torque estimation block as closed-loop feedback control terms. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the rotary electric machine is a variable flux machine in which the transition modifies flux paths within and a back-EMF of the electric machine, and wherein the additional value is the actual shunt angle. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the electric machine is a permanent magnet machine, and wherein the additional value is the temperature of the electric machine. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
feeding a direct current bus voltage, a torque slew command, and a rotary speed of the electric machine into separate d-axis and q-axis current command lookup tables of the controller; and adding the delta d-axis current command and the delta q-axis current command to respective outputs of the separate d-axis and q-axis current command lookup tables to thereby derive the d-axis current command and the q-axis current command. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein calculating the delta d-axis current command and the delta q-axis current command includes processing the adjusted commanded torque value or torque error through a proportional-integral (PI) regulator to thereby produce a delta steady-state current magnitude, adding the delta steady-state current magnitude to a steady-state current magnitude to produce a new steady-state current value, processing the new steady-state current value through an MTPA beta angle lookup table to produce a current command beta angle of the electric machine, and transforming the current command beta angle into adjusted d-axis and q-axis values using a transformation block of the controller. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising: selectively and automatically resetting the PI regulator in response to a predetermined condition. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
during a field weakening control region of the electric machine occurring prior or subsequent to the MTPA control region:
using a modulation index control loop of the controller to regulate the d-axis current command; and
regulating the q-axis current command via the torque control loop of the controller. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising:
using a calibrated torque hysteresis band to avoid oscillation or jittering between the MTPA control region and the field weakening control region. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the estimated output torque includes using a flux lookup table to determine a d-axis flux contribution and a q-axis flux contribution, and wherein the torque estimation block includes a lookup table indexed by the d-axis current command, the q-axis current command, the d-axis flux contribution, and the q-axis flux contribution. 10. An electric powertrain comprising:
a rotary electric machine having phase windings; a traction power inverter module (TPIM) connected to the rotary electric machine via the phase windings; and a controller having:
a current control block connected to the TPIM, configured to receive d-axis and q-axis current commands, and in response to the d-axis and q-axis current commands, to output d-axis and q-axis voltage commands to the TPIM; and
a shunt control block configured to transition an actual shunt angle of the electric machine during a maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) control region of the electric machine to thereby modify flux paths within and back-EMF of the electric machine;
wherein the controller is configured to execute instructions to thereby control a transient operation of the rotary electric machine, and execution of the instructions causes the control system, during the shunt angle transition, to:
determine an estimated output torque of the rotary electric machine, via a torque estimation block, using a d-axis current command, a q-axis current command, and an additional value, wherein the additional value is an actual shunt angle of the electric machine or a temperature of the electric machine;
subtract the estimated output torque from a commanded output torque to thereby derive an adjusted commanded torque value or torque error;
calculate, from the adjusted commanded torque value or torque error, a delta d-axis current command and a delta q-axis current command;
adjust an actual d-axis current command and an actual q-axis current command of the electric machine using the delta d-axis current command and the delta q-axis current command, respectively, to thereby produce the d-axis command and the q-axis command; and
provide the d-axis current command and the q-axis current command as closed-loop feedback control terms to the torque estimation block. 11. The electric powertrain of claim 10, wherein the rotary electric machine is a variable flux machine, and wherein the additional value is the actual shunt angle. 12. (canceled) 13. The electric powertrain of claim 10, wherein the controller is configured to:
feed a direct current bus voltage, a torque slew command, and a rotary speed of the electric machine into separate d-axis and q-axis current command lookup tables; and add the delta d-axis current command and the delta q-axis current command to respective outputs of the d-axis and q-axis current command lookup tables to thereby derive the d-axis current command and the q-axis current command. 14. The electric powertrain of claim 10, wherein the controller is configured to:
calculate the delta d-axis current command and the delta q-axis current command by processing the adjusted commanded torque value through a proportional-integral (PI) regulator to thereby produce a delta steady-state current magnitude; add the delta steady-state current magnitude to a steady-state current magnitude to produce a new steady-state current value; process the new steady-state current value through an MTPA beta angle lookup table to produce a current command beta angle of the electric machine; and transform the current command beta angle into adjusted d-axis and q-axis values using a transformation block of the controller. 15. The electric powertrain of claim 14, wherein the controller is configured to selectively and automatically reset the PI regulator in response to a predetermined condition. 16. The electric powertrain of claim 14, wherein the controller is configured, during a field weakening control region of the rotary electric machine occurring prior or subsequent to the MTPA control region, to:
use a modulation index control loop or a voltage control loop of the controller to regulate the d-axis current command; and regulate the q-axis current command via the torque control loop of the controller. 17. The electric powertrain of claim 16, wherein the controller is configured to use a calibrated torque hysteresis band to avoid oscillation between the MTPA control region and the field weakening control region. 18. The electric powertrain of claim 14, wherein the controller is configured to determine the estimated output torque of the electric machine by using a flux lookup table to determine a d-axis and a q-axis flux contribution, and wherein the torque estimation block includes a lookup table indexed by the d-axis current command, the q-axis current command, the d-axis flux contribution, and the q-axis flux contribution. 19. The electric powertrain of claim 14, further comprising: a driven load connected to the rotary electric machine. 20. The electric powertrain of claim 19, wherein the driven load includes one or more road wheels of a motor vehicle. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the estimated output torque of the electric machine includes decoupling a steady-state current command into the d-axis current command and the q-axis command. | 3,600 |
348,845 | 16,806,389 | 2,857 | A method may include obtaining various well logs or various core samples regarding a geological region of interest. The method may further include determining various permeability values, various porosity values, and various dolomite volume fraction values regarding the geological region of interest using the well logs or the core samples. The dolomite volume fraction values may correspond to a percentage of dolomite in a total mineral volume. The method may further include determining, using the porosity values, various permeability thresholds corresponding to various predetermined reservoir qualities. The method may further include generating, using the permeability thresholds, the permeability values, and the dolomite volume fraction values, a reservoir model including various dolomite boundaries defining the predetermined reservoir qualities. The method may further include determining a hydrocarbon trap prediction using the reservoir model. | 1. A method, comprising:
obtaining, by a computer processor, a plurality of well logs or a plurality of core samples regarding a geological region of interest; determining, by the computer processor, a plurality of permeability values, a plurality of porosity values, and a plurality of dolomite volume fraction values regarding the geological region of interest using the plurality of well logs or the plurality of core samples, wherein the plurality of dolomite volume fraction values correspond to a percentage of dolomite in a total mineral volume; determining, by the computer processor and using the plurality of porosity values, a plurality of permeability thresholds corresponding to a plurality of predetermined reservoir qualities; generating, by the computer processor and using the plurality of permeability thresholds, the plurality of permeability values, and the plurality of dolomite volume fraction values, a reservoir model comprising a plurality of dolomite boundaries defining the plurality of predetermined reservoir qualities; and determining, by the computer processor, a hydrocarbon trap prediction using the reservoir model. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining a predetermined maximum porosity boundary for the reservoir model; and adjust the predetermined maximum porosity boundary based on an anhydrite volume fraction value in the geological region of interest to produce an adjusted porosity boundary. 3. The method of claim 2,
wherein the plurality of dolomite boundaries comprise a dolomitic limestone boundary that separates dolomite from dolomitic limestone within the geological region of interest, and wherein the dolomitic limestone boundary is determined using the plurality of dolomite fraction values and the adjusted porosity boundary. 4. The method of claim 1,
wherein the plurality of permeability thresholds comprise a predetermined reservoir quality threshold that separates a first reservoir region having impervious rock from a second reservoir region having semi-pervious rock. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
generating a reservoir boundary by performing a linear regression using a subset of the plurality of permeability values and a permeability-versus-porosity analysis. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
generating, by a control system, a control signal for a drilling system using the hydrocarbon trap prediction, and wherein the control signal adjusts a well trajectory of the drilling system. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining, using the reservoir model, a first sealing capacity of a first formation in the geological region of interest and a second sealing capacity of a second formation in the geological region of interest, wherein the hydrocarbon trap is a diagenetic trap, and wherein the first formation is a hydrocarbon seal for the diagenetic trap and the second formation is a non-seal. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
obtaining seismic data regarding the geological region of interest; determining a diagenesis-based facies within the reservoir model; and upscaling, using the seismic data, the diagenesis-based facies throughout the reservoir model. 9. The method of claim 1,
wherein the computer processor is disposed in a reservoir simulator coupled to a control system and a drilling system in a well environment. 10. A system, comprising:
a logging system coupled to a plurality of logging tools, a reservoir simulator comprising a computer processor, wherein the reservoir simulator is coupled to the logging system and comprises functionality for:
obtaining a plurality of well logs from the plurality of logging tools or a plurality of core samples regarding a geological region of interest;
determining a plurality of permeability values, a plurality of porosity values, and a plurality of dolomite volume fraction values regarding the geological region of interest using the plurality of well logs or the plurality of core samples, wherein the plurality of dolomite volume fraction values correspond to a percentage of dolomite in a total mineral volume;
determining, using the plurality of porosity values, a plurality of permeability thresholds corresponding to a plurality of predetermined reservoir qualities;
generating, using the plurality of permeability thresholds, the plurality of permeability values, and the plurality of dolomite volume fraction values, a reservoir model comprising a plurality of dolomite boundaries defining the plurality of predetermined reservoir qualities; and
determining a hydrocarbon trap prediction using the reservoir model. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the reservoir simulator further comprises functionality for:
determining a predetermined maximum porosity boundary for the reservoir model; and adjust the predetermined maximum porosity boundary based on an anhydrite volume fraction value in the geological region of interest to produce an adjusted porosity boundary, wherein the plurality of dolomite boundaries comprise a dolomitic limestone boundary that separates dolomite from dolomitic limestone within the geological region of interest, and wherein the dolomitic limestone boundary is determined using the plurality of dolomite fraction values and the adjusted porosity boundary. 12. The system of claim 10, wherein the plurality of permeability thresholds comprise a predetermined reservoir quality threshold that separates a first reservoir region having impervious rock from a second reservoir region having semi-pervious rock. 13. The system of claim 10, further comprising:
a control system coupled to the reservoir simulator and a drilling system, wherein the control system is configured to generate a control signal for the drilling system using the hydrocarbon trap prediction, and wherein the control signal adjusts a well trajectory of a drilling system. 14. The system of claim 10, wherein the reservoir simulator further comprises functionality for:
determining, using the reservoir model, a first sealing capacity of a first formation in the geological region of interest and a second sealing capacity of a second formation in the geological region of interest, wherein the hydrocarbon trap is a diagenetic trap, and wherein the first formation is a hydrocarbon seal for the diagenetic trap and the second formation is a non-seal. 15. The system of claim 10, wherein the reservoir simulator further comprises functionality for:
obtaining seismic data regarding the geological region of interest; determining a diagenesis-based facies within the reservoir model; and upscaling, using the seismic data, the diagenesis-based facies throughout the reservoir model. 16. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing instructions executable by a computer processor, the instructions comprising functionality for:
obtaining a plurality of well logs or a plurality of core samples regarding a geological region of interest; determining a plurality of permeability values, a plurality of porosity values, and a plurality of dolomite volume fraction values regarding the geological region of interest using the plurality of well logs or the plurality of core samples, wherein the plurality of dolomite volume fraction values correspond to a percentage of dolomite in a total mineral volume; determining, using the plurality of porosity values, a plurality of permeability thresholds corresponding to a plurality of predetermined reservoir qualities; generating, using the plurality of permeability thresholds, the plurality of permeability values, and the plurality of dolomite volume fraction values, a reservoir model comprising a plurality of dolomite boundaries defining the plurality of predetermined reservoir qualities; and determining a hydrocarbon trap prediction using the reservoir model. 17. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 16, wherein the instructions further comprise functionality for:
generating a control signal for a drilling system using the hydrocarbon trap prediction, and wherein the control signal adjusts a well trajectory of the drilling system. 18. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 16, wherein the plurality of permeability thresholds comprise a predetermined reservoir quality threshold that separates a first reservoir region having impervious rock from a second reservoir region having semi-pervious rock. 19. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 16, wherein the instructions further comprise functionality for:
determining a predetermined maximum porosity boundary for the reservoir model; and adjust the predetermined maximum porosity boundary based on an anhydrite volume fraction value in the geological region of interest to produce an adjusted porosity boundary, wherein the plurality of dolomite boundaries comprise a dolomitic limestone boundary that separates dolomite from dolomitic limestone within the geological region of interest, and wherein the dolomitic limestone boundary is determined using the plurality of dolomite fraction values and the adjusted porosity boundary. 20. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 16, wherein the reservoir model comprises a reservoir boundary that is generated by performing a linear regression using a subset of the plurality of permeability values and a permeability-versus-porosity analysis. | A method may include obtaining various well logs or various core samples regarding a geological region of interest. The method may further include determining various permeability values, various porosity values, and various dolomite volume fraction values regarding the geological region of interest using the well logs or the core samples. The dolomite volume fraction values may correspond to a percentage of dolomite in a total mineral volume. The method may further include determining, using the porosity values, various permeability thresholds corresponding to various predetermined reservoir qualities. The method may further include generating, using the permeability thresholds, the permeability values, and the dolomite volume fraction values, a reservoir model including various dolomite boundaries defining the predetermined reservoir qualities. The method may further include determining a hydrocarbon trap prediction using the reservoir model.1. A method, comprising:
obtaining, by a computer processor, a plurality of well logs or a plurality of core samples regarding a geological region of interest; determining, by the computer processor, a plurality of permeability values, a plurality of porosity values, and a plurality of dolomite volume fraction values regarding the geological region of interest using the plurality of well logs or the plurality of core samples, wherein the plurality of dolomite volume fraction values correspond to a percentage of dolomite in a total mineral volume; determining, by the computer processor and using the plurality of porosity values, a plurality of permeability thresholds corresponding to a plurality of predetermined reservoir qualities; generating, by the computer processor and using the plurality of permeability thresholds, the plurality of permeability values, and the plurality of dolomite volume fraction values, a reservoir model comprising a plurality of dolomite boundaries defining the plurality of predetermined reservoir qualities; and determining, by the computer processor, a hydrocarbon trap prediction using the reservoir model. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining a predetermined maximum porosity boundary for the reservoir model; and adjust the predetermined maximum porosity boundary based on an anhydrite volume fraction value in the geological region of interest to produce an adjusted porosity boundary. 3. The method of claim 2,
wherein the plurality of dolomite boundaries comprise a dolomitic limestone boundary that separates dolomite from dolomitic limestone within the geological region of interest, and wherein the dolomitic limestone boundary is determined using the plurality of dolomite fraction values and the adjusted porosity boundary. 4. The method of claim 1,
wherein the plurality of permeability thresholds comprise a predetermined reservoir quality threshold that separates a first reservoir region having impervious rock from a second reservoir region having semi-pervious rock. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
generating a reservoir boundary by performing a linear regression using a subset of the plurality of permeability values and a permeability-versus-porosity analysis. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
generating, by a control system, a control signal for a drilling system using the hydrocarbon trap prediction, and wherein the control signal adjusts a well trajectory of the drilling system. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining, using the reservoir model, a first sealing capacity of a first formation in the geological region of interest and a second sealing capacity of a second formation in the geological region of interest, wherein the hydrocarbon trap is a diagenetic trap, and wherein the first formation is a hydrocarbon seal for the diagenetic trap and the second formation is a non-seal. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
obtaining seismic data regarding the geological region of interest; determining a diagenesis-based facies within the reservoir model; and upscaling, using the seismic data, the diagenesis-based facies throughout the reservoir model. 9. The method of claim 1,
wherein the computer processor is disposed in a reservoir simulator coupled to a control system and a drilling system in a well environment. 10. A system, comprising:
a logging system coupled to a plurality of logging tools, a reservoir simulator comprising a computer processor, wherein the reservoir simulator is coupled to the logging system and comprises functionality for:
obtaining a plurality of well logs from the plurality of logging tools or a plurality of core samples regarding a geological region of interest;
determining a plurality of permeability values, a plurality of porosity values, and a plurality of dolomite volume fraction values regarding the geological region of interest using the plurality of well logs or the plurality of core samples, wherein the plurality of dolomite volume fraction values correspond to a percentage of dolomite in a total mineral volume;
determining, using the plurality of porosity values, a plurality of permeability thresholds corresponding to a plurality of predetermined reservoir qualities;
generating, using the plurality of permeability thresholds, the plurality of permeability values, and the plurality of dolomite volume fraction values, a reservoir model comprising a plurality of dolomite boundaries defining the plurality of predetermined reservoir qualities; and
determining a hydrocarbon trap prediction using the reservoir model. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the reservoir simulator further comprises functionality for:
determining a predetermined maximum porosity boundary for the reservoir model; and adjust the predetermined maximum porosity boundary based on an anhydrite volume fraction value in the geological region of interest to produce an adjusted porosity boundary, wherein the plurality of dolomite boundaries comprise a dolomitic limestone boundary that separates dolomite from dolomitic limestone within the geological region of interest, and wherein the dolomitic limestone boundary is determined using the plurality of dolomite fraction values and the adjusted porosity boundary. 12. The system of claim 10, wherein the plurality of permeability thresholds comprise a predetermined reservoir quality threshold that separates a first reservoir region having impervious rock from a second reservoir region having semi-pervious rock. 13. The system of claim 10, further comprising:
a control system coupled to the reservoir simulator and a drilling system, wherein the control system is configured to generate a control signal for the drilling system using the hydrocarbon trap prediction, and wherein the control signal adjusts a well trajectory of a drilling system. 14. The system of claim 10, wherein the reservoir simulator further comprises functionality for:
determining, using the reservoir model, a first sealing capacity of a first formation in the geological region of interest and a second sealing capacity of a second formation in the geological region of interest, wherein the hydrocarbon trap is a diagenetic trap, and wherein the first formation is a hydrocarbon seal for the diagenetic trap and the second formation is a non-seal. 15. The system of claim 10, wherein the reservoir simulator further comprises functionality for:
obtaining seismic data regarding the geological region of interest; determining a diagenesis-based facies within the reservoir model; and upscaling, using the seismic data, the diagenesis-based facies throughout the reservoir model. 16. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing instructions executable by a computer processor, the instructions comprising functionality for:
obtaining a plurality of well logs or a plurality of core samples regarding a geological region of interest; determining a plurality of permeability values, a plurality of porosity values, and a plurality of dolomite volume fraction values regarding the geological region of interest using the plurality of well logs or the plurality of core samples, wherein the plurality of dolomite volume fraction values correspond to a percentage of dolomite in a total mineral volume; determining, using the plurality of porosity values, a plurality of permeability thresholds corresponding to a plurality of predetermined reservoir qualities; generating, using the plurality of permeability thresholds, the plurality of permeability values, and the plurality of dolomite volume fraction values, a reservoir model comprising a plurality of dolomite boundaries defining the plurality of predetermined reservoir qualities; and determining a hydrocarbon trap prediction using the reservoir model. 17. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 16, wherein the instructions further comprise functionality for:
generating a control signal for a drilling system using the hydrocarbon trap prediction, and wherein the control signal adjusts a well trajectory of the drilling system. 18. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 16, wherein the plurality of permeability thresholds comprise a predetermined reservoir quality threshold that separates a first reservoir region having impervious rock from a second reservoir region having semi-pervious rock. 19. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 16, wherein the instructions further comprise functionality for:
determining a predetermined maximum porosity boundary for the reservoir model; and adjust the predetermined maximum porosity boundary based on an anhydrite volume fraction value in the geological region of interest to produce an adjusted porosity boundary, wherein the plurality of dolomite boundaries comprise a dolomitic limestone boundary that separates dolomite from dolomitic limestone within the geological region of interest, and wherein the dolomitic limestone boundary is determined using the plurality of dolomite fraction values and the adjusted porosity boundary. 20. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 16, wherein the reservoir model comprises a reservoir boundary that is generated by performing a linear regression using a subset of the plurality of permeability values and a permeability-versus-porosity analysis. | 2,800 |
348,846 | 16,806,364 | 2,857 | A splice sealing device including a first electric cable having an electrical conductor and an insulative cover, a second electric cable having a further electrical conductor and insulative cover, a junction joining the electrical conductors of the first and second electrical cables, a housing which has at least two housing parts mated to each other and which delimits an inner space for accommodating the junction, and a first cable exit in the housing. The first cable extends through the first cable exit, which includes a first chamber accommodating a first cable seal positioned on the first insulative cover of the first cable and sealing the first cable against the housing. The first cable exit is an integral part of a first housing part, and the first cable exit includes an annular wall axially delimiting the first chamber to the outside in extension direction of the first cable. | 1. A Splice sealing device comprising:
a first electric cable having an electrical conductor and an insulative cover enclosing the electrical conductor of the first electric cable; a second electric cable having a further electrical conductor and further insulative cover enclosing the electrical conductor of the second electric cable; a junction joining the electrical conductor of the first electric cable and the electrical conductor of the second electric cable; a housing which has at least two housing parts mated to each other and which delimits an inner space for accommodating the junction; and a first cable exit in the housing wherein the first cable extends through the first cable exit; wherein the first cable exit comprises a first chamber accommodating a first cable seal sealingly positioned on the first insulative cover of the first cable and sealing the first cable against the housing; wherein the first cable exit is an integral part of a first housing part of the at least two housing parts; and wherein the first cable exit comprises an annular wall axially delimiting the first chamber to the outside in extension direction of the first cable. 2. The splice sealing device of claim 1,
wherein the first chamber has a circumferential sealing face, and the first cable seal is in sealing contact to said sealing face. 3. The splice sealing device of claim 1,
wherein the first cable exit has a first sleeve portion mounted onto the insulative cover of the first cable; and wherein a passage channel for the first cable extends through the first sleeve portion. 4. The splice sealing device of claim 3,
wherein the passage channel extends through the annular wall of the first cable exit and opens into the first chamber. 5. The splice sealing device of claim 3,
wherein the first sleeve portion has clamping arms extending in a direction away from the first chamber and distributed around the first cable, wherein said clamping arms are radially biased towards the first cable. 6. The splice sealing device of claim 1,
wherein a shielding case is arranged within the housing enclosing the junction; wherein a first contact sleeve arrangement is mounted on the insulative cover of the first cable; wherein the first contact sleeve arrangement is in electrical contact to a shielding of the first cable and to the shielding case; and wherein the first contact sleeve arrangement delimits the first chamber in axial direction opposite the annular wall of the first cable exit. 7. The splice sealing device of claim 3,
wherein the first contact sleeve arrangement comprises an inner sleeve positioned between the insulative cover of the first cable and the shielding of the first cable; wherein the shielding case comprises a contact portion positioned on the shielding of the first cable; and wherein the first contact sleeve arrangement further comprises an outer sleeve positioned onto the contact portion of the shielding case. 8. The splice sealing device of claim 1,
wherein the housing has a second cable exit being an integral part of a second housing part of the at least two housing parts; wherein the second cable extends through the second cable exit; wherein the second cable exit comprises a second chamber accommodating a second cable seal sealingly positioned on the second insulative cover of the second cable and sealing the second cable against the housing; and wherein the second cable exit comprises an annular wall axially delimiting the second chamber to the outside in extension direction of the second cable. 9. The splice sealing device of claim 1,
wherein the housing has a third cable exit being an integral part of a second housing part of the at least two housing parts; wherein a third cable extends through the third cable exit; wherein the third cable exit comprises a third chamber accommodating a third cable seal sealingly positioned on the third insulative cover of the third cable and sealing the third cable against the housing; and wherein the third cable exit comprises an annular wall axially delimiting the third chamber to the outside in extension direction of the third cable. | A splice sealing device including a first electric cable having an electrical conductor and an insulative cover, a second electric cable having a further electrical conductor and insulative cover, a junction joining the electrical conductors of the first and second electrical cables, a housing which has at least two housing parts mated to each other and which delimits an inner space for accommodating the junction, and a first cable exit in the housing. The first cable extends through the first cable exit, which includes a first chamber accommodating a first cable seal positioned on the first insulative cover of the first cable and sealing the first cable against the housing. The first cable exit is an integral part of a first housing part, and the first cable exit includes an annular wall axially delimiting the first chamber to the outside in extension direction of the first cable.1. A Splice sealing device comprising:
a first electric cable having an electrical conductor and an insulative cover enclosing the electrical conductor of the first electric cable; a second electric cable having a further electrical conductor and further insulative cover enclosing the electrical conductor of the second electric cable; a junction joining the electrical conductor of the first electric cable and the electrical conductor of the second electric cable; a housing which has at least two housing parts mated to each other and which delimits an inner space for accommodating the junction; and a first cable exit in the housing wherein the first cable extends through the first cable exit; wherein the first cable exit comprises a first chamber accommodating a first cable seal sealingly positioned on the first insulative cover of the first cable and sealing the first cable against the housing; wherein the first cable exit is an integral part of a first housing part of the at least two housing parts; and wherein the first cable exit comprises an annular wall axially delimiting the first chamber to the outside in extension direction of the first cable. 2. The splice sealing device of claim 1,
wherein the first chamber has a circumferential sealing face, and the first cable seal is in sealing contact to said sealing face. 3. The splice sealing device of claim 1,
wherein the first cable exit has a first sleeve portion mounted onto the insulative cover of the first cable; and wherein a passage channel for the first cable extends through the first sleeve portion. 4. The splice sealing device of claim 3,
wherein the passage channel extends through the annular wall of the first cable exit and opens into the first chamber. 5. The splice sealing device of claim 3,
wherein the first sleeve portion has clamping arms extending in a direction away from the first chamber and distributed around the first cable, wherein said clamping arms are radially biased towards the first cable. 6. The splice sealing device of claim 1,
wherein a shielding case is arranged within the housing enclosing the junction; wherein a first contact sleeve arrangement is mounted on the insulative cover of the first cable; wherein the first contact sleeve arrangement is in electrical contact to a shielding of the first cable and to the shielding case; and wherein the first contact sleeve arrangement delimits the first chamber in axial direction opposite the annular wall of the first cable exit. 7. The splice sealing device of claim 3,
wherein the first contact sleeve arrangement comprises an inner sleeve positioned between the insulative cover of the first cable and the shielding of the first cable; wherein the shielding case comprises a contact portion positioned on the shielding of the first cable; and wherein the first contact sleeve arrangement further comprises an outer sleeve positioned onto the contact portion of the shielding case. 8. The splice sealing device of claim 1,
wherein the housing has a second cable exit being an integral part of a second housing part of the at least two housing parts; wherein the second cable extends through the second cable exit; wherein the second cable exit comprises a second chamber accommodating a second cable seal sealingly positioned on the second insulative cover of the second cable and sealing the second cable against the housing; and wherein the second cable exit comprises an annular wall axially delimiting the second chamber to the outside in extension direction of the second cable. 9. The splice sealing device of claim 1,
wherein the housing has a third cable exit being an integral part of a second housing part of the at least two housing parts; wherein a third cable extends through the third cable exit; wherein the third cable exit comprises a third chamber accommodating a third cable seal sealingly positioned on the third insulative cover of the third cable and sealing the third cable against the housing; and wherein the third cable exit comprises an annular wall axially delimiting the third chamber to the outside in extension direction of the third cable. | 2,800 |
348,847 | 16,806,366 | 2,857 | An embodiment is a semiconductor device including a first channel region over a semiconductor substrate, a second channel region over the first channel region, a first gate stack over the semiconductor substrate and surrounding the first channel region and the second channel region, a first inner spacer extending from the first channel region to the second channel region and along a sidewall of the first gate stack, a second inner spacer extending from the first channel region to the second channel region and along a sidewall of the first inner spacer, the second inner spacer having a different material composition than the first inner spacer, and a first source/drain region adjacent the first channel region, the second channel region, and the second inner spacer, the first and second inner spacers being between the first gate stack and the first source/drain region. | 1. A method comprising:
forming a multi-layer stack over a semiconductor substrate, the first multi-layer stack comprising a first sacrificial layer over a semiconductor substrate, a first channel layer over the first sacrificial layer, a second sacrificial layer over the first channel layer, and a second channel layer over the second sacrificial layer, the first sacrificial layer having a first atomic concentration of a first semiconductor element, the second sacrificial layer having a second atomic concentration of the first semiconductor element, the second atomic concentration being less than the first atomic concentration; patterning the multi-layer stack and the semiconductor substrate to form a first trench; forming an isolation region in the first trench; forming a first gate stack over the patterned multi-layer stack and isolation region; etching the patterned multi-layer stack to form a first recess adjacent the first gate stack, the etching comprising an isotropic etching process; epitaxially growing a first source/drain region in the first recess; and replacing the first gate stack and the first and second sacrificial layers of the patterned and etched multi-layer stack with a second gate stack, the second gate stack surrounding each of the etched first channel layer and the etched second channel layer. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first semiconductor element is germanium. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the first sacrificial layer comprises silicon germanium. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein etching the patterned multi-layer stack to form the first recess etches the first sacrificial layer at a first etch rate and etches the second sacrificial layer at a second etch rate, the second etch rate being less than the first etch rate. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first sacrificial layer has the first atomic concentration of the first semiconductor element throughout the entirety of the first sacrificial layer. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the first multi-layer stack over the semiconductor substrate further comprises epitaxially growing each of the first sacrificial layer, the first channel layer, the second sacrificial layer, and the second channel layer. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein etching the patterned multi-layer stack to form the first recess adjacent the first gate stack further comprises:
anisotropically etching the patterned multi-layer stack and the semiconductor substrate; and after anisotropically etching, isotropically etching the patterned multi-layer stack and the semiconductor substrate, the isotropically etching step recessing sidewalls of the first and second sacrificial layers of the patterned multi-layer stack. 8. The method of claim 7 further comprising:
forming an inner spacer on the recessed sidewalls of the first and second sacrificial layers, wherein after the second gate stack is formed, the inner spacer is between the second gate stack and the first source/drain region. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the inner spacer comprises multiple spacer layers having different material compositions. 10. A method comprising:
forming a multi-layer fin structure over a semiconductor substrate, forming the multi-layer fin structure comprising: epitaxially growing a first sacrificial layer over a semiconductor substrate, the first sacrificial layer having a first portion and a second portion, the first portion having a first atomic concentration of a first semiconductor element, the second portion having a second atomic concentration of the first semiconductor element, the second atomic concentration being different than the first atomic concentration; epitaxially growing a first channel layer from the first sacrificial layer; epitaxially growing a second sacrificial layer from the first channel layer, the second sacrificial layer having a first portion and a second portion, the first portion having a third atomic concentration of the first semiconductor element, the second portion having a fourth atomic concentration of the first semiconductor element, the fourth atomic concentration being different than the third atomic concentration; epitaxially growing a second channel layer from the second sacrificial layer; and patterning the first sacrificial layer, the first channel layer, the second sacrificial layer, the second channel layer, and the semiconductor substrate to form the multi-layer fin structure; forming a dummy gate stack over the multi-layer fin structure; etching the multi-layer fin structure to form a first recess adjacent the dummy gate stack, the etching comprising an isotropic etching process; epitaxially growing a first source/drain region in the first recess; and replacing the dummy gate stack and the first and second sacrificial layers of the etched multi-layer fin structure with an active gate stack, the active gate stack surrounding the etched first channel layer and the etched second channel layer. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein after etching the multi-layer fin structure, the etched first and second sacrificial layers of the etched multi-layer fin structure have planar sidewalls. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein after etching the multi-layer fin structure, the etched first and second sacrificial layers of the etched multi-layer fin structure have notched sidewalls. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein after etching the multi-layer fin structure, the etched first and second sacrificial layers of the etched multi-layer fin structure have tapered sidewalls. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the first semiconductor element is germanium. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the first portion of the first sacrificial layer is a top portion of the first sacrificial layer, the second portion of the first sacrificial layer being a middle portion of the first sacrificial layer, the top portion and a bottom portion of the first sacrificial layer having a higher atomic concentration of the first semiconductor element than the middle portion of the first sacrificial layer, the middle portion being between the top and bottom portions. 16. A semiconductor device comprising:
a first channel region over a semiconductor substrate; a second channel region over the first channel region; a first gate stack over the semiconductor substrate and surrounding the first channel region and the second channel region; a first inner spacer extending from the first channel region to the second channel region and along a sidewall of the first gate stack; a second inner spacer extending from the first channel region to the second channel region and along a sidewall of the first inner spacer, the second inner spacer having a different material composition than the first inner spacer; and a first source/drain region adjacent the first channel region, the second channel region, and the second inner spacer, the first and second inner spacers being between the first gate stack and the first source/drain region. 17. The semiconductor device of claim 16, wherein the first inner spacer physically contacts the first gate stack, and wherein the second inner spacer physically contacts the first source/drain region. 18. The semiconductor device of claim 17, wherein the first inner spacer physically contacts the first gate stack at a concave surface of the first gate stack. 19. The semiconductor device of claim 16, wherein the first inner spacer comprises SiCN, and wherein the second inner spacer comprises SiN. 20. The semiconductor device of claim 16, wherein the first inner spacer and the second inner spacer each extend from a top surface of the first channel region to a bottom surface of the second channel region. | An embodiment is a semiconductor device including a first channel region over a semiconductor substrate, a second channel region over the first channel region, a first gate stack over the semiconductor substrate and surrounding the first channel region and the second channel region, a first inner spacer extending from the first channel region to the second channel region and along a sidewall of the first gate stack, a second inner spacer extending from the first channel region to the second channel region and along a sidewall of the first inner spacer, the second inner spacer having a different material composition than the first inner spacer, and a first source/drain region adjacent the first channel region, the second channel region, and the second inner spacer, the first and second inner spacers being between the first gate stack and the first source/drain region.1. A method comprising:
forming a multi-layer stack over a semiconductor substrate, the first multi-layer stack comprising a first sacrificial layer over a semiconductor substrate, a first channel layer over the first sacrificial layer, a second sacrificial layer over the first channel layer, and a second channel layer over the second sacrificial layer, the first sacrificial layer having a first atomic concentration of a first semiconductor element, the second sacrificial layer having a second atomic concentration of the first semiconductor element, the second atomic concentration being less than the first atomic concentration; patterning the multi-layer stack and the semiconductor substrate to form a first trench; forming an isolation region in the first trench; forming a first gate stack over the patterned multi-layer stack and isolation region; etching the patterned multi-layer stack to form a first recess adjacent the first gate stack, the etching comprising an isotropic etching process; epitaxially growing a first source/drain region in the first recess; and replacing the first gate stack and the first and second sacrificial layers of the patterned and etched multi-layer stack with a second gate stack, the second gate stack surrounding each of the etched first channel layer and the etched second channel layer. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first semiconductor element is germanium. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the first sacrificial layer comprises silicon germanium. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein etching the patterned multi-layer stack to form the first recess etches the first sacrificial layer at a first etch rate and etches the second sacrificial layer at a second etch rate, the second etch rate being less than the first etch rate. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first sacrificial layer has the first atomic concentration of the first semiconductor element throughout the entirety of the first sacrificial layer. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the first multi-layer stack over the semiconductor substrate further comprises epitaxially growing each of the first sacrificial layer, the first channel layer, the second sacrificial layer, and the second channel layer. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein etching the patterned multi-layer stack to form the first recess adjacent the first gate stack further comprises:
anisotropically etching the patterned multi-layer stack and the semiconductor substrate; and after anisotropically etching, isotropically etching the patterned multi-layer stack and the semiconductor substrate, the isotropically etching step recessing sidewalls of the first and second sacrificial layers of the patterned multi-layer stack. 8. The method of claim 7 further comprising:
forming an inner spacer on the recessed sidewalls of the first and second sacrificial layers, wherein after the second gate stack is formed, the inner spacer is between the second gate stack and the first source/drain region. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the inner spacer comprises multiple spacer layers having different material compositions. 10. A method comprising:
forming a multi-layer fin structure over a semiconductor substrate, forming the multi-layer fin structure comprising: epitaxially growing a first sacrificial layer over a semiconductor substrate, the first sacrificial layer having a first portion and a second portion, the first portion having a first atomic concentration of a first semiconductor element, the second portion having a second atomic concentration of the first semiconductor element, the second atomic concentration being different than the first atomic concentration; epitaxially growing a first channel layer from the first sacrificial layer; epitaxially growing a second sacrificial layer from the first channel layer, the second sacrificial layer having a first portion and a second portion, the first portion having a third atomic concentration of the first semiconductor element, the second portion having a fourth atomic concentration of the first semiconductor element, the fourth atomic concentration being different than the third atomic concentration; epitaxially growing a second channel layer from the second sacrificial layer; and patterning the first sacrificial layer, the first channel layer, the second sacrificial layer, the second channel layer, and the semiconductor substrate to form the multi-layer fin structure; forming a dummy gate stack over the multi-layer fin structure; etching the multi-layer fin structure to form a first recess adjacent the dummy gate stack, the etching comprising an isotropic etching process; epitaxially growing a first source/drain region in the first recess; and replacing the dummy gate stack and the first and second sacrificial layers of the etched multi-layer fin structure with an active gate stack, the active gate stack surrounding the etched first channel layer and the etched second channel layer. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein after etching the multi-layer fin structure, the etched first and second sacrificial layers of the etched multi-layer fin structure have planar sidewalls. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein after etching the multi-layer fin structure, the etched first and second sacrificial layers of the etched multi-layer fin structure have notched sidewalls. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein after etching the multi-layer fin structure, the etched first and second sacrificial layers of the etched multi-layer fin structure have tapered sidewalls. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the first semiconductor element is germanium. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the first portion of the first sacrificial layer is a top portion of the first sacrificial layer, the second portion of the first sacrificial layer being a middle portion of the first sacrificial layer, the top portion and a bottom portion of the first sacrificial layer having a higher atomic concentration of the first semiconductor element than the middle portion of the first sacrificial layer, the middle portion being between the top and bottom portions. 16. A semiconductor device comprising:
a first channel region over a semiconductor substrate; a second channel region over the first channel region; a first gate stack over the semiconductor substrate and surrounding the first channel region and the second channel region; a first inner spacer extending from the first channel region to the second channel region and along a sidewall of the first gate stack; a second inner spacer extending from the first channel region to the second channel region and along a sidewall of the first inner spacer, the second inner spacer having a different material composition than the first inner spacer; and a first source/drain region adjacent the first channel region, the second channel region, and the second inner spacer, the first and second inner spacers being between the first gate stack and the first source/drain region. 17. The semiconductor device of claim 16, wherein the first inner spacer physically contacts the first gate stack, and wherein the second inner spacer physically contacts the first source/drain region. 18. The semiconductor device of claim 17, wherein the first inner spacer physically contacts the first gate stack at a concave surface of the first gate stack. 19. The semiconductor device of claim 16, wherein the first inner spacer comprises SiCN, and wherein the second inner spacer comprises SiN. 20. The semiconductor device of claim 16, wherein the first inner spacer and the second inner spacer each extend from a top surface of the first channel region to a bottom surface of the second channel region. | 2,800 |
348,848 | 16,806,373 | 2,857 | The disclosure provides an apparatus, system and method for providing an end effector. The end effector may be capable of accommodating semiconductor wafers of varying sizes, and may include: a wafer support; a bearing arm capable of interfacing with at least one robotic element, and at least partially bearing the wafer support at one end thereof; a plurality of support pads on the wafer support for physically interfacing with a one of the semiconductor wafers; and a low friction moving clamp driven bi-directionally along a plane at least partially provided by the bearing arm, wherein the low friction moving clamp retractably applies force to a proximal edge of the semiconductor wafer. | 1. An end effector capable of accommodating semiconductor wafers of varying sizes, comprising:
a wafer support; a bearing arm capable of interfacing with at least one robotic element, and at least partially bearing the wafer support at one end thereof; a plurality of proximal and distal support pads on the wafer support for physically interfacing with a one of the semiconductor wafers, wherein at least the distal support pads are ramped with an angular ridge at a most distal portion thereof; and a low friction moving clamp comprising two canted rollers driven bi-directionally along a plane at least partially provided by the bearing arm, wherein the low friction moving clamp retractably imparts a strike force to a proximal edge of the semiconductor wafer for the physical interfacing of the semiconductor wafer with at least the plurality of distal support pads. 2. The end effector of claim 1, wherein the wafer support comprises a fork. 3. The end effector of claim 1, wherein the varying sizes comprise 200 mm and 300 mm. 4. The end effector of claim 1, wherein the bi-directional drive comprises at least a moving clamp motor. 5. The end effector of claim 4, further comprising a low friction vacuum cylinder engaged for the moving clamp motor. 6. The end effector of claim 5, wherein the vacuum cylinder provides low clamping forces from the low friction moving clamp. 7. The end effector of claim 4, further comprising at least one retract stop that stops retraction of the low friction moving clamp after actuation of the low friction moving clamp by the bi-directional drive. 8. The end effector of claim 7, wherein the at least one retract stop is vacuum operated. 9. The end effector of claim 7, wherein the at least one retract stop comprises a button. 10. The end effector of claim 4, further comprising at least one travel stop that stops travel of the low friction moving clamp upon actuation by the bi-directional drive. 11. The end effector of claim 1, wherein the low friction moving clamp comprises a rectangular strike face to apply the force. 12. The end effector of claim 1, wherein the wafer support further comprises at least one vacuum eyelet for gripping the semiconductor wafer. 13. The end effector of claim 1, wherein the wafer support further comprises a fiber optic wafer presence sensor. 14. The end effector of claim 1, wherein the low friction moving clamp comprises an angular strike face to apply the force. 15. The end effector of claim 14, wherein the angular strike face pivots about a substantially center pivot point. | The disclosure provides an apparatus, system and method for providing an end effector. The end effector may be capable of accommodating semiconductor wafers of varying sizes, and may include: a wafer support; a bearing arm capable of interfacing with at least one robotic element, and at least partially bearing the wafer support at one end thereof; a plurality of support pads on the wafer support for physically interfacing with a one of the semiconductor wafers; and a low friction moving clamp driven bi-directionally along a plane at least partially provided by the bearing arm, wherein the low friction moving clamp retractably applies force to a proximal edge of the semiconductor wafer.1. An end effector capable of accommodating semiconductor wafers of varying sizes, comprising:
a wafer support; a bearing arm capable of interfacing with at least one robotic element, and at least partially bearing the wafer support at one end thereof; a plurality of proximal and distal support pads on the wafer support for physically interfacing with a one of the semiconductor wafers, wherein at least the distal support pads are ramped with an angular ridge at a most distal portion thereof; and a low friction moving clamp comprising two canted rollers driven bi-directionally along a plane at least partially provided by the bearing arm, wherein the low friction moving clamp retractably imparts a strike force to a proximal edge of the semiconductor wafer for the physical interfacing of the semiconductor wafer with at least the plurality of distal support pads. 2. The end effector of claim 1, wherein the wafer support comprises a fork. 3. The end effector of claim 1, wherein the varying sizes comprise 200 mm and 300 mm. 4. The end effector of claim 1, wherein the bi-directional drive comprises at least a moving clamp motor. 5. The end effector of claim 4, further comprising a low friction vacuum cylinder engaged for the moving clamp motor. 6. The end effector of claim 5, wherein the vacuum cylinder provides low clamping forces from the low friction moving clamp. 7. The end effector of claim 4, further comprising at least one retract stop that stops retraction of the low friction moving clamp after actuation of the low friction moving clamp by the bi-directional drive. 8. The end effector of claim 7, wherein the at least one retract stop is vacuum operated. 9. The end effector of claim 7, wherein the at least one retract stop comprises a button. 10. The end effector of claim 4, further comprising at least one travel stop that stops travel of the low friction moving clamp upon actuation by the bi-directional drive. 11. The end effector of claim 1, wherein the low friction moving clamp comprises a rectangular strike face to apply the force. 12. The end effector of claim 1, wherein the wafer support further comprises at least one vacuum eyelet for gripping the semiconductor wafer. 13. The end effector of claim 1, wherein the wafer support further comprises a fiber optic wafer presence sensor. 14. The end effector of claim 1, wherein the low friction moving clamp comprises an angular strike face to apply the force. 15. The end effector of claim 14, wherein the angular strike face pivots about a substantially center pivot point. | 2,800 |
348,849 | 16,806,334 | 2,857 | Disclosed is an infill for an artificial turf field, the infill comprising: from about 40 wt. % to about 60 wt. % of a polyvinyl chloride resin; from about 5 wt. % to about 30 wt. % of a plasticizer derived from a naturally occurring source; from about 2 wt. % to about 10 wt. % of a reflective pigment; from about 0.01 wt. % to about 0.1 wt. % of a blowing agent; and from about 5 wt. % to about 30 wt. % of a filler. The infill is pelletized and maintains the temperature of an artificial turf field, when disposed throughout the artificial turf field, at a temperature about 15Β° F. to about 25Β° F. less than a temperature of a comparative artificial turf under substantially similar ambient and environmental conditions, wherein a comparative infill of the comparative artificial turf consists essentially of crumbed rubber infill. | 1. An infill comprising:
from about 40 wt. % to about 60 wt. % of a polyvinyl chloride resin; from about 5 wt. % to about 30 wt. % of a plasticizer derived from a naturally occurring source; from about 2 wt. % to about 10 wt. % of a reflective pigment; from about 0.01 wt. % to about 0.1 wt. % of a blowing agent; and from about 5 wt. % to about 30 wt. % of a filler, wherein the filler is calcium sulfate, calcium carbonate, a silica powder, or a combination thereof, and wherein the filler has a specific gravity of greater than 2, wherein the infill has a melting point greater than 200Β° F., wherein the infill is pelletized and exhibits a specific gravity greater than 1, and wherein the pelletized infill maintains the temperature of an artificial turf field, when disposed throughout the artificial turf field, at a temperature about 15Β° F. to about 25Β° F. less than a temperature of a comparative artificial turf under substantially similar ambient and environmental conditions, wherein a comparative infill of the comparative artificial turf consists essentially of crumbed rubber infill. 2. The infill of claim 1, wherein the plasticizer is derived from corn or soy oil. 3. The infill of claim 1, wherein the reflective pigment is an infrared reflective pigment. 4. The infill of claim 1, wherein the infill comprises from about 10 wt. % to about 40 wt. % air or trapped gasses. 5. The infill of claim 1, wherein the infill comprises about 2 wt. % to about 8 wt. % of the reflective pigment. 6. The infill of claim 1, wherein the infill comprises from about 2 wt. % to about 5 wt. % of the reflective pigment. 7. The infill of claim 1, wherein the infill comprises from about 0.05 wt. % to about 0.25 wt. % of the blowing agent. 8. The infill of claim 1, wherein the reflective pigment is an infrared reflective pigment. 9. The infill of claim 1, wherein the reflective pigment comprises titanium dioxide. 10. The infill of claim 1, wherein the filler has a specific gravity between 3 and 4. 11. The infill of claim 1, wherein the filler comprises calcium sulfate. 12. The infill of claim 1, wherein the filler comprises calcium carbonate. 13. The infill of claim 1, wherein the infill has a melting temperature greater than about 300Β° F. 14. A synthetic turf field, the synthetic turf field having an infill combination dispersed throughout wherein the infill combination comprises:
(i) a composition comprising
from about 40 wt. % to about 60 wt. % of a polyvinyl chloride resin,
from about 5 wt. % to about 30 wt. % of a plasticizer, wherein the plasticizer is derived from a naturally occurring source,
from about 2 wt. % to about 10 wt. % of a reflective pigment,
from about 0.01 wt. % to about 0.1 wt. % of a blowing agent, and
from about 5 wt. % to about 30 wt. % of a filler, wherein the filler is calcium sulfate, calcium carbonate, a silica powder, a boron powder, or a combination thereof, and wherein the filler has a specific gravity between 2 and 4,
wherein the composition is in pellet form,
wherein the composition has a specific gravity greater than 1, and
wherein the composition has a melting point greater than 200Β° F.; and
(ii) a silica sand. 15. The synthetic turf field of claim 14, wherein the synthetic turf field has a temperature that is about 15Β° F. to about 40Β° F. less than a comparative synthetic turf field having a comparative infill dispersed throughout, wherein the comparative synthetic turf field is in substantially similar ambient and environmental conditions, and wherein the comparative infill comprises crumb rubber. 16. The synthetic turf field of claim 14, wherein the reflective pigment is present in an amount of from about 2 wt. % to about 10 wt. %. 17. The synthetic turf field of claim 14, wherein the pellet form has a size of up to 5 mm. 18. The synthetic turf field of claim 14, wherein the pellet form comprises from about 10 wt. % to about 40 wt. % air or trapped gasses. 19. A method of forming a synthetic turf infill comprising:
combining:
from about 40 wt. % to about 60 wt. % of a polyvinyl chloride resin;
from about 5 wt. % to about 30 wt. % of a plasticizer;
from about 2 wt. % to about 10 wt. % of a reflective pigment;
from about 0.01 wt. % to about 0.1 wt. % of a blowing agent; and
from about 5 wt. % to about 30 wt. % of a filler, wherein the filler has a specific gravity between 2 and 4,
at a temperature and for a time sufficient to form a blended composition, wherein the blended composition has a melting point greater than 200Β° F., and forming the blended composition into pellets having a specific gravity greater than 1, wherein the pellets comprise from about 10 wt. % to about 40 wt. % air or trapped gasses, and combining the pellets with a sand to provide the synthetic turf infill. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the pellets have a size up to about 5 mm. | Disclosed is an infill for an artificial turf field, the infill comprising: from about 40 wt. % to about 60 wt. % of a polyvinyl chloride resin; from about 5 wt. % to about 30 wt. % of a plasticizer derived from a naturally occurring source; from about 2 wt. % to about 10 wt. % of a reflective pigment; from about 0.01 wt. % to about 0.1 wt. % of a blowing agent; and from about 5 wt. % to about 30 wt. % of a filler. The infill is pelletized and maintains the temperature of an artificial turf field, when disposed throughout the artificial turf field, at a temperature about 15Β° F. to about 25Β° F. less than a temperature of a comparative artificial turf under substantially similar ambient and environmental conditions, wherein a comparative infill of the comparative artificial turf consists essentially of crumbed rubber infill.1. An infill comprising:
from about 40 wt. % to about 60 wt. % of a polyvinyl chloride resin; from about 5 wt. % to about 30 wt. % of a plasticizer derived from a naturally occurring source; from about 2 wt. % to about 10 wt. % of a reflective pigment; from about 0.01 wt. % to about 0.1 wt. % of a blowing agent; and from about 5 wt. % to about 30 wt. % of a filler, wherein the filler is calcium sulfate, calcium carbonate, a silica powder, or a combination thereof, and wherein the filler has a specific gravity of greater than 2, wherein the infill has a melting point greater than 200Β° F., wherein the infill is pelletized and exhibits a specific gravity greater than 1, and wherein the pelletized infill maintains the temperature of an artificial turf field, when disposed throughout the artificial turf field, at a temperature about 15Β° F. to about 25Β° F. less than a temperature of a comparative artificial turf under substantially similar ambient and environmental conditions, wherein a comparative infill of the comparative artificial turf consists essentially of crumbed rubber infill. 2. The infill of claim 1, wherein the plasticizer is derived from corn or soy oil. 3. The infill of claim 1, wherein the reflective pigment is an infrared reflective pigment. 4. The infill of claim 1, wherein the infill comprises from about 10 wt. % to about 40 wt. % air or trapped gasses. 5. The infill of claim 1, wherein the infill comprises about 2 wt. % to about 8 wt. % of the reflective pigment. 6. The infill of claim 1, wherein the infill comprises from about 2 wt. % to about 5 wt. % of the reflective pigment. 7. The infill of claim 1, wherein the infill comprises from about 0.05 wt. % to about 0.25 wt. % of the blowing agent. 8. The infill of claim 1, wherein the reflective pigment is an infrared reflective pigment. 9. The infill of claim 1, wherein the reflective pigment comprises titanium dioxide. 10. The infill of claim 1, wherein the filler has a specific gravity between 3 and 4. 11. The infill of claim 1, wherein the filler comprises calcium sulfate. 12. The infill of claim 1, wherein the filler comprises calcium carbonate. 13. The infill of claim 1, wherein the infill has a melting temperature greater than about 300Β° F. 14. A synthetic turf field, the synthetic turf field having an infill combination dispersed throughout wherein the infill combination comprises:
(i) a composition comprising
from about 40 wt. % to about 60 wt. % of a polyvinyl chloride resin,
from about 5 wt. % to about 30 wt. % of a plasticizer, wherein the plasticizer is derived from a naturally occurring source,
from about 2 wt. % to about 10 wt. % of a reflective pigment,
from about 0.01 wt. % to about 0.1 wt. % of a blowing agent, and
from about 5 wt. % to about 30 wt. % of a filler, wherein the filler is calcium sulfate, calcium carbonate, a silica powder, a boron powder, or a combination thereof, and wherein the filler has a specific gravity between 2 and 4,
wherein the composition is in pellet form,
wherein the composition has a specific gravity greater than 1, and
wherein the composition has a melting point greater than 200Β° F.; and
(ii) a silica sand. 15. The synthetic turf field of claim 14, wherein the synthetic turf field has a temperature that is about 15Β° F. to about 40Β° F. less than a comparative synthetic turf field having a comparative infill dispersed throughout, wherein the comparative synthetic turf field is in substantially similar ambient and environmental conditions, and wherein the comparative infill comprises crumb rubber. 16. The synthetic turf field of claim 14, wherein the reflective pigment is present in an amount of from about 2 wt. % to about 10 wt. %. 17. The synthetic turf field of claim 14, wherein the pellet form has a size of up to 5 mm. 18. The synthetic turf field of claim 14, wherein the pellet form comprises from about 10 wt. % to about 40 wt. % air or trapped gasses. 19. A method of forming a synthetic turf infill comprising:
combining:
from about 40 wt. % to about 60 wt. % of a polyvinyl chloride resin;
from about 5 wt. % to about 30 wt. % of a plasticizer;
from about 2 wt. % to about 10 wt. % of a reflective pigment;
from about 0.01 wt. % to about 0.1 wt. % of a blowing agent; and
from about 5 wt. % to about 30 wt. % of a filler, wherein the filler has a specific gravity between 2 and 4,
at a temperature and for a time sufficient to form a blended composition, wherein the blended composition has a melting point greater than 200Β° F., and forming the blended composition into pellets having a specific gravity greater than 1, wherein the pellets comprise from about 10 wt. % to about 40 wt. % air or trapped gasses, and combining the pellets with a sand to provide the synthetic turf infill. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the pellets have a size up to about 5 mm. | 2,800 |
348,850 | 16,806,390 | 2,857 | A system for fall prevention includes a platform for supporting a patient, the platform including rails and rail sensors, an image capturing device for capturing images of the patient, a patient monitor for interactive communication with the patient, a health monitoring station for receiving rail sensor data and communicating with the patient monitor, and an edge network device co-located with the platform and communicating with the station and the image capturing device. The edge network device receives image data from the image capturing device when the rail sensors indicate that the rail is down and the patient is at risk to themselves, anonymizes the image data to generate a skeleton image, determines a posture associated with the skeleton image, triggers alerts at the station when the patient is predicted to be sitting, and triggers escalated alerts at the station when the patient is predicted to be standing. | 1. A system for fall prevention, comprising:
a platform configured to support a patient, the platform including rails and rail sensors; an image capturing device configured to capture images of at least the patient; a patient monitor configured for interactive communication with the patient; a health monitoring station configured to receive rail sensor data and in communication with the patient monitor; and an edge network device co-located with the platform and in communication with the health monitoring station and the image capturing device, the edge network device configured to:
receive image data from the image capturing device when the rail sensors indicate that the rail is down and the patient is at risk to themselves;
anonymize the image data to generate a skeleton image;
determine a posture associated with the skeleton image;
trigger alerts at the health monitoring station when the patient is predicted to be sitting instead of lying down on the platform; and
trigger escalated alerts at the health monitoring station when the patient is predicted to be standing instead of lying down on the platform. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the alerts initiate communications between the patient and healthcare personnel at the health monitoring station using the patient monitor. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the escalated alerts initiate sending healthcare personnel to check on the patient. 4. The system of claim 1, the edge network device configured to use a posture classifier to determine the posture. 5. The system of claim 4, the edge network device configured to train the posture classifier. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein to train the posture classifier the edge network device is configured to:
anonymize training image data to generate multiple training skeleton images; downsize training skeleton images to a defined size; label downsized training skeleton images having a sitting posture as correct; apply data enhancement to the labeled training skeleton images to generate a training dataset; normalize the training dataset; and process the training dataset through a convolutional neural network to train the classifier. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein for anonymization the edge network device is configured to preserve image data within a range defined by coordinates of bone nodes in the skeleton image. 8. A method for fall prevention, the method comprising:
receiving image data from a camera when guard rail sensors indicate that a guard rail on a bed having an at-risk patient is down; anonymizing the image data to generate a graphical image using bone nodes; determining a posture associated with the graphical image; initiating an alert level on a dashboard at a medical personnel station when the patient is predicted to be sitting on the bed; and escalating the alert level on the dashboard at the medical personnel station when the patient is predicted to be standing. 9. The method of claim 8, the method comprising:
starting the camera when the guard rail sensors indicate that the guard rail is down and there is an at-risk patient; and tracking the posture of the patient. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the anonymizing the image data further comprising:
maintaining image data within a range defined by coordinates of bone nodes in the graphical image; and setting pixels in an edge area to black. 11. The method of claim 10, the method comprising:
engaging in communications with the patient by medical personnel when the alert level is initiated. 12. The method of claim 11, the method comprising:
continuing tracking of the posture of the patient during communications between the medical personnel and the patient to determine patient responsiveness and reaction. 13. The method of claim 12, the method comprising:
sending the medical personnel to the patient when escalating the alert level. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the determining the posture further comprising:
using a classifier to predict the posture from the graphical image. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the using the classifier further comprising:
anonymizing training image data to generate multiple training graphical images; downsizing training graphical images to a defined size; labeling downsized training graphical images having a sitting posture as correct; applying data enhancement to the labeled training graphical images to generate a training dataset; normalize the training dataset; and process the training dataset through a convolutional neural network to train the classifier. 16. A system for fall prevention, comprising:
a video camera configured to capture images of a patient and a bed in a medical facility room; a monitoring station configured to receive sensor data from at least a rail sensor on the bed; a bedside monitor configured for interactive communication with the patient and between the monitoring station; and an edge gateway co-located and in communication with the video camera and the monitoring station, the edge gateway configured to:
generate a skeleton image by anonymizing image data received from the video camera which is activated when the rail sensor indicates that a rail sensor is disengaged and the patient has a health status of risky;
classify a posture associated with the skeleton image;
transmit a first alert to the monitoring station when the posture is classified as sitting; and
transmit a second alert to the monitoring station when the posture is classified as standing. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein communications between the patient and medical personnel are initiated using the patient monitor in response to the first alert. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the medical personnel are sent to the patient in response to the second alert. 19. The system of claim 16, wherein for anonymization the edge network device is configured to preserve image data within a range defined by coordinates of bone nodes in the skeleton image. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein to train a classifier the edge network device is configured to:
anonymize training image data to generate multiple training skeleton images; downsize training skeleton images to a defined size; label downsized training skeleton images having a sitting posture as correct; apply data enhancement to the labeled training skeleton images to generate a training dataset; normalize the training dataset; and process the training dataset through a convolutional neural network to train the classifier. | A system for fall prevention includes a platform for supporting a patient, the platform including rails and rail sensors, an image capturing device for capturing images of the patient, a patient monitor for interactive communication with the patient, a health monitoring station for receiving rail sensor data and communicating with the patient monitor, and an edge network device co-located with the platform and communicating with the station and the image capturing device. The edge network device receives image data from the image capturing device when the rail sensors indicate that the rail is down and the patient is at risk to themselves, anonymizes the image data to generate a skeleton image, determines a posture associated with the skeleton image, triggers alerts at the station when the patient is predicted to be sitting, and triggers escalated alerts at the station when the patient is predicted to be standing.1. A system for fall prevention, comprising:
a platform configured to support a patient, the platform including rails and rail sensors; an image capturing device configured to capture images of at least the patient; a patient monitor configured for interactive communication with the patient; a health monitoring station configured to receive rail sensor data and in communication with the patient monitor; and an edge network device co-located with the platform and in communication with the health monitoring station and the image capturing device, the edge network device configured to:
receive image data from the image capturing device when the rail sensors indicate that the rail is down and the patient is at risk to themselves;
anonymize the image data to generate a skeleton image;
determine a posture associated with the skeleton image;
trigger alerts at the health monitoring station when the patient is predicted to be sitting instead of lying down on the platform; and
trigger escalated alerts at the health monitoring station when the patient is predicted to be standing instead of lying down on the platform. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the alerts initiate communications between the patient and healthcare personnel at the health monitoring station using the patient monitor. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the escalated alerts initiate sending healthcare personnel to check on the patient. 4. The system of claim 1, the edge network device configured to use a posture classifier to determine the posture. 5. The system of claim 4, the edge network device configured to train the posture classifier. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein to train the posture classifier the edge network device is configured to:
anonymize training image data to generate multiple training skeleton images; downsize training skeleton images to a defined size; label downsized training skeleton images having a sitting posture as correct; apply data enhancement to the labeled training skeleton images to generate a training dataset; normalize the training dataset; and process the training dataset through a convolutional neural network to train the classifier. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein for anonymization the edge network device is configured to preserve image data within a range defined by coordinates of bone nodes in the skeleton image. 8. A method for fall prevention, the method comprising:
receiving image data from a camera when guard rail sensors indicate that a guard rail on a bed having an at-risk patient is down; anonymizing the image data to generate a graphical image using bone nodes; determining a posture associated with the graphical image; initiating an alert level on a dashboard at a medical personnel station when the patient is predicted to be sitting on the bed; and escalating the alert level on the dashboard at the medical personnel station when the patient is predicted to be standing. 9. The method of claim 8, the method comprising:
starting the camera when the guard rail sensors indicate that the guard rail is down and there is an at-risk patient; and tracking the posture of the patient. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the anonymizing the image data further comprising:
maintaining image data within a range defined by coordinates of bone nodes in the graphical image; and setting pixels in an edge area to black. 11. The method of claim 10, the method comprising:
engaging in communications with the patient by medical personnel when the alert level is initiated. 12. The method of claim 11, the method comprising:
continuing tracking of the posture of the patient during communications between the medical personnel and the patient to determine patient responsiveness and reaction. 13. The method of claim 12, the method comprising:
sending the medical personnel to the patient when escalating the alert level. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the determining the posture further comprising:
using a classifier to predict the posture from the graphical image. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the using the classifier further comprising:
anonymizing training image data to generate multiple training graphical images; downsizing training graphical images to a defined size; labeling downsized training graphical images having a sitting posture as correct; applying data enhancement to the labeled training graphical images to generate a training dataset; normalize the training dataset; and process the training dataset through a convolutional neural network to train the classifier. 16. A system for fall prevention, comprising:
a video camera configured to capture images of a patient and a bed in a medical facility room; a monitoring station configured to receive sensor data from at least a rail sensor on the bed; a bedside monitor configured for interactive communication with the patient and between the monitoring station; and an edge gateway co-located and in communication with the video camera and the monitoring station, the edge gateway configured to:
generate a skeleton image by anonymizing image data received from the video camera which is activated when the rail sensor indicates that a rail sensor is disengaged and the patient has a health status of risky;
classify a posture associated with the skeleton image;
transmit a first alert to the monitoring station when the posture is classified as sitting; and
transmit a second alert to the monitoring station when the posture is classified as standing. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein communications between the patient and medical personnel are initiated using the patient monitor in response to the first alert. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the medical personnel are sent to the patient in response to the second alert. 19. The system of claim 16, wherein for anonymization the edge network device is configured to preserve image data within a range defined by coordinates of bone nodes in the skeleton image. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein to train a classifier the edge network device is configured to:
anonymize training image data to generate multiple training skeleton images; downsize training skeleton images to a defined size; label downsized training skeleton images having a sitting posture as correct; apply data enhancement to the labeled training skeleton images to generate a training dataset; normalize the training dataset; and process the training dataset through a convolutional neural network to train the classifier. | 2,800 |
348,851 | 16,806,361 | 2,857 | Systems and methods for batched storage hinting with fast guest storage allocation. An example method may involve: detecting, by a hypervisor, that storage has been released by a guest operating system and remains allocated to a virtual machine executing the guest operating system; accessing, by the hypervisor, one or more sets of storage blocks, wherein a set of the one or more sets comprises an identifier associated with the storage and is associated with the virtual machine; receiving, by a processing device executing the hypervisor, a request to allocate a storage block to the virtual machine; identifying, by the hypervisor, at least one storage block of the one or more sets that is associated with the virtual machine; and allocating the at least one storage block to the virtual machine. | 1. A method comprising:
detecting, by a hypervisor, that storage has been released by a guest operating system and remains allocated to a virtual machine executing the guest operating system; accessing, by the hypervisor, one or more sets of storage blocks, wherein a set of the one or more sets comprises an identifier associated with the storage and is associated with the virtual machine; receiving, by a processing device executing the hypervisor, a request to allocate a storage block to the virtual machine; identifying, by the hypervisor, at least one storage block of the one or more sets that is associated with the virtual machine; and allocating the at least one storage block to the virtual machine. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the set of storage blocks comprises a plurality of storage block identifiers and each of the plurality of storage block identifiers is linked by computing entity identification data to a respective virtual machine of a plurality of virtual machines. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
receiving, by the hypervisor, a request to allocate a storage block to a second virtual machine; analyzing the one or more sets of storage blocks to identify a storage block associated with the second virtual machine; in response to the set being free of a storage block associated with the second virtual machine, clearing a storage block released by a first virtual machine and allocating the cleared storage block to the second virtual machine; and in response to the set including a storage block associated with the second virtual machine, allocating the storage block associated with the second virtual machine to the second virtual machine without clearing the storage block. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the storage released by the guest operating system comprises a plurality of memory pages that are relinquished by a balloon driver of the guest operating system and are assigned by the hypervisor to another virtual machine. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the storage comprises memory pages and the method further comprises, reusing, by the hypervisor, a memory page identified by the set without copying content of the memory page to persistent storage. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the persistent storage comprises a swap space, and wherein the memory page released by the guest operating system is reallocated by the hypervisor to another virtual machine without copying the content of the memory page to the swap space. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting that the storage has been released by the guest operating system comprises the hypervisor detecting that the set stored in shared memory is updated to add an identifier of the storage. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the set of storage blocks is represented by a bitmap accessible to the virtual machine and the hypervisor, and wherein the bitmap represents a set of storage blocks allocated to the virtual machine and indicates a subset of the storage blocks that is unused by the guest operating system. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
verifying, by the hypervisor, that the storage released by the guest operating system is exclusively assigned to the virtual machine executing the guest operating system; and responsive to the verifying, adding the identifier of the verified storage block to the set of storage blocks. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein verifying the storage is exclusively assigned to the virtual machine comprises determining the storage is accessible by the virtual machine and is inaccessible by other virtual machines managed by the hypervisor. 11. A system comprising:
a memory; a processing device executing a hypervisor and operatively coupled to the memory, the processing device to:
detect that storage has been released by a guest operating system and remains allocated to a virtual machine executing the guest operating system;
access one or more sets of storage blocks, wherein a set of the one or more sets comprises an identifier associated with the storage and is associated with the virtual machine;
receive a request to allocate a storage block to the virtual machine;
identify, by the hypervisor, at least one storage block of the one or more sets that is associated with the virtual machine; and
allocate the at least one storage block to the virtual machine. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the set of storage blocks comprises a plurality of storage block identifiers and each of the plurality of storage block identifiers is linked by computing entity identification data to a respective virtual machine of a plurality of virtual machines. 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the storage released by the guest operating system comprises a plurality of memory pages that are released by a balloon driver of the guest operating system and remain assigned to the virtual machine prior to being reused by the hypervisor. 14. The system of claim 11, wherein the set of storage blocks is stored in shared memory and is updated by the virtual machine to add an identifier corresponding to the storage. 15. A non-transitory machine-readable storage medium storing instructions that cause a processing device executing a hypervisor to:
detect that storage is released by a guest operating system and remains allocated to a virtual machine executing the guest operating system; verify that the storage released by the guest operating system is exclusively assigned to the virtual machine; accessing one or more sets of storage blocks, wherein a set of the one or more sets comprises an identifier associated with the storage and is associated with the virtual machine; receive a request to allocate a storage block to the virtual machine; identify, by the hypervisor, at least one storage block of the one or more sets that is associated with the virtual machine; and allocating the at least one storage block to the virtual machine. 16. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the set of storage blocks comprises a plurality of storage block identifiers and each of the plurality of storage block identifiers is linked by computing entity identification data to a respective virtual machine of a plurality of virtual machines. 17. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the storage released by the guest operating system comprises a plurality of memory pages that are relinquished by a balloon driver of the guest operating system and are assigned by the hypervisor to another virtual machine. 18. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 17 wherein the processing device executing the hypervisor is further to reuse a memory page identified by the set without copying content of the memory page to persistent storage. 19. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the set is stored as a data structure in shared memory and is accessible to the virtual machine and the hypervisor. 20. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the set of storage blocks comprises a bitmap represents a set of storage blocks allocated to the virtual machine and indicates a subset of the storage blocks that are unused by the guest operating system. | Systems and methods for batched storage hinting with fast guest storage allocation. An example method may involve: detecting, by a hypervisor, that storage has been released by a guest operating system and remains allocated to a virtual machine executing the guest operating system; accessing, by the hypervisor, one or more sets of storage blocks, wherein a set of the one or more sets comprises an identifier associated with the storage and is associated with the virtual machine; receiving, by a processing device executing the hypervisor, a request to allocate a storage block to the virtual machine; identifying, by the hypervisor, at least one storage block of the one or more sets that is associated with the virtual machine; and allocating the at least one storage block to the virtual machine.1. A method comprising:
detecting, by a hypervisor, that storage has been released by a guest operating system and remains allocated to a virtual machine executing the guest operating system; accessing, by the hypervisor, one or more sets of storage blocks, wherein a set of the one or more sets comprises an identifier associated with the storage and is associated with the virtual machine; receiving, by a processing device executing the hypervisor, a request to allocate a storage block to the virtual machine; identifying, by the hypervisor, at least one storage block of the one or more sets that is associated with the virtual machine; and allocating the at least one storage block to the virtual machine. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the set of storage blocks comprises a plurality of storage block identifiers and each of the plurality of storage block identifiers is linked by computing entity identification data to a respective virtual machine of a plurality of virtual machines. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
receiving, by the hypervisor, a request to allocate a storage block to a second virtual machine; analyzing the one or more sets of storage blocks to identify a storage block associated with the second virtual machine; in response to the set being free of a storage block associated with the second virtual machine, clearing a storage block released by a first virtual machine and allocating the cleared storage block to the second virtual machine; and in response to the set including a storage block associated with the second virtual machine, allocating the storage block associated with the second virtual machine to the second virtual machine without clearing the storage block. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the storage released by the guest operating system comprises a plurality of memory pages that are relinquished by a balloon driver of the guest operating system and are assigned by the hypervisor to another virtual machine. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the storage comprises memory pages and the method further comprises, reusing, by the hypervisor, a memory page identified by the set without copying content of the memory page to persistent storage. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the persistent storage comprises a swap space, and wherein the memory page released by the guest operating system is reallocated by the hypervisor to another virtual machine without copying the content of the memory page to the swap space. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting that the storage has been released by the guest operating system comprises the hypervisor detecting that the set stored in shared memory is updated to add an identifier of the storage. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the set of storage blocks is represented by a bitmap accessible to the virtual machine and the hypervisor, and wherein the bitmap represents a set of storage blocks allocated to the virtual machine and indicates a subset of the storage blocks that is unused by the guest operating system. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
verifying, by the hypervisor, that the storage released by the guest operating system is exclusively assigned to the virtual machine executing the guest operating system; and responsive to the verifying, adding the identifier of the verified storage block to the set of storage blocks. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein verifying the storage is exclusively assigned to the virtual machine comprises determining the storage is accessible by the virtual machine and is inaccessible by other virtual machines managed by the hypervisor. 11. A system comprising:
a memory; a processing device executing a hypervisor and operatively coupled to the memory, the processing device to:
detect that storage has been released by a guest operating system and remains allocated to a virtual machine executing the guest operating system;
access one or more sets of storage blocks, wherein a set of the one or more sets comprises an identifier associated with the storage and is associated with the virtual machine;
receive a request to allocate a storage block to the virtual machine;
identify, by the hypervisor, at least one storage block of the one or more sets that is associated with the virtual machine; and
allocate the at least one storage block to the virtual machine. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the set of storage blocks comprises a plurality of storage block identifiers and each of the plurality of storage block identifiers is linked by computing entity identification data to a respective virtual machine of a plurality of virtual machines. 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the storage released by the guest operating system comprises a plurality of memory pages that are released by a balloon driver of the guest operating system and remain assigned to the virtual machine prior to being reused by the hypervisor. 14. The system of claim 11, wherein the set of storage blocks is stored in shared memory and is updated by the virtual machine to add an identifier corresponding to the storage. 15. A non-transitory machine-readable storage medium storing instructions that cause a processing device executing a hypervisor to:
detect that storage is released by a guest operating system and remains allocated to a virtual machine executing the guest operating system; verify that the storage released by the guest operating system is exclusively assigned to the virtual machine; accessing one or more sets of storage blocks, wherein a set of the one or more sets comprises an identifier associated with the storage and is associated with the virtual machine; receive a request to allocate a storage block to the virtual machine; identify, by the hypervisor, at least one storage block of the one or more sets that is associated with the virtual machine; and allocating the at least one storage block to the virtual machine. 16. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the set of storage blocks comprises a plurality of storage block identifiers and each of the plurality of storage block identifiers is linked by computing entity identification data to a respective virtual machine of a plurality of virtual machines. 17. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the storage released by the guest operating system comprises a plurality of memory pages that are relinquished by a balloon driver of the guest operating system and are assigned by the hypervisor to another virtual machine. 18. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 17 wherein the processing device executing the hypervisor is further to reuse a memory page identified by the set without copying content of the memory page to persistent storage. 19. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the set is stored as a data structure in shared memory and is accessible to the virtual machine and the hypervisor. 20. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the set of storage blocks comprises a bitmap represents a set of storage blocks allocated to the virtual machine and indicates a subset of the storage blocks that are unused by the guest operating system. | 2,800 |
348,852 | 16,806,379 | 2,857 | Techniques are provided for storage tier verification checks. A determination is made that a mount operation of an aggregate of a set of volumes stored within a multi-tier storage environment has completed. A first metafile and a second metafile are maintained to track information related to the storage of objects of a volume of the aggregate within a remote object store that is a tier of the multi-tier storage environment. A distributed verification is performed between the first metafile and the second metafile to identify an inconsistency. Accordingly, the first metafile and the second metafile are reconciled to address the inconsistency so that storage information within the first metafile and the second metafile are consistent. | 1. A method, comprising:
determining that a mount operation of an aggregate comprising a set of volumes stored within a multi-tier storage environment has completed, wherein data of a volume is stored within one or more objects within a remote object store of the multi-tier storage environment; maintaining a first metafile and a second metafile to track information related to the storage of objects within the remote object store; performing a distributed verification between the first metafile and the second metafile to identify an inconsistency based upon a first set of storage information of the first metafile not being consistent with a second set of storage information of the second metafile; and reconciling the first set of storage information and the second set of storage information to make the first metafile and the second metafile consistent. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the performing a distributed verification comprises:
facilitating client access to the volume during the distributed verification. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the performing a distributed verification comprises:
blocking a garbage collection process, configured to perform garage collection of old data stored within the remote object store, during the distributed verification. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the performing a distributed verification comprises:
blocking a mirroring process, configured to mirror data from a source to a destination, during the distributed verification. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the performing a distributed verification comprises:
blocking a tiering process, configured to tier data between a storage tier of the multi-tier storage environment and the remote object store, during the distributed verification. 6. The method of claim 1, comprising:
performing a verification of a volume information metafile during the mount operation, wherein the volume information metafile comprises volume information entries for the set of volumes, wherein a volume information entry specifies a volume identifier of the volume, a last assigned sequence number for an object of the volume stored to the remote object store, and a number of objects of the volume stored within the remote object store. 7. The method of claim 1, comprising:
performing a verification of a staging area information metafile during the mount operation, wherein the staging area information metafile comprises staging area information entries for object slots within a staging area metafile, wherein a staging area information entry specifies an object slot state of an object slot used to store data for assembly into an assembled object, an assigned object identifier for the assembled object, and a volume identifier of the volume to which the assembled object belongs. 8. The method of claim 1, comprising:
performing a buftree verification of files to determine whether buftree layouts of the files are correct. 9. The method of claim 8, comprising:
allowing a client access operation to be performed during the buftree verification. 10. A non-transitory machine readable medium comprising instructions for performing a method, which when executed by a machine, causes the machine to:
determine that a mount operation of an aggregate comprising a set of volumes stored within a multi-tier storage environment has completed, wherein data of a volume is stored within one or more objects within a remote object store of the multi-tier storage environment; maintain a first metafile and a second metafile to track information related to the storage of objects within the remote object store; perform a distributed verification between the first metafile and the second metafile to identify an inconsistency based upon a first set of storage information of the first metafile not being consistent with a second set of storage information of the second metafile; and reconcile the first set of storage information and the second set of storage information to make the first metafile and the second metafile consistent. 11. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 10, wherein the instructions cause the machine to:
facilitate client access to the volume during the distributed verification. 12. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 10, wherein the instructions cause the machine to:
block a garbage collection process, configured to perform garage collection of old data stored within the remote object store, during the distributed verification. 13. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 10, wherein the instructions cause the machine to:
block a mirroring process, configured to mirror data from a source to a destination, during the distributed verification. 14. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 10, wherein the instructions cause the machine to:
block a tiering process, configured to tier data between a storage tier of the multi-tier storage environment and the remote object store, during the distributed verification. 15. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 10, wherein the instructions cause the machine to:
perform a verification of a volume information metafile during the mount operation, wherein the volume information metafile comprises volume information entries for the set of volumes, wherein a volume information entry specifies a volume identifier of the volume, a last assigned sequence number for an object of the volume stored to the remote object store, and a number of objects of the volume stored within the remote object store. 16. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 10, wherein the instructions cause the machine to:
perform a verification of a staging area information metafile during the mount operation, wherein the staging area information metafile comprises staging area information entries for object slots within a staging area metafile, wherein a staging area information entry specifies an object slot state of an object slot used to store data for assembly into an assembled object, an assigned object identifier for the assembled object, and a volume identifier of the volume to which the assembled object belongs. 17. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 10, wherein the instructions cause the machine to:
perform a buftree verification of files to determine whether buftree layouts of the files are correct. 18. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 17, wherein the instructions cause the machine to:
allow a client access operation to be performed during the buftree verification. 19. A computing device comprising:
a memory comprising machine executable code; and a processor coupled to the memory, the processor configured to execute the machine executable code to cause the processor to:
determine that a mount operation of an aggregate comprising a set of volumes stored within a multi-tier storage environment has completed, wherein data of a volume is stored within one or more objects within a remote object store of the multi-tier storage environment;
maintain a first metafile and a second metafile to track information related to the storage of objects within the remote object store;
perform a distributed verification between the first metafile and the second metafile to identify an inconsistency based upon a first set of storage information of the first metafile not being consistent with a second set of storage information of the second metafile; and
reconcile the first set of storage information and the second set of storage information to make the first metafile and the second metafile consistent. 20. The computing device of claim 19, wherein the machine executable code causes the processor to:
facilitate client access to the volume during the distributed verification. | Techniques are provided for storage tier verification checks. A determination is made that a mount operation of an aggregate of a set of volumes stored within a multi-tier storage environment has completed. A first metafile and a second metafile are maintained to track information related to the storage of objects of a volume of the aggregate within a remote object store that is a tier of the multi-tier storage environment. A distributed verification is performed between the first metafile and the second metafile to identify an inconsistency. Accordingly, the first metafile and the second metafile are reconciled to address the inconsistency so that storage information within the first metafile and the second metafile are consistent.1. A method, comprising:
determining that a mount operation of an aggregate comprising a set of volumes stored within a multi-tier storage environment has completed, wherein data of a volume is stored within one or more objects within a remote object store of the multi-tier storage environment; maintaining a first metafile and a second metafile to track information related to the storage of objects within the remote object store; performing a distributed verification between the first metafile and the second metafile to identify an inconsistency based upon a first set of storage information of the first metafile not being consistent with a second set of storage information of the second metafile; and reconciling the first set of storage information and the second set of storage information to make the first metafile and the second metafile consistent. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the performing a distributed verification comprises:
facilitating client access to the volume during the distributed verification. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the performing a distributed verification comprises:
blocking a garbage collection process, configured to perform garage collection of old data stored within the remote object store, during the distributed verification. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the performing a distributed verification comprises:
blocking a mirroring process, configured to mirror data from a source to a destination, during the distributed verification. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the performing a distributed verification comprises:
blocking a tiering process, configured to tier data between a storage tier of the multi-tier storage environment and the remote object store, during the distributed verification. 6. The method of claim 1, comprising:
performing a verification of a volume information metafile during the mount operation, wherein the volume information metafile comprises volume information entries for the set of volumes, wherein a volume information entry specifies a volume identifier of the volume, a last assigned sequence number for an object of the volume stored to the remote object store, and a number of objects of the volume stored within the remote object store. 7. The method of claim 1, comprising:
performing a verification of a staging area information metafile during the mount operation, wherein the staging area information metafile comprises staging area information entries for object slots within a staging area metafile, wherein a staging area information entry specifies an object slot state of an object slot used to store data for assembly into an assembled object, an assigned object identifier for the assembled object, and a volume identifier of the volume to which the assembled object belongs. 8. The method of claim 1, comprising:
performing a buftree verification of files to determine whether buftree layouts of the files are correct. 9. The method of claim 8, comprising:
allowing a client access operation to be performed during the buftree verification. 10. A non-transitory machine readable medium comprising instructions for performing a method, which when executed by a machine, causes the machine to:
determine that a mount operation of an aggregate comprising a set of volumes stored within a multi-tier storage environment has completed, wherein data of a volume is stored within one or more objects within a remote object store of the multi-tier storage environment; maintain a first metafile and a second metafile to track information related to the storage of objects within the remote object store; perform a distributed verification between the first metafile and the second metafile to identify an inconsistency based upon a first set of storage information of the first metafile not being consistent with a second set of storage information of the second metafile; and reconcile the first set of storage information and the second set of storage information to make the first metafile and the second metafile consistent. 11. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 10, wherein the instructions cause the machine to:
facilitate client access to the volume during the distributed verification. 12. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 10, wherein the instructions cause the machine to:
block a garbage collection process, configured to perform garage collection of old data stored within the remote object store, during the distributed verification. 13. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 10, wherein the instructions cause the machine to:
block a mirroring process, configured to mirror data from a source to a destination, during the distributed verification. 14. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 10, wherein the instructions cause the machine to:
block a tiering process, configured to tier data between a storage tier of the multi-tier storage environment and the remote object store, during the distributed verification. 15. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 10, wherein the instructions cause the machine to:
perform a verification of a volume information metafile during the mount operation, wherein the volume information metafile comprises volume information entries for the set of volumes, wherein a volume information entry specifies a volume identifier of the volume, a last assigned sequence number for an object of the volume stored to the remote object store, and a number of objects of the volume stored within the remote object store. 16. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 10, wherein the instructions cause the machine to:
perform a verification of a staging area information metafile during the mount operation, wherein the staging area information metafile comprises staging area information entries for object slots within a staging area metafile, wherein a staging area information entry specifies an object slot state of an object slot used to store data for assembly into an assembled object, an assigned object identifier for the assembled object, and a volume identifier of the volume to which the assembled object belongs. 17. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 10, wherein the instructions cause the machine to:
perform a buftree verification of files to determine whether buftree layouts of the files are correct. 18. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 17, wherein the instructions cause the machine to:
allow a client access operation to be performed during the buftree verification. 19. A computing device comprising:
a memory comprising machine executable code; and a processor coupled to the memory, the processor configured to execute the machine executable code to cause the processor to:
determine that a mount operation of an aggregate comprising a set of volumes stored within a multi-tier storage environment has completed, wherein data of a volume is stored within one or more objects within a remote object store of the multi-tier storage environment;
maintain a first metafile and a second metafile to track information related to the storage of objects within the remote object store;
perform a distributed verification between the first metafile and the second metafile to identify an inconsistency based upon a first set of storage information of the first metafile not being consistent with a second set of storage information of the second metafile; and
reconcile the first set of storage information and the second set of storage information to make the first metafile and the second metafile consistent. 20. The computing device of claim 19, wherein the machine executable code causes the processor to:
facilitate client access to the volume during the distributed verification. | 2,800 |
348,853 | 16,806,381 | 2,857 | The invention discloses a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) device and a method of fabricating such DRAM device. The DRAM device according to the invention includes a plurality of bit lines formed on a semiconductor substrate, a plurality of first isolation stripes, a plurality of second isolation stripes, a plurality of transistors formed between the first isolation stripes and the second isolation stripes, a plurality of word lines, and a plurality of capacitors formed above the first isolation stripes and the second isolation stripes. The semiconductor substrate defines a longitudinal direction, a transverse direction, a normal direction, a plurality of columns in the longitudinal direction, and a plurality of rows in the transverse direction. The first isolation stripes and the second isolation stripes extend in the longitudinal direction. Each transistor corresponds to one of the columns and one of the rows. The transistors on one side of each first isolation stripe and the transistors on the other side of said one first isolation stripe are staggeredly arranged. Each word line corresponds to one of the columns and connects the gate conductors of the transistors along the corresponding column. Each capacitor corresponds to one of the transistors and connects the source region of the corresponding transistor. | 1. A dynamic random access memory (DRAM) device, comprising:
a semiconductor substrate, defining a longitudinal direction, a transverse direction, a normal direction, a plurality of columns in the longitudinal direction, and a plurality of rows in the transverse direction; a plurality of bit lines, formed on the semiconductor substrate, each bit line corresponding to one of the rows and extending along the corresponding row; a plurality of first isolation stripes, being formed on the bit lines and extending in the longitudinal direction, each first isolation stripe having a respective first longitudinal edge and a respective second longitudinal edge; a plurality of second isolation stripes, being formed on the bit lines and extending in the longitudinal direction, each second isolation stripe having a respective third longitudinal edge and a respective fourth longitudinal edge, the first isolation stripes and the second isolation stripes being alternatingly arranged; a plurality of multi-layer stripes, constituted by a first semiconductor layer formed on the bit lines, a first insulating layer formed on the first semiconductor layer and a second semiconductor layer formed on the first insulating layer, each multi-layer stripe corresponding to one of the first isolation stripes and one of the second isolation stripes and being located between the corresponding first isolation stripe and the corresponding second isolation stripe, wherein each multi-layer stripe has a plurality of recesses being formed at the first insulating layer and facing the third longitudinal edge or the fourth longitudinal edge of the corresponding second isolation stripe, the recesses at one side of each first isolation stripe and the recesses at the other side of said one first isolation stripe are staggeredly arranged, each recess corresponds to one of the columns and one of the rows; a plurality of transistors, each transistor corresponding to one of the recesses and comprising a respective pillar of a semiconductor material, each pillar of the semiconductor material being fitted in the corresponding recess, extending in the transverse direction and having a respective base side face parallel to the normal direction, a respective tapered side face opposite to the base side face, a respective first top face perpendicular to the normal direction, a respective bottom face opposite to the first top face, a respective front side face adjacent to the base side face and the tapered side face, and a respective rear side face opposite to the front side face, a respective first elongated portion sandwiched among the first top face, the base side face, the front side face and the rear side face forming a respective source region, a respective second elongated portion sandwiched among the bottom face, the base side face, the front side face and the rear side face forming a respective drain region, a respective plate portion on the base side face and between the first elongated portion and the second elongated portion forming a respective channel region, and other portion of the pillar forming a respective body region, each transistor also comprising a respective gate oxide/dielectric layer overlaying the base side face of the corresponding pillar of the semiconductor material, a respective gate conductor overlaying the gate oxide/dielectric layer, a respective first sub-bit line being formed at the first semiconductor layer and connecting between the drain region and the bit line corresponding to said one transistor, and a respective second sub-bit line being formed at the second semiconductor layer and connecting the source region; a plurality of word lines, which each corresponds to one of the columns and connects the gate conductors arranged along the corresponding column; a second insulating layer, formed on the second semiconductor layer, the first isolation stripes and the second isolation stripes; a plurality of landing via contacts, which each corresponds to one of the second sub-bit lines and is formed through the second insulating layer to connect the corresponding second sub-bit line; a third insulating layer, formed one the second insulating layer and the landing via contacts; and a plurality of capacitors, which each corresponds to one of the landing via contacts and is formed through the third insulating layer to connect the corresponding landing via contact. 2. The DRAM device of claim 1, wherein each base side face is planar, convex or concave. 3. The DRAM device of claim 2, wherein in each transistor, a combination of the first top face of the pillar of the semiconductor material, a second top face of the gate oxide/dielectric layer and a third top face of the gate conductor exhibits one selected from the group consisting of a semi-ellipse, a semi-circle, a triangle, a finger-like shape and a trapezoid. 4. The DRAM device of claim 3, wherein a cell size of said DRAM device is equal to 3.5 times a square of a process feature size. 5. The DRAM device of claim 3, further comprising:
a fourth insulating layer, formed to overlay the semiconductor substrate and the bit lines; and a plurality of connection lines which each corresponds to one of the first sub-bit lines and one of the bit lines and is formed through the fourth insulating layer to connect between the corresponding first sub-bit line and the corresponding bit line. 6. A method of fabricating a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) device, comprising the steps of:
(a) forming a plurality of bit lines on a semiconductor substrate, wherein the semiconductor substrate defines a longitudinal direction, a transverse direction, a normal direction, a plurality of columns in the longitudinal direction, and a plurality of rows in the transverse direction, each bit line corresponds to one of the rows and extends along the corresponding row; (b) forming a first semiconductor layer on the bit lines; (c) forming a first insulating layer on the first semiconductor layer; (d) forming a second semiconductor layer on the first insulating layer; (e) forming a plurality of first trenches parallel to the longitudinal direction and through the first semiconductor layer, the first insulating layer and the second semiconductor layer, wherein each first trench has a respective first longitudinal side wall, a respective second longitudinal side wall and a plurality of protrusions protruding inwardly, the protrusions on the first longitudinal side wall and the protrusions on the second longitudinal side wall are staggeredly arranged; (f) forming a plurality of first isolation stripes which each is filled in one of the first trenches such that a plurality of multi-layer stripes of the first semiconductor layer, the first insulating layer and the second semiconductor layer and the first isolation stripes are alternately arranged; (g) forming a plurality of second trenches parallel to the longitudinal direction, wherein each second trench is formed on a portion of one of the multi-layer stripes and through the first semiconductor layer, the first insulating layer and the second semiconductor layer, and has a respective third longitudinal side wall and a respective fourth longitudinal side wall; (h) partially doping the first semiconductor layer and the second semiconductor layer on the third longitudinal side wall and the fourth longitudinal side wall of each second trench to form a plurality of first conductive portions on the first semiconductor layer and a plurality of second conductive portions on the second semiconductor layer, wherein each first conductive portion and each second conductive portion correspond to one of the protrusions; (i) removing a plurality of retained portions of the first insulating layer which each corresponds to one of the protrusions such that a plurality of recesses are formed on the third longitudinal side walls and the fourth longitudinal side walls of the second trenches, wherein the recesses at one side of each first isolation stripe and the recesses at the other side of said one first isolation stripe are staggeredly arranged, each recess corresponds to one of the columns and one of the rows; (j) forming a plurality of pillars of a semiconductor material, wherein the pillars of the semiconductor material are arranged in the columns and the rows, each pillar of the semiconductor material is fitted in one of the recesses, extends in the transverse direction and has a respective base side face parallel to the normal direction, a respective tapered side face opposite to the base side face, a respective first top face perpendicular to the normal direction, a respective bottom face opposite to the first top face, a respective front side face adjacent to the base side face and the tapered side face, and a respective rear side face opposite to the front side face, a respective first elongated portion sandwiched among the first top face, the base side face, the front side face and the rear side face to form a respective source region, a respective second elongated portion sandwiched among the bottom face, the base side face, the front side face and the rear side face to form a respective drain region, a respective plate portion on the base side face and between the first elongated portion and the second elongated portion to form a respective channel region, and other portion of the pillar of the semiconductor material to form a respective body region, wherein each of the first conductive portions serves as one of a plurality of first sub-bit lines which each correspond to one of the pillars and connects between the drain region of the corresponding pillar and the bit line corresponding to said one pillar, each of the second conductive portions serves as one of a plurality of second sub-bit lines which each corresponds to one of the pillars and connects the source region of the corresponding pillar; (k) forming a plurality of gate oxide/dielectric layers which each overlays the base side face of one of the pillars of the semiconductor material; (1) forming a plurality of conductor layers which each overlays one of the third longitudinal side wall and the fourth longitudinal side wall of one of the second trenches; (m) partially etching the conductor layers to form a plurality of gate conductors and a plurality of word lines, wherein each gate conductor overlays one of the gate oxide/dielectric layers, each word line conductor corresponds to one of the columns and connects the gate conductors along the corresponding column; (n) forming a plurality of second isolation stripes which each is filled in one of the second trenches; (o) forming a second insulating layer on the second semiconductor layer, the first isolation stripes and the second isolation stripes; (p) forming a plurality of landing via contacts which each corresponds to one of the second sub-bit lines and is formed through the second insulating layer to connect the corresponding second sub-bit line; (q) forming a third insulating layer on the second insulating layer and the landing via contacts; and (r) forming a plurality of capacitors which each corresponds to one of the landing via contacts and is formed through the third insulating layer to connect the corresponding landing via contact. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein each base side face is planar, convex or concave. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein a combination of the first top face of one of the pillars of the semiconductor material, a second top face of the gate oxide/dielectric layer overlaying the base side face of said one pillar and a third top face of the gate conductor overlaying said one gate oxide/dielectric layer exhibits one selected from the group consisting of a semi-ellipse, a semi-circle, a triangle, a finger-like shape and a trapezoid. 9. The method of claim 8, between step (a) and step (b), further comprising the steps of:
forming a fourth insulating layer to overlay the semiconductor substrate and the bit lines; and forming a plurality of conductive pads which each corresponds to one of the rows and two of the columns and is formed at the corresponding row and the correspond two columns and through the fourth insulating layer to contact the bit line along the corresponding row, wherein in step (g), the portions of the conductive pads within the second trenches are removed to change the conductive pads into a plurality of connection lines which each corresponds to one of the first sub-bit lines and one of the bit lines and connects between the corresponding first sub-bit line and the corresponding bit line. | The invention discloses a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) device and a method of fabricating such DRAM device. The DRAM device according to the invention includes a plurality of bit lines formed on a semiconductor substrate, a plurality of first isolation stripes, a plurality of second isolation stripes, a plurality of transistors formed between the first isolation stripes and the second isolation stripes, a plurality of word lines, and a plurality of capacitors formed above the first isolation stripes and the second isolation stripes. The semiconductor substrate defines a longitudinal direction, a transverse direction, a normal direction, a plurality of columns in the longitudinal direction, and a plurality of rows in the transverse direction. The first isolation stripes and the second isolation stripes extend in the longitudinal direction. Each transistor corresponds to one of the columns and one of the rows. The transistors on one side of each first isolation stripe and the transistors on the other side of said one first isolation stripe are staggeredly arranged. Each word line corresponds to one of the columns and connects the gate conductors of the transistors along the corresponding column. Each capacitor corresponds to one of the transistors and connects the source region of the corresponding transistor.1. A dynamic random access memory (DRAM) device, comprising:
a semiconductor substrate, defining a longitudinal direction, a transverse direction, a normal direction, a plurality of columns in the longitudinal direction, and a plurality of rows in the transverse direction; a plurality of bit lines, formed on the semiconductor substrate, each bit line corresponding to one of the rows and extending along the corresponding row; a plurality of first isolation stripes, being formed on the bit lines and extending in the longitudinal direction, each first isolation stripe having a respective first longitudinal edge and a respective second longitudinal edge; a plurality of second isolation stripes, being formed on the bit lines and extending in the longitudinal direction, each second isolation stripe having a respective third longitudinal edge and a respective fourth longitudinal edge, the first isolation stripes and the second isolation stripes being alternatingly arranged; a plurality of multi-layer stripes, constituted by a first semiconductor layer formed on the bit lines, a first insulating layer formed on the first semiconductor layer and a second semiconductor layer formed on the first insulating layer, each multi-layer stripe corresponding to one of the first isolation stripes and one of the second isolation stripes and being located between the corresponding first isolation stripe and the corresponding second isolation stripe, wherein each multi-layer stripe has a plurality of recesses being formed at the first insulating layer and facing the third longitudinal edge or the fourth longitudinal edge of the corresponding second isolation stripe, the recesses at one side of each first isolation stripe and the recesses at the other side of said one first isolation stripe are staggeredly arranged, each recess corresponds to one of the columns and one of the rows; a plurality of transistors, each transistor corresponding to one of the recesses and comprising a respective pillar of a semiconductor material, each pillar of the semiconductor material being fitted in the corresponding recess, extending in the transverse direction and having a respective base side face parallel to the normal direction, a respective tapered side face opposite to the base side face, a respective first top face perpendicular to the normal direction, a respective bottom face opposite to the first top face, a respective front side face adjacent to the base side face and the tapered side face, and a respective rear side face opposite to the front side face, a respective first elongated portion sandwiched among the first top face, the base side face, the front side face and the rear side face forming a respective source region, a respective second elongated portion sandwiched among the bottom face, the base side face, the front side face and the rear side face forming a respective drain region, a respective plate portion on the base side face and between the first elongated portion and the second elongated portion forming a respective channel region, and other portion of the pillar forming a respective body region, each transistor also comprising a respective gate oxide/dielectric layer overlaying the base side face of the corresponding pillar of the semiconductor material, a respective gate conductor overlaying the gate oxide/dielectric layer, a respective first sub-bit line being formed at the first semiconductor layer and connecting between the drain region and the bit line corresponding to said one transistor, and a respective second sub-bit line being formed at the second semiconductor layer and connecting the source region; a plurality of word lines, which each corresponds to one of the columns and connects the gate conductors arranged along the corresponding column; a second insulating layer, formed on the second semiconductor layer, the first isolation stripes and the second isolation stripes; a plurality of landing via contacts, which each corresponds to one of the second sub-bit lines and is formed through the second insulating layer to connect the corresponding second sub-bit line; a third insulating layer, formed one the second insulating layer and the landing via contacts; and a plurality of capacitors, which each corresponds to one of the landing via contacts and is formed through the third insulating layer to connect the corresponding landing via contact. 2. The DRAM device of claim 1, wherein each base side face is planar, convex or concave. 3. The DRAM device of claim 2, wherein in each transistor, a combination of the first top face of the pillar of the semiconductor material, a second top face of the gate oxide/dielectric layer and a third top face of the gate conductor exhibits one selected from the group consisting of a semi-ellipse, a semi-circle, a triangle, a finger-like shape and a trapezoid. 4. The DRAM device of claim 3, wherein a cell size of said DRAM device is equal to 3.5 times a square of a process feature size. 5. The DRAM device of claim 3, further comprising:
a fourth insulating layer, formed to overlay the semiconductor substrate and the bit lines; and a plurality of connection lines which each corresponds to one of the first sub-bit lines and one of the bit lines and is formed through the fourth insulating layer to connect between the corresponding first sub-bit line and the corresponding bit line. 6. A method of fabricating a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) device, comprising the steps of:
(a) forming a plurality of bit lines on a semiconductor substrate, wherein the semiconductor substrate defines a longitudinal direction, a transverse direction, a normal direction, a plurality of columns in the longitudinal direction, and a plurality of rows in the transverse direction, each bit line corresponds to one of the rows and extends along the corresponding row; (b) forming a first semiconductor layer on the bit lines; (c) forming a first insulating layer on the first semiconductor layer; (d) forming a second semiconductor layer on the first insulating layer; (e) forming a plurality of first trenches parallel to the longitudinal direction and through the first semiconductor layer, the first insulating layer and the second semiconductor layer, wherein each first trench has a respective first longitudinal side wall, a respective second longitudinal side wall and a plurality of protrusions protruding inwardly, the protrusions on the first longitudinal side wall and the protrusions on the second longitudinal side wall are staggeredly arranged; (f) forming a plurality of first isolation stripes which each is filled in one of the first trenches such that a plurality of multi-layer stripes of the first semiconductor layer, the first insulating layer and the second semiconductor layer and the first isolation stripes are alternately arranged; (g) forming a plurality of second trenches parallel to the longitudinal direction, wherein each second trench is formed on a portion of one of the multi-layer stripes and through the first semiconductor layer, the first insulating layer and the second semiconductor layer, and has a respective third longitudinal side wall and a respective fourth longitudinal side wall; (h) partially doping the first semiconductor layer and the second semiconductor layer on the third longitudinal side wall and the fourth longitudinal side wall of each second trench to form a plurality of first conductive portions on the first semiconductor layer and a plurality of second conductive portions on the second semiconductor layer, wherein each first conductive portion and each second conductive portion correspond to one of the protrusions; (i) removing a plurality of retained portions of the first insulating layer which each corresponds to one of the protrusions such that a plurality of recesses are formed on the third longitudinal side walls and the fourth longitudinal side walls of the second trenches, wherein the recesses at one side of each first isolation stripe and the recesses at the other side of said one first isolation stripe are staggeredly arranged, each recess corresponds to one of the columns and one of the rows; (j) forming a plurality of pillars of a semiconductor material, wherein the pillars of the semiconductor material are arranged in the columns and the rows, each pillar of the semiconductor material is fitted in one of the recesses, extends in the transverse direction and has a respective base side face parallel to the normal direction, a respective tapered side face opposite to the base side face, a respective first top face perpendicular to the normal direction, a respective bottom face opposite to the first top face, a respective front side face adjacent to the base side face and the tapered side face, and a respective rear side face opposite to the front side face, a respective first elongated portion sandwiched among the first top face, the base side face, the front side face and the rear side face to form a respective source region, a respective second elongated portion sandwiched among the bottom face, the base side face, the front side face and the rear side face to form a respective drain region, a respective plate portion on the base side face and between the first elongated portion and the second elongated portion to form a respective channel region, and other portion of the pillar of the semiconductor material to form a respective body region, wherein each of the first conductive portions serves as one of a plurality of first sub-bit lines which each correspond to one of the pillars and connects between the drain region of the corresponding pillar and the bit line corresponding to said one pillar, each of the second conductive portions serves as one of a plurality of second sub-bit lines which each corresponds to one of the pillars and connects the source region of the corresponding pillar; (k) forming a plurality of gate oxide/dielectric layers which each overlays the base side face of one of the pillars of the semiconductor material; (1) forming a plurality of conductor layers which each overlays one of the third longitudinal side wall and the fourth longitudinal side wall of one of the second trenches; (m) partially etching the conductor layers to form a plurality of gate conductors and a plurality of word lines, wherein each gate conductor overlays one of the gate oxide/dielectric layers, each word line conductor corresponds to one of the columns and connects the gate conductors along the corresponding column; (n) forming a plurality of second isolation stripes which each is filled in one of the second trenches; (o) forming a second insulating layer on the second semiconductor layer, the first isolation stripes and the second isolation stripes; (p) forming a plurality of landing via contacts which each corresponds to one of the second sub-bit lines and is formed through the second insulating layer to connect the corresponding second sub-bit line; (q) forming a third insulating layer on the second insulating layer and the landing via contacts; and (r) forming a plurality of capacitors which each corresponds to one of the landing via contacts and is formed through the third insulating layer to connect the corresponding landing via contact. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein each base side face is planar, convex or concave. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein a combination of the first top face of one of the pillars of the semiconductor material, a second top face of the gate oxide/dielectric layer overlaying the base side face of said one pillar and a third top face of the gate conductor overlaying said one gate oxide/dielectric layer exhibits one selected from the group consisting of a semi-ellipse, a semi-circle, a triangle, a finger-like shape and a trapezoid. 9. The method of claim 8, between step (a) and step (b), further comprising the steps of:
forming a fourth insulating layer to overlay the semiconductor substrate and the bit lines; and forming a plurality of conductive pads which each corresponds to one of the rows and two of the columns and is formed at the corresponding row and the correspond two columns and through the fourth insulating layer to contact the bit line along the corresponding row, wherein in step (g), the portions of the conductive pads within the second trenches are removed to change the conductive pads into a plurality of connection lines which each corresponds to one of the first sub-bit lines and one of the bit lines and connects between the corresponding first sub-bit line and the corresponding bit line. | 2,800 |
348,854 | 16,806,367 | 2,486 | The invention discloses a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) device and a method of fabricating such DRAM device. The DRAM device according to the invention includes a plurality of bit lines formed on a semiconductor substrate, a plurality of first isolation stripes, a plurality of second isolation stripes, a plurality of transistors formed between the first isolation stripes and the second isolation stripes, a plurality of word lines, and a plurality of capacitors formed above the first isolation stripes and the second isolation stripes. The semiconductor substrate defines a longitudinal direction, a transverse direction, a normal direction, a plurality of columns in the longitudinal direction, and a plurality of rows in the transverse direction. The first isolation stripes and the second isolation stripes extend in the longitudinal direction. Each transistor corresponds to one of the columns and one of the rows. The transistors on one side of each first isolation stripe and the transistors on the other side of said one first isolation stripe are staggeredly arranged. Each word line corresponds to one of the columns and connects the gate conductors of the transistors along the corresponding column. Each capacitor corresponds to one of the transistors and connects the source region of the corresponding transistor. | 1. A dynamic random access memory (DRAM) device, comprising:
a semiconductor substrate, defining a longitudinal direction, a transverse direction, a normal direction, a plurality of columns in the longitudinal direction, and a plurality of rows in the transverse direction; a plurality of bit lines, formed on the semiconductor substrate, each bit line corresponding to one of the rows and extending along the corresponding row; a plurality of first isolation stripes, being formed on the bit lines and extending in the longitudinal direction, each first isolation stripe having a respective first longitudinal edge and a respective second longitudinal edge; a plurality of second isolation stripes, being formed on the bit lines and extending in the longitudinal direction, each second isolation stripe having a respective third longitudinal edge and a respective fourth longitudinal edge, the first isolation stripes and the second isolation stripes being alternatingly arranged; a plurality of multi-layer stripes, constituted by a first semiconductor layer formed on the bit lines, a first insulating layer formed on the first semiconductor layer and a second semiconductor layer formed on the first insulating layer, each multi-layer stripe corresponding to one of the first isolation stripes and one of the second isolation stripes and being located between the corresponding first isolation stripe and the corresponding second isolation stripe, wherein each multi-layer stripe has a plurality of recesses being formed at the first insulating layer and facing the third longitudinal edge or the fourth longitudinal edge of the corresponding second isolation stripe, the recesses at one side of each first isolation stripe and the recesses at the other side of said one first isolation stripe are staggeredly arranged, each recess corresponds to one of the columns and one of the rows; a plurality of transistors, each transistor corresponding to one of the recesses and comprising a respective pillar of a semiconductor material, each pillar of the semiconductor material being fitted in the corresponding recess, extending in the transverse direction and having a respective base side face parallel to the normal direction, a respective tapered side face opposite to the base side face, a respective first top face perpendicular to the normal direction, a respective bottom face opposite to the first top face, a respective front side face adjacent to the base side face and the tapered side face, and a respective rear side face opposite to the front side face, a respective first elongated portion sandwiched among the first top face, the base side face, the front side face and the rear side face forming a respective source region, a respective second elongated portion sandwiched among the bottom face, the base side face, the front side face and the rear side face forming a respective drain region, a respective plate portion on the base side face and between the first elongated portion and the second elongated portion forming a respective channel region, and other portion of the pillar forming a respective body region, each transistor also comprising a respective gate oxide/dielectric layer overlaying the base side face of the corresponding pillar of the semiconductor material, a respective gate conductor overlaying the gate oxide/dielectric layer, a respective first sub-bit line being formed at the first semiconductor layer and connecting between the drain region and the bit line corresponding to said one transistor, and a respective second sub-bit line being formed at the second semiconductor layer and connecting the source region; a plurality of word lines, which each corresponds to one of the columns and connects the gate conductors arranged along the corresponding column; a second insulating layer, formed on the second semiconductor layer, the first isolation stripes and the second isolation stripes; a plurality of landing via contacts, which each corresponds to one of the second sub-bit lines and is formed through the second insulating layer to connect the corresponding second sub-bit line; a third insulating layer, formed one the second insulating layer and the landing via contacts; and a plurality of capacitors, which each corresponds to one of the landing via contacts and is formed through the third insulating layer to connect the corresponding landing via contact. 2. The DRAM device of claim 1, wherein each base side face is planar, convex or concave. 3. The DRAM device of claim 2, wherein in each transistor, a combination of the first top face of the pillar of the semiconductor material, a second top face of the gate oxide/dielectric layer and a third top face of the gate conductor exhibits one selected from the group consisting of a semi-ellipse, a semi-circle, a triangle, a finger-like shape and a trapezoid. 4. The DRAM device of claim 3, wherein a cell size of said DRAM device is equal to 3.5 times a square of a process feature size. 5. The DRAM device of claim 3, further comprising:
a fourth insulating layer, formed to overlay the semiconductor substrate and the bit lines; and a plurality of connection lines which each corresponds to one of the first sub-bit lines and one of the bit lines and is formed through the fourth insulating layer to connect between the corresponding first sub-bit line and the corresponding bit line. 6. A method of fabricating a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) device, comprising the steps of:
(a) forming a plurality of bit lines on a semiconductor substrate, wherein the semiconductor substrate defines a longitudinal direction, a transverse direction, a normal direction, a plurality of columns in the longitudinal direction, and a plurality of rows in the transverse direction, each bit line corresponds to one of the rows and extends along the corresponding row; (b) forming a first semiconductor layer on the bit lines; (c) forming a first insulating layer on the first semiconductor layer; (d) forming a second semiconductor layer on the first insulating layer; (e) forming a plurality of first trenches parallel to the longitudinal direction and through the first semiconductor layer, the first insulating layer and the second semiconductor layer, wherein each first trench has a respective first longitudinal side wall, a respective second longitudinal side wall and a plurality of protrusions protruding inwardly, the protrusions on the first longitudinal side wall and the protrusions on the second longitudinal side wall are staggeredly arranged; (f) forming a plurality of first isolation stripes which each is filled in one of the first trenches such that a plurality of multi-layer stripes of the first semiconductor layer, the first insulating layer and the second semiconductor layer and the first isolation stripes are alternately arranged; (g) forming a plurality of second trenches parallel to the longitudinal direction, wherein each second trench is formed on a portion of one of the multi-layer stripes and through the first semiconductor layer, the first insulating layer and the second semiconductor layer, and has a respective third longitudinal side wall and a respective fourth longitudinal side wall; (h) partially doping the first semiconductor layer and the second semiconductor layer on the third longitudinal side wall and the fourth longitudinal side wall of each second trench to form a plurality of first conductive portions on the first semiconductor layer and a plurality of second conductive portions on the second semiconductor layer, wherein each first conductive portion and each second conductive portion correspond to one of the protrusions; (i) removing a plurality of retained portions of the first insulating layer which each corresponds to one of the protrusions such that a plurality of recesses are formed on the third longitudinal side walls and the fourth longitudinal side walls of the second trenches, wherein the recesses at one side of each first isolation stripe and the recesses at the other side of said one first isolation stripe are staggeredly arranged, each recess corresponds to one of the columns and one of the rows; (j) forming a plurality of pillars of a semiconductor material, wherein the pillars of the semiconductor material are arranged in the columns and the rows, each pillar of the semiconductor material is fitted in one of the recesses, extends in the transverse direction and has a respective base side face parallel to the normal direction, a respective tapered side face opposite to the base side face, a respective first top face perpendicular to the normal direction, a respective bottom face opposite to the first top face, a respective front side face adjacent to the base side face and the tapered side face, and a respective rear side face opposite to the front side face, a respective first elongated portion sandwiched among the first top face, the base side face, the front side face and the rear side face to form a respective source region, a respective second elongated portion sandwiched among the bottom face, the base side face, the front side face and the rear side face to form a respective drain region, a respective plate portion on the base side face and between the first elongated portion and the second elongated portion to form a respective channel region, and other portion of the pillar of the semiconductor material to form a respective body region, wherein each of the first conductive portions serves as one of a plurality of first sub-bit lines which each correspond to one of the pillars and connects between the drain region of the corresponding pillar and the bit line corresponding to said one pillar, each of the second conductive portions serves as one of a plurality of second sub-bit lines which each corresponds to one of the pillars and connects the source region of the corresponding pillar; (k) forming a plurality of gate oxide/dielectric layers which each overlays the base side face of one of the pillars of the semiconductor material; (1) forming a plurality of conductor layers which each overlays one of the third longitudinal side wall and the fourth longitudinal side wall of one of the second trenches; (m) partially etching the conductor layers to form a plurality of gate conductors and a plurality of word lines, wherein each gate conductor overlays one of the gate oxide/dielectric layers, each word line conductor corresponds to one of the columns and connects the gate conductors along the corresponding column; (n) forming a plurality of second isolation stripes which each is filled in one of the second trenches; (o) forming a second insulating layer on the second semiconductor layer, the first isolation stripes and the second isolation stripes; (p) forming a plurality of landing via contacts which each corresponds to one of the second sub-bit lines and is formed through the second insulating layer to connect the corresponding second sub-bit line; (q) forming a third insulating layer on the second insulating layer and the landing via contacts; and (r) forming a plurality of capacitors which each corresponds to one of the landing via contacts and is formed through the third insulating layer to connect the corresponding landing via contact. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein each base side face is planar, convex or concave. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein a combination of the first top face of one of the pillars of the semiconductor material, a second top face of the gate oxide/dielectric layer overlaying the base side face of said one pillar and a third top face of the gate conductor overlaying said one gate oxide/dielectric layer exhibits one selected from the group consisting of a semi-ellipse, a semi-circle, a triangle, a finger-like shape and a trapezoid. 9. The method of claim 8, between step (a) and step (b), further comprising the steps of:
forming a fourth insulating layer to overlay the semiconductor substrate and the bit lines; and forming a plurality of conductive pads which each corresponds to one of the rows and two of the columns and is formed at the corresponding row and the correspond two columns and through the fourth insulating layer to contact the bit line along the corresponding row, wherein in step (g), the portions of the conductive pads within the second trenches are removed to change the conductive pads into a plurality of connection lines which each corresponds to one of the first sub-bit lines and one of the bit lines and connects between the corresponding first sub-bit line and the corresponding bit line. | The invention discloses a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) device and a method of fabricating such DRAM device. The DRAM device according to the invention includes a plurality of bit lines formed on a semiconductor substrate, a plurality of first isolation stripes, a plurality of second isolation stripes, a plurality of transistors formed between the first isolation stripes and the second isolation stripes, a plurality of word lines, and a plurality of capacitors formed above the first isolation stripes and the second isolation stripes. The semiconductor substrate defines a longitudinal direction, a transverse direction, a normal direction, a plurality of columns in the longitudinal direction, and a plurality of rows in the transverse direction. The first isolation stripes and the second isolation stripes extend in the longitudinal direction. Each transistor corresponds to one of the columns and one of the rows. The transistors on one side of each first isolation stripe and the transistors on the other side of said one first isolation stripe are staggeredly arranged. Each word line corresponds to one of the columns and connects the gate conductors of the transistors along the corresponding column. Each capacitor corresponds to one of the transistors and connects the source region of the corresponding transistor.1. A dynamic random access memory (DRAM) device, comprising:
a semiconductor substrate, defining a longitudinal direction, a transverse direction, a normal direction, a plurality of columns in the longitudinal direction, and a plurality of rows in the transverse direction; a plurality of bit lines, formed on the semiconductor substrate, each bit line corresponding to one of the rows and extending along the corresponding row; a plurality of first isolation stripes, being formed on the bit lines and extending in the longitudinal direction, each first isolation stripe having a respective first longitudinal edge and a respective second longitudinal edge; a plurality of second isolation stripes, being formed on the bit lines and extending in the longitudinal direction, each second isolation stripe having a respective third longitudinal edge and a respective fourth longitudinal edge, the first isolation stripes and the second isolation stripes being alternatingly arranged; a plurality of multi-layer stripes, constituted by a first semiconductor layer formed on the bit lines, a first insulating layer formed on the first semiconductor layer and a second semiconductor layer formed on the first insulating layer, each multi-layer stripe corresponding to one of the first isolation stripes and one of the second isolation stripes and being located between the corresponding first isolation stripe and the corresponding second isolation stripe, wherein each multi-layer stripe has a plurality of recesses being formed at the first insulating layer and facing the third longitudinal edge or the fourth longitudinal edge of the corresponding second isolation stripe, the recesses at one side of each first isolation stripe and the recesses at the other side of said one first isolation stripe are staggeredly arranged, each recess corresponds to one of the columns and one of the rows; a plurality of transistors, each transistor corresponding to one of the recesses and comprising a respective pillar of a semiconductor material, each pillar of the semiconductor material being fitted in the corresponding recess, extending in the transverse direction and having a respective base side face parallel to the normal direction, a respective tapered side face opposite to the base side face, a respective first top face perpendicular to the normal direction, a respective bottom face opposite to the first top face, a respective front side face adjacent to the base side face and the tapered side face, and a respective rear side face opposite to the front side face, a respective first elongated portion sandwiched among the first top face, the base side face, the front side face and the rear side face forming a respective source region, a respective second elongated portion sandwiched among the bottom face, the base side face, the front side face and the rear side face forming a respective drain region, a respective plate portion on the base side face and between the first elongated portion and the second elongated portion forming a respective channel region, and other portion of the pillar forming a respective body region, each transistor also comprising a respective gate oxide/dielectric layer overlaying the base side face of the corresponding pillar of the semiconductor material, a respective gate conductor overlaying the gate oxide/dielectric layer, a respective first sub-bit line being formed at the first semiconductor layer and connecting between the drain region and the bit line corresponding to said one transistor, and a respective second sub-bit line being formed at the second semiconductor layer and connecting the source region; a plurality of word lines, which each corresponds to one of the columns and connects the gate conductors arranged along the corresponding column; a second insulating layer, formed on the second semiconductor layer, the first isolation stripes and the second isolation stripes; a plurality of landing via contacts, which each corresponds to one of the second sub-bit lines and is formed through the second insulating layer to connect the corresponding second sub-bit line; a third insulating layer, formed one the second insulating layer and the landing via contacts; and a plurality of capacitors, which each corresponds to one of the landing via contacts and is formed through the third insulating layer to connect the corresponding landing via contact. 2. The DRAM device of claim 1, wherein each base side face is planar, convex or concave. 3. The DRAM device of claim 2, wherein in each transistor, a combination of the first top face of the pillar of the semiconductor material, a second top face of the gate oxide/dielectric layer and a third top face of the gate conductor exhibits one selected from the group consisting of a semi-ellipse, a semi-circle, a triangle, a finger-like shape and a trapezoid. 4. The DRAM device of claim 3, wherein a cell size of said DRAM device is equal to 3.5 times a square of a process feature size. 5. The DRAM device of claim 3, further comprising:
a fourth insulating layer, formed to overlay the semiconductor substrate and the bit lines; and a plurality of connection lines which each corresponds to one of the first sub-bit lines and one of the bit lines and is formed through the fourth insulating layer to connect between the corresponding first sub-bit line and the corresponding bit line. 6. A method of fabricating a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) device, comprising the steps of:
(a) forming a plurality of bit lines on a semiconductor substrate, wherein the semiconductor substrate defines a longitudinal direction, a transverse direction, a normal direction, a plurality of columns in the longitudinal direction, and a plurality of rows in the transverse direction, each bit line corresponds to one of the rows and extends along the corresponding row; (b) forming a first semiconductor layer on the bit lines; (c) forming a first insulating layer on the first semiconductor layer; (d) forming a second semiconductor layer on the first insulating layer; (e) forming a plurality of first trenches parallel to the longitudinal direction and through the first semiconductor layer, the first insulating layer and the second semiconductor layer, wherein each first trench has a respective first longitudinal side wall, a respective second longitudinal side wall and a plurality of protrusions protruding inwardly, the protrusions on the first longitudinal side wall and the protrusions on the second longitudinal side wall are staggeredly arranged; (f) forming a plurality of first isolation stripes which each is filled in one of the first trenches such that a plurality of multi-layer stripes of the first semiconductor layer, the first insulating layer and the second semiconductor layer and the first isolation stripes are alternately arranged; (g) forming a plurality of second trenches parallel to the longitudinal direction, wherein each second trench is formed on a portion of one of the multi-layer stripes and through the first semiconductor layer, the first insulating layer and the second semiconductor layer, and has a respective third longitudinal side wall and a respective fourth longitudinal side wall; (h) partially doping the first semiconductor layer and the second semiconductor layer on the third longitudinal side wall and the fourth longitudinal side wall of each second trench to form a plurality of first conductive portions on the first semiconductor layer and a plurality of second conductive portions on the second semiconductor layer, wherein each first conductive portion and each second conductive portion correspond to one of the protrusions; (i) removing a plurality of retained portions of the first insulating layer which each corresponds to one of the protrusions such that a plurality of recesses are formed on the third longitudinal side walls and the fourth longitudinal side walls of the second trenches, wherein the recesses at one side of each first isolation stripe and the recesses at the other side of said one first isolation stripe are staggeredly arranged, each recess corresponds to one of the columns and one of the rows; (j) forming a plurality of pillars of a semiconductor material, wherein the pillars of the semiconductor material are arranged in the columns and the rows, each pillar of the semiconductor material is fitted in one of the recesses, extends in the transverse direction and has a respective base side face parallel to the normal direction, a respective tapered side face opposite to the base side face, a respective first top face perpendicular to the normal direction, a respective bottom face opposite to the first top face, a respective front side face adjacent to the base side face and the tapered side face, and a respective rear side face opposite to the front side face, a respective first elongated portion sandwiched among the first top face, the base side face, the front side face and the rear side face to form a respective source region, a respective second elongated portion sandwiched among the bottom face, the base side face, the front side face and the rear side face to form a respective drain region, a respective plate portion on the base side face and between the first elongated portion and the second elongated portion to form a respective channel region, and other portion of the pillar of the semiconductor material to form a respective body region, wherein each of the first conductive portions serves as one of a plurality of first sub-bit lines which each correspond to one of the pillars and connects between the drain region of the corresponding pillar and the bit line corresponding to said one pillar, each of the second conductive portions serves as one of a plurality of second sub-bit lines which each corresponds to one of the pillars and connects the source region of the corresponding pillar; (k) forming a plurality of gate oxide/dielectric layers which each overlays the base side face of one of the pillars of the semiconductor material; (1) forming a plurality of conductor layers which each overlays one of the third longitudinal side wall and the fourth longitudinal side wall of one of the second trenches; (m) partially etching the conductor layers to form a plurality of gate conductors and a plurality of word lines, wherein each gate conductor overlays one of the gate oxide/dielectric layers, each word line conductor corresponds to one of the columns and connects the gate conductors along the corresponding column; (n) forming a plurality of second isolation stripes which each is filled in one of the second trenches; (o) forming a second insulating layer on the second semiconductor layer, the first isolation stripes and the second isolation stripes; (p) forming a plurality of landing via contacts which each corresponds to one of the second sub-bit lines and is formed through the second insulating layer to connect the corresponding second sub-bit line; (q) forming a third insulating layer on the second insulating layer and the landing via contacts; and (r) forming a plurality of capacitors which each corresponds to one of the landing via contacts and is formed through the third insulating layer to connect the corresponding landing via contact. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein each base side face is planar, convex or concave. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein a combination of the first top face of one of the pillars of the semiconductor material, a second top face of the gate oxide/dielectric layer overlaying the base side face of said one pillar and a third top face of the gate conductor overlaying said one gate oxide/dielectric layer exhibits one selected from the group consisting of a semi-ellipse, a semi-circle, a triangle, a finger-like shape and a trapezoid. 9. The method of claim 8, between step (a) and step (b), further comprising the steps of:
forming a fourth insulating layer to overlay the semiconductor substrate and the bit lines; and forming a plurality of conductive pads which each corresponds to one of the rows and two of the columns and is formed at the corresponding row and the correspond two columns and through the fourth insulating layer to contact the bit line along the corresponding row, wherein in step (g), the portions of the conductive pads within the second trenches are removed to change the conductive pads into a plurality of connection lines which each corresponds to one of the first sub-bit lines and one of the bit lines and connects between the corresponding first sub-bit line and the corresponding bit line. | 2,400 |
348,855 | 16,806,413 | 2,876 | A printing device includes a memory; and a processor that executes a memory control process of sequentially storing input data that are input by a user sequentially via an input unit in the memory as printing data for a form in the order the input data are input; and a printing control process of selectively starting, in accordance with an amount of free space in the memory, one of a print-from-beginning printing in which the printing data are printed in a same order as the order the input data are input such that a feed-out direction of the printing paper becomes an upwards direction of the form and a print-from-end printing in which the printing data are printed in a reversed order relative to the order the input data are input such that the feed-out direction of the printing paper becomes a downwards direction of the form. | 1. A printing device, comprising:
a memory; and a processor that executes the following processes: a memory control process of sequentially storing input data that are input by a user sequentially via an input unit in the memory as printing data for a form in the order the input data are input; and a printing control process of, when starting to print the printing data stored in the memory on a printing paper, selectively starting, in accordance with an amount of free space in the memory, one of a print-from-beginning printing in which the printing data are printed in a same order as the order the input data are input such that a feed-out direction of the printing paper becomes an upwards direction of the form and a print-from-end printing in which the printing data are printed in a reversed order relative to the order the input data are input such that the feed-out direction of the printing paper becomes a downwards direction of the form. 2. The printing device according to claim 1,
wherein the input data is sales register data, and wherein the form is a receipt. 3. The printing device according to claim 1,
wherein the input data is order data, and wherein the form is an order ticket. 4. The printing device according to claim 1, wherein in the printing control process, the processor starts the print-from-end printing if the amount of free space in the memory is greater than or equal to a prescribed threshold value and starts the print-from-beginning printing if the amount of free space in the memory is less than the prescribed threshold value. 5. The printing device according to claim 2,
wherein in the memory control process, the processor stores sales register data for a transaction in the memory as the printing data, wherein in the printing control process, when a total-up input for the transaction is received from the user while the amount of free space in the memory is greater than or equal to a prescribed threshold value, the processor starts the print-from-end printing in accordance with a timing at which the total-up input for the transaction is received from the user, and if the amount of free space in the memory has become less than the prescribed threshold value, the processor starts the print-from-beginning printing in accordance with a timing at which the amount of free space became less than the prescribed threshold value. 6. The printing device according to claim 5, wherein in the printing control process, if the amount of free space in the memory has become less than the prescribed threshold value, the processor continues the print-from-beginning printing until the total-up input for the transaction is received. 7. The printing device according to claim 3,
wherein in the memory control process, the processor stores order data for an order in the memory as the printing data, and wherein in the printing control process, when a total-up input for the order is received from the user while the amount of free space in the memory is greater than or equal to a prescribed threshold value, the processor starts the print-from-end printing in accordance with a timing at which the total-up input for the order is received from the user, and if the amount of free space in the memory has become less than the prescribed threshold value, the processor starts the print-from-beginning printing in accordance with a timing at which the amount of free space became less than the prescribed threshold value. 8. The printing device according to claim 7, wherein in the printing control process, if the amount of free space in the memory has become less than the prescribed threshold value, the processor continues the print-from-beginning printing until the total-up input for the order is received. 9. The printing device according to claim 1, wherein the printing paper is a continuous paper that is wound up in a rolled state. 10. A method of printing executed by a process in the printing device having a memory and said processor, the method comprising:
a memory control step of sequentially storing input data that are input by a user sequentially via an input unit in the memory as printing data for a form in the order the input data are input; and a printing control step of, when starting to print the printing data stored in the memory on a printing paper, selectively starting, in accordance with an amount of free space in the memory, in one of a print-from-beginning printing in which the printing data are printed in a same order as the order the input data are input such that a feed-out direction of the printing paper becomes an upwards direction of the form and a print-from-end pring in which the printing data are printed in a reversed order relative to the order the input data are input such that the feed-out direction of the printing paper becomes a downwards direction of the form. 11. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon a program executable by a processor of a printing device that has a memory and said processor, the program causing the processor to perform the following:
a memory control step of sequentially storing input data that are input by a user sequentially via an input unit in the memory as printing data for a form in the order the input data are input; and a printing control step of, when starting to print the printing data stored in the memory on a printing paper, selectively starting, in accordance with an amount of free space in the memory, in one of a print-from-beginning printing in which the printing data are printed in a same order as the order the input data are input such that a feed-out direction of the printing paper becomes an upwards direction of the form and a print-from-end pring in which the printing data are printed in a reversed order relative to the order the input data are input such that the feed-out direction of the printing paper becomes a downwards direction of the form. | A printing device includes a memory; and a processor that executes a memory control process of sequentially storing input data that are input by a user sequentially via an input unit in the memory as printing data for a form in the order the input data are input; and a printing control process of selectively starting, in accordance with an amount of free space in the memory, one of a print-from-beginning printing in which the printing data are printed in a same order as the order the input data are input such that a feed-out direction of the printing paper becomes an upwards direction of the form and a print-from-end printing in which the printing data are printed in a reversed order relative to the order the input data are input such that the feed-out direction of the printing paper becomes a downwards direction of the form.1. A printing device, comprising:
a memory; and a processor that executes the following processes: a memory control process of sequentially storing input data that are input by a user sequentially via an input unit in the memory as printing data for a form in the order the input data are input; and a printing control process of, when starting to print the printing data stored in the memory on a printing paper, selectively starting, in accordance with an amount of free space in the memory, one of a print-from-beginning printing in which the printing data are printed in a same order as the order the input data are input such that a feed-out direction of the printing paper becomes an upwards direction of the form and a print-from-end printing in which the printing data are printed in a reversed order relative to the order the input data are input such that the feed-out direction of the printing paper becomes a downwards direction of the form. 2. The printing device according to claim 1,
wherein the input data is sales register data, and wherein the form is a receipt. 3. The printing device according to claim 1,
wherein the input data is order data, and wherein the form is an order ticket. 4. The printing device according to claim 1, wherein in the printing control process, the processor starts the print-from-end printing if the amount of free space in the memory is greater than or equal to a prescribed threshold value and starts the print-from-beginning printing if the amount of free space in the memory is less than the prescribed threshold value. 5. The printing device according to claim 2,
wherein in the memory control process, the processor stores sales register data for a transaction in the memory as the printing data, wherein in the printing control process, when a total-up input for the transaction is received from the user while the amount of free space in the memory is greater than or equal to a prescribed threshold value, the processor starts the print-from-end printing in accordance with a timing at which the total-up input for the transaction is received from the user, and if the amount of free space in the memory has become less than the prescribed threshold value, the processor starts the print-from-beginning printing in accordance with a timing at which the amount of free space became less than the prescribed threshold value. 6. The printing device according to claim 5, wherein in the printing control process, if the amount of free space in the memory has become less than the prescribed threshold value, the processor continues the print-from-beginning printing until the total-up input for the transaction is received. 7. The printing device according to claim 3,
wherein in the memory control process, the processor stores order data for an order in the memory as the printing data, and wherein in the printing control process, when a total-up input for the order is received from the user while the amount of free space in the memory is greater than or equal to a prescribed threshold value, the processor starts the print-from-end printing in accordance with a timing at which the total-up input for the order is received from the user, and if the amount of free space in the memory has become less than the prescribed threshold value, the processor starts the print-from-beginning printing in accordance with a timing at which the amount of free space became less than the prescribed threshold value. 8. The printing device according to claim 7, wherein in the printing control process, if the amount of free space in the memory has become less than the prescribed threshold value, the processor continues the print-from-beginning printing until the total-up input for the order is received. 9. The printing device according to claim 1, wherein the printing paper is a continuous paper that is wound up in a rolled state. 10. A method of printing executed by a process in the printing device having a memory and said processor, the method comprising:
a memory control step of sequentially storing input data that are input by a user sequentially via an input unit in the memory as printing data for a form in the order the input data are input; and a printing control step of, when starting to print the printing data stored in the memory on a printing paper, selectively starting, in accordance with an amount of free space in the memory, in one of a print-from-beginning printing in which the printing data are printed in a same order as the order the input data are input such that a feed-out direction of the printing paper becomes an upwards direction of the form and a print-from-end pring in which the printing data are printed in a reversed order relative to the order the input data are input such that the feed-out direction of the printing paper becomes a downwards direction of the form. 11. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon a program executable by a processor of a printing device that has a memory and said processor, the program causing the processor to perform the following:
a memory control step of sequentially storing input data that are input by a user sequentially via an input unit in the memory as printing data for a form in the order the input data are input; and a printing control step of, when starting to print the printing data stored in the memory on a printing paper, selectively starting, in accordance with an amount of free space in the memory, in one of a print-from-beginning printing in which the printing data are printed in a same order as the order the input data are input such that a feed-out direction of the printing paper becomes an upwards direction of the form and a print-from-end pring in which the printing data are printed in a reversed order relative to the order the input data are input such that the feed-out direction of the printing paper becomes a downwards direction of the form. | 2,800 |
348,856 | 16,806,391 | 2,844 | A printing device includes a memory; and a processor that executes a memory control process of sequentially storing input data that are input by a user sequentially via an input unit in the memory as printing data for a form in the order the input data are input; and a printing control process of selectively starting, in accordance with an amount of free space in the memory, one of a print-from-beginning printing in which the printing data are printed in a same order as the order the input data are input such that a feed-out direction of the printing paper becomes an upwards direction of the form and a print-from-end printing in which the printing data are printed in a reversed order relative to the order the input data are input such that the feed-out direction of the printing paper becomes a downwards direction of the form. | 1. A printing device, comprising:
a memory; and a processor that executes the following processes: a memory control process of sequentially storing input data that are input by a user sequentially via an input unit in the memory as printing data for a form in the order the input data are input; and a printing control process of, when starting to print the printing data stored in the memory on a printing paper, selectively starting, in accordance with an amount of free space in the memory, one of a print-from-beginning printing in which the printing data are printed in a same order as the order the input data are input such that a feed-out direction of the printing paper becomes an upwards direction of the form and a print-from-end printing in which the printing data are printed in a reversed order relative to the order the input data are input such that the feed-out direction of the printing paper becomes a downwards direction of the form. 2. The printing device according to claim 1,
wherein the input data is sales register data, and wherein the form is a receipt. 3. The printing device according to claim 1,
wherein the input data is order data, and wherein the form is an order ticket. 4. The printing device according to claim 1, wherein in the printing control process, the processor starts the print-from-end printing if the amount of free space in the memory is greater than or equal to a prescribed threshold value and starts the print-from-beginning printing if the amount of free space in the memory is less than the prescribed threshold value. 5. The printing device according to claim 2,
wherein in the memory control process, the processor stores sales register data for a transaction in the memory as the printing data, wherein in the printing control process, when a total-up input for the transaction is received from the user while the amount of free space in the memory is greater than or equal to a prescribed threshold value, the processor starts the print-from-end printing in accordance with a timing at which the total-up input for the transaction is received from the user, and if the amount of free space in the memory has become less than the prescribed threshold value, the processor starts the print-from-beginning printing in accordance with a timing at which the amount of free space became less than the prescribed threshold value. 6. The printing device according to claim 5, wherein in the printing control process, if the amount of free space in the memory has become less than the prescribed threshold value, the processor continues the print-from-beginning printing until the total-up input for the transaction is received. 7. The printing device according to claim 3,
wherein in the memory control process, the processor stores order data for an order in the memory as the printing data, and wherein in the printing control process, when a total-up input for the order is received from the user while the amount of free space in the memory is greater than or equal to a prescribed threshold value, the processor starts the print-from-end printing in accordance with a timing at which the total-up input for the order is received from the user, and if the amount of free space in the memory has become less than the prescribed threshold value, the processor starts the print-from-beginning printing in accordance with a timing at which the amount of free space became less than the prescribed threshold value. 8. The printing device according to claim 7, wherein in the printing control process, if the amount of free space in the memory has become less than the prescribed threshold value, the processor continues the print-from-beginning printing until the total-up input for the order is received. 9. The printing device according to claim 1, wherein the printing paper is a continuous paper that is wound up in a rolled state. 10. A method of printing executed by a process in the printing device having a memory and said processor, the method comprising:
a memory control step of sequentially storing input data that are input by a user sequentially via an input unit in the memory as printing data for a form in the order the input data are input; and a printing control step of, when starting to print the printing data stored in the memory on a printing paper, selectively starting, in accordance with an amount of free space in the memory, in one of a print-from-beginning printing in which the printing data are printed in a same order as the order the input data are input such that a feed-out direction of the printing paper becomes an upwards direction of the form and a print-from-end pring in which the printing data are printed in a reversed order relative to the order the input data are input such that the feed-out direction of the printing paper becomes a downwards direction of the form. 11. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon a program executable by a processor of a printing device that has a memory and said processor, the program causing the processor to perform the following:
a memory control step of sequentially storing input data that are input by a user sequentially via an input unit in the memory as printing data for a form in the order the input data are input; and a printing control step of, when starting to print the printing data stored in the memory on a printing paper, selectively starting, in accordance with an amount of free space in the memory, in one of a print-from-beginning printing in which the printing data are printed in a same order as the order the input data are input such that a feed-out direction of the printing paper becomes an upwards direction of the form and a print-from-end pring in which the printing data are printed in a reversed order relative to the order the input data are input such that the feed-out direction of the printing paper becomes a downwards direction of the form. | A printing device includes a memory; and a processor that executes a memory control process of sequentially storing input data that are input by a user sequentially via an input unit in the memory as printing data for a form in the order the input data are input; and a printing control process of selectively starting, in accordance with an amount of free space in the memory, one of a print-from-beginning printing in which the printing data are printed in a same order as the order the input data are input such that a feed-out direction of the printing paper becomes an upwards direction of the form and a print-from-end printing in which the printing data are printed in a reversed order relative to the order the input data are input such that the feed-out direction of the printing paper becomes a downwards direction of the form.1. A printing device, comprising:
a memory; and a processor that executes the following processes: a memory control process of sequentially storing input data that are input by a user sequentially via an input unit in the memory as printing data for a form in the order the input data are input; and a printing control process of, when starting to print the printing data stored in the memory on a printing paper, selectively starting, in accordance with an amount of free space in the memory, one of a print-from-beginning printing in which the printing data are printed in a same order as the order the input data are input such that a feed-out direction of the printing paper becomes an upwards direction of the form and a print-from-end printing in which the printing data are printed in a reversed order relative to the order the input data are input such that the feed-out direction of the printing paper becomes a downwards direction of the form. 2. The printing device according to claim 1,
wherein the input data is sales register data, and wherein the form is a receipt. 3. The printing device according to claim 1,
wherein the input data is order data, and wherein the form is an order ticket. 4. The printing device according to claim 1, wherein in the printing control process, the processor starts the print-from-end printing if the amount of free space in the memory is greater than or equal to a prescribed threshold value and starts the print-from-beginning printing if the amount of free space in the memory is less than the prescribed threshold value. 5. The printing device according to claim 2,
wherein in the memory control process, the processor stores sales register data for a transaction in the memory as the printing data, wherein in the printing control process, when a total-up input for the transaction is received from the user while the amount of free space in the memory is greater than or equal to a prescribed threshold value, the processor starts the print-from-end printing in accordance with a timing at which the total-up input for the transaction is received from the user, and if the amount of free space in the memory has become less than the prescribed threshold value, the processor starts the print-from-beginning printing in accordance with a timing at which the amount of free space became less than the prescribed threshold value. 6. The printing device according to claim 5, wherein in the printing control process, if the amount of free space in the memory has become less than the prescribed threshold value, the processor continues the print-from-beginning printing until the total-up input for the transaction is received. 7. The printing device according to claim 3,
wherein in the memory control process, the processor stores order data for an order in the memory as the printing data, and wherein in the printing control process, when a total-up input for the order is received from the user while the amount of free space in the memory is greater than or equal to a prescribed threshold value, the processor starts the print-from-end printing in accordance with a timing at which the total-up input for the order is received from the user, and if the amount of free space in the memory has become less than the prescribed threshold value, the processor starts the print-from-beginning printing in accordance with a timing at which the amount of free space became less than the prescribed threshold value. 8. The printing device according to claim 7, wherein in the printing control process, if the amount of free space in the memory has become less than the prescribed threshold value, the processor continues the print-from-beginning printing until the total-up input for the order is received. 9. The printing device according to claim 1, wherein the printing paper is a continuous paper that is wound up in a rolled state. 10. A method of printing executed by a process in the printing device having a memory and said processor, the method comprising:
a memory control step of sequentially storing input data that are input by a user sequentially via an input unit in the memory as printing data for a form in the order the input data are input; and a printing control step of, when starting to print the printing data stored in the memory on a printing paper, selectively starting, in accordance with an amount of free space in the memory, in one of a print-from-beginning printing in which the printing data are printed in a same order as the order the input data are input such that a feed-out direction of the printing paper becomes an upwards direction of the form and a print-from-end pring in which the printing data are printed in a reversed order relative to the order the input data are input such that the feed-out direction of the printing paper becomes a downwards direction of the form. 11. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon a program executable by a processor of a printing device that has a memory and said processor, the program causing the processor to perform the following:
a memory control step of sequentially storing input data that are input by a user sequentially via an input unit in the memory as printing data for a form in the order the input data are input; and a printing control step of, when starting to print the printing data stored in the memory on a printing paper, selectively starting, in accordance with an amount of free space in the memory, in one of a print-from-beginning printing in which the printing data are printed in a same order as the order the input data are input such that a feed-out direction of the printing paper becomes an upwards direction of the form and a print-from-end pring in which the printing data are printed in a reversed order relative to the order the input data are input such that the feed-out direction of the printing paper becomes a downwards direction of the form. | 2,800 |
348,857 | 16,806,357 | 2,844 | A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions stored thereon. When executed by at least one processor, the instructions may be configured to cause a computing system to at least receive a message, the message including a header, an encrypted symmetric key, and an encrypted body, decrypt the encrypted symmetric key using a private key to generate a decrypted symmetric key, decrypt the encrypted body using the decrypted symmetric key to generate a decrypted body, and store the header, the decrypted symmetric key, and the decrypted body in long-term storage. | 1. A method comprising:
receiving a message, the message including a header, an encrypted symmetric key, and an encrypted body; decrypting the encrypted symmetric key using a private key to generate a decrypted symmetric key; decrypting the encrypted body using the decrypted symmetric key to generate a decrypted body; displaying the decrypted body; and responding to a request to forward the message to a recipient by:
re-encrypting the decrypted body using the decrypted symmetric key;
re-encrypting the decrypted symmetric key; and
sending the header, the re-encrypted symmetric body, and the re-encrypted symmetric key to the recipient. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the receiving the message includes receiving an email message via an electronic network. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising storing the decrypted symmetric key in long-term storage. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the displaying the decrypted body comprises displaying the decrypted body in response to a request to read the message. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the displaying the decrypted body comprises responding to a request to read the message by retrieving the header and the decrypted body from long-term storage and displaying the header and the decrypted body. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises not storing the encrypted body after decrypting the encrypted body. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising erasing the encrypted body after decrypting the encrypted body. 8. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions stored thereon that, when executed by at least one processor, are configured to cause a computing system to at least:
receive a message, the message including a header, an encrypted symmetric key, and an encrypted body; decrypt the encrypted symmetric key using a private key to generate a decrypted symmetric key; decrypt the encrypted body using the decrypted symmetric key to generate a decrypted body; display the decrypted body; and respond to a request to forward the message to a recipient by:
re-encrypting the decrypted body using the decrypted symmetric key;
re-encrypting the decrypted symmetric key; and
sending the header, the re-encrypted symmetric body, and the re-encrypted symmetric key to the recipient. 9. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the receiving the message includes receiving an email message via an electronic network. 10. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the instructions are further configured to cause the computing system to store the decrypted symmetric key in long-term storage. 11. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the displaying the decrypted body comprises displaying the decrypted body in response to a request to read the message. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the displaying the decrypted body comprises responding to a request to read the message by retrieving the header and the decrypted body from long-term storage and displaying the header and the decrypted body. 13. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the instructions are further configured to cause the computing system to not store the encrypted body after decrypting the encrypted body. 14. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the instructions are further configured to cause the computing system to erase the encrypted body after decrypting the encrypted body. 15. A computing system comprising:
at least one processor; and a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions stored thereon that, when executed by at least one processor, are configured to cause the computing system to at least:
receive a message, the message including a header, an encrypted symmetric key, and an encrypted body;
decrypt the encrypted symmetric key using a private key to generate a decrypted symmetric key;
decrypt the encrypted body using the decrypted symmetric key to generate a decrypted body;
display the decrypted body; and
respond to a request to forward the message to a recipient by:
re-encrypting the decrypted body using the decrypted symmetric key;
re-encrypting the decrypted symmetric key; and
sending the header, the re-encrypted symmetric body, and the re-encrypted symmetric key to the recipient. 16. The computing system of claim 15, wherein the receiving the message includes receiving an email message via an electronic network. 17. The computing system of claim 15, wherein the instructions are further configured to cause the computing system to store the decrypted symmetric key in long-term storage. 18. The computing system of claim 15, wherein the displaying the decrypted body comprises displaying the decrypted body in response to a request to read the message. 19. The computing system of claim 15, wherein the displaying the decrypted body comprises responding to a request to read the message by retrieving the header and the decrypted body from long-term storage and displaying the header and the decrypted body. 20. The computing system of claim 15, wherein the instructions are further configured to cause the computing system to erase the encrypted body after decrypting the encrypted body. | A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions stored thereon. When executed by at least one processor, the instructions may be configured to cause a computing system to at least receive a message, the message including a header, an encrypted symmetric key, and an encrypted body, decrypt the encrypted symmetric key using a private key to generate a decrypted symmetric key, decrypt the encrypted body using the decrypted symmetric key to generate a decrypted body, and store the header, the decrypted symmetric key, and the decrypted body in long-term storage.1. A method comprising:
receiving a message, the message including a header, an encrypted symmetric key, and an encrypted body; decrypting the encrypted symmetric key using a private key to generate a decrypted symmetric key; decrypting the encrypted body using the decrypted symmetric key to generate a decrypted body; displaying the decrypted body; and responding to a request to forward the message to a recipient by:
re-encrypting the decrypted body using the decrypted symmetric key;
re-encrypting the decrypted symmetric key; and
sending the header, the re-encrypted symmetric body, and the re-encrypted symmetric key to the recipient. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the receiving the message includes receiving an email message via an electronic network. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising storing the decrypted symmetric key in long-term storage. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the displaying the decrypted body comprises displaying the decrypted body in response to a request to read the message. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the displaying the decrypted body comprises responding to a request to read the message by retrieving the header and the decrypted body from long-term storage and displaying the header and the decrypted body. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises not storing the encrypted body after decrypting the encrypted body. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising erasing the encrypted body after decrypting the encrypted body. 8. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions stored thereon that, when executed by at least one processor, are configured to cause a computing system to at least:
receive a message, the message including a header, an encrypted symmetric key, and an encrypted body; decrypt the encrypted symmetric key using a private key to generate a decrypted symmetric key; decrypt the encrypted body using the decrypted symmetric key to generate a decrypted body; display the decrypted body; and respond to a request to forward the message to a recipient by:
re-encrypting the decrypted body using the decrypted symmetric key;
re-encrypting the decrypted symmetric key; and
sending the header, the re-encrypted symmetric body, and the re-encrypted symmetric key to the recipient. 9. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the receiving the message includes receiving an email message via an electronic network. 10. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the instructions are further configured to cause the computing system to store the decrypted symmetric key in long-term storage. 11. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the displaying the decrypted body comprises displaying the decrypted body in response to a request to read the message. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the displaying the decrypted body comprises responding to a request to read the message by retrieving the header and the decrypted body from long-term storage and displaying the header and the decrypted body. 13. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the instructions are further configured to cause the computing system to not store the encrypted body after decrypting the encrypted body. 14. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the instructions are further configured to cause the computing system to erase the encrypted body after decrypting the encrypted body. 15. A computing system comprising:
at least one processor; and a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions stored thereon that, when executed by at least one processor, are configured to cause the computing system to at least:
receive a message, the message including a header, an encrypted symmetric key, and an encrypted body;
decrypt the encrypted symmetric key using a private key to generate a decrypted symmetric key;
decrypt the encrypted body using the decrypted symmetric key to generate a decrypted body;
display the decrypted body; and
respond to a request to forward the message to a recipient by:
re-encrypting the decrypted body using the decrypted symmetric key;
re-encrypting the decrypted symmetric key; and
sending the header, the re-encrypted symmetric body, and the re-encrypted symmetric key to the recipient. 16. The computing system of claim 15, wherein the receiving the message includes receiving an email message via an electronic network. 17. The computing system of claim 15, wherein the instructions are further configured to cause the computing system to store the decrypted symmetric key in long-term storage. 18. The computing system of claim 15, wherein the displaying the decrypted body comprises displaying the decrypted body in response to a request to read the message. 19. The computing system of claim 15, wherein the displaying the decrypted body comprises responding to a request to read the message by retrieving the header and the decrypted body from long-term storage and displaying the header and the decrypted body. 20. The computing system of claim 15, wherein the instructions are further configured to cause the computing system to erase the encrypted body after decrypting the encrypted body. | 2,800 |
348,858 | 16,806,419 | 3,747 | A lube skid apparatus configured to be moveable and transportable. The lube skid having one or more tanks carried by a scaffold of the lube skid. One or both tanks having sloped bottom walls to optimize flow of fluids in the tanks to minimize residual fluid left in the tank. One or both tanks having sloped top walls configured to contain and direct the flow of fluid spills on the skid to an adjacent sump. The skid also carries a plurality of service devices such as a motor, an air compressor, a tank to hold compressed air, pumps to move fluid with associated filters and hoses, and one or more service storage drawers. | 1. A lube skid comprising:
A scaffold; A first tank comprising a top wall and a bottom wall; A second tank comprising a top wall and a bottom wall; Wherein the scaffold carries the first tank and/or the second tank; and Wherein the second tank is positioned above the first tank, wherein the top wall of the first tank comprises sloped wall and the adjacent bottom wall of the second tank comprises a sloped wall with a corresponding slope such that the first tank and the second tank stack in a substantially mating relationship. 2. The lube skid of claim 1 wherein the scaffold comprises a manifold configured to carry the first tank and/or the second tank and to define one or more pockets to receive a fork of a forklift. 3. The lube skid of claim 1 wherein the scaffold comprises a manifold to carry the first tank and/or the second tank and to carry one or more service drawers. 4. The lube skid of claim 1 wherein the scaffold comprises a manifold to carry the first tank and/or the second tank and to define a cavity under the first tank and/or the second tank. 5. The lube skid of claim 1 wherein the scaffold comprises a manifold to define one or more pockets to receive a fork of a forklift and to carry one or more service drawers. 6. The lube skid of claim 1 wherein the scaffold comprises a manifold to define one or more pockets to receive a fork of a forklift and to define a cavity under the first tank and/or the second tank. 7. The lube skid of claim 1 wherein the scaffold comprises a manifold to carry one or more service drawers and to define a cavity under the first tank and/or the second tank. 8. The lube skid of claim 1 wherein the first tank comprises side walls and the second tank comprises side walls and the scaffold is connected to a portion of a side wall of the first tank and/or to a portion of a side wall of the second tank. 9. The lube skid of claim 1 wherein the scaffold comprises a sloped carrying surface to carry the first tank or the second tank. 10. The lube skid of claim 9 wherein the tank carried by the sloped carrying surface of the scaffold comprises a bottom wall, the bottom wall of the carried tank substantially mating with the sloping carrying surface of the scaffold. 11. The lube skid of claim 10 wherein the bottom wall of the carried tank defines a lowest area within the carried tank. 12. The lube skid of claim 11 further comprising drainage hardware attached at or near the lowest area of the carried tank. 13. The lube skid of claim 12 wherein the scaffold defines a cavity under the carried tank and wherein the drainage hardware is located in the cavity. 14. The lube skid of claim 1 further comprising a sump. 15. The lube skid of claim 14 wherein the sump is configured and positioned adjacent a side wall of the first tank and/or adjacent a side wall of the second tank. 16. The lube skid of claim 15 wherein the top wall of the first tank is sloped toward the sump to allow spilled fluid to flow on the top wall of the first tank to the sump and/or wherein the top wall of the second tank is sloped toward the sump to allow spilled fluid to flow on the top wall of the second tank to the sump. 17. The lube skid of claim 15 wherein a portion of the sump also overlaps a portion of the first tank. 18. The lube skid of claim 17 where the overlapping portion of the sump defines an opening and the sump further comprises a removeable lid to cover the opening. 19. The lube skid of claim 1 wherein the bottom wall of the first tank is sloped to define a lowest area within the first tank and the bottom wall of the second tank is sloped to define a lowest area in the second tank. 20. The lube skid of claim 19 further comprising drainage hardware attached at or near the lowest area of the first tank and/or drainage hardware attached at or near the lowest area of the second tank. 21. The lube skid of claim 1 further comprising one or more service devices positioned above the top wall of the first tank and/or one or more service devices position above the top wall of the second tank. 22. The lube skid of claim 1 wherein the first tank is a waste or evacuation tank. 23. The lube skid of claim 1 wherein the second tank is a new product tank. 24. The lube skid of claim further comprising one or more service storage drawers. 25. The lube skid of claim 24 wherein the one or more service drawers are carried by the scaffold. 26. The lube skid of claim 24 wherein the one or more service drawers are disposed under the first tank. 27. The lube skid of claim 1 further comprising a plurality of lube service components. 28. A lube skid comprising:
A scaffold; A first tank comprising a top wall and a bottom wall; A second tank comprising a top wall and a bottom wall; Wherein the scaffold carries the first tank and/or the second tank; Wherein the second tank is positioned above the first tank; and One or more service storage drawers. 29. The lube skid of claim 28 further comprising a plurality of lube service components. 30. The lube skid of claim 28 wherein the bottom wall of first tank is sloped. 31. The lube skid of claim 28 wherein the bottom wall of the second tank is sloped. 32. The lube skid of claim 31 wherein the bottom wall of the first tank is sloped. 33. The lube skid of claim 28 wherein the top wall of the first tank and the adjacent bottom wall of the second tank corresponding such that the first tank and the second tank stack in a substantially mating relationship. 34. The lube skid of claim 33 wherein the top wall of the first tank and the adjacent bottom wall of the second tank are sloped. 35. The lube skid of claim 28 wherein the one or more service drawers are positioned below the first tank. 36. The lube skid of claim 28 further comprising a sump. 37. The lube skid of claim 28 wherein the sump defines an opening and the sump further comprises a removeable lid to cover the opening. 38. The lube skid of claim 36 wherein the sump is configured and positioned adjacent a side wall of the first tank and/or adjacent a side wall of the second tank. 39. The lube skid of claim 38 wherein the top wall of the first tank is sloped toward the sump to allow spilled fluid to flow on the top wall of the first tank to the sump and/or wherein the top wall of the second tank is sloped toward the sump to allow spilled fluid to flow on the top wall of the second tank to the sump. 40. The lube skid of claim 38 wherein a portion of the sump also overlaps a portion of the first tank. 41. The lube skid of claim 40 where the overlapping portion of the sump defines an opening and the sump further comprises a removeable lid to cover the opening. | A lube skid apparatus configured to be moveable and transportable. The lube skid having one or more tanks carried by a scaffold of the lube skid. One or both tanks having sloped bottom walls to optimize flow of fluids in the tanks to minimize residual fluid left in the tank. One or both tanks having sloped top walls configured to contain and direct the flow of fluid spills on the skid to an adjacent sump. The skid also carries a plurality of service devices such as a motor, an air compressor, a tank to hold compressed air, pumps to move fluid with associated filters and hoses, and one or more service storage drawers.1. A lube skid comprising:
A scaffold; A first tank comprising a top wall and a bottom wall; A second tank comprising a top wall and a bottom wall; Wherein the scaffold carries the first tank and/or the second tank; and Wherein the second tank is positioned above the first tank, wherein the top wall of the first tank comprises sloped wall and the adjacent bottom wall of the second tank comprises a sloped wall with a corresponding slope such that the first tank and the second tank stack in a substantially mating relationship. 2. The lube skid of claim 1 wherein the scaffold comprises a manifold configured to carry the first tank and/or the second tank and to define one or more pockets to receive a fork of a forklift. 3. The lube skid of claim 1 wherein the scaffold comprises a manifold to carry the first tank and/or the second tank and to carry one or more service drawers. 4. The lube skid of claim 1 wherein the scaffold comprises a manifold to carry the first tank and/or the second tank and to define a cavity under the first tank and/or the second tank. 5. The lube skid of claim 1 wherein the scaffold comprises a manifold to define one or more pockets to receive a fork of a forklift and to carry one or more service drawers. 6. The lube skid of claim 1 wherein the scaffold comprises a manifold to define one or more pockets to receive a fork of a forklift and to define a cavity under the first tank and/or the second tank. 7. The lube skid of claim 1 wherein the scaffold comprises a manifold to carry one or more service drawers and to define a cavity under the first tank and/or the second tank. 8. The lube skid of claim 1 wherein the first tank comprises side walls and the second tank comprises side walls and the scaffold is connected to a portion of a side wall of the first tank and/or to a portion of a side wall of the second tank. 9. The lube skid of claim 1 wherein the scaffold comprises a sloped carrying surface to carry the first tank or the second tank. 10. The lube skid of claim 9 wherein the tank carried by the sloped carrying surface of the scaffold comprises a bottom wall, the bottom wall of the carried tank substantially mating with the sloping carrying surface of the scaffold. 11. The lube skid of claim 10 wherein the bottom wall of the carried tank defines a lowest area within the carried tank. 12. The lube skid of claim 11 further comprising drainage hardware attached at or near the lowest area of the carried tank. 13. The lube skid of claim 12 wherein the scaffold defines a cavity under the carried tank and wherein the drainage hardware is located in the cavity. 14. The lube skid of claim 1 further comprising a sump. 15. The lube skid of claim 14 wherein the sump is configured and positioned adjacent a side wall of the first tank and/or adjacent a side wall of the second tank. 16. The lube skid of claim 15 wherein the top wall of the first tank is sloped toward the sump to allow spilled fluid to flow on the top wall of the first tank to the sump and/or wherein the top wall of the second tank is sloped toward the sump to allow spilled fluid to flow on the top wall of the second tank to the sump. 17. The lube skid of claim 15 wherein a portion of the sump also overlaps a portion of the first tank. 18. The lube skid of claim 17 where the overlapping portion of the sump defines an opening and the sump further comprises a removeable lid to cover the opening. 19. The lube skid of claim 1 wherein the bottom wall of the first tank is sloped to define a lowest area within the first tank and the bottom wall of the second tank is sloped to define a lowest area in the second tank. 20. The lube skid of claim 19 further comprising drainage hardware attached at or near the lowest area of the first tank and/or drainage hardware attached at or near the lowest area of the second tank. 21. The lube skid of claim 1 further comprising one or more service devices positioned above the top wall of the first tank and/or one or more service devices position above the top wall of the second tank. 22. The lube skid of claim 1 wherein the first tank is a waste or evacuation tank. 23. The lube skid of claim 1 wherein the second tank is a new product tank. 24. The lube skid of claim further comprising one or more service storage drawers. 25. The lube skid of claim 24 wherein the one or more service drawers are carried by the scaffold. 26. The lube skid of claim 24 wherein the one or more service drawers are disposed under the first tank. 27. The lube skid of claim 1 further comprising a plurality of lube service components. 28. A lube skid comprising:
A scaffold; A first tank comprising a top wall and a bottom wall; A second tank comprising a top wall and a bottom wall; Wherein the scaffold carries the first tank and/or the second tank; Wherein the second tank is positioned above the first tank; and One or more service storage drawers. 29. The lube skid of claim 28 further comprising a plurality of lube service components. 30. The lube skid of claim 28 wherein the bottom wall of first tank is sloped. 31. The lube skid of claim 28 wherein the bottom wall of the second tank is sloped. 32. The lube skid of claim 31 wherein the bottom wall of the first tank is sloped. 33. The lube skid of claim 28 wherein the top wall of the first tank and the adjacent bottom wall of the second tank corresponding such that the first tank and the second tank stack in a substantially mating relationship. 34. The lube skid of claim 33 wherein the top wall of the first tank and the adjacent bottom wall of the second tank are sloped. 35. The lube skid of claim 28 wherein the one or more service drawers are positioned below the first tank. 36. The lube skid of claim 28 further comprising a sump. 37. The lube skid of claim 28 wherein the sump defines an opening and the sump further comprises a removeable lid to cover the opening. 38. The lube skid of claim 36 wherein the sump is configured and positioned adjacent a side wall of the first tank and/or adjacent a side wall of the second tank. 39. The lube skid of claim 38 wherein the top wall of the first tank is sloped toward the sump to allow spilled fluid to flow on the top wall of the first tank to the sump and/or wherein the top wall of the second tank is sloped toward the sump to allow spilled fluid to flow on the top wall of the second tank to the sump. 40. The lube skid of claim 38 wherein a portion of the sump also overlaps a portion of the first tank. 41. The lube skid of claim 40 where the overlapping portion of the sump defines an opening and the sump further comprises a removeable lid to cover the opening. | 3,700 |
348,859 | 16,806,383 | 3,747 | Structures including electrical isolation and methods of forming a structure including electrical isolation. A first polycrystalline layer is located in a substrate, and a second polycrystalline layer is positioned between the first polycrystalline layer and a top surface of the substrate. The substrate includes a first portion of the single-crystal semiconductor material that is positioned between the second polycrystalline layer and the top surface of the substrate. The substrate includes a second portion of the single-crystal semiconductor material that is positioned between the first polycrystalline layer and the second polycrystalline layer. The first polycrystalline layer has a thickness. The second polycrystalline layer has a portion with a thickness that is greater than the thickness of the first polycrystalline layer. | 1. A structure comprising:
a substrate comprised of a single-crystal semiconductor material, the substrate having a top surface; a first polycrystalline layer in the substrate; and a second polycrystalline layer positioned between the first polycrystalline layer and the top surface of the substrate, wherein the substrate includes a first portion of the single-crystal semiconductor material that is positioned between the second polycrystalline layer and the top surface of the substrate, the substrate includes a second portion of the single-crystal semiconductor material that is positioned between the first polycrystalline layer and the second polycrystalline layer, the first polycrystalline layer has a thickness, and the second polycrystalline layer has a first portion with a first thickness that is greater than the thickness of the first polycrystalline layer. 2. The structure of claim 1 further comprising:
a first shallow trench isolation region extending from the top surface into the substrate; and
a second shallow trench isolation region extending from the top surface into the substrate,
wherein the first shallow trench isolation region and the second shallow trench isolation region define an active device region of the substrate, and the first polycrystalline layer and the second polycrystalline layer each extend laterally beneath the active device region, the first shallow trench isolation region, and the second shallow trench isolation region. 3. The structure of claim 2 wherein the first portion of the second polycrystalline layer is located beneath the active device region, the second polycrystalline layer includes a second portion beneath the first shallow trench isolation region and a third portion beneath the second shallow trench isolation region, the first portion of the second polycrystalline layer is located at a greater depth in the substrate than the first shallow trench isolation region, the second portion of the second polycrystalline layer is in direct contact with the first shallow trench isolation region, and the third portion of the second polycrystalline layer is in direct contact with the second shallow trench isolation region. 4. The structure of claim 2 further comprising:
a switch field-effect transistor in the active device region. 5. The structure of claim 2 wherein the first portion of the second polycrystalline layer includes a polycrystalline structure that is continuous beneath the active device region. 6. The structure of claim 1 wherein the first portion of the single-crystal semiconductor material fully separates the second polycrystalline layer from the top surface of the substrate. 7. The structure of claim 6 wherein the second portion of the single-crystal semiconductor material fully separates the first polycrystalline layer from the second polycrystalline layer. 8. The structure of claim 1 further comprising:
a shallow trench isolation region extending from the top surface into the substrate,
wherein the second polycrystalline layer includes a second portion in direct contact with the shallow trench isolation region, and the first portion of the second polycrystalline layer is located at a greater depth relative to the top surface of the substrate than the shallow trench isolation region. 9. The structure of claim 8 wherein the first portion of the single-crystal semiconductor material fully separates the first portion of the second polycrystalline layer from the top surface of the substrate. 10. The structure of claim 8 wherein the second polycrystalline layer includes a third portion laterally between the first portion and the second portion of the second polycrystalline layer and adjacent to the shallow trench isolation region, and the third portion of the second polycrystalline layer has a curved interface with the first portion of the single-crystal semiconductor material. 11. The structure of claim 8 wherein the second portion of the second polycrystalline layer has a second thickness that is greater than the first thickness of the first portion of the second polycrystalline layer. 12. The structure of claim 1 wherein the first thickness of the first portion of the second polycrystalline layer is within a range of 300 nanometers to 500 nanometers, and the thickness of the first polycrystalline layer is within a range of 10 nanometers to 20 nanometers. 13. The structure of claim 1 wherein the first thickness of the first portion of the second polycrystalline layer is within a range of 150 nanometers to 250 nanometers, and the thickness of the first polycrystalline layer is within a range of 10 nanometers to 20 nanometers. 14. A method comprising:
performing a first plurality of ion implantation processes to form a first plurality of segments in a substrate, wherein each of the first plurality of segments contains first implanted ions and the first plurality of ion implantation processes are performed at a first plurality of different energies; performing a second plurality of ion implantation processes to form a second plurality of segments in the substrate, wherein each of the second plurality of segments contains second implanted ions and the second plurality of ion implantation processes are performed at a second plurality of different energies; and annealing the substrate to transform the substrate proximate to the first plurality of segments and the second plurality of segments into a first polycrystalline layer and a second polycrystalline layer that is positioned between the first polycrystalline layer and top surface of the substrate. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the substrate includes a first portion of single-crystal semiconductor material that is positioned between the second polycrystalline layer and the top surface of the substrate, the substrate includes a second portion of single-crystal semiconductor material that is positioned between the first polycrystalline layer and the second polycrystalline layer, the first polycrystalline layer has a thickness, and the second polycrystalline layer has a first portion with a first thickness that is greater than the thickness of the first polycrystalline layer. 16. The method of claim 15 further comprising:
forming a shallow trench isolation region extending from the top surface into the substrate,
wherein the second polycrystalline layer includes a second portion in direct contact with the shallow trench isolation region, and the first portion of the second polycrystalline layer is located at a greater depth relative to the top surface of the substrate than the shallow trench isolation region. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the second portion of the second polycrystalline layer has a second thickness that is greater than the first thickness of the first portion of the second polycrystalline layer. 18. The method of claim 16 wherein the second polycrystalline layer includes a third portion laterally between the first portion and the second portion of the second polycrystalline layer and adjacent to the shallow trench isolation region, and the third portion of the second polycrystalline layer has a curved interface with the first portion of single-crystal semiconductor material. 19. The method of claim 15 further comprising:
forming a first shallow trench isolation region and a second trench isolation region extending from the top surface into the substrate,
wherein the first shallow trench isolation region and the second trench isolation region define an active device region of the substrate, the first polycrystalline layer and the second polycrystalline layer each extend beneath the active device region, the first shallow trench isolation region, and the second trench isolation region, and the first portion of the second polycrystalline layer includes a polycrystalline structure that is continuous beneath the active device region. 20. The method of claim 15 wherein the first plurality of ion implantation processes implant at least two different ion species to form the first plurality of segments, and the second plurality of ion implantation processes implant at least two different ion species to form the second plurality of segments. | Structures including electrical isolation and methods of forming a structure including electrical isolation. A first polycrystalline layer is located in a substrate, and a second polycrystalline layer is positioned between the first polycrystalline layer and a top surface of the substrate. The substrate includes a first portion of the single-crystal semiconductor material that is positioned between the second polycrystalline layer and the top surface of the substrate. The substrate includes a second portion of the single-crystal semiconductor material that is positioned between the first polycrystalline layer and the second polycrystalline layer. The first polycrystalline layer has a thickness. The second polycrystalline layer has a portion with a thickness that is greater than the thickness of the first polycrystalline layer.1. A structure comprising:
a substrate comprised of a single-crystal semiconductor material, the substrate having a top surface; a first polycrystalline layer in the substrate; and a second polycrystalline layer positioned between the first polycrystalline layer and the top surface of the substrate, wherein the substrate includes a first portion of the single-crystal semiconductor material that is positioned between the second polycrystalline layer and the top surface of the substrate, the substrate includes a second portion of the single-crystal semiconductor material that is positioned between the first polycrystalline layer and the second polycrystalline layer, the first polycrystalline layer has a thickness, and the second polycrystalline layer has a first portion with a first thickness that is greater than the thickness of the first polycrystalline layer. 2. The structure of claim 1 further comprising:
a first shallow trench isolation region extending from the top surface into the substrate; and
a second shallow trench isolation region extending from the top surface into the substrate,
wherein the first shallow trench isolation region and the second shallow trench isolation region define an active device region of the substrate, and the first polycrystalline layer and the second polycrystalline layer each extend laterally beneath the active device region, the first shallow trench isolation region, and the second shallow trench isolation region. 3. The structure of claim 2 wherein the first portion of the second polycrystalline layer is located beneath the active device region, the second polycrystalline layer includes a second portion beneath the first shallow trench isolation region and a third portion beneath the second shallow trench isolation region, the first portion of the second polycrystalline layer is located at a greater depth in the substrate than the first shallow trench isolation region, the second portion of the second polycrystalline layer is in direct contact with the first shallow trench isolation region, and the third portion of the second polycrystalline layer is in direct contact with the second shallow trench isolation region. 4. The structure of claim 2 further comprising:
a switch field-effect transistor in the active device region. 5. The structure of claim 2 wherein the first portion of the second polycrystalline layer includes a polycrystalline structure that is continuous beneath the active device region. 6. The structure of claim 1 wherein the first portion of the single-crystal semiconductor material fully separates the second polycrystalline layer from the top surface of the substrate. 7. The structure of claim 6 wherein the second portion of the single-crystal semiconductor material fully separates the first polycrystalline layer from the second polycrystalline layer. 8. The structure of claim 1 further comprising:
a shallow trench isolation region extending from the top surface into the substrate,
wherein the second polycrystalline layer includes a second portion in direct contact with the shallow trench isolation region, and the first portion of the second polycrystalline layer is located at a greater depth relative to the top surface of the substrate than the shallow trench isolation region. 9. The structure of claim 8 wherein the first portion of the single-crystal semiconductor material fully separates the first portion of the second polycrystalline layer from the top surface of the substrate. 10. The structure of claim 8 wherein the second polycrystalline layer includes a third portion laterally between the first portion and the second portion of the second polycrystalline layer and adjacent to the shallow trench isolation region, and the third portion of the second polycrystalline layer has a curved interface with the first portion of the single-crystal semiconductor material. 11. The structure of claim 8 wherein the second portion of the second polycrystalline layer has a second thickness that is greater than the first thickness of the first portion of the second polycrystalline layer. 12. The structure of claim 1 wherein the first thickness of the first portion of the second polycrystalline layer is within a range of 300 nanometers to 500 nanometers, and the thickness of the first polycrystalline layer is within a range of 10 nanometers to 20 nanometers. 13. The structure of claim 1 wherein the first thickness of the first portion of the second polycrystalline layer is within a range of 150 nanometers to 250 nanometers, and the thickness of the first polycrystalline layer is within a range of 10 nanometers to 20 nanometers. 14. A method comprising:
performing a first plurality of ion implantation processes to form a first plurality of segments in a substrate, wherein each of the first plurality of segments contains first implanted ions and the first plurality of ion implantation processes are performed at a first plurality of different energies; performing a second plurality of ion implantation processes to form a second plurality of segments in the substrate, wherein each of the second plurality of segments contains second implanted ions and the second plurality of ion implantation processes are performed at a second plurality of different energies; and annealing the substrate to transform the substrate proximate to the first plurality of segments and the second plurality of segments into a first polycrystalline layer and a second polycrystalline layer that is positioned between the first polycrystalline layer and top surface of the substrate. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the substrate includes a first portion of single-crystal semiconductor material that is positioned between the second polycrystalline layer and the top surface of the substrate, the substrate includes a second portion of single-crystal semiconductor material that is positioned between the first polycrystalline layer and the second polycrystalline layer, the first polycrystalline layer has a thickness, and the second polycrystalline layer has a first portion with a first thickness that is greater than the thickness of the first polycrystalline layer. 16. The method of claim 15 further comprising:
forming a shallow trench isolation region extending from the top surface into the substrate,
wherein the second polycrystalline layer includes a second portion in direct contact with the shallow trench isolation region, and the first portion of the second polycrystalline layer is located at a greater depth relative to the top surface of the substrate than the shallow trench isolation region. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the second portion of the second polycrystalline layer has a second thickness that is greater than the first thickness of the first portion of the second polycrystalline layer. 18. The method of claim 16 wherein the second polycrystalline layer includes a third portion laterally between the first portion and the second portion of the second polycrystalline layer and adjacent to the shallow trench isolation region, and the third portion of the second polycrystalline layer has a curved interface with the first portion of single-crystal semiconductor material. 19. The method of claim 15 further comprising:
forming a first shallow trench isolation region and a second trench isolation region extending from the top surface into the substrate,
wherein the first shallow trench isolation region and the second trench isolation region define an active device region of the substrate, the first polycrystalline layer and the second polycrystalline layer each extend beneath the active device region, the first shallow trench isolation region, and the second trench isolation region, and the first portion of the second polycrystalline layer includes a polycrystalline structure that is continuous beneath the active device region. 20. The method of claim 15 wherein the first plurality of ion implantation processes implant at least two different ion species to form the first plurality of segments, and the second plurality of ion implantation processes implant at least two different ion species to form the second plurality of segments. | 3,700 |
348,860 | 16,806,311 | 3,747 | This glenoidal component for a shoulder prosthesis comprises a base which may be immobilized on the glenoid cavity of a shoulder, and an element provided to be mounted on this base and forming a convex surface of articulation centred on an axis of symmetry. This axis of symmetry is non perpendicular to a rear face of the base intended to abut against the glenoid cavity, this making it possible to compensate a defect in parallelism between the resectioned surface of the glenoid cavity and the axis of the patient's spinal column. | 1. (canceled) 2. (canceled) 3. A plurality of glenoidal components for a shoulder prosthesis, the plurality of glenoidal components comprising:
a first base comprising a front surface and a rear surface with a first stem comprising a longitudinal axis, the rear surface of the first base arranged at a first angle with respect to the longitudinal axis of the first stem; a second base comprising a front surface and a rear surface with a second stem comprising a longitudinal axis, the rear surface of the second base arranged at a second angle with respect to the longitudinal axis of the first stem, the second angle being different from the first angle; and an articular component mateable to the first base or the second base, the articular component comprising a convex articular surface. 4. The glenoid prosthesis of claim 3, wherein the first angle is a non-perpendicular angle. 5. The glenoid prosthesis of claim 4, wherein the second angle is a perpendicular angle. 6. The glenoid prosthesis of claim 3, wherein a non-zero angle is defined between the front surface and the rear surface of the first base. 7. The glenoid prosthesis of claim 6, wherein the front surface and the rear surface of the second base are parallel to each other. 8. The glenoid prosthesis of claim 6, wherein the front surface of the first base is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the first stem. 9. The glenoid prosthesis of claim 8, wherein the front surface of the second base is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the second stem. 10. The glenoid prosthesis of claim 3, wherein at least a portion of the rear surface of the first base is not perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the first stem. 11. The glenoid prosthesis of claim 3, wherein the rear surface of the first base is planar. 12. The glenoid prosthesis of claim 11, wherein the rear surface of the second base is planar. 13. The glenoid prosthesis of claim 3, wherein the first base comprises a wedge portion providing a larger rear-to-front distance at one area of the periphery of the first base than at another area of the periphery spaced away from the wedge portion. 14. The glenoid prosthesis of claim 3, wherein the articular component comprises a projection extending from a side opposite the convex articular surface, and wherein each of the first base and the second base comprises a recess configured to receive the projection. 15. A plurality of glenoidal components for a shoulder prosthesis, the plurality of glenoidal components comprising:
a first base comprising a front surface and a rear surface with a first stem comprising a longitudinal axis, the first base comprising a first thickness measured from the front surface to the second surface of the first base; a second base comprising a front surface and a rear surface with a second stem comprising a longitudinal axis, a second thickness measured from the front surface to the second surface of the first base, the second thickness being different from the first thickness; and an articular component mateable to the first base or the second base, the articular component comprising a convex articular surface. 16. The glenoid prosthesis of claim 15, wherein the first base comprises a wedge portion providing a larger rear-to-front distance at one area of the periphery of the first base than at another area of the periphery spaced away from the wedge portion, the first thickness measured at the larger rear-to-front distance. 17. The glenoid prosthesis of claim 16, wherein the front surface and the rear surface of the second base are parallel to each other. 18. The glenoid prosthesis of claim 15, wherein a non-zero angle is defined between the front surface and the rear surface of the first base. 19. The glenoid prosthesis of claim 15, wherein at least a portion of the rear surface of the first base is not perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the first stem. 20. The glenoid prosthesis of claim 15, wherein the rear surface of the first base is planar. 21. The glenoid prosthesis of claim 20, wherein the rear surface of the second base is planar. 22. The glenoid prosthesis of claim 15, wherein the articular component comprises a projection extending from a side opposite the convex articular surface, and wherein each of the first base and the second base comprises a recess configured to receive the projection. | This glenoidal component for a shoulder prosthesis comprises a base which may be immobilized on the glenoid cavity of a shoulder, and an element provided to be mounted on this base and forming a convex surface of articulation centred on an axis of symmetry. This axis of symmetry is non perpendicular to a rear face of the base intended to abut against the glenoid cavity, this making it possible to compensate a defect in parallelism between the resectioned surface of the glenoid cavity and the axis of the patient's spinal column.1. (canceled) 2. (canceled) 3. A plurality of glenoidal components for a shoulder prosthesis, the plurality of glenoidal components comprising:
a first base comprising a front surface and a rear surface with a first stem comprising a longitudinal axis, the rear surface of the first base arranged at a first angle with respect to the longitudinal axis of the first stem; a second base comprising a front surface and a rear surface with a second stem comprising a longitudinal axis, the rear surface of the second base arranged at a second angle with respect to the longitudinal axis of the first stem, the second angle being different from the first angle; and an articular component mateable to the first base or the second base, the articular component comprising a convex articular surface. 4. The glenoid prosthesis of claim 3, wherein the first angle is a non-perpendicular angle. 5. The glenoid prosthesis of claim 4, wherein the second angle is a perpendicular angle. 6. The glenoid prosthesis of claim 3, wherein a non-zero angle is defined between the front surface and the rear surface of the first base. 7. The glenoid prosthesis of claim 6, wherein the front surface and the rear surface of the second base are parallel to each other. 8. The glenoid prosthesis of claim 6, wherein the front surface of the first base is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the first stem. 9. The glenoid prosthesis of claim 8, wherein the front surface of the second base is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the second stem. 10. The glenoid prosthesis of claim 3, wherein at least a portion of the rear surface of the first base is not perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the first stem. 11. The glenoid prosthesis of claim 3, wherein the rear surface of the first base is planar. 12. The glenoid prosthesis of claim 11, wherein the rear surface of the second base is planar. 13. The glenoid prosthesis of claim 3, wherein the first base comprises a wedge portion providing a larger rear-to-front distance at one area of the periphery of the first base than at another area of the periphery spaced away from the wedge portion. 14. The glenoid prosthesis of claim 3, wherein the articular component comprises a projection extending from a side opposite the convex articular surface, and wherein each of the first base and the second base comprises a recess configured to receive the projection. 15. A plurality of glenoidal components for a shoulder prosthesis, the plurality of glenoidal components comprising:
a first base comprising a front surface and a rear surface with a first stem comprising a longitudinal axis, the first base comprising a first thickness measured from the front surface to the second surface of the first base; a second base comprising a front surface and a rear surface with a second stem comprising a longitudinal axis, a second thickness measured from the front surface to the second surface of the first base, the second thickness being different from the first thickness; and an articular component mateable to the first base or the second base, the articular component comprising a convex articular surface. 16. The glenoid prosthesis of claim 15, wherein the first base comprises a wedge portion providing a larger rear-to-front distance at one area of the periphery of the first base than at another area of the periphery spaced away from the wedge portion, the first thickness measured at the larger rear-to-front distance. 17. The glenoid prosthesis of claim 16, wherein the front surface and the rear surface of the second base are parallel to each other. 18. The glenoid prosthesis of claim 15, wherein a non-zero angle is defined between the front surface and the rear surface of the first base. 19. The glenoid prosthesis of claim 15, wherein at least a portion of the rear surface of the first base is not perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the first stem. 20. The glenoid prosthesis of claim 15, wherein the rear surface of the first base is planar. 21. The glenoid prosthesis of claim 20, wherein the rear surface of the second base is planar. 22. The glenoid prosthesis of claim 15, wherein the articular component comprises a projection extending from a side opposite the convex articular surface, and wherein each of the first base and the second base comprises a recess configured to receive the projection. | 3,700 |
348,861 | 16,806,327 | 3,747 | A display apparatus capable of realizing uniform sound wave and improved sound quality is provided. The display apparatus may include a display panel for displaying an image, a supporting member for supporting a rear surface of the display panel, at least one sound generating device disposed between the supporting member and the display panel, at least one partition provided at a predetermined interval from at least one sound generating device, and an adhesion member disposed in the periphery of the display panel. | 1. A display apparatus, comprising:
a display panel configured to display an image and having a left area and a right area; a supporting member on a rear surface of the display panel; a first sound generating device in the left area and a second sound generating device in the right area, the first and second sound generating devices between the supporting member and the display panel and configured to vibrate the display panel to generate sound; a first partition surrounding the first sound generating device; and a second partition surrounding the second sound generating device. 2. The display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first and second partitions include a shape configured to maintain a same rotation radius with respect to the first and second sound generating devices, respectively. 3. The display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first partition has a same shape as the second partition. 4. The display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first partition has a different shape from the second partition. 5. The display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first and second partitions include one of a circular shape and a polygonal shape. 6. The display apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising at least one node point between the first partition and the first sound generating device, and between the second partition and the second sound generating device. 7. The display apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the at least one node point is formed of a same material as one of the first and second partitions. 8. The display apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising at least one node point around one of the first partition and the second partition. 9. The display apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising at least one node point in the first partition or in the second partition. 10. The display apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising at least one third partition between the left area and the right area. 11. The display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first and second partitions have a polygonal shape having a bent portion bent toward the first and second sound generating devices, respectively. 12. The display apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an adhesion member between the supporting member and the display panel. 13. A display apparatus, comprising:
a display panel configured to display an image and having a left area, a right area, and a central area; a plurality of sound generating devices on a rear surface of the display panel and configured to vibrate the display panel to generate sound, the sound generating devices including a first sound generating device in the left area and a second sound generating device in the right area; a first partition surrounding the first sound generating device; and a second partition surrounding of the second sound generating device. 14. The display apparatus according to claim 13, wherein one of the first partion and the second partition is configured to maintain a same rotation radius with respect to a corresponding one of the first and second sound generating devices. 15. The display apparatus according to claim 13, wherein one of the first partion and the second partition has one or more of a polygonal shape, a rectangular shape, a circulart shape, and an oval shape. 16. The display apparatus according to claim 13, further comprising a third partition between the left area and the right area. 17. The display apparatus according to claim 13, further comprising:
a third sound generating device in the central area; and a third partition surrounding the third sound genenrating device. 18. The display apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the third sound generating device includes a low-range sound generating device. 19. The display apparatus according to claim 13, further comprising:
a third sound generating device in the central area; and a third partition surrounding the third sound genenrating device, wherein the first partition, the second partition, and the third partition have a same shape. 20. The display apparatus according to claim 13, further comprising:
a third sound generating device in the central area; and a third partition surrounding the third sound genenrating device, wherein a shape of third partition is different from a shape of one of the first partition and the second partition. 21. The display apparatus according to claim 13, further comprising:
a third sound generating device in the central area; and a third partition surrounding the third sound genenrating device, wherein the first and second partitions have a polygonal shape having a bent portion bent toward the first and second sound generating devices, respectively. 22. The display apparatus according to claim 13, further comprising at least one node point in the first partition or in the second partition. 23. The display apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the first and second partitions include bowtie-shaped partitions. 24. The display apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the first and second partitions include a pair of vertical linear partition portions at left and right sides, and a plurality of bent portions bent toward the first and second sound generating devices, respectively, at lower and upper sides. 25. The display apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the first and second partitions include a bent portion bent toward the first and second sound generating devices, respectively, at a first side of the first and second partitions and at least one protrusion portion at a second side vertical to the first side. 26. The display apparatus according to claim 13, further comprising:
a plate between the sound generating devices and the display panel. 27. The display apparatus according to claim 26, wherein the plate is formed of a thermal conductivity material. | A display apparatus capable of realizing uniform sound wave and improved sound quality is provided. The display apparatus may include a display panel for displaying an image, a supporting member for supporting a rear surface of the display panel, at least one sound generating device disposed between the supporting member and the display panel, at least one partition provided at a predetermined interval from at least one sound generating device, and an adhesion member disposed in the periphery of the display panel.1. A display apparatus, comprising:
a display panel configured to display an image and having a left area and a right area; a supporting member on a rear surface of the display panel; a first sound generating device in the left area and a second sound generating device in the right area, the first and second sound generating devices between the supporting member and the display panel and configured to vibrate the display panel to generate sound; a first partition surrounding the first sound generating device; and a second partition surrounding the second sound generating device. 2. The display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first and second partitions include a shape configured to maintain a same rotation radius with respect to the first and second sound generating devices, respectively. 3. The display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first partition has a same shape as the second partition. 4. The display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first partition has a different shape from the second partition. 5. The display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first and second partitions include one of a circular shape and a polygonal shape. 6. The display apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising at least one node point between the first partition and the first sound generating device, and between the second partition and the second sound generating device. 7. The display apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the at least one node point is formed of a same material as one of the first and second partitions. 8. The display apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising at least one node point around one of the first partition and the second partition. 9. The display apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising at least one node point in the first partition or in the second partition. 10. The display apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising at least one third partition between the left area and the right area. 11. The display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first and second partitions have a polygonal shape having a bent portion bent toward the first and second sound generating devices, respectively. 12. The display apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an adhesion member between the supporting member and the display panel. 13. A display apparatus, comprising:
a display panel configured to display an image and having a left area, a right area, and a central area; a plurality of sound generating devices on a rear surface of the display panel and configured to vibrate the display panel to generate sound, the sound generating devices including a first sound generating device in the left area and a second sound generating device in the right area; a first partition surrounding the first sound generating device; and a second partition surrounding of the second sound generating device. 14. The display apparatus according to claim 13, wherein one of the first partion and the second partition is configured to maintain a same rotation radius with respect to a corresponding one of the first and second sound generating devices. 15. The display apparatus according to claim 13, wherein one of the first partion and the second partition has one or more of a polygonal shape, a rectangular shape, a circulart shape, and an oval shape. 16. The display apparatus according to claim 13, further comprising a third partition between the left area and the right area. 17. The display apparatus according to claim 13, further comprising:
a third sound generating device in the central area; and a third partition surrounding the third sound genenrating device. 18. The display apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the third sound generating device includes a low-range sound generating device. 19. The display apparatus according to claim 13, further comprising:
a third sound generating device in the central area; and a third partition surrounding the third sound genenrating device, wherein the first partition, the second partition, and the third partition have a same shape. 20. The display apparatus according to claim 13, further comprising:
a third sound generating device in the central area; and a third partition surrounding the third sound genenrating device, wherein a shape of third partition is different from a shape of one of the first partition and the second partition. 21. The display apparatus according to claim 13, further comprising:
a third sound generating device in the central area; and a third partition surrounding the third sound genenrating device, wherein the first and second partitions have a polygonal shape having a bent portion bent toward the first and second sound generating devices, respectively. 22. The display apparatus according to claim 13, further comprising at least one node point in the first partition or in the second partition. 23. The display apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the first and second partitions include bowtie-shaped partitions. 24. The display apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the first and second partitions include a pair of vertical linear partition portions at left and right sides, and a plurality of bent portions bent toward the first and second sound generating devices, respectively, at lower and upper sides. 25. The display apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the first and second partitions include a bent portion bent toward the first and second sound generating devices, respectively, at a first side of the first and second partitions and at least one protrusion portion at a second side vertical to the first side. 26. The display apparatus according to claim 13, further comprising:
a plate between the sound generating devices and the display panel. 27. The display apparatus according to claim 26, wherein the plate is formed of a thermal conductivity material. | 3,700 |
348,862 | 16,806,409 | 2,852 | A vortex flowmeter configured for ease of installation in a pipe, having a piezoelectric vortex-sensing element located within its shedder bar and mounted in a removable capsule. | 1. A vortex flowmeter, comprising:
a vortex-generating bar that is configured to be inserted into a pipe through a hole in a first wall of the pipe; and a vortex-sensing low-mass piezoelectric element that is carried by the bar. 2. The vortex flowmeter of claim 1, further comprising a capsule that contains the vortex-sensing element. 3. The vortex flowmeter of claim 2, wherein the capsule is removable. 4. The vortex flowmeter of claim 2, wherein the capsule is contained in a probe. 5. The vortex flowmeter of claim 4, wherein the capsule comprises an extension that fits snugly with a narrowed portion of the probe. 6. The vortex flowmeter of claim 1, further comprising an anchoring structure for the vortex-generating bar and that is located outside of the pipe. 7. The vortex flowmeter of claim 6, wherein the anchoring structure is internally threaded. 8. The vortex flowmeter of claim 7, wherein the vortex-generating bar is threaded and is configured to engage the anchoring structure threads, to allow for adjustment of the depth of insertion of the vortex-generating bar in the pipe. 9. The vortex flowmeter of claim 8, further comprising an o-ring seal between the vortex-generating bar and the anchoring structure, to inhibit leakage of fluid from the pipe. 10. The vortex flowmeter of claim 9, further comprising an electronics enclosure carried by the anchoring structure. 11. The vortex flowmeter of claim 10, wherein the electronics enclosure comprises a base that is coupled to the anchoring structure and is separable from an upper portion. 12. The vortex flowmeter of claim 11, wherein the upper portion of the electronics enclosure is configured to be rotated along with the vortex-generating bar. 13. The vortex flowmeter of claim 1, wherein the vortex-generating bar comprises a distal end that makes direct or indirect contact with a second pipe wall that is opposite the first wall of the pipe. 14. The vortex flowmeter of claim 1, wherein the vortex-sensing piezoelectric element projects into an opening that crosses the bar perpendicular to the direction of flow. 15. A vortex flowmeter, comprising:
a vortex-generating bar that is configured to be inserted into a pipe through a hole in a first wall of the pipe and span the pipe and comprises a distal end that makes direct or indirect contact with a second pipe wall that is opposite the first wall of the pipe; and a vortex-sensing element that is carried by the bar. 16. The vortex flowmeter of claim 15, wherein the vortex-sensing element comprises a low-mass piezoelectric element that projects into an opening that crosses the bar transverse to the direction of flow. 17. A vortex flowmeter comprising:
a vortex-generating bar that is configured to be inserted into a pipe through a hole in a first wall of the pipe and span the pipe, and comprises a distal end that makes direct or indirect contact with a second pipe wall that is opposite the first wall of the pipe, wherein the pipe contains a flowing fluid with an overall direction of flow, and wherein the vortex-generating bar comprises a transverse hole through the vortex-generating bar and a piezoelectric sensing vane in the transverse hole; an elastomeric member located between the distal end of the vortex-generating bar and the opposite wall of the pipe, to damp vibrations of the vortex-generating bar; an internally-threaded split ring located outside of the pipe and encircling the pipe, wherein the split ring is mechanically coupled to the vortex-generating bar and configured to hold the vortex-generating bar in the pipe, and further comprising an o-ring seal between the vortex-generating bar and the split ring, to inhibit leakage of fluid from the pipe; and a gasket between the split ring and the pipe. wherein the vortex-generating bar is threaded and is configured to engage the split ring threads, to allow for adjustment of the depth of insertion of the vortex-generating bar in the pipe. 18. The vortex flowmeter of claim 17, further comprising a removable capsule in the vortex-generating bar that contains the vortex-sensing element. 19. The vortex flowmeter of claim 17, further comprising an electronics enclosure carried by the split ring. 20. The vortex flowmeter of claim 19, wherein the electronics enclosure comprises a base that is coupled to the split ring and is separable from an upper portion, wherein the upper portion of the electronics enclosure is configured to be rotated along with the vortex-generating bar. | A vortex flowmeter configured for ease of installation in a pipe, having a piezoelectric vortex-sensing element located within its shedder bar and mounted in a removable capsule.1. A vortex flowmeter, comprising:
a vortex-generating bar that is configured to be inserted into a pipe through a hole in a first wall of the pipe; and a vortex-sensing low-mass piezoelectric element that is carried by the bar. 2. The vortex flowmeter of claim 1, further comprising a capsule that contains the vortex-sensing element. 3. The vortex flowmeter of claim 2, wherein the capsule is removable. 4. The vortex flowmeter of claim 2, wherein the capsule is contained in a probe. 5. The vortex flowmeter of claim 4, wherein the capsule comprises an extension that fits snugly with a narrowed portion of the probe. 6. The vortex flowmeter of claim 1, further comprising an anchoring structure for the vortex-generating bar and that is located outside of the pipe. 7. The vortex flowmeter of claim 6, wherein the anchoring structure is internally threaded. 8. The vortex flowmeter of claim 7, wherein the vortex-generating bar is threaded and is configured to engage the anchoring structure threads, to allow for adjustment of the depth of insertion of the vortex-generating bar in the pipe. 9. The vortex flowmeter of claim 8, further comprising an o-ring seal between the vortex-generating bar and the anchoring structure, to inhibit leakage of fluid from the pipe. 10. The vortex flowmeter of claim 9, further comprising an electronics enclosure carried by the anchoring structure. 11. The vortex flowmeter of claim 10, wherein the electronics enclosure comprises a base that is coupled to the anchoring structure and is separable from an upper portion. 12. The vortex flowmeter of claim 11, wherein the upper portion of the electronics enclosure is configured to be rotated along with the vortex-generating bar. 13. The vortex flowmeter of claim 1, wherein the vortex-generating bar comprises a distal end that makes direct or indirect contact with a second pipe wall that is opposite the first wall of the pipe. 14. The vortex flowmeter of claim 1, wherein the vortex-sensing piezoelectric element projects into an opening that crosses the bar perpendicular to the direction of flow. 15. A vortex flowmeter, comprising:
a vortex-generating bar that is configured to be inserted into a pipe through a hole in a first wall of the pipe and span the pipe and comprises a distal end that makes direct or indirect contact with a second pipe wall that is opposite the first wall of the pipe; and a vortex-sensing element that is carried by the bar. 16. The vortex flowmeter of claim 15, wherein the vortex-sensing element comprises a low-mass piezoelectric element that projects into an opening that crosses the bar transverse to the direction of flow. 17. A vortex flowmeter comprising:
a vortex-generating bar that is configured to be inserted into a pipe through a hole in a first wall of the pipe and span the pipe, and comprises a distal end that makes direct or indirect contact with a second pipe wall that is opposite the first wall of the pipe, wherein the pipe contains a flowing fluid with an overall direction of flow, and wherein the vortex-generating bar comprises a transverse hole through the vortex-generating bar and a piezoelectric sensing vane in the transverse hole; an elastomeric member located between the distal end of the vortex-generating bar and the opposite wall of the pipe, to damp vibrations of the vortex-generating bar; an internally-threaded split ring located outside of the pipe and encircling the pipe, wherein the split ring is mechanically coupled to the vortex-generating bar and configured to hold the vortex-generating bar in the pipe, and further comprising an o-ring seal between the vortex-generating bar and the split ring, to inhibit leakage of fluid from the pipe; and a gasket between the split ring and the pipe. wherein the vortex-generating bar is threaded and is configured to engage the split ring threads, to allow for adjustment of the depth of insertion of the vortex-generating bar in the pipe. 18. The vortex flowmeter of claim 17, further comprising a removable capsule in the vortex-generating bar that contains the vortex-sensing element. 19. The vortex flowmeter of claim 17, further comprising an electronics enclosure carried by the split ring. 20. The vortex flowmeter of claim 19, wherein the electronics enclosure comprises a base that is coupled to the split ring and is separable from an upper portion, wherein the upper portion of the electronics enclosure is configured to be rotated along with the vortex-generating bar. | 2,800 |
348,863 | 16,806,407 | 2,852 | A system and method are provided whereby a consumer is provided with nonpublic hotel rate accommodations for specifically identified hotels. In particular, a consumer provides a query as to whether a non-public rate exists for an accommodation at a specific hotel or property. | 1. A method for providing hotel accommodations to a consumer, comprising:
providing a call center; providing a computer based search form accessible by the consumer over a network; using at least one criteria entered by the consumer into said computer based search form to automatically, electronically search an electronic database of hotel accommodations for hotel accommodations that meet the at least one criteria entered by the consumer; formatting the results of the search for display on a display device of the consumer, the results including at least one hotel specifically identified by name that meets the at least one criteria, the formatted results not including specific information relating to a nonpublic rate available to the consumer; providing, as part of the formatted results for display on a display device of the consumer, information on how to contact the call center; providing in realtime, to a consumer who has contacted the call center, information regarding the availability of a nonpublic rate available for the at least one specifically identified hotel, and accepting payment from the consumer to secure accommodations in the at least one specifically identified hotel at a final nonpublic rate. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one criteria includes at least one of: geographical location of interest, hotel name, check-in date and check-out date. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the network includes the Internet. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the call center communicates with the consumer, in realtime, by telephone. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the call center communicates with the consumer, in realtime, by computer chat. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein said computer chat includes SKYPEβ’. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the call center communicates with the consumer, in realtime, by SMS messaging service or SKYPEβ’. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the call center engages in a realtime dialogue with the consumer regarding the availability of a nonpublic rate for the specifically named hotel. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the final nonpublic rate is not disclosed to the consumer in the realtime providing step, but rather, is disclosed to the consumer only after the step of accepting payment, whereby the consumer is not informed of the actual, final nonpublic rate paid by the consumer for the accommodations until after paying for the accommodations. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the at least one criteria includes at least one of:
geographical location of interest, hotel name, check-in date and check-out date. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the realtime providing step includes providing the consumer with a value meter rating representative of a relative value of the at least one specifically identified hotel. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the value meter rating is calculated by:
acquiring identifying information on a hotel; assigning a qualitative numerical value to each of price, location, and travel industry rating; evaluating a combination of said numerical values; and outputting a value for the hotel correlated to the result of the evaluating step. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the evaluating step includes providing an unequal evaluation of said numerical values to produce a numerical value weighted in favor of at least one of price, location, and travel industry rating. 14. A method for obtaining hotel accommodations, comprising:
entering at least one criteria into a computer based search form accessible over a network to automatically, electronically search an electronic database of hotel accommodations for hotel accommodations that meet the at least one criteria; reviewing, on a display device, a report including results of the search, the results including at least one hotel specifically identified by name that meets the at least one criteria, the formatted results not including specific information relating to a nonpublic rate available for the at least one hotel; contacting a call center and engaging in a dialogue, in realtime, about a possible nonpublic rate for the at least one specifically identified hotel; and making a payment to secure accommodations in the at least one specifically identified hotel at a final nonpublic rate. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the at least one criteria includes at least one of: geographical location of interest, hotel name, check-in date and check-out date. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the report includes information about how to contact the call center. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the consumer contacts the call center by telephone. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the consumer contacts the call center by computer chat. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the consumer contacts the call center by SMS messaging service or SKYPEβ’. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the contacting step includes engaging in a realtime dialogue with the call center regarding the availability of a nonpublic rate for the specifically named hotel. 21. The method of claim 14, wherein the final nonpublic rate is not disclosed in the contacting step, but rather, is disclosed only after the step of making a payment, whereby a consumer is not informed of the actual, final nonpublic rate paid by the consumer for the accommodations until after paying for the accommodations. 22. A method for providing hotel accommodations to a consumer, comprising:
informing a consumer of an availability of accommodations for a hotel specifically identified by name at a nonpublic rate without informing the consumer of a final nonpublic rate chargeable to the consumer for accommodations in the at least one specifically identified hotel; accepting payment from the consumer to secure accommodations in the at least one specifically identified hotel at the final nonpublic rate; and only after the accepting payment step, informing the consumer of the final nonpublic rate paid by the consumer for the accommodations in the at least one specifically identified hotel. 23. A method of providing a consumer with a value meter rating representative of a relative value of at least one specifically identified hotel, comprising the steps of:
acquiring identifying information on a hotel; assigning a qualitative numerical value to each of price, location, and travel industry rating; evaluating a combination of said numerical values; and outputting a value for the hotel correlated to the result of the evaluating step. 24. The method of claim 23 wherein the evaluating step includes providing an unequal evaluation of said numerical values to produce a numerical value weighted in favor of at least one of price, location, and travel industry rating. 25. A method for communicating via two different communication channels, comprising:
providing a call center; providing a computer based search graphical user interface (GUI) form accessible by the consumer over a network, via a first communication channel of the two different communication channels; using at least one criteria entered by the consumer into said computer based GUI form to automatically, electronically search an electronic database of hotel accommodations for hotel accommodations that meet the at least one criteria entered by the consumer; formatting the results of the search for display on a display device of the consumer, the results including at least one hotel specifically identified by name that meets the at least one criteria, the formatted results not including specific information relating to a nonpublic rate available to the consumer; providing, as part of the formatted results for display on a display device of the consumer, information on how to contact the call center via a second communication channel of communication of the two different communication channels, the second communication channel being a non-GUI form based communication channel; providing in realtime, to a consumer who has contacted the call center via the second channel of communication, information regarding the availability of a nonpublic rate available for the at least one specifically identified hotel, the information being stored in an electronic database accessible by the call center, and accepting payment from the consumer to secure accommodations in the at least one specifically identified hotel at the nonpublic rate. | A system and method are provided whereby a consumer is provided with nonpublic hotel rate accommodations for specifically identified hotels. In particular, a consumer provides a query as to whether a non-public rate exists for an accommodation at a specific hotel or property.1. A method for providing hotel accommodations to a consumer, comprising:
providing a call center; providing a computer based search form accessible by the consumer over a network; using at least one criteria entered by the consumer into said computer based search form to automatically, electronically search an electronic database of hotel accommodations for hotel accommodations that meet the at least one criteria entered by the consumer; formatting the results of the search for display on a display device of the consumer, the results including at least one hotel specifically identified by name that meets the at least one criteria, the formatted results not including specific information relating to a nonpublic rate available to the consumer; providing, as part of the formatted results for display on a display device of the consumer, information on how to contact the call center; providing in realtime, to a consumer who has contacted the call center, information regarding the availability of a nonpublic rate available for the at least one specifically identified hotel, and accepting payment from the consumer to secure accommodations in the at least one specifically identified hotel at a final nonpublic rate. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one criteria includes at least one of: geographical location of interest, hotel name, check-in date and check-out date. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the network includes the Internet. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the call center communicates with the consumer, in realtime, by telephone. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the call center communicates with the consumer, in realtime, by computer chat. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein said computer chat includes SKYPEβ’. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the call center communicates with the consumer, in realtime, by SMS messaging service or SKYPEβ’. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the call center engages in a realtime dialogue with the consumer regarding the availability of a nonpublic rate for the specifically named hotel. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the final nonpublic rate is not disclosed to the consumer in the realtime providing step, but rather, is disclosed to the consumer only after the step of accepting payment, whereby the consumer is not informed of the actual, final nonpublic rate paid by the consumer for the accommodations until after paying for the accommodations. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the at least one criteria includes at least one of:
geographical location of interest, hotel name, check-in date and check-out date. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the realtime providing step includes providing the consumer with a value meter rating representative of a relative value of the at least one specifically identified hotel. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the value meter rating is calculated by:
acquiring identifying information on a hotel; assigning a qualitative numerical value to each of price, location, and travel industry rating; evaluating a combination of said numerical values; and outputting a value for the hotel correlated to the result of the evaluating step. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the evaluating step includes providing an unequal evaluation of said numerical values to produce a numerical value weighted in favor of at least one of price, location, and travel industry rating. 14. A method for obtaining hotel accommodations, comprising:
entering at least one criteria into a computer based search form accessible over a network to automatically, electronically search an electronic database of hotel accommodations for hotel accommodations that meet the at least one criteria; reviewing, on a display device, a report including results of the search, the results including at least one hotel specifically identified by name that meets the at least one criteria, the formatted results not including specific information relating to a nonpublic rate available for the at least one hotel; contacting a call center and engaging in a dialogue, in realtime, about a possible nonpublic rate for the at least one specifically identified hotel; and making a payment to secure accommodations in the at least one specifically identified hotel at a final nonpublic rate. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the at least one criteria includes at least one of: geographical location of interest, hotel name, check-in date and check-out date. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the report includes information about how to contact the call center. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the consumer contacts the call center by telephone. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the consumer contacts the call center by computer chat. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the consumer contacts the call center by SMS messaging service or SKYPEβ’. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the contacting step includes engaging in a realtime dialogue with the call center regarding the availability of a nonpublic rate for the specifically named hotel. 21. The method of claim 14, wherein the final nonpublic rate is not disclosed in the contacting step, but rather, is disclosed only after the step of making a payment, whereby a consumer is not informed of the actual, final nonpublic rate paid by the consumer for the accommodations until after paying for the accommodations. 22. A method for providing hotel accommodations to a consumer, comprising:
informing a consumer of an availability of accommodations for a hotel specifically identified by name at a nonpublic rate without informing the consumer of a final nonpublic rate chargeable to the consumer for accommodations in the at least one specifically identified hotel; accepting payment from the consumer to secure accommodations in the at least one specifically identified hotel at the final nonpublic rate; and only after the accepting payment step, informing the consumer of the final nonpublic rate paid by the consumer for the accommodations in the at least one specifically identified hotel. 23. A method of providing a consumer with a value meter rating representative of a relative value of at least one specifically identified hotel, comprising the steps of:
acquiring identifying information on a hotel; assigning a qualitative numerical value to each of price, location, and travel industry rating; evaluating a combination of said numerical values; and outputting a value for the hotel correlated to the result of the evaluating step. 24. The method of claim 23 wherein the evaluating step includes providing an unequal evaluation of said numerical values to produce a numerical value weighted in favor of at least one of price, location, and travel industry rating. 25. A method for communicating via two different communication channels, comprising:
providing a call center; providing a computer based search graphical user interface (GUI) form accessible by the consumer over a network, via a first communication channel of the two different communication channels; using at least one criteria entered by the consumer into said computer based GUI form to automatically, electronically search an electronic database of hotel accommodations for hotel accommodations that meet the at least one criteria entered by the consumer; formatting the results of the search for display on a display device of the consumer, the results including at least one hotel specifically identified by name that meets the at least one criteria, the formatted results not including specific information relating to a nonpublic rate available to the consumer; providing, as part of the formatted results for display on a display device of the consumer, information on how to contact the call center via a second communication channel of communication of the two different communication channels, the second communication channel being a non-GUI form based communication channel; providing in realtime, to a consumer who has contacted the call center via the second channel of communication, information regarding the availability of a nonpublic rate available for the at least one specifically identified hotel, the information being stored in an electronic database accessible by the call center, and accepting payment from the consumer to secure accommodations in the at least one specifically identified hotel at the nonpublic rate. | 2,800 |
348,864 | 16,806,399 | 2,852 | A frictional exercise device includes a shell body which can be attached to a substantially stationary object, for instance a door, a doorjamb or a floor, either directly or via a resistance band. A core cylinder in the shell body has an arcuate friction surface. A non-elastic strap winds partially around the core cylinder and hugs the friction surface. When said strap is pulled at one end and a resistive force is applied at the opposite end, a frictional force between the friction surface and the strap opposes a movement of the strap across said friction surface. The magnitude of the frictional force is proportional to the resistive force applied at the opposite end. The arcuate friction surface is formed with a depression and elevations adjoining the depression. A counterbrake projects towards the depression in the friction surface and deflects the strap towards and into the depression to define an undulating course of the strap along the friction surface and the counterbrake | 1. An exercise device, comprising:
a shell body configured for attachment to a substantially stationary object; a core cylinder rigidly mounted to said shell body, said core cylinder having a wall with an arcuate friction surface; a substantially elastic band extending between said shell body and the substantially stationary object; a substantially non-elastic strap having a first end, a strap segment partially wound around said core cylinder and hugging said friction surface, and a second end opposite said first end, wherein, when said strap is pulled at said second end and a resistive force is applied at said first end, a frictional force between said friction surface and said strap opposes a movement of said strap across said friction surface, and wherein a magnitude of the frictional force is proportional to the resistive force applied at said first end; and said arcuate friction surface being formed with surface profiling for providing a resistive form-lock between said friction surface and said strap when said strap is being pulled at said second end. 2. The exercise device according to claim 1, wherein said substantially non-elastic strap is a flat strap. 3. The exercise device according to claim 1, wherein said surface profiling includes resistance elements formed of bumps or raised projections on said friction surface, and/or grooves formed in said friction surface. 4. The exercise device according to claim 1, further comprising a counterbrake projecting towards a depression in said friction surface and deflecting said strap towards and into said depression. 5. The exercise device according to claim 4, wherein said friction surface is formed with elevations adjoining said depression, and said counterbrake and said elevations are disposed to force said strap along an undulating path along said friction surface. 6. An exercise device, comprising:
a shell body configured for attachment to a substantially stationary object; a core cylinder rigidly mounted to said shell body, said core cylinder having a wall with an arcuate friction surface; a substantially non-elastic strap having a first end, a strap segment partially wound around said core cylinder and hugging said friction surface, and a second end opposite said first end, wherein, when said strap is pulled at said second end and a resistive force is applied at said first end, a frictional force between said friction surface and said strap opposes a movement of said strap across said friction surface; said arcuate friction surface being formed with surface profiling for providing a resistive form-lock between said friction surface and said strap when said strap is being pulled at said second end; said arcuate friction surface being formed with a depression and elevations adjoining said depression; and a counterbrake projecting towards said depression in said friction surface and deflecting said strap towards and into said depression to define an undulating course of said strap along said friction surface and said counterbrake, and to provide an additional frictional force opposing the movement of said strap through said shell body; wherein a total frictional force opposing the movement of said strap through said shell body is defined by the friction between said strap and said friction surface and the additional friction between said strap and said counterbrake, and wherein a magnitude of the total frictional force is proportional to the resistive force applied at said first end. 7. The exercise device according to claim 6, further comprising a substantially elastic band extending between said shell body and the substantially stationary object and flexibly and elastically connecting said shell body to the substantially stationary object. 8. The exercise device according to claim 6, wherein said substantially non-elastic strap is a flat strap. 9. The exercise device according to claim 6, wherein said surface profiling includes resistance elements formed of bumps or raised projections on said friction surface, and/or grooves formed in said friction surface. | A frictional exercise device includes a shell body which can be attached to a substantially stationary object, for instance a door, a doorjamb or a floor, either directly or via a resistance band. A core cylinder in the shell body has an arcuate friction surface. A non-elastic strap winds partially around the core cylinder and hugs the friction surface. When said strap is pulled at one end and a resistive force is applied at the opposite end, a frictional force between the friction surface and the strap opposes a movement of the strap across said friction surface. The magnitude of the frictional force is proportional to the resistive force applied at the opposite end. The arcuate friction surface is formed with a depression and elevations adjoining the depression. A counterbrake projects towards the depression in the friction surface and deflects the strap towards and into the depression to define an undulating course of the strap along the friction surface and the counterbrake1. An exercise device, comprising:
a shell body configured for attachment to a substantially stationary object; a core cylinder rigidly mounted to said shell body, said core cylinder having a wall with an arcuate friction surface; a substantially elastic band extending between said shell body and the substantially stationary object; a substantially non-elastic strap having a first end, a strap segment partially wound around said core cylinder and hugging said friction surface, and a second end opposite said first end, wherein, when said strap is pulled at said second end and a resistive force is applied at said first end, a frictional force between said friction surface and said strap opposes a movement of said strap across said friction surface, and wherein a magnitude of the frictional force is proportional to the resistive force applied at said first end; and said arcuate friction surface being formed with surface profiling for providing a resistive form-lock between said friction surface and said strap when said strap is being pulled at said second end. 2. The exercise device according to claim 1, wherein said substantially non-elastic strap is a flat strap. 3. The exercise device according to claim 1, wherein said surface profiling includes resistance elements formed of bumps or raised projections on said friction surface, and/or grooves formed in said friction surface. 4. The exercise device according to claim 1, further comprising a counterbrake projecting towards a depression in said friction surface and deflecting said strap towards and into said depression. 5. The exercise device according to claim 4, wherein said friction surface is formed with elevations adjoining said depression, and said counterbrake and said elevations are disposed to force said strap along an undulating path along said friction surface. 6. An exercise device, comprising:
a shell body configured for attachment to a substantially stationary object; a core cylinder rigidly mounted to said shell body, said core cylinder having a wall with an arcuate friction surface; a substantially non-elastic strap having a first end, a strap segment partially wound around said core cylinder and hugging said friction surface, and a second end opposite said first end, wherein, when said strap is pulled at said second end and a resistive force is applied at said first end, a frictional force between said friction surface and said strap opposes a movement of said strap across said friction surface; said arcuate friction surface being formed with surface profiling for providing a resistive form-lock between said friction surface and said strap when said strap is being pulled at said second end; said arcuate friction surface being formed with a depression and elevations adjoining said depression; and a counterbrake projecting towards said depression in said friction surface and deflecting said strap towards and into said depression to define an undulating course of said strap along said friction surface and said counterbrake, and to provide an additional frictional force opposing the movement of said strap through said shell body; wherein a total frictional force opposing the movement of said strap through said shell body is defined by the friction between said strap and said friction surface and the additional friction between said strap and said counterbrake, and wherein a magnitude of the total frictional force is proportional to the resistive force applied at said first end. 7. The exercise device according to claim 6, further comprising a substantially elastic band extending between said shell body and the substantially stationary object and flexibly and elastically connecting said shell body to the substantially stationary object. 8. The exercise device according to claim 6, wherein said substantially non-elastic strap is a flat strap. 9. The exercise device according to claim 6, wherein said surface profiling includes resistance elements formed of bumps or raised projections on said friction surface, and/or grooves formed in said friction surface. | 2,800 |
348,865 | 16,806,338 | 2,852 | A method for searching compressed, encrypted data includes receiving uncompressed data and identifying patterns thereof. Each pattern includes a predetermined number of bytes. Each pattern is hashed into a hash value, producing a set of hash values that is stored in a hash table. Each record of the hash table includes a hash value from the set of hash values and an associated position value. A Boolean filter is generated based on the hash table, each bit of the Boolean filter associated with a different hash value. A search string hash value is calculated based on a received search request. A location in the Boolean filter, having an address equal to the search string hash value, is inspected to determine whether a position stored at the location is true or false. If the position is true, at least a portion of the compressed data is flagged as relevant. | 1. A method, comprising:
receiving, at a processor, an uncompressed data file; identifying, via the processor, a plurality of patterns of the uncompressed data file, each pattern from the plurality of patterns including a predetermined number of bytes; hashing, via the processor, each pattern from the plurality of patterns into a hash value, to produce a plurality of hash values; storing the plurality of hash values in a hash table, each record of a plurality of records of the hash table including a hash value from the plurality of hash values and an associated position value, to produce a compressed, encrypted data file associated with the uncompressed data file; generating, via the processor, a Boolean filter based on the hash table, each bit from a plurality of bits of the Boolean filter associated with a different hash value from the plurality of hash values; receiving, at the processor, a search request including a search string; computing a search string hash value based on the search string; if a position stored at a location within the Boolean filter, the location having an address equal to the search string hash value, is true:
flagging, via the processor, that at least a portion of the compressed data file is relevant to the search request. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined number of bytes is 4 bytes. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein each hash value from the plurality hash values is a two-byte hash value from a plurality of two-byte has values. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein computing the search string hash value includes computing overlapping hashes based on a minimum match size value. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of bits of the Boolean filter includes 65,536 bits. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving, at the processor and from a compute device of a user, a signal representing the predetermined number of bytes prior to identifying the plurality of patterns. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined number of bytes is based on a minimum match size value. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the identifying the plurality of patterns of the uncompressed data file includes identifying overlapping patterns of the uncompressed data file. 9. A method, comprising:
receiving, at a processor, a search request including a search string; generating, via the processor, a search string hash value based on the search string; detecting, via the processor and based on the search string hash value, a hash table position of a hash table; if a position of a bit of an Nth compressed data file, the bit having a value corresponding to the hash table position, is true:
flag the Nth compressed data file as relevant to the search request, and
transmit a signal representing the Nth compressed data file to a compute device of a requestor associated with the search request;
determine whether at least one additional compressed data file exists; and if at least one additional compressed data file exists, inspecting the at least one additional compressed data file to determine whether the at least one additional compressed data file is relevant to the search request. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising, in response to determining that the value of the bit is true, decompressing the Nth compressed data file to confirm that the Nth compressed data file is relevant to the search request. 11. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
reading the flagged Nth compressed data file into memory; performing a hash decompression of the flagged Nth compressed data, to produce a decompressed data file; and performing a search for the search string in the decompressed data file. 12. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
reading the flagged Nth compressed data file into memory; performing a hash decompression of the flagged Nth compressed data, to produce a decompressed data file; detecting a match between the search string and the decompressed data file based on a search for the search string in the decompressed data file; and 13. The method of claim 9, further comprising generating the hash table based on uncompressed data. 14. The method of claim 9, further comprising generating the hash table by:
identifying, via the processor, a plurality of patterns of uncompressed data; hashing, via the processor, each pattern from the plurality of patterns into a hash value, to produce a plurality of hash values; and storing the plurality of hash values in the hash table. 15. The method of claim 9, further comprising generating the hash table by:
identifying, via the processor, a plurality of patterns of uncompressed data, each pattern from the plurality of patterns including a predetermined number of bytes; hashing, via the processor, each pattern from the plurality of patterns into a hash value, to produce a plurality of hash values; and storing the plurality of hash values in the hash table, each record of a plurality of records of the hash table including a hash value from the plurality of hash values and an associated position value, to produce a plurality of compressed data files including the Nth compressed data file. 16. A system, comprising:
a processor; and a processor-readable memory storing instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to:
receive an uncompressed data file;
identify a plurality of patterns of the uncompressed data file, each pattern from the plurality of patterns including a predetermined number of bytes;
hash each pattern from the plurality of patterns into a hash value, to produce a plurality of hash values;
store the plurality of hash values in a hash table, each record of a plurality of records of the hash table including a hash value from the plurality of hash values and an associated position value, to produce a compressed, encrypted data file associated with the uncompressed data file;
generate a Boolean filter based on the hash table, each bit from a plurality of bits of the Boolean filter associated with a different hash value from the plurality of hash values;
receive a search request including a search string;
compute a search string hash value based on the search string;
if a position stored at a location within the Boolean filter, the location having an address equal to the search string hash value, is true:
flag that at least a portion of the compressed data file is relevant to the search request. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the identifying the plurality of patterns of the uncompressed data file includes identifying overlapping patterns of the uncompressed data file. 18. The system of claim 16, wherein each hash value from the plurality of hash values is a two-byte hash value from a plurality of two-byte hash values. 19. The system of claim 16, wherein the predetermined number of bytes is 4 bytes. 20. The system of claim 16, the memory further storing instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to receive, from a compute device of a user, a signal representing the predetermined number of bytes prior to identifying the plurality of patterns. | A method for searching compressed, encrypted data includes receiving uncompressed data and identifying patterns thereof. Each pattern includes a predetermined number of bytes. Each pattern is hashed into a hash value, producing a set of hash values that is stored in a hash table. Each record of the hash table includes a hash value from the set of hash values and an associated position value. A Boolean filter is generated based on the hash table, each bit of the Boolean filter associated with a different hash value. A search string hash value is calculated based on a received search request. A location in the Boolean filter, having an address equal to the search string hash value, is inspected to determine whether a position stored at the location is true or false. If the position is true, at least a portion of the compressed data is flagged as relevant.1. A method, comprising:
receiving, at a processor, an uncompressed data file; identifying, via the processor, a plurality of patterns of the uncompressed data file, each pattern from the plurality of patterns including a predetermined number of bytes; hashing, via the processor, each pattern from the plurality of patterns into a hash value, to produce a plurality of hash values; storing the plurality of hash values in a hash table, each record of a plurality of records of the hash table including a hash value from the plurality of hash values and an associated position value, to produce a compressed, encrypted data file associated with the uncompressed data file; generating, via the processor, a Boolean filter based on the hash table, each bit from a plurality of bits of the Boolean filter associated with a different hash value from the plurality of hash values; receiving, at the processor, a search request including a search string; computing a search string hash value based on the search string; if a position stored at a location within the Boolean filter, the location having an address equal to the search string hash value, is true:
flagging, via the processor, that at least a portion of the compressed data file is relevant to the search request. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined number of bytes is 4 bytes. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein each hash value from the plurality hash values is a two-byte hash value from a plurality of two-byte has values. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein computing the search string hash value includes computing overlapping hashes based on a minimum match size value. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of bits of the Boolean filter includes 65,536 bits. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving, at the processor and from a compute device of a user, a signal representing the predetermined number of bytes prior to identifying the plurality of patterns. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined number of bytes is based on a minimum match size value. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the identifying the plurality of patterns of the uncompressed data file includes identifying overlapping patterns of the uncompressed data file. 9. A method, comprising:
receiving, at a processor, a search request including a search string; generating, via the processor, a search string hash value based on the search string; detecting, via the processor and based on the search string hash value, a hash table position of a hash table; if a position of a bit of an Nth compressed data file, the bit having a value corresponding to the hash table position, is true:
flag the Nth compressed data file as relevant to the search request, and
transmit a signal representing the Nth compressed data file to a compute device of a requestor associated with the search request;
determine whether at least one additional compressed data file exists; and if at least one additional compressed data file exists, inspecting the at least one additional compressed data file to determine whether the at least one additional compressed data file is relevant to the search request. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising, in response to determining that the value of the bit is true, decompressing the Nth compressed data file to confirm that the Nth compressed data file is relevant to the search request. 11. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
reading the flagged Nth compressed data file into memory; performing a hash decompression of the flagged Nth compressed data, to produce a decompressed data file; and performing a search for the search string in the decompressed data file. 12. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
reading the flagged Nth compressed data file into memory; performing a hash decompression of the flagged Nth compressed data, to produce a decompressed data file; detecting a match between the search string and the decompressed data file based on a search for the search string in the decompressed data file; and 13. The method of claim 9, further comprising generating the hash table based on uncompressed data. 14. The method of claim 9, further comprising generating the hash table by:
identifying, via the processor, a plurality of patterns of uncompressed data; hashing, via the processor, each pattern from the plurality of patterns into a hash value, to produce a plurality of hash values; and storing the plurality of hash values in the hash table. 15. The method of claim 9, further comprising generating the hash table by:
identifying, via the processor, a plurality of patterns of uncompressed data, each pattern from the plurality of patterns including a predetermined number of bytes; hashing, via the processor, each pattern from the plurality of patterns into a hash value, to produce a plurality of hash values; and storing the plurality of hash values in the hash table, each record of a plurality of records of the hash table including a hash value from the plurality of hash values and an associated position value, to produce a plurality of compressed data files including the Nth compressed data file. 16. A system, comprising:
a processor; and a processor-readable memory storing instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to:
receive an uncompressed data file;
identify a plurality of patterns of the uncompressed data file, each pattern from the plurality of patterns including a predetermined number of bytes;
hash each pattern from the plurality of patterns into a hash value, to produce a plurality of hash values;
store the plurality of hash values in a hash table, each record of a plurality of records of the hash table including a hash value from the plurality of hash values and an associated position value, to produce a compressed, encrypted data file associated with the uncompressed data file;
generate a Boolean filter based on the hash table, each bit from a plurality of bits of the Boolean filter associated with a different hash value from the plurality of hash values;
receive a search request including a search string;
compute a search string hash value based on the search string;
if a position stored at a location within the Boolean filter, the location having an address equal to the search string hash value, is true:
flag that at least a portion of the compressed data file is relevant to the search request. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the identifying the plurality of patterns of the uncompressed data file includes identifying overlapping patterns of the uncompressed data file. 18. The system of claim 16, wherein each hash value from the plurality of hash values is a two-byte hash value from a plurality of two-byte hash values. 19. The system of claim 16, wherein the predetermined number of bytes is 4 bytes. 20. The system of claim 16, the memory further storing instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to receive, from a compute device of a user, a signal representing the predetermined number of bytes prior to identifying the plurality of patterns. | 2,800 |
348,866 | 16,806,400 | 2,852 | A touch sensor includes a base, first sensing electrode columns (FSECs), and second sensing electrode columns (SSECs). The base includes a sensing region (SR) including a rounded corner (RC), and a non-SR outside the SR. The FSECs extend in a direction on the base, each FSEC among the FSECs including first sensing electrodes (FSEs), each FSE among the FSEs including sub-electrodes. The SSECs are alternately disposed with the FSECs on the base, each SSEC among the SSECs including second sensing electrodes (SSEs). Sub-electrodes of one of adjacent FSEs among the FSEs are electrically connected to respective sub-electrodes of another of the adjacent FSEs. A sub-electrode closest to the RC among the sub-electrodes includes a rounded edge (RE) corresponding to the RC. A SSE closest to the RC among the SSEs includes a RE corresponding to the RC, and a protrusion part protruding toward the sub-electrode including the RE. | 1. A touch sensor comprising:
a base comprising:
a sensing region comprising a rounded corner; and
a non-sensing region outside the sensing region;
first sensing electrodes arranged on the base in a first direction, wherein a first sensing electrode among the first sensing electrodes comprises sub-electrodes; and second sensing electrodes arranged in the first direction and disposed adjacent to the first sensing electrodes in a second direction different from the first direction, wherein a sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner among the sub-electrodes comprises a rounded edge, wherein a second sensing electrode closest to the rounded corner among the second sensing electrodes comprises a rounded edge, wherein the sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner and the second sensing electrode closest to the rounded corner are adjacent each other in the second direction, and wherein a length of the second sensing electrode closest to the rounded corner in the first direction is greater than a length of the sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner in the first direction. 2. The touch sensor of claim 1, wherein sub-electrodes of one of adjacent first sensing electrodes among the first sensing electrodes are separated from one another and electrically connected to respective sub-electrodes of another of the adjacent first sensing electrodes. 3. The touch sensor of claim 2, wherein an area of the sub-electrode comprising the rounded edge is less than respective areas of other sub-electrodes among the sub-electrodes. 4. The touch sensor of claim 2, further comprising:
first sensing lines connected to the first sensing electrodes; and second sensing lines connected to the second sensing electrodes, wherein the first sensing electrode among the first sensing electrodes comprises N sub-electrodes, N being a positive integer greater than one, and wherein a J-th sub-electrode in the one of the adjacent first sensing electrodes and an (N-J+1)-th sub electrode in the another of the adjacent first sensing electrodes are electrically connected to each other via a first sensing line among the first sensing lines, J being a positive integer less than or equal to N. 5. The touch sensor of claim 2, wherein the first sensing electrodes and the second sensing electrodes are disposed on a same layer. 6. The touch sensor of claim 1, wherein a portion of the sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner has a mesh structure and the other portion of the sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner has a plate structure. 7. The touch sensor of claim 1, wherein a portion of the second sensing electrode closest to the rounded corner has a mesh structure and the other portion of the sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner has a plate structure. 8. The touch sensor of claim 2, the rounded edge of the sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner corresponds to at least a portion of the rounded corner. 9. The touch sensor of claim 2, the rounded edge of the second sensing electrode closest to the rounded corner corresponds to at least a portion of the rounded corner. 10. A touch sensor comprising:
a base comprising:
a sensing region comprising a rounded corner; and
a non-sensing region outside the sensing region;
first sensing electrode columns extending in a first direction on the base, each first sensing electrode column among the first sensing electrode columns comprising first sensing electrodes, wherein a first sensing electrode among the first sensing electrodes comprises sub-electrodes; and second sensing electrode columns alternately disposed with the first sensing electrode columns on the base, wherein a second sensing electrode column among the second sensing electrode columns comprises second sensing electrodes, wherein sub-electrodes of one of adjacent first sensing electrodes among the first sensing electrodes are separated from one another and electrically connected to respective sub-electrodes of another of the adjacent first sensing electrodes, wherein a sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner among the sub-electrodes comprises a rounded edge corresponding to the rounded corner, wherein a second sensing electrode closest to the rounded corner among the second sensing electrodes comprises a rounded edge corresponding to the rounded corner, wherein the sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner and the second sensing electrode closest to the rounded corner are adjacent each other in a row direction, and wherein a length of the second sensing electrode closest to the rounded corner in a column direction is greater than a length of the sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner in the column direction. 11. The touch sensor of claim 10, further comprising:
first sensing lines connected to the first sensing electrodes; and second sensing lines connected to the second sensing electrodes, wherein each first sensing electrode among the first sensing electrodes comprises N sub-electrodes, N being a positive integer greater than one, and wherein a J-th sub-electrode in the one of the adjacent first sensing electrodes and an (N-J+1)-th sub electrode in the another of the adjacent first sensing electrodes are electrically connected to each other via a first sensing line among the first sensing lines, J being a positive integer less than or equal to N. 12. The touch sensor of claim 10, wherein a portion of the sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner has a mesh structure and the other portion of the sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner has a plate structure. 13. The touch sensor of claim 10, wherein a portion of the second sensing electrode closest to the rounded corner has a mesh structure and the other portion of the sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner has a plate structure. 14. A display device comprising:
a display panel configured to display an image; and a touch sensor on the display panel, the touch sensor comprising:
a sensing region comprising a rounded corner; and
a non-sensing region outside the sensing region,
wherein the touch sensor further comprises:
first sensing electrodes arranged on the base in a first direction, wherein a first sensing electrode among the first sensing electrodes comprises sub-electrodes; and
second sensing electrodes arranged in the first direction and disposed adjacent to the first sensing electrodes in a second direction different from the first direction,
wherein a sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner among the sub-electrodes comprises a rounded edge, wherein a second sensing electrode closest to the rounded corner among the second sensing electrodes comprises a rounded edge, wherein the sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner and the second sensing electrode closest to the rounded corner are adjacent each other in the second direction, and wherein a length of the second sensing electrode closest to the rounded corner in the first direction is greater than a length of the sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner in the first direction. 15. The display device of claim 14, wherein sub-electrodes of one of adjacent first sensing electrodes among the first sensing electrodes are separated from one another and electrically connected to respective sub-electrodes of another of the adjacent first sensing electrodes. 16. The display device of claim 15, wherein an area of the sub-electrode comprising the rounded edge is less than respective areas of other sub-electrodes among the sub-electrodes. 17. The display device of claim 15, further comprising:
first sensing lines connected to the first sensing electrodes; and second sensing lines connected to the second sensing electrodes, wherein the first sensing electrode among the first sensing electrodes comprises N sub-electrodes, N being a positive integer greater than one, and wherein a J-th sub-electrode in the one of the adjacent first sensing electrodes and an (N-J+1)-th sub electrode in the another of the adjacent first sensing electrodes are electrically connected to each other via a first sensing line among the first sensing lines, J being a positive integer less than or equal to N. 18. The display device of claim 14, wherein a portion of the sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner has a mesh structure and the other portion of the sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner has a plate structure. 19. The display device of claim 14, wherein a portion of the second sensing electrode closest to the rounded corner has a mesh structure and the other portion of the sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner has a plate structure. | A touch sensor includes a base, first sensing electrode columns (FSECs), and second sensing electrode columns (SSECs). The base includes a sensing region (SR) including a rounded corner (RC), and a non-SR outside the SR. The FSECs extend in a direction on the base, each FSEC among the FSECs including first sensing electrodes (FSEs), each FSE among the FSEs including sub-electrodes. The SSECs are alternately disposed with the FSECs on the base, each SSEC among the SSECs including second sensing electrodes (SSEs). Sub-electrodes of one of adjacent FSEs among the FSEs are electrically connected to respective sub-electrodes of another of the adjacent FSEs. A sub-electrode closest to the RC among the sub-electrodes includes a rounded edge (RE) corresponding to the RC. A SSE closest to the RC among the SSEs includes a RE corresponding to the RC, and a protrusion part protruding toward the sub-electrode including the RE.1. A touch sensor comprising:
a base comprising:
a sensing region comprising a rounded corner; and
a non-sensing region outside the sensing region;
first sensing electrodes arranged on the base in a first direction, wherein a first sensing electrode among the first sensing electrodes comprises sub-electrodes; and second sensing electrodes arranged in the first direction and disposed adjacent to the first sensing electrodes in a second direction different from the first direction, wherein a sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner among the sub-electrodes comprises a rounded edge, wherein a second sensing electrode closest to the rounded corner among the second sensing electrodes comprises a rounded edge, wherein the sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner and the second sensing electrode closest to the rounded corner are adjacent each other in the second direction, and wherein a length of the second sensing electrode closest to the rounded corner in the first direction is greater than a length of the sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner in the first direction. 2. The touch sensor of claim 1, wherein sub-electrodes of one of adjacent first sensing electrodes among the first sensing electrodes are separated from one another and electrically connected to respective sub-electrodes of another of the adjacent first sensing electrodes. 3. The touch sensor of claim 2, wherein an area of the sub-electrode comprising the rounded edge is less than respective areas of other sub-electrodes among the sub-electrodes. 4. The touch sensor of claim 2, further comprising:
first sensing lines connected to the first sensing electrodes; and second sensing lines connected to the second sensing electrodes, wherein the first sensing electrode among the first sensing electrodes comprises N sub-electrodes, N being a positive integer greater than one, and wherein a J-th sub-electrode in the one of the adjacent first sensing electrodes and an (N-J+1)-th sub electrode in the another of the adjacent first sensing electrodes are electrically connected to each other via a first sensing line among the first sensing lines, J being a positive integer less than or equal to N. 5. The touch sensor of claim 2, wherein the first sensing electrodes and the second sensing electrodes are disposed on a same layer. 6. The touch sensor of claim 1, wherein a portion of the sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner has a mesh structure and the other portion of the sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner has a plate structure. 7. The touch sensor of claim 1, wherein a portion of the second sensing electrode closest to the rounded corner has a mesh structure and the other portion of the sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner has a plate structure. 8. The touch sensor of claim 2, the rounded edge of the sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner corresponds to at least a portion of the rounded corner. 9. The touch sensor of claim 2, the rounded edge of the second sensing electrode closest to the rounded corner corresponds to at least a portion of the rounded corner. 10. A touch sensor comprising:
a base comprising:
a sensing region comprising a rounded corner; and
a non-sensing region outside the sensing region;
first sensing electrode columns extending in a first direction on the base, each first sensing electrode column among the first sensing electrode columns comprising first sensing electrodes, wherein a first sensing electrode among the first sensing electrodes comprises sub-electrodes; and second sensing electrode columns alternately disposed with the first sensing electrode columns on the base, wherein a second sensing electrode column among the second sensing electrode columns comprises second sensing electrodes, wherein sub-electrodes of one of adjacent first sensing electrodes among the first sensing electrodes are separated from one another and electrically connected to respective sub-electrodes of another of the adjacent first sensing electrodes, wherein a sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner among the sub-electrodes comprises a rounded edge corresponding to the rounded corner, wherein a second sensing electrode closest to the rounded corner among the second sensing electrodes comprises a rounded edge corresponding to the rounded corner, wherein the sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner and the second sensing electrode closest to the rounded corner are adjacent each other in a row direction, and wherein a length of the second sensing electrode closest to the rounded corner in a column direction is greater than a length of the sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner in the column direction. 11. The touch sensor of claim 10, further comprising:
first sensing lines connected to the first sensing electrodes; and second sensing lines connected to the second sensing electrodes, wherein each first sensing electrode among the first sensing electrodes comprises N sub-electrodes, N being a positive integer greater than one, and wherein a J-th sub-electrode in the one of the adjacent first sensing electrodes and an (N-J+1)-th sub electrode in the another of the adjacent first sensing electrodes are electrically connected to each other via a first sensing line among the first sensing lines, J being a positive integer less than or equal to N. 12. The touch sensor of claim 10, wherein a portion of the sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner has a mesh structure and the other portion of the sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner has a plate structure. 13. The touch sensor of claim 10, wherein a portion of the second sensing electrode closest to the rounded corner has a mesh structure and the other portion of the sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner has a plate structure. 14. A display device comprising:
a display panel configured to display an image; and a touch sensor on the display panel, the touch sensor comprising:
a sensing region comprising a rounded corner; and
a non-sensing region outside the sensing region,
wherein the touch sensor further comprises:
first sensing electrodes arranged on the base in a first direction, wherein a first sensing electrode among the first sensing electrodes comprises sub-electrodes; and
second sensing electrodes arranged in the first direction and disposed adjacent to the first sensing electrodes in a second direction different from the first direction,
wherein a sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner among the sub-electrodes comprises a rounded edge, wherein a second sensing electrode closest to the rounded corner among the second sensing electrodes comprises a rounded edge, wherein the sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner and the second sensing electrode closest to the rounded corner are adjacent each other in the second direction, and wherein a length of the second sensing electrode closest to the rounded corner in the first direction is greater than a length of the sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner in the first direction. 15. The display device of claim 14, wherein sub-electrodes of one of adjacent first sensing electrodes among the first sensing electrodes are separated from one another and electrically connected to respective sub-electrodes of another of the adjacent first sensing electrodes. 16. The display device of claim 15, wherein an area of the sub-electrode comprising the rounded edge is less than respective areas of other sub-electrodes among the sub-electrodes. 17. The display device of claim 15, further comprising:
first sensing lines connected to the first sensing electrodes; and second sensing lines connected to the second sensing electrodes, wherein the first sensing electrode among the first sensing electrodes comprises N sub-electrodes, N being a positive integer greater than one, and wherein a J-th sub-electrode in the one of the adjacent first sensing electrodes and an (N-J+1)-th sub electrode in the another of the adjacent first sensing electrodes are electrically connected to each other via a first sensing line among the first sensing lines, J being a positive integer less than or equal to N. 18. The display device of claim 14, wherein a portion of the sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner has a mesh structure and the other portion of the sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner has a plate structure. 19. The display device of claim 14, wherein a portion of the second sensing electrode closest to the rounded corner has a mesh structure and the other portion of the sub-electrode closest to the rounded corner has a plate structure. | 2,800 |
348,867 | 16,806,375 | 2,852 | Systems and methods for operating a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) are described. In an example, a device can receive a digital input. The device can generate a clock signal having frequency in radio frequency (RF) range. The device can combine the digital input with the clock signal to generate a first voltage signal. The device can convert the first voltage signal into a second voltage signal having at least two phases. The device can convert the second voltage signal into a current signal. The device can distribute the current signal to at least one current mode DAC. | 1. A device comprising:
at least one current mode digital-to-analog converter (DAC); a signal generator configured to generate a first voltage signal having frequency in radio frequency (RF) range; a frequency divider coupled to the signal generator, the frequency divider being configured to convert the first voltage signal into a second voltage signal having at least two phases; and a buffer coupled to the frequency divider, the buffer being configured to:
convert the second voltage signal into a current signal; and
distribute the current signal to the at least one DAC. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the buffer is a cascode type buffer. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein the frequency divider is one of:
an injection locked frequency divider, and a low voltage current mode logic (CML) divider. 4. The device of claim 1, wherein the at least two phases are orthogonal. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein the at least one DAC is coupled to a plurality of non-volatile memory (NVM) elements. 6. The device of claim 5, wherein the NVM elements are magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM) elements. 7. The device of claim 1, wherein the signal generator comprises an oscillator configured to generate a clock signal, the signal generator is configured to receive a digital input, and the signal generator is configured to combine the digital input with the clock signal to generate the first voltage signal. 8. The device of claim 1, wherein:
the buffer comprises a first transformer, and the buffer is configured to convert the current signal into a single end signal using the first transformer; and the at least one DAC comprises a second transformer configured to receive the single end signal from the buffer, and the second transformer is further configured to convert the single end signal into a differential signal having the at least two phases. 9. A system comprising:
a plurality of first devices; a second device comprising:
at least one current mode digital-to-analog converter (DAC);
a signal generator configured to generate a first voltage signal having frequency in radio frequency (RF) range;
a frequency divider coupled to the signal generator, the frequency divider being configured to convert the first voltage signal into a second voltage signal having at least two phases; and
a buffer coupled to the frequency divider, the buffer being configured to:
convert the second voltage signal into a current signal; and
distribute the current signal to the at least one DAC;
the at least one DAC being configured to output the current signal to the plurality of first devices. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the buffer is a cascode type buffer. 11. The system of claim 9, wherein the frequency divider is one of:
an injection locked frequency divider, and a low voltage current mode logic (CML) divider. 12. The system of claim 9, wherein the at least two phases are orthogonal. 13. The system of claim 9, wherein the plurality of first devices is a plurality of non-volatile memory (NVM) elements. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the NVM elements are magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM) elements. 15. The system of claim 9, wherein the signal generator comprises an oscillator configured to generate a clock signal, the signal generator is configured to receive a digital input, and the signal generator is configured to combine the digital input with the clock signal to generate the first voltage signal. 16. The system of claim 9, wherein:
the buffer comprises a first transformer, and the buffer is configured to convert the current signal into a single end signal using the first transformer; and the at least one DAC comprises a second transformer configured to receive the single end signal from the buffer, and the second transformer is further configured to convert the single end signal into a differential signal having the at least two phases. 17. A method for operating a digital-to-analog converter (DAC), the method comprising:
receiving a digital input; generating a clock signal having frequency in radio frequency (RF) range; combining the digital input with the clock signal to generate a first voltage signal; converting the first voltage signal into a second voltage signal having at least two phases; converting the second voltage signal into a current signal; and distributing the current signal to at least one current mode DAC. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the at least two phases are orthogonal. 19. The method of claim 17, further comprising storing the current signal in at least one non-volatile memory (NVM) elements. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the at least one NVM elements are magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM) elements. | Systems and methods for operating a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) are described. In an example, a device can receive a digital input. The device can generate a clock signal having frequency in radio frequency (RF) range. The device can combine the digital input with the clock signal to generate a first voltage signal. The device can convert the first voltage signal into a second voltage signal having at least two phases. The device can convert the second voltage signal into a current signal. The device can distribute the current signal to at least one current mode DAC.1. A device comprising:
at least one current mode digital-to-analog converter (DAC); a signal generator configured to generate a first voltage signal having frequency in radio frequency (RF) range; a frequency divider coupled to the signal generator, the frequency divider being configured to convert the first voltage signal into a second voltage signal having at least two phases; and a buffer coupled to the frequency divider, the buffer being configured to:
convert the second voltage signal into a current signal; and
distribute the current signal to the at least one DAC. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the buffer is a cascode type buffer. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein the frequency divider is one of:
an injection locked frequency divider, and a low voltage current mode logic (CML) divider. 4. The device of claim 1, wherein the at least two phases are orthogonal. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein the at least one DAC is coupled to a plurality of non-volatile memory (NVM) elements. 6. The device of claim 5, wherein the NVM elements are magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM) elements. 7. The device of claim 1, wherein the signal generator comprises an oscillator configured to generate a clock signal, the signal generator is configured to receive a digital input, and the signal generator is configured to combine the digital input with the clock signal to generate the first voltage signal. 8. The device of claim 1, wherein:
the buffer comprises a first transformer, and the buffer is configured to convert the current signal into a single end signal using the first transformer; and the at least one DAC comprises a second transformer configured to receive the single end signal from the buffer, and the second transformer is further configured to convert the single end signal into a differential signal having the at least two phases. 9. A system comprising:
a plurality of first devices; a second device comprising:
at least one current mode digital-to-analog converter (DAC);
a signal generator configured to generate a first voltage signal having frequency in radio frequency (RF) range;
a frequency divider coupled to the signal generator, the frequency divider being configured to convert the first voltage signal into a second voltage signal having at least two phases; and
a buffer coupled to the frequency divider, the buffer being configured to:
convert the second voltage signal into a current signal; and
distribute the current signal to the at least one DAC;
the at least one DAC being configured to output the current signal to the plurality of first devices. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the buffer is a cascode type buffer. 11. The system of claim 9, wherein the frequency divider is one of:
an injection locked frequency divider, and a low voltage current mode logic (CML) divider. 12. The system of claim 9, wherein the at least two phases are orthogonal. 13. The system of claim 9, wherein the plurality of first devices is a plurality of non-volatile memory (NVM) elements. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the NVM elements are magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM) elements. 15. The system of claim 9, wherein the signal generator comprises an oscillator configured to generate a clock signal, the signal generator is configured to receive a digital input, and the signal generator is configured to combine the digital input with the clock signal to generate the first voltage signal. 16. The system of claim 9, wherein:
the buffer comprises a first transformer, and the buffer is configured to convert the current signal into a single end signal using the first transformer; and the at least one DAC comprises a second transformer configured to receive the single end signal from the buffer, and the second transformer is further configured to convert the single end signal into a differential signal having the at least two phases. 17. A method for operating a digital-to-analog converter (DAC), the method comprising:
receiving a digital input; generating a clock signal having frequency in radio frequency (RF) range; combining the digital input with the clock signal to generate a first voltage signal; converting the first voltage signal into a second voltage signal having at least two phases; converting the second voltage signal into a current signal; and distributing the current signal to at least one current mode DAC. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the at least two phases are orthogonal. 19. The method of claim 17, further comprising storing the current signal in at least one non-volatile memory (NVM) elements. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the at least one NVM elements are magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM) elements. | 2,800 |
348,868 | 16,806,374 | 2,852 | The present invention describes novel tumor-specific phosphorylated peptides, nucleic acids encoding those peptides, and antibodies generated against said peptides. The genes, peptides, and antibodies described herein may be used as diagnostic indicators of the presence of breast cancer and/or used in therapeutics to treat breast cancer. | 1-20. (canceled) 21. A composition comprising a peptide mimetic of a phosphopeptide, the phosphopeptide having a length of 10 to 30 amino acids and comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of:
SEQ ID NO: 132; SEQ ID NO: 132 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 71 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 72 wherein the serine at the eighth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 73 wherein the serine at the sixth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 75 wherein the serine at the sixth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 76 wherein the serine at the eighth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 78 wherein the serine at the sixth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 79 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 80 wherein the threonine at the third position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 84 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 87 wherein the serine at the eighth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 93 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 94 wherein the serine at the fifth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 97 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 99 wherein the serine at the sixth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 100 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 101 wherein the serine at the sixth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 102 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 104 wherein the serine at the sixth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 105 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 110 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 112 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 113 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 114 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 115 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 117 wherein the serine at the sixth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 118 wherein the serine at the tenth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 120 wherein the threonine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 126 wherein the serine at the sixth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 127 wherein the serine at the sixth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 135 wherein the serine at the sixth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 140 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 143 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 145 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 146 wherein the tyrosine at the fifth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 149 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 151 wherein the serine at the eighth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 153 wherein the serine at the seventh position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 154 wherein the serine at the fifth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 160 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 161 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 162 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated and the serine at the eighth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 163 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 166 wherein the serine at the seventh position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 167 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 168 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 169 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; and SEQ ID NO: 170 wherein the serine at the seventh position is phosphorylated. 22. The composition of claim 21, further comprising an adjuvant. 23. The composition of claim 22, wherein the adjuvant is selected from the group consisting of complete Freund's adjuvant, incomplete Freund's adjuvant, aluminum hydroxide, lysolecithin, pluronic polyols, dinitrophenol, bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), and Corynebacterium parvum, or combinations thereof. 24. The composition of claim 21, wherein said composition has the ability to stimulate a T cell mediated immune response to at least one of said peptide mimetics of a phosphopeptide. 25. The composition of claim 21, comprising a peptide mimetic of a phosphopeptide capable of binding to the HLA-B*0702 allele on the MHC class I molecule. 26. A method of inducing an immunogenic response comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the composition of claim 21. 27. A method of treating cancer comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the composition of claim 21. 28. A method of treating breast cancer comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the composition of claim 21. 29. A method for making a cancer vaccine comprising combining the composition of claim 21 with an adjuvant. | The present invention describes novel tumor-specific phosphorylated peptides, nucleic acids encoding those peptides, and antibodies generated against said peptides. The genes, peptides, and antibodies described herein may be used as diagnostic indicators of the presence of breast cancer and/or used in therapeutics to treat breast cancer.1-20. (canceled) 21. A composition comprising a peptide mimetic of a phosphopeptide, the phosphopeptide having a length of 10 to 30 amino acids and comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of:
SEQ ID NO: 132; SEQ ID NO: 132 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 71 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 72 wherein the serine at the eighth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 73 wherein the serine at the sixth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 75 wherein the serine at the sixth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 76 wherein the serine at the eighth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 78 wherein the serine at the sixth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 79 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 80 wherein the threonine at the third position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 84 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 87 wherein the serine at the eighth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 93 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 94 wherein the serine at the fifth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 97 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 99 wherein the serine at the sixth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 100 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 101 wherein the serine at the sixth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 102 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 104 wherein the serine at the sixth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 105 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 110 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 112 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 113 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 114 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 115 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 117 wherein the serine at the sixth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 118 wherein the serine at the tenth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 120 wherein the threonine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 126 wherein the serine at the sixth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 127 wherein the serine at the sixth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 135 wherein the serine at the sixth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 140 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 143 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 145 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 146 wherein the tyrosine at the fifth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 149 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 151 wherein the serine at the eighth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 153 wherein the serine at the seventh position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 154 wherein the serine at the fifth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 160 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 161 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 162 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated and the serine at the eighth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 163 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 166 wherein the serine at the seventh position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 167 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 168 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; SEQ ID NO: 169 wherein the serine at the fourth position is phosphorylated; and SEQ ID NO: 170 wherein the serine at the seventh position is phosphorylated. 22. The composition of claim 21, further comprising an adjuvant. 23. The composition of claim 22, wherein the adjuvant is selected from the group consisting of complete Freund's adjuvant, incomplete Freund's adjuvant, aluminum hydroxide, lysolecithin, pluronic polyols, dinitrophenol, bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), and Corynebacterium parvum, or combinations thereof. 24. The composition of claim 21, wherein said composition has the ability to stimulate a T cell mediated immune response to at least one of said peptide mimetics of a phosphopeptide. 25. The composition of claim 21, comprising a peptide mimetic of a phosphopeptide capable of binding to the HLA-B*0702 allele on the MHC class I molecule. 26. A method of inducing an immunogenic response comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the composition of claim 21. 27. A method of treating cancer comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the composition of claim 21. 28. A method of treating breast cancer comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the composition of claim 21. 29. A method for making a cancer vaccine comprising combining the composition of claim 21 with an adjuvant. | 2,800 |
348,869 | 16,806,404 | 1,653 | The presently disclosed subject matter provides a formulation for the use of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin and/or enzyme replacement therapy for the treatment of Fabry disease. | 1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising migalastat hydrochloride, magnesium stearate and pregelatinized starch. 2. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the migalastat hydrochloride, magnesium stearate and pregelatinized starch are formulated in a white, hard gelatin capsule. 3. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is a solid dosage form comprises about 75-80% migalastat hydrochloride, about 0.1-2% magnesium stearate and about 20-25% pregelatinized starch. 4. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is a capsule comprising about 76.5% migalastat hydrochloride, about 0.5% magnesium stearate and about 23% pregelatinized starch. 5. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises 150 mg of migalastat hydrochloride. 6. A pharmaceutical formulation comprising about 76.5% migalastat hydrochloride, about 0.5% magnesium stearate and about 23% pregelatinized starch, wherein the migalastat hydrochloride, magnesium stearate and pregelatinized starch are provided in a capsule and the capsule comprises about 150 mg of migalastat hydrochloride. 7. A method of treating Fabry disease, the method comprising administering the pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 to a patient in need thereof. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered as migalastat monotherapy. 9. The method of claim 7, further comprising co-administering Ξ±-Gal A enzyme replacement therapy. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the Ξ±-Gal A enzyme replacement therapy comprises agalsidase alpha or agalsidase beta. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is orally administered about 2 hour prior to the administration Ξ±-Gal A the enzyme replacement therapy. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the patient is administered 150 mg of migalastat hydrochloride every other day. 13. A method of treating Fabry disease, the method comprising administering the pharmaceutical composition of claim 6 to a patient in need thereof. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered as migalastat monotherapy. 15. The method of claim 13, further comprising co-administering Ξ±-Gal A enzyme replacement therapy. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the Ξ±-Gal A enzyme replacement therapy comprises agalsidase alpha or agalsidase beta. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is orally administered about 2 hour prior to the administration Ξ±-Gal A the enzyme replacement therapy. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the patient is administered the pharmaceutical composition every other day. | The presently disclosed subject matter provides a formulation for the use of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin and/or enzyme replacement therapy for the treatment of Fabry disease.1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising migalastat hydrochloride, magnesium stearate and pregelatinized starch. 2. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the migalastat hydrochloride, magnesium stearate and pregelatinized starch are formulated in a white, hard gelatin capsule. 3. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is a solid dosage form comprises about 75-80% migalastat hydrochloride, about 0.1-2% magnesium stearate and about 20-25% pregelatinized starch. 4. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is a capsule comprising about 76.5% migalastat hydrochloride, about 0.5% magnesium stearate and about 23% pregelatinized starch. 5. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises 150 mg of migalastat hydrochloride. 6. A pharmaceutical formulation comprising about 76.5% migalastat hydrochloride, about 0.5% magnesium stearate and about 23% pregelatinized starch, wherein the migalastat hydrochloride, magnesium stearate and pregelatinized starch are provided in a capsule and the capsule comprises about 150 mg of migalastat hydrochloride. 7. A method of treating Fabry disease, the method comprising administering the pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 to a patient in need thereof. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered as migalastat monotherapy. 9. The method of claim 7, further comprising co-administering Ξ±-Gal A enzyme replacement therapy. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the Ξ±-Gal A enzyme replacement therapy comprises agalsidase alpha or agalsidase beta. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is orally administered about 2 hour prior to the administration Ξ±-Gal A the enzyme replacement therapy. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the patient is administered 150 mg of migalastat hydrochloride every other day. 13. A method of treating Fabry disease, the method comprising administering the pharmaceutical composition of claim 6 to a patient in need thereof. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered as migalastat monotherapy. 15. The method of claim 13, further comprising co-administering Ξ±-Gal A enzyme replacement therapy. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the Ξ±-Gal A enzyme replacement therapy comprises agalsidase alpha or agalsidase beta. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is orally administered about 2 hour prior to the administration Ξ±-Gal A the enzyme replacement therapy. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the patient is administered the pharmaceutical composition every other day. | 1,600 |
348,870 | 16,806,388 | 1,653 | To reduce wasteful memory consumption as compared with prior art in the case of a greater number of machine configuration trees subjected to switching by a numerical control device. A control system for an industrial machine including a machine configuration editing device and a machine configuration management device is configured to represent a machine configuration to be controlled in a graph-like machine configuration tree having constituent elements as nodes. The machine configuration editing device acquires machine configuration data for generating the machine configuration tree. The machine configuration management device includes a machine configuration tree generation portion configured to generate a plurality of the machine configuration trees on the basis of the machine configuration data and a node information change portion configured to generate a single machine configuration tree having a branch node set at a position corresponding to a boundary between common nodes and different nodes in the plurality of machine configuration trees and having the different nodes in the plurality of machine configuration trees so as to branch from the branch node toward tips. | 1. A control system for an industrial machine, the control system comprising a machine configuration editing device and a machine configuration management device, and the control system configured to represent a machine configuration to be controlled in a graph-like machine configuration tree having constituent elements as nodes, wherein
the machine configuration editing device acquires machine configuration data for generating the machine configuration tree, and wherein the machine configuration management device includes: a machine configuration tree generation portion configured to generate a plurality of the machine configuration trees on a basis of the machine configuration data; and a node information change portion configured to generate a single machine configuration tree having a branch node set at a position corresponding to a boundary between common nodes and different nodes in the plurality of machine configuration trees, and having the different nodes in the plurality of machine configuration trees so as to branch from the branch node toward tips. 2. The control system according to claim 1, wherein
the machine configuration editing device includes: a machine configuration data input portion configured to input the machine configuration data corresponding to any one machine configuration tree in the plurality of machine configuration trees; and a change data input portion configured to input change data corresponding to a machine configuration different from the one machine configuration tree, in each of the plurality of machine configuration trees. 3. The control system according to claim 1, the control system further comprising a branch node generation device, wherein
the branch node generation device includes: a machine configuration tree difference determination portion configured to simultaneously search the plurality of machine configuration trees for the nodes from root nodes to determine the different nodes; a branch node generation portion configured to generate the branch node to be set between the common nodes and the different nodes; and a branch node output portion configured to output the generated branch node to the node information change portion. 4. The control system according to claim 3, wherein
the node information change portion sets the branch nodes in multiple stages. 5. The control system according to claim 1, the control system further comprising a numerical control device and a branch command control device, wherein
the numerical control device includes: a conditional branch command portion configured to output a branch command for specifying a node to be selected as a succeeding node at the branch node, and wherein the branch command control device includes: a branch node selection portion configured to select a node from the machine configuration trees input by the machine configuration management device on a basis of the branch command; and a machine configuration extraction portion configured to partially extract a machine configuration from the machine configuration trees on a basis of the selected node. 6. The control system according to claim 5, wherein
a tool node corresponding to a tool is set at the tip of the branch node, information related to a type of the tool and information related to a tool length compensation amount of the tool are inserted into the tool node, and wherein one tool is selected from a plurality of the tools on the basis of the branch command, and the tool length compensation amount is changed. 7. The control system according to claim 5, wherein
the branch command control device includes: a pattern information generation portion configured to generate pattern information covering the plurality of machine configuration trees in all patterns; and a machine configuration determination portion configured to collate the branch command with the pattern information to determine whether or not the branch command corresponds to a pattern included in the pattern information, and wherein the numerical control device includes: an alarm portion configured to issue an alarm when the branch command does not correspond to any pattern included in the pattern information. 8. The control system according to claim 1, the control system further comprising a machine configuration display device, wherein
the machine configuration editing device includes: a machine configuration pattern change portion configured to output, to the node information change portion, a change command for switching display by the machine configuration display device between the machine configuration tree including the branch node and the plurality of machine configuration trees not including any branch node but corresponding to the machine configuration tree; and a machine configuration reconstruction portion configured to reconstruct the machine configuration trees in all patterns not including any branch node on a basis of the machine configuration tree including the branch node input by the machine configuration management device, and wherein the machine configuration display device includes: a single machine configuration display portion configured to display the machine configuration tree including the branch node input by the machine configuration management device; and a plural machine configuration groups display portion configured to display the machine configuration trees not including any branch node in all the patterns, input by the machine configuration reconstruction portion. | To reduce wasteful memory consumption as compared with prior art in the case of a greater number of machine configuration trees subjected to switching by a numerical control device. A control system for an industrial machine including a machine configuration editing device and a machine configuration management device is configured to represent a machine configuration to be controlled in a graph-like machine configuration tree having constituent elements as nodes. The machine configuration editing device acquires machine configuration data for generating the machine configuration tree. The machine configuration management device includes a machine configuration tree generation portion configured to generate a plurality of the machine configuration trees on the basis of the machine configuration data and a node information change portion configured to generate a single machine configuration tree having a branch node set at a position corresponding to a boundary between common nodes and different nodes in the plurality of machine configuration trees and having the different nodes in the plurality of machine configuration trees so as to branch from the branch node toward tips.1. A control system for an industrial machine, the control system comprising a machine configuration editing device and a machine configuration management device, and the control system configured to represent a machine configuration to be controlled in a graph-like machine configuration tree having constituent elements as nodes, wherein
the machine configuration editing device acquires machine configuration data for generating the machine configuration tree, and wherein the machine configuration management device includes: a machine configuration tree generation portion configured to generate a plurality of the machine configuration trees on a basis of the machine configuration data; and a node information change portion configured to generate a single machine configuration tree having a branch node set at a position corresponding to a boundary between common nodes and different nodes in the plurality of machine configuration trees, and having the different nodes in the plurality of machine configuration trees so as to branch from the branch node toward tips. 2. The control system according to claim 1, wherein
the machine configuration editing device includes: a machine configuration data input portion configured to input the machine configuration data corresponding to any one machine configuration tree in the plurality of machine configuration trees; and a change data input portion configured to input change data corresponding to a machine configuration different from the one machine configuration tree, in each of the plurality of machine configuration trees. 3. The control system according to claim 1, the control system further comprising a branch node generation device, wherein
the branch node generation device includes: a machine configuration tree difference determination portion configured to simultaneously search the plurality of machine configuration trees for the nodes from root nodes to determine the different nodes; a branch node generation portion configured to generate the branch node to be set between the common nodes and the different nodes; and a branch node output portion configured to output the generated branch node to the node information change portion. 4. The control system according to claim 3, wherein
the node information change portion sets the branch nodes in multiple stages. 5. The control system according to claim 1, the control system further comprising a numerical control device and a branch command control device, wherein
the numerical control device includes: a conditional branch command portion configured to output a branch command for specifying a node to be selected as a succeeding node at the branch node, and wherein the branch command control device includes: a branch node selection portion configured to select a node from the machine configuration trees input by the machine configuration management device on a basis of the branch command; and a machine configuration extraction portion configured to partially extract a machine configuration from the machine configuration trees on a basis of the selected node. 6. The control system according to claim 5, wherein
a tool node corresponding to a tool is set at the tip of the branch node, information related to a type of the tool and information related to a tool length compensation amount of the tool are inserted into the tool node, and wherein one tool is selected from a plurality of the tools on the basis of the branch command, and the tool length compensation amount is changed. 7. The control system according to claim 5, wherein
the branch command control device includes: a pattern information generation portion configured to generate pattern information covering the plurality of machine configuration trees in all patterns; and a machine configuration determination portion configured to collate the branch command with the pattern information to determine whether or not the branch command corresponds to a pattern included in the pattern information, and wherein the numerical control device includes: an alarm portion configured to issue an alarm when the branch command does not correspond to any pattern included in the pattern information. 8. The control system according to claim 1, the control system further comprising a machine configuration display device, wherein
the machine configuration editing device includes: a machine configuration pattern change portion configured to output, to the node information change portion, a change command for switching display by the machine configuration display device between the machine configuration tree including the branch node and the plurality of machine configuration trees not including any branch node but corresponding to the machine configuration tree; and a machine configuration reconstruction portion configured to reconstruct the machine configuration trees in all patterns not including any branch node on a basis of the machine configuration tree including the branch node input by the machine configuration management device, and wherein the machine configuration display device includes: a single machine configuration display portion configured to display the machine configuration tree including the branch node input by the machine configuration management device; and a plural machine configuration groups display portion configured to display the machine configuration trees not including any branch node in all the patterns, input by the machine configuration reconstruction portion. | 1,600 |
348,871 | 16,806,369 | 1,653 | Systems and methods are disclosed for clients and servers operating in a scaled cluster environment. Efficiencies are introduced to the process of connecting a client to a clustered environment by providing the client with the ability to attempt a connection with multiple servers in parallel. Servers operating the in the clustered environment are also capable of providing persistent storage of file handles and other state information. Ownership of the state information and persistent handles may be transferred between servers, thereby providing clients with the opportunity to move from one server to another while maintaining access to resources in the clustered environment. | 1-20. (canceled) 21. A method for establishing a session with a clustered server environment, the method comprising:
receiving, at a client, a plurality of addresses, wherein each address of the plurality of addresses identifies a server in the clustered server environment; sending, from the client, a first request to connect to a first server identified by a first address of the plurality of addresses; prior to connecting to the first server, sending, from the client, a second request to connect to a second server identified by a second address of the plurality of addresses, wherein the second server is different from the first server; receiving, from the second server in response to the second request, a first indication of success; and based on the first indication of success, connecting to the second server. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
receiving, from the first server in response to the first request, a second indication of success comprising a first load indication for the first server. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the first indication of success comprises a second load indication for the second server and further comprising:
comparing the first load indication and the second load indication to determine the second server has a lighter load than the first server. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the first address and the second address are randomly selected from the plurality of addresses. 25. The method of claim 21, wherein the second request is sent a predetermined period of time after sending the first request. 26. The method of claim 21, wherein the plurality of addresses are received from a name resolution service. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the name resolution service comprises a domain name system server. 28. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
losing connection with the second server; sending a reconnection request to the second server; and reconnecting to the second server. 29. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
receiving a status message from the second server related to server performance; and in response to receiving the status message, sending, from the client, a new connection request to at least a third server, wherein the third server is part of the clustered environment; connecting to the third server; and providing, to the third server, a session identifier indicating a previously established session with the second server. 30. A computer memory encoding computer-executable instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform a set of operations for establishing a session with a clustered server environment, the set of operations comprising:
receiving a plurality of addresses, wherein each address identifies a server in the clustered server environment; sending a first request to connect to a first server identified by a first address of the plurality of addresses; prior to connecting to the first server, sending a second request to connect to a second server identified by a second address of the plurality of addresses, wherein the second server is different from the first server; receiving, from the first server in response to the first request, a first indication of success; receiving, from the second server in response to the second request, a second indication of success; determining, based at least in part on the first indication and the second indication, to connect to the second server; and connecting to the second server instead of the first server. 31. The computer memory of claim 30, wherein:
the first indication of success comprises a first load indication for the first server; the second indication of success comprises a second load indication for the second server; and determining to connect to the second server comprises comparing the first load indication and the second load indication to determine the second server has a lighter load than the first server. 32. The computer memory of claim 30, wherein the second request is sent a predetermined period of time after sending the first request. 33. The computer memory of claim 30, wherein the set of operations further comprises:
receiving a status message from the second server related to server performance; and in response to receiving the status message, sending a new connection request to at least a third server, wherein the third server is part of the clustered environment; connecting to the third server; and providing, to the third server, a session identifier indicating a previously established session with the second server. 34. A system comprising:
at least one processor; and memory, operatively connected to the at least one processor and storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the system to perform a set of operations, the set of operations comprising:
receiving, at a client, a plurality of addresses, wherein each address of the plurality of addresses identifies a server in the clustered server environment;
sending, from the client, a first request to connect to a first server identified by a first address of the plurality of addresses;
prior to connecting to the first server, sending, from the client, a second request to connect to a second server identified by a second address of the plurality of addresses, wherein the second server is different from the first server;
receiving, from the second server in response to the second request, a first indication of success; and
based on the first indication of success, connecting to the second server. 35. The system of claim 34, wherein the set of operations further comprises:
receiving, from the first server in response to the first request, a second indication of success comprising a first load indication for the first server. 36. The system of claim 35, wherein the first indication of success comprises a second load indication for the second server and the set of operations further comprises:
comparing the first load indication and the second load indication to determine the second server has a lighter load than the first server. 37. The system of claim 34, wherein the first address and the second address are randomly selected from the plurality of addresses. 38. The system of claim 34, wherein the second request is sent a predetermined period of time after sending the first request. 39. The system of claim 34, wherein the plurality of addresses are received from a domain name system server. 40. The system of claim 34, wherein the set of operations further comprises:
receiving a status message from the second server related to server performance; and in response to receiving the status message, sending, from the client, a new connection request to at least a third server, wherein the third server is part of the clustered environment; connecting to the third server; and providing, to the third server, a session identifier indicating a previously established session with the second server. | Systems and methods are disclosed for clients and servers operating in a scaled cluster environment. Efficiencies are introduced to the process of connecting a client to a clustered environment by providing the client with the ability to attempt a connection with multiple servers in parallel. Servers operating the in the clustered environment are also capable of providing persistent storage of file handles and other state information. Ownership of the state information and persistent handles may be transferred between servers, thereby providing clients with the opportunity to move from one server to another while maintaining access to resources in the clustered environment.1-20. (canceled) 21. A method for establishing a session with a clustered server environment, the method comprising:
receiving, at a client, a plurality of addresses, wherein each address of the plurality of addresses identifies a server in the clustered server environment; sending, from the client, a first request to connect to a first server identified by a first address of the plurality of addresses; prior to connecting to the first server, sending, from the client, a second request to connect to a second server identified by a second address of the plurality of addresses, wherein the second server is different from the first server; receiving, from the second server in response to the second request, a first indication of success; and based on the first indication of success, connecting to the second server. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
receiving, from the first server in response to the first request, a second indication of success comprising a first load indication for the first server. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the first indication of success comprises a second load indication for the second server and further comprising:
comparing the first load indication and the second load indication to determine the second server has a lighter load than the first server. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the first address and the second address are randomly selected from the plurality of addresses. 25. The method of claim 21, wherein the second request is sent a predetermined period of time after sending the first request. 26. The method of claim 21, wherein the plurality of addresses are received from a name resolution service. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the name resolution service comprises a domain name system server. 28. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
losing connection with the second server; sending a reconnection request to the second server; and reconnecting to the second server. 29. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
receiving a status message from the second server related to server performance; and in response to receiving the status message, sending, from the client, a new connection request to at least a third server, wherein the third server is part of the clustered environment; connecting to the third server; and providing, to the third server, a session identifier indicating a previously established session with the second server. 30. A computer memory encoding computer-executable instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform a set of operations for establishing a session with a clustered server environment, the set of operations comprising:
receiving a plurality of addresses, wherein each address identifies a server in the clustered server environment; sending a first request to connect to a first server identified by a first address of the plurality of addresses; prior to connecting to the first server, sending a second request to connect to a second server identified by a second address of the plurality of addresses, wherein the second server is different from the first server; receiving, from the first server in response to the first request, a first indication of success; receiving, from the second server in response to the second request, a second indication of success; determining, based at least in part on the first indication and the second indication, to connect to the second server; and connecting to the second server instead of the first server. 31. The computer memory of claim 30, wherein:
the first indication of success comprises a first load indication for the first server; the second indication of success comprises a second load indication for the second server; and determining to connect to the second server comprises comparing the first load indication and the second load indication to determine the second server has a lighter load than the first server. 32. The computer memory of claim 30, wherein the second request is sent a predetermined period of time after sending the first request. 33. The computer memory of claim 30, wherein the set of operations further comprises:
receiving a status message from the second server related to server performance; and in response to receiving the status message, sending a new connection request to at least a third server, wherein the third server is part of the clustered environment; connecting to the third server; and providing, to the third server, a session identifier indicating a previously established session with the second server. 34. A system comprising:
at least one processor; and memory, operatively connected to the at least one processor and storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the system to perform a set of operations, the set of operations comprising:
receiving, at a client, a plurality of addresses, wherein each address of the plurality of addresses identifies a server in the clustered server environment;
sending, from the client, a first request to connect to a first server identified by a first address of the plurality of addresses;
prior to connecting to the first server, sending, from the client, a second request to connect to a second server identified by a second address of the plurality of addresses, wherein the second server is different from the first server;
receiving, from the second server in response to the second request, a first indication of success; and
based on the first indication of success, connecting to the second server. 35. The system of claim 34, wherein the set of operations further comprises:
receiving, from the first server in response to the first request, a second indication of success comprising a first load indication for the first server. 36. The system of claim 35, wherein the first indication of success comprises a second load indication for the second server and the set of operations further comprises:
comparing the first load indication and the second load indication to determine the second server has a lighter load than the first server. 37. The system of claim 34, wherein the first address and the second address are randomly selected from the plurality of addresses. 38. The system of claim 34, wherein the second request is sent a predetermined period of time after sending the first request. 39. The system of claim 34, wherein the plurality of addresses are received from a domain name system server. 40. The system of claim 34, wherein the set of operations further comprises:
receiving a status message from the second server related to server performance; and in response to receiving the status message, sending, from the client, a new connection request to at least a third server, wherein the third server is part of the clustered environment; connecting to the third server; and providing, to the third server, a session identifier indicating a previously established session with the second server. | 1,600 |
348,872 | 16,806,377 | 1,653 | Systems, methods, and computer-readable media for generating counterexamples for equivalence failures between models of network intents. A listing of conflict rules corresponding to an equivalence failure between at least first and seconds model of networks intents describing the operation and communication of network devices in a network is obtained. A logical exclusive disjunction between first conflict rules from the first model and corresponding second conflict rules from the second model is calculated. One or more counterexamples corresponding to the equivalence failure are generated based at least in part on the logical exclusive disjunction, such that a given counterexample comprises network and packet conditions that cause the first conflict rules to trigger a first action and cause the second conflict rules to trigger a second action that is different from the first action. Hot fields that are more likely to be associated with the equivalence failure are identified in the counterexample. | 1. A computerized method comprising:
obtaining a listing of conflict rules corresponding to & failure between a first model and a second model; generating one or more counterexamples corresponding to the failure, the one or more counterexamples including a plurality of fields; and identifying an association between the failure and one or more of the plurality of fields relative to any other ones of the plurality of fields. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the listing of conflict rules includes a first listing corresponding to a first model of network intents and a second listing corresponding to a second model of network intents. 3. The method of claim 1,
wherein,
the listing of conflict rules includes one or more first conflict rules from a first model of network intents and one or more second conflict rules from a second model of network intents,
the one or more first conflict rules and the one or more second conflict rules includes at least one conflict rule pair;
the at least one conflict rule pair includes one or more first conflict rules corresponding to the first model of network intents and one or more second conflict rules corresponding the second model of network intents, and
the one or more first conflict rules and the one or more second conflict rules are associated with a same underlying network intent. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
obtaining a truncation parameter specifying a maximum number of the one or more counterexamples to be generated, such that a logical exclusive disjunction is not calculated in full. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the truncation parameter is calculated based on one or more characteristics of the logical exclusive disjunction. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
generating suggested fixes for the one or more counterexamples and hot fields, the suggested fixes configured to cause a logical exclusive disjunction to become zero when the suggested fixes are implemented. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein one or more of the first and second models is specific to network intents corresponding to a Permit, Permit_Log, Deny, or Deny_Log action. 8. A system comprising:
one or more processors; and at least one computer-readable storage medium having stored therein instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the system to:
obtain a listing of conflict rules corresponding to -a failure between a first model and a second model;
generate one or more counterexamples corresponding to the failure including a plurality of fields; and
identify an association between the failure and one or more of the plurality of fields relative to any other ones of the plurality of fields. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the listing of conflict rules includes a first listing corresponding to a first model of network intents and a second listing corresponding to a second model of network intents. 10. The system of claim 8,
wherein,
the listing of conflict rules includes one or more first conflict rules from a first model of network intents and one or more second conflict rules from a second model of network intents,
the one or more first conflict rules and the one or more second conflict rules includes at least one conflict rule pair;
the at least one conflict rule pair includes one or more first conflict rules corresponding to the first model of network intents and one or more second conflict rules corresponding the second model of network intents, and
the one or more first conflict rules and the one or more second conflict rules are associated with a same underlying network intent. 11. The system of claim 8, wherein the instructions further cause the system to obtain a truncation parameter specifying a maximum number of the one or more counterexamples to be generated, such that a logical exclusive disjunction is not calculated in full. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the truncation parameter is calculated based on one or more characteristics of the logical exclusive disjunction. 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the instructions further cause the system to generate suggested fixes configured to cause the logical exclusive disjunction to become zero when the suggested fixes are implemented. 14. The system of claim 11, wherein one or more of the first and second models is specific to network intents corresponding to a Permit, Permit_Log, Deny, or Deny_Log action. 15. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising:
instructions stored therein instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to:
obtain a listing of conflict rules corresponding to -a failure between a first model and a second model;
generate one or more counterexamples corresponding to the failure including a plurality of fields; and
identify an association between the failure and one or more of the plurality of fields relative to any other ones of the plurality of fields. 16. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the listing of conflict rules includes a first listing corresponding to a first model of network intents and a second listing corresponding to a second model of network intents. 17. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 15,
wherein,
the listing of conflict rules includes one or more first conflict rules from a first model of network intents and one or more second conflict rules from a second model of network intents,
the one or more first conflict rules and the one or more second conflict rules includes at least one conflict rule pair;
the at least one conflict rule pair includes one or more first conflict rules corresponding to the first model of network intents and one or more second conflict rules corresponding the second model of network intents, and
the one or more first conflict rules and the one or more second conflict rules are associated with a same underlying network intent. 18. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the instructions further cause the one or more processors to obtain a truncation parameter specifying a maximum number of the one or more counterexamples to be generated, such that a logical exclusive disjunction is not calculated in full. 19. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 18, wherein the truncation parameter is calculated based on one or more characteristics of the logical exclusive disjunction. 20. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 18, wherein the instructions further cause the one or more processors to generate suggested fixes configured to cause the logical exclusive disjunction to become zero when the suggested fixes are implemented. | Systems, methods, and computer-readable media for generating counterexamples for equivalence failures between models of network intents. A listing of conflict rules corresponding to an equivalence failure between at least first and seconds model of networks intents describing the operation and communication of network devices in a network is obtained. A logical exclusive disjunction between first conflict rules from the first model and corresponding second conflict rules from the second model is calculated. One or more counterexamples corresponding to the equivalence failure are generated based at least in part on the logical exclusive disjunction, such that a given counterexample comprises network and packet conditions that cause the first conflict rules to trigger a first action and cause the second conflict rules to trigger a second action that is different from the first action. Hot fields that are more likely to be associated with the equivalence failure are identified in the counterexample.1. A computerized method comprising:
obtaining a listing of conflict rules corresponding to & failure between a first model and a second model; generating one or more counterexamples corresponding to the failure, the one or more counterexamples including a plurality of fields; and identifying an association between the failure and one or more of the plurality of fields relative to any other ones of the plurality of fields. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the listing of conflict rules includes a first listing corresponding to a first model of network intents and a second listing corresponding to a second model of network intents. 3. The method of claim 1,
wherein,
the listing of conflict rules includes one or more first conflict rules from a first model of network intents and one or more second conflict rules from a second model of network intents,
the one or more first conflict rules and the one or more second conflict rules includes at least one conflict rule pair;
the at least one conflict rule pair includes one or more first conflict rules corresponding to the first model of network intents and one or more second conflict rules corresponding the second model of network intents, and
the one or more first conflict rules and the one or more second conflict rules are associated with a same underlying network intent. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
obtaining a truncation parameter specifying a maximum number of the one or more counterexamples to be generated, such that a logical exclusive disjunction is not calculated in full. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the truncation parameter is calculated based on one or more characteristics of the logical exclusive disjunction. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
generating suggested fixes for the one or more counterexamples and hot fields, the suggested fixes configured to cause a logical exclusive disjunction to become zero when the suggested fixes are implemented. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein one or more of the first and second models is specific to network intents corresponding to a Permit, Permit_Log, Deny, or Deny_Log action. 8. A system comprising:
one or more processors; and at least one computer-readable storage medium having stored therein instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the system to:
obtain a listing of conflict rules corresponding to -a failure between a first model and a second model;
generate one or more counterexamples corresponding to the failure including a plurality of fields; and
identify an association between the failure and one or more of the plurality of fields relative to any other ones of the plurality of fields. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the listing of conflict rules includes a first listing corresponding to a first model of network intents and a second listing corresponding to a second model of network intents. 10. The system of claim 8,
wherein,
the listing of conflict rules includes one or more first conflict rules from a first model of network intents and one or more second conflict rules from a second model of network intents,
the one or more first conflict rules and the one or more second conflict rules includes at least one conflict rule pair;
the at least one conflict rule pair includes one or more first conflict rules corresponding to the first model of network intents and one or more second conflict rules corresponding the second model of network intents, and
the one or more first conflict rules and the one or more second conflict rules are associated with a same underlying network intent. 11. The system of claim 8, wherein the instructions further cause the system to obtain a truncation parameter specifying a maximum number of the one or more counterexamples to be generated, such that a logical exclusive disjunction is not calculated in full. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the truncation parameter is calculated based on one or more characteristics of the logical exclusive disjunction. 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the instructions further cause the system to generate suggested fixes configured to cause the logical exclusive disjunction to become zero when the suggested fixes are implemented. 14. The system of claim 11, wherein one or more of the first and second models is specific to network intents corresponding to a Permit, Permit_Log, Deny, or Deny_Log action. 15. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising:
instructions stored therein instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to:
obtain a listing of conflict rules corresponding to -a failure between a first model and a second model;
generate one or more counterexamples corresponding to the failure including a plurality of fields; and
identify an association between the failure and one or more of the plurality of fields relative to any other ones of the plurality of fields. 16. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the listing of conflict rules includes a first listing corresponding to a first model of network intents and a second listing corresponding to a second model of network intents. 17. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 15,
wherein,
the listing of conflict rules includes one or more first conflict rules from a first model of network intents and one or more second conflict rules from a second model of network intents,
the one or more first conflict rules and the one or more second conflict rules includes at least one conflict rule pair;
the at least one conflict rule pair includes one or more first conflict rules corresponding to the first model of network intents and one or more second conflict rules corresponding the second model of network intents, and
the one or more first conflict rules and the one or more second conflict rules are associated with a same underlying network intent. 18. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the instructions further cause the one or more processors to obtain a truncation parameter specifying a maximum number of the one or more counterexamples to be generated, such that a logical exclusive disjunction is not calculated in full. 19. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 18, wherein the truncation parameter is calculated based on one or more characteristics of the logical exclusive disjunction. 20. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 18, wherein the instructions further cause the one or more processors to generate suggested fixes configured to cause the logical exclusive disjunction to become zero when the suggested fixes are implemented. | 1,600 |
348,873 | 16,806,382 | 1,653 | In a system, a motion estimating unit is configured to output supervising reference position values of the plurality of regions of the body of a person or the like at a correct answer reference time at which a time difference from a measurement time is the same as a time difference between the reference time and the estimation time based on learning sensor-measured values over the first time length before the measurement time of the learning sensor-measured values using the learning sensor-measured values measured while the person or the like is performing a predetermined motion by learning according to an algorithm of a machine learning model and the supervising reference position values of the plurality of regions of a person or the like at the time of measurement thereof. | 1. A system that estimates a motion of a person or the like, the system comprising:
a sensor that is attached to a trunk of the person or the like and measures a value varying with a motion of the person or the like as sensor-measured values in a time series; and a motion estimating unit configured to estimate estimated position values indicating positions at an estimation time of a plurality of predetermined regions of a body of the person or the like as the motion of the person or the like which is estimated at the estimation time using the sensor-measured values which are measured in a time series by the sensor over a first time length before a reference time, wherein the motion estimating unit is configured to learn in accordance with an algorithm of a machine learning model such that supervising reference position values of the plurality of predetermined regions of the body of the person or the like are output at a correct answer reference time at which a time difference from a learning sensor-measurement time in learning data is the same as a time difference of the estimation time from the reference time based on learning sensor-measured values over the first time length before the learning sensor-measurement time at which the learning sensor-measured values in the learning data have been measured using the learning sensor-measured values which are measured in a time series by the sensor while the person or the like is performing a predetermined motion and the supervising reference position values which are acquired when the learning sensor-measured values have been measured and indicate the positions of the plurality of predetermined regions of the body of the person or the like as the learning data, and to output the estimated position values of the plurality of predetermined regions of the body of the person or the like which are estimated at the estimation time based on the sensor-measured values which are measured in a time series by the sensor over the first time length before the reference time. 2. The system according to claim 1, wherein the estimation time is a time after a second time length has elapsed from the reference time. 3. The system according to claim 1, wherein the sensor is an acceleration sensor and the sensor-measured values are acceleration values. 4. The system according to claim 3, wherein the sensor-measured values are acceleration values in three different axis directions. 5. The system according to claim 1, wherein the sensor is attached to only one region of the trunk of the person or the like and the sensor-measured values are measured in the region to which the sensor is attached. 6. The system according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of predetermined regions of the body of the person or the like include a head, a spine, a right shoulder, a left shoulder, and a waist of the person or the like. 7. The system according to claim 6, wherein the plurality of predetermined regions of the body of the person or the like further include a right leg, a left leg, a right foot, and a left foot of the person or the like. 8. The system according to claim 7, wherein the plurality of predetermined regions of the body of the person or the like further include a right arm, a left arm, a right hand, and a left hand of the person or the like. 9. The system according to claim 1, wherein the supervising reference position values and the estimated position values are expressed by coordinate values in a coordinate space which is fixed to the person or the like. 10. The system according to claim 9, wherein the coordinate space which is fixed to the person or the like is set such that a lateral direction of the person or the like is parallel to a predetermined direction. 11. The system according to claim 9, wherein the supervising reference position values are values obtained by measuring supervising measured position values which are coordinate values in a position measurement space indicating the positions of the plurality of predetermined regions of the body of the person or the like while the person or the like is performing a predetermined motion using a position measuring unit configured to measure the coordinate values of the positions of the plurality of predetermined regions of the body of the person or the like in the position measurement space and performing a coordinate converting operation of converting the supervising measured position values from the position measurement space to the coordinate space fixed to the person or the like. 12. The system according to claim 11, wherein the supervising reference position values of the plurality of predetermined regions of the body of the person or the like are calculated in the coordinate converting operation by selecting the supervising measured position values of a pair of regions with a symmetric positional relationship of the person or the like at each time point of the learning data and performing a coordinate converting operation of matching a predetermined direction in the coordinate space fixed to the person or the like with an extending direction of a line connecting the selected supervising measured position values on the supervising measured position values of the plurality of predetermined regions of the body of the person or the like. 13. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a machine learning model parameter determining unit configured to determine parameters of a machine learning model in the motion estimating unit such that the motion estimating unit outputs the supervising reference position values of the plurality of predetermined regions of the body of the person or the like at the correct answer reference time in the learning data based on the learning sensor-measured values over the first time length before the learning sensor-measurement times at which the learning sensor-measured values in the learning data are measured,
wherein the motion estimating unit is configured to determine the estimated position values using the parameters. 14. The system according to claim 1, wherein the machine learning model is a neural network, and
wherein the motion estimating unit is configured to output the estimated position values of the person or the like at the estimation time when the sensor-measured values measured over the first time length before the reference time or features thereof are received as input data by machine learning of the neural network. 15. The system according to claim 1, further comprising an estimated motion display unit configured to display the estimated position values of the plurality of predetermined regions of the body of the person or the like at the estimation time which are output from the motion estimating unit. | In a system, a motion estimating unit is configured to output supervising reference position values of the plurality of regions of the body of a person or the like at a correct answer reference time at which a time difference from a measurement time is the same as a time difference between the reference time and the estimation time based on learning sensor-measured values over the first time length before the measurement time of the learning sensor-measured values using the learning sensor-measured values measured while the person or the like is performing a predetermined motion by learning according to an algorithm of a machine learning model and the supervising reference position values of the plurality of regions of a person or the like at the time of measurement thereof.1. A system that estimates a motion of a person or the like, the system comprising:
a sensor that is attached to a trunk of the person or the like and measures a value varying with a motion of the person or the like as sensor-measured values in a time series; and a motion estimating unit configured to estimate estimated position values indicating positions at an estimation time of a plurality of predetermined regions of a body of the person or the like as the motion of the person or the like which is estimated at the estimation time using the sensor-measured values which are measured in a time series by the sensor over a first time length before a reference time, wherein the motion estimating unit is configured to learn in accordance with an algorithm of a machine learning model such that supervising reference position values of the plurality of predetermined regions of the body of the person or the like are output at a correct answer reference time at which a time difference from a learning sensor-measurement time in learning data is the same as a time difference of the estimation time from the reference time based on learning sensor-measured values over the first time length before the learning sensor-measurement time at which the learning sensor-measured values in the learning data have been measured using the learning sensor-measured values which are measured in a time series by the sensor while the person or the like is performing a predetermined motion and the supervising reference position values which are acquired when the learning sensor-measured values have been measured and indicate the positions of the plurality of predetermined regions of the body of the person or the like as the learning data, and to output the estimated position values of the plurality of predetermined regions of the body of the person or the like which are estimated at the estimation time based on the sensor-measured values which are measured in a time series by the sensor over the first time length before the reference time. 2. The system according to claim 1, wherein the estimation time is a time after a second time length has elapsed from the reference time. 3. The system according to claim 1, wherein the sensor is an acceleration sensor and the sensor-measured values are acceleration values. 4. The system according to claim 3, wherein the sensor-measured values are acceleration values in three different axis directions. 5. The system according to claim 1, wherein the sensor is attached to only one region of the trunk of the person or the like and the sensor-measured values are measured in the region to which the sensor is attached. 6. The system according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of predetermined regions of the body of the person or the like include a head, a spine, a right shoulder, a left shoulder, and a waist of the person or the like. 7. The system according to claim 6, wherein the plurality of predetermined regions of the body of the person or the like further include a right leg, a left leg, a right foot, and a left foot of the person or the like. 8. The system according to claim 7, wherein the plurality of predetermined regions of the body of the person or the like further include a right arm, a left arm, a right hand, and a left hand of the person or the like. 9. The system according to claim 1, wherein the supervising reference position values and the estimated position values are expressed by coordinate values in a coordinate space which is fixed to the person or the like. 10. The system according to claim 9, wherein the coordinate space which is fixed to the person or the like is set such that a lateral direction of the person or the like is parallel to a predetermined direction. 11. The system according to claim 9, wherein the supervising reference position values are values obtained by measuring supervising measured position values which are coordinate values in a position measurement space indicating the positions of the plurality of predetermined regions of the body of the person or the like while the person or the like is performing a predetermined motion using a position measuring unit configured to measure the coordinate values of the positions of the plurality of predetermined regions of the body of the person or the like in the position measurement space and performing a coordinate converting operation of converting the supervising measured position values from the position measurement space to the coordinate space fixed to the person or the like. 12. The system according to claim 11, wherein the supervising reference position values of the plurality of predetermined regions of the body of the person or the like are calculated in the coordinate converting operation by selecting the supervising measured position values of a pair of regions with a symmetric positional relationship of the person or the like at each time point of the learning data and performing a coordinate converting operation of matching a predetermined direction in the coordinate space fixed to the person or the like with an extending direction of a line connecting the selected supervising measured position values on the supervising measured position values of the plurality of predetermined regions of the body of the person or the like. 13. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a machine learning model parameter determining unit configured to determine parameters of a machine learning model in the motion estimating unit such that the motion estimating unit outputs the supervising reference position values of the plurality of predetermined regions of the body of the person or the like at the correct answer reference time in the learning data based on the learning sensor-measured values over the first time length before the learning sensor-measurement times at which the learning sensor-measured values in the learning data are measured,
wherein the motion estimating unit is configured to determine the estimated position values using the parameters. 14. The system according to claim 1, wherein the machine learning model is a neural network, and
wherein the motion estimating unit is configured to output the estimated position values of the person or the like at the estimation time when the sensor-measured values measured over the first time length before the reference time or features thereof are received as input data by machine learning of the neural network. 15. The system according to claim 1, further comprising an estimated motion display unit configured to display the estimated position values of the plurality of predetermined regions of the body of the person or the like at the estimation time which are output from the motion estimating unit. | 1,600 |
348,874 | 16,806,430 | 2,437 | Methods, systems and computer readable media are disclosed for providing a quantum cipher based on phase inversion, A shared key is established between a first party and a second party. A Hadamard transformation is applied to a message intended for a second party from the first party to produce an equal superposition state. A key phase inversion is applied to the output of the Hadamard transformation. A multiple phase inversion transformation is applied to the output of the key phase inversion to produce an encrypted quantum state with a uniform probability and relative phase distributions. The result is sent to the second party. | 1. A method of providing a quantum cipher based on phase inversion, the method comprising:
establishing a shared key between a first party and a second party; applying a Hadamard transformation to a message intended for a second party from the first party to produce an equal superposition state;
applying a key phase inversion to the output of the Hadamard transformation;
applying a multiple phase inversion transformation to the output of the key phase inversion to produce an encrypted quantum state with a uniform probability and relative phase distributions; and
sending the result to the second party. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the applying a Hadamard transformation to a message intended for a second party from the first party to produce an equal superposition state, the applying a key phase inversion to the output of the Hadamard transformation, and the applying a multiple phase inversion to the output of the key phase inversion to produce an encrypted quantum state with a uniform probability and relative phase distributions are performed by a quantum computer. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the quantum cipher is used for communications between a UE and a core. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the Hadamard transformation is performed in accordance with the formula 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the key phase inversion is performed in accordance with the formula
Ξk =Iβ2|k><k|. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the multiple phase inversion transformation is performed in accordance with the formula
|Οc =Ξ₯ k,d|Οβ²c . 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising retrieving the message from the result, the retrieving comprising:
applying a multiple phase inversion transformation to the received message;
applying a key phase inversion to the output of the multiple phase inversion transformation; and
applying a Hadamard transformation to the result from the key phase inversion. 8. A system comprising:
a UE including a first quantum computing element; and a core network including a second quantum computing element; wherein the first quantum computing element provides a quantum cipher based on phase inversion for a message sent from the UE to the core network; wherein the second quantum computing element provides a quantum cipher based on phase inversion for a message sent from the core network to the UE. 9. A system of claim 8 wherein the quantum cipher based on phase inversion is provided by the method comprising:
establishing a shared key between a first party and a second party;
applying a Hadamard transformation to a message intended for a second party from the first party to produce an equal superposition state;
applying a key phase inversion to the output of the Hadamard transformation;
applying a multiple phase inversion transformation to the output of the key phase inversion to produce an encrypted quantum state with a uniform probability and relative phase distributions; and
sending the result to the second party. 10. The system of claim 9 wherein the applying a Hadamard transformation to a message intended for a second party from the first party to produce an equal superposition state, the applying a key phase inversion to the output of the Hadamard transformation, and the applying a multiple phase inversion to the output of the key phase inversion to produce an encrypted quantum state with a uniform probability and relative phase distributions are performed by a quantum computer. 11. The system of claim 9 wherein the Hadamard transformation is performed in accordance with the formula 12. The system of claim 9 wherein the key phase inversion is performed in accordance with the formula
Ξk =Iβ2|k><k|. 13. The system of claim 9 wherein the multiple phase inversion transformation is performed in accordance with the formula
|Οc =Ξ₯ k,d|Οβ²c . 14. The system of claim 8 further comprising retrieving a message that has been transformed into a quantum cipher based on phase inversion, the retrieving comprising:
applying a multiple phase inversion transformation to the received message;
applying a key phase inversion to the output of the multiple phase inversion transformation; and
applying a Hadamard transformation to the result from the key phase inversion to obtain the original message. 15. A non-transitory computer-readable medium containing instructions which,
when executed, cause a quantum computing element to perform steps comprising:
establishing a shared key between a first party and a second party;
applying a Hadamard transformation to a message intended for a second party from the first party to produce an equal superposition state;
applying a key phase inversion to the output of the Hadamard transformation;
applying a multiple phase inversion transformation to the output of the key phase inversion to produce an encrypted quantum state with a uniform probability and relative phase distributions; and
sending the result to the second party. 16. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15 further comprising instructions wherein the applying a Hadamard transformation to a message intended for a second party from the first party to produce an equal superposition state, the applying a key phase inversion to the output of the Hadamard transformation, and the applying a multiple phase inversion to the output of the key phase inversion to produce an encrypted quantum state with a uniform probability and relative phase distributions are performed by a quantum computer. 17. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15 further comprising instructions wherein the Hadamard transformation is performed in accordance with the formula 18. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15 further comprising instructions wherein the key phase inversion is performed in accordance with the formula
Ξk =Iβ2|k><k|. 19. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15 further comprising instructions wherein the multiple phase inversion transformation is performed in accordance with the formula
|Οc =Ξ₯ k,d|Οβ²c . 20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15 further comprising instructions for retrieving the message from the result, the retrieving comprising:
applying a multiple phase inversion transformation to the received message;
applying a key phase inversion to the output of the multiple phase inversion transformation; and
applying a Hadamard transformation to the result from the key phase inversion. | Methods, systems and computer readable media are disclosed for providing a quantum cipher based on phase inversion, A shared key is established between a first party and a second party. A Hadamard transformation is applied to a message intended for a second party from the first party to produce an equal superposition state. A key phase inversion is applied to the output of the Hadamard transformation. A multiple phase inversion transformation is applied to the output of the key phase inversion to produce an encrypted quantum state with a uniform probability and relative phase distributions. The result is sent to the second party.1. A method of providing a quantum cipher based on phase inversion, the method comprising:
establishing a shared key between a first party and a second party; applying a Hadamard transformation to a message intended for a second party from the first party to produce an equal superposition state;
applying a key phase inversion to the output of the Hadamard transformation;
applying a multiple phase inversion transformation to the output of the key phase inversion to produce an encrypted quantum state with a uniform probability and relative phase distributions; and
sending the result to the second party. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the applying a Hadamard transformation to a message intended for a second party from the first party to produce an equal superposition state, the applying a key phase inversion to the output of the Hadamard transformation, and the applying a multiple phase inversion to the output of the key phase inversion to produce an encrypted quantum state with a uniform probability and relative phase distributions are performed by a quantum computer. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the quantum cipher is used for communications between a UE and a core. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the Hadamard transformation is performed in accordance with the formula 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the key phase inversion is performed in accordance with the formula
Ξk =Iβ2|k><k|. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the multiple phase inversion transformation is performed in accordance with the formula
|Οc =Ξ₯ k,d|Οβ²c . 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising retrieving the message from the result, the retrieving comprising:
applying a multiple phase inversion transformation to the received message;
applying a key phase inversion to the output of the multiple phase inversion transformation; and
applying a Hadamard transformation to the result from the key phase inversion. 8. A system comprising:
a UE including a first quantum computing element; and a core network including a second quantum computing element; wherein the first quantum computing element provides a quantum cipher based on phase inversion for a message sent from the UE to the core network; wherein the second quantum computing element provides a quantum cipher based on phase inversion for a message sent from the core network to the UE. 9. A system of claim 8 wherein the quantum cipher based on phase inversion is provided by the method comprising:
establishing a shared key between a first party and a second party;
applying a Hadamard transformation to a message intended for a second party from the first party to produce an equal superposition state;
applying a key phase inversion to the output of the Hadamard transformation;
applying a multiple phase inversion transformation to the output of the key phase inversion to produce an encrypted quantum state with a uniform probability and relative phase distributions; and
sending the result to the second party. 10. The system of claim 9 wherein the applying a Hadamard transformation to a message intended for a second party from the first party to produce an equal superposition state, the applying a key phase inversion to the output of the Hadamard transformation, and the applying a multiple phase inversion to the output of the key phase inversion to produce an encrypted quantum state with a uniform probability and relative phase distributions are performed by a quantum computer. 11. The system of claim 9 wherein the Hadamard transformation is performed in accordance with the formula 12. The system of claim 9 wherein the key phase inversion is performed in accordance with the formula
Ξk =Iβ2|k><k|. 13. The system of claim 9 wherein the multiple phase inversion transformation is performed in accordance with the formula
|Οc =Ξ₯ k,d|Οβ²c . 14. The system of claim 8 further comprising retrieving a message that has been transformed into a quantum cipher based on phase inversion, the retrieving comprising:
applying a multiple phase inversion transformation to the received message;
applying a key phase inversion to the output of the multiple phase inversion transformation; and
applying a Hadamard transformation to the result from the key phase inversion to obtain the original message. 15. A non-transitory computer-readable medium containing instructions which,
when executed, cause a quantum computing element to perform steps comprising:
establishing a shared key between a first party and a second party;
applying a Hadamard transformation to a message intended for a second party from the first party to produce an equal superposition state;
applying a key phase inversion to the output of the Hadamard transformation;
applying a multiple phase inversion transformation to the output of the key phase inversion to produce an encrypted quantum state with a uniform probability and relative phase distributions; and
sending the result to the second party. 16. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15 further comprising instructions wherein the applying a Hadamard transformation to a message intended for a second party from the first party to produce an equal superposition state, the applying a key phase inversion to the output of the Hadamard transformation, and the applying a multiple phase inversion to the output of the key phase inversion to produce an encrypted quantum state with a uniform probability and relative phase distributions are performed by a quantum computer. 17. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15 further comprising instructions wherein the Hadamard transformation is performed in accordance with the formula 18. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15 further comprising instructions wherein the key phase inversion is performed in accordance with the formula
Ξk =Iβ2|k><k|. 19. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15 further comprising instructions wherein the multiple phase inversion transformation is performed in accordance with the formula
|Οc =Ξ₯ k,d|Οβ²c . 20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15 further comprising instructions for retrieving the message from the result, the retrieving comprising:
applying a multiple phase inversion transformation to the received message;
applying a key phase inversion to the output of the multiple phase inversion transformation; and
applying a Hadamard transformation to the result from the key phase inversion. | 2,400 |
348,875 | 16,806,380 | 2,437 | A rolling bearing device includes a rotary shaft; a housing; a pair of rolling bearings; an outer ring spacer; an elastic member provided in a bottom side of the housing, the bottom side of the housing being a second axial side of the housing, and the elastic member being configured to urge the rolling bearings, the outer ring spacer, and the rotary shaft toward a first axial side; and a retaining ring that is fitted into a circumferential groove provided on an inner periphery in the first axial side of the housing, the retaining ring being in axial contact with the outer ring of the rolling bearing located on the first axial side, and the retaining ring including at least three arc members arranged in a circumferential direction. | 1. A rolling bearing device comprising:
a rotary shaft including a shaft body portion and a flange portion provided closer to a first axial side than the shaft body portion is; a housing having a bottomed cylindrical shape, the housing being configured to house the shaft body portion; a pair of rolling bearings provided in the housing so as not to be axially movable with respect to the rotary shaft, the rolling bearings being configured to support the rotary shaft such that the rotary shaft is rotatable; an outer ring spacer interposed between outer rings of the rolling bearings; an elastic member provided in a bottom side of the housing, the bottom side of the housing being a second axial side of the housing, and the elastic member being configured to urge the rolling bearings, the outer ring spacer, and the rotary shaft toward the first axial side; and a retaining ring that is fitted into a circumferential groove provided on an inner periphery in the first axial side of the housing, the retaining ring being in axial contact with the outer ring of the rolling bearing located on the first axial side, and the retaining ring including at least three arc members arranged in a circumferential direction. 2. The rolling bearing device according to claim 1, wherein an axial width dimension of the circumferential groove is larger than twice a thickness of each of the arc members, and smaller than three times the thickness of each of the arc members. 3. The rolling bearing device according to claim 1, wherein the arc members include one arc member and other arc members that are regarded as one set, and a linear distance between corners of the one arc member on both ends along an outer periphery of the one arc member is larger than a linear distance between corners of the one set on both ends along an inner periphery of the one set. 4. The rolling bearing device according to claim 1, wherein end surfaces of the arc members in the circumferential direction have recessed and projected shapes, and the recessed and projected shapes of the end surfaces of the arc members adjacent in the circumferential direction mesh with each other. 5. An assembling method for the rolling bearing device according to claim 1, the assembling method comprising:
housing the elastic member, the rolling bearings, the outer ring spacer, and the rotary shaft in the housing; and fitting the retaining ring into the circumferential groove in a state where the rotary shaft is pushed toward the second axial side against an urging force of the elastic member, wherein fitting the retaining ring into the circumferential groove includes i) inserting at least two of the arc members in the circumferential groove such that the at least two arc members overlap each other, and then moving, with respect to one of the at least two arc members, a rest of the at least two arc members in the circumferential direction, and ii) arranging the at least three arc members in an annular shape. | A rolling bearing device includes a rotary shaft; a housing; a pair of rolling bearings; an outer ring spacer; an elastic member provided in a bottom side of the housing, the bottom side of the housing being a second axial side of the housing, and the elastic member being configured to urge the rolling bearings, the outer ring spacer, and the rotary shaft toward a first axial side; and a retaining ring that is fitted into a circumferential groove provided on an inner periphery in the first axial side of the housing, the retaining ring being in axial contact with the outer ring of the rolling bearing located on the first axial side, and the retaining ring including at least three arc members arranged in a circumferential direction.1. A rolling bearing device comprising:
a rotary shaft including a shaft body portion and a flange portion provided closer to a first axial side than the shaft body portion is; a housing having a bottomed cylindrical shape, the housing being configured to house the shaft body portion; a pair of rolling bearings provided in the housing so as not to be axially movable with respect to the rotary shaft, the rolling bearings being configured to support the rotary shaft such that the rotary shaft is rotatable; an outer ring spacer interposed between outer rings of the rolling bearings; an elastic member provided in a bottom side of the housing, the bottom side of the housing being a second axial side of the housing, and the elastic member being configured to urge the rolling bearings, the outer ring spacer, and the rotary shaft toward the first axial side; and a retaining ring that is fitted into a circumferential groove provided on an inner periphery in the first axial side of the housing, the retaining ring being in axial contact with the outer ring of the rolling bearing located on the first axial side, and the retaining ring including at least three arc members arranged in a circumferential direction. 2. The rolling bearing device according to claim 1, wherein an axial width dimension of the circumferential groove is larger than twice a thickness of each of the arc members, and smaller than three times the thickness of each of the arc members. 3. The rolling bearing device according to claim 1, wherein the arc members include one arc member and other arc members that are regarded as one set, and a linear distance between corners of the one arc member on both ends along an outer periphery of the one arc member is larger than a linear distance between corners of the one set on both ends along an inner periphery of the one set. 4. The rolling bearing device according to claim 1, wherein end surfaces of the arc members in the circumferential direction have recessed and projected shapes, and the recessed and projected shapes of the end surfaces of the arc members adjacent in the circumferential direction mesh with each other. 5. An assembling method for the rolling bearing device according to claim 1, the assembling method comprising:
housing the elastic member, the rolling bearings, the outer ring spacer, and the rotary shaft in the housing; and fitting the retaining ring into the circumferential groove in a state where the rotary shaft is pushed toward the second axial side against an urging force of the elastic member, wherein fitting the retaining ring into the circumferential groove includes i) inserting at least two of the arc members in the circumferential groove such that the at least two arc members overlap each other, and then moving, with respect to one of the at least two arc members, a rest of the at least two arc members in the circumferential direction, and ii) arranging the at least three arc members in an annular shape. | 2,400 |
348,876 | 16,806,406 | 2,437 | Perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells have the potential to achieve high efficiencies through improvements to the optical and electrical parameters of perovskite/silicon tandem devices, via photon management, particularly using the optical band-edge shifting properties of silicon via surface modification of silicon. Silicon can directly extract the light generated charge carriers, which can achieve an efficiency of over 28%. | 1: A tandem photovoltaic cell, comprising, in order relative to incident light:
an anti-reflection outer layer; a transparent conductive oxide layer; a hole transport layer; a perovskite layer; an electron transport layer comprising p+-porous silicon; and a back contact. 2: The cell of claim 1, further comprising:
an n-type silicon layer or a p-type silicon layer between the electron transport layer and the back contact. 3: The cell of claim 1, further comprising:
an n-type silicon layer between the electron transport layer and the back contact; and an n+-doped n-type silicon layer as a homojunction with the n-type silicon layer, between the n-type silicon layer and the back contact. 4: The cell of claim 1, further comprising:
a p-type silicon layer, between the electron transport layer and the back contact; and an n+-doped n-type silicon layer as a heterojunction with the p-type silicon layer, between the p-type silicon layer and the back contact. 5: The cell of claim 1, wherein the electron transport layer comprises at least 90 wt. % p+-porous silicon, relative to total electron transport layer weight. 6: The cell of claim 1, wherein the electron transport layer comprises no filler. 7: The cell of claim 1, wherein the electron transport layer comprises no perovskite material beyond a depth of 10% of an electron transport layer thickness. 8: The cell of claim 1, wherein the perovskite layer directly contacts the electron transport layer. 9: The cell of claim 1, wherein the electron transport layer directly contacts the n-type silicon layer. 10: The cell of claim 1, wherein the anti-reflection outer layer directly contacts the transparent conductive oxide layer,
wherein the transparent conductive oxide layer directly contacts the hole transport layer, wherein the hole transport layer directly contacts the perovskite layer, and wherein the perovskite layer directly contacts the electron transport layer. 11: The cell of claim 2, the perovskite layer directly contacts the electron transport layer, and
wherein the electron transport layer directly contacts the n-type or p-type silicon layer. 12: The cell of claim 1, comprising no antireflective layer between a charge transporting layer, light absorbing layers, and/or silicon layer. 13: The cell of claim 1, comprising no reflective layer beneath the electron transport layer relative to the incident light. 14: The cell of claim 1, wherein the perovskite layer comprises a compound of formula (I)
RNH3PbX3ββ(I),
wherein R is an alkyl group and X is a halide. 15: The cell of claim 14, wherein R is methyl or ethyl and X is Br or I. 16: The cell of claim 1, having a photon conversion efficiency of at least 20%. 17: A method of producing electricity, comprising irradiating the cell of claim 1 with sunlight. 18: A method of making the cell of claim 1, the method comprising:
combining the perovskite layer with an upper surface of the electron transport layer, in a direction relative to the incident light. 19: A method of improving efficiency of a tandem perovskite solar cell, the method comprising:
irradiating the incident light through the electron transport layer, comprising the porous silicon, of the cell of claim 1, wherein the photon conversion efficiency is improved relative to tandem perovskite solar cells lacking the porous silicon. 20: A method of improving the efficiency of a tandem solar cell, the method comprising:
forming a perovskite layer on a electron transport layer comprising at least 90 wt. % p+-porous silicon, relative to a total electron transport layer weight; and further processing to provide a tandem solar cell comprising, in order of incident light, an anti-reflection layer, a transparent conductive oxide layer, a hole transport layer, the perovskite layer, the electron transport layer, a p-type or n-type silicon layer, an n+-doped silicon layer, and a back contact. | Perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells have the potential to achieve high efficiencies through improvements to the optical and electrical parameters of perovskite/silicon tandem devices, via photon management, particularly using the optical band-edge shifting properties of silicon via surface modification of silicon. Silicon can directly extract the light generated charge carriers, which can achieve an efficiency of over 28%.1: A tandem photovoltaic cell, comprising, in order relative to incident light:
an anti-reflection outer layer; a transparent conductive oxide layer; a hole transport layer; a perovskite layer; an electron transport layer comprising p+-porous silicon; and a back contact. 2: The cell of claim 1, further comprising:
an n-type silicon layer or a p-type silicon layer between the electron transport layer and the back contact. 3: The cell of claim 1, further comprising:
an n-type silicon layer between the electron transport layer and the back contact; and an n+-doped n-type silicon layer as a homojunction with the n-type silicon layer, between the n-type silicon layer and the back contact. 4: The cell of claim 1, further comprising:
a p-type silicon layer, between the electron transport layer and the back contact; and an n+-doped n-type silicon layer as a heterojunction with the p-type silicon layer, between the p-type silicon layer and the back contact. 5: The cell of claim 1, wherein the electron transport layer comprises at least 90 wt. % p+-porous silicon, relative to total electron transport layer weight. 6: The cell of claim 1, wherein the electron transport layer comprises no filler. 7: The cell of claim 1, wherein the electron transport layer comprises no perovskite material beyond a depth of 10% of an electron transport layer thickness. 8: The cell of claim 1, wherein the perovskite layer directly contacts the electron transport layer. 9: The cell of claim 1, wherein the electron transport layer directly contacts the n-type silicon layer. 10: The cell of claim 1, wherein the anti-reflection outer layer directly contacts the transparent conductive oxide layer,
wherein the transparent conductive oxide layer directly contacts the hole transport layer, wherein the hole transport layer directly contacts the perovskite layer, and wherein the perovskite layer directly contacts the electron transport layer. 11: The cell of claim 2, the perovskite layer directly contacts the electron transport layer, and
wherein the electron transport layer directly contacts the n-type or p-type silicon layer. 12: The cell of claim 1, comprising no antireflective layer between a charge transporting layer, light absorbing layers, and/or silicon layer. 13: The cell of claim 1, comprising no reflective layer beneath the electron transport layer relative to the incident light. 14: The cell of claim 1, wherein the perovskite layer comprises a compound of formula (I)
RNH3PbX3ββ(I),
wherein R is an alkyl group and X is a halide. 15: The cell of claim 14, wherein R is methyl or ethyl and X is Br or I. 16: The cell of claim 1, having a photon conversion efficiency of at least 20%. 17: A method of producing electricity, comprising irradiating the cell of claim 1 with sunlight. 18: A method of making the cell of claim 1, the method comprising:
combining the perovskite layer with an upper surface of the electron transport layer, in a direction relative to the incident light. 19: A method of improving efficiency of a tandem perovskite solar cell, the method comprising:
irradiating the incident light through the electron transport layer, comprising the porous silicon, of the cell of claim 1, wherein the photon conversion efficiency is improved relative to tandem perovskite solar cells lacking the porous silicon. 20: A method of improving the efficiency of a tandem solar cell, the method comprising:
forming a perovskite layer on a electron transport layer comprising at least 90 wt. % p+-porous silicon, relative to a total electron transport layer weight; and further processing to provide a tandem solar cell comprising, in order of incident light, an anti-reflection layer, a transparent conductive oxide layer, a hole transport layer, the perovskite layer, the electron transport layer, a p-type or n-type silicon layer, an n+-doped silicon layer, and a back contact. | 2,400 |
348,877 | 16,806,411 | 2,437 | A building integrity assessment system includes: an earthquake detector including: a building bottom sensor at a bottom of a building and that detects acceleration and an earthquake early-warning receiver that receives an earthquake early warning; a cloud computer; and sensors disposed at a plurality of positions in the building and that measures an influence of an earthquake on the building at each of the positions and wirelessly transmits measurement results to the cloud computer. The cloud computer estimates and evaluates the integrity of the building based on the measurement results. In response to the building bottom sensor detecting preliminary tremors or the earthquake early-warning receiver receiving the earthquake early warning, the plurality of sensors measures the influence of the earthquake on the building from a time before a major motion arrives at the building to a time after the arrival. | 1. A building integrity assessment system that diagnoses and evaluates integrity of a building, the integrity assessment system comprising:
an earthquake detector comprising:
a building bottom sensor disposed at a bottom of the building and that detects acceleration; and
an earthquake early-warning receiver that receives an earthquake early warning;
a cloud computer; and a plurality of sensors disposed at a plurality of positions in the building, wherein the plurality of sensors measures an influence of an earthquake on the building at each of the positions and wirelessly transmits measurement results to the cloud computer, the cloud computer estimates and evaluates the integrity of the building based on the measurement results, and in response to the building bottom sensor detecting preliminary tremors or the earthquake early-warning receiver receiving the earthquake early warning, the plurality of sensors is activated and measures the influence of the earthquake on the building from a time before a major motion arrives at the building to a time after the arrival. 2. The building integrity assessment system according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of sensors comprises an accelerometer, a strain sensor, and an inclinometer. 3. The building integrity assessment system according to claim 1, further comprising a display disposed in an inside of the building or a remote place, wherein
the plurality of sensors is disposed at each story of the building or each structural element constituting the building, the cloud computer computes an amount of displacement and an inter-story drift angle from the measurement results, compares the computed values to a predetermined threshold, and then computes a structure performance index indicating the integrity of the building for each story of the building or each structural element of the building, and the display displays assessment information of the building based on the computed structure performance index. 4. The building integrity assessment system according to claim 1, further comprising a sensor activator that activates the plurality of sensors in response to receiving a predetermined signal from the building bottom sensor or the earthquake early-warning receiver. 5. The building integrity assessment system according to claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of sensors causes detection values for a predetermined time to be stored in a memory as measurement results at predetermined measurement time intervals after activation. 6. The building integrity assessment system according to claim 2, wherein each of the accelerometer, the strain sensor, and the inclinometer receives power supply from an autonomous power module. 7. The building integrity assessment system according to claim 2, wherein each of the accelerometer, the strain sensor, and the inclinometer comprises a storage battery. 8. The building integrity assessment system according to claim 2, wherein the cloud computer computes a natural frequency of the building from acceleration detected by the accelerometer using a Fast Fourier Transform or a subspace method and observes a change in the natural frequency. 9. The building integrity assessment system according to claim 1, further comprising a building top sensor disposed at a top of the building and that detects wind force, wherein
the plurality of sensors is activated in response to the building top sensor detecting that the wind force is higher than or equal to a predetermined threshold. 10. The building integrity assessment system according to claim 1, wherein
the cloud computer: computes building state information indicating a state of each part of the building as primary diagnosis based on measurement results of the plurality of sensors, compares the building state information for each story of and each structural element of the building to a predetermined threshold, and performs secondary diagnosis in response to determining that at least one piece of the building state information for each story and each structural element of the building exceeds the predetermined threshold. | A building integrity assessment system includes: an earthquake detector including: a building bottom sensor at a bottom of a building and that detects acceleration and an earthquake early-warning receiver that receives an earthquake early warning; a cloud computer; and sensors disposed at a plurality of positions in the building and that measures an influence of an earthquake on the building at each of the positions and wirelessly transmits measurement results to the cloud computer. The cloud computer estimates and evaluates the integrity of the building based on the measurement results. In response to the building bottom sensor detecting preliminary tremors or the earthquake early-warning receiver receiving the earthquake early warning, the plurality of sensors measures the influence of the earthquake on the building from a time before a major motion arrives at the building to a time after the arrival.1. A building integrity assessment system that diagnoses and evaluates integrity of a building, the integrity assessment system comprising:
an earthquake detector comprising:
a building bottom sensor disposed at a bottom of the building and that detects acceleration; and
an earthquake early-warning receiver that receives an earthquake early warning;
a cloud computer; and a plurality of sensors disposed at a plurality of positions in the building, wherein the plurality of sensors measures an influence of an earthquake on the building at each of the positions and wirelessly transmits measurement results to the cloud computer, the cloud computer estimates and evaluates the integrity of the building based on the measurement results, and in response to the building bottom sensor detecting preliminary tremors or the earthquake early-warning receiver receiving the earthquake early warning, the plurality of sensors is activated and measures the influence of the earthquake on the building from a time before a major motion arrives at the building to a time after the arrival. 2. The building integrity assessment system according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of sensors comprises an accelerometer, a strain sensor, and an inclinometer. 3. The building integrity assessment system according to claim 1, further comprising a display disposed in an inside of the building or a remote place, wherein
the plurality of sensors is disposed at each story of the building or each structural element constituting the building, the cloud computer computes an amount of displacement and an inter-story drift angle from the measurement results, compares the computed values to a predetermined threshold, and then computes a structure performance index indicating the integrity of the building for each story of the building or each structural element of the building, and the display displays assessment information of the building based on the computed structure performance index. 4. The building integrity assessment system according to claim 1, further comprising a sensor activator that activates the plurality of sensors in response to receiving a predetermined signal from the building bottom sensor or the earthquake early-warning receiver. 5. The building integrity assessment system according to claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of sensors causes detection values for a predetermined time to be stored in a memory as measurement results at predetermined measurement time intervals after activation. 6. The building integrity assessment system according to claim 2, wherein each of the accelerometer, the strain sensor, and the inclinometer receives power supply from an autonomous power module. 7. The building integrity assessment system according to claim 2, wherein each of the accelerometer, the strain sensor, and the inclinometer comprises a storage battery. 8. The building integrity assessment system according to claim 2, wherein the cloud computer computes a natural frequency of the building from acceleration detected by the accelerometer using a Fast Fourier Transform or a subspace method and observes a change in the natural frequency. 9. The building integrity assessment system according to claim 1, further comprising a building top sensor disposed at a top of the building and that detects wind force, wherein
the plurality of sensors is activated in response to the building top sensor detecting that the wind force is higher than or equal to a predetermined threshold. 10. The building integrity assessment system according to claim 1, wherein
the cloud computer: computes building state information indicating a state of each part of the building as primary diagnosis based on measurement results of the plurality of sensors, compares the building state information for each story of and each structural element of the building to a predetermined threshold, and performs secondary diagnosis in response to determining that at least one piece of the building state information for each story and each structural element of the building exceeds the predetermined threshold. | 2,400 |
348,878 | 16,806,418 | 2,437 | A prosthetic device includes an internal frame assembled from multiple longitudinal members and multiple transverse members that are substantially planar in character and are arranged to be joined together. A medially arranged opening is defined in each transverse member, and is substantially registered with openings of adjacent transverse members to form a longitudinal passage, such as may be useful to receive an actuator and/or other items. At least some transverse members differ from one another in one or more of shape, length, or width. A covering member may be provided over the internal frame. Rear-facing gaps in transverse members may receive one or more elements such as dampers, batteries, or the like. | 1. A prosthetic device sized and shaped to correspond to at least a portion of a limb of a human user, the prosthetic device comprising:
an internal frame that comprises:
a plurality of longitudinal members, wherein each longitudinal member of the plurality of longitudinal members is substantially planar and comprises a plurality of first peripheral slots defined through an entire thickness of the respective longitudinal member; and
a plurality of transverse members, wherein each transverse member of the plurality of transverse members is substantially planar and comprises a plurality of second peripheral slots defined through an entire thickness of the respective transverse member;
wherein each first peripheral slot of the plurality of first peripheral slots is arranged to mate with a different second peripheral slot of the plurality of second peripheral slots, to join the plurality of longitudinal members with the plurality of transverse members; wherein each transverse member defines a medially arranged opening, and the medially arranged opening of each transverse member is substantially registered with the medially arranged opening of at least one adjacent transverse member; and wherein at least some transverse members of the plurality of transverse members differ from other transverse members of the plurality of transverse members in one or more of shape, length, or width. 2. The prosthetic device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of longitudinal members is devoid of any longitudinal members that are radially arranged relative to a central axis extending through the plurality of transverse members. 3. The prosthetic device of claim 2, wherein longitudinal members of the plurality of longitudinal members are tangentially arranged relative to an imaginary circle concentrically arranged with the central axis, wherein the imaginary circle comprises a diameter smaller than a lateral extent each transverse member of the plurality of transverse members. 4. The prosthetic device of claim 1, further comprising at least one of an actuator or a control element extending through medially arranged openings of multiple transverse members of the plurality of transverse members. 5. The prosthetic device of claim 1, wherein two or more transverse members of the plurality of transverse members each define a peripheral recess, wherein for each transverse member of the two or more transverse members, at least two peripheral slots of the plurality of second peripheral slots extend from the peripheral recess into an interior of the transverse member without intersecting the medially arranged opening. 6. The prosthetic device of claim 4, wherein the peripheral recess of each transverse member of the two or more transverse members is registered with the peripheral recess of each other transverse member of the two or more transverse members. 7. The prosthetic device of claim 1, wherein two or more transverse members of the plurality of transverse members each define a peripheral recess, wherein the peripheral recess of each transverse member of the two or more transverse members is registered with the peripheral recess of each other transverse member of the two or more transverse members. 8. The prosthetic device of claim 7, further comprising at least one of an actuator, an energy storage element, a sensor, or a control element arranged in the peripherally arranged recesses of the two or more transverse members. 9. The prosthetic device of claim 1, further comprising an outer shaping member arranged to cover and compressively engage at least a portion of the internal frame. 10. The prosthetic device of claim 1, wherein at least two transverse members of the plurality of transverse members are arranged substantially perpendicular to the plurality of longitudinal members. 11. The prosthetic device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of transverse members is bonded to the plurality of longitudinal members. 12. The prosthetic device of claim 1, wherein at least some members of at least one of (i) the plurality of longitudinal members or (ii) the plurality of transverse members comprise polymeric materials. 13. The prosthetic device of claim 1, wherein at least some members of at least one of (i) the plurality of longitudinal members or (ii) the plurality of transverse members comprise paperboard materials, wood fiber-based materials, or laminated composite materials. 14. The prosthetic device of claim 1, wherein at least some members of at least one of (i) the plurality of longitudinal members or (ii) the plurality of transverse members comprise metals or metallic materials. 15. The prosthetic device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of longitudinal members consists of four longitudinal members. 16. The prosthetic device of claim 1, further comprising a socket positioned at an upper end of the internal frame, wherein the socket is configured to receive a residual limb of the human user. 17. A method for fabricating a prosthetic device according to claim 1, the method comprising mating each first peripheral slot of the plurality of first peripheral slots with a different second peripheral slot of the plurality of second peripheral slots to join the plurality of substantially planar longitudinal members with the plurality of substantially planar transverse members to form the internal frame of the prosthetic device. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising bonding at least some transverse members of the plurality of substantially planar transverse members to the plurality of substantially planar longitudinal members. 19. The method of claim 17, further comprising providing an outer shaping member to cover at least a portion of the internal frame. 20. The method of claim 17, further comprising measuring one or more dimensions of a prosthetic recipient, and fabricating (i) the plurality of substantially planar longitudinal members and/or (ii) the plurality of substantially planar transverse members responsive to said measuring. 21. The method of claim 17, further comprising fabricating at least some members of (i) the plurality of substantially planar longitudinal members and/or (ii) the plurality of substantially planar transverse members by at least one step selected from thermoforming, molding, stamping, or casting. 22. The method of claim 17, further comprising fabricating at least some members of (i) the plurality of substantially planar longitudinal members and/or (ii) the plurality of substantially planar transverse members by at least one step selected from milling, blade cutting, laser cutting, or liquid jet cutting. 23. The method of claim 17, further comprising fabricating at least some members of (i) the plurality of substantially planar longitudinal members and/or (ii) the plurality of substantially planar transverse members by at least one step selected from three-dimensional printing or multi-layer additive material deposition. | A prosthetic device includes an internal frame assembled from multiple longitudinal members and multiple transverse members that are substantially planar in character and are arranged to be joined together. A medially arranged opening is defined in each transverse member, and is substantially registered with openings of adjacent transverse members to form a longitudinal passage, such as may be useful to receive an actuator and/or other items. At least some transverse members differ from one another in one or more of shape, length, or width. A covering member may be provided over the internal frame. Rear-facing gaps in transverse members may receive one or more elements such as dampers, batteries, or the like.1. A prosthetic device sized and shaped to correspond to at least a portion of a limb of a human user, the prosthetic device comprising:
an internal frame that comprises:
a plurality of longitudinal members, wherein each longitudinal member of the plurality of longitudinal members is substantially planar and comprises a plurality of first peripheral slots defined through an entire thickness of the respective longitudinal member; and
a plurality of transverse members, wherein each transverse member of the plurality of transverse members is substantially planar and comprises a plurality of second peripheral slots defined through an entire thickness of the respective transverse member;
wherein each first peripheral slot of the plurality of first peripheral slots is arranged to mate with a different second peripheral slot of the plurality of second peripheral slots, to join the plurality of longitudinal members with the plurality of transverse members; wherein each transverse member defines a medially arranged opening, and the medially arranged opening of each transverse member is substantially registered with the medially arranged opening of at least one adjacent transverse member; and wherein at least some transverse members of the plurality of transverse members differ from other transverse members of the plurality of transverse members in one or more of shape, length, or width. 2. The prosthetic device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of longitudinal members is devoid of any longitudinal members that are radially arranged relative to a central axis extending through the plurality of transverse members. 3. The prosthetic device of claim 2, wherein longitudinal members of the plurality of longitudinal members are tangentially arranged relative to an imaginary circle concentrically arranged with the central axis, wherein the imaginary circle comprises a diameter smaller than a lateral extent each transverse member of the plurality of transverse members. 4. The prosthetic device of claim 1, further comprising at least one of an actuator or a control element extending through medially arranged openings of multiple transverse members of the plurality of transverse members. 5. The prosthetic device of claim 1, wherein two or more transverse members of the plurality of transverse members each define a peripheral recess, wherein for each transverse member of the two or more transverse members, at least two peripheral slots of the plurality of second peripheral slots extend from the peripheral recess into an interior of the transverse member without intersecting the medially arranged opening. 6. The prosthetic device of claim 4, wherein the peripheral recess of each transverse member of the two or more transverse members is registered with the peripheral recess of each other transverse member of the two or more transverse members. 7. The prosthetic device of claim 1, wherein two or more transverse members of the plurality of transverse members each define a peripheral recess, wherein the peripheral recess of each transverse member of the two or more transverse members is registered with the peripheral recess of each other transverse member of the two or more transverse members. 8. The prosthetic device of claim 7, further comprising at least one of an actuator, an energy storage element, a sensor, or a control element arranged in the peripherally arranged recesses of the two or more transverse members. 9. The prosthetic device of claim 1, further comprising an outer shaping member arranged to cover and compressively engage at least a portion of the internal frame. 10. The prosthetic device of claim 1, wherein at least two transverse members of the plurality of transverse members are arranged substantially perpendicular to the plurality of longitudinal members. 11. The prosthetic device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of transverse members is bonded to the plurality of longitudinal members. 12. The prosthetic device of claim 1, wherein at least some members of at least one of (i) the plurality of longitudinal members or (ii) the plurality of transverse members comprise polymeric materials. 13. The prosthetic device of claim 1, wherein at least some members of at least one of (i) the plurality of longitudinal members or (ii) the plurality of transverse members comprise paperboard materials, wood fiber-based materials, or laminated composite materials. 14. The prosthetic device of claim 1, wherein at least some members of at least one of (i) the plurality of longitudinal members or (ii) the plurality of transverse members comprise metals or metallic materials. 15. The prosthetic device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of longitudinal members consists of four longitudinal members. 16. The prosthetic device of claim 1, further comprising a socket positioned at an upper end of the internal frame, wherein the socket is configured to receive a residual limb of the human user. 17. A method for fabricating a prosthetic device according to claim 1, the method comprising mating each first peripheral slot of the plurality of first peripheral slots with a different second peripheral slot of the plurality of second peripheral slots to join the plurality of substantially planar longitudinal members with the plurality of substantially planar transverse members to form the internal frame of the prosthetic device. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising bonding at least some transverse members of the plurality of substantially planar transverse members to the plurality of substantially planar longitudinal members. 19. The method of claim 17, further comprising providing an outer shaping member to cover at least a portion of the internal frame. 20. The method of claim 17, further comprising measuring one or more dimensions of a prosthetic recipient, and fabricating (i) the plurality of substantially planar longitudinal members and/or (ii) the plurality of substantially planar transverse members responsive to said measuring. 21. The method of claim 17, further comprising fabricating at least some members of (i) the plurality of substantially planar longitudinal members and/or (ii) the plurality of substantially planar transverse members by at least one step selected from thermoforming, molding, stamping, or casting. 22. The method of claim 17, further comprising fabricating at least some members of (i) the plurality of substantially planar longitudinal members and/or (ii) the plurality of substantially planar transverse members by at least one step selected from milling, blade cutting, laser cutting, or liquid jet cutting. 23. The method of claim 17, further comprising fabricating at least some members of (i) the plurality of substantially planar longitudinal members and/or (ii) the plurality of substantially planar transverse members by at least one step selected from three-dimensional printing or multi-layer additive material deposition. | 2,400 |
348,879 | 16,806,415 | 2,437 | Systems and methods are described for providing trick play functions such as fast forward, rewind or slow motion during playback of streaming media content. Multiple sets of streamlets or other media files that represent the same media stream are encoded differently from each other (e.g., at different frame rates and/or frame directions), and each set of files is simultaneously maintained at a server. Files encoded at a first format are made available to the client device during regular playback, and files encoded at a different frame rate and/or a different direction of encoding are made available to support trick play. | 1. An automated process executable by a client device to process a media stream of media content that is received via a network, the automated process comprising:
requesting a first portion of the media stream by the client device transmitting a first HTTP GET request via the network, wherein the first portion of the media stream is encoded to represent a predetermined portion of the media content with a first number of video frames; rendering the video frames of the first portion at a first frame rate by the client device to thereby playback the first portion of the media stream; receiving a user instruction at the client device to perform a trick play function that adapts the playback speed of the media stream; in response to the user instruction to adapt the playback speed of the media stream, the client device transmitting a second HTTP GET request via the network to thereby request a second portion of the media stream, wherein the second portion has substantially the same duration as the first portion but is encoded with a second number of video frames that is different than the first number of video frames used to encode the first portion; and rendering the frames of the second portion without degradation of the first frame rate, thereby presenting the second portion of the media stream at a different playback speed than the first portion of the media stream. 2. The automated process of claim 1 wherein the number of frames contained in the first portion is greater than the number of frames contained in the second portion. 3. The automated process of claim 1 wherein the trick play function is a rewind function, and wherein the frames of the second portion are encoded in reverse order in comparison to the first portion. 4. The automated process of claim 1 wherein the trick play function is a slow motion function, and wherein the first portion is encoded with fewer video frames than the second portion. 5. The automated process of claim 1 wherein the trick play function is a fast forward function, and wherein the first portion is encoded with more video frames than the second portion. 6. The automated process of claim 5 wherein the first and second portions are represented by separate media files identified by a shared time index, and wherein the shared time index of the second data file follows the shared time index of the first data file to indicate a subsequent portion of the media content having the predetermined duration, and wherein the media file representing the first portion contains more video frames than the media file representing the second portion encoded at the lower frame rate even though both data files represent the same duration of the media stream. 7. The automated process of claim 1 wherein the first and second HTTP GET requests are transmitted by the client device to a content delivery network (CDN) on the network. 8. An automated process executable by a data processing system to provide a media stream that represents a media program to a client device via a network, the automated process comprising:
maintaining a first series of objects by the data processing system that collectively represents the media stream, wherein each of the first series of objects is sequentially ordered in time so that each of the first series of objects represents a predetermined duration of the media program that is encoded at a first frame rate; simultaneously maintaining a second series of objects by the data processing system that collectively represents the same media stream as the first set of files sequentially-ordered in time, wherein each of the second series of objects is encoded at a second frame rate that is different from the first frame rate so that the second series of objects represents the same portions of the media program in time as the first series of objects but with a different number of video frames; responding to first HTTP GET requests received from client devices via the network by sequentially providing objects from the first series of objects to the client device via the network during normal playback of the media stream to thereby allow the client device to render the media stream at a playback frame rate; and responding to second HTTP GET requests received from client devices via the network by sequentially providing objects from the second series of objects to the client device during a trick play operation in which the playback speed of the media stream is altered to thereby allow the client device to render the second portion of the media stream at a different playback speed than the first portion of the media stream without degradation of the playback frame rate. 9. The automated process of claim 8 wherein the objects from the first series of objects are sequentially provided in a first direction during the normal playback of the media stream, wherein the trick play operation is a rewind operation, and wherein the objects provided from the second series of objects are sequentially provided in a second direction opposite the first direction during the rewind operation. 10. The automated process of claim 9 wherein each of the second series of objects is encoded such that frames containing content occurring later in time during normal playback of the media stream are positioned for decoding before frames that occur later in time during normal playback. 11. The automated process of claim 9 wherein the objects are independently requestable by the client device. 12. The automated process of claim 9 wherein the objects are separate files that are independently requestable by the client device. 13. The automated process of claim 9 wherein the frames of the second series of objects comprise I-frames, P-frames and B-frames encoded at the second frame rate. 14. A data processing system that provides a media stream of media content to a client device via a network, the data processing system comprising:
an interface to the network; a database configured to simultaneously maintain a first series of objects and a second series of objects that each collectively represent the same media stream and that are each sequentially ordered in time, wherein each of the second series of objects represents a same duration of the media content as a commonly-indexed object of the first series, but wherein the second series of objects is encoded at a different frame rate from the first series of objects so that the second series of objects represents the same predetermined duration of the media content with a different number of video frames from the first series of objects; and a file server in communication with the database and the interface, wherein the file server is configured to respond to first HTTP GET requests by providing objects from the first series of objects to the client device via the network during normal playback of the media stream to thereby permit the client device to render video frames of the first series of objects for playback at a playback frame rate, and, in response to second HTTP GET requests received from the client device via the network representing a trick play operation that adapts a playback speed of the media stream, to provide objects from the second series of objects encoded at the different frame rate to the client device during the trick play operation to thereby permit the client device to render the second portion of the media stream at a different playback speed than the first portion of the media stream without degradation of the playback frame rate. 15. The data processing system of claim 14 wherein the trick play operation is a rewind operation, and wherein the second series of objects is encoded so that frames are placed in a reverse order from the first series of objects. 16. The data processing system of claim 14 wherein the trick play operation is a fast forward operation, and wherein the second series of objects is encoded at a lower frame rate than the first series of objects. 17. The data processing system of claim 14 wherein the trick play operation is a slow motion operation, and wherein the second series of objects is encoded at a higher frame rate than the first series of objects. | Systems and methods are described for providing trick play functions such as fast forward, rewind or slow motion during playback of streaming media content. Multiple sets of streamlets or other media files that represent the same media stream are encoded differently from each other (e.g., at different frame rates and/or frame directions), and each set of files is simultaneously maintained at a server. Files encoded at a first format are made available to the client device during regular playback, and files encoded at a different frame rate and/or a different direction of encoding are made available to support trick play.1. An automated process executable by a client device to process a media stream of media content that is received via a network, the automated process comprising:
requesting a first portion of the media stream by the client device transmitting a first HTTP GET request via the network, wherein the first portion of the media stream is encoded to represent a predetermined portion of the media content with a first number of video frames; rendering the video frames of the first portion at a first frame rate by the client device to thereby playback the first portion of the media stream; receiving a user instruction at the client device to perform a trick play function that adapts the playback speed of the media stream; in response to the user instruction to adapt the playback speed of the media stream, the client device transmitting a second HTTP GET request via the network to thereby request a second portion of the media stream, wherein the second portion has substantially the same duration as the first portion but is encoded with a second number of video frames that is different than the first number of video frames used to encode the first portion; and rendering the frames of the second portion without degradation of the first frame rate, thereby presenting the second portion of the media stream at a different playback speed than the first portion of the media stream. 2. The automated process of claim 1 wherein the number of frames contained in the first portion is greater than the number of frames contained in the second portion. 3. The automated process of claim 1 wherein the trick play function is a rewind function, and wherein the frames of the second portion are encoded in reverse order in comparison to the first portion. 4. The automated process of claim 1 wherein the trick play function is a slow motion function, and wherein the first portion is encoded with fewer video frames than the second portion. 5. The automated process of claim 1 wherein the trick play function is a fast forward function, and wherein the first portion is encoded with more video frames than the second portion. 6. The automated process of claim 5 wherein the first and second portions are represented by separate media files identified by a shared time index, and wherein the shared time index of the second data file follows the shared time index of the first data file to indicate a subsequent portion of the media content having the predetermined duration, and wherein the media file representing the first portion contains more video frames than the media file representing the second portion encoded at the lower frame rate even though both data files represent the same duration of the media stream. 7. The automated process of claim 1 wherein the first and second HTTP GET requests are transmitted by the client device to a content delivery network (CDN) on the network. 8. An automated process executable by a data processing system to provide a media stream that represents a media program to a client device via a network, the automated process comprising:
maintaining a first series of objects by the data processing system that collectively represents the media stream, wherein each of the first series of objects is sequentially ordered in time so that each of the first series of objects represents a predetermined duration of the media program that is encoded at a first frame rate; simultaneously maintaining a second series of objects by the data processing system that collectively represents the same media stream as the first set of files sequentially-ordered in time, wherein each of the second series of objects is encoded at a second frame rate that is different from the first frame rate so that the second series of objects represents the same portions of the media program in time as the first series of objects but with a different number of video frames; responding to first HTTP GET requests received from client devices via the network by sequentially providing objects from the first series of objects to the client device via the network during normal playback of the media stream to thereby allow the client device to render the media stream at a playback frame rate; and responding to second HTTP GET requests received from client devices via the network by sequentially providing objects from the second series of objects to the client device during a trick play operation in which the playback speed of the media stream is altered to thereby allow the client device to render the second portion of the media stream at a different playback speed than the first portion of the media stream without degradation of the playback frame rate. 9. The automated process of claim 8 wherein the objects from the first series of objects are sequentially provided in a first direction during the normal playback of the media stream, wherein the trick play operation is a rewind operation, and wherein the objects provided from the second series of objects are sequentially provided in a second direction opposite the first direction during the rewind operation. 10. The automated process of claim 9 wherein each of the second series of objects is encoded such that frames containing content occurring later in time during normal playback of the media stream are positioned for decoding before frames that occur later in time during normal playback. 11. The automated process of claim 9 wherein the objects are independently requestable by the client device. 12. The automated process of claim 9 wherein the objects are separate files that are independently requestable by the client device. 13. The automated process of claim 9 wherein the frames of the second series of objects comprise I-frames, P-frames and B-frames encoded at the second frame rate. 14. A data processing system that provides a media stream of media content to a client device via a network, the data processing system comprising:
an interface to the network; a database configured to simultaneously maintain a first series of objects and a second series of objects that each collectively represent the same media stream and that are each sequentially ordered in time, wherein each of the second series of objects represents a same duration of the media content as a commonly-indexed object of the first series, but wherein the second series of objects is encoded at a different frame rate from the first series of objects so that the second series of objects represents the same predetermined duration of the media content with a different number of video frames from the first series of objects; and a file server in communication with the database and the interface, wherein the file server is configured to respond to first HTTP GET requests by providing objects from the first series of objects to the client device via the network during normal playback of the media stream to thereby permit the client device to render video frames of the first series of objects for playback at a playback frame rate, and, in response to second HTTP GET requests received from the client device via the network representing a trick play operation that adapts a playback speed of the media stream, to provide objects from the second series of objects encoded at the different frame rate to the client device during the trick play operation to thereby permit the client device to render the second portion of the media stream at a different playback speed than the first portion of the media stream without degradation of the playback frame rate. 15. The data processing system of claim 14 wherein the trick play operation is a rewind operation, and wherein the second series of objects is encoded so that frames are placed in a reverse order from the first series of objects. 16. The data processing system of claim 14 wherein the trick play operation is a fast forward operation, and wherein the second series of objects is encoded at a lower frame rate than the first series of objects. 17. The data processing system of claim 14 wherein the trick play operation is a slow motion operation, and wherein the second series of objects is encoded at a higher frame rate than the first series of objects. | 2,400 |
348,880 | 16,806,421 | 2,437 | A method of controlling a user interface using an input image is provided. The method includes storing operation executing information of each of one or more gesture forms according to each of a plurality of functions, detecting a gesture form from the input image, and identifying the operation executing information mapped on the detected gesture form to execute an operation according to a function which is currently operated. | 1. A method of controlling a user interface using an input image, the method comprising:
storing operation executing information of each of one or more gesture forms according to each of a plurality of functions; detecting a gesture form from the input image; and identifying the operation executing information mapped on the detected gesture form according to a function which currently operates and executing the operation of the operation executing information. 2. An apparatus for controlling a user interface using an input image, the apparatus comprising:
an image receiving unit configured to receive an input of an image; a storage unit; and a controller configured to:
enable the storage unit to store operation executing information of each of one or more gesture forms according to each of a plurality of functions,
detect a gesture form from an image input through the image receiving unit, and
identify and execute the operation executing information mapped on the detected gesture form according to a function which is currently operated. 3. The apparatus for controlling the user interface as claimed in claim 2, wherein the controller is further configured to:
extract a contour from the input image when the gesture form is detected from the input image, determine whether the extracted contour has a form matched with the gesture form, and determine the matched form as the gesture form and detects the gesture form if it is determined that the extracted contour has the form matched with the one or more gesture forms. 4. The apparatus for controlling the user interface as claimed in claim 2, wherein the controller is further configured to tag a predetermined metadata corresponding to the detected gesture form to the input image when the operation executing information mapped on the detected gesture form is identified and the operation of the operation executing information is executed. 5. The apparatus for controlling the user interface as claimed in claim 2, further comprising:
a display unit, wherein the controller is further configured to display the input image and a predetermined visible effect corresponding to the detected gesture form of the input image on the displaying unit, when the operation executing information mapped on the detected gesture form is identified and the operation of the operation executing information is executed. 6. The apparatus for controlling the user interface as claimed in claim 5, wherein the controller is further configured to:
apply a face recognition function to the input image so as to detect at least one portion of a face from the input image, and display the predetermined visible effect on the detected face portion corresponding to the predetermined face portion in correspondence to the detected gesture form. 7. The apparatus for controlling the user interface as claimed in claim 5, further comprising:
a microphone, wherein the controller is further configured to change at least one of a type, a color or a shape of the visible effect according to recognition of a predetermined voice instruction input through the microphone. 8. The apparatus for controlling the user interface as claimed in claim 2,
wherein the operating function corresponds to a camera function, and wherein the controller is further configured to:
detect a predetermined pointing position of a predetermined pointing gesture form from the input image if the detected gesture form is the predetermined pointing gesture form, and
execute an auto focusing operation of the camera function by a reference of the detected pointing position. 9. The apparatus for controlling the user interface as claimed in claim 2, further comprising:
a displaying unit, wherein a predetermined texture corresponding to the detected gesture form is applied to the input image displayed on a preview screen of the displaying unit, when the operation executing information mapped on the detected gesture form is identified and the operation of the operation executing information is executed. 10. The apparatus for controlling the user interface as claimed in claim 2, further comprising:
a displaying unit, wherein the controller is further configured to:
detect at least one object located in a pointing direction of the pointing gesture form from the input image displayed on a preview screen of the displaying unit if the detected gesture form is a predetermined pointing gesture form, and
apply a predetermined texture corresponding to the detected gesture form to the detected object. 11. A recording medium for controlling a user interface using an input image, the recording medium comprising:
an image receiving unit configured to receive an input of an image; a storage unit; and programs which operate a controller for:
enabling the storage unit to store operation executing information of each of one or more gesture forms according to each of a plurality of functions,
detecting a gesture form from an image input through the image receiving unit, and
identifying the operation executing information mapped on the detected gesture form according to a function which is currently operated and executing the operation of the operation executing information. 12. A method of modifying an input image, the method comprising:
receiving a gesture form via an image receiving unit; matching the gesture form to at least one of a plurality of stored gesture forms; and applying an object associated with the matched gesture form to the input image and displaying the input image with the applied object. 13. The method of modifying the input image as in claim 12, wherein the applied object is on one of a visible object and a non-visible object associate with the matched gesture form. 14. The method of modifying the input image as in claim 13, wherein the non-visible object associated with the matched gesture form is metadata. 15. The method of modifying the input image as in claim 14, wherein the metadata defines a focus point for an image capture of a camera function. 16. The method of modifying the input image as in claim 13, wherein the visible object associated with the matched gesture form is an effect rendered from a shape of the matched gesture. 17. The method of modifying the input image as in claim 13, wherein the visible object associated with the matched gesture form is further associated with a feature of the input image, and the application of the visible object to the input image is performed in a manner that integrates the visible object to the feature of the input image. 18. The method of modifying the input image as in claim 17, wherein the visible object is a pair of glasses and the feature of the input image is a user's face. 19. The method of modifying the input image as in claim 17, wherein the visible object is a texture and the feature of the input image is an object selectively chosen from a plurality of objects in the input image. 20. The method of modifying the input image as in claim 13, wherein, when the input image is a sequence of input images of a video call, the visible object is a message text applied to each input image in the sequence of input images. | A method of controlling a user interface using an input image is provided. The method includes storing operation executing information of each of one or more gesture forms according to each of a plurality of functions, detecting a gesture form from the input image, and identifying the operation executing information mapped on the detected gesture form to execute an operation according to a function which is currently operated.1. A method of controlling a user interface using an input image, the method comprising:
storing operation executing information of each of one or more gesture forms according to each of a plurality of functions; detecting a gesture form from the input image; and identifying the operation executing information mapped on the detected gesture form according to a function which currently operates and executing the operation of the operation executing information. 2. An apparatus for controlling a user interface using an input image, the apparatus comprising:
an image receiving unit configured to receive an input of an image; a storage unit; and a controller configured to:
enable the storage unit to store operation executing information of each of one or more gesture forms according to each of a plurality of functions,
detect a gesture form from an image input through the image receiving unit, and
identify and execute the operation executing information mapped on the detected gesture form according to a function which is currently operated. 3. The apparatus for controlling the user interface as claimed in claim 2, wherein the controller is further configured to:
extract a contour from the input image when the gesture form is detected from the input image, determine whether the extracted contour has a form matched with the gesture form, and determine the matched form as the gesture form and detects the gesture form if it is determined that the extracted contour has the form matched with the one or more gesture forms. 4. The apparatus for controlling the user interface as claimed in claim 2, wherein the controller is further configured to tag a predetermined metadata corresponding to the detected gesture form to the input image when the operation executing information mapped on the detected gesture form is identified and the operation of the operation executing information is executed. 5. The apparatus for controlling the user interface as claimed in claim 2, further comprising:
a display unit, wherein the controller is further configured to display the input image and a predetermined visible effect corresponding to the detected gesture form of the input image on the displaying unit, when the operation executing information mapped on the detected gesture form is identified and the operation of the operation executing information is executed. 6. The apparatus for controlling the user interface as claimed in claim 5, wherein the controller is further configured to:
apply a face recognition function to the input image so as to detect at least one portion of a face from the input image, and display the predetermined visible effect on the detected face portion corresponding to the predetermined face portion in correspondence to the detected gesture form. 7. The apparatus for controlling the user interface as claimed in claim 5, further comprising:
a microphone, wherein the controller is further configured to change at least one of a type, a color or a shape of the visible effect according to recognition of a predetermined voice instruction input through the microphone. 8. The apparatus for controlling the user interface as claimed in claim 2,
wherein the operating function corresponds to a camera function, and wherein the controller is further configured to:
detect a predetermined pointing position of a predetermined pointing gesture form from the input image if the detected gesture form is the predetermined pointing gesture form, and
execute an auto focusing operation of the camera function by a reference of the detected pointing position. 9. The apparatus for controlling the user interface as claimed in claim 2, further comprising:
a displaying unit, wherein a predetermined texture corresponding to the detected gesture form is applied to the input image displayed on a preview screen of the displaying unit, when the operation executing information mapped on the detected gesture form is identified and the operation of the operation executing information is executed. 10. The apparatus for controlling the user interface as claimed in claim 2, further comprising:
a displaying unit, wherein the controller is further configured to:
detect at least one object located in a pointing direction of the pointing gesture form from the input image displayed on a preview screen of the displaying unit if the detected gesture form is a predetermined pointing gesture form, and
apply a predetermined texture corresponding to the detected gesture form to the detected object. 11. A recording medium for controlling a user interface using an input image, the recording medium comprising:
an image receiving unit configured to receive an input of an image; a storage unit; and programs which operate a controller for:
enabling the storage unit to store operation executing information of each of one or more gesture forms according to each of a plurality of functions,
detecting a gesture form from an image input through the image receiving unit, and
identifying the operation executing information mapped on the detected gesture form according to a function which is currently operated and executing the operation of the operation executing information. 12. A method of modifying an input image, the method comprising:
receiving a gesture form via an image receiving unit; matching the gesture form to at least one of a plurality of stored gesture forms; and applying an object associated with the matched gesture form to the input image and displaying the input image with the applied object. 13. The method of modifying the input image as in claim 12, wherein the applied object is on one of a visible object and a non-visible object associate with the matched gesture form. 14. The method of modifying the input image as in claim 13, wherein the non-visible object associated with the matched gesture form is metadata. 15. The method of modifying the input image as in claim 14, wherein the metadata defines a focus point for an image capture of a camera function. 16. The method of modifying the input image as in claim 13, wherein the visible object associated with the matched gesture form is an effect rendered from a shape of the matched gesture. 17. The method of modifying the input image as in claim 13, wherein the visible object associated with the matched gesture form is further associated with a feature of the input image, and the application of the visible object to the input image is performed in a manner that integrates the visible object to the feature of the input image. 18. The method of modifying the input image as in claim 17, wherein the visible object is a pair of glasses and the feature of the input image is a user's face. 19. The method of modifying the input image as in claim 17, wherein the visible object is a texture and the feature of the input image is an object selectively chosen from a plurality of objects in the input image. 20. The method of modifying the input image as in claim 13, wherein, when the input image is a sequence of input images of a video call, the visible object is a message text applied to each input image in the sequence of input images. | 2,400 |
348,881 | 16,806,417 | 2,437 | A method includes accessing a schematic diagram and a design layout for a circuit. The design layout includes net shapes representing nets and tracking group and voltage labels. The method further includes performing a physical verification of the design layout, including performing a layout versus schematic process. The layout versus schematic process includes converting the design layout to a new schematic diagram including nets corresponding to all of the net shapes, a single-pin first imaginary device associated with a tracking group property specified by a tracking group label indicating a tracking group, and a single-pin second imaginary device associated with a voltage property specified by a voltage label indicating high and low voltages on the net. A tracking group and voltage-aware design rules check is performed by determining whether placement of the net shapes in the design layout satisfies tracking group and voltage-aware design rules. | 1. A method comprising:
accessing, from a memory, a schematic diagram for a circuit, a design layout for the circuit, and tracking group and voltage-aware design rules,
wherein the design layout comprises net shapes representing nets and, on one or more of the net shapes, tracking group and voltage labels, and
wherein a tracking group label indicates a tracking group of a net and a voltage label indicates maximum high and low voltages on the net; and
automatically performing a physical verification of the design layout comprising:
performing a layout versus schematic process comprising:
converting the design layout to a new schematic diagram comprising nets corresponding to all of the net shapes and, connected to any net corresponding to any net shape with a tracking group label and a voltage label, a single-pin first imaginary device associated with a tracking group property specified by the tracking group label and a single-pin second imaginary device associated with a voltage property specified by the voltage label, wherein all nets in a same tracking group are in-phase and in different tracking groups are out-of-phase; and, comparing the new schematic diagram to the schematic diagram to determine whether the new schematic diagram and the schematic diagram match; and
performing a tracking group and voltage-aware design rules check comprising, when the design layout passes the layout versus schematic check, determining whether, given the tracking group and voltage labels, placement of the net shapes in the design layout satisfies the tracking group and voltage-aware design rules,
wherein the accessing of the schematic diagram, the design layout, and the tracking group and voltage-aware design rules and the automatically performing of the physical verification of the design layout are performed by a layout-versus-schematic tool executed by a processor of a computer-aided design system. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the design layout comprises multiple different tracking group labels for multiple different groups of nets, respectively, from the schematic diagram. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the tracking group and voltage-aware design rules specify the following:
a first minimum allowable space between adjacent net shapes with a same tracking group label and a same voltage label; a second minimum allowable space between adjacent net shapes with a same tracking group label and different voltage labels, wherein the second minimum allowable space is greater than the first minimum allowable space; and, a third minimum allowable space between adjacent net shapes with different tracking group labels, wherein the third minimum allowable space is greater than the second minimum allowable space. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the tracking group and voltage-aware design rules further specify multiple different second minimum allowable spaces between adjacent net shapes with the same tracking group label and the different voltage labels, wherein each second minimum allowable space corresponds to a different voltage differential. 5. The method of claim 1,
wherein the converting of the design layout to the new schematic diagram comprises: recognizing the tracking group and voltage labels on the net shapes in the design layout; and selecting the first imaginary devices and the second imaginary devices from a labels library given the tracking group and voltage labels, respectively, and wherein the labels library is stored in memory and associates different labels with different imaginary device symbols having different properties. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
automatically adjusting the design layout when the design layout fails the layout versus schematic check or the tracking group and voltage-aware design rules check; automatically generating a final design layout when the design layout passes the layout versus schematic check and the tracking group and voltage-aware design rules check, wherein the automatically adjusting of the design layout and the automatically generating of the final design layout are performed by a layout generator and editor tool executed by the processor of the computer-aided design system; and manufacturing integrated circuit chips according to the final design layout, wherein the integrated circuit chips are area-optimized and reliable due to the tracking group and voltage-aware design rules. 7. A method comprising:
accessing, from a memory, a schematic diagram of a circuit,
wherein the schematic diagram depicts components of the circuit and, connected to one or more of the components, single-pin imaginary devices associated with group properties of the components; and
automatically generating a design layout for the circuit based on the schematic diagram, wherein the design layout comprises shapes representing the components and, on each shape representing a specific component that is connected to a single-pin imaginary device, a specific group label corresponding to a specific group property of the specific component, wherein placement of the shapes within the design layout is group label dependent, and
wherein the accessing of the schematic diagram and the automatically generating of the design layout are performed by a layout generator tool executed by a processor of a computer-aided design system. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the design layout comprises multiple different group labels for multiple different groups of components, respectively, from the schematic diagram. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the automatically generating of the design layout further comprises accessing design rules stored in memory and using the design rules to establish the placement of the shapes within the design layout, wherein the design rules provide for any one of the following:
prioritizing grouping together, within the design layout, of any of the shapes having a same group label; prohibiting grouping together, within the design layout, of any of the shapes having a same group label; and prohibiting grouping together, within the design layout, of any of the shapes having different group labels. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the design layout is used to manufacture integrated circuit chips that are area-optimized and reliable due to the design rules. | A method includes accessing a schematic diagram and a design layout for a circuit. The design layout includes net shapes representing nets and tracking group and voltage labels. The method further includes performing a physical verification of the design layout, including performing a layout versus schematic process. The layout versus schematic process includes converting the design layout to a new schematic diagram including nets corresponding to all of the net shapes, a single-pin first imaginary device associated with a tracking group property specified by a tracking group label indicating a tracking group, and a single-pin second imaginary device associated with a voltage property specified by a voltage label indicating high and low voltages on the net. A tracking group and voltage-aware design rules check is performed by determining whether placement of the net shapes in the design layout satisfies tracking group and voltage-aware design rules.1. A method comprising:
accessing, from a memory, a schematic diagram for a circuit, a design layout for the circuit, and tracking group and voltage-aware design rules,
wherein the design layout comprises net shapes representing nets and, on one or more of the net shapes, tracking group and voltage labels, and
wherein a tracking group label indicates a tracking group of a net and a voltage label indicates maximum high and low voltages on the net; and
automatically performing a physical verification of the design layout comprising:
performing a layout versus schematic process comprising:
converting the design layout to a new schematic diagram comprising nets corresponding to all of the net shapes and, connected to any net corresponding to any net shape with a tracking group label and a voltage label, a single-pin first imaginary device associated with a tracking group property specified by the tracking group label and a single-pin second imaginary device associated with a voltage property specified by the voltage label, wherein all nets in a same tracking group are in-phase and in different tracking groups are out-of-phase; and, comparing the new schematic diagram to the schematic diagram to determine whether the new schematic diagram and the schematic diagram match; and
performing a tracking group and voltage-aware design rules check comprising, when the design layout passes the layout versus schematic check, determining whether, given the tracking group and voltage labels, placement of the net shapes in the design layout satisfies the tracking group and voltage-aware design rules,
wherein the accessing of the schematic diagram, the design layout, and the tracking group and voltage-aware design rules and the automatically performing of the physical verification of the design layout are performed by a layout-versus-schematic tool executed by a processor of a computer-aided design system. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the design layout comprises multiple different tracking group labels for multiple different groups of nets, respectively, from the schematic diagram. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the tracking group and voltage-aware design rules specify the following:
a first minimum allowable space between adjacent net shapes with a same tracking group label and a same voltage label; a second minimum allowable space between adjacent net shapes with a same tracking group label and different voltage labels, wherein the second minimum allowable space is greater than the first minimum allowable space; and, a third minimum allowable space between adjacent net shapes with different tracking group labels, wherein the third minimum allowable space is greater than the second minimum allowable space. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the tracking group and voltage-aware design rules further specify multiple different second minimum allowable spaces between adjacent net shapes with the same tracking group label and the different voltage labels, wherein each second minimum allowable space corresponds to a different voltage differential. 5. The method of claim 1,
wherein the converting of the design layout to the new schematic diagram comprises: recognizing the tracking group and voltage labels on the net shapes in the design layout; and selecting the first imaginary devices and the second imaginary devices from a labels library given the tracking group and voltage labels, respectively, and wherein the labels library is stored in memory and associates different labels with different imaginary device symbols having different properties. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
automatically adjusting the design layout when the design layout fails the layout versus schematic check or the tracking group and voltage-aware design rules check; automatically generating a final design layout when the design layout passes the layout versus schematic check and the tracking group and voltage-aware design rules check, wherein the automatically adjusting of the design layout and the automatically generating of the final design layout are performed by a layout generator and editor tool executed by the processor of the computer-aided design system; and manufacturing integrated circuit chips according to the final design layout, wherein the integrated circuit chips are area-optimized and reliable due to the tracking group and voltage-aware design rules. 7. A method comprising:
accessing, from a memory, a schematic diagram of a circuit,
wherein the schematic diagram depicts components of the circuit and, connected to one or more of the components, single-pin imaginary devices associated with group properties of the components; and
automatically generating a design layout for the circuit based on the schematic diagram, wherein the design layout comprises shapes representing the components and, on each shape representing a specific component that is connected to a single-pin imaginary device, a specific group label corresponding to a specific group property of the specific component, wherein placement of the shapes within the design layout is group label dependent, and
wherein the accessing of the schematic diagram and the automatically generating of the design layout are performed by a layout generator tool executed by a processor of a computer-aided design system. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the design layout comprises multiple different group labels for multiple different groups of components, respectively, from the schematic diagram. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the automatically generating of the design layout further comprises accessing design rules stored in memory and using the design rules to establish the placement of the shapes within the design layout, wherein the design rules provide for any one of the following:
prioritizing grouping together, within the design layout, of any of the shapes having a same group label; prohibiting grouping together, within the design layout, of any of the shapes having a same group label; and prohibiting grouping together, within the design layout, of any of the shapes having different group labels. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the design layout is used to manufacture integrated circuit chips that are area-optimized and reliable due to the design rules. | 2,400 |
348,882 | 16,806,429 | 2,437 | A method includes accessing a schematic diagram and a design layout for a circuit. The design layout includes net shapes representing nets and tracking group and voltage labels. The method further includes performing a physical verification of the design layout, including performing a layout versus schematic process. The layout versus schematic process includes converting the design layout to a new schematic diagram including nets corresponding to all of the net shapes, a single-pin first imaginary device associated with a tracking group property specified by a tracking group label indicating a tracking group, and a single-pin second imaginary device associated with a voltage property specified by a voltage label indicating high and low voltages on the net. A tracking group and voltage-aware design rules check is performed by determining whether placement of the net shapes in the design layout satisfies tracking group and voltage-aware design rules. | 1. A method comprising:
accessing, from a memory, a schematic diagram for a circuit, a design layout for the circuit, and tracking group and voltage-aware design rules,
wherein the design layout comprises net shapes representing nets and, on one or more of the net shapes, tracking group and voltage labels, and
wherein a tracking group label indicates a tracking group of a net and a voltage label indicates maximum high and low voltages on the net; and
automatically performing a physical verification of the design layout comprising:
performing a layout versus schematic process comprising:
converting the design layout to a new schematic diagram comprising nets corresponding to all of the net shapes and, connected to any net corresponding to any net shape with a tracking group label and a voltage label, a single-pin first imaginary device associated with a tracking group property specified by the tracking group label and a single-pin second imaginary device associated with a voltage property specified by the voltage label, wherein all nets in a same tracking group are in-phase and in different tracking groups are out-of-phase; and, comparing the new schematic diagram to the schematic diagram to determine whether the new schematic diagram and the schematic diagram match; and
performing a tracking group and voltage-aware design rules check comprising, when the design layout passes the layout versus schematic check, determining whether, given the tracking group and voltage labels, placement of the net shapes in the design layout satisfies the tracking group and voltage-aware design rules,
wherein the accessing of the schematic diagram, the design layout, and the tracking group and voltage-aware design rules and the automatically performing of the physical verification of the design layout are performed by a layout-versus-schematic tool executed by a processor of a computer-aided design system. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the design layout comprises multiple different tracking group labels for multiple different groups of nets, respectively, from the schematic diagram. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the tracking group and voltage-aware design rules specify the following:
a first minimum allowable space between adjacent net shapes with a same tracking group label and a same voltage label; a second minimum allowable space between adjacent net shapes with a same tracking group label and different voltage labels, wherein the second minimum allowable space is greater than the first minimum allowable space; and, a third minimum allowable space between adjacent net shapes with different tracking group labels, wherein the third minimum allowable space is greater than the second minimum allowable space. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the tracking group and voltage-aware design rules further specify multiple different second minimum allowable spaces between adjacent net shapes with the same tracking group label and the different voltage labels, wherein each second minimum allowable space corresponds to a different voltage differential. 5. The method of claim 1,
wherein the converting of the design layout to the new schematic diagram comprises: recognizing the tracking group and voltage labels on the net shapes in the design layout; and selecting the first imaginary devices and the second imaginary devices from a labels library given the tracking group and voltage labels, respectively, and wherein the labels library is stored in memory and associates different labels with different imaginary device symbols having different properties. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
automatically adjusting the design layout when the design layout fails the layout versus schematic check or the tracking group and voltage-aware design rules check; automatically generating a final design layout when the design layout passes the layout versus schematic check and the tracking group and voltage-aware design rules check, wherein the automatically adjusting of the design layout and the automatically generating of the final design layout are performed by a layout generator and editor tool executed by the processor of the computer-aided design system; and manufacturing integrated circuit chips according to the final design layout, wherein the integrated circuit chips are area-optimized and reliable due to the tracking group and voltage-aware design rules. 7. A method comprising:
accessing, from a memory, a schematic diagram of a circuit,
wherein the schematic diagram depicts components of the circuit and, connected to one or more of the components, single-pin imaginary devices associated with group properties of the components; and
automatically generating a design layout for the circuit based on the schematic diagram, wherein the design layout comprises shapes representing the components and, on each shape representing a specific component that is connected to a single-pin imaginary device, a specific group label corresponding to a specific group property of the specific component, wherein placement of the shapes within the design layout is group label dependent, and
wherein the accessing of the schematic diagram and the automatically generating of the design layout are performed by a layout generator tool executed by a processor of a computer-aided design system. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the design layout comprises multiple different group labels for multiple different groups of components, respectively, from the schematic diagram. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the automatically generating of the design layout further comprises accessing design rules stored in memory and using the design rules to establish the placement of the shapes within the design layout, wherein the design rules provide for any one of the following:
prioritizing grouping together, within the design layout, of any of the shapes having a same group label; prohibiting grouping together, within the design layout, of any of the shapes having a same group label; and prohibiting grouping together, within the design layout, of any of the shapes having different group labels. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the design layout is used to manufacture integrated circuit chips that are area-optimized and reliable due to the design rules. | A method includes accessing a schematic diagram and a design layout for a circuit. The design layout includes net shapes representing nets and tracking group and voltage labels. The method further includes performing a physical verification of the design layout, including performing a layout versus schematic process. The layout versus schematic process includes converting the design layout to a new schematic diagram including nets corresponding to all of the net shapes, a single-pin first imaginary device associated with a tracking group property specified by a tracking group label indicating a tracking group, and a single-pin second imaginary device associated with a voltage property specified by a voltage label indicating high and low voltages on the net. A tracking group and voltage-aware design rules check is performed by determining whether placement of the net shapes in the design layout satisfies tracking group and voltage-aware design rules.1. A method comprising:
accessing, from a memory, a schematic diagram for a circuit, a design layout for the circuit, and tracking group and voltage-aware design rules,
wherein the design layout comprises net shapes representing nets and, on one or more of the net shapes, tracking group and voltage labels, and
wherein a tracking group label indicates a tracking group of a net and a voltage label indicates maximum high and low voltages on the net; and
automatically performing a physical verification of the design layout comprising:
performing a layout versus schematic process comprising:
converting the design layout to a new schematic diagram comprising nets corresponding to all of the net shapes and, connected to any net corresponding to any net shape with a tracking group label and a voltage label, a single-pin first imaginary device associated with a tracking group property specified by the tracking group label and a single-pin second imaginary device associated with a voltage property specified by the voltage label, wherein all nets in a same tracking group are in-phase and in different tracking groups are out-of-phase; and, comparing the new schematic diagram to the schematic diagram to determine whether the new schematic diagram and the schematic diagram match; and
performing a tracking group and voltage-aware design rules check comprising, when the design layout passes the layout versus schematic check, determining whether, given the tracking group and voltage labels, placement of the net shapes in the design layout satisfies the tracking group and voltage-aware design rules,
wherein the accessing of the schematic diagram, the design layout, and the tracking group and voltage-aware design rules and the automatically performing of the physical verification of the design layout are performed by a layout-versus-schematic tool executed by a processor of a computer-aided design system. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the design layout comprises multiple different tracking group labels for multiple different groups of nets, respectively, from the schematic diagram. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the tracking group and voltage-aware design rules specify the following:
a first minimum allowable space between adjacent net shapes with a same tracking group label and a same voltage label; a second minimum allowable space between adjacent net shapes with a same tracking group label and different voltage labels, wherein the second minimum allowable space is greater than the first minimum allowable space; and, a third minimum allowable space between adjacent net shapes with different tracking group labels, wherein the third minimum allowable space is greater than the second minimum allowable space. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the tracking group and voltage-aware design rules further specify multiple different second minimum allowable spaces between adjacent net shapes with the same tracking group label and the different voltage labels, wherein each second minimum allowable space corresponds to a different voltage differential. 5. The method of claim 1,
wherein the converting of the design layout to the new schematic diagram comprises: recognizing the tracking group and voltage labels on the net shapes in the design layout; and selecting the first imaginary devices and the second imaginary devices from a labels library given the tracking group and voltage labels, respectively, and wherein the labels library is stored in memory and associates different labels with different imaginary device symbols having different properties. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
automatically adjusting the design layout when the design layout fails the layout versus schematic check or the tracking group and voltage-aware design rules check; automatically generating a final design layout when the design layout passes the layout versus schematic check and the tracking group and voltage-aware design rules check, wherein the automatically adjusting of the design layout and the automatically generating of the final design layout are performed by a layout generator and editor tool executed by the processor of the computer-aided design system; and manufacturing integrated circuit chips according to the final design layout, wherein the integrated circuit chips are area-optimized and reliable due to the tracking group and voltage-aware design rules. 7. A method comprising:
accessing, from a memory, a schematic diagram of a circuit,
wherein the schematic diagram depicts components of the circuit and, connected to one or more of the components, single-pin imaginary devices associated with group properties of the components; and
automatically generating a design layout for the circuit based on the schematic diagram, wherein the design layout comprises shapes representing the components and, on each shape representing a specific component that is connected to a single-pin imaginary device, a specific group label corresponding to a specific group property of the specific component, wherein placement of the shapes within the design layout is group label dependent, and
wherein the accessing of the schematic diagram and the automatically generating of the design layout are performed by a layout generator tool executed by a processor of a computer-aided design system. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the design layout comprises multiple different group labels for multiple different groups of components, respectively, from the schematic diagram. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the automatically generating of the design layout further comprises accessing design rules stored in memory and using the design rules to establish the placement of the shapes within the design layout, wherein the design rules provide for any one of the following:
prioritizing grouping together, within the design layout, of any of the shapes having a same group label; prohibiting grouping together, within the design layout, of any of the shapes having a same group label; and prohibiting grouping together, within the design layout, of any of the shapes having different group labels. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the design layout is used to manufacture integrated circuit chips that are area-optimized and reliable due to the design rules. | 2,400 |
348,883 | 16,806,397 | 2,437 | The present invention provides a process for the preparation of a multimodal polyethylene comprising: (i) polymerising ethylene and optionally an Ξ±-olefin comonomer in a first polymerisation stage to produce a first ethylene polymer; and (ii) polymerising ethylene and optionally an Ξ±-olefin comonomer, in the presence of said first ethylene polymer, in a second polymerisation stage, wherein the first and second polymerisation stages are carried out in the presence of an unsupported metallocene catalyst and each polymerisation stage produces at least 5% wt of the multimodal polyethylene, and the multimodal polyethylene has a multimodal molecular weight distribution, a molecular weight of at least 50,000 g/mol and a bulk density of at least 250 g/dm3, and wherein a solution of the unsupported metallocene catalyst in a solvent is employed. The present invention also provides a multimodal polyethylene, a process for preparing a pipe comprising preparing a multimodal polyethylene and extruding the multimodal polyethylene to produce a pipe, and a pipe obtained by such a process. | 1-61. (canceled) 62. A metallocene multimodal polyethylene comprising:
i) a multimodal molecular weight distribution; ii) a molecular weight of at least 50,000 g/mol; iii) a MFR2 of less than 0.2 g/10 min; iv) a MFR5 of less than 1 g/10 min; v) a bulk density of at least 250 g/dm3; and vi) an ash content of less than 800 ppm wt. 63. A metallocene multimodal polyethylene as claimed in claim 62, wherein said metallocene multimodal polyethylene contains less than 100 wt of material of hardness more than 3 on Moh's scale. 64-66. (canceled) 67. A pipe comprising metallocene multimodal polyethylene as claimed in claim 62. 68. The metallocene multimodal polyethylene as claimed in claim 62, wherein said metallocene multimodal polyethylene has a Mw of 100,000-250,000 g/mol. 69. The metallocene multimodal polyethylene as claimed in claim 62, wherein said metallocene multimodal polyethylene has a Mn of 18,000 to 40,000 g/mol. 70. The metallocene multimodal polyethylene as claimed in claim 62, wherein said metallocene multimodal polyethylene has a MWD of 1 to 25. 71. The metallocene multimodal polyethylene as claimed in claim 62, wherein said metallocene multimodal polyethylene has a MFR2 of 0.005-0.2 g/10 min. 72. The metallocene multimodal polyethylene as claimed in claim 62, wherein said metallocene multimodal polyethylene has a MFR5 of 0.05-1 g/10 min. 73. The metallocene multimodal polyethylene as claimed in claim 62, wherein said metallocene multimodal polyethylene has a density of 920-970 kg/m3. 74. The metallocene multimodal polyethylene as claimed in claim 62, wherein said metallocene multimodal polyethylene is in the form of powder. 75. The metallocene multimodal polyethylene as claimed in claim 74, wherein said metallocene multimodal powder has a bulk density of 250-400 g/dm3. 76. The metallocene multimodal polyethylene as claimed in claim 62, wherein said metallocene multimodal polyethylene is in the form of particles. 77. The metallocene multimodal polyethylene as claimed in claim 76, wherein said metallocene multimodal particles have a bulk density of 250-400 g/dm3. 78. The metallocene multimodal polyethylene as claimed in claim 62, wherein said metallocene multimodal polyethylene has an ash content of 0 to 800 wt ppm. 79. The metallocene multimodal polyethylene as claimed in claim 62, wherein said metallocene multimodal polyethylene has an ash content of 0 to 400 wt ppm. 80. The metallocene multimodal polyethylene as claimed in claim 62, wherein said metallocene multimodal polyethylene has a fluorocarbon and fluorocarbyl content of less than 20 wt ppm. 81. The metallocene multimodal polyethylene as claimed in claim 62, wherein said metallocene multimodal polyethylene has a bimodal or trimodal molecular weight distribution. 82. The metallocene multimodal polyethylene as claimed in claim 62, wherein said metallocene multimodal polyethylene does not contain silica. 83. The metallocene multimodal polyethylene as claimed in claim 62, wherein said metallocene multimodal polyethylene comprises 98 to 99.9% wt ethylene monomer. 84. A multimodal polyethylene comprising:
i) a multimodal molecular weight distribution; ii) a molecular weight of at least 50,000 g/mol; iii) a MFR2 of less than 0.2 g/10 min; iv) a MFR5 of less than 1 g/10 min; v) a bulk density of at least 250 g/dm3; and vi) an ash content of less than 800 ppm wt, wherein said multimodal polyethylene is prepared with a metallocene catalyst. | The present invention provides a process for the preparation of a multimodal polyethylene comprising: (i) polymerising ethylene and optionally an Ξ±-olefin comonomer in a first polymerisation stage to produce a first ethylene polymer; and (ii) polymerising ethylene and optionally an Ξ±-olefin comonomer, in the presence of said first ethylene polymer, in a second polymerisation stage, wherein the first and second polymerisation stages are carried out in the presence of an unsupported metallocene catalyst and each polymerisation stage produces at least 5% wt of the multimodal polyethylene, and the multimodal polyethylene has a multimodal molecular weight distribution, a molecular weight of at least 50,000 g/mol and a bulk density of at least 250 g/dm3, and wherein a solution of the unsupported metallocene catalyst in a solvent is employed. The present invention also provides a multimodal polyethylene, a process for preparing a pipe comprising preparing a multimodal polyethylene and extruding the multimodal polyethylene to produce a pipe, and a pipe obtained by such a process.1-61. (canceled) 62. A metallocene multimodal polyethylene comprising:
i) a multimodal molecular weight distribution; ii) a molecular weight of at least 50,000 g/mol; iii) a MFR2 of less than 0.2 g/10 min; iv) a MFR5 of less than 1 g/10 min; v) a bulk density of at least 250 g/dm3; and vi) an ash content of less than 800 ppm wt. 63. A metallocene multimodal polyethylene as claimed in claim 62, wherein said metallocene multimodal polyethylene contains less than 100 wt of material of hardness more than 3 on Moh's scale. 64-66. (canceled) 67. A pipe comprising metallocene multimodal polyethylene as claimed in claim 62. 68. The metallocene multimodal polyethylene as claimed in claim 62, wherein said metallocene multimodal polyethylene has a Mw of 100,000-250,000 g/mol. 69. The metallocene multimodal polyethylene as claimed in claim 62, wherein said metallocene multimodal polyethylene has a Mn of 18,000 to 40,000 g/mol. 70. The metallocene multimodal polyethylene as claimed in claim 62, wherein said metallocene multimodal polyethylene has a MWD of 1 to 25. 71. The metallocene multimodal polyethylene as claimed in claim 62, wherein said metallocene multimodal polyethylene has a MFR2 of 0.005-0.2 g/10 min. 72. The metallocene multimodal polyethylene as claimed in claim 62, wherein said metallocene multimodal polyethylene has a MFR5 of 0.05-1 g/10 min. 73. The metallocene multimodal polyethylene as claimed in claim 62, wherein said metallocene multimodal polyethylene has a density of 920-970 kg/m3. 74. The metallocene multimodal polyethylene as claimed in claim 62, wherein said metallocene multimodal polyethylene is in the form of powder. 75. The metallocene multimodal polyethylene as claimed in claim 74, wherein said metallocene multimodal powder has a bulk density of 250-400 g/dm3. 76. The metallocene multimodal polyethylene as claimed in claim 62, wherein said metallocene multimodal polyethylene is in the form of particles. 77. The metallocene multimodal polyethylene as claimed in claim 76, wherein said metallocene multimodal particles have a bulk density of 250-400 g/dm3. 78. The metallocene multimodal polyethylene as claimed in claim 62, wherein said metallocene multimodal polyethylene has an ash content of 0 to 800 wt ppm. 79. The metallocene multimodal polyethylene as claimed in claim 62, wherein said metallocene multimodal polyethylene has an ash content of 0 to 400 wt ppm. 80. The metallocene multimodal polyethylene as claimed in claim 62, wherein said metallocene multimodal polyethylene has a fluorocarbon and fluorocarbyl content of less than 20 wt ppm. 81. The metallocene multimodal polyethylene as claimed in claim 62, wherein said metallocene multimodal polyethylene has a bimodal or trimodal molecular weight distribution. 82. The metallocene multimodal polyethylene as claimed in claim 62, wherein said metallocene multimodal polyethylene does not contain silica. 83. The metallocene multimodal polyethylene as claimed in claim 62, wherein said metallocene multimodal polyethylene comprises 98 to 99.9% wt ethylene monomer. 84. A multimodal polyethylene comprising:
i) a multimodal molecular weight distribution; ii) a molecular weight of at least 50,000 g/mol; iii) a MFR2 of less than 0.2 g/10 min; iv) a MFR5 of less than 1 g/10 min; v) a bulk density of at least 250 g/dm3; and vi) an ash content of less than 800 ppm wt, wherein said multimodal polyethylene is prepared with a metallocene catalyst. | 2,400 |
348,884 | 16,806,394 | 2,437 | The embodiments herein describe a forecasting system that uses captured images or a location to generate a weather forecast for that location. As used herein, a hyper-location is any location where images of that location are available to the forecasting system. For example, a hyper-location can be an airport where a security camera can provide historical images of the weather conditions at the airport. In one embodiment, the forecasting system can extract attributes from the images that indicate the historical weather conditions at the hyper-location. The forecasting system can then use those weather conditions to select which one of a plurality of historical scenarios best matches the weather conditions. The selected scenario can then be used to train a machine learning (ML) model that tunes a weather forecast for that location. | 1. A method, comprising:
identifying a weather condition of interest at a location; generating a plurality of historical scenarios at the location for a period of time; retrieving images captured at the location during the period of time; extracting attributes from the images to identify a current condition at the location, wherein the attributes are related to the weather condition at the location; identifying one of the plurality of historical scenarios that matches the current condition at the location; training a machine learning (ML) model based on the identified historical scenario; and generating a weather forecast for the location using the ML model. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
receiving a user request for the weather forecast at the location, wherein the user request indicates the weather condition, wherein the ML model is trained using the identified historical scenario after receiving the user request. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the plurality of historical scenarios comprises different values of at least one weather condition during the time period, wherein the time period is immediately prior to a time when the user request was received. 4. The method of claim 2, further comprising:
generating a plurality of future scenarios after receiving the user request; selecting one of the plurality of future scenarios based on the identified historical scenario; and tuning the selected future scenario using the trained ML model to in order to generate the weather forecast. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
receiving a user request for the weather forecast at the location, wherein the ML model is trained using the identified historical scenario before receiving any user requests for the weather forecast at the location. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising:
generating a plurality of future scenarios after receiving the user request; and tuning a selected one of the plurality of future scenarios using the trained ML model in order to generate the weather forecast. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the images are captured by at least one camera that has a view of weather conditions at the location. 8. A system, comprising:
a processor; and memory comprising a program, which when executed by the processor performs an operation, the operation comprising:
identifying a weather condition of interest at a location;
generating a plurality of historical scenarios at the location for a period of time;
retrieving images captured at the location during the period of time;
extracting attributes from the images to identify a current condition at the location, wherein the attributes are related to the weather condition at the location;
identifying one of the plurality of historical scenarios that matches the current condition at the location;
training a machine learning (ML) model based on the identified historical scenario; and
generating a weather forecast for the location using the ML model. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the operation further comprises:
receiving a user request for the weather forecast at the location, wherein the user request indicates the weather condition, wherein the ML model is trained using the identified historical scenario after receiving the user request. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the plurality of historical scenarios comprises different values of at least one weather condition during the time period, wherein the time period is immediately prior to a time when the user request was received. 11. The system of claim 9, wherein the operation further comprises:
generating a plurality of future scenarios after receiving the user request; selecting one of the plurality of future scenarios based on the identified historical scenario; and tuning the selected future scenario using the trained ML model to in order to generate the weather forecast. 12. The system of claim 8, wherein the operation further comprises:
receiving a user request for the weather forecast at the location, wherein the ML model is trained using the identified historical scenario before receiving any user requests for the weather forecast at the location. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the operation further comprises:
generating a plurality of future scenarios after receiving the user request; and tuning a selected one of the plurality of future scenarios using the trained ML model in order to generate the weather forecast. 14. The system of claim 8, wherein the images are captured by at least one camera that has a view of weather conditions at the location. 15. A computer program product for generating a weather forecast, the computer program product comprising:
a computer readable storage medium having computer readable program code embodied therewith, the computer readable program code executable by one or more computer processors to perform an operation, the operation comprising:
identifying a weather condition of interest at a location;
generating a plurality of historical scenarios at the location for a period of time;
retrieving images captured at the location during the period of time;
extracting attributes from the images to identify a current condition at the location, wherein the attributes are related to the weather condition at the location;
identifying one of the plurality of historical scenarios that matches the current condition at the location;
training a machine learning (ML) model based on the identified historical scenario; and
generating a weather forecast for the location using the ML model. 16. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein the operation further comprises:
receiving a user request for the weather forecast at the location, wherein the user request indicates the weather condition, wherein the ML model is trained using the identified historical scenario after receiving the user request. 17. The computer program product of claim 16, wherein the plurality of historical scenarios comprises different values of at least one weather condition during the time period, wherein the time period is immediately prior to a time when the user request was received. 18. The computer program product of claim 16, wherein the operation further comprises:
generating a plurality of future scenarios after receiving the user request; selecting one of the plurality of future scenarios based on the identified historical scenario; and tuning the selected future scenario using the trained ML model to in order to generate the weather forecast. 19. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein the operation further comprises:
receiving a user request for the weather forecast at the location, wherein the ML model is trained using the identified historical scenario before receiving any user requests for the weather forecast at the location. 20. The computer program product of claim 19, wherein the operation further comprises:
generating a plurality of future scenarios after receiving the user request; and tuning a selected one of the plurality of future scenarios using the trained ML model in order to generate the weather forecast. | The embodiments herein describe a forecasting system that uses captured images or a location to generate a weather forecast for that location. As used herein, a hyper-location is any location where images of that location are available to the forecasting system. For example, a hyper-location can be an airport where a security camera can provide historical images of the weather conditions at the airport. In one embodiment, the forecasting system can extract attributes from the images that indicate the historical weather conditions at the hyper-location. The forecasting system can then use those weather conditions to select which one of a plurality of historical scenarios best matches the weather conditions. The selected scenario can then be used to train a machine learning (ML) model that tunes a weather forecast for that location.1. A method, comprising:
identifying a weather condition of interest at a location; generating a plurality of historical scenarios at the location for a period of time; retrieving images captured at the location during the period of time; extracting attributes from the images to identify a current condition at the location, wherein the attributes are related to the weather condition at the location; identifying one of the plurality of historical scenarios that matches the current condition at the location; training a machine learning (ML) model based on the identified historical scenario; and generating a weather forecast for the location using the ML model. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
receiving a user request for the weather forecast at the location, wherein the user request indicates the weather condition, wherein the ML model is trained using the identified historical scenario after receiving the user request. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the plurality of historical scenarios comprises different values of at least one weather condition during the time period, wherein the time period is immediately prior to a time when the user request was received. 4. The method of claim 2, further comprising:
generating a plurality of future scenarios after receiving the user request; selecting one of the plurality of future scenarios based on the identified historical scenario; and tuning the selected future scenario using the trained ML model to in order to generate the weather forecast. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
receiving a user request for the weather forecast at the location, wherein the ML model is trained using the identified historical scenario before receiving any user requests for the weather forecast at the location. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising:
generating a plurality of future scenarios after receiving the user request; and tuning a selected one of the plurality of future scenarios using the trained ML model in order to generate the weather forecast. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the images are captured by at least one camera that has a view of weather conditions at the location. 8. A system, comprising:
a processor; and memory comprising a program, which when executed by the processor performs an operation, the operation comprising:
identifying a weather condition of interest at a location;
generating a plurality of historical scenarios at the location for a period of time;
retrieving images captured at the location during the period of time;
extracting attributes from the images to identify a current condition at the location, wherein the attributes are related to the weather condition at the location;
identifying one of the plurality of historical scenarios that matches the current condition at the location;
training a machine learning (ML) model based on the identified historical scenario; and
generating a weather forecast for the location using the ML model. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the operation further comprises:
receiving a user request for the weather forecast at the location, wherein the user request indicates the weather condition, wherein the ML model is trained using the identified historical scenario after receiving the user request. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the plurality of historical scenarios comprises different values of at least one weather condition during the time period, wherein the time period is immediately prior to a time when the user request was received. 11. The system of claim 9, wherein the operation further comprises:
generating a plurality of future scenarios after receiving the user request; selecting one of the plurality of future scenarios based on the identified historical scenario; and tuning the selected future scenario using the trained ML model to in order to generate the weather forecast. 12. The system of claim 8, wherein the operation further comprises:
receiving a user request for the weather forecast at the location, wherein the ML model is trained using the identified historical scenario before receiving any user requests for the weather forecast at the location. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the operation further comprises:
generating a plurality of future scenarios after receiving the user request; and tuning a selected one of the plurality of future scenarios using the trained ML model in order to generate the weather forecast. 14. The system of claim 8, wherein the images are captured by at least one camera that has a view of weather conditions at the location. 15. A computer program product for generating a weather forecast, the computer program product comprising:
a computer readable storage medium having computer readable program code embodied therewith, the computer readable program code executable by one or more computer processors to perform an operation, the operation comprising:
identifying a weather condition of interest at a location;
generating a plurality of historical scenarios at the location for a period of time;
retrieving images captured at the location during the period of time;
extracting attributes from the images to identify a current condition at the location, wherein the attributes are related to the weather condition at the location;
identifying one of the plurality of historical scenarios that matches the current condition at the location;
training a machine learning (ML) model based on the identified historical scenario; and
generating a weather forecast for the location using the ML model. 16. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein the operation further comprises:
receiving a user request for the weather forecast at the location, wherein the user request indicates the weather condition, wherein the ML model is trained using the identified historical scenario after receiving the user request. 17. The computer program product of claim 16, wherein the plurality of historical scenarios comprises different values of at least one weather condition during the time period, wherein the time period is immediately prior to a time when the user request was received. 18. The computer program product of claim 16, wherein the operation further comprises:
generating a plurality of future scenarios after receiving the user request; selecting one of the plurality of future scenarios based on the identified historical scenario; and tuning the selected future scenario using the trained ML model to in order to generate the weather forecast. 19. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein the operation further comprises:
receiving a user request for the weather forecast at the location, wherein the ML model is trained using the identified historical scenario before receiving any user requests for the weather forecast at the location. 20. The computer program product of claim 19, wherein the operation further comprises:
generating a plurality of future scenarios after receiving the user request; and tuning a selected one of the plurality of future scenarios using the trained ML model in order to generate the weather forecast. | 2,400 |
348,885 | 16,806,376 | 2,437 | Example embodiments may relate to a system, method, apparatus, and computer readable media configured for monitoring a user performing various athletic movements and generating performance characteristics based on the data corresponding to such athletic movements. Users may also be encouraged to participate in athletic challenges or competitions against other users or groups of users. In addition, athletic movement data for multiple persons can be collected at a central location, and subsequently displayed to a user at a desired remote location, so that the user can compare his or her athletic activities to others. | 1. A method comprising:
determining, by a compound device, location data associated with a first user; receiving, from a second computing device and based on the location data, a first skateboard activity challenge; receiving, from one or more sensors, a first set of activity data corresponding to performance of a first skateboard trick by the first user; and outputting, based on the first set of activity data and one or more performance thresholds, an indication of whether the first user successfully performed the first skateboard trick. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
receiving, based on the performance of the first skateboard trick, a rating from one or more other users. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining, based on the location data, that the first user arrived at a first venue; and receiving, from the second computing device, a second skateboard activity challenge. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising:
determining the second skateboard activity challenge based on one or more physical objects located at the first venue. 5. The method of claim 3, further comprising:
determining the second skateboard activity challenge based on a terrain of the first venue. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining, based on the performance of the first skateboard trick, a recommendation for at least one of: an article of footwear, an article of apparel, or a piece of athletic equipment. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining, based on the first skateboard activity challenge, a venue recommendation for performing the first skateboard trick. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
sending, to a remote computing device, at least a portion of the first set of activity data for display on a display device. 9. An apparatus comprising:
one or more processors; and memory storing computer executable instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus at least to:
determine location data associated with a first user;
receive, from a computing device and based on the location data, a first skateboard activity challenge;
receive a first set of activity data corresponding to performance of a first skateboard trick by the first user; and
output, based on the first set of activity data and one or more performance thresholds, an indication of whether the first user successfully performed the first skateboard trick. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the computer executable instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus to:
receive, based on the performance of the first skateboard trick, a rating from one or more other users. 11. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the computer executable instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus to:
determine, based on the location data, that the first user arrived at a first venue; and receive, from the computing device, a second skateboard activity challenge. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the computer executable instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus to:
determine the second skateboard activity challenge based on one or more physical objects located at the first venue. 13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the computer executable instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus to:
determine, based on the performance of the first skateboard trick, a recommendation for at least one of: an article of footwear, an article of apparel, or a piece of athletic equipment. 14. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the computer executable instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus to:
determine, based on the first skateboard activity challenge, a venue recommendation for performing the first skateboard trick. 15. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing computer executable instructions that, when executed, cause an apparatus at least to:
determine location data associated with a first user; receive, from a computing device and based on the location data, a first skateboard activity challenge; receive, from one or more sensors, a first set of activity data corresponding to performance of a first skateboard trick by the first user; and output, based on the first set of activity data and one or more performance thresholds, an indication of whether the first user successfully performed the first skateboard trick. 16. The computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein the computer executable instructions, when executed, cause the apparatus to:
receive, based on the performance of the first skateboard trick, a rating from one or more other users. 17. The computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein the computer executable instructions, when executed, cause the apparatus to:
determine, based on the location data, that the first user arrived at a first venue; and receive, from the computing device, a second skateboard activity challenge. 18. The computer readable medium of claim 17, wherein the computer executable instructions, when executed, cause the apparatus to:
determine the second skateboard activity challenge based on one or more physical objects located at the first venue. 19. The computer readable medium of claim 17, wherein the computer executable instructions, when executed, cause the apparatus to:
determine, based on the performance of the first skateboard trick, a recommendation for at least one of: an article of footwear, an article of apparel, or a piece of athletic equipment. 20. The computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein the computer executable instructions, when executed, cause the apparatus to:
determine, based on the first skateboard activity challenge, a venue recommendation for performing the first skateboard trick. | Example embodiments may relate to a system, method, apparatus, and computer readable media configured for monitoring a user performing various athletic movements and generating performance characteristics based on the data corresponding to such athletic movements. Users may also be encouraged to participate in athletic challenges or competitions against other users or groups of users. In addition, athletic movement data for multiple persons can be collected at a central location, and subsequently displayed to a user at a desired remote location, so that the user can compare his or her athletic activities to others.1. A method comprising:
determining, by a compound device, location data associated with a first user; receiving, from a second computing device and based on the location data, a first skateboard activity challenge; receiving, from one or more sensors, a first set of activity data corresponding to performance of a first skateboard trick by the first user; and outputting, based on the first set of activity data and one or more performance thresholds, an indication of whether the first user successfully performed the first skateboard trick. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
receiving, based on the performance of the first skateboard trick, a rating from one or more other users. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining, based on the location data, that the first user arrived at a first venue; and receiving, from the second computing device, a second skateboard activity challenge. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising:
determining the second skateboard activity challenge based on one or more physical objects located at the first venue. 5. The method of claim 3, further comprising:
determining the second skateboard activity challenge based on a terrain of the first venue. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining, based on the performance of the first skateboard trick, a recommendation for at least one of: an article of footwear, an article of apparel, or a piece of athletic equipment. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining, based on the first skateboard activity challenge, a venue recommendation for performing the first skateboard trick. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
sending, to a remote computing device, at least a portion of the first set of activity data for display on a display device. 9. An apparatus comprising:
one or more processors; and memory storing computer executable instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus at least to:
determine location data associated with a first user;
receive, from a computing device and based on the location data, a first skateboard activity challenge;
receive a first set of activity data corresponding to performance of a first skateboard trick by the first user; and
output, based on the first set of activity data and one or more performance thresholds, an indication of whether the first user successfully performed the first skateboard trick. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the computer executable instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus to:
receive, based on the performance of the first skateboard trick, a rating from one or more other users. 11. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the computer executable instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus to:
determine, based on the location data, that the first user arrived at a first venue; and receive, from the computing device, a second skateboard activity challenge. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the computer executable instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus to:
determine the second skateboard activity challenge based on one or more physical objects located at the first venue. 13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the computer executable instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus to:
determine, based on the performance of the first skateboard trick, a recommendation for at least one of: an article of footwear, an article of apparel, or a piece of athletic equipment. 14. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the computer executable instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus to:
determine, based on the first skateboard activity challenge, a venue recommendation for performing the first skateboard trick. 15. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing computer executable instructions that, when executed, cause an apparatus at least to:
determine location data associated with a first user; receive, from a computing device and based on the location data, a first skateboard activity challenge; receive, from one or more sensors, a first set of activity data corresponding to performance of a first skateboard trick by the first user; and output, based on the first set of activity data and one or more performance thresholds, an indication of whether the first user successfully performed the first skateboard trick. 16. The computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein the computer executable instructions, when executed, cause the apparatus to:
receive, based on the performance of the first skateboard trick, a rating from one or more other users. 17. The computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein the computer executable instructions, when executed, cause the apparatus to:
determine, based on the location data, that the first user arrived at a first venue; and receive, from the computing device, a second skateboard activity challenge. 18. The computer readable medium of claim 17, wherein the computer executable instructions, when executed, cause the apparatus to:
determine the second skateboard activity challenge based on one or more physical objects located at the first venue. 19. The computer readable medium of claim 17, wherein the computer executable instructions, when executed, cause the apparatus to:
determine, based on the performance of the first skateboard trick, a recommendation for at least one of: an article of footwear, an article of apparel, or a piece of athletic equipment. 20. The computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein the computer executable instructions, when executed, cause the apparatus to:
determine, based on the first skateboard activity challenge, a venue recommendation for performing the first skateboard trick. | 2,400 |
348,886 | 16,806,423 | 2,437 | The present invention extends to methods, systems, and computer program products for signal normalization, event detection, and event notification using agency codes. Ingestion modules can ingest different types of raw structured and/or raw unstructured signals on an ongoing basis and possibly including agency codes. The signal ingestion modules normalize raw signals into normalized signals having a Time, Location, Context (or βTLCβ) dimensions. An event detection infrastructure determines that characteristics of multiple signals, possibly including agency codes, when considered in combination, indicate an event of interest to one or more parties. Agency codes associated with events can be translated between agency code languages and/or between different agencies/jurisdictions. | 1. A method comprising:
ingesting a raw signal including a time stamp, an indication of a signal type, an indication of a signal source, and one or more agency codes; normalizing the raw signal into a normalized signal by reducing the dimensionality of the raw signal, including:
determining a time dimension associated with the raw signal from the time stamp;
determining a location dimension associated with the raw signal from one or more of: location information included in the raw signal or location annotations inferred from characteristics of the raw signal;
determining a context dimension associated with the raw signal based on the one or more agency codes, including:
calculating a probability of a real-world event type and probability details, the probability details indicating one or more of: a probabilistic model used to calculate the probability or features of the raw signal considered in calculating the probability;
including the time dimension, the location dimension, and the context dimension, including the probability and probability details, along with the indication of the signal type, the indication of the signal source, and the content in the normalized signal; and
detecting an occurring real-world event of the real-world event type from the time dimension, location dimension, and context dimension included in the normalized signal. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
notifying one or more entities about the real-world event. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising indicating the probability details in a hash field. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising deriving the hash field. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein detecting an occurring real-world event comprises detecting one of: a fire, police presence, an accident, a natural disaster, weather, a shooter, a concert, or a protest; and
wherein notifying one or more entities about the real-world event comprises notifying one of: a person, a business entity, or a governmental agency. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein ingesting a raw signal comprises ingesting agency radio communication. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein normalizing the raw signal comprises re-encoding the agency radio communication into normalized data having lower dimensionality by applying a transdimensionality transform defined in a Time, Location, Context (βTLCβ) dimensional model to the agency radio communication. 8. A method comprising:
receiving a first Time, Location, Context (TLC) normalized signal including a first time dimension, a first location dimension, and a first context dimension, the first context dimension including a first single source probability representing at least a first approximate probability of a real-world event of a specified event type; deriving first one or more features from the first TLC normalized signal including from the first single source probability, the first one or more features including one or more agency codes; determining that the first one or more features, including the first single source probability and the one or more agency codes, provide insufficient evidence to be identified as the real-world event of the specified event type; receiving a second Time, Location, Context (TLC) normalized signal including a second time dimension, a second location dimension, and a second context dimension, the second context dimension including a second single source probability representing at least a second approximate probability that the real-world event of the specified event type; deriving second one or more features from the second TLC normalized signal including from the second signal source probability; aggregating the first single source probability and the second single source probability into a multisource probability; and detecting the real-world event from evidence provided by the multisource probability, including the multisource probability exceeding a threshold probability associated with the event type. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein determining that the first one or more features, including the first single source probability, provide insufficient evidence to be identified as the real-world event comprise detecting a possible event from the first one or more features; and
wherein detecting the real-world event from evidence provided by the multisource probability comprises validating the possible event as the real-world event based on the second one or more features. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
including the first TLC normalized signal in a signal sequence; determining that the second TLC normalized signal has sufficient temporal similarity to the first TLC normalized signal; determining that the second TLC normalized signal has sufficient spatial similarity to the first TLC normalized signal; and including the second normalized signal in the signal sequence. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein aggregating the first single source probability with the second single source probability comprises deriving features of the signal sequence from the first one or more features and the second one or more features. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein deriving features of the signal sequence comprises deriving one or more of: a percentage, a count, a histogram, or a duration. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the first TLC normalized signal corresponds to one of: a social post with geographic content, a social post without geographic content, an image from a camera feed, a 911 call, weather data, IoT device data, satellite data, satellite imagery, a sound clip from a listening device, data from air quality sensors, a sound clip from radio communication, crowd sourced traffic information, or crowd sourced road information. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the second TLC normalized signal corresponds to a different one of: a social post with geographic content, a social post without geographic content, an image from a traffic camera feed, a 911 call, weather data, IoT device data, satellite data, satellite imagery, a sound clip from a listening device, data from air quality sensors, a sound clip from radio communication, crowd sourced traffic information, or crowd sourced road information. | The present invention extends to methods, systems, and computer program products for signal normalization, event detection, and event notification using agency codes. Ingestion modules can ingest different types of raw structured and/or raw unstructured signals on an ongoing basis and possibly including agency codes. The signal ingestion modules normalize raw signals into normalized signals having a Time, Location, Context (or βTLCβ) dimensions. An event detection infrastructure determines that characteristics of multiple signals, possibly including agency codes, when considered in combination, indicate an event of interest to one or more parties. Agency codes associated with events can be translated between agency code languages and/or between different agencies/jurisdictions.1. A method comprising:
ingesting a raw signal including a time stamp, an indication of a signal type, an indication of a signal source, and one or more agency codes; normalizing the raw signal into a normalized signal by reducing the dimensionality of the raw signal, including:
determining a time dimension associated with the raw signal from the time stamp;
determining a location dimension associated with the raw signal from one or more of: location information included in the raw signal or location annotations inferred from characteristics of the raw signal;
determining a context dimension associated with the raw signal based on the one or more agency codes, including:
calculating a probability of a real-world event type and probability details, the probability details indicating one or more of: a probabilistic model used to calculate the probability or features of the raw signal considered in calculating the probability;
including the time dimension, the location dimension, and the context dimension, including the probability and probability details, along with the indication of the signal type, the indication of the signal source, and the content in the normalized signal; and
detecting an occurring real-world event of the real-world event type from the time dimension, location dimension, and context dimension included in the normalized signal. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
notifying one or more entities about the real-world event. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising indicating the probability details in a hash field. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising deriving the hash field. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein detecting an occurring real-world event comprises detecting one of: a fire, police presence, an accident, a natural disaster, weather, a shooter, a concert, or a protest; and
wherein notifying one or more entities about the real-world event comprises notifying one of: a person, a business entity, or a governmental agency. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein ingesting a raw signal comprises ingesting agency radio communication. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein normalizing the raw signal comprises re-encoding the agency radio communication into normalized data having lower dimensionality by applying a transdimensionality transform defined in a Time, Location, Context (βTLCβ) dimensional model to the agency radio communication. 8. A method comprising:
receiving a first Time, Location, Context (TLC) normalized signal including a first time dimension, a first location dimension, and a first context dimension, the first context dimension including a first single source probability representing at least a first approximate probability of a real-world event of a specified event type; deriving first one or more features from the first TLC normalized signal including from the first single source probability, the first one or more features including one or more agency codes; determining that the first one or more features, including the first single source probability and the one or more agency codes, provide insufficient evidence to be identified as the real-world event of the specified event type; receiving a second Time, Location, Context (TLC) normalized signal including a second time dimension, a second location dimension, and a second context dimension, the second context dimension including a second single source probability representing at least a second approximate probability that the real-world event of the specified event type; deriving second one or more features from the second TLC normalized signal including from the second signal source probability; aggregating the first single source probability and the second single source probability into a multisource probability; and detecting the real-world event from evidence provided by the multisource probability, including the multisource probability exceeding a threshold probability associated with the event type. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein determining that the first one or more features, including the first single source probability, provide insufficient evidence to be identified as the real-world event comprise detecting a possible event from the first one or more features; and
wherein detecting the real-world event from evidence provided by the multisource probability comprises validating the possible event as the real-world event based on the second one or more features. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
including the first TLC normalized signal in a signal sequence; determining that the second TLC normalized signal has sufficient temporal similarity to the first TLC normalized signal; determining that the second TLC normalized signal has sufficient spatial similarity to the first TLC normalized signal; and including the second normalized signal in the signal sequence. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein aggregating the first single source probability with the second single source probability comprises deriving features of the signal sequence from the first one or more features and the second one or more features. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein deriving features of the signal sequence comprises deriving one or more of: a percentage, a count, a histogram, or a duration. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the first TLC normalized signal corresponds to one of: a social post with geographic content, a social post without geographic content, an image from a camera feed, a 911 call, weather data, IoT device data, satellite data, satellite imagery, a sound clip from a listening device, data from air quality sensors, a sound clip from radio communication, crowd sourced traffic information, or crowd sourced road information. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the second TLC normalized signal corresponds to a different one of: a social post with geographic content, a social post without geographic content, an image from a traffic camera feed, a 911 call, weather data, IoT device data, satellite data, satellite imagery, a sound clip from a listening device, data from air quality sensors, a sound clip from radio communication, crowd sourced traffic information, or crowd sourced road information. | 2,400 |
348,887 | 16,806,402 | 2,437 | An electrical connector module with openings in an insulative support selectively positioned to limit dielectric loss in a signal. The connector may include a first and second conductor including first and second sides between first and second edges. An insulative support holds the first conductor adjacent the second conductor and may have at least five pedestal portions, wherein the first pedestal portion contacts the first side of the first conductor, the second pedestal portion contacts the second side of the first conductor, the third pedestal portion contacts the first side of the second conductor, the fourth pedestal portion contacts the second side of the second conductor, and at least a portion of the fifth pedestal portion is disposed between two edges of the first and second conductors. The pedestal portions may have widths less than the widths of the first and second sides of the first and second conductors. | 1-35. (canceled) 36. An electrical connector module comprising:
at least two conductors, each of the at least two conductors comprising: a first end and a second end; and an intermediate portion connecting the first end and the second end, the intermediate portion comprising a first edge and a second edge and a first side and a second side between the first edge and the second edge, the first and second sides being wider than the first and second edges, wherein the at least two conductors comprise a first conductor and a second conductor; and a support holding the first conductor adjacent the second conductor, the support having a first pedestal portion, a second pedestal portion, a third pedestal portion, and a fourth pedestal portion, wherein: the first pedestal portion contacts the first side of the first conductor, the second pedestal portion contacts the first side of the second conductor, the third pedestal portion contacts the second side of the first conductor, and the fourth pedestal portion contacts the second side of the second conductor, and, wherein: the second edge of the first conductor is held adjacent the first edge of the second conductor. 37. The electrical connector module of claim 36, wherein the first pedestal portion and the fourth pedestal portion have widths less than widths of the first and second sides of the first and second conductors. 38. The electrical connector module of claim 36, wherein:
the support comprises openings; and the first edge and the second edge of the first and second conductors are disposed within the openings. 39. The electrical connector module of claim 38, wherein:
the first and second sides of the first and second conductors have a first width; and the first and second edges of the first and second conductors each extend into the openings by a distance equal to at least 10% of the first width. 40. The electrical connector module of claim 38, wherein:
the first side and the second side of the first conductor and the second conductor are at least partially exposed within the openings. 41. The electrical connector module of claim 36, wherein the first conductor and the second conductor are held within the support with the first and second sides of the first conductor parallel to the first and second sides of the second conductor. 42. The electrical connector module of claim 37, wherein the support comprises:
a first member comprising the first pedestal portion and the second pedestal portion; and a second member comprising the third pedestal portion and the fourth pedestal portion. 43. The electrical connector module of claim 42, wherein:
the first member comprises a first end and a second end and a compliant portion between the first end and the second end; and the first pedestal portion and the second pedestal portion extend from the compliant portion. 44. The electrical connector module of claim 43, further comprising:
at least one fourth member around the support, the at least one fourth member pressing the compliant portion of the first member towards the second member such that the first conductor is pinched between the first pedestal portion and the second pedestal portion. 45. The electrical connector module of claim 44, wherein:
the at least one fourth member comprises two joined metal members that collectively encircle the first member and the second member of the support. 46. The electrical connector module of claim 45, wherein the first and second signal conductors are an edgeside coupled pair of signal conductors and the at least one fourth member forms a shield around the edgeside coupled pair. 47. The electrical connector module of claim 46, wherein:
the first ends of the first and second signal conductors comprise mating contact portions; the second ends of the first and second signal conductors comprise contact tails; and the mating contact portions and the contact tails extend from the support. 48. The electrical connector module of claim 47, wherein a subassembly includes at least two conductors, a support, and a fourth member, further comprising a wafer including:
a plurality of lossy members coupled to the first shield member and/or the second shield member; and a plurality of subassemblies disposed within the wafer. 49. The electrical connector module of claim 48, wherein a plurality of wafers are aligned in parallel to form an electrical connector. 50. An electrical connector module comprising:
at least two conductors, each of the at least two conductors comprising:
a first end and a second end; and
an intermediate portion connecting the first end and the second end, the intermediate portion comprising a first edge and a second edge and a first side and a second side between the first edge and the second edge, wherein the at least two conductors comprise a first conductor and a second conductor; and
an insulative support holding the first conductor adjacent the second conductor,
wherein:
the two conductors are configured to produce an electric field pattern when carrying a differential signal at a frequency of 40 GHz having regions of higher field strength than adjacent regions; and
the insulative support is configured to provide openings in the regions of higher field strength. 51. The electrical connector module of claim 50, wherein the first conductor and the second conductor are held within the insulative support with the first and second sides of the first conductor aligned with the first and second sides of the second conductor. 52. The electrical connector module of claim 51, wherein the first and second signal conductors are an edge coupled pair of signal conductors 53. The electrical connector module of claim 50, wherein:
the insulative support comprises:
a first member comprising a first pedestal portion and a third pedestal portion; and
a second member comprising a second pedestal portion and a fourth pedestal portion,
and the first pedestal portion contacts the first side of the first conductor, the second pedestal portion contacts the second side of the first conductor, the third pedestal portion contacts the first side of the second conductor, the fourth pedestal portion contacts the second side of the second conductor. 54. The electrical connector module of claim 50, further comprising a shield around the insulative support, wherein the shield comprises a first shield member and a second shield member that collectively encircle the insulative support. 55. An electrical connector comprising:
a plurality of wafers aligned in parallel, each of the wafers comprising a plurality of electrical connector modules, each of the electrical connector modules comprising:
at least two conductors, each of the at least two conductors comprising:
a first end and a second end; and
an intermediate portion connecting the first end and the second end, the intermediate portion comprising a first edge and a second edge and a first side and a second side between the first edge and the second edge, wherein the at least two conductors comprise a first conductor and a second conductor;
an insulative support holding the first conductor adjacent the second conductor, the insulative support comprising a first pedestal portion, a second pedestal portion, a third pedestal portion, and a fourth pedestal portion; and
a shield around the insulative support, wherein the shield comprises a first shield member and a second shield member that collectively encircle the insulative support
wherein:
the first pedestal portion contacts the first side of the first conductor, the second pedestal portion contacts the second side of the first conductor, the third pedestal portion contacts the first side of the second conductor, the fourth pedestal portion contacts the second side of the second conductor; and
at least one lossy member coupled to the first shield member and/or the second shield member of each of the plurality of electrical connector modules. | An electrical connector module with openings in an insulative support selectively positioned to limit dielectric loss in a signal. The connector may include a first and second conductor including first and second sides between first and second edges. An insulative support holds the first conductor adjacent the second conductor and may have at least five pedestal portions, wherein the first pedestal portion contacts the first side of the first conductor, the second pedestal portion contacts the second side of the first conductor, the third pedestal portion contacts the first side of the second conductor, the fourth pedestal portion contacts the second side of the second conductor, and at least a portion of the fifth pedestal portion is disposed between two edges of the first and second conductors. The pedestal portions may have widths less than the widths of the first and second sides of the first and second conductors.1-35. (canceled) 36. An electrical connector module comprising:
at least two conductors, each of the at least two conductors comprising: a first end and a second end; and an intermediate portion connecting the first end and the second end, the intermediate portion comprising a first edge and a second edge and a first side and a second side between the first edge and the second edge, the first and second sides being wider than the first and second edges, wherein the at least two conductors comprise a first conductor and a second conductor; and a support holding the first conductor adjacent the second conductor, the support having a first pedestal portion, a second pedestal portion, a third pedestal portion, and a fourth pedestal portion, wherein: the first pedestal portion contacts the first side of the first conductor, the second pedestal portion contacts the first side of the second conductor, the third pedestal portion contacts the second side of the first conductor, and the fourth pedestal portion contacts the second side of the second conductor, and, wherein: the second edge of the first conductor is held adjacent the first edge of the second conductor. 37. The electrical connector module of claim 36, wherein the first pedestal portion and the fourth pedestal portion have widths less than widths of the first and second sides of the first and second conductors. 38. The electrical connector module of claim 36, wherein:
the support comprises openings; and the first edge and the second edge of the first and second conductors are disposed within the openings. 39. The electrical connector module of claim 38, wherein:
the first and second sides of the first and second conductors have a first width; and the first and second edges of the first and second conductors each extend into the openings by a distance equal to at least 10% of the first width. 40. The electrical connector module of claim 38, wherein:
the first side and the second side of the first conductor and the second conductor are at least partially exposed within the openings. 41. The electrical connector module of claim 36, wherein the first conductor and the second conductor are held within the support with the first and second sides of the first conductor parallel to the first and second sides of the second conductor. 42. The electrical connector module of claim 37, wherein the support comprises:
a first member comprising the first pedestal portion and the second pedestal portion; and a second member comprising the third pedestal portion and the fourth pedestal portion. 43. The electrical connector module of claim 42, wherein:
the first member comprises a first end and a second end and a compliant portion between the first end and the second end; and the first pedestal portion and the second pedestal portion extend from the compliant portion. 44. The electrical connector module of claim 43, further comprising:
at least one fourth member around the support, the at least one fourth member pressing the compliant portion of the first member towards the second member such that the first conductor is pinched between the first pedestal portion and the second pedestal portion. 45. The electrical connector module of claim 44, wherein:
the at least one fourth member comprises two joined metal members that collectively encircle the first member and the second member of the support. 46. The electrical connector module of claim 45, wherein the first and second signal conductors are an edgeside coupled pair of signal conductors and the at least one fourth member forms a shield around the edgeside coupled pair. 47. The electrical connector module of claim 46, wherein:
the first ends of the first and second signal conductors comprise mating contact portions; the second ends of the first and second signal conductors comprise contact tails; and the mating contact portions and the contact tails extend from the support. 48. The electrical connector module of claim 47, wherein a subassembly includes at least two conductors, a support, and a fourth member, further comprising a wafer including:
a plurality of lossy members coupled to the first shield member and/or the second shield member; and a plurality of subassemblies disposed within the wafer. 49. The electrical connector module of claim 48, wherein a plurality of wafers are aligned in parallel to form an electrical connector. 50. An electrical connector module comprising:
at least two conductors, each of the at least two conductors comprising:
a first end and a second end; and
an intermediate portion connecting the first end and the second end, the intermediate portion comprising a first edge and a second edge and a first side and a second side between the first edge and the second edge, wherein the at least two conductors comprise a first conductor and a second conductor; and
an insulative support holding the first conductor adjacent the second conductor,
wherein:
the two conductors are configured to produce an electric field pattern when carrying a differential signal at a frequency of 40 GHz having regions of higher field strength than adjacent regions; and
the insulative support is configured to provide openings in the regions of higher field strength. 51. The electrical connector module of claim 50, wherein the first conductor and the second conductor are held within the insulative support with the first and second sides of the first conductor aligned with the first and second sides of the second conductor. 52. The electrical connector module of claim 51, wherein the first and second signal conductors are an edge coupled pair of signal conductors 53. The electrical connector module of claim 50, wherein:
the insulative support comprises:
a first member comprising a first pedestal portion and a third pedestal portion; and
a second member comprising a second pedestal portion and a fourth pedestal portion,
and the first pedestal portion contacts the first side of the first conductor, the second pedestal portion contacts the second side of the first conductor, the third pedestal portion contacts the first side of the second conductor, the fourth pedestal portion contacts the second side of the second conductor. 54. The electrical connector module of claim 50, further comprising a shield around the insulative support, wherein the shield comprises a first shield member and a second shield member that collectively encircle the insulative support. 55. An electrical connector comprising:
a plurality of wafers aligned in parallel, each of the wafers comprising a plurality of electrical connector modules, each of the electrical connector modules comprising:
at least two conductors, each of the at least two conductors comprising:
a first end and a second end; and
an intermediate portion connecting the first end and the second end, the intermediate portion comprising a first edge and a second edge and a first side and a second side between the first edge and the second edge, wherein the at least two conductors comprise a first conductor and a second conductor;
an insulative support holding the first conductor adjacent the second conductor, the insulative support comprising a first pedestal portion, a second pedestal portion, a third pedestal portion, and a fourth pedestal portion; and
a shield around the insulative support, wherein the shield comprises a first shield member and a second shield member that collectively encircle the insulative support
wherein:
the first pedestal portion contacts the first side of the first conductor, the second pedestal portion contacts the second side of the first conductor, the third pedestal portion contacts the first side of the second conductor, the fourth pedestal portion contacts the second side of the second conductor; and
at least one lossy member coupled to the first shield member and/or the second shield member of each of the plurality of electrical connector modules. | 2,400 |
348,888 | 16,806,414 | 2,437 | A cleaning method in an inspection apparatus that performs an electrical characteristic inspection on a device under test formed in an inspection object, includes: transferring, in a transfer process, a stage on which the inspection object is mounted to a position facing a probe card having probes, the probes being brought into contact with the device under test during the electrical characteristic inspection; subsequently, exhausting and depressurizing a space between the probe card and the stage facing the probe card in a peeling-off preparation process; introducing a gas into the space which has been depressurized and peeling off foreign substances adhering to a front surface of the stage and the probes in a foreign substance peeling-off process; and exhausting the space to discharge the foreign substances while continuously introducing the gas into the space in a foreign substance discharging process. | 1. A cleaning method in an inspection apparatus that performs an electrical characteristic inspection on a device under test formed in an inspection object, the cleaning method comprising:
transferring, in a transfer process, a stage on which the inspection object is mounted to a position facing a probe card having probes, the probes being brought into contact with the device under test during the electrical characteristic inspection; subsequently, exhausting and depressurizing a space between the probe card and the stage facing the probe card in a peeling-off preparation process; introducing a gas into the space which has been depressurized and peeling off foreign substances adhering to a front surface of the stage and the probes in a foreign substance peeling-off process; and exhausting the space to discharge the foreign substances while continuously introducing the gas into the space in a foreign substance discharging process. 2. The cleaning method of claim 1, wherein the peeling-off preparation process, the foreign substance peeling-off process, and the foreign substance discharging process are repeated in a sequential order. 3. The cleaning method of claim 2, wherein the transfer process includes supporting the stage by a stage support part configured to be expanded and contracted, and closing the space by the stage support part, and
wherein the cleaning method further comprises expanding and contracting the stage support part in an expansion/contraction process. 4. The cleaning method of claim 3, wherein the expansion/contraction process includes varying an internal pressure of the space to expand and contract the stage support part. 5. The cleaning method of claim 4, wherein at least one of the foreign substance peeling-off process and the foreign substance discharging process includes introducing the gas having a temperature different from that of the stage. 6. The cleaning method of claim 5, wherein the foreign substance peeling-off process includes generating a shock wave through the introduction of the gas into the space which has been depressurized, and peeling off the foreign substances adhering to the front surface of the stage and the probes by the shock wave. 7. The cleaning method of claim 1, wherein the transfer process includes supporting the stage by a stage support part configured to be expanded and contracted, and closing the space by the stage support part, and
wherein the cleaning method further comprises expanding and contracting the stage support part in an expansion/contraction process. 8. The cleaning method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the foreign substance peeling-off process and the foreign substance discharging process includes introducing the gas having a temperature different from that of the stage. 9. The cleaning method of claim 1, wherein the foreign substance peeling-off process includes generating a shock wave through the introduction of the gas into the space which has been depressurized, and peeling off the foreign substances adhering to the front surface of the stage and the probes by the shock wave. 10. An inspection apparatus for performing an electrical characteristic inspection on a device under test formed in an inspection object, comprising:
a stage on which the inspection object is mounted; and a controller configured to control an exhaust mechanism configured to exhaust a space between a probe card having probes and the stage, the probes being brought into contact with the device under test during the electrical characteristic inspection, and a gas supply mechanism configured to supply a gas into the space, wherein the controller controls the exhaust mechanism and the gas supply mechanism to perform: exhausting and depressurizing the space; introducing the gas into the space which has been depressurized and peeling off foreign substances adhering to a front surface of the stage and the probes; and exhausting the space to discharge the foreign substances while continuously introducing the gas into the space. 11. The inspection apparatus of claim 10, further comprising:
a stage support part configured to be expanded and contracted, and configured to support the stage so as to close the space, wherein the controller is configured to control at least one of the exhaust mechanism and the gas supply mechanism to expand and contract the stage support part by varying an internal pressure of the space. 12. The inspection apparatus of claim 11, further comprising: a contact preventing member provided in at least one of a card support part configured to support the probe card and the stage, and configured to prevent the probes and the stage from being brought into contact with each other. 13. The inspection apparatus of claim 12, wherein an introduction port through which the gas is introduced is provided on at least one of a card support part configured to support the probe card and the stage, and
a passage having the introduction port at a distal end thereof has a Laval nozzle structure. 14. The inspection apparatus of claim 10, further comprising: a contact preventing member provided in at least one of a card support part configured to support the probe card and the stage, and configured to prevent the probes and the stage from being brought into contact with each other. 15. The inspection apparatus of claim 10, wherein an introduction port through which the gas is introduced is provided on at least one of a card support part configured to support the probe card and the stage, and
a passage having the introduction port at a distal end thereof has a Laval nozzle structure. | A cleaning method in an inspection apparatus that performs an electrical characteristic inspection on a device under test formed in an inspection object, includes: transferring, in a transfer process, a stage on which the inspection object is mounted to a position facing a probe card having probes, the probes being brought into contact with the device under test during the electrical characteristic inspection; subsequently, exhausting and depressurizing a space between the probe card and the stage facing the probe card in a peeling-off preparation process; introducing a gas into the space which has been depressurized and peeling off foreign substances adhering to a front surface of the stage and the probes in a foreign substance peeling-off process; and exhausting the space to discharge the foreign substances while continuously introducing the gas into the space in a foreign substance discharging process.1. A cleaning method in an inspection apparatus that performs an electrical characteristic inspection on a device under test formed in an inspection object, the cleaning method comprising:
transferring, in a transfer process, a stage on which the inspection object is mounted to a position facing a probe card having probes, the probes being brought into contact with the device under test during the electrical characteristic inspection; subsequently, exhausting and depressurizing a space between the probe card and the stage facing the probe card in a peeling-off preparation process; introducing a gas into the space which has been depressurized and peeling off foreign substances adhering to a front surface of the stage and the probes in a foreign substance peeling-off process; and exhausting the space to discharge the foreign substances while continuously introducing the gas into the space in a foreign substance discharging process. 2. The cleaning method of claim 1, wherein the peeling-off preparation process, the foreign substance peeling-off process, and the foreign substance discharging process are repeated in a sequential order. 3. The cleaning method of claim 2, wherein the transfer process includes supporting the stage by a stage support part configured to be expanded and contracted, and closing the space by the stage support part, and
wherein the cleaning method further comprises expanding and contracting the stage support part in an expansion/contraction process. 4. The cleaning method of claim 3, wherein the expansion/contraction process includes varying an internal pressure of the space to expand and contract the stage support part. 5. The cleaning method of claim 4, wherein at least one of the foreign substance peeling-off process and the foreign substance discharging process includes introducing the gas having a temperature different from that of the stage. 6. The cleaning method of claim 5, wherein the foreign substance peeling-off process includes generating a shock wave through the introduction of the gas into the space which has been depressurized, and peeling off the foreign substances adhering to the front surface of the stage and the probes by the shock wave. 7. The cleaning method of claim 1, wherein the transfer process includes supporting the stage by a stage support part configured to be expanded and contracted, and closing the space by the stage support part, and
wherein the cleaning method further comprises expanding and contracting the stage support part in an expansion/contraction process. 8. The cleaning method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the foreign substance peeling-off process and the foreign substance discharging process includes introducing the gas having a temperature different from that of the stage. 9. The cleaning method of claim 1, wherein the foreign substance peeling-off process includes generating a shock wave through the introduction of the gas into the space which has been depressurized, and peeling off the foreign substances adhering to the front surface of the stage and the probes by the shock wave. 10. An inspection apparatus for performing an electrical characteristic inspection on a device under test formed in an inspection object, comprising:
a stage on which the inspection object is mounted; and a controller configured to control an exhaust mechanism configured to exhaust a space between a probe card having probes and the stage, the probes being brought into contact with the device under test during the electrical characteristic inspection, and a gas supply mechanism configured to supply a gas into the space, wherein the controller controls the exhaust mechanism and the gas supply mechanism to perform: exhausting and depressurizing the space; introducing the gas into the space which has been depressurized and peeling off foreign substances adhering to a front surface of the stage and the probes; and exhausting the space to discharge the foreign substances while continuously introducing the gas into the space. 11. The inspection apparatus of claim 10, further comprising:
a stage support part configured to be expanded and contracted, and configured to support the stage so as to close the space, wherein the controller is configured to control at least one of the exhaust mechanism and the gas supply mechanism to expand and contract the stage support part by varying an internal pressure of the space. 12. The inspection apparatus of claim 11, further comprising: a contact preventing member provided in at least one of a card support part configured to support the probe card and the stage, and configured to prevent the probes and the stage from being brought into contact with each other. 13. The inspection apparatus of claim 12, wherein an introduction port through which the gas is introduced is provided on at least one of a card support part configured to support the probe card and the stage, and
a passage having the introduction port at a distal end thereof has a Laval nozzle structure. 14. The inspection apparatus of claim 10, further comprising: a contact preventing member provided in at least one of a card support part configured to support the probe card and the stage, and configured to prevent the probes and the stage from being brought into contact with each other. 15. The inspection apparatus of claim 10, wherein an introduction port through which the gas is introduced is provided on at least one of a card support part configured to support the probe card and the stage, and
a passage having the introduction port at a distal end thereof has a Laval nozzle structure. | 2,400 |
348,889 | 16,806,395 | 2,437 | A method of operating multiple time alignment timers (TimeAlignmentTimer) is provided for facilitating communication between and evolved Node B (eNB) and a User Equipment (UE) in a Long Term Evolution (LTE) system supporting multiple carriers. The method includes starting a first TAT of a first group including the primary cell, starting a second TAT when Timing Advance (TA) information on a second group not including the primary cell is received; and determining transmission of at least one of a Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request Acknowledgement/Negative-acknowledgement (HARQ ACK/NACK), a physical uplink control channel, and a sounding reference signal according to a start and an expiration of at least one of the first and second TATs. | 1. A method for operating time alignment timers (TATs) of a user equipment (UE) transmitting/receiving data to/from an evolved node B (eNB) on a primary cell (PCell) and at least one secondary cell (SCell), the method comprising:
receiving, from the eNB, first timing advance (TA) information associated with a primary timing advance group (PTAG) which is a group of serving cells having a same uplink timing and includes the PCell; starting or restarting a first TAT associated with the PTAG based on the first TA information; receiving, from the eNB, second TA information associated with a secondary timing advance group (STAG) which is a group of serving cells having a same uplink timing and does not include the PCell; starting or restarting a second TAT associated with the STAG based on the second TA information; receiving downlink data on at least one serving cell in the STAG; identifying whether the first TAT associated with the PTAG is running and whether the second TAT associated with the STAG is running; delivering hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) positive or negative acknowledgement (ACK/NACK) information corresponding to the downlink data received on at least one serving cell in the STAG to a physical (PHY) layer of the UE, in case that the second TAT associated with the STAG expires and the first TAT associated with the PTAG is running; and flushing all HARQ buffers for all serving cells in the PTAG and the STAG, in case that the first TAT associated with the PTAG expires and the second TAT associated with the STAG is running or expires. | A method of operating multiple time alignment timers (TimeAlignmentTimer) is provided for facilitating communication between and evolved Node B (eNB) and a User Equipment (UE) in a Long Term Evolution (LTE) system supporting multiple carriers. The method includes starting a first TAT of a first group including the primary cell, starting a second TAT when Timing Advance (TA) information on a second group not including the primary cell is received; and determining transmission of at least one of a Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request Acknowledgement/Negative-acknowledgement (HARQ ACK/NACK), a physical uplink control channel, and a sounding reference signal according to a start and an expiration of at least one of the first and second TATs.1. A method for operating time alignment timers (TATs) of a user equipment (UE) transmitting/receiving data to/from an evolved node B (eNB) on a primary cell (PCell) and at least one secondary cell (SCell), the method comprising:
receiving, from the eNB, first timing advance (TA) information associated with a primary timing advance group (PTAG) which is a group of serving cells having a same uplink timing and includes the PCell; starting or restarting a first TAT associated with the PTAG based on the first TA information; receiving, from the eNB, second TA information associated with a secondary timing advance group (STAG) which is a group of serving cells having a same uplink timing and does not include the PCell; starting or restarting a second TAT associated with the STAG based on the second TA information; receiving downlink data on at least one serving cell in the STAG; identifying whether the first TAT associated with the PTAG is running and whether the second TAT associated with the STAG is running; delivering hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) positive or negative acknowledgement (ACK/NACK) information corresponding to the downlink data received on at least one serving cell in the STAG to a physical (PHY) layer of the UE, in case that the second TAT associated with the STAG expires and the first TAT associated with the PTAG is running; and flushing all HARQ buffers for all serving cells in the PTAG and the STAG, in case that the first TAT associated with the PTAG expires and the second TAT associated with the STAG is running or expires. | 2,400 |
348,890 | 16,806,408 | 2,437 | A method and an apparatus for outputting information are provided according to embodiments of the disclosure. The method includes: recognizing a target video, to recognize at least one entity and obtain a confidence degree of each entity, the entity including a main entity and related entities; matching the at least one entity with a pre-stored knowledge base to determine at least one candidate entity; obtaining at least one main entity by expanding the related entities of the at least one candidate entity based on the knowledge base, and obtaining a confidence degree of the obtained main entity; and calculating a confidence level of the obtained main entity based on the confidence degree of each of the related entities of the at least one candidate entity and the confidence degree of the obtained main entity, and outputting the confidence level of the obtained main entity. | 1. A method for outputting information, comprising:
recognizing a target video, to recognize at least one entity and obtain a confidence degree of each entity, the entity comprising a main entity and related entities; matching the at least one entity with a pre-stored knowledge base to determine at least one candidate entity; obtaining at least one main entity by expanding the related entities of the at least one candidate entity based on the knowledge base, and obtaining a confidence degree of the obtained main entity; and calculating a confidence level of the obtained main entity based on the confidence degree of each of the related entities of the at least one candidate entity and the confidence degree of the obtained main entity, and outputting the confidence level of the obtained main entity. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method further comprises:
determining a main entity with a highest confidence level exceeding a preset threshold, for use as a target entity; and obtaining related entities by expanding the target entity based on the knowledge base, and outputting the obtained related entities. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the method further comprises:
verifying the at least one entity based on a confidence degree of a side relationship of the knowledge base and the target entity. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the recognizing a target video comprises at least one of following items:
performing a face recognition on the target video; performing a video fingerprint recognition on the target video; or performing a text recognition on the target video. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the calculating a confidence level of the obtained main entity based on the confidence degree of each of the related entities of the at least one candidate entity and the confidence degree of the obtained main entity comprises:
determining the confidence level of the obtained main entity using a related entity corresponding to the obtained main entity as an evidence and the obtained main entity as a conclusion, based on a confidence degree of the related entity corresponding to the obtained main entity and the confidence degree of the obtained main entity. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the method further comprises:
synthesizing, in response to at least one evidence supporting the obtained main entity used as the conclusion, the confidence level of the obtained main entity, to obtain a final confidence level of the obtained main entity, the at least one evidence being independent of each other, and the confidence level of the obtained main entity being obtained based on each of the related entities of the at least one candidate entity. 7. An apparatus for outputting information, comprising:
at least one processor; and a memory storing instructions, wherein the instructions when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform operations, the operations comprising: recognizing a target video, to identify at least one entity and obtain a confidence degree of each entity, the entity comprising a main entity and related entities; matching the at least one entity with a pre-stored knowledge base to determine at least one candidate entity; obtaining at least one main entity by expanding the related entities of the at least one candidate entity based on the knowledge base, and obtain a confidence degree of the obtained main entity; and calculating a confidence level of the obtained main entity based on the confidence degree of each of the related entities of the at least one candidate entity and the confidence degree of the obtained main entity, and output the confidence level of the obtained main entity. 8. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the operations further comprise:
determining a main entity with a highest confidence level exceeding a preset threshold, for use as the target entity; and obtaining the related entities by expanding the target entity based on the knowledge base, and output the obtained related entities. 9. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the operations further comprise:
verifying the at least one entity based on a confidence degree of a side relationship of the knowledge base and the target entity. 10. The apparatus according to claim 7 wherein the recognizing a target video comprises at least one of following items:
performing a face recognition on the target video;
performing a video fingerprint recognition on the target video; or
performing a text recognition on the target video. 11. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the calculating a confidence level of the obtained main entity based on the confidence degree of each of the related entities of the at least one candidate entity and the confidence degree of the obtained main entity comprises:
determining the confidence level of the obtained main entity using a related entity corresponding to the obtained main entity as an evidence and the obtained main entity as a conclusion, based on a confidence degree of the related entity corresponding to the obtained main entity and the confidence degree of the obtained main entity. 12. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the operations further comprise:
synthesizing, in response to at least one evidence supporting the obtained main entity used as the conclusion, the confidence level of the obtained main entity obtained to obtain a final confidence level of the obtained main entity, the at least one evidence being independent of each other, and the confidence level of the obtained main entity being obtained based on each of the related entities of the at least one candidate entity. 13. A non-transitory computer readable medium, storing a computer program, wherein the program, when executed by a processor, causes the processor to perform operations, the operations comprising:
recognizing a target video, to recognize at least one entity and obtain a confidence degree of each entity, the entity comprising a main entity and related entities; matching the at least one entity with a pre-stored knowledge base to determine at least one candidate entity; obtaining at least one main entity by expanding the related entities of the at least one candidate entity based on the knowledge base, and obtaining a confidence degree of the obtained main entity; and calculating a confidence level of the obtained main entity based on the confidence degree of each of the related entities of the at least one candidate entity and the confidence degree of the obtained main entity, and outputting the confidence level of the obtained main entity. | A method and an apparatus for outputting information are provided according to embodiments of the disclosure. The method includes: recognizing a target video, to recognize at least one entity and obtain a confidence degree of each entity, the entity including a main entity and related entities; matching the at least one entity with a pre-stored knowledge base to determine at least one candidate entity; obtaining at least one main entity by expanding the related entities of the at least one candidate entity based on the knowledge base, and obtaining a confidence degree of the obtained main entity; and calculating a confidence level of the obtained main entity based on the confidence degree of each of the related entities of the at least one candidate entity and the confidence degree of the obtained main entity, and outputting the confidence level of the obtained main entity.1. A method for outputting information, comprising:
recognizing a target video, to recognize at least one entity and obtain a confidence degree of each entity, the entity comprising a main entity and related entities; matching the at least one entity with a pre-stored knowledge base to determine at least one candidate entity; obtaining at least one main entity by expanding the related entities of the at least one candidate entity based on the knowledge base, and obtaining a confidence degree of the obtained main entity; and calculating a confidence level of the obtained main entity based on the confidence degree of each of the related entities of the at least one candidate entity and the confidence degree of the obtained main entity, and outputting the confidence level of the obtained main entity. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method further comprises:
determining a main entity with a highest confidence level exceeding a preset threshold, for use as a target entity; and obtaining related entities by expanding the target entity based on the knowledge base, and outputting the obtained related entities. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the method further comprises:
verifying the at least one entity based on a confidence degree of a side relationship of the knowledge base and the target entity. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the recognizing a target video comprises at least one of following items:
performing a face recognition on the target video; performing a video fingerprint recognition on the target video; or performing a text recognition on the target video. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the calculating a confidence level of the obtained main entity based on the confidence degree of each of the related entities of the at least one candidate entity and the confidence degree of the obtained main entity comprises:
determining the confidence level of the obtained main entity using a related entity corresponding to the obtained main entity as an evidence and the obtained main entity as a conclusion, based on a confidence degree of the related entity corresponding to the obtained main entity and the confidence degree of the obtained main entity. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the method further comprises:
synthesizing, in response to at least one evidence supporting the obtained main entity used as the conclusion, the confidence level of the obtained main entity, to obtain a final confidence level of the obtained main entity, the at least one evidence being independent of each other, and the confidence level of the obtained main entity being obtained based on each of the related entities of the at least one candidate entity. 7. An apparatus for outputting information, comprising:
at least one processor; and a memory storing instructions, wherein the instructions when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform operations, the operations comprising: recognizing a target video, to identify at least one entity and obtain a confidence degree of each entity, the entity comprising a main entity and related entities; matching the at least one entity with a pre-stored knowledge base to determine at least one candidate entity; obtaining at least one main entity by expanding the related entities of the at least one candidate entity based on the knowledge base, and obtain a confidence degree of the obtained main entity; and calculating a confidence level of the obtained main entity based on the confidence degree of each of the related entities of the at least one candidate entity and the confidence degree of the obtained main entity, and output the confidence level of the obtained main entity. 8. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the operations further comprise:
determining a main entity with a highest confidence level exceeding a preset threshold, for use as the target entity; and obtaining the related entities by expanding the target entity based on the knowledge base, and output the obtained related entities. 9. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the operations further comprise:
verifying the at least one entity based on a confidence degree of a side relationship of the knowledge base and the target entity. 10. The apparatus according to claim 7 wherein the recognizing a target video comprises at least one of following items:
performing a face recognition on the target video;
performing a video fingerprint recognition on the target video; or
performing a text recognition on the target video. 11. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the calculating a confidence level of the obtained main entity based on the confidence degree of each of the related entities of the at least one candidate entity and the confidence degree of the obtained main entity comprises:
determining the confidence level of the obtained main entity using a related entity corresponding to the obtained main entity as an evidence and the obtained main entity as a conclusion, based on a confidence degree of the related entity corresponding to the obtained main entity and the confidence degree of the obtained main entity. 12. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the operations further comprise:
synthesizing, in response to at least one evidence supporting the obtained main entity used as the conclusion, the confidence level of the obtained main entity obtained to obtain a final confidence level of the obtained main entity, the at least one evidence being independent of each other, and the confidence level of the obtained main entity being obtained based on each of the related entities of the at least one candidate entity. 13. A non-transitory computer readable medium, storing a computer program, wherein the program, when executed by a processor, causes the processor to perform operations, the operations comprising:
recognizing a target video, to recognize at least one entity and obtain a confidence degree of each entity, the entity comprising a main entity and related entities; matching the at least one entity with a pre-stored knowledge base to determine at least one candidate entity; obtaining at least one main entity by expanding the related entities of the at least one candidate entity based on the knowledge base, and obtaining a confidence degree of the obtained main entity; and calculating a confidence level of the obtained main entity based on the confidence degree of each of the related entities of the at least one candidate entity and the confidence degree of the obtained main entity, and outputting the confidence level of the obtained main entity. | 2,400 |
348,891 | 16,806,396 | 2,437 | An optical network including an input to receive from an optical network light comprising plural wavelength components. An optical wavelength selective filter, optically connected to the input, extracts a first wavelength component of the plural wavelength components from the light, thereby providing a first optical signal including the first wavelength component and a second optical signal including a remainder of the plural wavelength components a light emitter to provide a modulated broadband optical signal. A first output, optically connected to the optical wavelength selective filter, receives a first portion of the second optical signal for transmission to a light detector and a second output, optically connected to optical wavelength selective filter, receives a second portion of the second optical signal for transmission to the optical network. | 1. A node for an optical network comprising:
an input configured to receive light from an optical network light, wherein the light includes wavelength components; first, second and third optical circulators, wherein the third optical circulator is optically connected to the input and to the second optical circulator; an optical wavelength selective filter optically connected to the input via the second and third optical circulators, the optical wavelength selective filter is configured to extract from the light received by the inlet (i) a first wavelength component of the wavelength components to form a first optical signal including the first wavelength component and (ii) a second optical signal including a remainder of the wavelength components; a beam splitter optically coupled to the optical wavelength selective filter, via the first, second and third optical circulators, and configured to receive the second optical signal, wherein the beam splitter is configured to split the second optical signal into a first portion and a second portion each of which includes the remainder of the wavelength components; a first output optically connected to the optical wavelength selective filter via the beam splitter and the first, second and third optical circulators, and the first output is configured to receive and output the first portion of the second optical signal to a light detector, and a second output optically connected to the optical wavelength selective filter via the beam splitter and the first, second and third optical circulators, and the second output is configured to receive and output the second portion of the second optical signal to the optical network. 2. The node of claim 1, wherein the beam splitter is optically directly connected to the third optical circulator and to the first and second outputs. 3. The node of claim 2, wherein the beam splitter is indirectly optically connected to the second circulator via the third optical circulator. 4. The node of claim 3, wherein the beam splitter is indirectly optically connected to the first circulator via the third and second optical circulators. 5. The node of claim 1, wherein the third optical circulator is optically directly connected to the input, the second optical circulator and the beam splitter. 6. The node of claim 1, further comprising one or more optical connectors to connect the node to an avionics unit, the one or more optical connectors comprising:
a transmit optical interface optically connected to the second output via the beam splitter, and configured to receive an optical signal from the avionics unit; and a receive optical interface optically connected to the first output, and configured to transmit the first portion of the second optical signal to the avionics unit. 7. The node of claim 6, wherein the transmit optical interface is directly optically connected to the first circulator, and the monitor optical interface is directly optically connected to the second circulator. 8. The node of claim 6, wherein the beam splitter is configured to receive the optical signal from the avionics unit via the first, second and third optical circulators. 9. The node of claim 1, wherein the optical wavelength selective filter is removable from the node. 10. The node of claim 1, wherein the optical wavelength selective filter comprises a non-reflective termination. 11. An avionics system m an aircraft including an optical network comprising:
an avionics unit including a receiver, a transmitter and a monitor; a node including:
an input optically coupled to the optical network and configured to receive from the optical network light including wavelength components;
an output optically connected to the optical network;
an optical wavelength selective filter including a first port optically connected to the input and configured to extract a first wavelength component of the wavelength components from the light to form: (i) a first optical signal including the first wavelength component and (ii) a second optical signal including a remainder of the wavelength components of the light;
a receive optical interface optically connected to the optical wavelength selective filter and configured to convey a first portion of the second optical signal to the receiver in an avionics unit;
a transmit optical interface optically connected to the optical wavelength selective filter and configured to convey an optical signal from the transmitter of the avionics unit;
a monitor optical interface optically connected to the optical wavelength selective filter and configured to convey the first optical signal to the monitor of the avionics unit;
a first optical circulator including a first port optically connected to the transmit optical interface, a second port optically connected to the optical wavelength selective filter, and a third port,
a second optical circulator including a first port optically connected to input, a second port optically connected to the optical wavelength selective filter, and a third port optically connected to the monitor optical interface; and
a beam splitter arranged to receive and split light received from the third port of the first optical circulator into a first light portion and a second light portion, wherein the beam splitter directs the first light portion to the receive optical interface and the second light portion to the output of the node,
wherein the first optical circulator receives at the first port and outputs at the second port the optical signal from the transmitter, the optical wavelength selective filter receives the optical signal from the transmitter and extracts wavelength components of the optical signal from the transmitter to form a third signal, and the wavelength selective filter transmits the third signal to the second port of the first optical circulator;
wherein the first optical circulator combines the third and second optical signals to form a combined signal and outputs the combined signal from the third port, and
wherein the combined signal is split by the beam splitter to form the first light portion and the second light portion. 12. The avionics system of claim 11, wherein the beam splitter is optically directly connected to the third port of the first optical circulator, the output and the receive optical interface. 13. The avionics system of claim 11, wherein the beam splitter is directly optically connected to the second port of the first circulator and the second port of the second optical circulator. 14. The avionics system of claim 11, wherein the beam splitter is indirectly optically connected to the second port of the second circulator via the first circulator. 15. The avionics system of claim 11, wherein the optical wavelength selective filter is optically directly connected to the second port of the second optical circulator and to the second port of the first optical circulator. 16. The avionics system of claim 11, wherein the transmit optical interface is directly optically connected to the first port of the first circulator. 17. The avionics system of claim 11, wherein the optical wavelength selective filter comprises a non-reflective termination. 18. An avionics system in an aircraft including an optical network comprising:
an avionics unit including a receiver and a transmitter; a node including:
an input optically coupled to the optical network and configured to receive from the optical network light including wavelength components;
an output optically connected to the optical network;
an optical wavelength selective filter including a first port optically connected to the input and configured to extract a first wavelength component of the wavelength components from the light to form: (i) a first optical signal including the first wavelength component, and (ii) a second optical signal including a remainder of the wavelength components of the light;
a receive optical interface optically connected to the optical wavelength selective filter and configured to convey a first portion of the second optical signal to the receiver in an avionics unit;
a transmit optical interface optically connected to the optical wavelength selective filter and configured to convey an optical signal from the transmitter of the avionics unit;
a first optical circulator including a first port optically connected to the transmit optical interface, a second port optically connected to the optical wavelength selective filter, and a third port;
a second optical circulator including a first port optically connected to input, a second port optically connected to the optical wavelength selective filter, and a third port optically connected to a non-reflective termination; and
a beam splitter arranged to receive and split light received from the third port of the first optical circulator into a first light portion and a second light portion, wherein the beam splitter directs the first light portion to the receive optical interface and the second light portion to the output of the node,
wherein the first optical circulator receives at the first port and outputs at the second port the optical signal from the transmitter; the optical wavelength selective filter receives the optical signal from the transmitter and extracts wavelength components of the optical signal from the transmitter to form a third signal, and the wavelength selective filter transmits the third signal to the second port of the first optical circulator;
wherein the first optical circulator combines the third and second optical signals to form a combined signal and outputs the combined signal from the third port;
wherein the combined signal is split by the beam splitter to form the first light portion and the second light portion, and
wherein the second circulator receives via the second port the first optical signal and transmits, via the third port, the first optical signal to the non-reflective termination. 19. The avionics system in of claim 18, wherein the beam splitter is optically directly connected to the third port of the first optical circulator, the output and the receive optical interface. 20. The avionics system of claim 18, wherein the beam splitter is directly optically connected to the second port of the first circulator and the second port of the second optical circulator. 21. The avionics system of claim 18, wherein the beam splitter is indirectly optically connected to the second port of the second circulator via the first circulator. 22. The avionics system of claim 18, wherein the optical wavelength selective filter is optically directly connected to the second port of the second optical circulator and to the second port of the first optical circulator. 23. The avionics system of claim 18, wherein the transmit optical interface is directly optically connected to the first port of the first circulator. | An optical network including an input to receive from an optical network light comprising plural wavelength components. An optical wavelength selective filter, optically connected to the input, extracts a first wavelength component of the plural wavelength components from the light, thereby providing a first optical signal including the first wavelength component and a second optical signal including a remainder of the plural wavelength components a light emitter to provide a modulated broadband optical signal. A first output, optically connected to the optical wavelength selective filter, receives a first portion of the second optical signal for transmission to a light detector and a second output, optically connected to optical wavelength selective filter, receives a second portion of the second optical signal for transmission to the optical network.1. A node for an optical network comprising:
an input configured to receive light from an optical network light, wherein the light includes wavelength components; first, second and third optical circulators, wherein the third optical circulator is optically connected to the input and to the second optical circulator; an optical wavelength selective filter optically connected to the input via the second and third optical circulators, the optical wavelength selective filter is configured to extract from the light received by the inlet (i) a first wavelength component of the wavelength components to form a first optical signal including the first wavelength component and (ii) a second optical signal including a remainder of the wavelength components; a beam splitter optically coupled to the optical wavelength selective filter, via the first, second and third optical circulators, and configured to receive the second optical signal, wherein the beam splitter is configured to split the second optical signal into a first portion and a second portion each of which includes the remainder of the wavelength components; a first output optically connected to the optical wavelength selective filter via the beam splitter and the first, second and third optical circulators, and the first output is configured to receive and output the first portion of the second optical signal to a light detector, and a second output optically connected to the optical wavelength selective filter via the beam splitter and the first, second and third optical circulators, and the second output is configured to receive and output the second portion of the second optical signal to the optical network. 2. The node of claim 1, wherein the beam splitter is optically directly connected to the third optical circulator and to the first and second outputs. 3. The node of claim 2, wherein the beam splitter is indirectly optically connected to the second circulator via the third optical circulator. 4. The node of claim 3, wherein the beam splitter is indirectly optically connected to the first circulator via the third and second optical circulators. 5. The node of claim 1, wherein the third optical circulator is optically directly connected to the input, the second optical circulator and the beam splitter. 6. The node of claim 1, further comprising one or more optical connectors to connect the node to an avionics unit, the one or more optical connectors comprising:
a transmit optical interface optically connected to the second output via the beam splitter, and configured to receive an optical signal from the avionics unit; and a receive optical interface optically connected to the first output, and configured to transmit the first portion of the second optical signal to the avionics unit. 7. The node of claim 6, wherein the transmit optical interface is directly optically connected to the first circulator, and the monitor optical interface is directly optically connected to the second circulator. 8. The node of claim 6, wherein the beam splitter is configured to receive the optical signal from the avionics unit via the first, second and third optical circulators. 9. The node of claim 1, wherein the optical wavelength selective filter is removable from the node. 10. The node of claim 1, wherein the optical wavelength selective filter comprises a non-reflective termination. 11. An avionics system m an aircraft including an optical network comprising:
an avionics unit including a receiver, a transmitter and a monitor; a node including:
an input optically coupled to the optical network and configured to receive from the optical network light including wavelength components;
an output optically connected to the optical network;
an optical wavelength selective filter including a first port optically connected to the input and configured to extract a first wavelength component of the wavelength components from the light to form: (i) a first optical signal including the first wavelength component and (ii) a second optical signal including a remainder of the wavelength components of the light;
a receive optical interface optically connected to the optical wavelength selective filter and configured to convey a first portion of the second optical signal to the receiver in an avionics unit;
a transmit optical interface optically connected to the optical wavelength selective filter and configured to convey an optical signal from the transmitter of the avionics unit;
a monitor optical interface optically connected to the optical wavelength selective filter and configured to convey the first optical signal to the monitor of the avionics unit;
a first optical circulator including a first port optically connected to the transmit optical interface, a second port optically connected to the optical wavelength selective filter, and a third port,
a second optical circulator including a first port optically connected to input, a second port optically connected to the optical wavelength selective filter, and a third port optically connected to the monitor optical interface; and
a beam splitter arranged to receive and split light received from the third port of the first optical circulator into a first light portion and a second light portion, wherein the beam splitter directs the first light portion to the receive optical interface and the second light portion to the output of the node,
wherein the first optical circulator receives at the first port and outputs at the second port the optical signal from the transmitter, the optical wavelength selective filter receives the optical signal from the transmitter and extracts wavelength components of the optical signal from the transmitter to form a third signal, and the wavelength selective filter transmits the third signal to the second port of the first optical circulator;
wherein the first optical circulator combines the third and second optical signals to form a combined signal and outputs the combined signal from the third port, and
wherein the combined signal is split by the beam splitter to form the first light portion and the second light portion. 12. The avionics system of claim 11, wherein the beam splitter is optically directly connected to the third port of the first optical circulator, the output and the receive optical interface. 13. The avionics system of claim 11, wherein the beam splitter is directly optically connected to the second port of the first circulator and the second port of the second optical circulator. 14. The avionics system of claim 11, wherein the beam splitter is indirectly optically connected to the second port of the second circulator via the first circulator. 15. The avionics system of claim 11, wherein the optical wavelength selective filter is optically directly connected to the second port of the second optical circulator and to the second port of the first optical circulator. 16. The avionics system of claim 11, wherein the transmit optical interface is directly optically connected to the first port of the first circulator. 17. The avionics system of claim 11, wherein the optical wavelength selective filter comprises a non-reflective termination. 18. An avionics system in an aircraft including an optical network comprising:
an avionics unit including a receiver and a transmitter; a node including:
an input optically coupled to the optical network and configured to receive from the optical network light including wavelength components;
an output optically connected to the optical network;
an optical wavelength selective filter including a first port optically connected to the input and configured to extract a first wavelength component of the wavelength components from the light to form: (i) a first optical signal including the first wavelength component, and (ii) a second optical signal including a remainder of the wavelength components of the light;
a receive optical interface optically connected to the optical wavelength selective filter and configured to convey a first portion of the second optical signal to the receiver in an avionics unit;
a transmit optical interface optically connected to the optical wavelength selective filter and configured to convey an optical signal from the transmitter of the avionics unit;
a first optical circulator including a first port optically connected to the transmit optical interface, a second port optically connected to the optical wavelength selective filter, and a third port;
a second optical circulator including a first port optically connected to input, a second port optically connected to the optical wavelength selective filter, and a third port optically connected to a non-reflective termination; and
a beam splitter arranged to receive and split light received from the third port of the first optical circulator into a first light portion and a second light portion, wherein the beam splitter directs the first light portion to the receive optical interface and the second light portion to the output of the node,
wherein the first optical circulator receives at the first port and outputs at the second port the optical signal from the transmitter; the optical wavelength selective filter receives the optical signal from the transmitter and extracts wavelength components of the optical signal from the transmitter to form a third signal, and the wavelength selective filter transmits the third signal to the second port of the first optical circulator;
wherein the first optical circulator combines the third and second optical signals to form a combined signal and outputs the combined signal from the third port;
wherein the combined signal is split by the beam splitter to form the first light portion and the second light portion, and
wherein the second circulator receives via the second port the first optical signal and transmits, via the third port, the first optical signal to the non-reflective termination. 19. The avionics system in of claim 18, wherein the beam splitter is optically directly connected to the third port of the first optical circulator, the output and the receive optical interface. 20. The avionics system of claim 18, wherein the beam splitter is directly optically connected to the second port of the first circulator and the second port of the second optical circulator. 21. The avionics system of claim 18, wherein the beam splitter is indirectly optically connected to the second port of the second circulator via the first circulator. 22. The avionics system of claim 18, wherein the optical wavelength selective filter is optically directly connected to the second port of the second optical circulator and to the second port of the first optical circulator. 23. The avionics system of claim 18, wherein the transmit optical interface is directly optically connected to the first port of the first circulator. | 2,400 |
348,892 | 16,806,398 | 2,437 | A method of operating a memory device that includes a plurality of stages each having a plurality of page buffers. The method including performing a verify operation of a first program loop from among a plurality of program loops, the verify operation of the first program loop including, performing a first off-cell counting operation on a first stage of the plurality of stages based on a first sampling rate to generate a first off-cell counting result; selectively changing the first sampling rate based on the first off-cell counting result to generate a changed first sampling rate; and performing a second off-cell counting operation on a second stage of the plurality of stages based on one of the first sampling rate and the changed first sampling rate to generate a second off-cell counting result. | 1. A memory device comprising:
a memory cell array including a plurality of memory cells; a page buffer circuit including a plurality of stages each having a plurality of page buffers, the plurality of page buffers being connected to the memory cell array via bit lines; and processing circuitry configured to control a plurality of program loops performed on the plurality of memory cells such that, during a verify operation of a first program loop of the plurality of program loops, the processing circuitry being configured to perform massbit counting by,
performing a plurality of off-cell counting operations according to stages based on a first sampling rate to generate a result for each of the plurality of off-cell counting operations, and
selectively changing the first sampling rate based on the result of at least one of the plurality of off-cell counting operations. 2. The memory device of claim 1, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to,
perform the off-cell counting operation on a next stage of the plurality of stages by changing the first sampling rate to a lower value. 3. The memory device of claim 1, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to,
perform the off-cell counting operation on a next stage of the plurality of stages by maintaining the first sampling rate in response to the result for any the plurality of stages being less than a reference value. 4. The memory device of claim 1, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to set an initial value of a second sampling rate associated with the verify operation of a second program loop of the plurality of program loops such that the initial value of the second sampling rate is different from an initial value of the first sampling rate. 5. The memory device of claim 1, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to set a last value of a second sampling rate associated with the verify operation of a second program loop of the plurality of program loops such that the last value of the second sampling rate is different from a last value of the first sampling rate. 6. The memory device of claim 1, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to instruct the page buffer circuit to transmit only verify signals output from selected ones of the page buffers based on the first sampling rate. 7. The memory device of claim 1, wherein a second sampling rate on which at least one off-cell counting operation in a verify operation of a second program loop from among the plurality of program loops is based is different from the first sampling rate. 8. The memory device of claim 7, wherein, when the first program loop is performed before a reference program loop and the second program loop is performed after the reference program loop, the first sampling rate is higher than the second sampling rate. 9. A method of operating a memory device, the memory device including a plurality of stages each having a plurality of page buffers, the method comprising:
performing a verify operation of a first program loop from among a plurality of program loops, the verify operation of the first program loop including,
performing a first off-cell counting operation on a first stage of the plurality of stages based on a first scaling ratio to generate a first off-cell counting result;
selectively changing the first scaling ratio based on the first off-cell counting result to generate a changed first scaling ratio; and
performing a second off-cell counting operation on a second stage of the plurality of stages based on one of the first scaling ratio or the changed first scaling ratio to generate a second off-cell counting result. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the performing the first off-cell counting operation comprises:
scaling verify signals output from at least two page buffers of the first stage based on the first scaling ratio to generate scaled verify signals, and performing the first off-cell counting operation based on the scaled verify signals. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the selectively changing of the first scaling ratio comprises changing the first scaling ratio to a lower value. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein a second scaling ratio on which at least one off-cell counting operation in a verify operation of a second program loop from among the plurality of program loops is based is different from the first scaling ratio. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the first scaling ratio is determined based on an operation environment comprising at least one from among a program/erase (P/E) cycle of the memory device, an internal temperature, and process characteristics. 14. A method of operating a memory device, the memory device including a plurality of memory cells, the method comprising:
applying a dummy read voltage to dummy to-be-read memory cells from among the plurality of memory cells; performing first off-cell counting on the dummy to-be-read memory cells based on a first sampling rate and a first scaling ratio to generate a first off-cell counting result; setting a second sampling rate and a second scaling ratio based on the first off-cell counting result; and performing a read operation on target memory cells from among the plurality of memory cells based on the second sampling rate and the second scaling ratio. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the performing the read operation comprises:
applying a plurality of candidate read voltages to the target memory cells to read data of memory cells having a kth program state from among the plurality of memory cells, k being an integer greater than or equal to 1; performing second off-cell counting a plurality of times based on the second sampling rate and the second scaling ratio to generate second off-cell counting results; selecting a read voltage from among the plurality of candidate read voltages based on second off-cell counting results; and reading data of the target memory cells by applying the read voltage to the target memory cells. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the setting comprises:
increasing at least one of the second sampling rate and the second scaling ratio as the first off-cell counting result increases. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the dummy read voltage is set to determine a threshold voltage distribution tendency due to retention characteristics of extreme memory cells, the extreme memory cells being ones of the plurality of memory cells having an uppermost program state. 18. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
performing a plurality of program loops for the plurality of memory cells based on a variable third sampling rate or a variable third scaling ratio. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the performing of the plurality of program loops further includes performing a verify operation in a first program loop of the plurality of program loops, the verify operation in the first program loop including,
performing a third off-cell count operation on first memory cells of the plurality of memory cells based on the variable third sampling rate or the variable third scaling ratio; selectively changing the variable third sampling rate or the variable third scaling ratio based on a third off-cell number count result; and performing the third off-cell count operation on second memory cells of the plurality of memory cells based on the variable third sampling rate and the variable third scaling ratio. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the performing of the plurality of program loops further includes performing a verify operation in a second program loop of the plurality of program loops, and wherein
a fourth sampling rate and a fourth scaling ratio based on the at least one off cell number count operation in the verify operation of the second program loop may be different from the third sampling rate and the third scaling ratio, respectively. | A method of operating a memory device that includes a plurality of stages each having a plurality of page buffers. The method including performing a verify operation of a first program loop from among a plurality of program loops, the verify operation of the first program loop including, performing a first off-cell counting operation on a first stage of the plurality of stages based on a first sampling rate to generate a first off-cell counting result; selectively changing the first sampling rate based on the first off-cell counting result to generate a changed first sampling rate; and performing a second off-cell counting operation on a second stage of the plurality of stages based on one of the first sampling rate and the changed first sampling rate to generate a second off-cell counting result.1. A memory device comprising:
a memory cell array including a plurality of memory cells; a page buffer circuit including a plurality of stages each having a plurality of page buffers, the plurality of page buffers being connected to the memory cell array via bit lines; and processing circuitry configured to control a plurality of program loops performed on the plurality of memory cells such that, during a verify operation of a first program loop of the plurality of program loops, the processing circuitry being configured to perform massbit counting by,
performing a plurality of off-cell counting operations according to stages based on a first sampling rate to generate a result for each of the plurality of off-cell counting operations, and
selectively changing the first sampling rate based on the result of at least one of the plurality of off-cell counting operations. 2. The memory device of claim 1, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to,
perform the off-cell counting operation on a next stage of the plurality of stages by changing the first sampling rate to a lower value. 3. The memory device of claim 1, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to,
perform the off-cell counting operation on a next stage of the plurality of stages by maintaining the first sampling rate in response to the result for any the plurality of stages being less than a reference value. 4. The memory device of claim 1, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to set an initial value of a second sampling rate associated with the verify operation of a second program loop of the plurality of program loops such that the initial value of the second sampling rate is different from an initial value of the first sampling rate. 5. The memory device of claim 1, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to set a last value of a second sampling rate associated with the verify operation of a second program loop of the plurality of program loops such that the last value of the second sampling rate is different from a last value of the first sampling rate. 6. The memory device of claim 1, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to instruct the page buffer circuit to transmit only verify signals output from selected ones of the page buffers based on the first sampling rate. 7. The memory device of claim 1, wherein a second sampling rate on which at least one off-cell counting operation in a verify operation of a second program loop from among the plurality of program loops is based is different from the first sampling rate. 8. The memory device of claim 7, wherein, when the first program loop is performed before a reference program loop and the second program loop is performed after the reference program loop, the first sampling rate is higher than the second sampling rate. 9. A method of operating a memory device, the memory device including a plurality of stages each having a plurality of page buffers, the method comprising:
performing a verify operation of a first program loop from among a plurality of program loops, the verify operation of the first program loop including,
performing a first off-cell counting operation on a first stage of the plurality of stages based on a first scaling ratio to generate a first off-cell counting result;
selectively changing the first scaling ratio based on the first off-cell counting result to generate a changed first scaling ratio; and
performing a second off-cell counting operation on a second stage of the plurality of stages based on one of the first scaling ratio or the changed first scaling ratio to generate a second off-cell counting result. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the performing the first off-cell counting operation comprises:
scaling verify signals output from at least two page buffers of the first stage based on the first scaling ratio to generate scaled verify signals, and performing the first off-cell counting operation based on the scaled verify signals. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the selectively changing of the first scaling ratio comprises changing the first scaling ratio to a lower value. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein a second scaling ratio on which at least one off-cell counting operation in a verify operation of a second program loop from among the plurality of program loops is based is different from the first scaling ratio. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the first scaling ratio is determined based on an operation environment comprising at least one from among a program/erase (P/E) cycle of the memory device, an internal temperature, and process characteristics. 14. A method of operating a memory device, the memory device including a plurality of memory cells, the method comprising:
applying a dummy read voltage to dummy to-be-read memory cells from among the plurality of memory cells; performing first off-cell counting on the dummy to-be-read memory cells based on a first sampling rate and a first scaling ratio to generate a first off-cell counting result; setting a second sampling rate and a second scaling ratio based on the first off-cell counting result; and performing a read operation on target memory cells from among the plurality of memory cells based on the second sampling rate and the second scaling ratio. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the performing the read operation comprises:
applying a plurality of candidate read voltages to the target memory cells to read data of memory cells having a kth program state from among the plurality of memory cells, k being an integer greater than or equal to 1; performing second off-cell counting a plurality of times based on the second sampling rate and the second scaling ratio to generate second off-cell counting results; selecting a read voltage from among the plurality of candidate read voltages based on second off-cell counting results; and reading data of the target memory cells by applying the read voltage to the target memory cells. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the setting comprises:
increasing at least one of the second sampling rate and the second scaling ratio as the first off-cell counting result increases. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the dummy read voltage is set to determine a threshold voltage distribution tendency due to retention characteristics of extreme memory cells, the extreme memory cells being ones of the plurality of memory cells having an uppermost program state. 18. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
performing a plurality of program loops for the plurality of memory cells based on a variable third sampling rate or a variable third scaling ratio. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the performing of the plurality of program loops further includes performing a verify operation in a first program loop of the plurality of program loops, the verify operation in the first program loop including,
performing a third off-cell count operation on first memory cells of the plurality of memory cells based on the variable third sampling rate or the variable third scaling ratio; selectively changing the variable third sampling rate or the variable third scaling ratio based on a third off-cell number count result; and performing the third off-cell count operation on second memory cells of the plurality of memory cells based on the variable third sampling rate and the variable third scaling ratio. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the performing of the plurality of program loops further includes performing a verify operation in a second program loop of the plurality of program loops, and wherein
a fourth sampling rate and a fourth scaling ratio based on the at least one off cell number count operation in the verify operation of the second program loop may be different from the third sampling rate and the third scaling ratio, respectively. | 2,400 |
348,893 | 16,806,401 | 2,437 | A machine includes a chassis and a hopper assembly. The hopper assembly includes a hopper frame, at least one hopper, and an actuator assembly. The actuator assembly is adapted to move the at least one hopper between a raised position and a lowered position. The actuator assembly includes an actuator. The actuator includes a cylinder and a rod member. The actuator assembly also includes a first retention assembly adapted to couple the fixed end of the cylinder with the hopper frame and encapsulate the fixed end of the cylinder within a first space defined by the first retention assembly. The actuator assembly further includes a second retention assembly adapted to couple the movable end of the rod member with the at least one hopper and encapsulate the movable end of the rod member within a second space defined by the second retention assembly. | 1. A machine comprising:
a chassis; a hopper assembly mounted on the chassis, wherein the hopper assembly includes:
a hopper frame;
at least one hopper movable relative to the hopper frame between a raised position and a lowered position, wherein a material receiving space defined by the at least one hopper is sealed relative to the hopper frame; and
an actuator assembly coupled with the hopper frame and the at least one hopper, wherein the actuator assembly is adapted to move the at least one hopper between the raised position and the lowered position, wherein the actuator assembly includes:
an actuator including:
a cylinder defining a fixed end adapted to couple with the hopper frame; and
a rod member defining a movable end adapted to couple with the at least one hopper;
a first retention assembly adapted to couple the fixed end of the cylinder with the hopper frame and encapsulate the fixed end of the cylinder within a first space defined by the first retention assembly; and
a second retention assembly adapted to couple the movable end of the rod member with the at least one hopper and encapsulate the movable end of the rod member within a second space defined by the second retention assembly. 2. The machine of claim 1, wherein the at least one hopper includes a first hopper and a second hopper. 3. The machine of claim 1, wherein the at least one hopper includes:
a first sidewall extending along a longitudinal axis defined by the machine; a second sidewall coupled with the first sidewall, wherein the second sidewall extends perpendicular to the longitudinal axis; and a third sidewall connected with the first and second sidewalls, wherein the first, second, and third sidewalls define the material receiving space. 4. The machine of claim 3, wherein the actuator is positioned between the hopper frame and the at least one hopper externally relative to the material receiving space defined by the at least one hopper. 5. The machine of claim 3, wherein the actuator is spaced apart from the second sidewall along the longitudinal axis. 6. The machine of claim 3, wherein the first retention assembly includes:
a first plate coupled with the hopper frame; a first retention plate coupled with the first plate; a first mount coupled with the hopper frame, wherein the first mount is spaced apart from the first plate to define the first space therebetween; and a first mechanical fastener adapted to couple the fixed end of the cylinder with the hopper frame. 7. The machine of claim 3, wherein the second retention assembly includes:
a second retention plate coupled with the second sidewall; a second mount coupled with the second sidewall; a third mount coupled with the second sidewall, wherein the third mount is spaced apart from the second mount to define the second space therebetween; and a second mechanical fastener adapted to couple the movable end of the rod member with the second sidewall. 8. The machine of claim 1 further comprising a limit stop adapted to restrict a retraction of the actuator, the limit stop including:
a first limiting member coupled with the hopper frame; and
a second limiting member coupled with the at least one hopper, wherein the second limiting member is adapted to abut with the first limiting member. 9. A hopper assembly comprising:
a hopper frame; at least one hopper movable relative to the hopper frame between a raised position and a lowered position, wherein a material receiving space defined by the at least one hopper is sealed relative to the hopper frame; and an actuator assembly coupled with the hopper frame and the at least one hopper, wherein the actuator assembly is adapted to move the at least one hopper between the raised position and the lowered position, wherein the actuator assembly includes:
an actuator including:
a cylinder defining a fixed end adapted to couple with the hopper frame; and
a rod member defining a movable end adapted to couple with the at least one hopper;
a first retention assembly adapted to couple the fixed end of the cylinder with the hopper and encapsulate the fixed end of the cylinder within a first space defined by the first retention assembly; and
a second retention assembly adapted to couple the movable end of the rod member with the at least one hopper and encapsulate the movable end of the rod member within a second space defined by the second retention assembly. 10. The actuator assembly of claim 9, wherein the at least one hopper includes a first hopper and a second hopper. 11. The actuator assembly of claim 10, wherein the at least one hopper includes:
a first sidewall extending along a longitudinal axis defined by the machine; a second sidewall coupled with the first sidewall, wherein the second sidewall extends perpendicular to the longitudinal axis; and a third sidewall connected with the first and second sidewalls, wherein the first, second, and third sidewalls define the material receiving space. 12. The actuator assembly of claim 11, wherein the actuator is positioned between the hopper frame and the at least one hopper externally relative to the material receiving space defined by the at least one hopper. 13. The actuator assembly of claim 11, wherein the actuator is spaced apart from the second sidewall of the at least one hopper along the longitudinal axis. 14. The actuator assembly of claim 11, wherein the first retention assembly includes:
a first plate coupled with the hopper frame; a first retention plate coupled with the first plate; a first mount coupled with the hopper frame, wherein the first mount is spaced apart from the first plate to define the first space therebetween; and a first mechanical fastener adapted to couple the fixed end of the cylinder with the hopper frame. 15. The actuator assembly of claim 11, wherein the second retention assembly includes:
a second retention plate coupled with the second sidewall; a second mount coupled with the second sidewall; a third mount coupled with the second sidewall, wherein the third mount is spaced apart from the second mount to define the second space therebetween; and a second mechanical fastener adapted to couple the movable end of the rod member with the second sidewall. 16. The actuator assembly of claim 9 further comprising a limit stop adapted to restrict a retraction of the actuator, the limit stop including:
a first limiting member coupled with the hopper frame; and
a second limiting member coupled with the at least one hopper, wherein the second limiting member is adapted to abut with the first limiting member. 17. A method of operating at least one hopper associated with a hopper assembly of a machine, wherein the machine includes an actuator assembly adapted to move the at least one hopper, the method comprising:
coupling a fixed end of an actuator of the actuator assembly with a hopper frame of the hopper assembly by a first retention assembly of the actuator assembly, wherein the first retention assembly includes a first mechanical fastener; coupling a movable end of the actuator with the at least one hopper by a second retention assembly of the actuator assembly, wherein the second retention assembly includes a second mechanical fastener; moving the at least one hopper between a raised position and a lowered position based on an operation of the actuator assembly; capturing the fixed end of the actuator within a first space defined by the first retention assembly in an event of failure of the first mechanical fastener; and capturing the movable end of the actuator within a second space defined by the second retention assembly in an event of failure of the second mechanical fastener. 18. The method of claim 17 further comprising positioning the actuator between the hopper frame and the at least one hopper externally relative to a material receiving space defined by the at least one hopper. 19. The method of claim 17 further comprising coupling the actuator assembly with the hopper frame and the at least one hopper such that the actuator is spaced apart from a sidewall of the at least one hopper along a longitudinal axis defined by the machine. 20. The method of claim 17 further comprising restricting a retraction of the actuator beyond a predefined limit based on abutment of a first limiting member coupled with the hopper frame with a second limiting member coupled with the at least one hopper. | A machine includes a chassis and a hopper assembly. The hopper assembly includes a hopper frame, at least one hopper, and an actuator assembly. The actuator assembly is adapted to move the at least one hopper between a raised position and a lowered position. The actuator assembly includes an actuator. The actuator includes a cylinder and a rod member. The actuator assembly also includes a first retention assembly adapted to couple the fixed end of the cylinder with the hopper frame and encapsulate the fixed end of the cylinder within a first space defined by the first retention assembly. The actuator assembly further includes a second retention assembly adapted to couple the movable end of the rod member with the at least one hopper and encapsulate the movable end of the rod member within a second space defined by the second retention assembly.1. A machine comprising:
a chassis; a hopper assembly mounted on the chassis, wherein the hopper assembly includes:
a hopper frame;
at least one hopper movable relative to the hopper frame between a raised position and a lowered position, wherein a material receiving space defined by the at least one hopper is sealed relative to the hopper frame; and
an actuator assembly coupled with the hopper frame and the at least one hopper, wherein the actuator assembly is adapted to move the at least one hopper between the raised position and the lowered position, wherein the actuator assembly includes:
an actuator including:
a cylinder defining a fixed end adapted to couple with the hopper frame; and
a rod member defining a movable end adapted to couple with the at least one hopper;
a first retention assembly adapted to couple the fixed end of the cylinder with the hopper frame and encapsulate the fixed end of the cylinder within a first space defined by the first retention assembly; and
a second retention assembly adapted to couple the movable end of the rod member with the at least one hopper and encapsulate the movable end of the rod member within a second space defined by the second retention assembly. 2. The machine of claim 1, wherein the at least one hopper includes a first hopper and a second hopper. 3. The machine of claim 1, wherein the at least one hopper includes:
a first sidewall extending along a longitudinal axis defined by the machine; a second sidewall coupled with the first sidewall, wherein the second sidewall extends perpendicular to the longitudinal axis; and a third sidewall connected with the first and second sidewalls, wherein the first, second, and third sidewalls define the material receiving space. 4. The machine of claim 3, wherein the actuator is positioned between the hopper frame and the at least one hopper externally relative to the material receiving space defined by the at least one hopper. 5. The machine of claim 3, wherein the actuator is spaced apart from the second sidewall along the longitudinal axis. 6. The machine of claim 3, wherein the first retention assembly includes:
a first plate coupled with the hopper frame; a first retention plate coupled with the first plate; a first mount coupled with the hopper frame, wherein the first mount is spaced apart from the first plate to define the first space therebetween; and a first mechanical fastener adapted to couple the fixed end of the cylinder with the hopper frame. 7. The machine of claim 3, wherein the second retention assembly includes:
a second retention plate coupled with the second sidewall; a second mount coupled with the second sidewall; a third mount coupled with the second sidewall, wherein the third mount is spaced apart from the second mount to define the second space therebetween; and a second mechanical fastener adapted to couple the movable end of the rod member with the second sidewall. 8. The machine of claim 1 further comprising a limit stop adapted to restrict a retraction of the actuator, the limit stop including:
a first limiting member coupled with the hopper frame; and
a second limiting member coupled with the at least one hopper, wherein the second limiting member is adapted to abut with the first limiting member. 9. A hopper assembly comprising:
a hopper frame; at least one hopper movable relative to the hopper frame between a raised position and a lowered position, wherein a material receiving space defined by the at least one hopper is sealed relative to the hopper frame; and an actuator assembly coupled with the hopper frame and the at least one hopper, wherein the actuator assembly is adapted to move the at least one hopper between the raised position and the lowered position, wherein the actuator assembly includes:
an actuator including:
a cylinder defining a fixed end adapted to couple with the hopper frame; and
a rod member defining a movable end adapted to couple with the at least one hopper;
a first retention assembly adapted to couple the fixed end of the cylinder with the hopper and encapsulate the fixed end of the cylinder within a first space defined by the first retention assembly; and
a second retention assembly adapted to couple the movable end of the rod member with the at least one hopper and encapsulate the movable end of the rod member within a second space defined by the second retention assembly. 10. The actuator assembly of claim 9, wherein the at least one hopper includes a first hopper and a second hopper. 11. The actuator assembly of claim 10, wherein the at least one hopper includes:
a first sidewall extending along a longitudinal axis defined by the machine; a second sidewall coupled with the first sidewall, wherein the second sidewall extends perpendicular to the longitudinal axis; and a third sidewall connected with the first and second sidewalls, wherein the first, second, and third sidewalls define the material receiving space. 12. The actuator assembly of claim 11, wherein the actuator is positioned between the hopper frame and the at least one hopper externally relative to the material receiving space defined by the at least one hopper. 13. The actuator assembly of claim 11, wherein the actuator is spaced apart from the second sidewall of the at least one hopper along the longitudinal axis. 14. The actuator assembly of claim 11, wherein the first retention assembly includes:
a first plate coupled with the hopper frame; a first retention plate coupled with the first plate; a first mount coupled with the hopper frame, wherein the first mount is spaced apart from the first plate to define the first space therebetween; and a first mechanical fastener adapted to couple the fixed end of the cylinder with the hopper frame. 15. The actuator assembly of claim 11, wherein the second retention assembly includes:
a second retention plate coupled with the second sidewall; a second mount coupled with the second sidewall; a third mount coupled with the second sidewall, wherein the third mount is spaced apart from the second mount to define the second space therebetween; and a second mechanical fastener adapted to couple the movable end of the rod member with the second sidewall. 16. The actuator assembly of claim 9 further comprising a limit stop adapted to restrict a retraction of the actuator, the limit stop including:
a first limiting member coupled with the hopper frame; and
a second limiting member coupled with the at least one hopper, wherein the second limiting member is adapted to abut with the first limiting member. 17. A method of operating at least one hopper associated with a hopper assembly of a machine, wherein the machine includes an actuator assembly adapted to move the at least one hopper, the method comprising:
coupling a fixed end of an actuator of the actuator assembly with a hopper frame of the hopper assembly by a first retention assembly of the actuator assembly, wherein the first retention assembly includes a first mechanical fastener; coupling a movable end of the actuator with the at least one hopper by a second retention assembly of the actuator assembly, wherein the second retention assembly includes a second mechanical fastener; moving the at least one hopper between a raised position and a lowered position based on an operation of the actuator assembly; capturing the fixed end of the actuator within a first space defined by the first retention assembly in an event of failure of the first mechanical fastener; and capturing the movable end of the actuator within a second space defined by the second retention assembly in an event of failure of the second mechanical fastener. 18. The method of claim 17 further comprising positioning the actuator between the hopper frame and the at least one hopper externally relative to a material receiving space defined by the at least one hopper. 19. The method of claim 17 further comprising coupling the actuator assembly with the hopper frame and the at least one hopper such that the actuator is spaced apart from a sidewall of the at least one hopper along a longitudinal axis defined by the machine. 20. The method of claim 17 further comprising restricting a retraction of the actuator beyond a predefined limit based on abutment of a first limiting member coupled with the hopper frame with a second limiting member coupled with the at least one hopper. | 2,400 |
348,894 | 16,806,444 | 2,437 | A method of treating water includes providing an ion dispenser having a first electrode and a second electrode and flowing a volume of water through the first electrode and the second electrode such that each electrode is positioned in contact with the volume of water. The method further includes selecting an electric current to apply to the volume of water and determining an electric potential energy differential to apply to the volume of water, wherein the electric potential energy differential is operable to generate the electric current. In addition, the method includes applying the electric current to the first volume of water. | 1. A method of treating water, comprising:
(a) providing a water system, wherein the water system comprises an ion dispenser, wherein the ion dispenser includes a first electrode and a second electrode; (b) flowing a first volume of water through the water system such that the first volume of water flows through the ion dispenser such that the first electrode and the second electrode are each positioned in contact with the first volume of water; (c) selecting an electric current to apply to the first volume of water; (d) determining a first electric potential energy differential to apply to the first volume of water, wherein the first electric potential energy differential is operable to generate the electric current; (e) generating a first electrical charge on the first electrode and a second electrical charge on the second electrode, wherein the first electrical charge is greater than the second electrical charge, wherein the first and second electrical charges define the first electric potential energy differential therebetween; and (f) applying the electric current to the first volume of water. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
upon providing the electrical current to the first volume of water, dosing the first volume of water with a plurality of metal ions. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the plurality of metal ions includes copper ions. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the plurality of metal ions includes iron ions. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the plurality of metal ions includes copper ions and iron ions. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein determining a first electric potential energy differential includes calculating an electrical conductivity of the first volume of water flowing between the first and second electrodes. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the ion dispenser is in communication with a controller, wherein determining the first electric potential energy differential is repeated at regular intervals by the controller, the method further comprising:
adjusting the first electric potential energy differential between the first and second electrodes based upon the calculation of the electrical conductivity of the first volume of water flowing between the first and second electrodes to generate the electric current. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the ion dispenser is in communication with a controller, wherein determining the first electric potential energy differential is repeated at regular intervals by the controller, the method further comprising:
adjusting the first electric potential energy differential between the first and second electrodes based upon an increase in electrical resistance between the first and second electrodes to generate the electric current. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein the ion dispenser is in communication with a controller, wherein determining the first electric potential energy differential is repeated at regular intervals by the controller, the method further comprising:
adjusting the first electric potential energy differential between the first and second electrodes based upon an increase in a separation distance between the first and second electrodes to generate the electric current. 10. The method of claim 6, further comprising:
based upon the calculation of the electrical conductivity of the first volume of water flowing between the first and second electrodes, purging at least a portion of the first volume of water from the water system if the electrical conductivity exceeds a predetermined electrical conductivity threshold. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the water system includes a purge valve for purging at least a portion of the first volume of water from the water, the method further comprising:
initiating an OPEN-CLOSE or a CLOSE-OPEN sequence on the purge valve, wherein the OPEN-CLOSE or the CLOSE-OPEN sequence is operable to clean a residue off of the purge valve. 12. The method of claim 6, wherein calculating the electrical conductivity includes applying the formula:
R=Ο*L/S wherein Ο represents a conductivity of the first volume of water between the first and second electrodes, L represents a separation distance between the first and second electrodes, and S represents an exposed surface area of each of the first and second electrodes to the first volume of water. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
measuring an accumulation of electrical current on a selected one of the first or the second electrode over a predetermined time period; and calculating a mass of the selected one of the first or the second electrode using the measurement of electrical current. 14. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
measuring an accumulation of electrical current on a selected one of the first or the second electrode over a predetermined time period; and calculating a thickness of the selected one of the first or the second electrode using the measurement of electrical current. 15. A water treatment system, comprising:
(a) an ion dispenser, wherein the ion dispenser comprises:
(i) a housing defining a central passageway arranged between a first open end and a second open end, wherein the central passageway is configured to permit a fluid to pass therethrough from the first open end to the second open end;
(ii) a first electrode positioned within the central passageway in contact with the fluid, wherein the first electrode is configured to receive a first electrical charge;
(iii) a second electrode positioned within the central passageway in contact with the fluid, wherein the second electrode is configured to receive a second electrical charge; and
(iv) a controller in communication with the first and second electrodes, wherein the controller is programmed to:
(1) determine a first electric potential energy differential to apply to between the first and second electrodes, wherein the first electric potential energy differential is operable to generate a predetermined electric current, and
(2) generate the first electrical charge on the first electrode and the second electrical charge on the second electrode, wherein the first electrical charge is greater than the second electrical charge, wherein the first and second electrical charges define the first electric potential energy differential therebetween;
wherein the first electrode is configured to release one or more metal ions into the fluid as the fluid passes between the first open end and the second open end. 16. The water treatment system of claim 15, wherein the first electrode has a mass of about 1 kg to about 1000 kg. 17. The water treatment system of claim 15, wherein the first open end of the housing comprises a diameter between about 20 and about 60 inches. 18. The water treatment system of claim 15, wherein the housing comprises a housing material configured for use at a temperature of at least about 90 degrees Celsius. 19. The water treatment system of claim 15, further comprising,
at least one electrical connector coupling the first and second electrodes with the controller, wherein the at least one electrical connector comprises a connector material configured for use at a temperature of at least about 90 degrees Celsius. 20. The water treatment system of claim 15, wherein the housing includes an outer layer and an inner layer, wherein the inner layer includes an electrical insulating material. 21. A method of treating water, comprising:
(a) providing an ion dispenser system having a controller, wherein the ion dispenser system is in communication with the controller; (b) flowing a liquid volume through the ion dispenser system, wherein the ion dispenser system includes a first electrode and a second electrode, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are each positioned in contact with the liquid volume; (c) measuring a first electrical conductivity of the liquid volume flowing between the first and second electrodes; (d) comparing the measured first electrical conductivity of the liquid volume with a predetermined electrical conductivity range; and (e) upon determining that the measured first electrical conductivity of the liquid volume is greater than the predetermined electrical conductivity range, initiating a purge of a portion of liquid from the liquid volume. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
upon initiating the purge of the liquid from the liquid volume, measuring a second electrical conductivity of the liquid volume flowing between the first and second electrodes; comparing the measured second electrical conductivity of the liquid volume with the predetermined electrical conductivity range; and terminating the purge of the liquid from the liquid volume once the measured second electrical conductivity of the liquid volume is within the predetermined electrical conductivity range. | A method of treating water includes providing an ion dispenser having a first electrode and a second electrode and flowing a volume of water through the first electrode and the second electrode such that each electrode is positioned in contact with the volume of water. The method further includes selecting an electric current to apply to the volume of water and determining an electric potential energy differential to apply to the volume of water, wherein the electric potential energy differential is operable to generate the electric current. In addition, the method includes applying the electric current to the first volume of water.1. A method of treating water, comprising:
(a) providing a water system, wherein the water system comprises an ion dispenser, wherein the ion dispenser includes a first electrode and a second electrode; (b) flowing a first volume of water through the water system such that the first volume of water flows through the ion dispenser such that the first electrode and the second electrode are each positioned in contact with the first volume of water; (c) selecting an electric current to apply to the first volume of water; (d) determining a first electric potential energy differential to apply to the first volume of water, wherein the first electric potential energy differential is operable to generate the electric current; (e) generating a first electrical charge on the first electrode and a second electrical charge on the second electrode, wherein the first electrical charge is greater than the second electrical charge, wherein the first and second electrical charges define the first electric potential energy differential therebetween; and (f) applying the electric current to the first volume of water. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
upon providing the electrical current to the first volume of water, dosing the first volume of water with a plurality of metal ions. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the plurality of metal ions includes copper ions. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the plurality of metal ions includes iron ions. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the plurality of metal ions includes copper ions and iron ions. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein determining a first electric potential energy differential includes calculating an electrical conductivity of the first volume of water flowing between the first and second electrodes. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the ion dispenser is in communication with a controller, wherein determining the first electric potential energy differential is repeated at regular intervals by the controller, the method further comprising:
adjusting the first electric potential energy differential between the first and second electrodes based upon the calculation of the electrical conductivity of the first volume of water flowing between the first and second electrodes to generate the electric current. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the ion dispenser is in communication with a controller, wherein determining the first electric potential energy differential is repeated at regular intervals by the controller, the method further comprising:
adjusting the first electric potential energy differential between the first and second electrodes based upon an increase in electrical resistance between the first and second electrodes to generate the electric current. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein the ion dispenser is in communication with a controller, wherein determining the first electric potential energy differential is repeated at regular intervals by the controller, the method further comprising:
adjusting the first electric potential energy differential between the first and second electrodes based upon an increase in a separation distance between the first and second electrodes to generate the electric current. 10. The method of claim 6, further comprising:
based upon the calculation of the electrical conductivity of the first volume of water flowing between the first and second electrodes, purging at least a portion of the first volume of water from the water system if the electrical conductivity exceeds a predetermined electrical conductivity threshold. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the water system includes a purge valve for purging at least a portion of the first volume of water from the water, the method further comprising:
initiating an OPEN-CLOSE or a CLOSE-OPEN sequence on the purge valve, wherein the OPEN-CLOSE or the CLOSE-OPEN sequence is operable to clean a residue off of the purge valve. 12. The method of claim 6, wherein calculating the electrical conductivity includes applying the formula:
R=Ο*L/S wherein Ο represents a conductivity of the first volume of water between the first and second electrodes, L represents a separation distance between the first and second electrodes, and S represents an exposed surface area of each of the first and second electrodes to the first volume of water. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
measuring an accumulation of electrical current on a selected one of the first or the second electrode over a predetermined time period; and calculating a mass of the selected one of the first or the second electrode using the measurement of electrical current. 14. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
measuring an accumulation of electrical current on a selected one of the first or the second electrode over a predetermined time period; and calculating a thickness of the selected one of the first or the second electrode using the measurement of electrical current. 15. A water treatment system, comprising:
(a) an ion dispenser, wherein the ion dispenser comprises:
(i) a housing defining a central passageway arranged between a first open end and a second open end, wherein the central passageway is configured to permit a fluid to pass therethrough from the first open end to the second open end;
(ii) a first electrode positioned within the central passageway in contact with the fluid, wherein the first electrode is configured to receive a first electrical charge;
(iii) a second electrode positioned within the central passageway in contact with the fluid, wherein the second electrode is configured to receive a second electrical charge; and
(iv) a controller in communication with the first and second electrodes, wherein the controller is programmed to:
(1) determine a first electric potential energy differential to apply to between the first and second electrodes, wherein the first electric potential energy differential is operable to generate a predetermined electric current, and
(2) generate the first electrical charge on the first electrode and the second electrical charge on the second electrode, wherein the first electrical charge is greater than the second electrical charge, wherein the first and second electrical charges define the first electric potential energy differential therebetween;
wherein the first electrode is configured to release one or more metal ions into the fluid as the fluid passes between the first open end and the second open end. 16. The water treatment system of claim 15, wherein the first electrode has a mass of about 1 kg to about 1000 kg. 17. The water treatment system of claim 15, wherein the first open end of the housing comprises a diameter between about 20 and about 60 inches. 18. The water treatment system of claim 15, wherein the housing comprises a housing material configured for use at a temperature of at least about 90 degrees Celsius. 19. The water treatment system of claim 15, further comprising,
at least one electrical connector coupling the first and second electrodes with the controller, wherein the at least one electrical connector comprises a connector material configured for use at a temperature of at least about 90 degrees Celsius. 20. The water treatment system of claim 15, wherein the housing includes an outer layer and an inner layer, wherein the inner layer includes an electrical insulating material. 21. A method of treating water, comprising:
(a) providing an ion dispenser system having a controller, wherein the ion dispenser system is in communication with the controller; (b) flowing a liquid volume through the ion dispenser system, wherein the ion dispenser system includes a first electrode and a second electrode, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are each positioned in contact with the liquid volume; (c) measuring a first electrical conductivity of the liquid volume flowing between the first and second electrodes; (d) comparing the measured first electrical conductivity of the liquid volume with a predetermined electrical conductivity range; and (e) upon determining that the measured first electrical conductivity of the liquid volume is greater than the predetermined electrical conductivity range, initiating a purge of a portion of liquid from the liquid volume. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
upon initiating the purge of the liquid from the liquid volume, measuring a second electrical conductivity of the liquid volume flowing between the first and second electrodes; comparing the measured second electrical conductivity of the liquid volume with the predetermined electrical conductivity range; and terminating the purge of the liquid from the liquid volume once the measured second electrical conductivity of the liquid volume is within the predetermined electrical conductivity range. | 2,400 |
348,895 | 16,806,359 | 2,437 | A method for detecting ambient light, includes: acquiring a detection signal of an ambient light sensor; acquiring a luminance level of a screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor; and determining an intensity of the ambient light based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor and the luminance level of the screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor. | 1. A method for detecting ambient light, comprising:
acquiring a detection signal of an ambient light sensor; acquiring a luminance level of a screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor; and determining an intensity of the ambient light based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor and the luminance level of the screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein acquiring the luminance level of the screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor comprises:
acquiring a luminance level of each sub-pixel in the screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor; and determining a sum of the luminance levels of all the sub-pixels in the screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor as the luminance level of the screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein determining the intensity of the ambient light based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor and the luminance level of the screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor comprises:
when the luminance level is less than a threshold, determining the intensity of the ambient light based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor; and when the luminance level is greater than or equal to the threshold, determining an interference signal based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor, and determining the intensity of the ambient light based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor and the interference signal. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein determining the interference signal based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor comprises:
sampling the detection signal of the ambient light sensor to obtain a sampling signal; performing Fourier transform for the sampling signal to obtain a first transformation value; and determining the interference signal corresponding to e first transformation value based on a relation between a transformation value and an interference signal. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein determining the intensity of the ambient light based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor and the interference signal comprises:
subtracting the interference signal from the sampling signal to obtain a correction signal; and calculating the intensity of the ambient light corresponding to the correction signal. 6. The method according to claim 4, further comprising:
acquiring a plurality of detection signals of the ambient light sensor when the screen displays different luminances in a dark environment; sampling the plurality of detection signals respectively to obtain a plurality of interference signals; performing Fourier transform for the plurality of interference signals respectively to obtain a plurality of transformation values; and fitting a relation curve by taking each of the transformation values and the corresponding interference signal as a sampling point to obtain the relation between the transformation value and the interference signal. 7. An apparatus for detecting ambient light, comprising:
a processor; and a memory storing instructions executable by the processor; wherein the processor is configured to: acquire a detection signal of an ambient light sensor; acquire a luminance level of a screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor; and determine an intensity of the ambient light based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor and the luminance level of the screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor. 8. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the processor is further configured to:
acquire a luminance level of each sub-pixel in the screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor; and determine a sum of the luminance levels of all the sub-pixels in the screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor as the luminance level of the screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor. 9. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the processor is further configured to:
when the luminance level is less than a threshold, determine the intensity of the ambient light based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor; and when the luminance level is greater than or equal to the threshold, determine an interference signal based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor, and determine the intensity of the ambient light based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor and the interference signal. 10. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the processor is further configured to:
sample the detection signal of the ambient light sensor to obtain a sampling signal; perform Fourier transform for the sampling signal to obtain a first transformation value; and determine the interference signal corresponding to the first transformation value based on a relation between a transformation value and an interference signal. 11. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the processor is further configured to:
subtract the interference signal from the sampling signal to obtain a correction signal, and calculate the intensity of the ambient light corresponding to the correction signal. 12. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the processor is further configured to:
acquire a plurality of detection signals of the ambient light sensor when the screen displays different luminances in a dark environment; sample the plurality of detection signals respectively to obtain a plurality of interference signals; perform Fourier transform for the plurality of interference signals respectively to obtain a plurality of transformation values; and fit a relation curve by taking each of the transformation values and the corresponding interference signal as a sampling point to obtain the relation between the transformation value and the interference signal. 13. The apparatus according to claim 10, being a terminal device. 14. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon instructions that, when executed by a processor of a device, cause the device to perform a method for detecting ambient light, the method comprising:
acquiring a detection signal of an ambient light sensor; acquiring a luminance level of a screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor; and determining an intensity of the ambient light based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor and the luminance level of the screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor. 15. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein acquiring the luminance level of the screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor comprises:
acquiring a luminance level of each sub-pixel in the screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor; and determining a sum of the luminance levels of all the sub-pixels in the screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor as the luminance level of the screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor. 16. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein determining the intensity of the ambient light based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor and the luminance level of the screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor comprises:
when the luminance level is less than a threshold, determining the intensity of the ambient light based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor; and when the luminance level is greater than or equal to the threshold, determining an interference signal based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor, and determining the intensity of the ambient light based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor and the interference signal. 17. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein determining the interference signal based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor comprises:
sampling the detection signal of the ambient light sensor to obtain a sampling signal; performing Fourier transform for the sampling signal to obtain a first transformation value; and determining the interference signal corresponding to the first transformation value based on a relation between a transformation value and an interference signal. 18. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein determining the intensity of the ambient light based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor and the interference signal comprises:
subtracting the interference signal from the sampling signal to obtain a correction signal; and calculating the intensity of the ambient light corresponding to the correction signal. 19. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 14, further comprising:
acquiring a plurality of detection signals of the ambient light sensor when the screen displays different luminances in a dark environment; sampling the plurality of detection signals respectively to obtain a plurality of interference signals; performing Fourier transform for the plurality of interference signals respectively to obtain a plurality of transformation values; and fitting a relation curve by taking each of the transformation values and the corresponding interference signal as a sampling point to obtain the relation between the transformation value and the interference signal. | A method for detecting ambient light, includes: acquiring a detection signal of an ambient light sensor; acquiring a luminance level of a screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor; and determining an intensity of the ambient light based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor and the luminance level of the screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor.1. A method for detecting ambient light, comprising:
acquiring a detection signal of an ambient light sensor; acquiring a luminance level of a screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor; and determining an intensity of the ambient light based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor and the luminance level of the screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein acquiring the luminance level of the screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor comprises:
acquiring a luminance level of each sub-pixel in the screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor; and determining a sum of the luminance levels of all the sub-pixels in the screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor as the luminance level of the screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein determining the intensity of the ambient light based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor and the luminance level of the screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor comprises:
when the luminance level is less than a threshold, determining the intensity of the ambient light based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor; and when the luminance level is greater than or equal to the threshold, determining an interference signal based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor, and determining the intensity of the ambient light based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor and the interference signal. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein determining the interference signal based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor comprises:
sampling the detection signal of the ambient light sensor to obtain a sampling signal; performing Fourier transform for the sampling signal to obtain a first transformation value; and determining the interference signal corresponding to e first transformation value based on a relation between a transformation value and an interference signal. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein determining the intensity of the ambient light based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor and the interference signal comprises:
subtracting the interference signal from the sampling signal to obtain a correction signal; and calculating the intensity of the ambient light corresponding to the correction signal. 6. The method according to claim 4, further comprising:
acquiring a plurality of detection signals of the ambient light sensor when the screen displays different luminances in a dark environment; sampling the plurality of detection signals respectively to obtain a plurality of interference signals; performing Fourier transform for the plurality of interference signals respectively to obtain a plurality of transformation values; and fitting a relation curve by taking each of the transformation values and the corresponding interference signal as a sampling point to obtain the relation between the transformation value and the interference signal. 7. An apparatus for detecting ambient light, comprising:
a processor; and a memory storing instructions executable by the processor; wherein the processor is configured to: acquire a detection signal of an ambient light sensor; acquire a luminance level of a screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor; and determine an intensity of the ambient light based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor and the luminance level of the screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor. 8. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the processor is further configured to:
acquire a luminance level of each sub-pixel in the screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor; and determine a sum of the luminance levels of all the sub-pixels in the screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor as the luminance level of the screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor. 9. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the processor is further configured to:
when the luminance level is less than a threshold, determine the intensity of the ambient light based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor; and when the luminance level is greater than or equal to the threshold, determine an interference signal based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor, and determine the intensity of the ambient light based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor and the interference signal. 10. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the processor is further configured to:
sample the detection signal of the ambient light sensor to obtain a sampling signal; perform Fourier transform for the sampling signal to obtain a first transformation value; and determine the interference signal corresponding to the first transformation value based on a relation between a transformation value and an interference signal. 11. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the processor is further configured to:
subtract the interference signal from the sampling signal to obtain a correction signal, and calculate the intensity of the ambient light corresponding to the correction signal. 12. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the processor is further configured to:
acquire a plurality of detection signals of the ambient light sensor when the screen displays different luminances in a dark environment; sample the plurality of detection signals respectively to obtain a plurality of interference signals; perform Fourier transform for the plurality of interference signals respectively to obtain a plurality of transformation values; and fit a relation curve by taking each of the transformation values and the corresponding interference signal as a sampling point to obtain the relation between the transformation value and the interference signal. 13. The apparatus according to claim 10, being a terminal device. 14. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon instructions that, when executed by a processor of a device, cause the device to perform a method for detecting ambient light, the method comprising:
acquiring a detection signal of an ambient light sensor; acquiring a luminance level of a screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor; and determining an intensity of the ambient light based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor and the luminance level of the screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor. 15. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein acquiring the luminance level of the screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor comprises:
acquiring a luminance level of each sub-pixel in the screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor; and determining a sum of the luminance levels of all the sub-pixels in the screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor as the luminance level of the screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor. 16. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein determining the intensity of the ambient light based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor and the luminance level of the screen region corresponding to the ambient light sensor comprises:
when the luminance level is less than a threshold, determining the intensity of the ambient light based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor; and when the luminance level is greater than or equal to the threshold, determining an interference signal based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor, and determining the intensity of the ambient light based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor and the interference signal. 17. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein determining the interference signal based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor comprises:
sampling the detection signal of the ambient light sensor to obtain a sampling signal; performing Fourier transform for the sampling signal to obtain a first transformation value; and determining the interference signal corresponding to the first transformation value based on a relation between a transformation value and an interference signal. 18. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein determining the intensity of the ambient light based on the detection signal of the ambient light sensor and the interference signal comprises:
subtracting the interference signal from the sampling signal to obtain a correction signal; and calculating the intensity of the ambient light corresponding to the correction signal. 19. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 14, further comprising:
acquiring a plurality of detection signals of the ambient light sensor when the screen displays different luminances in a dark environment; sampling the plurality of detection signals respectively to obtain a plurality of interference signals; performing Fourier transform for the plurality of interference signals respectively to obtain a plurality of transformation values; and fitting a relation curve by taking each of the transformation values and the corresponding interference signal as a sampling point to obtain the relation between the transformation value and the interference signal. | 2,400 |
348,896 | 16,806,436 | 2,437 | Systems, apparatuses, and methods related to image based media type selection are described. Memory systems can include multiple types of memory media. Data can be written in a type of memory media based on one or more settings applied to the data. A setting can be determined based on input received by a logic within the memory system. In an example, a method can include receiving, at logic within a memory system that comprising a plurality of memory media types, data from an image sensor coupled to the logic of the memory system, receiving input from a host, identifying one or more attributes of the data, analyzing the received input to determine an setting, generating the setting based on the analyzed input, and writing the data to a first memory media type of the plurality of memory media types based on the generated setting. | 1. A method, comprising:
receiving, at logic within a memory system that comprises a plurality of memory media types, data from an image sensor coupled to the logic of the memory system; receiving, at the logic of the memory system, an input from a host; identifying, at the logic of the memory system, one or more attributes of the data from the image sensor; and writing, the data to a first memory media type of the plurality of memory media types based at least in part on the one or more attributes of the data from the image sensor and the input from the host. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
analyzing, at the logic of the memory system, the received input to determine a setting; generating, at the logic of the memory system, the setting based on the analyzed input, wherein the setting determines a memory media type of the plurality of memory media types to write the data. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
receiving, at the logic of the memory system, additional data from the image sensor coupled to the logic of the memory system; and writing the additional data to a second media type of the plurality of media types or discarding the additional data based at least in part on one or more attributes of the additional data from the image sensor, wherein the second media type is different from the first media type. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein identifying one or more attributes comprises at least one of:
analyzing a blur of the data from the image sensor; determining pixel characteristics of the data from the image sensor; analyzing a pixel density of the data from the image sensor; or determining a subject in the data from the image sensor; or any combination thereof. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
receiving, at the logic of the memory system, a plurality of portions of additional data from the image sensor; identifying, at the logic of the memory system, attributes of the plurality of portions of additional data; and updating, at the logic of the memory system, setting for determining which media type of the plurality of media types is associated with the one or more attributes based on additional input from the host. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising discarding the data from the sensor previously written to the first memory media type based on the updated setting. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising:
transferring the data from the first memory media type to a second memory media type based on the updated setting; discarding a first portion of the plurality of portions of additional data based at least in part on the updated setting; and writing a second portion of the plurality of portions of additional data to the first memory media type. 8. An apparatus comprising:
a memory system comprising a plurality of memory media types; and a logic within the memory system, wherein the logic of the memory system is configured to:
receive data from an image sensor, wherein the image sensor is coupled to the logic of the memory system;
identify one or more attributes of the data;
analyze input received from a host;
determine a setting based on the analyzed input, wherein the setting selects a memory media type of the plurality of memory media types to write the data; and
write, based on the setting and the identified one or more attributes, the data to a first memory media type of the plurality of memory media types. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the logic of the memory system is further configured to:
receive additional data from the image sensor; and write, based at least in part on the setting, the additional data to one or more memory media types of the plurality of memory media types. 10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the logic of the memory system is further configured to:
receive additional input from a host coupled to the logic of the memory system; and update the setting based in part on the additional input and the input. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the additional input and the input are substantially different, and the updated setting and the setting are substantially different. 12. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the additional input and the input are substantially similar, and the updated setting and the setting are substantially similar. 13. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the plurality of memory media types includes non-volatile memory and volatile memory. 14. A system comprising:
a memory system comprising a plurality of memory media types; an image sensor coupled to the memory system; and a logic within the memory system, wherein the logic of the memory system is configured to:
receive data from an image sensor;
identify attributes of the data;
analyze an input received from a host;
apply a generated setting to the identified attributes of the data, wherein the setting is based on analyzed input; and
determine, based on the applied setting, a memory media type of the plurality of memory media types to write the data. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the logic of the memory system is further configured to write, based on the determined memory media type, the data to a first memory media type of the plurality of memory media types. 16. The system of claim 14, wherein the logic of the memory system is further configured to discard the data based on the determined memory media type 17. The system of claim 14, wherein:
the data is received from a mobile device comprising a camera lens and the received data includes a plurality of photographs; and the identified attributes is based on one or more similar subjects within the plurality of photographs, wherein the subjects include at least one of pixel quality of the plurality of photographs, geographical location of the plurality of photographs, blur of the plurality of photographs, pixel characteristics of the plurality of photographs, pixel density of the plurality of photographs, or subjects included in the plurality of photographs. 18. The system of claim 14, wherein the plurality of memory media types includes at least one of dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), storage class memory (SCM), or NAND. 19. The system of claim 14, wherein the logic of the memory system is further configured to:
identify attributes of additional data; analyze the identify attributes of the additional data; received additional input from the host; transmit a prompt to the host coupled to the logic of the memory system, wherein the prompt is a confirmation of a change to the setting; and update the setting based on a received response to the prompt. 20. The system of claim 14, wherein the logic of the memory system is further configured to:
identify attributes of additional data; analyze the identify attributes of the additional data; received additional input from the host; transmit a prompt to the host coupled to the logic of the memory system, wherein the prompt is a confirmation of a change to the setting; and refrain from updating the setting based on a received response to the prompt. | Systems, apparatuses, and methods related to image based media type selection are described. Memory systems can include multiple types of memory media. Data can be written in a type of memory media based on one or more settings applied to the data. A setting can be determined based on input received by a logic within the memory system. In an example, a method can include receiving, at logic within a memory system that comprising a plurality of memory media types, data from an image sensor coupled to the logic of the memory system, receiving input from a host, identifying one or more attributes of the data, analyzing the received input to determine an setting, generating the setting based on the analyzed input, and writing the data to a first memory media type of the plurality of memory media types based on the generated setting.1. A method, comprising:
receiving, at logic within a memory system that comprises a plurality of memory media types, data from an image sensor coupled to the logic of the memory system; receiving, at the logic of the memory system, an input from a host; identifying, at the logic of the memory system, one or more attributes of the data from the image sensor; and writing, the data to a first memory media type of the plurality of memory media types based at least in part on the one or more attributes of the data from the image sensor and the input from the host. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
analyzing, at the logic of the memory system, the received input to determine a setting; generating, at the logic of the memory system, the setting based on the analyzed input, wherein the setting determines a memory media type of the plurality of memory media types to write the data. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
receiving, at the logic of the memory system, additional data from the image sensor coupled to the logic of the memory system; and writing the additional data to a second media type of the plurality of media types or discarding the additional data based at least in part on one or more attributes of the additional data from the image sensor, wherein the second media type is different from the first media type. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein identifying one or more attributes comprises at least one of:
analyzing a blur of the data from the image sensor; determining pixel characteristics of the data from the image sensor; analyzing a pixel density of the data from the image sensor; or determining a subject in the data from the image sensor; or any combination thereof. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
receiving, at the logic of the memory system, a plurality of portions of additional data from the image sensor; identifying, at the logic of the memory system, attributes of the plurality of portions of additional data; and updating, at the logic of the memory system, setting for determining which media type of the plurality of media types is associated with the one or more attributes based on additional input from the host. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising discarding the data from the sensor previously written to the first memory media type based on the updated setting. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising:
transferring the data from the first memory media type to a second memory media type based on the updated setting; discarding a first portion of the plurality of portions of additional data based at least in part on the updated setting; and writing a second portion of the plurality of portions of additional data to the first memory media type. 8. An apparatus comprising:
a memory system comprising a plurality of memory media types; and a logic within the memory system, wherein the logic of the memory system is configured to:
receive data from an image sensor, wherein the image sensor is coupled to the logic of the memory system;
identify one or more attributes of the data;
analyze input received from a host;
determine a setting based on the analyzed input, wherein the setting selects a memory media type of the plurality of memory media types to write the data; and
write, based on the setting and the identified one or more attributes, the data to a first memory media type of the plurality of memory media types. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the logic of the memory system is further configured to:
receive additional data from the image sensor; and write, based at least in part on the setting, the additional data to one or more memory media types of the plurality of memory media types. 10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the logic of the memory system is further configured to:
receive additional input from a host coupled to the logic of the memory system; and update the setting based in part on the additional input and the input. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the additional input and the input are substantially different, and the updated setting and the setting are substantially different. 12. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the additional input and the input are substantially similar, and the updated setting and the setting are substantially similar. 13. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the plurality of memory media types includes non-volatile memory and volatile memory. 14. A system comprising:
a memory system comprising a plurality of memory media types; an image sensor coupled to the memory system; and a logic within the memory system, wherein the logic of the memory system is configured to:
receive data from an image sensor;
identify attributes of the data;
analyze an input received from a host;
apply a generated setting to the identified attributes of the data, wherein the setting is based on analyzed input; and
determine, based on the applied setting, a memory media type of the plurality of memory media types to write the data. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the logic of the memory system is further configured to write, based on the determined memory media type, the data to a first memory media type of the plurality of memory media types. 16. The system of claim 14, wherein the logic of the memory system is further configured to discard the data based on the determined memory media type 17. The system of claim 14, wherein:
the data is received from a mobile device comprising a camera lens and the received data includes a plurality of photographs; and the identified attributes is based on one or more similar subjects within the plurality of photographs, wherein the subjects include at least one of pixel quality of the plurality of photographs, geographical location of the plurality of photographs, blur of the plurality of photographs, pixel characteristics of the plurality of photographs, pixel density of the plurality of photographs, or subjects included in the plurality of photographs. 18. The system of claim 14, wherein the plurality of memory media types includes at least one of dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), storage class memory (SCM), or NAND. 19. The system of claim 14, wherein the logic of the memory system is further configured to:
identify attributes of additional data; analyze the identify attributes of the additional data; received additional input from the host; transmit a prompt to the host coupled to the logic of the memory system, wherein the prompt is a confirmation of a change to the setting; and update the setting based on a received response to the prompt. 20. The system of claim 14, wherein the logic of the memory system is further configured to:
identify attributes of additional data; analyze the identify attributes of the additional data; received additional input from the host; transmit a prompt to the host coupled to the logic of the memory system, wherein the prompt is a confirmation of a change to the setting; and refrain from updating the setting based on a received response to the prompt. | 2,400 |
348,897 | 16,806,441 | 2,437 | Apparatus and methods are described, including apparatus that includes a male-connector body comprising at least one mating surface, and shaped to define a hollow core. A plurality of electrically-conductive male-connector terminals are coupled to the mating surface of the male-connector body. A longitudinal insert is configured to, by moving inside the hollow core, push the male-connector terminals radially outward. Other embodiments are also described. | 1. A method of connecting a catheter to a console comprising a first-connector body comprising a first-connector mating surface and a plurality of electrically conductive first-connector terminals coupled to the first-connector mating surface the method comprising:
receiving the catheter, the catheter including a second-connector body comprising a second-connector mating surface and a plurality of electrically conductive second-connector terminals coupled to the second-connector mating surface; and interposing the first-connector body and the second-connector body such that the first-connector terminals are misaligned with and do not contact the second-connector terminals; rotating the first-connector body relative to the second-connector body; and contacting the first-connector terminals to the second-connector terminals. 2. The method of claim 1, in which the step of rotating the first-connector body relative to the second-connector body causes the step of contacting the first-connector terminals to the second-connector terminals. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising moving the first-connector terminals relative to the first-connector mating surface. 4. The method of claim 3, in which the first-connector terminals are disposed on springs attached to the first-connector body. 5. The method of claim 3, in which the step of moving the first-connector terminals relative to the first-connector mating surface includes compressing the first-connector terminals. 6. The method of claim 3, in which the first-connector terminals are disposed in a longitudinal and circumferential arrangement. 7. The method of claim 3, in which the first-connector body further comprises a hollow core and the second-connector body further comprises a first protrusion, and in which the step of interposing the first-connector body and the second-connector body comprises disposing the first protrusion in the hollow core. 8. The method of claim 7, in which the second-connector body further includes a bottom inside surface and the first protrusion protrudes from the bottom inside surface. 9. The method of claim 7, in which the second-connector body further comprises an electrically insulative protrusion disposed on the second-connector mating surface. 10. The method of claim 9, in which the electrically insulative protrusion is disposed between a first one of the second-connector terminals and a second one of the second-connector terminals. 11. The method of claim 10, in which the electrically insulative protrusion extends further from the second-connector mating surface than the first one of the second-connector terminals and the second one of the second-connector terminals. 12. The method of claim 3, in which one of the first-connector body and the second-connector body further includes a track and the other of the first-connector body and the second-connector body further includes a second protrusion configured to fit inside the track. 13. The method of claim 12, in which the track comprises a longitudinally oriented track portion and a circumferentially oriented track portion. 14. An electrical connector, comprising:
a first-connector body including,
a first-connector mating surface, and
a plurality of electrically conductive first-connector terminals coupled to the first-connector mating surface; and
a second-connector body including,
a second-connector mating surface, and
a plurality of electrically conductive second-connector terminals coupled to the second-connector mating surface such that, upon interposition of at least a portion of the first-connector body and the second-connector body, the first-connector terminals misalign with and do not contact the second-connector terminals. 15. The electrical connector of claim 14, in which, upon interposition of the first-connector body and the second-connector body and subsequent rotational displacement of the second-connector body relative to the first-connector body, the first-connector terminals contact the second-connector terminals. 16. The electrical connector of claim 15, in which the first-connector terminals are moveable relative to the first-connector mating surface. 17. The electrical connector of claim 16, in which the first-connector terminals are disposed on springs attached to the first-connector body. 18. The electrical connector of claim 15, in which the first connector terminals are compressible. 19. The electrical connector of claim 14, in which the first-connector terminals are disposed in a longitudinal and circumferential arrangement. 20. The electrical connector of claim 14, in which the first-connector body further comprises a hollow core and the second-connector body further comprises a first protrusion configured to be received in the hollow core. 21. The electrical connector of claim 20, in which the second connector body further includes a bottom inside surface and the first protrusion protrudes from the bottom inside surface. 22. The electrical connector of claim 14, in which the second-connector body further comprises an electrically insulative protrusion disposed on the second-connector mating surface. 23. The electrical connector of claim 22, in which the electrically insulative protrusion is disposed between a first one of the second-connector terminals and a second one of the second-connector terminals. 24. The electrical connector of claim 23, in which the electrically insulative protrusion extends further from the second-connector mating surface than the first one of the second-connector terminals and the second one of the second-connector terminals. 25. The electrical connector of claim 14, in which one of the first-connector body and the second-connector body further includes a track and the other of the first-connector body and the second-connector body further includes a second protrusion configured to fit inside the track 26. The electrical connector of claim 25, in which the track comprises a longitudinally oriented track portion and a circumferentially oriented track portion. | Apparatus and methods are described, including apparatus that includes a male-connector body comprising at least one mating surface, and shaped to define a hollow core. A plurality of electrically-conductive male-connector terminals are coupled to the mating surface of the male-connector body. A longitudinal insert is configured to, by moving inside the hollow core, push the male-connector terminals radially outward. Other embodiments are also described.1. A method of connecting a catheter to a console comprising a first-connector body comprising a first-connector mating surface and a plurality of electrically conductive first-connector terminals coupled to the first-connector mating surface the method comprising:
receiving the catheter, the catheter including a second-connector body comprising a second-connector mating surface and a plurality of electrically conductive second-connector terminals coupled to the second-connector mating surface; and interposing the first-connector body and the second-connector body such that the first-connector terminals are misaligned with and do not contact the second-connector terminals; rotating the first-connector body relative to the second-connector body; and contacting the first-connector terminals to the second-connector terminals. 2. The method of claim 1, in which the step of rotating the first-connector body relative to the second-connector body causes the step of contacting the first-connector terminals to the second-connector terminals. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising moving the first-connector terminals relative to the first-connector mating surface. 4. The method of claim 3, in which the first-connector terminals are disposed on springs attached to the first-connector body. 5. The method of claim 3, in which the step of moving the first-connector terminals relative to the first-connector mating surface includes compressing the first-connector terminals. 6. The method of claim 3, in which the first-connector terminals are disposed in a longitudinal and circumferential arrangement. 7. The method of claim 3, in which the first-connector body further comprises a hollow core and the second-connector body further comprises a first protrusion, and in which the step of interposing the first-connector body and the second-connector body comprises disposing the first protrusion in the hollow core. 8. The method of claim 7, in which the second-connector body further includes a bottom inside surface and the first protrusion protrudes from the bottom inside surface. 9. The method of claim 7, in which the second-connector body further comprises an electrically insulative protrusion disposed on the second-connector mating surface. 10. The method of claim 9, in which the electrically insulative protrusion is disposed between a first one of the second-connector terminals and a second one of the second-connector terminals. 11. The method of claim 10, in which the electrically insulative protrusion extends further from the second-connector mating surface than the first one of the second-connector terminals and the second one of the second-connector terminals. 12. The method of claim 3, in which one of the first-connector body and the second-connector body further includes a track and the other of the first-connector body and the second-connector body further includes a second protrusion configured to fit inside the track. 13. The method of claim 12, in which the track comprises a longitudinally oriented track portion and a circumferentially oriented track portion. 14. An electrical connector, comprising:
a first-connector body including,
a first-connector mating surface, and
a plurality of electrically conductive first-connector terminals coupled to the first-connector mating surface; and
a second-connector body including,
a second-connector mating surface, and
a plurality of electrically conductive second-connector terminals coupled to the second-connector mating surface such that, upon interposition of at least a portion of the first-connector body and the second-connector body, the first-connector terminals misalign with and do not contact the second-connector terminals. 15. The electrical connector of claim 14, in which, upon interposition of the first-connector body and the second-connector body and subsequent rotational displacement of the second-connector body relative to the first-connector body, the first-connector terminals contact the second-connector terminals. 16. The electrical connector of claim 15, in which the first-connector terminals are moveable relative to the first-connector mating surface. 17. The electrical connector of claim 16, in which the first-connector terminals are disposed on springs attached to the first-connector body. 18. The electrical connector of claim 15, in which the first connector terminals are compressible. 19. The electrical connector of claim 14, in which the first-connector terminals are disposed in a longitudinal and circumferential arrangement. 20. The electrical connector of claim 14, in which the first-connector body further comprises a hollow core and the second-connector body further comprises a first protrusion configured to be received in the hollow core. 21. The electrical connector of claim 20, in which the second connector body further includes a bottom inside surface and the first protrusion protrudes from the bottom inside surface. 22. The electrical connector of claim 14, in which the second-connector body further comprises an electrically insulative protrusion disposed on the second-connector mating surface. 23. The electrical connector of claim 22, in which the electrically insulative protrusion is disposed between a first one of the second-connector terminals and a second one of the second-connector terminals. 24. The electrical connector of claim 23, in which the electrically insulative protrusion extends further from the second-connector mating surface than the first one of the second-connector terminals and the second one of the second-connector terminals. 25. The electrical connector of claim 14, in which one of the first-connector body and the second-connector body further includes a track and the other of the first-connector body and the second-connector body further includes a second protrusion configured to fit inside the track 26. The electrical connector of claim 25, in which the track comprises a longitudinally oriented track portion and a circumferentially oriented track portion. | 2,400 |
348,898 | 16,806,448 | 3,663 | Methods and apparatus for adjusting a suspension of a vehicle are described herein. An example apparatus includes a memory storing a plurality of suspension profiles. Each of the suspension profiles includes a stored performance parameter of a vehicle and a suspension setting. The apparatus includes a sensor to detect a driver performance parameter of a driver driving the vehicle. The driver performance parameter represents a behaviour of the driver of the vehicle. The apparatus further includes a processor to compare the driver performance parameter to at least one of the plurality of suspension profiles stored in the memory, and a controller to adjust a suspension of the vehicle according to a first suspension setting of a first suspension profile of the plurality of suspension profiles if the driver performance parameter corresponds to a first stored performance parameter of the first suspension profile. | 1. An apparatus comprising:
a memory storing a plurality of suspension profiles, each of the suspension profiles including a stored performance parameter of a vehicle and a suspension setting; a sensor to detect a driver performance parameter of a driver driving the vehicle, the driver performance parameter representing a behaviour of the driver of the vehicle; a processor to compare the driver performance parameter to at least one of the plurality of suspension profiles stored in the memory; and a controller to adjust a suspension of the vehicle according to a first suspension setting of a first suspension profile of the plurality of suspension profiles if the driver performance parameter corresponds to a first stored performance parameter of the first suspension profile. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the controller is to adjust the suspension of the vehicle according to the first suspension setting of the first suspension profile if the driver performance parameter is within a target range of the first stored performance parameter. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the vehicle is a first vehicle, further including a receiver to receive a suspension profile from a second vehicle, and wherein the memory is to store the suspension profile from the second vehicle with the plurality of suspension profiles. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sensor is a first sensor, and wherein each of the suspension profiles includes a stored vehicle parameter, further including a second sensor to detect a vehicle parameter of the vehicle, wherein the processor is to compare the detected vehicle parameter to the stored vehicle parameters, and wherein the controller is to adjust the suspension of the vehicle according to the first suspension setting if the detected vehicle parameter is within a tolerance of a first stored vehicle parameter of the first suspension profile. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein:
each of the suspension profiles includes a plurality of stored vehicle parameters; the second sensor is to detect a plurality of vehicle parameters of the vehicle; the processor is to compare the detected vehicle parameters to the stored vehicle parameters of the suspension profiles; and the controller is to adjust the suspension of the vehicle according to the first suspension setting if a number of the detected vehicle parameters within a tolerance of the stored vehicle parameters of the first suspension profile satisfies a threshold. 6. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the vehicle parameter includes at least one of a location of the vehicle, a speed of the vehicle, a number of passengers in the vehicle, a weather condition in a vicinity of the vehicle, a vehicle type, or a mood of the driver. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the driver performance parameter and the stored performance parameters include at least one of a brake pedal pressure of the vehicle, a speed of the vehicle, an engine speed of the vehicle, a steering wheel angle of the vehicle, a rate of change of the steering wheel angle of the vehicle, a rate of change of input to an accelerator pedal of the vehicle, a rate of change of position of the accelerator pedal of the vehicle, or a gear of the vehicle. 8. A non-transitory machine readable medium comprising instructions that, when executed, cause at least one machine to at least:
detect a driver performance parameter of a driver driving a vehicle, the driver performance parameter representing a behaviour of the driver of the vehicle; compare the driver performance parameter to at least one suspension profile of a plurality of suspension profiles stored in a database, each of the suspension profiles including a stored performance parameter of the vehicle and a suspension setting; and if the driver performance parameter corresponds to a first stored performance parameter of a first suspension profile of the plurality of suspension profiles, adjust a suspension of the vehicle according to a first suspension setting of the first suspension profile. 9. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 8, wherein each of the suspension profiles includes a plurality of stored performance parameters and a plurality of suspension settings. 10. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 9, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the at least one machine to:
detect a plurality of driver performance parameters; compare the driver performance parameters to the stored performance parameter of the first suspension profile; and adjust the suspension of the vehicle according to at least two of the suspension settings of the first suspension profile if a number of the driver performance parameters corresponding to the stored performance parameters of the first suspension profile satisfies a threshold. 11. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 10, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the at least one machine to:
adjust the suspension of the vehicle according to the at least two of the suspension settings of the first suspension profile if a number of the driver performance parameters within a target range of the stored performance parameters of the first suspension profile satisfies the threshold. 12. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 8, wherein the database is stored in a cloud device. 13. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 8, wherein the vehicle is a first vehicle, wherein the database is in the vehicle, and wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the at least one machine to:
receive a suspension profile from at least one of a second vehicle, a central database, or central server; and store the received suspension profile in the database. 14. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 8, wherein each of the suspension profiles includes a stored vehicle parameter, and wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the at least one machine to:
detect a vehicle parameter of the vehicle; compare the detect vehicle parameters to the stored vehicle parameters of the suspension profiles; and adjust the suspension of the vehicle according to the first suspension setting if a number of the detected vehicle parameters within a tolerance of the stored vehicle parameters of the first suspension profile satisfies a threshold. 15. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 14, wherein the vehicle parameter includes at least one of a location of the vehicle, a speed of the vehicle, a number of passengers in the vehicle, a weather condition in a vicinity of the vehicle, a vehicle type, or a mood of the driver. 16. A method comprising:
detecting a driver performance parameter of a driver driving a vehicle, the driver performance parameter representing the behaviour of the driver of the vehicle; comparing the driver performance parameter to at least one suspension profile of a plurality of suspension profiles stored in a database, each of the suspension profiles including a stored performance parameter of the vehicle and a suspension setting; and if the driver performance parameter corresponds to a first stored performance parameter of a first suspension profile of the plurality of suspension profiles, adjusting a suspension of the vehicle according to a first suspension setting of the first suspension profile. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the vehicle is a first vehicle, and wherein the database is in the vehicle, further including:
receiving a suspension profile from a second vehicle; and storing the received suspension profile in the database. 18. The method of claim 17, further including, prior to receiving the suspension profile from the second vehicle, determining if there are any vehicles within a predetermined distance of the vehicle. 19. The method of claim 18, further including receiving the suspension profile from the second vehicle if the second vehicle is within a predetermined distance from the first vehicle. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the driver performance parameter and the stored performance parameters include at least one of a brake pedal pressure of the vehicle, a speed of the vehicle, an engine speed of the vehicle, a steering wheel angle of the vehicle, a rate of change of the steering wheel angle of the vehicle, a rate of change of input to an accelerator pedal of the vehicle, a rate of change of position of the accelerator pedal of the vehicle, or a gear of the vehicle. | Methods and apparatus for adjusting a suspension of a vehicle are described herein. An example apparatus includes a memory storing a plurality of suspension profiles. Each of the suspension profiles includes a stored performance parameter of a vehicle and a suspension setting. The apparatus includes a sensor to detect a driver performance parameter of a driver driving the vehicle. The driver performance parameter represents a behaviour of the driver of the vehicle. The apparatus further includes a processor to compare the driver performance parameter to at least one of the plurality of suspension profiles stored in the memory, and a controller to adjust a suspension of the vehicle according to a first suspension setting of a first suspension profile of the plurality of suspension profiles if the driver performance parameter corresponds to a first stored performance parameter of the first suspension profile.1. An apparatus comprising:
a memory storing a plurality of suspension profiles, each of the suspension profiles including a stored performance parameter of a vehicle and a suspension setting; a sensor to detect a driver performance parameter of a driver driving the vehicle, the driver performance parameter representing a behaviour of the driver of the vehicle; a processor to compare the driver performance parameter to at least one of the plurality of suspension profiles stored in the memory; and a controller to adjust a suspension of the vehicle according to a first suspension setting of a first suspension profile of the plurality of suspension profiles if the driver performance parameter corresponds to a first stored performance parameter of the first suspension profile. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the controller is to adjust the suspension of the vehicle according to the first suspension setting of the first suspension profile if the driver performance parameter is within a target range of the first stored performance parameter. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the vehicle is a first vehicle, further including a receiver to receive a suspension profile from a second vehicle, and wherein the memory is to store the suspension profile from the second vehicle with the plurality of suspension profiles. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sensor is a first sensor, and wherein each of the suspension profiles includes a stored vehicle parameter, further including a second sensor to detect a vehicle parameter of the vehicle, wherein the processor is to compare the detected vehicle parameter to the stored vehicle parameters, and wherein the controller is to adjust the suspension of the vehicle according to the first suspension setting if the detected vehicle parameter is within a tolerance of a first stored vehicle parameter of the first suspension profile. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein:
each of the suspension profiles includes a plurality of stored vehicle parameters; the second sensor is to detect a plurality of vehicle parameters of the vehicle; the processor is to compare the detected vehicle parameters to the stored vehicle parameters of the suspension profiles; and the controller is to adjust the suspension of the vehicle according to the first suspension setting if a number of the detected vehicle parameters within a tolerance of the stored vehicle parameters of the first suspension profile satisfies a threshold. 6. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the vehicle parameter includes at least one of a location of the vehicle, a speed of the vehicle, a number of passengers in the vehicle, a weather condition in a vicinity of the vehicle, a vehicle type, or a mood of the driver. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the driver performance parameter and the stored performance parameters include at least one of a brake pedal pressure of the vehicle, a speed of the vehicle, an engine speed of the vehicle, a steering wheel angle of the vehicle, a rate of change of the steering wheel angle of the vehicle, a rate of change of input to an accelerator pedal of the vehicle, a rate of change of position of the accelerator pedal of the vehicle, or a gear of the vehicle. 8. A non-transitory machine readable medium comprising instructions that, when executed, cause at least one machine to at least:
detect a driver performance parameter of a driver driving a vehicle, the driver performance parameter representing a behaviour of the driver of the vehicle; compare the driver performance parameter to at least one suspension profile of a plurality of suspension profiles stored in a database, each of the suspension profiles including a stored performance parameter of the vehicle and a suspension setting; and if the driver performance parameter corresponds to a first stored performance parameter of a first suspension profile of the plurality of suspension profiles, adjust a suspension of the vehicle according to a first suspension setting of the first suspension profile. 9. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 8, wherein each of the suspension profiles includes a plurality of stored performance parameters and a plurality of suspension settings. 10. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 9, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the at least one machine to:
detect a plurality of driver performance parameters; compare the driver performance parameters to the stored performance parameter of the first suspension profile; and adjust the suspension of the vehicle according to at least two of the suspension settings of the first suspension profile if a number of the driver performance parameters corresponding to the stored performance parameters of the first suspension profile satisfies a threshold. 11. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 10, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the at least one machine to:
adjust the suspension of the vehicle according to the at least two of the suspension settings of the first suspension profile if a number of the driver performance parameters within a target range of the stored performance parameters of the first suspension profile satisfies the threshold. 12. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 8, wherein the database is stored in a cloud device. 13. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 8, wherein the vehicle is a first vehicle, wherein the database is in the vehicle, and wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the at least one machine to:
receive a suspension profile from at least one of a second vehicle, a central database, or central server; and store the received suspension profile in the database. 14. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 8, wherein each of the suspension profiles includes a stored vehicle parameter, and wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the at least one machine to:
detect a vehicle parameter of the vehicle; compare the detect vehicle parameters to the stored vehicle parameters of the suspension profiles; and adjust the suspension of the vehicle according to the first suspension setting if a number of the detected vehicle parameters within a tolerance of the stored vehicle parameters of the first suspension profile satisfies a threshold. 15. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 14, wherein the vehicle parameter includes at least one of a location of the vehicle, a speed of the vehicle, a number of passengers in the vehicle, a weather condition in a vicinity of the vehicle, a vehicle type, or a mood of the driver. 16. A method comprising:
detecting a driver performance parameter of a driver driving a vehicle, the driver performance parameter representing the behaviour of the driver of the vehicle; comparing the driver performance parameter to at least one suspension profile of a plurality of suspension profiles stored in a database, each of the suspension profiles including a stored performance parameter of the vehicle and a suspension setting; and if the driver performance parameter corresponds to a first stored performance parameter of a first suspension profile of the plurality of suspension profiles, adjusting a suspension of the vehicle according to a first suspension setting of the first suspension profile. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the vehicle is a first vehicle, and wherein the database is in the vehicle, further including:
receiving a suspension profile from a second vehicle; and storing the received suspension profile in the database. 18. The method of claim 17, further including, prior to receiving the suspension profile from the second vehicle, determining if there are any vehicles within a predetermined distance of the vehicle. 19. The method of claim 18, further including receiving the suspension profile from the second vehicle if the second vehicle is within a predetermined distance from the first vehicle. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the driver performance parameter and the stored performance parameters include at least one of a brake pedal pressure of the vehicle, a speed of the vehicle, an engine speed of the vehicle, a steering wheel angle of the vehicle, a rate of change of the steering wheel angle of the vehicle, a rate of change of input to an accelerator pedal of the vehicle, a rate of change of position of the accelerator pedal of the vehicle, or a gear of the vehicle. | 3,600 |
348,899 | 16,806,432 | 3,663 | Disclosed is a lubricating oil composition capable of inhibiting vibrations or noises generated between a pulley and a chain or between a pulley and a belt in a CVT or the like, while increasing an intermetallic friction coefficient, the composition containing a base oil, an alkaline earth metal-based detergent (A), a phosphite ester (B1), a phosphate ester amine salt (B2), an acidic phosphate ester (B3), an aliphatic monoamine (C1), and an aromatic monoamine (C2). | 1. A method to lubricate a continuously variable transmission (CVT), comprising:
applying a lubricating oil composition between a pulley and a belt or between a pulley and a chain of the CVT; wherein the lubricating oil composition comprises: a base oil; (A) an alkaline earth metal-based detergent (A); (B1) a phosphite ester (B1); (B2) a phosphate ester amine salt (B2); (B3) an acidic phosphate ester (B3); (C1) an aliphatic monoamine (C1) ;and (C2) an aromatic monoamine (C2). 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the phosphite ester (B1) is a compound of formula (I):
(R1O)aP(OH)3-a ββ(I)
wherein: R1 represents a hydrocarbon group having 2 to 24 carbon atoms; and a represents an integer of 1 to 3; with the proviso that when a is 2 or 3, the R1's may be the same as or different from each other. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein in the formula (I):
a is 2, and R1 is an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 8 to 20 carbon atoms. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the phosphate ester amine salt (B2) is an amine salt of an acidic phosphate ester of formula (II):
(R2O)bP(βO)(OH)3-b ββ(II)
wherein: R2 represents a hydrocarbon group having 2 to 24 carbon atoms; and b represents an integer of 1 or 2; with the proviso that when b is 2, R2's may be the same as or different from each other. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein in the formula (II), R2 is an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 8 to 20 carbon atoms. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the acidic phosphate ester (B3) is a compound of formula (III):
(R3O)cP(βO)(OH)3-c ββ(III)
wherein: R3 represents a hydrocarbon group having 2 to 24 carbon atoms; and c represents an integer of 1 or 2; with the proviso that when c is 2, R3's may be the same as or different from each other. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein in the formula (III), R3 is an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 8 to 20 carbon atoms. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the aliphatic monoamine (C1) is a compound of formula (IV):
NR4R5R6 ββ(IV)
wherein: R4 represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 10 to 24 carbon atoms; and R5 and R6 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein in the formula (IV):
R4 is an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 12 to 18 carbon atoms, and R5 and R6 are each a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 2 carbon atoms. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the aromatic monoamine (C2) is a compound of formula (V):
NR7R8R9 ββ(V)
wherein: R 7 represents an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms; R8 and R9 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein a base number of the alkaline earth metal-based detergent (A) is from 10 to 500 mg KOH/g. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein an amount of the alkaline earth metal atom derived from the alkaline earth metal-based detergent (A) is from 10 to 1,500 ppm by mass on the basis of the whole amount of the lubricating oil composition. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein a sum total of the amounts of the phosphorus atom derived from the components (B1) to (B3) is from 10 to 1,000 ppm by mass on the basis of the whole amount of the lubricating oil composition. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein a sum total of the amounts of the nitrogen atom derived from the components (C1) to (C2) is from 100 to 3,000 ppm by mass on the basis of the whole amount of the lubricating oil composition. 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein the CVT is a chain-type and the lubricating oil composition is applied between a pulley and a chain of the CVT. | Disclosed is a lubricating oil composition capable of inhibiting vibrations or noises generated between a pulley and a chain or between a pulley and a belt in a CVT or the like, while increasing an intermetallic friction coefficient, the composition containing a base oil, an alkaline earth metal-based detergent (A), a phosphite ester (B1), a phosphate ester amine salt (B2), an acidic phosphate ester (B3), an aliphatic monoamine (C1), and an aromatic monoamine (C2).1. A method to lubricate a continuously variable transmission (CVT), comprising:
applying a lubricating oil composition between a pulley and a belt or between a pulley and a chain of the CVT; wherein the lubricating oil composition comprises: a base oil; (A) an alkaline earth metal-based detergent (A); (B1) a phosphite ester (B1); (B2) a phosphate ester amine salt (B2); (B3) an acidic phosphate ester (B3); (C1) an aliphatic monoamine (C1) ;and (C2) an aromatic monoamine (C2). 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the phosphite ester (B1) is a compound of formula (I):
(R1O)aP(OH)3-a ββ(I)
wherein: R1 represents a hydrocarbon group having 2 to 24 carbon atoms; and a represents an integer of 1 to 3; with the proviso that when a is 2 or 3, the R1's may be the same as or different from each other. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein in the formula (I):
a is 2, and R1 is an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 8 to 20 carbon atoms. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the phosphate ester amine salt (B2) is an amine salt of an acidic phosphate ester of formula (II):
(R2O)bP(βO)(OH)3-b ββ(II)
wherein: R2 represents a hydrocarbon group having 2 to 24 carbon atoms; and b represents an integer of 1 or 2; with the proviso that when b is 2, R2's may be the same as or different from each other. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein in the formula (II), R2 is an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 8 to 20 carbon atoms. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the acidic phosphate ester (B3) is a compound of formula (III):
(R3O)cP(βO)(OH)3-c ββ(III)
wherein: R3 represents a hydrocarbon group having 2 to 24 carbon atoms; and c represents an integer of 1 or 2; with the proviso that when c is 2, R3's may be the same as or different from each other. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein in the formula (III), R3 is an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 8 to 20 carbon atoms. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the aliphatic monoamine (C1) is a compound of formula (IV):
NR4R5R6 ββ(IV)
wherein: R4 represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 10 to 24 carbon atoms; and R5 and R6 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein in the formula (IV):
R4 is an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 12 to 18 carbon atoms, and R5 and R6 are each a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 2 carbon atoms. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the aromatic monoamine (C2) is a compound of formula (V):
NR7R8R9 ββ(V)
wherein: R 7 represents an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms; R8 and R9 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein a base number of the alkaline earth metal-based detergent (A) is from 10 to 500 mg KOH/g. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein an amount of the alkaline earth metal atom derived from the alkaline earth metal-based detergent (A) is from 10 to 1,500 ppm by mass on the basis of the whole amount of the lubricating oil composition. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein a sum total of the amounts of the phosphorus atom derived from the components (B1) to (B3) is from 10 to 1,000 ppm by mass on the basis of the whole amount of the lubricating oil composition. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein a sum total of the amounts of the nitrogen atom derived from the components (C1) to (C2) is from 100 to 3,000 ppm by mass on the basis of the whole amount of the lubricating oil composition. 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein the CVT is a chain-type and the lubricating oil composition is applied between a pulley and a chain of the CVT. | 3,600 |
Subsets and Splits