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348,700 | 16,806,086 | 2,844 | An energy deposit determining system and method are provided that determines a productive lease or well. The system and method may be used for oil wells, gas wells, oil and gas explorations and/or mineral leases. | 1. An apparatus for identifying one or more locations for a well in an area having a plurality of existing wells, wherein each well has a set of geologic parameters associated with the well, the apparatus comprising:
a computer system having a processor; an energy deposit interpolation unit, hosted on the computer system, that interpolates one or more geologic parameters of one or more of the existing wells and selects a production measure for each of the one or more of the existing wells; and an energy deposit modeling unit, hosted on the computer system, that generates a statistical model based on the production measures of the one or more of the existing wells and generates an estimated production for a plurality of locations in the area based on the set of geologic parameters associated with the plurality of existing wells. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising an energy deposit display unit, hosted on the computer system, that assigns a grade to each of the plurality of locations in the area and generates a user interface showing each of the plurality of locations in the area with the different grades. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the energy deposit modeling unit generates a linear model using a linear regression with a b-spline. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the energy deposit modeling unit generates a nonlinear model. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the energy deposit modeling unit generates a linear model that uses as inputs geologic parameters that are estimated at the heel and toe and zero or more locations along the wellbore path. 6. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the energy deposit modeling unit chooses a subset of existing wells to generate the linear model and selects a predetermined number of regression terms for use in the linear regression. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the predetermined number is thirty. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the computer system is one of a personal computer, a desktop computer and a cloud computing resource. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the energy deposit is one of oil, oil and gas, gas and minerals. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the statistical model is a linear model. 11. A method for identifying one or more locations for a well in an area having a plurality of existing wells, wherein each well has a set of geologic parameters associated with the well, the method comprising:
interpolating, by an energy deposit interpolation unit hosted on the computer system, one or more geologic parameters of one or more of the existing wells; selecting a production measure for each of the one or more of the existing wells; generating, by an energy deposit modeling unit hosted on the computer system, a statistical model based on the production measures of the one or more of the existing wells; and generating an estimated production for a plurality of locations in the area based on the set of geologic parameters associated with the plurality of existing wells. 12. The method of claim 11 further comprising assigning a grade to each of the plurality of locations in the area and generating a user interface showing each of the plurality of locations in the area with the different grades. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein generating the linear model further comprises using linear regression with a polynomial. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein interpolating the one or more geologic parameters further comprises interpolating the one or more geologic parameters using a B-spline approximation. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein generating the statistical model further comprises generating a nonlinear model. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein generating the statistical model further comprises generating a linear model that uses as inputs geologic parameters that are estimated at the heel and toe and zero or more locations along the wellbore path. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein generating the linear model further comprises choosing a subset of existing wells to generate the linear model and selecting a predetermined number of regression terms for use in the linear regression. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the predetermined number is thirty. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the energy deposit is one of oil, oil and gas, gas and minerals. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the statistical model in a linear model. | An energy deposit determining system and method are provided that determines a productive lease or well. The system and method may be used for oil wells, gas wells, oil and gas explorations and/or mineral leases.1. An apparatus for identifying one or more locations for a well in an area having a plurality of existing wells, wherein each well has a set of geologic parameters associated with the well, the apparatus comprising:
a computer system having a processor; an energy deposit interpolation unit, hosted on the computer system, that interpolates one or more geologic parameters of one or more of the existing wells and selects a production measure for each of the one or more of the existing wells; and an energy deposit modeling unit, hosted on the computer system, that generates a statistical model based on the production measures of the one or more of the existing wells and generates an estimated production for a plurality of locations in the area based on the set of geologic parameters associated with the plurality of existing wells. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising an energy deposit display unit, hosted on the computer system, that assigns a grade to each of the plurality of locations in the area and generates a user interface showing each of the plurality of locations in the area with the different grades. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the energy deposit modeling unit generates a linear model using a linear regression with a b-spline. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the energy deposit modeling unit generates a nonlinear model. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the energy deposit modeling unit generates a linear model that uses as inputs geologic parameters that are estimated at the heel and toe and zero or more locations along the wellbore path. 6. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the energy deposit modeling unit chooses a subset of existing wells to generate the linear model and selects a predetermined number of regression terms for use in the linear regression. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the predetermined number is thirty. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the computer system is one of a personal computer, a desktop computer and a cloud computing resource. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the energy deposit is one of oil, oil and gas, gas and minerals. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the statistical model is a linear model. 11. A method for identifying one or more locations for a well in an area having a plurality of existing wells, wherein each well has a set of geologic parameters associated with the well, the method comprising:
interpolating, by an energy deposit interpolation unit hosted on the computer system, one or more geologic parameters of one or more of the existing wells; selecting a production measure for each of the one or more of the existing wells; generating, by an energy deposit modeling unit hosted on the computer system, a statistical model based on the production measures of the one or more of the existing wells; and generating an estimated production for a plurality of locations in the area based on the set of geologic parameters associated with the plurality of existing wells. 12. The method of claim 11 further comprising assigning a grade to each of the plurality of locations in the area and generating a user interface showing each of the plurality of locations in the area with the different grades. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein generating the linear model further comprises using linear regression with a polynomial. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein interpolating the one or more geologic parameters further comprises interpolating the one or more geologic parameters using a B-spline approximation. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein generating the statistical model further comprises generating a nonlinear model. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein generating the statistical model further comprises generating a linear model that uses as inputs geologic parameters that are estimated at the heel and toe and zero or more locations along the wellbore path. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein generating the linear model further comprises choosing a subset of existing wells to generate the linear model and selecting a predetermined number of regression terms for use in the linear regression. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the predetermined number is thirty. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the energy deposit is one of oil, oil and gas, gas and minerals. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the statistical model in a linear model. | 2,800 |
348,701 | 16,806,194 | 2,844 | Systems, methods, and devices are described for providing a brace having an inflation control. The control directs fluid flow from an inflation component to one or more inflatable cells of the brace. The inflatable cells are independently inflated and deflated by the inflation component through the control. The control allows a user to create a fluid path between the inflation component and one of the inflatable cells by positioning the control in an orientation corresponding to the desired inflatable cells. Each inflatable cell is independently inflated and deflated in various orientations of the control. | 1. An orthopedic brace configured for customizable compression by a user, comprising:
a shell component comprising a footbed portion and an upright support portion configured to support an upper calf of the user; a plurality of inflatable cells, each inflatable cell positioned at a different location within the shell component and configured to provide individualized compression to the different location; a control having an inlet port and a plurality of outlet ports, each outlet port in fluid communication with a respective one of the plurality of inflatable cells; an on-board inflation component in fluid communication with the inlet port of the control; and a support portion configured to house the control and the on-board inflation component, wherein:
positioning the control in a first orientation creates a first fluid path between the on-board inflation component and a first of the plurality of inflatable cells, and
positioning the control in a second orientation creates a second fluid path between the on-board inflation component and a second of the plurality of inflatable cells. 2. The brace of claim 1, wherein the inflatable cells are configured to inflate or deflate when the control is activated to modify the individualized compression. 3. The brace of claim 1, wherein the control comprises a diverter that rotates within a manifold body and the first and second fluid paths pass through the diverter. 4. The brace of claim 3, wherein the diverter comprises an interior channel that directs air from the inlet port to a first of the plurality of outlet ports when the control is in the first orientation. 5. The brace of claim 4, wherein the interior channel comprises a funnel inlet. 6. The brace of claim 5, wherein the interior channel comprises an outlet that is narrower than the funnel inlet. 7. The brace of claim 5, wherein the funnel inlet is in fluid communication with the inlet port in each of the first and second orientations of the control. 8. The brace of claim 1, wherein the control comprises an inner cylinder that rotates within an outer bore. 9. The brace of claim 8, wherein the inlet port and the plurality of outlet ports pass through a wall of the outer bore. 10. The brace of claim 9, wherein the inner cylinder comprises a plurality of fluid channels. 11. The brace of claim 10, wherein the first and second fluid paths comprise fluid channels of the cylinder aligned with corresponding outlet ports of the outer bore. 12. The brace of claim 1, wherein the control is positionable in a third orientation in which no fluid path is created between the on-board inflation component and any of the plurality of inflatable cells. 13. The brace of claim 12, wherein a wall of the control is positioned adjacent to and blocks each of the plurality of outlet ports of the control when the control is positioned in the third orientation. 14. The brace of claim 12, wherein a wall of the control is positioned adjacent to and blocks the inlet port of the control when the control is positioned in the third orientation. 15. The brace of claim 1, wherein the on-board inflation component is a compressible bladder. 16. The brace of claim 1, further comprising a release valve housed by the support portion and positioned in fluid communication with the on-board inflation component and the control. 17. The brace of claim 1, wherein the control includes an indicator that identifies one of the plurality of inflatable cells that is in fluid communication with the on-board inflation component in each orientation. 18. The brace of claim 1, further comprising a tab configured to receive a fastener, thereby coupling the control to a support portion of the brace. 19. The brace of claim 18, wherein the control comprises a manifold body, and the tab extends laterally outward from a lower edge of the manifold body. 20. The brace of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of fluid flow tubes, wherein each of the plurality of fluid flow tubes has a first end in fluid communication with the control and a second end in fluid communication with one of the plurality of inflatable cells. | Systems, methods, and devices are described for providing a brace having an inflation control. The control directs fluid flow from an inflation component to one or more inflatable cells of the brace. The inflatable cells are independently inflated and deflated by the inflation component through the control. The control allows a user to create a fluid path between the inflation component and one of the inflatable cells by positioning the control in an orientation corresponding to the desired inflatable cells. Each inflatable cell is independently inflated and deflated in various orientations of the control.1. An orthopedic brace configured for customizable compression by a user, comprising:
a shell component comprising a footbed portion and an upright support portion configured to support an upper calf of the user; a plurality of inflatable cells, each inflatable cell positioned at a different location within the shell component and configured to provide individualized compression to the different location; a control having an inlet port and a plurality of outlet ports, each outlet port in fluid communication with a respective one of the plurality of inflatable cells; an on-board inflation component in fluid communication with the inlet port of the control; and a support portion configured to house the control and the on-board inflation component, wherein:
positioning the control in a first orientation creates a first fluid path between the on-board inflation component and a first of the plurality of inflatable cells, and
positioning the control in a second orientation creates a second fluid path between the on-board inflation component and a second of the plurality of inflatable cells. 2. The brace of claim 1, wherein the inflatable cells are configured to inflate or deflate when the control is activated to modify the individualized compression. 3. The brace of claim 1, wherein the control comprises a diverter that rotates within a manifold body and the first and second fluid paths pass through the diverter. 4. The brace of claim 3, wherein the diverter comprises an interior channel that directs air from the inlet port to a first of the plurality of outlet ports when the control is in the first orientation. 5. The brace of claim 4, wherein the interior channel comprises a funnel inlet. 6. The brace of claim 5, wherein the interior channel comprises an outlet that is narrower than the funnel inlet. 7. The brace of claim 5, wherein the funnel inlet is in fluid communication with the inlet port in each of the first and second orientations of the control. 8. The brace of claim 1, wherein the control comprises an inner cylinder that rotates within an outer bore. 9. The brace of claim 8, wherein the inlet port and the plurality of outlet ports pass through a wall of the outer bore. 10. The brace of claim 9, wherein the inner cylinder comprises a plurality of fluid channels. 11. The brace of claim 10, wherein the first and second fluid paths comprise fluid channels of the cylinder aligned with corresponding outlet ports of the outer bore. 12. The brace of claim 1, wherein the control is positionable in a third orientation in which no fluid path is created between the on-board inflation component and any of the plurality of inflatable cells. 13. The brace of claim 12, wherein a wall of the control is positioned adjacent to and blocks each of the plurality of outlet ports of the control when the control is positioned in the third orientation. 14. The brace of claim 12, wherein a wall of the control is positioned adjacent to and blocks the inlet port of the control when the control is positioned in the third orientation. 15. The brace of claim 1, wherein the on-board inflation component is a compressible bladder. 16. The brace of claim 1, further comprising a release valve housed by the support portion and positioned in fluid communication with the on-board inflation component and the control. 17. The brace of claim 1, wherein the control includes an indicator that identifies one of the plurality of inflatable cells that is in fluid communication with the on-board inflation component in each orientation. 18. The brace of claim 1, further comprising a tab configured to receive a fastener, thereby coupling the control to a support portion of the brace. 19. The brace of claim 18, wherein the control comprises a manifold body, and the tab extends laterally outward from a lower edge of the manifold body. 20. The brace of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of fluid flow tubes, wherein each of the plurality of fluid flow tubes has a first end in fluid communication with the control and a second end in fluid communication with one of the plurality of inflatable cells. | 2,800 |
348,702 | 16,806,190 | 2,844 | Included are a first obtainer which obtains a first signal output from a first microphone, a second obtainer which obtains a second signal output from a second microphone installed in a position different from a position where first microphone is installed, a delayer which delays the second signal, a mixed sounds estimator which estimates noises mixed in the first signal on the basis of the second signal delayed by the delayer, and an eraser which erases the noises from the first signal, the noises being estimated by the mixed sounds estimator. | 1. A signal processing device, comprising:
a first obtainer which obtains a first signal output from a first microphone; a second obtainer which obtains a second signal output from a second microphone installed in a position different from a position where the first microphone is installed; a delayer which delays the second signal; a mixed sounds estimator which estimates noises mixed in the first signal on a basis of the second signal delayed by the delayer; and an eraser which erases the noises from the first signal, the noises being estimated by the mixed sounds estimator. 2. The signal processing device according to claim 1,
wherein the delayer delays the second signal by a time determined on a basis of a positional relation between the first microphone and the second microphone. 3. The signal processing device according to claim 1,
wherein the delayer delays the second signal on a basis of a frequency component included in the second signal. 4. A signal processing method, comprising:
obtaining a first signal output from a first microphone; obtaining a second signal output from a second microphone installed in a position different from a position where the first microphone is installed; delaying the second signal; estimating noises mixed in the first signal on a basis of the second signal delayed by the delaying; and erasing the noises from the first signal, the noises being estimated in the estimating. | Included are a first obtainer which obtains a first signal output from a first microphone, a second obtainer which obtains a second signal output from a second microphone installed in a position different from a position where first microphone is installed, a delayer which delays the second signal, a mixed sounds estimator which estimates noises mixed in the first signal on the basis of the second signal delayed by the delayer, and an eraser which erases the noises from the first signal, the noises being estimated by the mixed sounds estimator.1. A signal processing device, comprising:
a first obtainer which obtains a first signal output from a first microphone; a second obtainer which obtains a second signal output from a second microphone installed in a position different from a position where the first microphone is installed; a delayer which delays the second signal; a mixed sounds estimator which estimates noises mixed in the first signal on a basis of the second signal delayed by the delayer; and an eraser which erases the noises from the first signal, the noises being estimated by the mixed sounds estimator. 2. The signal processing device according to claim 1,
wherein the delayer delays the second signal by a time determined on a basis of a positional relation between the first microphone and the second microphone. 3. The signal processing device according to claim 1,
wherein the delayer delays the second signal on a basis of a frequency component included in the second signal. 4. A signal processing method, comprising:
obtaining a first signal output from a first microphone; obtaining a second signal output from a second microphone installed in a position different from a position where the first microphone is installed; delaying the second signal; estimating noises mixed in the first signal on a basis of the second signal delayed by the delaying; and erasing the noises from the first signal, the noises being estimated in the estimating. | 2,800 |
348,703 | 16,806,213 | 2,844 | Various examples are directed to sleep management devices and methods of operating the same. A sleep management device may comprise a display. The sleep management device may be programmed to detect a first wake event and select a first wake routine associated with the first wake event. The sleep management device may execute the first wake routine at least in part by modulating an output of the display for a first duration. The sleep management device may also detect a second wake event different than the first wake event and second wake routine associated with the second wake event. The sleep management device may execute the second wake routine at least in part by modulating the output of the display for a second duration longer than the first duration. | 1. (canceled) 2. A sleep management device comprising:
an event circuit to determine a sleep time for a user of the sleep management device based on future time zone data describing a time zone that the user is to be in at a future time, wherein the event circuit is to generate a sleep instruction based on the sleep time; a sleep routine execution circuit communicatively coupled to the event circuit and to receive the sleep instruction, wherein the sleep routine execution circuit is to execute a sleep inducement routine responsive to the sleep instruction; and a wake execution circuit communicatively coupled to the event circuit, and to execute a first wake routine by modulating an output of a display. 3. The sleep management device of claim 2, wherein the display comprises a multi-color illumination source. 4. The sleep management device of claim 3, wherein the display comprises:
an optical splitter comprising an optical input optically coupled to the multi-color illumination source, a first optical output optically coupled to the illumination source and a second optical output; a first light pipe having a first light pipe end optically coupled to the first optical output of the optical splitter and a second light pipe end; and a first passive light panel optically coupled to the second light pipe end. 5. The sleep management device of claim 2, wherein the event circuit is to:
receive from a second computing device a message indicating an appointment scheduled at a first time; determine a first wake routine start time based on the first time; and begin the execution of the first wake routine at the first wake routine start time. 6. The sleep management device of claim 2, wherein the event circuit is to detect a first wake event by:
retrieving calendar data from a memory of the sleep management device; and determining that the calendar data describes an appointment of the user within a threshold time of the determining. 7. The sleep management device of claim 2, comprising a microphone sensor positioned to detect ambient sound, wherein the event circuit is to receive from the microphone sensor a microphone sensor signal, wherein the event circuit is to detect a first wake event based on the microphone sensor signal. 8. The sleep management device of claim 2, comprising a microphone sensor positioned to receive sound originating from a user of the sleep management device, wherein the event circuit is to receive from the microphone sensor a microphone sensor signal, and wherein the event circuit is to detect a first wake event based on the microphone sensor signal. 9. The sleep management device of claim 8, wherein the event circuit is to:
detect from the microphone sensor signal at least one of a heartbeat signal indicating a heartbeat of the user or a breathing signal indicating breathing of the user; and using the microphone sensor signal, determine that a physiological condition of the user is outside of a threshold range. 10. The sleep management device of claim 2, wherein the event circuit is to detect a first wake event, and wherein the execution of the wake routine is responsive to the detection of the first wake event, further comprising a wake selection circuit:
wherein the event circuit is to detect a second wake event different than a first wake event; wherein the wake selection circuit is to select a second wake routine associated with the second wake event; and wherein the wake execution circuit is to execute the first wake routine by modulating the output of the display for a first duration and is to execute the second wake routine by modulating the output of the display for a second duration longer than the first duration. 11. The sleep management device of claim 2, comprising a speaker, wherein to execute the sleep inducement routine, the event circuit modulates an output of the speaker. 12. The sleep management device of claim 2, comprising a wake selection circuit communicatively coupled to the event circuit and to select the first wake routine based on a first wake event detected by the event circuit. 13. The sleep management device of claim 2, comprising a motion sensor positioned to sense motion of a user of the sleep management device, wherein the event circuit is to detect a first wake event, wherein the event circuit is to receive from the motion sensor a motion signal, and wherein the detection of the first wake event is based on the motion signal. 14. The sleep management device of claim 13, wherein the event circuit is to:
compare the motion signal to a first reference motion signal describing a first body position of the user; and determine that the motion signal differs from the first reference motion signal by less than a motion threshold. 15. The sleep management device of claim 2, comprising:
a front frame portion having a proximal side directed towards a user wearing the sleep management device and a distal side directed away from the user wearing the sleep management device; a first temple arm extending from the front frame portion; and a second temple arm extending from the front frame portion, wherein the display is positioned to illuminate from the proximal side of the front frame portion. 16. A method for operating a sleep management device, the method comprising:
determining, by the sleep management device, a sleep time for a user of the sleep management device, the determining based on future time zone data describing a time zone that the user is to be in at a future time, wherein the sleep management device comprises at least one processor; based on the sleep time, determining, by the sleep management device, to execute a sleep inducement routine; executing, by the sleep management device, the sleep inducement routine by modulating an output of a display of the sleep management device; and executing, by the sleep management device, a first wake routine by modulating the output of the display of the sleep management device. 17. The method of claim 16, comprising:
receiving, by the sleep management device and from a second computing device, a message indicating an appointment scheduled at a first time; determining, by the sleep management device, a first wake routine start time based on the first time; and beginning the executing of the first wake routine by the sleep management device at the first wake routine start time. 18. The method of claim 16, comprising detecting a first wake event, the detecting of the first wake event comprising:
accessing calendar data from a memory of the sleep management device; and determining that the calendar data describes an appointment of the user within a threshold time of the determining. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the executing of the sleep inducement routine comprises modulating an output of a speaker of the sleep management device. 20. At least one non-transitory computer readable medium comprising instructions thereon that, when executed by at least one processor, causes the at least one processor to perform operations comprising:
determining a sleep time for a user of a sleep management device, the determining based on future time zone data describing a time zone that the user is to be in at a future time, wherein the sleep management device comprises at least one processor; based on the sleep time, determining to execute a sleep inducement routine; executing the sleep inducement routine by modulating an output of a display of the sleep management device; and executing a first wake routine by modulating the output of the display of the sleep management device. 21. The medium of claim 20, the operations comprising:
receiving from a computing device, a message indicating an appointment scheduled at a first time; determining a first wake routine start time based on the first time; and beginning the executing of the first wake routine by the sleep management device at the first wake routine start time. 22. The medium of claim 20, the operations comprising detecting a first wake event at least in part by:
accessing calendar data from a memory of the sleep management device; and determining that the calendar data describes an appointment of the user within a threshold time of the determining. 23. The medium of claim 20, wherein the executing of the sleep inducement routine comprises modulating an output of a speaker of the sleep management device. | Various examples are directed to sleep management devices and methods of operating the same. A sleep management device may comprise a display. The sleep management device may be programmed to detect a first wake event and select a first wake routine associated with the first wake event. The sleep management device may execute the first wake routine at least in part by modulating an output of the display for a first duration. The sleep management device may also detect a second wake event different than the first wake event and second wake routine associated with the second wake event. The sleep management device may execute the second wake routine at least in part by modulating the output of the display for a second duration longer than the first duration.1. (canceled) 2. A sleep management device comprising:
an event circuit to determine a sleep time for a user of the sleep management device based on future time zone data describing a time zone that the user is to be in at a future time, wherein the event circuit is to generate a sleep instruction based on the sleep time; a sleep routine execution circuit communicatively coupled to the event circuit and to receive the sleep instruction, wherein the sleep routine execution circuit is to execute a sleep inducement routine responsive to the sleep instruction; and a wake execution circuit communicatively coupled to the event circuit, and to execute a first wake routine by modulating an output of a display. 3. The sleep management device of claim 2, wherein the display comprises a multi-color illumination source. 4. The sleep management device of claim 3, wherein the display comprises:
an optical splitter comprising an optical input optically coupled to the multi-color illumination source, a first optical output optically coupled to the illumination source and a second optical output; a first light pipe having a first light pipe end optically coupled to the first optical output of the optical splitter and a second light pipe end; and a first passive light panel optically coupled to the second light pipe end. 5. The sleep management device of claim 2, wherein the event circuit is to:
receive from a second computing device a message indicating an appointment scheduled at a first time; determine a first wake routine start time based on the first time; and begin the execution of the first wake routine at the first wake routine start time. 6. The sleep management device of claim 2, wherein the event circuit is to detect a first wake event by:
retrieving calendar data from a memory of the sleep management device; and determining that the calendar data describes an appointment of the user within a threshold time of the determining. 7. The sleep management device of claim 2, comprising a microphone sensor positioned to detect ambient sound, wherein the event circuit is to receive from the microphone sensor a microphone sensor signal, wherein the event circuit is to detect a first wake event based on the microphone sensor signal. 8. The sleep management device of claim 2, comprising a microphone sensor positioned to receive sound originating from a user of the sleep management device, wherein the event circuit is to receive from the microphone sensor a microphone sensor signal, and wherein the event circuit is to detect a first wake event based on the microphone sensor signal. 9. The sleep management device of claim 8, wherein the event circuit is to:
detect from the microphone sensor signal at least one of a heartbeat signal indicating a heartbeat of the user or a breathing signal indicating breathing of the user; and using the microphone sensor signal, determine that a physiological condition of the user is outside of a threshold range. 10. The sleep management device of claim 2, wherein the event circuit is to detect a first wake event, and wherein the execution of the wake routine is responsive to the detection of the first wake event, further comprising a wake selection circuit:
wherein the event circuit is to detect a second wake event different than a first wake event; wherein the wake selection circuit is to select a second wake routine associated with the second wake event; and wherein the wake execution circuit is to execute the first wake routine by modulating the output of the display for a first duration and is to execute the second wake routine by modulating the output of the display for a second duration longer than the first duration. 11. The sleep management device of claim 2, comprising a speaker, wherein to execute the sleep inducement routine, the event circuit modulates an output of the speaker. 12. The sleep management device of claim 2, comprising a wake selection circuit communicatively coupled to the event circuit and to select the first wake routine based on a first wake event detected by the event circuit. 13. The sleep management device of claim 2, comprising a motion sensor positioned to sense motion of a user of the sleep management device, wherein the event circuit is to detect a first wake event, wherein the event circuit is to receive from the motion sensor a motion signal, and wherein the detection of the first wake event is based on the motion signal. 14. The sleep management device of claim 13, wherein the event circuit is to:
compare the motion signal to a first reference motion signal describing a first body position of the user; and determine that the motion signal differs from the first reference motion signal by less than a motion threshold. 15. The sleep management device of claim 2, comprising:
a front frame portion having a proximal side directed towards a user wearing the sleep management device and a distal side directed away from the user wearing the sleep management device; a first temple arm extending from the front frame portion; and a second temple arm extending from the front frame portion, wherein the display is positioned to illuminate from the proximal side of the front frame portion. 16. A method for operating a sleep management device, the method comprising:
determining, by the sleep management device, a sleep time for a user of the sleep management device, the determining based on future time zone data describing a time zone that the user is to be in at a future time, wherein the sleep management device comprises at least one processor; based on the sleep time, determining, by the sleep management device, to execute a sleep inducement routine; executing, by the sleep management device, the sleep inducement routine by modulating an output of a display of the sleep management device; and executing, by the sleep management device, a first wake routine by modulating the output of the display of the sleep management device. 17. The method of claim 16, comprising:
receiving, by the sleep management device and from a second computing device, a message indicating an appointment scheduled at a first time; determining, by the sleep management device, a first wake routine start time based on the first time; and beginning the executing of the first wake routine by the sleep management device at the first wake routine start time. 18. The method of claim 16, comprising detecting a first wake event, the detecting of the first wake event comprising:
accessing calendar data from a memory of the sleep management device; and determining that the calendar data describes an appointment of the user within a threshold time of the determining. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the executing of the sleep inducement routine comprises modulating an output of a speaker of the sleep management device. 20. At least one non-transitory computer readable medium comprising instructions thereon that, when executed by at least one processor, causes the at least one processor to perform operations comprising:
determining a sleep time for a user of a sleep management device, the determining based on future time zone data describing a time zone that the user is to be in at a future time, wherein the sleep management device comprises at least one processor; based on the sleep time, determining to execute a sleep inducement routine; executing the sleep inducement routine by modulating an output of a display of the sleep management device; and executing a first wake routine by modulating the output of the display of the sleep management device. 21. The medium of claim 20, the operations comprising:
receiving from a computing device, a message indicating an appointment scheduled at a first time; determining a first wake routine start time based on the first time; and beginning the executing of the first wake routine by the sleep management device at the first wake routine start time. 22. The medium of claim 20, the operations comprising detecting a first wake event at least in part by:
accessing calendar data from a memory of the sleep management device; and determining that the calendar data describes an appointment of the user within a threshold time of the determining. 23. The medium of claim 20, wherein the executing of the sleep inducement routine comprises modulating an output of a speaker of the sleep management device. | 2,800 |
348,704 | 16,806,222 | 2,844 | Methods and compositions are provided which employ a silencing element that, when ingested by a pest, such as a Coleopteran plant pest or a Diabarotica plant pest, decrease the expression of a target sequence in the pest. In specific embodiments, the decrease in expression of the target sequence controls the pest and thereby the methods and compositions are capable of limiting damage to a plant. The present invention provides various target polynucleotides set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-236 or active variants and fragments thereof, wherein a decrease in expression of one or more the sequences in the target pest controls the pest (i.e., has insecticidal activity). Further provided are silencing elements which when ingested by the pest decrease the level of the target polypeptide and thereby control the pest. In specific embodiment, the pest is D. virgifera virgifera, D. barberi, D. speciosa, or D. undecimpunctata howardi. Plants, plant part, bacteria and other host cells comprising the silencing elements or an active variant or fragment thereof of the invention are also provided. | 1. An isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence comprising:
(a) the nucleotide sequence comprising any one of nucleotides 1-380 of SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 13; SEQ ID NO: 15; nucleotides 1-266 of SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO: 18; SEQ ID NO: 29; nucleotides 1-675 of SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO: 37; SEQ ID NO:16; SEQ ID NO:32; SEQ ID NO:25; nucleotides 1-132 of SEQ ID NO: 40; or any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, or a complement thereof; (b) the nucleotide sequence comprising at least 90% sequence identity to any one of nucleotides 1-380 of SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 13; SEQ ID NO: 15; nucleotides 1-266 of SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO: 18; SEQ ID NO: 29; nucleotides 1-675 of SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO: 37; SEQ ID NO:16; SEQ ID NO:32; SEQ ID NO:25; nucleotides 1-132 of SEQ ID NO: 40; or any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, or a complement thereof; wherein said polynucleotide encodes a silencing element having insecticidal activity against a Coleopteran plant pest; or (c) the nucleotide sequence comprising at least 19 consecutive nucleotides of any one of nucleotides 1-380 of SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 13; SEQ ID NO: 15; nucleotides 1-266 of SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO: 18; SEQ ID NO: 29; nucleotides 1-675 of SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO: 37; SEQ ID NO:16; SEQ ID NO:32; SEQ ID NO:25; nucleotides 1-132 of SEQ ID NO: 40; or any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, or a complement thereof; wherein said polynucleotide encodes a silencing element having insecticidal activity against a Coleopteran plant pest. 2. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein said Coleopteran plant pest is a Diabarotica plant pest. 3. An expression cassette comprising the polynucleotide of claim 1. 4. The expression cassette of claim 3, wherein said polynucleotide is operably linked to a heterologous promoter. 5. The expression cassette of claim 3, wherein said polynucleotide is expressed as a double stranded RNA. 6. The expression cassette of claim 3, wherein said polynucleotide comprise a silencing element which is expressed as a hairpin RNA. 7. The expression cassette of claim 6, wherein the silencing element comprises, in the following order, a first segment, a second segment, and a third segment, wherein
a) said first segment comprises at least about 19 nucleotides having at least 90% sequence complementarity to a target sequence set forth in any one of nucleotides 1-380 of SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 13; SEQ ID NO: 15; nucleotides 1-266 of SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO: 18; SEQ ID NO: 29; nucleotides 1-675 of SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO: 37; SEQ ID NO:16; SEQ ID NO:32; SEQ ID NO:25; nucleotides 1-132 of SEQ ID NO: 40; or any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, or 236; b) said second segment comprises a loop of sufficient length to allow the silencing element to be transcribed as a hairpin RNA; and, c) said third segment comprises at least about 19 nucleotides having at least 85% complementarity to the first segment. 8. The expression cassette of claim 3, wherein said polynucleotide is flanked by a first operably linked convergent promoter at one terminus of the polynucleotide and a second operably linked convergent promoter at the opposing terminus of the polynucleotide, wherein the first and the second convergent promoters are capable of driving expression of the polynucleotide. 9. A host cell comprising a heterologous expression cassette of claim 3. 10. A plant cell having stably incorporated into its genome a heterologous polynucleotide comprising a silencing element, wherein said silencing element comprises
a) a fragment of at least 19 consecutive nucleotides of any one of nucleotides 1-380 of SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 13; SEQ ID NO: 15; nucleotides 1-266 of SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO: 18; SEQ ID NO: 29; nucleotides 1-675 of SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO: 37; SEQ ID NO:16; SEQ ID NO:32; SEQ ID NO:25; nucleotides 1-132 of SEQ ID NO: 40; or any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, or a complement thereof; or, b) the nucleotide sequence comprising at least 90% sequence identity to any one of nucleotides 1-380 of SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 13; SEQ ID NO: 15; nucleotides 1-266 of SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO: 18; SEQ ID NO: 29; nucleotides 1-675 of SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO: 37; SEQ ID NO:16; SEQ ID NO:32; SEQ ID NO:25; nucleotides 1-132 of SEQ ID NO: 40; or any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, or a complement thereof; wherein said silencing element, when ingested by a Coleopteran plant pest, reduces the level of a target sequence in said Coleopteran plant pest and thereby controls the Coleopteran plant pest. 11. The plant cell of claim 10, wherein the Coleopteran plant pest is a Diabrotica plant pest. 12. The plant cell of claim 10, wherein said silencing element comprises
a) a polynucleotide comprising the sequence set forth in any one of nucleotides 1-380 of SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 13; SEQ ID NO: 15; nucleotides 1-266 of SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO: 18; SEQ ID NO: 29; nucleotides 1-675 of SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO: 37; SEQ ID NO:16; SEQ ID NO:32; SEQ ID NO:25; nucleotides 1-132 of SEQ ID NO: 40; or any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, or a complement thereof; b) a polynucleotide comprising at least 130 consecutive nucleotides of the sequence set forth in any one of nucleotides 1-380 of SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 13; SEQ ID NO: 15; nucleotides 1-266 of SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO: 18; SEQ ID NO: 29; nucleotides 1-675 of SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO: 37; SEQ ID NO:16; SEQ ID NO:32; SEQ ID NO:25; nucleotides 1-132 of SEQ ID NO: 40; or any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, or a complement thereof; 13. The plant cell of claim 10, wherein said plant cell comprises the expression cassette of claim 8. 14. The plant cell of claim 10, wherein said silencing element expresses a double stranded RNA. 15. The plant cell of claim 10, wherein said silencing element expresses a hairpin RNA. 16. The plant cell of claim 15, wherein said polynucleotide comprising the silencing element comprises, in the following order, a first segment, a second segment, and a third segment, wherein
a) said first segment comprises at least about 19 nucleotides having at least 90% sequence complementarity to a target sequence set forth in any one of nucleotides 1-380 of SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 13; SEQ ID NO: 15; nucleotides 1-266 of SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO: 18; SEQ ID NO: 29; nucleotides 1-675 of SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO: 37; SEQ ID NO:16; SEQ ID NO:32; SEQ ID NO:25; nucleotides 1-132 of SEQ ID NO: 40; or any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, or 236; b) said second segment comprises a loop of sufficient length to allow the silencing element to be transcribed as a hairpin RNA; and, c) said third segment comprises at least about 19 nucleotides having at least 85% complementarity to the first segment. 17. The plant cell of claim 10, wherein said silencing element is operably linked to a heterologous promoter. 18. The plant cell of claim 10, wherein said plant cell is from a monocot. 19. The plant cell of claim 18, wherein said monocot is maize, barley, millet, wheat or rice. 20. The plant cell of claim 10, wherein said plant cell is from a dicot. 21. The plant cell of claim 20, wherein said plant cell is soybean, canola, alfalfa, sunflower, safflower, tobacco, Arabidopsis, or cotton. 22. A plant or plant part comprising a plant cell of claim 10. 23. A transgenic seed comprising the heterologous polynucleotide comprising the silencing element of claim 10. 24. A method for controlling a Coleopteran plant pest comprising feeding to a Coleopteran plant pest a composition comprising a silencing element, wherein said silencing element, when ingested by said Coleopteran plant pest, reduces the level of a target Coleopteran plant pest sequence and thereby controls the Coleopteran plant pest, wherein said target Coleopteran plant pest sequence comprise a nucleotide sequence comprising at least 90% sequence identity to any one of nucleotides 1-380 of SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 13; SEQ ID NO: 15; nucleotides 1-266 of SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO: 18; SEQ ID NO: 29; nucleotides 1-675 of SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO: 37; SEQ ID NO:16; SEQ ID NO:32; SEQ ID NO:25; nucleotides 1-132 of SEQ ID NO: 40; or any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, or 236. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein said Coleopteran plant pest comprises a Diabarotica plant pest. 26. The method of claim 24, wherein said silencing element comprises
a) a fragment of at least 19 consecutive nucleotides of any one of nucleotides 1-380 of SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 13; SEQ ID NO: 15; nucleotides 1-266 of SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO: 18; SEQ ID NO: 29; nucleotides 1-675 of SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO: 37; SEQ ID NO:16; SEQ ID NO:32; SEQ ID NO:25; nucleotides 1-132 of SEQ ID NO: 40; or any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, or a complement thereof; or, b) a nucleotide sequence comprising at least 90% sequence identity to any one of nucleotides 1-380 of SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 13; SEQ ID NO: 15; nucleotides 1-266 of SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO: 18; SEQ ID NO: 29; nucleotides 1-675 of SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO: 37; SEQ ID NO:16; SEQ ID NO:32; SEQ ID NO:25; nucleotides 1-132 of SEQ ID NO: 40; or any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, or a complement thereof. 27. The method of claim 25, wherein said Diabarotica plant pest comprises D. virgifera virgifera, D. speciosa, D. barberi, or D. undecimpunctata howardi. 28. The method of claim 24, wherein said composition comprises a plant or plant part having stably incorporated into its genome a polynucleotide comprising said silencing element. 29. The method of claim 26, wherein said silencing element comprises
a) a polynucleotide comprising the sense or antisense sequence of the sequence set forth in any one of nucleotides 1-380 of SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 13; SEQ ID NO: 15; nucleotides 1-266 of SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO: 18; SEQ ID NO: 29; nucleotides 1-675 of SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO: 37; SEQ ID NO:16; SEQ ID NO:32; SEQ ID NO:25; nucleotides 1-132 of SEQ ID NO: 40; or any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, or a complement thereof; b) a polynucleotide comprising the sense or antisense sequence of a sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to the sequence set forth in any one of nucleotides 1-380 of SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 13; SEQ ID NO: 15; nucleotides 1-266 of SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO: 18; SEQ ID NO: 29; nucleotides 1-675 of SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO: 37; SEQ ID NO:16; SEQ ID NO:32; SEQ ID NO:25; nucleotides 1-132 of SEQ ID NO: 40; or any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, or a complement thereof; c) a polynucleotide comprising the sense or antisense sequence of a sequence having at least 130 contiguous nucleotides of any one of nucleotides 1-380 of SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 13; SEQ ID NO: 15; nucleotides 1-266 of SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO: 18; SEQ ID NO: 29; nucleotides 1-675 of SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO: 37; SEQ ID NO:16; SEQ ID NO:32; SEQ ID NO:25; nucleotides 1-132 of SEQ ID NO: 40; or any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, or a complement thereof. 30. The method of claim 24, wherein said silencing element expresses a double stranded RNA. 31. The method of claim 24, wherein said silencing element comprises a hairpin RNA. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein said polynucleotide comprising the silencing element comprises, in the following order, a first segment, a second segment, and a third segment, wherein
a) said first segment comprises at least about 19 nucleotides having at least 90% sequence complementarity to the target polynucleotide; b) said second segment comprises a loop of sufficient length to allow the silencing element to be transcribed as a hairpin RNA; and, c) said third segment comprises at least about 19 nucleotides having at least 85% complementarity to the first segment. 33. The method of claim 28, wherein said silencing element is operably linked to a heterologous promoter. 34. The method of claim 28, wherein said silencing element is flanked by a first operably linked convergent promoter at one terminus of the silencing element and a second operably linked convergent promoter at the opposing terminus of the polynucleotide, wherein the first and the second convergent promoters are capable of driving expression of the silencing element. 35. The method of claim 28, wherein said plant is a monocot. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein said monocot is maize, barley, millet, wheat or rice. 37. The method of claim 28, wherein said plant is a dicot. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein said plant is soybean, canola, alfalfa, sunflower, safflower, tobacco, Arabidopsis, or cotton. | Methods and compositions are provided which employ a silencing element that, when ingested by a pest, such as a Coleopteran plant pest or a Diabarotica plant pest, decrease the expression of a target sequence in the pest. In specific embodiments, the decrease in expression of the target sequence controls the pest and thereby the methods and compositions are capable of limiting damage to a plant. The present invention provides various target polynucleotides set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-236 or active variants and fragments thereof, wherein a decrease in expression of one or more the sequences in the target pest controls the pest (i.e., has insecticidal activity). Further provided are silencing elements which when ingested by the pest decrease the level of the target polypeptide and thereby control the pest. In specific embodiment, the pest is D. virgifera virgifera, D. barberi, D. speciosa, or D. undecimpunctata howardi. Plants, plant part, bacteria and other host cells comprising the silencing elements or an active variant or fragment thereof of the invention are also provided.1. An isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence comprising:
(a) the nucleotide sequence comprising any one of nucleotides 1-380 of SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 13; SEQ ID NO: 15; nucleotides 1-266 of SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO: 18; SEQ ID NO: 29; nucleotides 1-675 of SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO: 37; SEQ ID NO:16; SEQ ID NO:32; SEQ ID NO:25; nucleotides 1-132 of SEQ ID NO: 40; or any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, or a complement thereof; (b) the nucleotide sequence comprising at least 90% sequence identity to any one of nucleotides 1-380 of SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 13; SEQ ID NO: 15; nucleotides 1-266 of SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO: 18; SEQ ID NO: 29; nucleotides 1-675 of SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO: 37; SEQ ID NO:16; SEQ ID NO:32; SEQ ID NO:25; nucleotides 1-132 of SEQ ID NO: 40; or any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, or a complement thereof; wherein said polynucleotide encodes a silencing element having insecticidal activity against a Coleopteran plant pest; or (c) the nucleotide sequence comprising at least 19 consecutive nucleotides of any one of nucleotides 1-380 of SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 13; SEQ ID NO: 15; nucleotides 1-266 of SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO: 18; SEQ ID NO: 29; nucleotides 1-675 of SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO: 37; SEQ ID NO:16; SEQ ID NO:32; SEQ ID NO:25; nucleotides 1-132 of SEQ ID NO: 40; or any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, or a complement thereof; wherein said polynucleotide encodes a silencing element having insecticidal activity against a Coleopteran plant pest. 2. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein said Coleopteran plant pest is a Diabarotica plant pest. 3. An expression cassette comprising the polynucleotide of claim 1. 4. The expression cassette of claim 3, wherein said polynucleotide is operably linked to a heterologous promoter. 5. The expression cassette of claim 3, wherein said polynucleotide is expressed as a double stranded RNA. 6. The expression cassette of claim 3, wherein said polynucleotide comprise a silencing element which is expressed as a hairpin RNA. 7. The expression cassette of claim 6, wherein the silencing element comprises, in the following order, a first segment, a second segment, and a third segment, wherein
a) said first segment comprises at least about 19 nucleotides having at least 90% sequence complementarity to a target sequence set forth in any one of nucleotides 1-380 of SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 13; SEQ ID NO: 15; nucleotides 1-266 of SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO: 18; SEQ ID NO: 29; nucleotides 1-675 of SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO: 37; SEQ ID NO:16; SEQ ID NO:32; SEQ ID NO:25; nucleotides 1-132 of SEQ ID NO: 40; or any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, or 236; b) said second segment comprises a loop of sufficient length to allow the silencing element to be transcribed as a hairpin RNA; and, c) said third segment comprises at least about 19 nucleotides having at least 85% complementarity to the first segment. 8. The expression cassette of claim 3, wherein said polynucleotide is flanked by a first operably linked convergent promoter at one terminus of the polynucleotide and a second operably linked convergent promoter at the opposing terminus of the polynucleotide, wherein the first and the second convergent promoters are capable of driving expression of the polynucleotide. 9. A host cell comprising a heterologous expression cassette of claim 3. 10. A plant cell having stably incorporated into its genome a heterologous polynucleotide comprising a silencing element, wherein said silencing element comprises
a) a fragment of at least 19 consecutive nucleotides of any one of nucleotides 1-380 of SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 13; SEQ ID NO: 15; nucleotides 1-266 of SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO: 18; SEQ ID NO: 29; nucleotides 1-675 of SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO: 37; SEQ ID NO:16; SEQ ID NO:32; SEQ ID NO:25; nucleotides 1-132 of SEQ ID NO: 40; or any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, or a complement thereof; or, b) the nucleotide sequence comprising at least 90% sequence identity to any one of nucleotides 1-380 of SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 13; SEQ ID NO: 15; nucleotides 1-266 of SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO: 18; SEQ ID NO: 29; nucleotides 1-675 of SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO: 37; SEQ ID NO:16; SEQ ID NO:32; SEQ ID NO:25; nucleotides 1-132 of SEQ ID NO: 40; or any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, or a complement thereof; wherein said silencing element, when ingested by a Coleopteran plant pest, reduces the level of a target sequence in said Coleopteran plant pest and thereby controls the Coleopteran plant pest. 11. The plant cell of claim 10, wherein the Coleopteran plant pest is a Diabrotica plant pest. 12. The plant cell of claim 10, wherein said silencing element comprises
a) a polynucleotide comprising the sequence set forth in any one of nucleotides 1-380 of SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 13; SEQ ID NO: 15; nucleotides 1-266 of SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO: 18; SEQ ID NO: 29; nucleotides 1-675 of SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO: 37; SEQ ID NO:16; SEQ ID NO:32; SEQ ID NO:25; nucleotides 1-132 of SEQ ID NO: 40; or any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, or a complement thereof; b) a polynucleotide comprising at least 130 consecutive nucleotides of the sequence set forth in any one of nucleotides 1-380 of SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 13; SEQ ID NO: 15; nucleotides 1-266 of SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO: 18; SEQ ID NO: 29; nucleotides 1-675 of SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO: 37; SEQ ID NO:16; SEQ ID NO:32; SEQ ID NO:25; nucleotides 1-132 of SEQ ID NO: 40; or any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, or a complement thereof; 13. The plant cell of claim 10, wherein said plant cell comprises the expression cassette of claim 8. 14. The plant cell of claim 10, wherein said silencing element expresses a double stranded RNA. 15. The plant cell of claim 10, wherein said silencing element expresses a hairpin RNA. 16. The plant cell of claim 15, wherein said polynucleotide comprising the silencing element comprises, in the following order, a first segment, a second segment, and a third segment, wherein
a) said first segment comprises at least about 19 nucleotides having at least 90% sequence complementarity to a target sequence set forth in any one of nucleotides 1-380 of SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 13; SEQ ID NO: 15; nucleotides 1-266 of SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO: 18; SEQ ID NO: 29; nucleotides 1-675 of SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO: 37; SEQ ID NO:16; SEQ ID NO:32; SEQ ID NO:25; nucleotides 1-132 of SEQ ID NO: 40; or any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, or 236; b) said second segment comprises a loop of sufficient length to allow the silencing element to be transcribed as a hairpin RNA; and, c) said third segment comprises at least about 19 nucleotides having at least 85% complementarity to the first segment. 17. The plant cell of claim 10, wherein said silencing element is operably linked to a heterologous promoter. 18. The plant cell of claim 10, wherein said plant cell is from a monocot. 19. The plant cell of claim 18, wherein said monocot is maize, barley, millet, wheat or rice. 20. The plant cell of claim 10, wherein said plant cell is from a dicot. 21. The plant cell of claim 20, wherein said plant cell is soybean, canola, alfalfa, sunflower, safflower, tobacco, Arabidopsis, or cotton. 22. A plant or plant part comprising a plant cell of claim 10. 23. A transgenic seed comprising the heterologous polynucleotide comprising the silencing element of claim 10. 24. A method for controlling a Coleopteran plant pest comprising feeding to a Coleopteran plant pest a composition comprising a silencing element, wherein said silencing element, when ingested by said Coleopteran plant pest, reduces the level of a target Coleopteran plant pest sequence and thereby controls the Coleopteran plant pest, wherein said target Coleopteran plant pest sequence comprise a nucleotide sequence comprising at least 90% sequence identity to any one of nucleotides 1-380 of SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 13; SEQ ID NO: 15; nucleotides 1-266 of SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO: 18; SEQ ID NO: 29; nucleotides 1-675 of SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO: 37; SEQ ID NO:16; SEQ ID NO:32; SEQ ID NO:25; nucleotides 1-132 of SEQ ID NO: 40; or any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, or 236. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein said Coleopteran plant pest comprises a Diabarotica plant pest. 26. The method of claim 24, wherein said silencing element comprises
a) a fragment of at least 19 consecutive nucleotides of any one of nucleotides 1-380 of SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 13; SEQ ID NO: 15; nucleotides 1-266 of SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO: 18; SEQ ID NO: 29; nucleotides 1-675 of SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO: 37; SEQ ID NO:16; SEQ ID NO:32; SEQ ID NO:25; nucleotides 1-132 of SEQ ID NO: 40; or any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, or a complement thereof; or, b) a nucleotide sequence comprising at least 90% sequence identity to any one of nucleotides 1-380 of SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 13; SEQ ID NO: 15; nucleotides 1-266 of SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO: 18; SEQ ID NO: 29; nucleotides 1-675 of SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO: 37; SEQ ID NO:16; SEQ ID NO:32; SEQ ID NO:25; nucleotides 1-132 of SEQ ID NO: 40; or any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, or a complement thereof. 27. The method of claim 25, wherein said Diabarotica plant pest comprises D. virgifera virgifera, D. speciosa, D. barberi, or D. undecimpunctata howardi. 28. The method of claim 24, wherein said composition comprises a plant or plant part having stably incorporated into its genome a polynucleotide comprising said silencing element. 29. The method of claim 26, wherein said silencing element comprises
a) a polynucleotide comprising the sense or antisense sequence of the sequence set forth in any one of nucleotides 1-380 of SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 13; SEQ ID NO: 15; nucleotides 1-266 of SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO: 18; SEQ ID NO: 29; nucleotides 1-675 of SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO: 37; SEQ ID NO:16; SEQ ID NO:32; SEQ ID NO:25; nucleotides 1-132 of SEQ ID NO: 40; or any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, or a complement thereof; b) a polynucleotide comprising the sense or antisense sequence of a sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to the sequence set forth in any one of nucleotides 1-380 of SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 13; SEQ ID NO: 15; nucleotides 1-266 of SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO: 18; SEQ ID NO: 29; nucleotides 1-675 of SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO: 37; SEQ ID NO:16; SEQ ID NO:32; SEQ ID NO:25; nucleotides 1-132 of SEQ ID NO: 40; or any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, or a complement thereof; c) a polynucleotide comprising the sense or antisense sequence of a sequence having at least 130 contiguous nucleotides of any one of nucleotides 1-380 of SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 45; SEQ ID NO: 13; SEQ ID NO: 15; nucleotides 1-266 of SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO: 18; SEQ ID NO: 29; nucleotides 1-675 of SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO: 37; SEQ ID NO:16; SEQ ID NO:32; SEQ ID NO:25; nucleotides 1-132 of SEQ ID NO: 40; or any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, or a complement thereof. 30. The method of claim 24, wherein said silencing element expresses a double stranded RNA. 31. The method of claim 24, wherein said silencing element comprises a hairpin RNA. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein said polynucleotide comprising the silencing element comprises, in the following order, a first segment, a second segment, and a third segment, wherein
a) said first segment comprises at least about 19 nucleotides having at least 90% sequence complementarity to the target polynucleotide; b) said second segment comprises a loop of sufficient length to allow the silencing element to be transcribed as a hairpin RNA; and, c) said third segment comprises at least about 19 nucleotides having at least 85% complementarity to the first segment. 33. The method of claim 28, wherein said silencing element is operably linked to a heterologous promoter. 34. The method of claim 28, wherein said silencing element is flanked by a first operably linked convergent promoter at one terminus of the silencing element and a second operably linked convergent promoter at the opposing terminus of the polynucleotide, wherein the first and the second convergent promoters are capable of driving expression of the silencing element. 35. The method of claim 28, wherein said plant is a monocot. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein said monocot is maize, barley, millet, wheat or rice. 37. The method of claim 28, wherein said plant is a dicot. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein said plant is soybean, canola, alfalfa, sunflower, safflower, tobacco, Arabidopsis, or cotton. | 2,800 |
348,705 | 16,806,186 | 2,844 | A computing device includes a camera configured to capture images of an area of a road, the area defining a geofence; and a processor, configured to responsive to detecting a traffic density within the geofence exceeding a predefined threshold, wirelessly broadcast a directional message within the geofence to request vehicles located within the geofence to temporarily disable individual messaging services having low priorities identified in the directional message, analyze vehicle traffic using images captured by the camera to detect a predefined traffic situation, responsive to detecting the predefined traffic situation initiated by one of the vehicles, generate a safety message reflecting the traffic situation, and broadcast the safety message to vehicles within the geofence. | 1. A computing device, comprising:
a camera configured to capture images of an area of a road, the area defining a geofence; and a processor, configured to
responsive to detecting a traffic density within the geofence exceeding a predefined threshold, wirelessly broadcast a directional message within the geofence to request vehicles located within the geofence to temporarily disable individual messaging services having low priorities identified in the directional message,
analyze vehicle traffic using images captured by the camera to detect a predefined traffic situation,
responsive to detecting the predefined traffic situation initiated by one of the vehicles, generate a safety message reflecting the traffic situation, and
broadcast the safety message to vehicles within the geofence. 2. The computing device of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to adjust the predefined threshold using a weather condition of the geofence. 3. The computing device of claim 2, wherein the processor is further configured to obtain the weather condition from a cloud server. 4. The computing device of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to:
obtain navigation traffic data for a predefined area of road connected to the geofence from a cloud server; and broadcast the navigation traffic data to the vehicles within the geofence. 5. The computing device of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to:
responsive to detecting the traffic density is below the predefined threshold, broadcast an instruction message requesting the vehicles within the geofence to restore individual messaging services. 6. The computing device of claim 1, wherein the directional message includes information indicative of a boundary of the geofence. 7. The computing device of claim 1, wherein the directional message includes a timer indicative of the duration for the vehicles to disable the individual messaging services. 8. The computing device of claim 7, wherein the processor is further configured to:
broadcast a second directional message to the vehicles within the geofence before the timer expires to renew the timer. 9. A vehicle, comprising:
a wireless transceiver; and a controller configured to
responsive to receiving a directional message, via the wireless transceiver, broadcasted from an edge-computing device, activate a collective messaging mode by disabling individual messaging services having predefined low priorities identified in the directional message,
responsive to receiving a safety message broadcasted from the edge-computing device, perform an autonomous driving maneuver using the safety message, and
responsive to detecting a restoration condition being met, deactivate the collective messaging mode by restoring the individual messaging services. 10. The vehicle of claim 9, wherein the controller is further configured to:
responsive to receiving traffic data broadcasted from the edge-computing device, plan a navigation route using the traffic data. 11. The vehicle of claim 9, wherein the restoration condition is met by the vehicle receiving an instruction message from the edge-computing device. 12. The vehicle of claim 9, further comprising:
a location controller configured to calculate a vehicle location, wherein directional message includes information about a geofence within which the individual messaging services to be disabled, and the restoration condition is met by the controller verifying the vehicle location is outside the geofence. 13. The vehicle of claim 9, wherein the directional message includes a timer indicative of a duration to disable the individual messaging services, the restoration condition is met by the controller verifying an expiration of the timer. 14. The vehicle of claim 13, wherein the controller is further configured to:
responsive to receiving a second directional message from the edge-computing device, renew the timer to continue to disable the individual messaging services. 15. The vehicle of claim 9, wherein the controller is further configured to:
in the collective messaging mode,
refrain from generating a basic safety messaging having a first priority within the low priorities identified in the directional message,
generate a service message having a second low priority within the low priorities identified in the directional message, and
refrain from sending the service message, until the collective messaging mode is deactivated. 16. A method, comprising:
capturing, via a camera, images covering an area of a road; analyzing, via a processor, the images to evaluate a traffic density in the area; responsive to detecting the traffic density exceeding a predefined threshold, broadcasting, via a wireless transceiver, a directional message within the area to request vehicles located within the area to temporarily disable individual messaging services having low priorities identified in the directional message; responsive to detecting a predefined traffic situation initiated by one of the vehicles, generating, via the processor, a safety message reflecting the traffic situation; broadcasting, via the wireless transceiver, the safety message to vehicles within the area; and responsive to detecting the traffic density is below the predefined threshold, broadcasting an instruction message requesting the vehicles within the area to restore individual messaging services. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
obtaining, via a wired connection, navigation traffic data for road traffic adjacent to the area from a cloud server; and broadcasting, via the wireless transceiver, the navigation traffic data to the vehicles within the area. 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising adjusting the predefined threshold using a weather condition of the area obtained from a cloud server. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the directional message includes information indicative of a boundary of the area. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the directional message includes a timer indicative of a duration for the vehicles to disable the individual messaging services, the method further comprising broadcasting, via the wireless transceiver, a second directional message to the vehicles within the area before the timer expires to renew the timer. | A computing device includes a camera configured to capture images of an area of a road, the area defining a geofence; and a processor, configured to responsive to detecting a traffic density within the geofence exceeding a predefined threshold, wirelessly broadcast a directional message within the geofence to request vehicles located within the geofence to temporarily disable individual messaging services having low priorities identified in the directional message, analyze vehicle traffic using images captured by the camera to detect a predefined traffic situation, responsive to detecting the predefined traffic situation initiated by one of the vehicles, generate a safety message reflecting the traffic situation, and broadcast the safety message to vehicles within the geofence.1. A computing device, comprising:
a camera configured to capture images of an area of a road, the area defining a geofence; and a processor, configured to
responsive to detecting a traffic density within the geofence exceeding a predefined threshold, wirelessly broadcast a directional message within the geofence to request vehicles located within the geofence to temporarily disable individual messaging services having low priorities identified in the directional message,
analyze vehicle traffic using images captured by the camera to detect a predefined traffic situation,
responsive to detecting the predefined traffic situation initiated by one of the vehicles, generate a safety message reflecting the traffic situation, and
broadcast the safety message to vehicles within the geofence. 2. The computing device of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to adjust the predefined threshold using a weather condition of the geofence. 3. The computing device of claim 2, wherein the processor is further configured to obtain the weather condition from a cloud server. 4. The computing device of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to:
obtain navigation traffic data for a predefined area of road connected to the geofence from a cloud server; and broadcast the navigation traffic data to the vehicles within the geofence. 5. The computing device of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to:
responsive to detecting the traffic density is below the predefined threshold, broadcast an instruction message requesting the vehicles within the geofence to restore individual messaging services. 6. The computing device of claim 1, wherein the directional message includes information indicative of a boundary of the geofence. 7. The computing device of claim 1, wherein the directional message includes a timer indicative of the duration for the vehicles to disable the individual messaging services. 8. The computing device of claim 7, wherein the processor is further configured to:
broadcast a second directional message to the vehicles within the geofence before the timer expires to renew the timer. 9. A vehicle, comprising:
a wireless transceiver; and a controller configured to
responsive to receiving a directional message, via the wireless transceiver, broadcasted from an edge-computing device, activate a collective messaging mode by disabling individual messaging services having predefined low priorities identified in the directional message,
responsive to receiving a safety message broadcasted from the edge-computing device, perform an autonomous driving maneuver using the safety message, and
responsive to detecting a restoration condition being met, deactivate the collective messaging mode by restoring the individual messaging services. 10. The vehicle of claim 9, wherein the controller is further configured to:
responsive to receiving traffic data broadcasted from the edge-computing device, plan a navigation route using the traffic data. 11. The vehicle of claim 9, wherein the restoration condition is met by the vehicle receiving an instruction message from the edge-computing device. 12. The vehicle of claim 9, further comprising:
a location controller configured to calculate a vehicle location, wherein directional message includes information about a geofence within which the individual messaging services to be disabled, and the restoration condition is met by the controller verifying the vehicle location is outside the geofence. 13. The vehicle of claim 9, wherein the directional message includes a timer indicative of a duration to disable the individual messaging services, the restoration condition is met by the controller verifying an expiration of the timer. 14. The vehicle of claim 13, wherein the controller is further configured to:
responsive to receiving a second directional message from the edge-computing device, renew the timer to continue to disable the individual messaging services. 15. The vehicle of claim 9, wherein the controller is further configured to:
in the collective messaging mode,
refrain from generating a basic safety messaging having a first priority within the low priorities identified in the directional message,
generate a service message having a second low priority within the low priorities identified in the directional message, and
refrain from sending the service message, until the collective messaging mode is deactivated. 16. A method, comprising:
capturing, via a camera, images covering an area of a road; analyzing, via a processor, the images to evaluate a traffic density in the area; responsive to detecting the traffic density exceeding a predefined threshold, broadcasting, via a wireless transceiver, a directional message within the area to request vehicles located within the area to temporarily disable individual messaging services having low priorities identified in the directional message; responsive to detecting a predefined traffic situation initiated by one of the vehicles, generating, via the processor, a safety message reflecting the traffic situation; broadcasting, via the wireless transceiver, the safety message to vehicles within the area; and responsive to detecting the traffic density is below the predefined threshold, broadcasting an instruction message requesting the vehicles within the area to restore individual messaging services. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
obtaining, via a wired connection, navigation traffic data for road traffic adjacent to the area from a cloud server; and broadcasting, via the wireless transceiver, the navigation traffic data to the vehicles within the area. 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising adjusting the predefined threshold using a weather condition of the area obtained from a cloud server. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the directional message includes information indicative of a boundary of the area. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the directional message includes a timer indicative of a duration for the vehicles to disable the individual messaging services, the method further comprising broadcasting, via the wireless transceiver, a second directional message to the vehicles within the area before the timer expires to renew the timer. | 2,800 |
348,706 | 16,806,189 | 2,844 | A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device includes forming a plurality of fins on a semiconductor substrate. In the method, at least two spacer layers are formed around a first fin of the plurality of fins, and a single spacer layer is formed around a second fin of the plurality of fins. The at least two spacer layers include a first spacer layer including a first material and a second spacer layer including a second material different from the first material. The single spacer layer includes the second material. The method also includes selectively removing part of the first spacer layer to expose part the first fin, and epitaxially growing a source/drain region around the exposed part of the first fin. | 1. A vertical transistor device, comprising:
a first vertical transistor comprising a first channel region on a semiconductor substrate, wherein the first vertical transistor has a first gate length; a second vertical transistor comprising a second channel region on the semiconductor substrate, wherein the second vertical transistor has a second gate length longer than the first gate length; and bottom source/drain regions disposed adjacent bottom portions of each of the first and second channel regions; wherein a height of the bottom source/drain region corresponding to the first channel region is greater than a height of the bottom source/drain region corresponding to the second channel region. 2. The vertical transistor device according to claim 1, wherein the difference between the first and second gate lengths corresponds to the difference in the heights between the bottom source/drain region corresponding to the first channel region and the bottom source/drain region corresponding to the second channel region. 3. The vertical transistor device according to claim 2, wherein the bottom source/drain region corresponding to the first channel region comprises a stepped shape. 4. The vertical transistor device according to claim 3, wherein a top surface of the bottom source/drain region corresponding to the first channel region comprises the stepped shape, and a top surface of the bottom source/drain region corresponding to the second channel region comprises a flat shape. 5. The vertical transistor device according to claim 3, further comprising a spacer layer formed along the stepped shape. 6. The vertical transistor device according to claim 5, further comprising a gate dielectric layer formed on the spacer layer along the stepped shape. 7. The vertical transistor device according to claim 2, wherein the bottom source/drain region corresponding to the first channel region is disposed on a lateral side of a fin comprising the first channel region. 8. The vertical transistor device according to claim 7, wherein the fin is disposed on a pedestal portion having a greater width than the fin. 9. The vertical transistor device according to claim 8, wherein the bottom source/drain region corresponding to the first channel region comprises a stepped portion between the pedestal portion and the fin. 10. The vertical transistor device according to claim 1, wherein the first vertical transistor is adjacent the second vertical transistor on the semiconductor substrate. 11. A semiconductor device, comprising:
a first vertical transistor comprising a first vertical channel region on a semiconductor substrate, wherein the first vertical transistor has a first gate length; a second vertical transistor comprising a second vertical channel region on the semiconductor substrate, wherein the second vertical transistor has a second gate length longer than the first gate length; and bottom source/drain regions disposed adjacent bottom portions of each of the first and second vertical channel regions; wherein a top surface of the bottom source/drain region corresponding to the first vertical channel region is at greater height than a height of a top surface of the bottom source/drain region corresponding to the second vertical channel region. 12. The semiconductor device according to claim 11, wherein the difference between the first and second gate lengths corresponds to the difference in the heights between the top surfaces of the bottom source/drain region corresponding to the first vertical channel region and the bottom source/drain region corresponding to the second vertical channel region. 13. The semiconductor device according to claim 12, wherein the bottom source/drain region corresponding to the first vertical channel region comprises a stepped shape. 14. The semiconductor device according to claim 13, wherein the top surface of the bottom source/drain region corresponding to the first vertical channel region comprises the stepped shape, and the top surface of the bottom source/drain region corresponding to the second vertical channel region comprises a flat shape. 15. The semiconductor device according to claim 13, further comprising a spacer layer formed along the stepped shape. 16. The semiconductor device according to claim 15, further comprising a gate dielectric layer formed on the spacer layer along the stepped shape. 17. The semiconductor device according to claim 12, wherein the bottom source/drain region corresponding to the first vertical channel region is disposed on a lateral side of a fin comprising the first vertical channel region. 18. The semiconductor r device according to claim 17, wherein the fin is disposed on a pedestal portion having a greater width than the fin. 19. The semiconductor device according to claim 18, wherein the bottom source/drain region corresponding to the first vertical channel region comprises a stepped portion between the pedestal portion and the fin. 20. The semiconductor device according to claim 11, wherein the first vertical transistor is adjacent the second vertical transistor on the semiconductor substrate. | A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device includes forming a plurality of fins on a semiconductor substrate. In the method, at least two spacer layers are formed around a first fin of the plurality of fins, and a single spacer layer is formed around a second fin of the plurality of fins. The at least two spacer layers include a first spacer layer including a first material and a second spacer layer including a second material different from the first material. The single spacer layer includes the second material. The method also includes selectively removing part of the first spacer layer to expose part the first fin, and epitaxially growing a source/drain region around the exposed part of the first fin.1. A vertical transistor device, comprising:
a first vertical transistor comprising a first channel region on a semiconductor substrate, wherein the first vertical transistor has a first gate length; a second vertical transistor comprising a second channel region on the semiconductor substrate, wherein the second vertical transistor has a second gate length longer than the first gate length; and bottom source/drain regions disposed adjacent bottom portions of each of the first and second channel regions; wherein a height of the bottom source/drain region corresponding to the first channel region is greater than a height of the bottom source/drain region corresponding to the second channel region. 2. The vertical transistor device according to claim 1, wherein the difference between the first and second gate lengths corresponds to the difference in the heights between the bottom source/drain region corresponding to the first channel region and the bottom source/drain region corresponding to the second channel region. 3. The vertical transistor device according to claim 2, wherein the bottom source/drain region corresponding to the first channel region comprises a stepped shape. 4. The vertical transistor device according to claim 3, wherein a top surface of the bottom source/drain region corresponding to the first channel region comprises the stepped shape, and a top surface of the bottom source/drain region corresponding to the second channel region comprises a flat shape. 5. The vertical transistor device according to claim 3, further comprising a spacer layer formed along the stepped shape. 6. The vertical transistor device according to claim 5, further comprising a gate dielectric layer formed on the spacer layer along the stepped shape. 7. The vertical transistor device according to claim 2, wherein the bottom source/drain region corresponding to the first channel region is disposed on a lateral side of a fin comprising the first channel region. 8. The vertical transistor device according to claim 7, wherein the fin is disposed on a pedestal portion having a greater width than the fin. 9. The vertical transistor device according to claim 8, wherein the bottom source/drain region corresponding to the first channel region comprises a stepped portion between the pedestal portion and the fin. 10. The vertical transistor device according to claim 1, wherein the first vertical transistor is adjacent the second vertical transistor on the semiconductor substrate. 11. A semiconductor device, comprising:
a first vertical transistor comprising a first vertical channel region on a semiconductor substrate, wherein the first vertical transistor has a first gate length; a second vertical transistor comprising a second vertical channel region on the semiconductor substrate, wherein the second vertical transistor has a second gate length longer than the first gate length; and bottom source/drain regions disposed adjacent bottom portions of each of the first and second vertical channel regions; wherein a top surface of the bottom source/drain region corresponding to the first vertical channel region is at greater height than a height of a top surface of the bottom source/drain region corresponding to the second vertical channel region. 12. The semiconductor device according to claim 11, wherein the difference between the first and second gate lengths corresponds to the difference in the heights between the top surfaces of the bottom source/drain region corresponding to the first vertical channel region and the bottom source/drain region corresponding to the second vertical channel region. 13. The semiconductor device according to claim 12, wherein the bottom source/drain region corresponding to the first vertical channel region comprises a stepped shape. 14. The semiconductor device according to claim 13, wherein the top surface of the bottom source/drain region corresponding to the first vertical channel region comprises the stepped shape, and the top surface of the bottom source/drain region corresponding to the second vertical channel region comprises a flat shape. 15. The semiconductor device according to claim 13, further comprising a spacer layer formed along the stepped shape. 16. The semiconductor device according to claim 15, further comprising a gate dielectric layer formed on the spacer layer along the stepped shape. 17. The semiconductor device according to claim 12, wherein the bottom source/drain region corresponding to the first vertical channel region is disposed on a lateral side of a fin comprising the first vertical channel region. 18. The semiconductor r device according to claim 17, wherein the fin is disposed on a pedestal portion having a greater width than the fin. 19. The semiconductor device according to claim 18, wherein the bottom source/drain region corresponding to the first vertical channel region comprises a stepped portion between the pedestal portion and the fin. 20. The semiconductor device according to claim 11, wherein the first vertical transistor is adjacent the second vertical transistor on the semiconductor substrate. | 2,800 |
348,707 | 16,806,195 | 2,844 | A dual band LTE small cell base station communicates on both licensed bands and unlicensed bands. The small cell base station modifies the communication protocol utilized by the licensed band to enable communication over an unlicensed band. This modification involves replacing the physical (PHY) layer of the licensed band communication protocol with the PHY layer of a to-be-used protocol in an unlicensed band. | 1. A wireless communication method, the method comprising:
prioritizing, at a user equipment, one or more unlicensed channels for communication; transmitting, from the user equipment, an indication of a preferred unlicensed channel based on the prioritizing; and receiving, at the user equipment, wireless data transmitted from a small cell base station, the wireless data received on the preferred unlicensed channel according to LTE protocol. 2. The method of claim 1 where the modifying comprises:
re-prioritizing, at the user equipment, the one or more unlicensed channels; and
selecting, at the user equipment, a second unlicensed channel for communication based upon the re-prioritizing. 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
comparing characteristics of the selected unlicensed band and a licensed band; and
based upon the comparing, making a decision to communicate on one of the selected unlicensed band or the licensed band. 4. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
optimizing communication on the selected unlicensed channel based on at least one channel characteristic of the selected unlicensed band. 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising optimizing communication on the selected unlicensed channel based on at least one other device operating on the selected unlicensed band. 6. The method of claim 1 where the indication is based upon information collected at the user equipment. 7. An apparatus configured for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising:
at least one processor; and a memory coupled to the at least one processor, where the least one processor is configured to:
prioritize at least one unlicensed band for communication;
transmit an indication of a preferred unlicensed chancel for communicating based on the prioritizing; and
receive data transmitted from a small cell base station, the data received on the preferred unlicensed band using an LTE protocol. 8. The apparatus of claim 7 where the processor is further configured to:
re-prioritize the at least one unlicensed band; and
select a second unlicensed band for communication based upon the re-prioritizing. 9. The apparatus of claim 7 where the processor is further configured to:
compare characteristics of the selected unlicensed band and a licensed band; and
based upon the comparing, make a decision to communicate on one of the selected unlicensed band or the licensed band. 10. The apparatus of claim 7 where the processor is further configured to:
optimize communication on the selected unlicensed channel based on at least one channel characteristic of the selected unlicensed band. 11. The apparatus of claim 7 where the processor is further configured to:
optimize communication on the selected unlicensed channel based on at least one other device operating on the selected unlicensed band. 12. The apparatus of claim 7 where the indication is based upon information collected at the user equipment. | A dual band LTE small cell base station communicates on both licensed bands and unlicensed bands. The small cell base station modifies the communication protocol utilized by the licensed band to enable communication over an unlicensed band. This modification involves replacing the physical (PHY) layer of the licensed band communication protocol with the PHY layer of a to-be-used protocol in an unlicensed band.1. A wireless communication method, the method comprising:
prioritizing, at a user equipment, one or more unlicensed channels for communication; transmitting, from the user equipment, an indication of a preferred unlicensed channel based on the prioritizing; and receiving, at the user equipment, wireless data transmitted from a small cell base station, the wireless data received on the preferred unlicensed channel according to LTE protocol. 2. The method of claim 1 where the modifying comprises:
re-prioritizing, at the user equipment, the one or more unlicensed channels; and
selecting, at the user equipment, a second unlicensed channel for communication based upon the re-prioritizing. 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
comparing characteristics of the selected unlicensed band and a licensed band; and
based upon the comparing, making a decision to communicate on one of the selected unlicensed band or the licensed band. 4. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
optimizing communication on the selected unlicensed channel based on at least one channel characteristic of the selected unlicensed band. 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising optimizing communication on the selected unlicensed channel based on at least one other device operating on the selected unlicensed band. 6. The method of claim 1 where the indication is based upon information collected at the user equipment. 7. An apparatus configured for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising:
at least one processor; and a memory coupled to the at least one processor, where the least one processor is configured to:
prioritize at least one unlicensed band for communication;
transmit an indication of a preferred unlicensed chancel for communicating based on the prioritizing; and
receive data transmitted from a small cell base station, the data received on the preferred unlicensed band using an LTE protocol. 8. The apparatus of claim 7 where the processor is further configured to:
re-prioritize the at least one unlicensed band; and
select a second unlicensed band for communication based upon the re-prioritizing. 9. The apparatus of claim 7 where the processor is further configured to:
compare characteristics of the selected unlicensed band and a licensed band; and
based upon the comparing, make a decision to communicate on one of the selected unlicensed band or the licensed band. 10. The apparatus of claim 7 where the processor is further configured to:
optimize communication on the selected unlicensed channel based on at least one channel characteristic of the selected unlicensed band. 11. The apparatus of claim 7 where the processor is further configured to:
optimize communication on the selected unlicensed channel based on at least one other device operating on the selected unlicensed band. 12. The apparatus of claim 7 where the indication is based upon information collected at the user equipment. | 2,800 |
348,708 | 16,806,134 | 2,844 | Described are shoes, particularly a sports shoe, having an upper and at least one of an outer sole and a midsole connected to the upper. As examples, the outer sole is knitted in a unitary fashion with the upper. As further examples, an insert is positioned within the one-piece knitwear, wherein the insert comprises a profile that increases traction of the outer sole. | 1. An article of footwear comprising:
a knitted material that extends below a foot of a wearer when the article of footwear is worn; an insert; wherein the knitted material comprises at least one opening; wherein the insert is formed separately from the knitted material and positioned so that at least a portion of the insert extends through the at least one opening without overlapping an outer surface of the knitted material; and wherein at least the portion of the insert that extends through the at least one opening forms at least a part of an outer sole of the article of footwear that contacts the ground when the article of footwear is worn. 2. The article of footwear of claim 1, wherein the insert has a profile with at least one protrusion extending away from a bottom surface of the insert and wherein the at least one protrusion increases traction of the outer sole. 3. The article of footwear of claim 2, wherein the insert and the at least one protrusion are integrally formed. 4. The article of footwear of claim 1, wherein the knitted material is reinforced with a polymer material. 5. The article of footwear of claim 4, wherein the polymer material is fused with a yarn of the knitted material. 6. The article of footwear of claim 4, wherein the polymer material comprises a polymer layer applied to at least one surface of the knitted material. 7. The article of footwear of claim 6, wherein the polymer layer is applied to both sides of the knitted material. 8. The article of footwear of claim 6, wherein the polymer material is a polyurethane based material. 9. The article of footwear of claim 8, wherein the polymer material is thermoplastic polyurethane. 10. The article of footwear of claim 1, wherein the knitted material is pressed into a three-dimensional shape in a machine for compression molding. 11. The article of footwear of claim 1, wherein the knitted material comprises a thermoplastic yarn. 12. The article of footwear of claim 1, wherein the knitted material further comprises a melt yarn capable of fusing to the insert. 13. The article of footwear of claim 1, wherein the knitted material comprises a rubberized yarn. 14. The article of footwear of claim 13, wherein the rubberized yarn is a full-rubber yarn, a rubber-coated yarn, or a non-rubber yarn having qualities similar to rubber. 15. The article of footwear of claim 1, wherein the knitted material comprises a monofilament configured to reinforce the outer sole and reduce stretchability of the outer sole. 16. The article of footwear of claim 1, wherein the knitted material is weft-knitted or warp-knitted. 17. The article of footwear of claim 1, wherein the knitted material is a spacer weft-knitted fabric or a spacer warp-knitted fabric. 18. The article of footwear of claim 17, wherein layers of the spacer weft-knitted fabric or the spacer warp-knitted fabric comprise different yarns. 19. The article of footwear of claim 1, wherein the insert is positioned between layers of the knitted material. 20. The article of footwear of claim 1, wherein the knitted material comprises a weft-knitted pocket or a warp-knitted pocket into which a midsole is inserted. | Described are shoes, particularly a sports shoe, having an upper and at least one of an outer sole and a midsole connected to the upper. As examples, the outer sole is knitted in a unitary fashion with the upper. As further examples, an insert is positioned within the one-piece knitwear, wherein the insert comprises a profile that increases traction of the outer sole.1. An article of footwear comprising:
a knitted material that extends below a foot of a wearer when the article of footwear is worn; an insert; wherein the knitted material comprises at least one opening; wherein the insert is formed separately from the knitted material and positioned so that at least a portion of the insert extends through the at least one opening without overlapping an outer surface of the knitted material; and wherein at least the portion of the insert that extends through the at least one opening forms at least a part of an outer sole of the article of footwear that contacts the ground when the article of footwear is worn. 2. The article of footwear of claim 1, wherein the insert has a profile with at least one protrusion extending away from a bottom surface of the insert and wherein the at least one protrusion increases traction of the outer sole. 3. The article of footwear of claim 2, wherein the insert and the at least one protrusion are integrally formed. 4. The article of footwear of claim 1, wherein the knitted material is reinforced with a polymer material. 5. The article of footwear of claim 4, wherein the polymer material is fused with a yarn of the knitted material. 6. The article of footwear of claim 4, wherein the polymer material comprises a polymer layer applied to at least one surface of the knitted material. 7. The article of footwear of claim 6, wherein the polymer layer is applied to both sides of the knitted material. 8. The article of footwear of claim 6, wherein the polymer material is a polyurethane based material. 9. The article of footwear of claim 8, wherein the polymer material is thermoplastic polyurethane. 10. The article of footwear of claim 1, wherein the knitted material is pressed into a three-dimensional shape in a machine for compression molding. 11. The article of footwear of claim 1, wherein the knitted material comprises a thermoplastic yarn. 12. The article of footwear of claim 1, wherein the knitted material further comprises a melt yarn capable of fusing to the insert. 13. The article of footwear of claim 1, wherein the knitted material comprises a rubberized yarn. 14. The article of footwear of claim 13, wherein the rubberized yarn is a full-rubber yarn, a rubber-coated yarn, or a non-rubber yarn having qualities similar to rubber. 15. The article of footwear of claim 1, wherein the knitted material comprises a monofilament configured to reinforce the outer sole and reduce stretchability of the outer sole. 16. The article of footwear of claim 1, wherein the knitted material is weft-knitted or warp-knitted. 17. The article of footwear of claim 1, wherein the knitted material is a spacer weft-knitted fabric or a spacer warp-knitted fabric. 18. The article of footwear of claim 17, wherein layers of the spacer weft-knitted fabric or the spacer warp-knitted fabric comprise different yarns. 19. The article of footwear of claim 1, wherein the insert is positioned between layers of the knitted material. 20. The article of footwear of claim 1, wherein the knitted material comprises a weft-knitted pocket or a warp-knitted pocket into which a midsole is inserted. | 2,800 |
348,709 | 16,806,202 | 2,844 | A computer game program implements a position information obtaining function of obtaining first position information indicating a first position in a game field and second position information indicating a second position in the game field, a position information updating function of respectively updating the first position information and the second position information to move the first position and the second position in response to an operation input by a player, a position identifying function of determining a third position on a first line in accordance with the second position, the first line being a line that passes through the first position and a predetermined fixed position set in the game field, and a direction determining function of determining a direction in which a predetermined game effect is produced in the game field, in accordance with the first position, the second position, and the third position. | 1. A computer implemented method for providing a game program, comprising executing on a processor the steps of:
obtaining, at a position obtaining unit in a control unit of the computer, first position information indicating a first position in a game field and second position information indicating a second position in the game field; updating, at the position obtaining unit in the control unit of the computer or a position information updating unit of the control unit, the first position information and the second position information to move the first position and the second position in response to an operation input by a player from an input control unit; determining, in a position identifying unit in the control unit of the computer, a third position on a first line in accordance with the second position, the first line being a line that passes through the first position and a predetermined fixed position set in the game field; determining, in an aim identifying unit in the control unit of the computer, a predetermined effect to be produced in the game field, and producing a visual indication of the predetermined effect to be produced, the visual indication comprising a visual object disposed between the first position, the second position, and the third position, and further determining a direction in which the predetermined game effect is to be produced; producing, by an effect producing unit in the control unit of the computer, the predetermined game effect on an object located in the determined direction, wherein the visual object is a triangle having the first position, the second position, and the third position as vertices, wherein the color and shape of the triangle are each adjustable based on adjustable attribute information associated with the first position and adjustable attribute information associated with the second position; determining, by a display processing unit, whether an attack object hits a base of the triangle; and producing, by the effect producing unit, an effect of changing a predetermined player parameter based on triangle area information from a figure display unit. 2. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 1, further comprising executing on a processor the step of:
reducing, by the display processing unit, a player health upon determining that the attack object hits the base of the triangle. 3. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 1, further comprising executing on a processor the step of:
ending, by the display processing unit, a game upon determining that the attack object hits the base of the triangle. 4. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 2, further comprising executing on a processor the step of:
ending, by the display processing unit, a game upon the player health reaching zero. 5. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 1, further comprising executing on a processor the step of:
increasing brightness of the game field upon production of a predetermined game effect on the attack object. 6. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 1, further comprising executing on a processor the step of:
decreasing brightness of the game field upon determining the attack object hits the base of the triangle. 7. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 1, wherein each of the first position and the second position moves in response to a drag operation by the player. 8. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 7, wherein a player can avoid the attack object by adjusting at least one of the first position and the second position. 9. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 1, wherein each of the first position and the second position rotates about a predetermined position in accordance with a rotation angle specified by an operation input by the player. 10. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 1, wherein the position identifying unit determines, as the third position, a position where the first line crosses a second line connecting the second position and another fixed position different from the predetermined fixed position. 11. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 10, wherein the aim identifying unit determines, as the direction in which the predetermined game effect is produced, a direction including a line of aim connecting the third position and a position of aim on a third line extending from the predetermined fixed position to the other fixed position. 12. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 11, wherein the position of aim is a position corresponding to a middle point of the third line. 13. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 1, wherein a game based on the game program is a shooting game for attacking an attack object displayed in the game field, and
wherein the predetermined game effect is an effect of attacking the attack object located in the direction determined by the aim identifying unit. 14. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 13, further comprising executing on a processor the step of:
giving, by a bonus giving unit in the control unit of the computer, a predetermined bonus to the player in accordance with a result of attacking the attack object. 15. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 1, further comprising executing on a processor the step of:
associating, at an attribute associating unit in the control unit of the computer, attribute information with the first position and attribute information with the second position in response to the operation input by the player, wherein the predetermined game effect and the visual indication are produced in accordance with a combination of the attribute information associated with the first position and the attribute information associated with the second position. 16. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 15, further comprising executing on a processor the step of:
determining, at a characteristic determining unit in the control unit of the computer, a correlation between a characteristic set for the attack object and a characteristic identified by a combination of the attribute information associated with the first position and the attribute information associated with the second position, wherein the predetermined game effect is changed depending on a determination result obtained by the characteristic determining unit. 17. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 16, wherein producing the predetermined game effect on the attack object located in the determined direction changes one or more attributes of the attack object; and
wherein the step of changing the predetermined game effect depending on the determination result comprises increasing or decreasing an effect of changing the one or more attributes of the attack object. 18. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 15, further comprising executing on a processor the step of:
outputting display information from a display processing unit in the control unit of the computer for displaying on a display unit a specified position object that explicitly indicates at least one of the first position and the second position in accordance with the corresponding attribute information associated by the attribute associating unit. 19. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 5, wherein the attribute information at least includes information indicating a shape, a color, an image, or a pattern of the specified position object or a combination thereof, and
wherein the display processing unit outputs display information to the display unit for displaying the specified position object in accordance with the information indicating a shape, a color, an image, or a pattern of the specified position object or a combination thereof included in the attribute information. 20. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 15, wherein the attribute information associated with the first position has a first predetermined game effect associated therewith, and wherein the attribute information associated with the second position has a second predetermined game effect associated therewith, and
wherein the predetermined game effect is changed based on a synthesis of the first predetermined game effect associated with the first position and the second predetermined game effect associated with the second position. | A computer game program implements a position information obtaining function of obtaining first position information indicating a first position in a game field and second position information indicating a second position in the game field, a position information updating function of respectively updating the first position information and the second position information to move the first position and the second position in response to an operation input by a player, a position identifying function of determining a third position on a first line in accordance with the second position, the first line being a line that passes through the first position and a predetermined fixed position set in the game field, and a direction determining function of determining a direction in which a predetermined game effect is produced in the game field, in accordance with the first position, the second position, and the third position.1. A computer implemented method for providing a game program, comprising executing on a processor the steps of:
obtaining, at a position obtaining unit in a control unit of the computer, first position information indicating a first position in a game field and second position information indicating a second position in the game field; updating, at the position obtaining unit in the control unit of the computer or a position information updating unit of the control unit, the first position information and the second position information to move the first position and the second position in response to an operation input by a player from an input control unit; determining, in a position identifying unit in the control unit of the computer, a third position on a first line in accordance with the second position, the first line being a line that passes through the first position and a predetermined fixed position set in the game field; determining, in an aim identifying unit in the control unit of the computer, a predetermined effect to be produced in the game field, and producing a visual indication of the predetermined effect to be produced, the visual indication comprising a visual object disposed between the first position, the second position, and the third position, and further determining a direction in which the predetermined game effect is to be produced; producing, by an effect producing unit in the control unit of the computer, the predetermined game effect on an object located in the determined direction, wherein the visual object is a triangle having the first position, the second position, and the third position as vertices, wherein the color and shape of the triangle are each adjustable based on adjustable attribute information associated with the first position and adjustable attribute information associated with the second position; determining, by a display processing unit, whether an attack object hits a base of the triangle; and producing, by the effect producing unit, an effect of changing a predetermined player parameter based on triangle area information from a figure display unit. 2. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 1, further comprising executing on a processor the step of:
reducing, by the display processing unit, a player health upon determining that the attack object hits the base of the triangle. 3. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 1, further comprising executing on a processor the step of:
ending, by the display processing unit, a game upon determining that the attack object hits the base of the triangle. 4. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 2, further comprising executing on a processor the step of:
ending, by the display processing unit, a game upon the player health reaching zero. 5. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 1, further comprising executing on a processor the step of:
increasing brightness of the game field upon production of a predetermined game effect on the attack object. 6. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 1, further comprising executing on a processor the step of:
decreasing brightness of the game field upon determining the attack object hits the base of the triangle. 7. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 1, wherein each of the first position and the second position moves in response to a drag operation by the player. 8. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 7, wherein a player can avoid the attack object by adjusting at least one of the first position and the second position. 9. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 1, wherein each of the first position and the second position rotates about a predetermined position in accordance with a rotation angle specified by an operation input by the player. 10. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 1, wherein the position identifying unit determines, as the third position, a position where the first line crosses a second line connecting the second position and another fixed position different from the predetermined fixed position. 11. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 10, wherein the aim identifying unit determines, as the direction in which the predetermined game effect is produced, a direction including a line of aim connecting the third position and a position of aim on a third line extending from the predetermined fixed position to the other fixed position. 12. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 11, wherein the position of aim is a position corresponding to a middle point of the third line. 13. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 1, wherein a game based on the game program is a shooting game for attacking an attack object displayed in the game field, and
wherein the predetermined game effect is an effect of attacking the attack object located in the direction determined by the aim identifying unit. 14. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 13, further comprising executing on a processor the step of:
giving, by a bonus giving unit in the control unit of the computer, a predetermined bonus to the player in accordance with a result of attacking the attack object. 15. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 1, further comprising executing on a processor the step of:
associating, at an attribute associating unit in the control unit of the computer, attribute information with the first position and attribute information with the second position in response to the operation input by the player, wherein the predetermined game effect and the visual indication are produced in accordance with a combination of the attribute information associated with the first position and the attribute information associated with the second position. 16. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 15, further comprising executing on a processor the step of:
determining, at a characteristic determining unit in the control unit of the computer, a correlation between a characteristic set for the attack object and a characteristic identified by a combination of the attribute information associated with the first position and the attribute information associated with the second position, wherein the predetermined game effect is changed depending on a determination result obtained by the characteristic determining unit. 17. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 16, wherein producing the predetermined game effect on the attack object located in the determined direction changes one or more attributes of the attack object; and
wherein the step of changing the predetermined game effect depending on the determination result comprises increasing or decreasing an effect of changing the one or more attributes of the attack object. 18. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 15, further comprising executing on a processor the step of:
outputting display information from a display processing unit in the control unit of the computer for displaying on a display unit a specified position object that explicitly indicates at least one of the first position and the second position in accordance with the corresponding attribute information associated by the attribute associating unit. 19. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 5, wherein the attribute information at least includes information indicating a shape, a color, an image, or a pattern of the specified position object or a combination thereof, and
wherein the display processing unit outputs display information to the display unit for displaying the specified position object in accordance with the information indicating a shape, a color, an image, or a pattern of the specified position object or a combination thereof included in the attribute information. 20. The computer implemented method for providing a game program according to claim 15, wherein the attribute information associated with the first position has a first predetermined game effect associated therewith, and wherein the attribute information associated with the second position has a second predetermined game effect associated therewith, and
wherein the predetermined game effect is changed based on a synthesis of the first predetermined game effect associated with the first position and the second predetermined game effect associated with the second position. | 2,800 |
348,710 | 16,806,173 | 2,844 | A memory system includes a first memory that is nonvolatile, a second memory that is volatile, and a memory controller. The memory controller is configured to store first information in the second memory. The first information includes management information. The memory controller is further configured to compress the first information. The compressed first information is second information. The memory controller is configured to store the second information in the first memory. | 1. A memory system, comprising:
a first memory that is nonvolatile; a second memory that is volatile; and a memory controller configured to:
store first information, the first information including management information, in the second memory;
compress the first information, the compressed first information being second information; and
store the second information in the first memory. 2. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
the memory controller is further configured to:
read the second information stored in the first memory;
decompress the read second information; and
store the decompressed second information in the second memory. 3. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
the first information is a table that includes a correspondence relationship between a physical address indicating a position in the first memory and a logical address designated by a host, the table is hierarchized into a first table of a first hierarchy and a second table of a second hierarchy, the second hierarchy being lower than the first hierarchy, and the memory controller is further configured to:
compress the second table and store the compressed second table in the first memory;
record a storage position of the compressed second table in the first memory in the first table; and
compress the first table, and store the compressed first table in the first memory. 4. The memory system according to claim 3, wherein
the memory controller is configured to compress the second table using a plurality of second parameter different from a plurality of first parameter used to compress the first table. 5. The memory system according to claim 3, wherein
the memory controller is configured to compress the second table using a second algorithm different from a first algorithm used to compress the first table. 6. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
the memory controller is further configured to manage a table that includes a correspondence relationship between a physical address indicating a position in the first memory and a logical address designated by a host, and wherein the table is hierarchized into a first table of a first hierarchy and a second table of a second hierarchy, the second hierarchy being lower than the first hierarchy, and the first table includes the first information. 7. The memory system according to claim 6, wherein
the second table is stored in the first memory, the memory controller is further configured to read and update the second table from the first memory. 8. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
the memory controller is further configured to manage a table that includes in which a correspondence relationship between a physical address indicating a position in the first memory and a logical address designated by a host, the table is hierarchized into a first table of a first hierarchy and a second table of a second hierarchy, the second hierarchy being lower than the first hierarchy, and the second table includes the first information. 9. The memory system according to claim 8, wherein
the first table is stored in the second memory, and the memory controller is further configured to compress the second table and store the compressed second table in the first memory, record a storage position of the second table in the first memory in the first table, and store the first table into the first memory without compressing the first table. 10. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
the first information includes at least one of the number of times of executing a program/erase cycle, an amount of valid or invalid data, a plurality of code rate set value, a plurality of read level set value, or a free block list. 11. A method, comprising:
storing first information, which includes a table of a correspondence relationship between a physical address indicating a position in a nonvolatile memory and a logical address designated by a host, in a volatile memory; compressing the first information using a compressor; and storing second information that is the compressed first information in the nonvolatile memory. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
reading the second information stored in the nonvolatile memory; decompressing the read second information using a decompressor; and storing the decompressed second information in the volatile memory. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the table is hierarchized into a first table of a first hierarchy and a second table of a second hierarchy, the second hierarchy lower than the first hierarchy, the method further comprising: compressing the second table;
storing the compressed second table into the nonvolatile memory; recording a storage position of the second table in the nonvolatile memory into the first table; compressing the first table in which the storage position is recorded; and storing the compressed first table into the first memory. 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
managing a table that includes a correspondence relationship between a physical address indicating a position in the first memory and a logical address designated by a host, and wherein the table is hierarchized into a first table of a first hierarchy and a second table of a second hierarchy, the second hierarchy being lower than the first hierarchy, and the first table includes the first information. 15. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
managing a table that includes in which a correspondence relationship between a physical address indicating a position in the first memory and a logical address designated by a host,
the table is hierarchized into a first table of a first hierarchy and a second table of a second hierarchy, the second hierarchy being lower than the first hierarchy, and
the second table includes the first information. | A memory system includes a first memory that is nonvolatile, a second memory that is volatile, and a memory controller. The memory controller is configured to store first information in the second memory. The first information includes management information. The memory controller is further configured to compress the first information. The compressed first information is second information. The memory controller is configured to store the second information in the first memory.1. A memory system, comprising:
a first memory that is nonvolatile; a second memory that is volatile; and a memory controller configured to:
store first information, the first information including management information, in the second memory;
compress the first information, the compressed first information being second information; and
store the second information in the first memory. 2. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
the memory controller is further configured to:
read the second information stored in the first memory;
decompress the read second information; and
store the decompressed second information in the second memory. 3. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
the first information is a table that includes a correspondence relationship between a physical address indicating a position in the first memory and a logical address designated by a host, the table is hierarchized into a first table of a first hierarchy and a second table of a second hierarchy, the second hierarchy being lower than the first hierarchy, and the memory controller is further configured to:
compress the second table and store the compressed second table in the first memory;
record a storage position of the compressed second table in the first memory in the first table; and
compress the first table, and store the compressed first table in the first memory. 4. The memory system according to claim 3, wherein
the memory controller is configured to compress the second table using a plurality of second parameter different from a plurality of first parameter used to compress the first table. 5. The memory system according to claim 3, wherein
the memory controller is configured to compress the second table using a second algorithm different from a first algorithm used to compress the first table. 6. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
the memory controller is further configured to manage a table that includes a correspondence relationship between a physical address indicating a position in the first memory and a logical address designated by a host, and wherein the table is hierarchized into a first table of a first hierarchy and a second table of a second hierarchy, the second hierarchy being lower than the first hierarchy, and the first table includes the first information. 7. The memory system according to claim 6, wherein
the second table is stored in the first memory, the memory controller is further configured to read and update the second table from the first memory. 8. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
the memory controller is further configured to manage a table that includes in which a correspondence relationship between a physical address indicating a position in the first memory and a logical address designated by a host, the table is hierarchized into a first table of a first hierarchy and a second table of a second hierarchy, the second hierarchy being lower than the first hierarchy, and the second table includes the first information. 9. The memory system according to claim 8, wherein
the first table is stored in the second memory, and the memory controller is further configured to compress the second table and store the compressed second table in the first memory, record a storage position of the second table in the first memory in the first table, and store the first table into the first memory without compressing the first table. 10. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
the first information includes at least one of the number of times of executing a program/erase cycle, an amount of valid or invalid data, a plurality of code rate set value, a plurality of read level set value, or a free block list. 11. A method, comprising:
storing first information, which includes a table of a correspondence relationship between a physical address indicating a position in a nonvolatile memory and a logical address designated by a host, in a volatile memory; compressing the first information using a compressor; and storing second information that is the compressed first information in the nonvolatile memory. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
reading the second information stored in the nonvolatile memory; decompressing the read second information using a decompressor; and storing the decompressed second information in the volatile memory. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the table is hierarchized into a first table of a first hierarchy and a second table of a second hierarchy, the second hierarchy lower than the first hierarchy, the method further comprising: compressing the second table;
storing the compressed second table into the nonvolatile memory; recording a storage position of the second table in the nonvolatile memory into the first table; compressing the first table in which the storage position is recorded; and storing the compressed first table into the first memory. 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
managing a table that includes a correspondence relationship between a physical address indicating a position in the first memory and a logical address designated by a host, and wherein the table is hierarchized into a first table of a first hierarchy and a second table of a second hierarchy, the second hierarchy being lower than the first hierarchy, and the first table includes the first information. 15. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
managing a table that includes in which a correspondence relationship between a physical address indicating a position in the first memory and a logical address designated by a host,
the table is hierarchized into a first table of a first hierarchy and a second table of a second hierarchy, the second hierarchy being lower than the first hierarchy, and
the second table includes the first information. | 2,800 |
348,711 | 16,806,237 | 2,844 | A memory system includes a first memory that is nonvolatile, a second memory that is volatile, and a memory controller. The memory controller is configured to store first information in the second memory. The first information includes management information. The memory controller is further configured to compress the first information. The compressed first information is second information. The memory controller is configured to store the second information in the first memory. | 1. A memory system, comprising:
a first memory that is nonvolatile; a second memory that is volatile; and a memory controller configured to:
store first information, the first information including management information, in the second memory;
compress the first information, the compressed first information being second information; and
store the second information in the first memory. 2. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
the memory controller is further configured to:
read the second information stored in the first memory;
decompress the read second information; and
store the decompressed second information in the second memory. 3. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
the first information is a table that includes a correspondence relationship between a physical address indicating a position in the first memory and a logical address designated by a host, the table is hierarchized into a first table of a first hierarchy and a second table of a second hierarchy, the second hierarchy being lower than the first hierarchy, and the memory controller is further configured to:
compress the second table and store the compressed second table in the first memory;
record a storage position of the compressed second table in the first memory in the first table; and
compress the first table, and store the compressed first table in the first memory. 4. The memory system according to claim 3, wherein
the memory controller is configured to compress the second table using a plurality of second parameter different from a plurality of first parameter used to compress the first table. 5. The memory system according to claim 3, wherein
the memory controller is configured to compress the second table using a second algorithm different from a first algorithm used to compress the first table. 6. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
the memory controller is further configured to manage a table that includes a correspondence relationship between a physical address indicating a position in the first memory and a logical address designated by a host, and wherein the table is hierarchized into a first table of a first hierarchy and a second table of a second hierarchy, the second hierarchy being lower than the first hierarchy, and the first table includes the first information. 7. The memory system according to claim 6, wherein
the second table is stored in the first memory, the memory controller is further configured to read and update the second table from the first memory. 8. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
the memory controller is further configured to manage a table that includes in which a correspondence relationship between a physical address indicating a position in the first memory and a logical address designated by a host, the table is hierarchized into a first table of a first hierarchy and a second table of a second hierarchy, the second hierarchy being lower than the first hierarchy, and the second table includes the first information. 9. The memory system according to claim 8, wherein
the first table is stored in the second memory, and the memory controller is further configured to compress the second table and store the compressed second table in the first memory, record a storage position of the second table in the first memory in the first table, and store the first table into the first memory without compressing the first table. 10. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
the first information includes at least one of the number of times of executing a program/erase cycle, an amount of valid or invalid data, a plurality of code rate set value, a plurality of read level set value, or a free block list. 11. A method, comprising:
storing first information, which includes a table of a correspondence relationship between a physical address indicating a position in a nonvolatile memory and a logical address designated by a host, in a volatile memory; compressing the first information using a compressor; and storing second information that is the compressed first information in the nonvolatile memory. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
reading the second information stored in the nonvolatile memory; decompressing the read second information using a decompressor; and storing the decompressed second information in the volatile memory. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the table is hierarchized into a first table of a first hierarchy and a second table of a second hierarchy, the second hierarchy lower than the first hierarchy, the method further comprising: compressing the second table;
storing the compressed second table into the nonvolatile memory; recording a storage position of the second table in the nonvolatile memory into the first table; compressing the first table in which the storage position is recorded; and storing the compressed first table into the first memory. 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
managing a table that includes a correspondence relationship between a physical address indicating a position in the first memory and a logical address designated by a host, and wherein the table is hierarchized into a first table of a first hierarchy and a second table of a second hierarchy, the second hierarchy being lower than the first hierarchy, and the first table includes the first information. 15. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
managing a table that includes in which a correspondence relationship between a physical address indicating a position in the first memory and a logical address designated by a host,
the table is hierarchized into a first table of a first hierarchy and a second table of a second hierarchy, the second hierarchy being lower than the first hierarchy, and
the second table includes the first information. | A memory system includes a first memory that is nonvolatile, a second memory that is volatile, and a memory controller. The memory controller is configured to store first information in the second memory. The first information includes management information. The memory controller is further configured to compress the first information. The compressed first information is second information. The memory controller is configured to store the second information in the first memory.1. A memory system, comprising:
a first memory that is nonvolatile; a second memory that is volatile; and a memory controller configured to:
store first information, the first information including management information, in the second memory;
compress the first information, the compressed first information being second information; and
store the second information in the first memory. 2. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
the memory controller is further configured to:
read the second information stored in the first memory;
decompress the read second information; and
store the decompressed second information in the second memory. 3. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
the first information is a table that includes a correspondence relationship between a physical address indicating a position in the first memory and a logical address designated by a host, the table is hierarchized into a first table of a first hierarchy and a second table of a second hierarchy, the second hierarchy being lower than the first hierarchy, and the memory controller is further configured to:
compress the second table and store the compressed second table in the first memory;
record a storage position of the compressed second table in the first memory in the first table; and
compress the first table, and store the compressed first table in the first memory. 4. The memory system according to claim 3, wherein
the memory controller is configured to compress the second table using a plurality of second parameter different from a plurality of first parameter used to compress the first table. 5. The memory system according to claim 3, wherein
the memory controller is configured to compress the second table using a second algorithm different from a first algorithm used to compress the first table. 6. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
the memory controller is further configured to manage a table that includes a correspondence relationship between a physical address indicating a position in the first memory and a logical address designated by a host, and wherein the table is hierarchized into a first table of a first hierarchy and a second table of a second hierarchy, the second hierarchy being lower than the first hierarchy, and the first table includes the first information. 7. The memory system according to claim 6, wherein
the second table is stored in the first memory, the memory controller is further configured to read and update the second table from the first memory. 8. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
the memory controller is further configured to manage a table that includes in which a correspondence relationship between a physical address indicating a position in the first memory and a logical address designated by a host, the table is hierarchized into a first table of a first hierarchy and a second table of a second hierarchy, the second hierarchy being lower than the first hierarchy, and the second table includes the first information. 9. The memory system according to claim 8, wherein
the first table is stored in the second memory, and the memory controller is further configured to compress the second table and store the compressed second table in the first memory, record a storage position of the second table in the first memory in the first table, and store the first table into the first memory without compressing the first table. 10. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
the first information includes at least one of the number of times of executing a program/erase cycle, an amount of valid or invalid data, a plurality of code rate set value, a plurality of read level set value, or a free block list. 11. A method, comprising:
storing first information, which includes a table of a correspondence relationship between a physical address indicating a position in a nonvolatile memory and a logical address designated by a host, in a volatile memory; compressing the first information using a compressor; and storing second information that is the compressed first information in the nonvolatile memory. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
reading the second information stored in the nonvolatile memory; decompressing the read second information using a decompressor; and storing the decompressed second information in the volatile memory. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the table is hierarchized into a first table of a first hierarchy and a second table of a second hierarchy, the second hierarchy lower than the first hierarchy, the method further comprising: compressing the second table;
storing the compressed second table into the nonvolatile memory; recording a storage position of the second table in the nonvolatile memory into the first table; compressing the first table in which the storage position is recorded; and storing the compressed first table into the first memory. 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
managing a table that includes a correspondence relationship between a physical address indicating a position in the first memory and a logical address designated by a host, and wherein the table is hierarchized into a first table of a first hierarchy and a second table of a second hierarchy, the second hierarchy being lower than the first hierarchy, and the first table includes the first information. 15. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
managing a table that includes in which a correspondence relationship between a physical address indicating a position in the first memory and a logical address designated by a host,
the table is hierarchized into a first table of a first hierarchy and a second table of a second hierarchy, the second hierarchy being lower than the first hierarchy, and
the second table includes the first information. | 2,800 |
348,712 | 16,806,203 | 2,844 | A method includes depositing a plurality of layers, which includes depositing a spin orbit coupling layer, depositing a dielectric layer over the spin orbit coupling layer, depositing a free layer over the dielectric layer, depositing a tunnel barrier layer over the free layer, and depositing a reference layer over the tunnel barrier layer. The method further includes performing a first patterning process to pattern the plurality of layers, and performing a second patterning process to pattern the reference layer, the tunnel barrier layer, the free layer, and the dielectric layer. The second patterning process stops on a top surface of the spin orbit coupling layer. | 1. A method comprising:
depositing a plurality of layers comprising:
depositing a spin orbit coupling layer, wherein the spin orbit coupling layer is configured to generate spin polarized carriers;
depositing a dielectric layer over the spin orbit coupling layer, wherein the dielectric layer is configured to allow the spin polarized carriers to tunnel through;
depositing a free layer over the dielectric layer;
depositing a tunnel barrier layer over the free layer; and
depositing a reference layer over the tunnel barrier layer;
performing a first patterning process to pattern the plurality of layers; and performing a second patterning process to pattern the reference layer, the tunnel barrier layer, the free layer, and the dielectric layer, wherein the second patterning process stops on a top surface of the spin orbit coupling layer. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein after the first patterning process, a remaining portion of the spin orbit coupling layer forms a strip, and the method further comprises connecting opposing terminals of a voltage source to the spin orbit coupling layer. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the dielectric layer is deposited to a thickness smaller than about 10 Å. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the depositing the spin orbit coupling layer comprises physical vapor deposition. 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising forming a magnesium oxide seed layer underlying and contacting the spin orbit coupling layer. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the magnesium oxide seed layer is patterned in the first patterning process. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising depositing a dielectric capping layer, wherein the dielectric capping layer contacts a sidewall of the dielectric layer. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the depositing the dielectric layer comprises depositing a nitride layer. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the depositing the dielectric layer comprises depositing an oxide layer. 10. A device comprising:
a spin orbit coupling layer; a dielectric layer over the spin orbit coupling layer; and a Magnetic Tunnel Junction (MTJ) stack comprising:
a free layer over the dielectric layer;
a tunnel barrier layer over the free layer; and
a reference layer over the tunnel barrier layer, wherein the spin orbit coupling layer extends beyond edges of the MTJ stack in a first direction and a second direction opposite to the first direction. 11. The device of claim 10, wherein the dielectric layer comprises a nitride or an oxide. 12. The device of claim 10, wherein the free layer and the reference layer are formed of ferromagnetic materials. 13. The device of claim 10, wherein the dielectric layer has a thickness allowing spin polarized carriers in the spin orbit coupling layer to tunnel through and flowing into the free layer. 14. The device of claim 10, wherein the spin orbit coupling layer laterally extends beyond edges of the MTJ stack in a third direction perpendicular to the first direction and the second direction. 15. The device of claim 10, wherein the spin orbit coupling layer has a first edge flush with a second edge of the MTJ stack. 16. A method comprising:
programming a Spin Orbit Torque (SOT) Magneto-Resistive Random Access Memory (MRAM) cell, wherein the SOT MRAM cell comprises:
a spin orbit coupling layer;
a dielectric layer over the spin orbit coupling layer; and
a free layer over the dielectric layer,
wherein the programming comprises:
applying a current to flow through the spin obit coupling layer to program a polarization direction of the free layer. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the SOT MRAM cell further comprises:
a Synthetic Anti-Ferromagnetic (SAF) layer over the SAF layer, wherein the SAF layer has a first spin polarization direction, and a second spin polarization direction of the free layer is programmed as being parallel to or anti-parallel to the first spin polarization direction. 18. The method of claim 16 further comprising:
applying a voltage to generate a current flowing through the free layer, the dielectric layer, and the spin orbit coupling layer; and
measuring the current to determine a high-resistance state or a low-resistance state of the SOT MRAM. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the current further flows through an anti-ferromagnetic layer over a Synthetic Anti-Ferromagnetic (SAF) layer over the free layer. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein during the programming, spin polarized carriers in the spin orbit coupling layer tunnel through the dielectric layer to flow into the free layer. | A method includes depositing a plurality of layers, which includes depositing a spin orbit coupling layer, depositing a dielectric layer over the spin orbit coupling layer, depositing a free layer over the dielectric layer, depositing a tunnel barrier layer over the free layer, and depositing a reference layer over the tunnel barrier layer. The method further includes performing a first patterning process to pattern the plurality of layers, and performing a second patterning process to pattern the reference layer, the tunnel barrier layer, the free layer, and the dielectric layer. The second patterning process stops on a top surface of the spin orbit coupling layer.1. A method comprising:
depositing a plurality of layers comprising:
depositing a spin orbit coupling layer, wherein the spin orbit coupling layer is configured to generate spin polarized carriers;
depositing a dielectric layer over the spin orbit coupling layer, wherein the dielectric layer is configured to allow the spin polarized carriers to tunnel through;
depositing a free layer over the dielectric layer;
depositing a tunnel barrier layer over the free layer; and
depositing a reference layer over the tunnel barrier layer;
performing a first patterning process to pattern the plurality of layers; and performing a second patterning process to pattern the reference layer, the tunnel barrier layer, the free layer, and the dielectric layer, wherein the second patterning process stops on a top surface of the spin orbit coupling layer. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein after the first patterning process, a remaining portion of the spin orbit coupling layer forms a strip, and the method further comprises connecting opposing terminals of a voltage source to the spin orbit coupling layer. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the dielectric layer is deposited to a thickness smaller than about 10 Å. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the depositing the spin orbit coupling layer comprises physical vapor deposition. 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising forming a magnesium oxide seed layer underlying and contacting the spin orbit coupling layer. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the magnesium oxide seed layer is patterned in the first patterning process. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising depositing a dielectric capping layer, wherein the dielectric capping layer contacts a sidewall of the dielectric layer. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the depositing the dielectric layer comprises depositing a nitride layer. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the depositing the dielectric layer comprises depositing an oxide layer. 10. A device comprising:
a spin orbit coupling layer; a dielectric layer over the spin orbit coupling layer; and a Magnetic Tunnel Junction (MTJ) stack comprising:
a free layer over the dielectric layer;
a tunnel barrier layer over the free layer; and
a reference layer over the tunnel barrier layer, wherein the spin orbit coupling layer extends beyond edges of the MTJ stack in a first direction and a second direction opposite to the first direction. 11. The device of claim 10, wherein the dielectric layer comprises a nitride or an oxide. 12. The device of claim 10, wherein the free layer and the reference layer are formed of ferromagnetic materials. 13. The device of claim 10, wherein the dielectric layer has a thickness allowing spin polarized carriers in the spin orbit coupling layer to tunnel through and flowing into the free layer. 14. The device of claim 10, wherein the spin orbit coupling layer laterally extends beyond edges of the MTJ stack in a third direction perpendicular to the first direction and the second direction. 15. The device of claim 10, wherein the spin orbit coupling layer has a first edge flush with a second edge of the MTJ stack. 16. A method comprising:
programming a Spin Orbit Torque (SOT) Magneto-Resistive Random Access Memory (MRAM) cell, wherein the SOT MRAM cell comprises:
a spin orbit coupling layer;
a dielectric layer over the spin orbit coupling layer; and
a free layer over the dielectric layer,
wherein the programming comprises:
applying a current to flow through the spin obit coupling layer to program a polarization direction of the free layer. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the SOT MRAM cell further comprises:
a Synthetic Anti-Ferromagnetic (SAF) layer over the SAF layer, wherein the SAF layer has a first spin polarization direction, and a second spin polarization direction of the free layer is programmed as being parallel to or anti-parallel to the first spin polarization direction. 18. The method of claim 16 further comprising:
applying a voltage to generate a current flowing through the free layer, the dielectric layer, and the spin orbit coupling layer; and
measuring the current to determine a high-resistance state or a low-resistance state of the SOT MRAM. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the current further flows through an anti-ferromagnetic layer over a Synthetic Anti-Ferromagnetic (SAF) layer over the free layer. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein during the programming, spin polarized carriers in the spin orbit coupling layer tunnel through the dielectric layer to flow into the free layer. | 2,800 |
348,713 | 16,806,235 | 2,844 | It has been unexpected found that silylated triglyceride oils can be incorporated into tire tread rubber formulations that include reinforcing fillers to provide improved wet traction characteristic, rolling resistance, and tread-wear without compromising cured stiffness (dry traction) and ultimate properties (chip/chunk resistance). The level of silica coupling agent needed in such formulation can also typically reduced. The present invention more specifically discloses a rubber formulation which is comprised of (1) a rubbery polymer; (2) a reinforcing filler, such as silica or carbon black; and (3) a silylated triglyceride oil. The silylated triglyceride oil will include silyl groups of the structural formula: —(CH2)n—Si(OR)3, wherein n represents an integer within the range of 1 to 8, and wherein R represents an alkyl group containing from 1 to 8 carbon atoms. | 1. A rubber formulation which is comprised of (1) a rubbery polymer, (2) a reinforcing silica, and (3) a silylated triglyceride oil. 2. The rubber formulation as specified in claim 1 wherein reinforcing silica is present at a level which is within the range of 5 phr to 160 phr. 3. The rubber formulation as specified in claim 2 wherein the silylated triglyceride oil is present at a level which is within the range of 1 phr to 40 phr. 4. The rubber formulation as specified in claim 3 wherein the rubber formulation is further comprised of carbon black. 5. The rubber formulation as specified in claim 4 wherein the rubber formulation is further comprised of a silica coupling agent. 6. The rubber formulation as specified in claim 1 wherein the silylated triglyceride oil includes silyl groups of the structural formula: —(CH2)n—Si(OR)3, wherein n represents an integer within the range of 1 to 8, and wherein R represents an alkyl group containing from 1 to 8 carbon atoms. 7. The rubber formulation as specified in claim 6 wherein n represents an integer within the range of 3 to 5, wherein R represents an alkyl group containing from 2 to 4 carbon atoms. 8. The rubber formulation as specified in claim 1 wherein the silylated triglyceride oil includes silyl groups of the structural formula: —(CH2)3—Si(O—CH2CH3)3. 9. The rubber formulation as specified in claim 1 wherein reinforcing silica is present at a level which is within the range of 50 phr to 120 phr. 10. The rubber formulation as specified in claim 9 wherein the silylated triglyceride oil is present at a level which is within the range of 3 phr to 30 phr. 11. The rubber formulation as specified in claim 10 wherein the rubber formulation is further comprised of carbon black and wherein the carbon black is present at a level of at least 0.5 phr. 12. The rubber formulation as specified in claim 11 wherein the rubber formulation is further comprised of a silica coupling agent. 13. The rubber formulation as specified in claim 1 wherein the triglyceride oil is a vegetable oil. 14. The rubber formulation as specified in claim 1 wherein the triglyceride oil selected from the group consisting of soybean oil, sunflower oil, canola (rapeseed) oil, corn oil, coconut oil, cottonseed oil, olive oil, palm oil, peanut oil, and safflower oil. 15. The rubber formulation as specified in claim 1 wherein the triglyceride oil is soybean oil. 16. The rubber formulation as specified in claim 1 wherein the triglyceride oil is corn oil. 17. The rubber formulation as specified in claim 1 which is further comprised of a non-reinforcing selected from the group consisting of clay, talc, calcium carbonate, and diatomaceous earth. 18. The rubber formulation as specified in claim 1 wherein the silylated triglyceride oil is at least 30% silylated. 19. An oil extended rubber which is comprised of (1) a rubbery polymer, and (2) a silylated triglyceride oil. 20. A tire which is comprised of a generally toroidal-shaped carcass with an outer circumferential tread, two spaced beads, at least one ply extending from bead to bead and sidewalls extending radially from and connecting said tread to said beads, wherein said tread is adapted to be ground-contacting, and wherein said tread and/or the sidewalls are comprised of the rubber formulation as specified in claim 1. | It has been unexpected found that silylated triglyceride oils can be incorporated into tire tread rubber formulations that include reinforcing fillers to provide improved wet traction characteristic, rolling resistance, and tread-wear without compromising cured stiffness (dry traction) and ultimate properties (chip/chunk resistance). The level of silica coupling agent needed in such formulation can also typically reduced. The present invention more specifically discloses a rubber formulation which is comprised of (1) a rubbery polymer; (2) a reinforcing filler, such as silica or carbon black; and (3) a silylated triglyceride oil. The silylated triglyceride oil will include silyl groups of the structural formula: —(CH2)n—Si(OR)3, wherein n represents an integer within the range of 1 to 8, and wherein R represents an alkyl group containing from 1 to 8 carbon atoms.1. A rubber formulation which is comprised of (1) a rubbery polymer, (2) a reinforcing silica, and (3) a silylated triglyceride oil. 2. The rubber formulation as specified in claim 1 wherein reinforcing silica is present at a level which is within the range of 5 phr to 160 phr. 3. The rubber formulation as specified in claim 2 wherein the silylated triglyceride oil is present at a level which is within the range of 1 phr to 40 phr. 4. The rubber formulation as specified in claim 3 wherein the rubber formulation is further comprised of carbon black. 5. The rubber formulation as specified in claim 4 wherein the rubber formulation is further comprised of a silica coupling agent. 6. The rubber formulation as specified in claim 1 wherein the silylated triglyceride oil includes silyl groups of the structural formula: —(CH2)n—Si(OR)3, wherein n represents an integer within the range of 1 to 8, and wherein R represents an alkyl group containing from 1 to 8 carbon atoms. 7. The rubber formulation as specified in claim 6 wherein n represents an integer within the range of 3 to 5, wherein R represents an alkyl group containing from 2 to 4 carbon atoms. 8. The rubber formulation as specified in claim 1 wherein the silylated triglyceride oil includes silyl groups of the structural formula: —(CH2)3—Si(O—CH2CH3)3. 9. The rubber formulation as specified in claim 1 wherein reinforcing silica is present at a level which is within the range of 50 phr to 120 phr. 10. The rubber formulation as specified in claim 9 wherein the silylated triglyceride oil is present at a level which is within the range of 3 phr to 30 phr. 11. The rubber formulation as specified in claim 10 wherein the rubber formulation is further comprised of carbon black and wherein the carbon black is present at a level of at least 0.5 phr. 12. The rubber formulation as specified in claim 11 wherein the rubber formulation is further comprised of a silica coupling agent. 13. The rubber formulation as specified in claim 1 wherein the triglyceride oil is a vegetable oil. 14. The rubber formulation as specified in claim 1 wherein the triglyceride oil selected from the group consisting of soybean oil, sunflower oil, canola (rapeseed) oil, corn oil, coconut oil, cottonseed oil, olive oil, palm oil, peanut oil, and safflower oil. 15. The rubber formulation as specified in claim 1 wherein the triglyceride oil is soybean oil. 16. The rubber formulation as specified in claim 1 wherein the triglyceride oil is corn oil. 17. The rubber formulation as specified in claim 1 which is further comprised of a non-reinforcing selected from the group consisting of clay, talc, calcium carbonate, and diatomaceous earth. 18. The rubber formulation as specified in claim 1 wherein the silylated triglyceride oil is at least 30% silylated. 19. An oil extended rubber which is comprised of (1) a rubbery polymer, and (2) a silylated triglyceride oil. 20. A tire which is comprised of a generally toroidal-shaped carcass with an outer circumferential tread, two spaced beads, at least one ply extending from bead to bead and sidewalls extending radially from and connecting said tread to said beads, wherein said tread is adapted to be ground-contacting, and wherein said tread and/or the sidewalls are comprised of the rubber formulation as specified in claim 1. | 2,800 |
348,714 | 16,806,199 | 2,844 | Systems and methods are provided for monitoring wafer bonding and for detecting or determining defects in a wafer bond formed between two semiconductor wafers. A wafer bonding system includes a camera configured to monitor bonding between two semiconductor wafers. Wafer bonding defect detection circuitry receives video data from the camera, and detects a bonding defect based on the received video data. | 1. A wafer bonding system, comprising:
a camera configured to monitor bonding between two semiconductor wafers; and wafer bonding defect detection circuitry, which in use:
receives video data from the camera; and
detects a bonding defect, during the bonding between the two semiconductor wafers, based on the received video data. 2. The system of claim 1 wherein the wafer bonding defect detection circuitry, in use:
detects the bonding defect by implementing a video pattern recognition process. 3. The system of claim 1, further comprising:
a wafer bonding video database storing past video data associated with a plurality of bonding defects, wherein the wafer bonding defect detection circuitry, in use, detects the bonding defect based, at least in part, on the past video stored in the wafer bonding video database. 4. The system of claim 1 wherein the wafer bonding defect detection circuitry, in use, determines an action to be taken in response to detecting the bonding defect, the action to be taken including at least one of: stopping a current bonding process, performing a rework process on wafers undergoing bonding, adjusting a parameter of the current bonding process, or adjusting a parameter of a pre-bonding process. 5. The system of claim 1, further comprising a light source configured to emit infrared (IR) light toward a bonding interface of the two semiconductor wafers. 6. The system of claim 5 wherein the light source and the camera are disposed on a same side of the two semiconductor wafers, and the camera is configured to receive light that is reflected by at least one of the two semiconductor wafers. 7. The system of claim 5 wherein the two semiconductor wafers are disposed between the camera and the light source, and the camera is configured to receive light that is transmitted through the two semiconductor wafers. 8. A method, comprising:
bonding a first semiconductor wafer to a second semiconductor wafer; acquiring, by a video camera, video data of the bonding between the first and second semiconductor wafers; and determining, by wafer bonding defect detection circuitry, the presence of a bonding defect during the bonding based on the acquired video data. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the determining the presence of a bonding defect includes:
accessing past video data stored in a wafer bonding video database, the past video data associated with a plurality of bonding defects; and
comparing the acquired video data with past video data. 10. The method of claim 8 wherein the determining the presence of a bonding defect includes determining at least one of: a defect due to presence of particles on at least one of the first or second semiconductor wafers; a defect due to a non-uniform bonding wave propagation speed; a defect due to a void in the bonding between the first and second semiconductor wafers; or a defect due to a defective pre-treatment or pre-clean process performed prior to the bonding the first semiconductor wafer to the second semiconductor wafer. 11. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
controlling a bonding pressure applied to bond the first semiconductor wafer to the second semiconductor wafer in response to the determining the presence of a bonding defect. 12. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
controlling a pressure within a bonding chamber in which the bonding the first semiconductor wafer to the second semiconductor wafer is performed, in response to the determining the presence of a bonding defect. 13. The method of claim 8 wherein the bonding the first semiconductor wafer to the second semiconductor wafer includes at least one of: bonding two unpatterned semiconductor wafers to one another, bonding two patterned semiconductor wafers to one another, or bonding an unpatterned semiconductor wafer to a patterned semiconductor wafer. 14. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
stopping the bonding the first semiconductor wafer to the second semiconductor wafer in response to the determining the presence of a bonding defect. 15. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
irradiating at least one of the first semiconductor wafer the second semiconductor wafer with infrared (IR) light during the bonding the first semiconductor wafer to the second semiconductor wafer. 16. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
adjusting at least one operational parameter of a pre-bonding process tool in response to the determining the presence of a bonding defect. 17. A wafer bonding monitoring system, comprising:
a wafer bonding apparatus, including:
a wafer bonding chamber;
a camera configured to acquire video information during bonding between two semiconductor wafers in the wafer bonding chamber; and
a light source configured to emit light toward the two semiconductor wafers during the bonding;
a wafer bonding video database configured to store past video data associated with a plurality of bonding defects; and bonding defect detection circuitry configured to:
receive the video information from the camera; and
detect a bonding defect based on the received video data and the past video data stored in the wafer bonding video database. 18. The system of claim 17 wherein the bonding defect detection circuitry is further configured to stop the bonding between the two semiconductor wafers in response to detecting the bonding defect. 19. The system of claim 17 wherein the bonding defect detection circuitry is further configured to adjust a pressure in the wafer bonding chamber in response to detecting the bonding defect. 20. The system of claim 17 wherein the bonding defect detection circuitry is further configured to adjust a bonding pressure applied to bond the two semiconductor wafers to one another in response to detecting the bonding defect. | Systems and methods are provided for monitoring wafer bonding and for detecting or determining defects in a wafer bond formed between two semiconductor wafers. A wafer bonding system includes a camera configured to monitor bonding between two semiconductor wafers. Wafer bonding defect detection circuitry receives video data from the camera, and detects a bonding defect based on the received video data.1. A wafer bonding system, comprising:
a camera configured to monitor bonding between two semiconductor wafers; and wafer bonding defect detection circuitry, which in use:
receives video data from the camera; and
detects a bonding defect, during the bonding between the two semiconductor wafers, based on the received video data. 2. The system of claim 1 wherein the wafer bonding defect detection circuitry, in use:
detects the bonding defect by implementing a video pattern recognition process. 3. The system of claim 1, further comprising:
a wafer bonding video database storing past video data associated with a plurality of bonding defects, wherein the wafer bonding defect detection circuitry, in use, detects the bonding defect based, at least in part, on the past video stored in the wafer bonding video database. 4. The system of claim 1 wherein the wafer bonding defect detection circuitry, in use, determines an action to be taken in response to detecting the bonding defect, the action to be taken including at least one of: stopping a current bonding process, performing a rework process on wafers undergoing bonding, adjusting a parameter of the current bonding process, or adjusting a parameter of a pre-bonding process. 5. The system of claim 1, further comprising a light source configured to emit infrared (IR) light toward a bonding interface of the two semiconductor wafers. 6. The system of claim 5 wherein the light source and the camera are disposed on a same side of the two semiconductor wafers, and the camera is configured to receive light that is reflected by at least one of the two semiconductor wafers. 7. The system of claim 5 wherein the two semiconductor wafers are disposed between the camera and the light source, and the camera is configured to receive light that is transmitted through the two semiconductor wafers. 8. A method, comprising:
bonding a first semiconductor wafer to a second semiconductor wafer; acquiring, by a video camera, video data of the bonding between the first and second semiconductor wafers; and determining, by wafer bonding defect detection circuitry, the presence of a bonding defect during the bonding based on the acquired video data. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the determining the presence of a bonding defect includes:
accessing past video data stored in a wafer bonding video database, the past video data associated with a plurality of bonding defects; and
comparing the acquired video data with past video data. 10. The method of claim 8 wherein the determining the presence of a bonding defect includes determining at least one of: a defect due to presence of particles on at least one of the first or second semiconductor wafers; a defect due to a non-uniform bonding wave propagation speed; a defect due to a void in the bonding between the first and second semiconductor wafers; or a defect due to a defective pre-treatment or pre-clean process performed prior to the bonding the first semiconductor wafer to the second semiconductor wafer. 11. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
controlling a bonding pressure applied to bond the first semiconductor wafer to the second semiconductor wafer in response to the determining the presence of a bonding defect. 12. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
controlling a pressure within a bonding chamber in which the bonding the first semiconductor wafer to the second semiconductor wafer is performed, in response to the determining the presence of a bonding defect. 13. The method of claim 8 wherein the bonding the first semiconductor wafer to the second semiconductor wafer includes at least one of: bonding two unpatterned semiconductor wafers to one another, bonding two patterned semiconductor wafers to one another, or bonding an unpatterned semiconductor wafer to a patterned semiconductor wafer. 14. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
stopping the bonding the first semiconductor wafer to the second semiconductor wafer in response to the determining the presence of a bonding defect. 15. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
irradiating at least one of the first semiconductor wafer the second semiconductor wafer with infrared (IR) light during the bonding the first semiconductor wafer to the second semiconductor wafer. 16. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
adjusting at least one operational parameter of a pre-bonding process tool in response to the determining the presence of a bonding defect. 17. A wafer bonding monitoring system, comprising:
a wafer bonding apparatus, including:
a wafer bonding chamber;
a camera configured to acquire video information during bonding between two semiconductor wafers in the wafer bonding chamber; and
a light source configured to emit light toward the two semiconductor wafers during the bonding;
a wafer bonding video database configured to store past video data associated with a plurality of bonding defects; and bonding defect detection circuitry configured to:
receive the video information from the camera; and
detect a bonding defect based on the received video data and the past video data stored in the wafer bonding video database. 18. The system of claim 17 wherein the bonding defect detection circuitry is further configured to stop the bonding between the two semiconductor wafers in response to detecting the bonding defect. 19. The system of claim 17 wherein the bonding defect detection circuitry is further configured to adjust a pressure in the wafer bonding chamber in response to detecting the bonding defect. 20. The system of claim 17 wherein the bonding defect detection circuitry is further configured to adjust a bonding pressure applied to bond the two semiconductor wafers to one another in response to detecting the bonding defect. | 2,800 |
348,715 | 16,806,236 | 2,844 | A power semiconductor module has a base plate with a heat sink affixed thereto, a housing affixed to the base plate, a DC busbar affixed to the base plate and to the housing, an AC busbar affixed to the base plate and to the housing on a side of the housing opposite the DC busbar, and control electronics positioned in an interior of the housing and connected to the DC busbar and to the AC busbar. The heat sink has a plurality of pins affixed to one side of the base plate and extending outwardly therefrom. Each of the plurality of pins is of a forged or impact extruded pure aluminum material. | 1. A power semiconductor module comprising:
a base plate having a heat sink affixed thereto, said heat sink having a plurality of pins affixed to one side of said base plate and extending therefrom, each of said plurality of pins being forged or impact extruded pins, each of said plurality of pins having an elongated cross-section of uniform thickness; a housing affixed to said base plate; a DC busbar affixed to said base plate and to said housing; an AC busbar affixed to said base plate and to said housing on a side of said housing opposite said DC busbar; and control electronics positioned in an interior of said housing and connected to said DC busbar and to said AC busbar. 2. The power semiconductor module of claim 1, said heat sink comprising:
a plurality of heat sink arrays being molten salt dipped brazed to said base plate. 3. The power semiconductor module of claim 2, said base plate having a plurality of pin members extending outwardly of a surface thereof, said plurality of heat sink arrays being secured to the plurality of pin members. 4. The power semiconductor module of claim 1, each of said plurality of pins being entirely of pure aluminum. 5. The power semiconductor module of claim 1, each of said plurality of pins having a first side, a second side, a first rounded end extending between the first and second sides, and a second rounded end opposite the first rounded end and extending between the first and second sides. 6. The power semiconductor module of claim 5, wherein a space between pins of said plurality of pins is less than a width dimension of each of said plurality of pins as measured between the first and second sides thereof. 7. The power semiconductor module of claim 1, wherein the plurality ofpins are in uniformly spaced relationship to each other along a common row. 8. The power semiconductor module of claim 1, said AC busbar having a heat sink mounting thereon, said heat sink mounting being affixed to said heat sink. 9. The power semiconductor module of claim 1, further comprising:
a sealant material applied to seams between said base plate and said housing and seams between said DC busbar and said housing and said base plate, said sealant material being applied to seams between said AC busbar and said housing and said base plate, said sealant material being applied such that said control electronics are in an air-tight environment within said housing. 10. The power semiconductor module of claim 1, wherein said plurality of pins have flow passages therebetween, each of the flow passages having a width of between 0.03 and 0.125 inches. 11. A heat sink for a power semiconductor module, the heat sink comprising:
a base plate; and a plurality of pins affixed to said base plate and extending outwardly therefrom, each of said plurality of pins being of an entirely pure aluminum material and being forged or impact extruded, each of said plurality of pins having an elongated cross-section. 12. The heat sink of claim 11, said heat sink comprising:
a plurality of heat sink arrays that are molten salt dipped brazed to said base plate. 13. The heat sink of claim 11, said base plate having a plurality of pin members extending outwardly of a surface thereof, said plurality of heat sink arrays being secured to the plurality of pin members. 14. The heat sink of claim 11, each of said plurality of pins having a cross-section with a first side, a second side, a first rounded end extending between the first side and the second side, and a second rounded end opposite the first rounded end and extending between the first and second sides. 15. The heat sink of claim 14, wherein a space between pins of said plurality of pins is less than a width dimension of the each of the plurality of pins as measured between the first and second sides. 16. The heat sink of claim 11, wherein the plurality of pins are in uniformly spaced relationship to each other along a common row. 17. A method of forming a heat sink for a power semiconductor module, the method comprising:
forming an aluminum plate having a desired thickness; forging or impact extruding a plurality of pin arrays in which each of the plurality of pin arrays has a plurality of pins; and affixing the plurality of pin arrays to the aluminum plate such that the plurality of pins extend outwardly of a side of the aluminum plate. 18. The method of claim 17, the step of affixing comprising:
molten salt brazing the plurality of pin arrays to the aluminum plate. 19. The method of claim 17, the aluminum plate having pin members extending outwardly therefrom, the plurality of pin arrays having a plurality of slots formed therein, the step of affixing comprising:
placing the plurality of slots of the plurality of pin arrays to the plurality of pin members of the aluminum plate. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the plurality of pin arrays are entirely of a pure aluminum material. | A power semiconductor module has a base plate with a heat sink affixed thereto, a housing affixed to the base plate, a DC busbar affixed to the base plate and to the housing, an AC busbar affixed to the base plate and to the housing on a side of the housing opposite the DC busbar, and control electronics positioned in an interior of the housing and connected to the DC busbar and to the AC busbar. The heat sink has a plurality of pins affixed to one side of the base plate and extending outwardly therefrom. Each of the plurality of pins is of a forged or impact extruded pure aluminum material.1. A power semiconductor module comprising:
a base plate having a heat sink affixed thereto, said heat sink having a plurality of pins affixed to one side of said base plate and extending therefrom, each of said plurality of pins being forged or impact extruded pins, each of said plurality of pins having an elongated cross-section of uniform thickness; a housing affixed to said base plate; a DC busbar affixed to said base plate and to said housing; an AC busbar affixed to said base plate and to said housing on a side of said housing opposite said DC busbar; and control electronics positioned in an interior of said housing and connected to said DC busbar and to said AC busbar. 2. The power semiconductor module of claim 1, said heat sink comprising:
a plurality of heat sink arrays being molten salt dipped brazed to said base plate. 3. The power semiconductor module of claim 2, said base plate having a plurality of pin members extending outwardly of a surface thereof, said plurality of heat sink arrays being secured to the plurality of pin members. 4. The power semiconductor module of claim 1, each of said plurality of pins being entirely of pure aluminum. 5. The power semiconductor module of claim 1, each of said plurality of pins having a first side, a second side, a first rounded end extending between the first and second sides, and a second rounded end opposite the first rounded end and extending between the first and second sides. 6. The power semiconductor module of claim 5, wherein a space between pins of said plurality of pins is less than a width dimension of each of said plurality of pins as measured between the first and second sides thereof. 7. The power semiconductor module of claim 1, wherein the plurality ofpins are in uniformly spaced relationship to each other along a common row. 8. The power semiconductor module of claim 1, said AC busbar having a heat sink mounting thereon, said heat sink mounting being affixed to said heat sink. 9. The power semiconductor module of claim 1, further comprising:
a sealant material applied to seams between said base plate and said housing and seams between said DC busbar and said housing and said base plate, said sealant material being applied to seams between said AC busbar and said housing and said base plate, said sealant material being applied such that said control electronics are in an air-tight environment within said housing. 10. The power semiconductor module of claim 1, wherein said plurality of pins have flow passages therebetween, each of the flow passages having a width of between 0.03 and 0.125 inches. 11. A heat sink for a power semiconductor module, the heat sink comprising:
a base plate; and a plurality of pins affixed to said base plate and extending outwardly therefrom, each of said plurality of pins being of an entirely pure aluminum material and being forged or impact extruded, each of said plurality of pins having an elongated cross-section. 12. The heat sink of claim 11, said heat sink comprising:
a plurality of heat sink arrays that are molten salt dipped brazed to said base plate. 13. The heat sink of claim 11, said base plate having a plurality of pin members extending outwardly of a surface thereof, said plurality of heat sink arrays being secured to the plurality of pin members. 14. The heat sink of claim 11, each of said plurality of pins having a cross-section with a first side, a second side, a first rounded end extending between the first side and the second side, and a second rounded end opposite the first rounded end and extending between the first and second sides. 15. The heat sink of claim 14, wherein a space between pins of said plurality of pins is less than a width dimension of the each of the plurality of pins as measured between the first and second sides. 16. The heat sink of claim 11, wherein the plurality of pins are in uniformly spaced relationship to each other along a common row. 17. A method of forming a heat sink for a power semiconductor module, the method comprising:
forming an aluminum plate having a desired thickness; forging or impact extruding a plurality of pin arrays in which each of the plurality of pin arrays has a plurality of pins; and affixing the plurality of pin arrays to the aluminum plate such that the plurality of pins extend outwardly of a side of the aluminum plate. 18. The method of claim 17, the step of affixing comprising:
molten salt brazing the plurality of pin arrays to the aluminum plate. 19. The method of claim 17, the aluminum plate having pin members extending outwardly therefrom, the plurality of pin arrays having a plurality of slots formed therein, the step of affixing comprising:
placing the plurality of slots of the plurality of pin arrays to the plurality of pin members of the aluminum plate. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the plurality of pin arrays are entirely of a pure aluminum material. | 2,800 |
348,716 | 16,806,196 | 2,844 | The current disclosure describes techniques for managing planarization of features formed on a semiconductor wafer. The disclosed techniques achieve relative planarization of micro bump structures formed on a wafer surface by adjusting the pattern density of the micro bumps formed within various regions on the wafer surface. The surface area size of a micro bump formed within a given wafer surface region may be enlarged or reduced to change the pattern density. A dummy micro bump may be inserted into a given wafer surface region to increase the pattern density. | 1. A method, comprising:
receiving a first layout data of a plurality of features formed on a surface of a wafer, the surface including a plurality of grid regions under a first partition level; determining an initial pattern density value for each of the plurality of grid regions under the first partition level; obtaining a planned pattern density value of a first grid region of the plurality of grid regions by adjusting an initial pattern density value of the first grid region based on an initial pattern density value of a second grid region of the plurality of grid regions under the first partition level; determining a second layout data of the first grid region based on the planned pattern density value; and forming the plurality of features on the surface of the wafer based at least in part on the second layout data of the first grid region. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the initial pattern density value is determined based on the first layout data. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the initial pattern density value is determined based on the first layout data with respect to the first grid region and a peripheral area adjacent to the first grid region. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the initial pattern density value is determined based on a pattern density value of a third grid region under a second partition level, and the third grid region overlaps with the first grid region. 5. The method of claim 4, the third grid region contains the first grid region. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the third grid region is contained in the first grid region. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining the second layout data of the first grid region based on the planned pattern density value includes determining a surface area of a feature in the first grid region. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the obtaining the planned pattern density value of the first grid region of the plurality of grid regions further includes adding a feature into the first grid region. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the obtaining the planned pattern density value of the first grid region of the plurality of grid regions further includes removing a feature from the first grid region. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the adjusting the initial pattern density value of the first grid region based on the initial pattern density value of the second grid region includes a Gaussian smoothing calculation. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the Gaussian smoothing calculation uses a gradient aware correction kernel. 12. A system, comprising:
a wafer processing tool configured to form a plurality of connection features on a wafer surface; a database configured to store a design data of the plurality of connection features; and a processor-based controller operable to control the wafer processing tool to form the plurality of connection features on the wafer surface, including actions of:
partitioning the wafer surface into a first plurality of grid regions under a first partition level;
determining a first pattern density value for a first grid region of the first plurality of grid regions;
adjusting the first pattern density value of the first grid region based on a second pattern density value of a second grid region of the first plurality of grid regions;
determining a layout data of the first grid region based on the adjusted first pattern density value of the first grid region; and
controlling the wafer processing tool to form the plurality of connection features on the surface of the wafer based at least in part on the layout data of the first grid region. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the actions also include:
partitioning the wafer surface into a second plurality of grid regions under a second partition level; determining a third pattern density value for a third grid region of the second plurality of grid regions; and adjusting the third pattern density value of the third grid region based on a fourth pattern density value of a fourth grid region of the second plurality of grid regions. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the third grid region contains the first grid region, and the third pattern density value of the third grid region is determined based on the adjusted first pattern density value. 15. The system of claim 13, wherein the third grid region contains the first grid region, and further comprising adjusting the first pattern density value of the first grid region based on the adjusted third pattern density value of the third grid region. 16. A method, comprising:
receiving a first layout data of a plurality of discrete conductive structures formed on a surface of a first substrate, the plurality of discrete conductive structures including a first discrete conductive structure formed in a first grid region on the surface; determining a pattern density value of the first grid region; determining a height value of the first discrete conductive structure; adjusting the pattern density value of the first grid region based on the height value of the first discrete conductive structure; determining a layout of the first grid region based on the adjusted pattern density value; and forming the plurality of discrete conductive structures on the surface based at least in part on the layout of the first grid region. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the height value of the first discrete conductive structure is a relative height value with respect to another one of the plurality of discrete conductive structures. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the height value is determined based on a surface layout of a second substrate configured to couple to the first substrate through the surface of the first substrate. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the pattern density value of the first grid region is determined based on the first layout data. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the pattern density value is determined based on the first layout data with respect to the first grid region and a peripheral area adjacent to the first grid region. | The current disclosure describes techniques for managing planarization of features formed on a semiconductor wafer. The disclosed techniques achieve relative planarization of micro bump structures formed on a wafer surface by adjusting the pattern density of the micro bumps formed within various regions on the wafer surface. The surface area size of a micro bump formed within a given wafer surface region may be enlarged or reduced to change the pattern density. A dummy micro bump may be inserted into a given wafer surface region to increase the pattern density.1. A method, comprising:
receiving a first layout data of a plurality of features formed on a surface of a wafer, the surface including a plurality of grid regions under a first partition level; determining an initial pattern density value for each of the plurality of grid regions under the first partition level; obtaining a planned pattern density value of a first grid region of the plurality of grid regions by adjusting an initial pattern density value of the first grid region based on an initial pattern density value of a second grid region of the plurality of grid regions under the first partition level; determining a second layout data of the first grid region based on the planned pattern density value; and forming the plurality of features on the surface of the wafer based at least in part on the second layout data of the first grid region. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the initial pattern density value is determined based on the first layout data. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the initial pattern density value is determined based on the first layout data with respect to the first grid region and a peripheral area adjacent to the first grid region. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the initial pattern density value is determined based on a pattern density value of a third grid region under a second partition level, and the third grid region overlaps with the first grid region. 5. The method of claim 4, the third grid region contains the first grid region. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the third grid region is contained in the first grid region. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining the second layout data of the first grid region based on the planned pattern density value includes determining a surface area of a feature in the first grid region. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the obtaining the planned pattern density value of the first grid region of the plurality of grid regions further includes adding a feature into the first grid region. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the obtaining the planned pattern density value of the first grid region of the plurality of grid regions further includes removing a feature from the first grid region. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the adjusting the initial pattern density value of the first grid region based on the initial pattern density value of the second grid region includes a Gaussian smoothing calculation. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the Gaussian smoothing calculation uses a gradient aware correction kernel. 12. A system, comprising:
a wafer processing tool configured to form a plurality of connection features on a wafer surface; a database configured to store a design data of the plurality of connection features; and a processor-based controller operable to control the wafer processing tool to form the plurality of connection features on the wafer surface, including actions of:
partitioning the wafer surface into a first plurality of grid regions under a first partition level;
determining a first pattern density value for a first grid region of the first plurality of grid regions;
adjusting the first pattern density value of the first grid region based on a second pattern density value of a second grid region of the first plurality of grid regions;
determining a layout data of the first grid region based on the adjusted first pattern density value of the first grid region; and
controlling the wafer processing tool to form the plurality of connection features on the surface of the wafer based at least in part on the layout data of the first grid region. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the actions also include:
partitioning the wafer surface into a second plurality of grid regions under a second partition level; determining a third pattern density value for a third grid region of the second plurality of grid regions; and adjusting the third pattern density value of the third grid region based on a fourth pattern density value of a fourth grid region of the second plurality of grid regions. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the third grid region contains the first grid region, and the third pattern density value of the third grid region is determined based on the adjusted first pattern density value. 15. The system of claim 13, wherein the third grid region contains the first grid region, and further comprising adjusting the first pattern density value of the first grid region based on the adjusted third pattern density value of the third grid region. 16. A method, comprising:
receiving a first layout data of a plurality of discrete conductive structures formed on a surface of a first substrate, the plurality of discrete conductive structures including a first discrete conductive structure formed in a first grid region on the surface; determining a pattern density value of the first grid region; determining a height value of the first discrete conductive structure; adjusting the pattern density value of the first grid region based on the height value of the first discrete conductive structure; determining a layout of the first grid region based on the adjusted pattern density value; and forming the plurality of discrete conductive structures on the surface based at least in part on the layout of the first grid region. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the height value of the first discrete conductive structure is a relative height value with respect to another one of the plurality of discrete conductive structures. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the height value is determined based on a surface layout of a second substrate configured to couple to the first substrate through the surface of the first substrate. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the pattern density value of the first grid region is determined based on the first layout data. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the pattern density value is determined based on the first layout data with respect to the first grid region and a peripheral area adjacent to the first grid region. | 2,800 |
348,717 | 16,806,211 | 2,822 | In a manufacturing process of a transistor including an oxide semiconductor film, oxygen doping treatment is performed on the oxide semiconductor film, and then heat treatment is performed on the oxide semiconductor film and an aluminum oxide film provided over the oxide semiconductor film. Consequently, an oxide semiconductor film which includes a region containing more oxygen than a stoichiometric composition is formed. The transistor formed using the oxide semiconductor film can have high reliability because the amount of change in the threshold voltage of the transistor by a bias-temperature stress test (BT test) is reduced. | 1. (canceled) 2. A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, the method comprising the steps of:
forming a first insulating film; forming an oxide semiconductor film on and in contact with the first insulating film; performing a first heat treatment after forming an oxide semiconductor film; forming a second insulating film over the oxide semiconductor film after performing the first heat treatment; performing an oxygen ion implantation treatment after forming the second insulating film so that a region where amount of oxygen exceeds that in a stoichiometric composition is formed in a stack comprising the first insulating film, the oxide semiconductor film and the second insulating film; and performing a second heat treatment after performing oxygen ion implantation treatment so that oxygen is supplied to the oxide semiconductor film, wherein the second insulating film has a barrier property with respect to each of hydrogen, moisture and oxygen. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the first heat treatment is performed at a temperature higher than or equal to 250° C. and lower than or equal to 700° C. 4. The method according to claim 2, wherein the first heat treatment is performed in a first atmosphere comprising an inert gas and then performed in a second atmosphere comprising oxygen. 5. The method according to claim 2, wherein the second heat treatment is performed at a temperature higher than or equal to 350° C. and lower than or equal to 650° C. 6. The method according to claim 2, wherein the second heat treatment is performed in a third atmosphere comprising at least one of nitrogen, oxygen, and a rare gas, and wherein an impurity concentration in the third atmosphere is lower than or equal to 1 ppm. 7. The method according to claim 2, wherein a concentration of oxygen in the region is increased by the oxygen ion implantation treatment by 1018 cm−3 or more and 3×1021 cm−3 or less. 8. The method according to claim 2, wherein a concentration of hydrogen in the oxide semiconductor film is reduced by the first heat treatment. 9. The method according to claim 2, wherein in the oxide semiconductor film after the oxygen ion implantation treatment a concentration of oxygen is higher than a concentration of hydrogen. 10. The method according to claim 2, wherein a crystallinity of the oxide semiconductor film is increased by the second heat treatment. 11. The method according to claim 2, further comprising the step of forming an oxide insulating film over the oxide semiconductor film and before forming the second insulating film. 12. The method according to claim 2, comprising the step of:
forming a gate electrode, wherein the first insulating film is formed over the gate electrode. 13. The method according to claim 2, comprising the steps of:
forming a gate electrode over the second insulating film; and forming a third insulating film over the gate electrode. 14. The method according to claim 2, wherein the first insulating film and the oxide semiconductor film are successively formed without exposure to air. 15. The method according to claim 2, wherein the oxide semiconductor film comprises indium, gallium, and zinc. 16. The method according to claim 2, comprising the step of forming a source electrode and a drain electrode over the oxide semiconductor film after performing the first heat treatment, wherein the second insulating film is formed over the source electrode and the drain electrode. | In a manufacturing process of a transistor including an oxide semiconductor film, oxygen doping treatment is performed on the oxide semiconductor film, and then heat treatment is performed on the oxide semiconductor film and an aluminum oxide film provided over the oxide semiconductor film. Consequently, an oxide semiconductor film which includes a region containing more oxygen than a stoichiometric composition is formed. The transistor formed using the oxide semiconductor film can have high reliability because the amount of change in the threshold voltage of the transistor by a bias-temperature stress test (BT test) is reduced.1. (canceled) 2. A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, the method comprising the steps of:
forming a first insulating film; forming an oxide semiconductor film on and in contact with the first insulating film; performing a first heat treatment after forming an oxide semiconductor film; forming a second insulating film over the oxide semiconductor film after performing the first heat treatment; performing an oxygen ion implantation treatment after forming the second insulating film so that a region where amount of oxygen exceeds that in a stoichiometric composition is formed in a stack comprising the first insulating film, the oxide semiconductor film and the second insulating film; and performing a second heat treatment after performing oxygen ion implantation treatment so that oxygen is supplied to the oxide semiconductor film, wherein the second insulating film has a barrier property with respect to each of hydrogen, moisture and oxygen. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the first heat treatment is performed at a temperature higher than or equal to 250° C. and lower than or equal to 700° C. 4. The method according to claim 2, wherein the first heat treatment is performed in a first atmosphere comprising an inert gas and then performed in a second atmosphere comprising oxygen. 5. The method according to claim 2, wherein the second heat treatment is performed at a temperature higher than or equal to 350° C. and lower than or equal to 650° C. 6. The method according to claim 2, wherein the second heat treatment is performed in a third atmosphere comprising at least one of nitrogen, oxygen, and a rare gas, and wherein an impurity concentration in the third atmosphere is lower than or equal to 1 ppm. 7. The method according to claim 2, wherein a concentration of oxygen in the region is increased by the oxygen ion implantation treatment by 1018 cm−3 or more and 3×1021 cm−3 or less. 8. The method according to claim 2, wherein a concentration of hydrogen in the oxide semiconductor film is reduced by the first heat treatment. 9. The method according to claim 2, wherein in the oxide semiconductor film after the oxygen ion implantation treatment a concentration of oxygen is higher than a concentration of hydrogen. 10. The method according to claim 2, wherein a crystallinity of the oxide semiconductor film is increased by the second heat treatment. 11. The method according to claim 2, further comprising the step of forming an oxide insulating film over the oxide semiconductor film and before forming the second insulating film. 12. The method according to claim 2, comprising the step of:
forming a gate electrode, wherein the first insulating film is formed over the gate electrode. 13. The method according to claim 2, comprising the steps of:
forming a gate electrode over the second insulating film; and forming a third insulating film over the gate electrode. 14. The method according to claim 2, wherein the first insulating film and the oxide semiconductor film are successively formed without exposure to air. 15. The method according to claim 2, wherein the oxide semiconductor film comprises indium, gallium, and zinc. 16. The method according to claim 2, comprising the step of forming a source electrode and a drain electrode over the oxide semiconductor film after performing the first heat treatment, wherein the second insulating film is formed over the source electrode and the drain electrode. | 2,800 |
348,718 | 16,806,227 | 2,822 | An apparatus includes a database with device profiles, and a device programmer. The device programmer includes instructions. The instructions, when read and executed by a processor, cause the device programmer to identify a device identifier of an electronic device. The device programmer is further caused to, based upon the device identifier, access device data from the database. The device programmer is further caused to, based upon the device data, determine an area of memory of the electronic device that can be written. The device programmer is further caused to, based on the determination of the area of memory of the electronic device that can be written, write data to the area of memory. | 1. An apparatus, comprising:
a database including a plurality of device profiles; and, a device programmer including instructions, the instructions, when read and executed by a processor, cause the device programmer to:
identify a first device identifier of a first electronic device;
based upon the first device identifier, access first device data from the database;
based upon the first device data, determine a first area of memory of the first electronic device that can be written; and
based on the determination of the first area of memory of the first electronic device that can be written, write data to the first area of memory of the first electronic device. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first device data includes a first memory map of the first device, the first memory map configured to define the first area of memory of the first electronic device as programmable. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the first memory map is further configured to define a second area of memory of the first electronic device that is not programmable. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the first memory map is further configured to define the second area of memory of the first electronic device as unseen from usage of the first electronic device. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the device programmer is further configured to, upon writing data to the first area of memory of the first electronic device, replace the first device identifier with a second device identifier on the first electronic device. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the second device identifier is configured to define a third area of memory that can be written. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the second device identifier is configured to prevent one or more other apparatuses from writing data to the first area of memory of the first electronic device. 8. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the second device identifier is associated with a second memory map of the first electronic device, the second memory map configured to define the third area of memory of the first electronic device as programmable. 9. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the second device identifier is configured to define that the first area of memory is unprogrammable. 10. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the device programmer is further configured to:
identify a third device identifier of a second electronic device; and based upon the third device identifier, determine that a different device programmer is configured to write data to the second electronic device instead of the device programmer. 11. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein:
the first device identifier is configured to allow access through a first memory map to debug features of the first electronic device; and the second device identifier is configured to deny access through a second memory map to debug features of the first electronic device. 12. An apparatus, comprising:
a memory; and a first device identifier configured to:
denote a phase of production for the apparatus; and
allow access to a first area of the memory that can be written. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the first device identifier is configured to prevent programming of a second area of the memory. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the second area of the memory is not mapped for use of the apparatus. 15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first device identifier is configured to be replaced by a second device identifier. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the second device identifier is configured to define a third area of memory that can be written. 17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the second device identifier is further configured to prevent writes of data to the first area of the memory. 18. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the second device identifier is further configured to define that the first area of memory is unprogrammable. 19. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein:
the first device identifier is configured to allow access through a first memory map to debug features of the apparatus; and the second device identifier is configured to deny access through a second memory map to debug features of the apparatus. 20. A method, comprising:
accessing a first electronic device; identifying a first device identifier of the first electronic device; based upon the first device identifier, accessing first device data from a database including a plurality of device profiles; based upon the first device data, determining a first area of memory of the first electronic device that can be written; and based on the determination of the first area of memory of the first electronic device that can be written, writing data to the first area of memory of the first electronic device. 21. A method, comprising:
providing access to a first electronic device for a device programmer; providing a first device identifier to the device programmer from a memory; and based on the first device identifier:
denoting a phase of production for the first electronic device; and
allowing access to a first area of the memory that can be written. | An apparatus includes a database with device profiles, and a device programmer. The device programmer includes instructions. The instructions, when read and executed by a processor, cause the device programmer to identify a device identifier of an electronic device. The device programmer is further caused to, based upon the device identifier, access device data from the database. The device programmer is further caused to, based upon the device data, determine an area of memory of the electronic device that can be written. The device programmer is further caused to, based on the determination of the area of memory of the electronic device that can be written, write data to the area of memory.1. An apparatus, comprising:
a database including a plurality of device profiles; and, a device programmer including instructions, the instructions, when read and executed by a processor, cause the device programmer to:
identify a first device identifier of a first electronic device;
based upon the first device identifier, access first device data from the database;
based upon the first device data, determine a first area of memory of the first electronic device that can be written; and
based on the determination of the first area of memory of the first electronic device that can be written, write data to the first area of memory of the first electronic device. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first device data includes a first memory map of the first device, the first memory map configured to define the first area of memory of the first electronic device as programmable. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the first memory map is further configured to define a second area of memory of the first electronic device that is not programmable. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the first memory map is further configured to define the second area of memory of the first electronic device as unseen from usage of the first electronic device. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the device programmer is further configured to, upon writing data to the first area of memory of the first electronic device, replace the first device identifier with a second device identifier on the first electronic device. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the second device identifier is configured to define a third area of memory that can be written. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the second device identifier is configured to prevent one or more other apparatuses from writing data to the first area of memory of the first electronic device. 8. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the second device identifier is associated with a second memory map of the first electronic device, the second memory map configured to define the third area of memory of the first electronic device as programmable. 9. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the second device identifier is configured to define that the first area of memory is unprogrammable. 10. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the device programmer is further configured to:
identify a third device identifier of a second electronic device; and based upon the third device identifier, determine that a different device programmer is configured to write data to the second electronic device instead of the device programmer. 11. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein:
the first device identifier is configured to allow access through a first memory map to debug features of the first electronic device; and the second device identifier is configured to deny access through a second memory map to debug features of the first electronic device. 12. An apparatus, comprising:
a memory; and a first device identifier configured to:
denote a phase of production for the apparatus; and
allow access to a first area of the memory that can be written. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the first device identifier is configured to prevent programming of a second area of the memory. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the second area of the memory is not mapped for use of the apparatus. 15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first device identifier is configured to be replaced by a second device identifier. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the second device identifier is configured to define a third area of memory that can be written. 17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the second device identifier is further configured to prevent writes of data to the first area of the memory. 18. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the second device identifier is further configured to define that the first area of memory is unprogrammable. 19. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein:
the first device identifier is configured to allow access through a first memory map to debug features of the apparatus; and the second device identifier is configured to deny access through a second memory map to debug features of the apparatus. 20. A method, comprising:
accessing a first electronic device; identifying a first device identifier of the first electronic device; based upon the first device identifier, accessing first device data from a database including a plurality of device profiles; based upon the first device data, determining a first area of memory of the first electronic device that can be written; and based on the determination of the first area of memory of the first electronic device that can be written, writing data to the first area of memory of the first electronic device. 21. A method, comprising:
providing access to a first electronic device for a device programmer; providing a first device identifier to the device programmer from a memory; and based on the first device identifier:
denoting a phase of production for the first electronic device; and
allowing access to a first area of the memory that can be written. | 2,800 |
348,719 | 16,806,207 | 2,822 | The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for image splicing. The systems and methods may acquire a first image and a second image, determine a plurality of first feature points in a first region of the first image, determine a plurality of second feature points in a second region of the second image, then match the plurality of first feature points with the plurality of second feature points to generate a plurality of point pairs. Based on the plurality of point pairs, a third region on the first image and a fourth region on the second image may be determined. Finally, a third image may be generated based on the first image and the second image, wherein the third region of the first image may overlap with the fourth region of the second image in the third image. | 1-20. (canceled) 21. A method for determining a plurality of feature points of an image implemented on a computing device including at least one processor and a storage, the method comprising:
decomposing the image; generating a difference image corresponding to the decomposed image; generating a plurality of extreme points based on the difference image and grayscale values thereof; filtering out at least one extreme point on a sharp boundary of the image from the plurality of extreme points; and determining the plurality of feature points based on the filtered extreme points. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the decomposing the image includes:
decomposing the image based on Gaussian pyramid decomposition. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the generating a difference image corresponding to the decomposed image includes:
executing a convolution between the image and a Gaussian function to generate a plurality of smoothing images; down-sampling the plurality of smoothing images to generate the decomposed image in different scales; determining at least one difference among the plurality of down-sampled smoothing images included in the decomposed image; and generating the difference image based on the at least one difference. 24. The method of claim 23, the plurality of smoothing images being arranged in layers, wherein the determining at least one difference among the plurality of smoothing images includes:
determining the at least one difference between two adjacent layers of the plurality of down-sampled smoothing images. 25. The method of claim 21, each of the plurality of extreme points includes a pixel point that has a largest absolute value of a grayscale in a region with a preset size in the image. 26. The method of claim 25, the difference image comprising a plurality of layers, wherein the generating a plurality of extreme points based on the difference image and grayscale values thereof includes:
in each of the plurality of layers of the difference image, comparing absolute values of grayscales of pixel points with each other in a region with the preset size in the layer; and determining a preliminary pixel point whose absolute value of a grayscale is larger than absolute values of the grayscales of other pixel points in the region as one of the plurality of extreme points. 27. The method of claim 26, further comprising:
modifying positions of the pixel points in the region with the preset size in the layer; and determining the plurality of extreme points based on the pixel points with the modified positions. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the modifying positions of the pixel points in the region with the preset size in the layer includes:
determining a displacement of a pixel point among the pixel points according to formula: 29. The method of claim 26, wherein the generating a plurality of extreme points based on the difference image and grayscale values thereof includes:
sorting the preliminary pixel points in a descending order according to the absolute values of grayscales of the preliminary pixel points; determining N pixel points with the highest absolute values of grayscales among the preliminary pixel points; modifying positions of the N pixel points; and determining the N pixel points with the modified positions as at least a part of the plurality of extreme points. 30. The method of claim 21, wherein the filtering out at least one extreme point on a sharp boundary of the image from the plurality of extreme points includes:
calculating a largest principal curvature and a smallest principal curvature of each of the extreme points based on a change of surrounding pixel points; and determining whether the extreme point is on the sharp boundary of the image according to a ratio of the largest principal curvature to the smallest principal curvature; if the ratio of the largest principal curvature to the smallest principal curvature is larger than a preset threshold, determining that the extreme point is on the sharp boundary of the image; and filtering out the extreme point that is determined on the sharp boundary of the image. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the calculating a largest principal curvature and a smallest principal curvature of each of the extreme points based on a change of surrounding pixel points includes:
determining the largest principal curvature and a smallest principal curvature f each of the extreme points according to formula: 32. The method of claim 30, wherein the preset threshold varies between 1 and 30. 33. The method of claim 25, the preset size of the region is associated with intensity of at least one of the plurality of feature points, a size of an area where the at least one of the plurality of feature points is located. 34. The method of claim 26, further comprising:
controlling a count of the feature points and a time required to detect the feature points by controlling sizes of the different scales. 35. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
determining a plurality of second feature points of a second image; matching the plurality of feature points with the plurality of second feature points to generate a plurality of point pairs; determining a first region on the image and a second region on the second image based on the plurality of point pairs; and generate a third image based on the first image and the second image, wherein the first region of the image overlaps the second region of the second image in the third image. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the matching the plurality of feature points with the plurality of second feature points to generate a plurality of point pairs includes:
generating a plurality of initial point pairs based on the plurality of feature points and the plurality of second feature points; acquiring coordinates of each of the plurality of initial point pairs in the image; acquiring second coordinates of the each of the plurality of initial point pairs in the second image; determining a slope between the coordinates and the second coordinates for the each of the plurality of initial point pairs; generating a histogram based on the slopes and observation times of slopes; and selecting, from the plurality of initial point pairs, the plurality of point pairs that correspond to a largest observation time of the slopes of the plurality of initial point pairs based on the histogram. 37. A system comprising:
at least one storage including a set of instructions or programs; at least one processor configured to communicate with the at least one storage, wherein when executing the set of instructions or programs, the at least one processor is directed to:
decompose the image;
generate a difference image corresponding to the decomposed image;
generate a plurality of extreme points based on the difference image and grayscale values thereof;
filter out at least one extreme point on a sharp boundary of the image from the plurality of extreme points; and
determine the plurality of feature points based on the filtered extreme points. 38. The system of claim 37, each of the plurality of extreme points includes a pixel point that has a largest absolute value of a grayscale in a region with a preset size in the image. 39. The system of claim 38, the difference image comprising a plurality of layers, wherein to generate a plurality of extreme points based on the difference image and grayscale values thereof, the at least one processor is directed to:
in each of the plurality of layers of the difference image, compare absolute values of grayscales of pixel points in a region with the preset size in the layer; and determine a preliminary pixel point whose absolute value of a grayscale is larger than absolute values of the grayscales of other pixel points in the region as one of the plurality of extreme points. 40. The system of claim 37, wherein to filter out at least one extreme point on a sharp boundary of the image from the plurality of extreme points, at least one processor is directed to:
calculate a largest principal curvature and a smallest principal curvature of each of the extreme points based on a change of surrounding pixel points; determine whether the extreme point is on the sharp boundary of the image according to a ratio of the largest principal curvature to the smallest principal curvature; if the ratio of the largest principal curvature to the smallest principal curvature is larger than a preset threshold, determine that the extreme point is on the sharp boundary of the image; and filter out the extreme point that is determined on the sharp boundary of the image. | The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for image splicing. The systems and methods may acquire a first image and a second image, determine a plurality of first feature points in a first region of the first image, determine a plurality of second feature points in a second region of the second image, then match the plurality of first feature points with the plurality of second feature points to generate a plurality of point pairs. Based on the plurality of point pairs, a third region on the first image and a fourth region on the second image may be determined. Finally, a third image may be generated based on the first image and the second image, wherein the third region of the first image may overlap with the fourth region of the second image in the third image.1-20. (canceled) 21. A method for determining a plurality of feature points of an image implemented on a computing device including at least one processor and a storage, the method comprising:
decomposing the image; generating a difference image corresponding to the decomposed image; generating a plurality of extreme points based on the difference image and grayscale values thereof; filtering out at least one extreme point on a sharp boundary of the image from the plurality of extreme points; and determining the plurality of feature points based on the filtered extreme points. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the decomposing the image includes:
decomposing the image based on Gaussian pyramid decomposition. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the generating a difference image corresponding to the decomposed image includes:
executing a convolution between the image and a Gaussian function to generate a plurality of smoothing images; down-sampling the plurality of smoothing images to generate the decomposed image in different scales; determining at least one difference among the plurality of down-sampled smoothing images included in the decomposed image; and generating the difference image based on the at least one difference. 24. The method of claim 23, the plurality of smoothing images being arranged in layers, wherein the determining at least one difference among the plurality of smoothing images includes:
determining the at least one difference between two adjacent layers of the plurality of down-sampled smoothing images. 25. The method of claim 21, each of the plurality of extreme points includes a pixel point that has a largest absolute value of a grayscale in a region with a preset size in the image. 26. The method of claim 25, the difference image comprising a plurality of layers, wherein the generating a plurality of extreme points based on the difference image and grayscale values thereof includes:
in each of the plurality of layers of the difference image, comparing absolute values of grayscales of pixel points with each other in a region with the preset size in the layer; and determining a preliminary pixel point whose absolute value of a grayscale is larger than absolute values of the grayscales of other pixel points in the region as one of the plurality of extreme points. 27. The method of claim 26, further comprising:
modifying positions of the pixel points in the region with the preset size in the layer; and determining the plurality of extreme points based on the pixel points with the modified positions. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the modifying positions of the pixel points in the region with the preset size in the layer includes:
determining a displacement of a pixel point among the pixel points according to formula: 29. The method of claim 26, wherein the generating a plurality of extreme points based on the difference image and grayscale values thereof includes:
sorting the preliminary pixel points in a descending order according to the absolute values of grayscales of the preliminary pixel points; determining N pixel points with the highest absolute values of grayscales among the preliminary pixel points; modifying positions of the N pixel points; and determining the N pixel points with the modified positions as at least a part of the plurality of extreme points. 30. The method of claim 21, wherein the filtering out at least one extreme point on a sharp boundary of the image from the plurality of extreme points includes:
calculating a largest principal curvature and a smallest principal curvature of each of the extreme points based on a change of surrounding pixel points; and determining whether the extreme point is on the sharp boundary of the image according to a ratio of the largest principal curvature to the smallest principal curvature; if the ratio of the largest principal curvature to the smallest principal curvature is larger than a preset threshold, determining that the extreme point is on the sharp boundary of the image; and filtering out the extreme point that is determined on the sharp boundary of the image. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the calculating a largest principal curvature and a smallest principal curvature of each of the extreme points based on a change of surrounding pixel points includes:
determining the largest principal curvature and a smallest principal curvature f each of the extreme points according to formula: 32. The method of claim 30, wherein the preset threshold varies between 1 and 30. 33. The method of claim 25, the preset size of the region is associated with intensity of at least one of the plurality of feature points, a size of an area where the at least one of the plurality of feature points is located. 34. The method of claim 26, further comprising:
controlling a count of the feature points and a time required to detect the feature points by controlling sizes of the different scales. 35. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
determining a plurality of second feature points of a second image; matching the plurality of feature points with the plurality of second feature points to generate a plurality of point pairs; determining a first region on the image and a second region on the second image based on the plurality of point pairs; and generate a third image based on the first image and the second image, wherein the first region of the image overlaps the second region of the second image in the third image. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the matching the plurality of feature points with the plurality of second feature points to generate a plurality of point pairs includes:
generating a plurality of initial point pairs based on the plurality of feature points and the plurality of second feature points; acquiring coordinates of each of the plurality of initial point pairs in the image; acquiring second coordinates of the each of the plurality of initial point pairs in the second image; determining a slope between the coordinates and the second coordinates for the each of the plurality of initial point pairs; generating a histogram based on the slopes and observation times of slopes; and selecting, from the plurality of initial point pairs, the plurality of point pairs that correspond to a largest observation time of the slopes of the plurality of initial point pairs based on the histogram. 37. A system comprising:
at least one storage including a set of instructions or programs; at least one processor configured to communicate with the at least one storage, wherein when executing the set of instructions or programs, the at least one processor is directed to:
decompose the image;
generate a difference image corresponding to the decomposed image;
generate a plurality of extreme points based on the difference image and grayscale values thereof;
filter out at least one extreme point on a sharp boundary of the image from the plurality of extreme points; and
determine the plurality of feature points based on the filtered extreme points. 38. The system of claim 37, each of the plurality of extreme points includes a pixel point that has a largest absolute value of a grayscale in a region with a preset size in the image. 39. The system of claim 38, the difference image comprising a plurality of layers, wherein to generate a plurality of extreme points based on the difference image and grayscale values thereof, the at least one processor is directed to:
in each of the plurality of layers of the difference image, compare absolute values of grayscales of pixel points in a region with the preset size in the layer; and determine a preliminary pixel point whose absolute value of a grayscale is larger than absolute values of the grayscales of other pixel points in the region as one of the plurality of extreme points. 40. The system of claim 37, wherein to filter out at least one extreme point on a sharp boundary of the image from the plurality of extreme points, at least one processor is directed to:
calculate a largest principal curvature and a smallest principal curvature of each of the extreme points based on a change of surrounding pixel points; determine whether the extreme point is on the sharp boundary of the image according to a ratio of the largest principal curvature to the smallest principal curvature; if the ratio of the largest principal curvature to the smallest principal curvature is larger than a preset threshold, determine that the extreme point is on the sharp boundary of the image; and filter out the extreme point that is determined on the sharp boundary of the image. | 2,800 |
348,720 | 16,806,214 | 2,822 | The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for image splicing. The systems and methods may acquire a first image and a second image, determine a plurality of first feature points in a first region of the first image, determine a plurality of second feature points in a second region of the second image, then match the plurality of first feature points with the plurality of second feature points to generate a plurality of point pairs. Based on the plurality of point pairs, a third region on the first image and a fourth region on the second image may be determined. Finally, a third image may be generated based on the first image and the second image, wherein the third region of the first image may overlap with the fourth region of the second image in the third image. | 1-20. (canceled) 21. A method for determining a plurality of feature points of an image implemented on a computing device including at least one processor and a storage, the method comprising:
decomposing the image; generating a difference image corresponding to the decomposed image; generating a plurality of extreme points based on the difference image and grayscale values thereof; filtering out at least one extreme point on a sharp boundary of the image from the plurality of extreme points; and determining the plurality of feature points based on the filtered extreme points. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the decomposing the image includes:
decomposing the image based on Gaussian pyramid decomposition. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the generating a difference image corresponding to the decomposed image includes:
executing a convolution between the image and a Gaussian function to generate a plurality of smoothing images; down-sampling the plurality of smoothing images to generate the decomposed image in different scales; determining at least one difference among the plurality of down-sampled smoothing images included in the decomposed image; and generating the difference image based on the at least one difference. 24. The method of claim 23, the plurality of smoothing images being arranged in layers, wherein the determining at least one difference among the plurality of smoothing images includes:
determining the at least one difference between two adjacent layers of the plurality of down-sampled smoothing images. 25. The method of claim 21, each of the plurality of extreme points includes a pixel point that has a largest absolute value of a grayscale in a region with a preset size in the image. 26. The method of claim 25, the difference image comprising a plurality of layers, wherein the generating a plurality of extreme points based on the difference image and grayscale values thereof includes:
in each of the plurality of layers of the difference image, comparing absolute values of grayscales of pixel points with each other in a region with the preset size in the layer; and determining a preliminary pixel point whose absolute value of a grayscale is larger than absolute values of the grayscales of other pixel points in the region as one of the plurality of extreme points. 27. The method of claim 26, further comprising:
modifying positions of the pixel points in the region with the preset size in the layer; and determining the plurality of extreme points based on the pixel points with the modified positions. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the modifying positions of the pixel points in the region with the preset size in the layer includes:
determining a displacement of a pixel point among the pixel points according to formula: 29. The method of claim 26, wherein the generating a plurality of extreme points based on the difference image and grayscale values thereof includes:
sorting the preliminary pixel points in a descending order according to the absolute values of grayscales of the preliminary pixel points; determining N pixel points with the highest absolute values of grayscales among the preliminary pixel points; modifying positions of the N pixel points; and determining the N pixel points with the modified positions as at least a part of the plurality of extreme points. 30. The method of claim 21, wherein the filtering out at least one extreme point on a sharp boundary of the image from the plurality of extreme points includes:
calculating a largest principal curvature and a smallest principal curvature of each of the extreme points based on a change of surrounding pixel points; and determining whether the extreme point is on the sharp boundary of the image according to a ratio of the largest principal curvature to the smallest principal curvature; if the ratio of the largest principal curvature to the smallest principal curvature is larger than a preset threshold, determining that the extreme point is on the sharp boundary of the image; and filtering out the extreme point that is determined on the sharp boundary of the image. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the calculating a largest principal curvature and a smallest principal curvature of each of the extreme points based on a change of surrounding pixel points includes:
determining the largest principal curvature and a smallest principal curvature f each of the extreme points according to formula: 32. The method of claim 30, wherein the preset threshold varies between 1 and 30. 33. The method of claim 25, the preset size of the region is associated with intensity of at least one of the plurality of feature points, a size of an area where the at least one of the plurality of feature points is located. 34. The method of claim 26, further comprising:
controlling a count of the feature points and a time required to detect the feature points by controlling sizes of the different scales. 35. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
determining a plurality of second feature points of a second image; matching the plurality of feature points with the plurality of second feature points to generate a plurality of point pairs; determining a first region on the image and a second region on the second image based on the plurality of point pairs; and generate a third image based on the first image and the second image, wherein the first region of the image overlaps the second region of the second image in the third image. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the matching the plurality of feature points with the plurality of second feature points to generate a plurality of point pairs includes:
generating a plurality of initial point pairs based on the plurality of feature points and the plurality of second feature points; acquiring coordinates of each of the plurality of initial point pairs in the image; acquiring second coordinates of the each of the plurality of initial point pairs in the second image; determining a slope between the coordinates and the second coordinates for the each of the plurality of initial point pairs; generating a histogram based on the slopes and observation times of slopes; and selecting, from the plurality of initial point pairs, the plurality of point pairs that correspond to a largest observation time of the slopes of the plurality of initial point pairs based on the histogram. 37. A system comprising:
at least one storage including a set of instructions or programs; at least one processor configured to communicate with the at least one storage, wherein when executing the set of instructions or programs, the at least one processor is directed to:
decompose the image;
generate a difference image corresponding to the decomposed image;
generate a plurality of extreme points based on the difference image and grayscale values thereof;
filter out at least one extreme point on a sharp boundary of the image from the plurality of extreme points; and
determine the plurality of feature points based on the filtered extreme points. 38. The system of claim 37, each of the plurality of extreme points includes a pixel point that has a largest absolute value of a grayscale in a region with a preset size in the image. 39. The system of claim 38, the difference image comprising a plurality of layers, wherein to generate a plurality of extreme points based on the difference image and grayscale values thereof, the at least one processor is directed to:
in each of the plurality of layers of the difference image, compare absolute values of grayscales of pixel points in a region with the preset size in the layer; and determine a preliminary pixel point whose absolute value of a grayscale is larger than absolute values of the grayscales of other pixel points in the region as one of the plurality of extreme points. 40. The system of claim 37, wherein to filter out at least one extreme point on a sharp boundary of the image from the plurality of extreme points, at least one processor is directed to:
calculate a largest principal curvature and a smallest principal curvature of each of the extreme points based on a change of surrounding pixel points; determine whether the extreme point is on the sharp boundary of the image according to a ratio of the largest principal curvature to the smallest principal curvature; if the ratio of the largest principal curvature to the smallest principal curvature is larger than a preset threshold, determine that the extreme point is on the sharp boundary of the image; and filter out the extreme point that is determined on the sharp boundary of the image. | The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for image splicing. The systems and methods may acquire a first image and a second image, determine a plurality of first feature points in a first region of the first image, determine a plurality of second feature points in a second region of the second image, then match the plurality of first feature points with the plurality of second feature points to generate a plurality of point pairs. Based on the plurality of point pairs, a third region on the first image and a fourth region on the second image may be determined. Finally, a third image may be generated based on the first image and the second image, wherein the third region of the first image may overlap with the fourth region of the second image in the third image.1-20. (canceled) 21. A method for determining a plurality of feature points of an image implemented on a computing device including at least one processor and a storage, the method comprising:
decomposing the image; generating a difference image corresponding to the decomposed image; generating a plurality of extreme points based on the difference image and grayscale values thereof; filtering out at least one extreme point on a sharp boundary of the image from the plurality of extreme points; and determining the plurality of feature points based on the filtered extreme points. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the decomposing the image includes:
decomposing the image based on Gaussian pyramid decomposition. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the generating a difference image corresponding to the decomposed image includes:
executing a convolution between the image and a Gaussian function to generate a plurality of smoothing images; down-sampling the plurality of smoothing images to generate the decomposed image in different scales; determining at least one difference among the plurality of down-sampled smoothing images included in the decomposed image; and generating the difference image based on the at least one difference. 24. The method of claim 23, the plurality of smoothing images being arranged in layers, wherein the determining at least one difference among the plurality of smoothing images includes:
determining the at least one difference between two adjacent layers of the plurality of down-sampled smoothing images. 25. The method of claim 21, each of the plurality of extreme points includes a pixel point that has a largest absolute value of a grayscale in a region with a preset size in the image. 26. The method of claim 25, the difference image comprising a plurality of layers, wherein the generating a plurality of extreme points based on the difference image and grayscale values thereof includes:
in each of the plurality of layers of the difference image, comparing absolute values of grayscales of pixel points with each other in a region with the preset size in the layer; and determining a preliminary pixel point whose absolute value of a grayscale is larger than absolute values of the grayscales of other pixel points in the region as one of the plurality of extreme points. 27. The method of claim 26, further comprising:
modifying positions of the pixel points in the region with the preset size in the layer; and determining the plurality of extreme points based on the pixel points with the modified positions. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the modifying positions of the pixel points in the region with the preset size in the layer includes:
determining a displacement of a pixel point among the pixel points according to formula: 29. The method of claim 26, wherein the generating a plurality of extreme points based on the difference image and grayscale values thereof includes:
sorting the preliminary pixel points in a descending order according to the absolute values of grayscales of the preliminary pixel points; determining N pixel points with the highest absolute values of grayscales among the preliminary pixel points; modifying positions of the N pixel points; and determining the N pixel points with the modified positions as at least a part of the plurality of extreme points. 30. The method of claim 21, wherein the filtering out at least one extreme point on a sharp boundary of the image from the plurality of extreme points includes:
calculating a largest principal curvature and a smallest principal curvature of each of the extreme points based on a change of surrounding pixel points; and determining whether the extreme point is on the sharp boundary of the image according to a ratio of the largest principal curvature to the smallest principal curvature; if the ratio of the largest principal curvature to the smallest principal curvature is larger than a preset threshold, determining that the extreme point is on the sharp boundary of the image; and filtering out the extreme point that is determined on the sharp boundary of the image. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the calculating a largest principal curvature and a smallest principal curvature of each of the extreme points based on a change of surrounding pixel points includes:
determining the largest principal curvature and a smallest principal curvature f each of the extreme points according to formula: 32. The method of claim 30, wherein the preset threshold varies between 1 and 30. 33. The method of claim 25, the preset size of the region is associated with intensity of at least one of the plurality of feature points, a size of an area where the at least one of the plurality of feature points is located. 34. The method of claim 26, further comprising:
controlling a count of the feature points and a time required to detect the feature points by controlling sizes of the different scales. 35. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
determining a plurality of second feature points of a second image; matching the plurality of feature points with the plurality of second feature points to generate a plurality of point pairs; determining a first region on the image and a second region on the second image based on the plurality of point pairs; and generate a third image based on the first image and the second image, wherein the first region of the image overlaps the second region of the second image in the third image. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the matching the plurality of feature points with the plurality of second feature points to generate a plurality of point pairs includes:
generating a plurality of initial point pairs based on the plurality of feature points and the plurality of second feature points; acquiring coordinates of each of the plurality of initial point pairs in the image; acquiring second coordinates of the each of the plurality of initial point pairs in the second image; determining a slope between the coordinates and the second coordinates for the each of the plurality of initial point pairs; generating a histogram based on the slopes and observation times of slopes; and selecting, from the plurality of initial point pairs, the plurality of point pairs that correspond to a largest observation time of the slopes of the plurality of initial point pairs based on the histogram. 37. A system comprising:
at least one storage including a set of instructions or programs; at least one processor configured to communicate with the at least one storage, wherein when executing the set of instructions or programs, the at least one processor is directed to:
decompose the image;
generate a difference image corresponding to the decomposed image;
generate a plurality of extreme points based on the difference image and grayscale values thereof;
filter out at least one extreme point on a sharp boundary of the image from the plurality of extreme points; and
determine the plurality of feature points based on the filtered extreme points. 38. The system of claim 37, each of the plurality of extreme points includes a pixel point that has a largest absolute value of a grayscale in a region with a preset size in the image. 39. The system of claim 38, the difference image comprising a plurality of layers, wherein to generate a plurality of extreme points based on the difference image and grayscale values thereof, the at least one processor is directed to:
in each of the plurality of layers of the difference image, compare absolute values of grayscales of pixel points in a region with the preset size in the layer; and determine a preliminary pixel point whose absolute value of a grayscale is larger than absolute values of the grayscales of other pixel points in the region as one of the plurality of extreme points. 40. The system of claim 37, wherein to filter out at least one extreme point on a sharp boundary of the image from the plurality of extreme points, at least one processor is directed to:
calculate a largest principal curvature and a smallest principal curvature of each of the extreme points based on a change of surrounding pixel points; determine whether the extreme point is on the sharp boundary of the image according to a ratio of the largest principal curvature to the smallest principal curvature; if the ratio of the largest principal curvature to the smallest principal curvature is larger than a preset threshold, determine that the extreme point is on the sharp boundary of the image; and filter out the extreme point that is determined on the sharp boundary of the image. | 2,800 |
348,721 | 16,806,219 | 3,715 | A medical training device facilitating practice of a task-specific medical procedure for the treatment of a traumatic injury is presented. The invention includes a simulant with or without a simulated wound and an optional case adapted to receive the simulant. For embodiments specific to establishing an emergency airway, the simulant includes a compressible body, an insert, an outer covering, and an inner covering. The compressible body and the outer covering approximate a neck with or without a chin. The insert approximates a trachea. The insert is disposed within and separable from the compressible body. The inner covering is disposed between the outer covering and the insert. For embodiments specific to an intramuscular injection, the simulant includes a compressible body, a slot, and a fill. The compressible body approximates a muscle. The slot extends into the compressible body. The slot is adapted to receive the fill. The fill is removably secured within the slot. The fill is adapted to receive a fluid from a syringe which penetrates the simulant. | 1. A wound box trainer for medical training purposes specific to establishing an emergency airway comprising:
(a) a simulant including a compressible body, an insert, an outer covering, and an inner covering, said compressible body and said outer covering approximate a neck, said insert approximates a trachea, said insert disposed within and separable from said compressible body, said inner covering disposed between said outer covering and said insert; (b) a wound structure disposed along said compressible body; and (c) a case adapted to receive said simulant. 2. The wound box trainer of claim 1, wherein said inner covering includes a paper coated with a resin. 3. The wound box trainer of claim 1, wherein said insert includes a substructure and at least two ridges separately disposed along said substructure, said substructure deformable and resilient, said ridges less deformable than said substructure. 4. The wound box trainer of claim 3, wherein said substructure comprising a silicone resin. 5. The wound box trainer of claim 4, wherein said substructure approximates tissue which form a passageway of said trachea. 6. The wound box trainer of claim 3, wherein said ridges comprising a urethane resin. 7. The wound box trainer of claim 6, wherein each said ridge approximates a cartilage of said trachea. 8. The wound box trainer of claim 3, wherein said compressible body includes an opening disposed about said ridges. 9. The wound box trainer of claim 3, wherein said inner covering disposed over a hole through said substructure between two said ridges. 10. The wound box trainer of claim 3, wherein a stop disposed at one end of said insert adjacent to a first hole at one end of said compressible body, said stop contacts said compressible body about said first hole. 11. The wound box trainer of claim 10, wherein said stop prevents relative motion between said compressible body and said insert when establishing said emergency airway. 12. The wound box trainer of claim 10, wherein an extension disposed at another end of said insert in direction of a second hole at another end of said compressible body. 13. The wound box trainer of claim 3, wherein said inner covering includes a paper coated with a resin, said inner covering approximates a membrane between two said ridges. 14. The wound box trainer of claim 13, wherein said inner covering produces a pop when penetrated. 15. The wound box trainer of claim 3, wherein said ridges disposed along said substructure and locatable by sliding an instrument along said substructure within a passageway through said insert adjacent to said ridges. 16. The wound box trainer of claim 1, wherein said compressible body includes a recess, said outer covering secured to said compressible body within said recess. 17. The wound box trainer of claim 1, wherein said compressible body and said outer covering comprising a silicone resin. 18. The wound box trainer of claim 1, wherein said insert being tube shaped. 19. The wound box trainer of claim 1, wherein said outer covering separable from said compressible body. 20. The wound box trainer of claim 1, wherein said inner covering separable from said insert. 21. The wound box trainer of claim 1, wherein said case includes a base. 22. The wound box trainer of claim 1, wherein said case includes a base and a lid. 23. A wound box trainer for medical training purposes specific to an intramuscular injection comprising:
(a) a simulant including a compressible body, a slot, and a fill, said compressible body approximates a muscle, said slot extends into said compressible body and adapted to receive said fill, said fill removably secured within said slot and adapted to receive a fluid from a syringe which penetrates said simulant; (b) a wound structure disposed along said compressible body; and (c) a case adapted to receive said simulant. 24. The wound box trainer of claim 23, wherein said slot extends from one side of said compressible body in direction of another side of said compressible body. 25. The wound box trainer of claim 23, wherein said slot curvedly disposed within said compressible body. 26. The wound box trainer of claim 23, wherein said fill being a bladder. 27. The wound box trainer of claim 23, wherein said fill being absorbent. 28. The wound box trainer of claim 23, wherein said fill being porous. 29. The wound box trainer of claim 23, wherein said fill being absorbent and porous. 30. The wound box trainer of claim 23, wherein said fill being a sponge. 31. The wound box trainer of claim 23, wherein said compressible body comprises a silicone resin. 32. The wound box trainer of claim 23, wherein a cavity extends into said compressible body in direction of said slot. 33. The wound box trainer of claim 32, wherein a channel extends from said cavity in direction of said slot. 34. The wound box trainer of claim 33, wherein said channel extends to said slot. 35. The wound box trainer of claim 23, wherein said case includes a base. 36. The wound box trainer of claim 35, wherein said base is integral to said compressible body. 37. The wound box trainer of claim 24, wherein said case includes a base and a lid. | A medical training device facilitating practice of a task-specific medical procedure for the treatment of a traumatic injury is presented. The invention includes a simulant with or without a simulated wound and an optional case adapted to receive the simulant. For embodiments specific to establishing an emergency airway, the simulant includes a compressible body, an insert, an outer covering, and an inner covering. The compressible body and the outer covering approximate a neck with or without a chin. The insert approximates a trachea. The insert is disposed within and separable from the compressible body. The inner covering is disposed between the outer covering and the insert. For embodiments specific to an intramuscular injection, the simulant includes a compressible body, a slot, and a fill. The compressible body approximates a muscle. The slot extends into the compressible body. The slot is adapted to receive the fill. The fill is removably secured within the slot. The fill is adapted to receive a fluid from a syringe which penetrates the simulant.1. A wound box trainer for medical training purposes specific to establishing an emergency airway comprising:
(a) a simulant including a compressible body, an insert, an outer covering, and an inner covering, said compressible body and said outer covering approximate a neck, said insert approximates a trachea, said insert disposed within and separable from said compressible body, said inner covering disposed between said outer covering and said insert; (b) a wound structure disposed along said compressible body; and (c) a case adapted to receive said simulant. 2. The wound box trainer of claim 1, wherein said inner covering includes a paper coated with a resin. 3. The wound box trainer of claim 1, wherein said insert includes a substructure and at least two ridges separately disposed along said substructure, said substructure deformable and resilient, said ridges less deformable than said substructure. 4. The wound box trainer of claim 3, wherein said substructure comprising a silicone resin. 5. The wound box trainer of claim 4, wherein said substructure approximates tissue which form a passageway of said trachea. 6. The wound box trainer of claim 3, wherein said ridges comprising a urethane resin. 7. The wound box trainer of claim 6, wherein each said ridge approximates a cartilage of said trachea. 8. The wound box trainer of claim 3, wherein said compressible body includes an opening disposed about said ridges. 9. The wound box trainer of claim 3, wherein said inner covering disposed over a hole through said substructure between two said ridges. 10. The wound box trainer of claim 3, wherein a stop disposed at one end of said insert adjacent to a first hole at one end of said compressible body, said stop contacts said compressible body about said first hole. 11. The wound box trainer of claim 10, wherein said stop prevents relative motion between said compressible body and said insert when establishing said emergency airway. 12. The wound box trainer of claim 10, wherein an extension disposed at another end of said insert in direction of a second hole at another end of said compressible body. 13. The wound box trainer of claim 3, wherein said inner covering includes a paper coated with a resin, said inner covering approximates a membrane between two said ridges. 14. The wound box trainer of claim 13, wherein said inner covering produces a pop when penetrated. 15. The wound box trainer of claim 3, wherein said ridges disposed along said substructure and locatable by sliding an instrument along said substructure within a passageway through said insert adjacent to said ridges. 16. The wound box trainer of claim 1, wherein said compressible body includes a recess, said outer covering secured to said compressible body within said recess. 17. The wound box trainer of claim 1, wherein said compressible body and said outer covering comprising a silicone resin. 18. The wound box trainer of claim 1, wherein said insert being tube shaped. 19. The wound box trainer of claim 1, wherein said outer covering separable from said compressible body. 20. The wound box trainer of claim 1, wherein said inner covering separable from said insert. 21. The wound box trainer of claim 1, wherein said case includes a base. 22. The wound box trainer of claim 1, wherein said case includes a base and a lid. 23. A wound box trainer for medical training purposes specific to an intramuscular injection comprising:
(a) a simulant including a compressible body, a slot, and a fill, said compressible body approximates a muscle, said slot extends into said compressible body and adapted to receive said fill, said fill removably secured within said slot and adapted to receive a fluid from a syringe which penetrates said simulant; (b) a wound structure disposed along said compressible body; and (c) a case adapted to receive said simulant. 24. The wound box trainer of claim 23, wherein said slot extends from one side of said compressible body in direction of another side of said compressible body. 25. The wound box trainer of claim 23, wherein said slot curvedly disposed within said compressible body. 26. The wound box trainer of claim 23, wherein said fill being a bladder. 27. The wound box trainer of claim 23, wherein said fill being absorbent. 28. The wound box trainer of claim 23, wherein said fill being porous. 29. The wound box trainer of claim 23, wherein said fill being absorbent and porous. 30. The wound box trainer of claim 23, wherein said fill being a sponge. 31. The wound box trainer of claim 23, wherein said compressible body comprises a silicone resin. 32. The wound box trainer of claim 23, wherein a cavity extends into said compressible body in direction of said slot. 33. The wound box trainer of claim 32, wherein a channel extends from said cavity in direction of said slot. 34. The wound box trainer of claim 33, wherein said channel extends to said slot. 35. The wound box trainer of claim 23, wherein said case includes a base. 36. The wound box trainer of claim 35, wherein said base is integral to said compressible body. 37. The wound box trainer of claim 24, wherein said case includes a base and a lid. | 3,700 |
348,722 | 16,806,233 | 3,785 | The present invention includes a device for localized joint mobilization in the pelvic area, and in particular, it relates to a novel sacroiliac mobilizing device and improved methods for mobilizing and establishing efficient mechanical alignment of the sacroiliac joint that may be accomplished by a subject in need thereof with, or without professional medical assistance. | 1. A sacroiliac joint (SI) joint mobilization device comprising:
a planar base configured to be positioned on a rigid surface; a pair of opposing longitudinal extensions extending from said planar base, and wherein said opposing longitudinal extensions are established in an angled configuration so as to be positioned within a subject's SIJ complex; and a sacral pocket having a contact surface formed by said planar base and said opposing longitudinal extensions and configured to be coupled with said subject's sacrum, and wherein said opposing longitudinal extensions are further configured to be tractable in response to a downward force applied by said subject when placed in a supine position with the SI joint mobilization device coupled with said subject's SIJ complex and thereby facilitating mobilization of the subject's SI joint. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein said opposing longitudinal extensions form left and right side walls. 3. The device of claim, wherein said planar base comprises a planar base having a front and back wall. 4. The device of claim, wherein said pair of opposing longitudinal extensions extending from said planar base are coupled with a tractable connection. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein said tractable connection comprises an adjustable mechanical connection. 6. The device of claim 4, wherein said SI joint mobilization device is formed by a tractable material. 7. The device of claim 6, wherein said tractable material comprises a tractable material selected from the group consisting of: plastic, thermoplastic, rubber, silicone, silicone rubber, and a composite material, or a combination of the same. 8. The device of claim 1, wherein said opposing longitudinal extensions are positioned at an angle between 20°-25° degrees from a median center line of said SI joint mobilization device. 9. The device of claim 1, wherein said opposing longitudinal extensions are positioned at an angle of 22° degrees from a median center line of said SI joint mobilization device. 10. The device of claim 1, wherein said opposing longitudinal extensions established in an angled configuration comprises opposing longitudinal extensions established in an angled configuration having a height at, or less than 1 inch. 11. A method of mobilizing the sacroiliac joint (SI) joint in a subject in need thereof comprising the steps of:
establishing a SI joint mobilization device having a planar base configured to be positioned on a rigid surface and a pair of opposing longitudinal extensions extending from said planar base, and wherein said opposing longitudinal extensions are established in an angled configuration to be coupled with a subject's SIJ complex; placing said opposing longitudinal extensions in between the right and left posterior superior iliac spines within the subject's SIJ complex; positioning said subject into a supine position on a rigid surface with the opposing longitudinal extensions in between the right and left posterior superior iliac spines within the subject's SIJ complex, such that the subject's sacrum is positioned within a sacral pocket of said SI joint mobilization device, and optionally bending said subject's knees and bringing the bottoms of the subject's feet into a resting position on said rigid surface; and initiating one, or a series of prescribed motions to engage mobilization of the subject's SI joint. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein said SI joint mobilization device comprises the SI joint mobilization device of claim 1. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein said the prescribed motions comprise a series of controlled back-and-forth movements of said subject's knees allowing the SIJ mobilization device to mobilize the pelvic portion of the SIJ complex on the sacrum at the SIJ. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein said prescribed motions comprises a series of controlled pelvic tilts towards said subject's head followed by one, or a series of controlled pelvic tilts towards said subject's feet, allowing the SIJ mobilization device to mobilize the sacral portion of the SIJ complex on the pelvis at the SIJ. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein said the prescribed motions comprises maintaining the subject's supine position and allowing the weight of the subject's own pelvic complex to downwardly press against said SIJ mobilization device allowing SI joint mobilization. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein said the prescribed motions are initiated by the subject. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein said the prescribed motions are initiated by a care provider or medical professional. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein said method is executed as needed to control a subject's SI joint pain. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein said method is executed pursuant to a medically prescribed regime established to treat SI joint dysfunction. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the prescribed motions are executed for at least 10 minutes, and optionally 3-5 times a week. | The present invention includes a device for localized joint mobilization in the pelvic area, and in particular, it relates to a novel sacroiliac mobilizing device and improved methods for mobilizing and establishing efficient mechanical alignment of the sacroiliac joint that may be accomplished by a subject in need thereof with, or without professional medical assistance.1. A sacroiliac joint (SI) joint mobilization device comprising:
a planar base configured to be positioned on a rigid surface; a pair of opposing longitudinal extensions extending from said planar base, and wherein said opposing longitudinal extensions are established in an angled configuration so as to be positioned within a subject's SIJ complex; and a sacral pocket having a contact surface formed by said planar base and said opposing longitudinal extensions and configured to be coupled with said subject's sacrum, and wherein said opposing longitudinal extensions are further configured to be tractable in response to a downward force applied by said subject when placed in a supine position with the SI joint mobilization device coupled with said subject's SIJ complex and thereby facilitating mobilization of the subject's SI joint. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein said opposing longitudinal extensions form left and right side walls. 3. The device of claim, wherein said planar base comprises a planar base having a front and back wall. 4. The device of claim, wherein said pair of opposing longitudinal extensions extending from said planar base are coupled with a tractable connection. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein said tractable connection comprises an adjustable mechanical connection. 6. The device of claim 4, wherein said SI joint mobilization device is formed by a tractable material. 7. The device of claim 6, wherein said tractable material comprises a tractable material selected from the group consisting of: plastic, thermoplastic, rubber, silicone, silicone rubber, and a composite material, or a combination of the same. 8. The device of claim 1, wherein said opposing longitudinal extensions are positioned at an angle between 20°-25° degrees from a median center line of said SI joint mobilization device. 9. The device of claim 1, wherein said opposing longitudinal extensions are positioned at an angle of 22° degrees from a median center line of said SI joint mobilization device. 10. The device of claim 1, wherein said opposing longitudinal extensions established in an angled configuration comprises opposing longitudinal extensions established in an angled configuration having a height at, or less than 1 inch. 11. A method of mobilizing the sacroiliac joint (SI) joint in a subject in need thereof comprising the steps of:
establishing a SI joint mobilization device having a planar base configured to be positioned on a rigid surface and a pair of opposing longitudinal extensions extending from said planar base, and wherein said opposing longitudinal extensions are established in an angled configuration to be coupled with a subject's SIJ complex; placing said opposing longitudinal extensions in between the right and left posterior superior iliac spines within the subject's SIJ complex; positioning said subject into a supine position on a rigid surface with the opposing longitudinal extensions in between the right and left posterior superior iliac spines within the subject's SIJ complex, such that the subject's sacrum is positioned within a sacral pocket of said SI joint mobilization device, and optionally bending said subject's knees and bringing the bottoms of the subject's feet into a resting position on said rigid surface; and initiating one, or a series of prescribed motions to engage mobilization of the subject's SI joint. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein said SI joint mobilization device comprises the SI joint mobilization device of claim 1. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein said the prescribed motions comprise a series of controlled back-and-forth movements of said subject's knees allowing the SIJ mobilization device to mobilize the pelvic portion of the SIJ complex on the sacrum at the SIJ. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein said prescribed motions comprises a series of controlled pelvic tilts towards said subject's head followed by one, or a series of controlled pelvic tilts towards said subject's feet, allowing the SIJ mobilization device to mobilize the sacral portion of the SIJ complex on the pelvis at the SIJ. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein said the prescribed motions comprises maintaining the subject's supine position and allowing the weight of the subject's own pelvic complex to downwardly press against said SIJ mobilization device allowing SI joint mobilization. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein said the prescribed motions are initiated by the subject. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein said the prescribed motions are initiated by a care provider or medical professional. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein said method is executed as needed to control a subject's SI joint pain. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein said method is executed pursuant to a medically prescribed regime established to treat SI joint dysfunction. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the prescribed motions are executed for at least 10 minutes, and optionally 3-5 times a week. | 3,700 |
348,723 | 16,806,231 | 2,833 | A connection arrangement comprising an electrical cable and a contact element connected to a free end of an electrical conductor of the cable, wherein a first end section of the contact element penetrates an end face of the free end of the electrical conductor, and at least one region of the first end section of the contact element is directly connected to the electrical conductor with a material bond. | 1. A connection arrangement comprising:
an electrical cable having an electrical conductor; a contact element connected to a free end of the electrical conductor of the electrical cable, and wherein a first end section of the contact element penetrates an end face of the free end of the electrical conductor; and at least one region of the first end section of the contact element is directly connected to the electrical conductor with a material bond. 2. The connection arrangement of claim 1 and wherein the contact element is connected to the free end of the electrical conductor in such a manner that the contact element does not make contact with an outer circumference of the electrical conductor. 3. The connection arrangement of claim 1 and wherein the electrical conductor is in the form of an inner conductor of the cable, and the contact element is in the form of an inner conductor contact element of a plug connector. 4. The connection arrangement of claim 1 and wherein an outer diameter of the contact element corresponds to an outer diameter of the electrical conductor in a middle section adjoining the first end section of the contact element. 5. The connection arrangement of claim 1 and wherein the connection between the first end section of the contact element and the free end of the electrical conductor is a cold-welded connection. 6. The connection arrangement of claim 1 and wherein a cross section of the first end section tapers in the direction of the free end of the first end section. 7. The connection arrangement of claim 1 and wherein the first end section of the contact element has at least one radial shoulder. 8. The connection arrangement of claim 1 and further comprising:
a coating on the contact element. 9. A contact element for connection to a free end of an electrical conductor of an electrical cable comprising:
the contact element, having a contact body with a first end section, and wherein the first end section is configured to penetrate an end face of the free end of the electrical conductor; and wherein at least one section of the first end section of the contact body is directly connected to the first conductor with a material bond. 10. (canceled) 11. A method for producing a connection between an electrical conductor of an electrical cable and a contact element, the method comprising the steps:
providing a contact element having a first end section; introducing the first end section of the contact element into an end face of a free end of the electrical conductor; and the first end section of the contact element is introduced into the free end of the electrical conductor with high pressure and high relative velocity so that the first end section of the contact element and the electrical conductor are connected to one another with a material bond, at least in certain regions, as a result of the high pressure and the high relative velocity. 12. The method of claim 11 and wherein the high relative velocity is based on a high linear velocity and/or a high angular velocity. 13. The method of claim 11 and wherein the contact element is introduced into the free end of the electrical conductor in such a manner that the contact element does not make contact with an outer circumference of the electrical conductor when the first end section is in position in the electrical conductor. 14. The method of claim 11 and wherein the free end of the electrical conductor forms a completely closed end face that is penetrated by introducing the first end section of the contact element. 15. The method of claim 11 and further comprising:
introducing the first end section of the contact element into an end face of the free end of the electrical conductor with a material bond, at least in certain regions, at high velocity and/or with high mechanical force. 16. The connection arrangement of claim 1 and wherein the connection between the first end section of the contact element and the free end of the electrical conductor is a gas-tight connection. 17. The connection arrangement of claim 1 and wherein the first end section of the contact element has at least one radial cutting edge. 18. The connection arrangement of claim 1 and wherein the first end section of the contact element has at least one radial shoulder and an undercut. 19. The method of claim 15 and wherein the material bond created by introducing the first end section of the contact element into an end face of the free end of the electrical conductor is accomplished with high mechanical force. 20. The method of claim 15 and wherein the material bond created by introducing the first end section of the contact element into an end face of the free end of the electrical conductor is accomplished with high velocity and high mechanical force. | A connection arrangement comprising an electrical cable and a contact element connected to a free end of an electrical conductor of the cable, wherein a first end section of the contact element penetrates an end face of the free end of the electrical conductor, and at least one region of the first end section of the contact element is directly connected to the electrical conductor with a material bond.1. A connection arrangement comprising:
an electrical cable having an electrical conductor; a contact element connected to a free end of the electrical conductor of the electrical cable, and wherein a first end section of the contact element penetrates an end face of the free end of the electrical conductor; and at least one region of the first end section of the contact element is directly connected to the electrical conductor with a material bond. 2. The connection arrangement of claim 1 and wherein the contact element is connected to the free end of the electrical conductor in such a manner that the contact element does not make contact with an outer circumference of the electrical conductor. 3. The connection arrangement of claim 1 and wherein the electrical conductor is in the form of an inner conductor of the cable, and the contact element is in the form of an inner conductor contact element of a plug connector. 4. The connection arrangement of claim 1 and wherein an outer diameter of the contact element corresponds to an outer diameter of the electrical conductor in a middle section adjoining the first end section of the contact element. 5. The connection arrangement of claim 1 and wherein the connection between the first end section of the contact element and the free end of the electrical conductor is a cold-welded connection. 6. The connection arrangement of claim 1 and wherein a cross section of the first end section tapers in the direction of the free end of the first end section. 7. The connection arrangement of claim 1 and wherein the first end section of the contact element has at least one radial shoulder. 8. The connection arrangement of claim 1 and further comprising:
a coating on the contact element. 9. A contact element for connection to a free end of an electrical conductor of an electrical cable comprising:
the contact element, having a contact body with a first end section, and wherein the first end section is configured to penetrate an end face of the free end of the electrical conductor; and wherein at least one section of the first end section of the contact body is directly connected to the first conductor with a material bond. 10. (canceled) 11. A method for producing a connection between an electrical conductor of an electrical cable and a contact element, the method comprising the steps:
providing a contact element having a first end section; introducing the first end section of the contact element into an end face of a free end of the electrical conductor; and the first end section of the contact element is introduced into the free end of the electrical conductor with high pressure and high relative velocity so that the first end section of the contact element and the electrical conductor are connected to one another with a material bond, at least in certain regions, as a result of the high pressure and the high relative velocity. 12. The method of claim 11 and wherein the high relative velocity is based on a high linear velocity and/or a high angular velocity. 13. The method of claim 11 and wherein the contact element is introduced into the free end of the electrical conductor in such a manner that the contact element does not make contact with an outer circumference of the electrical conductor when the first end section is in position in the electrical conductor. 14. The method of claim 11 and wherein the free end of the electrical conductor forms a completely closed end face that is penetrated by introducing the first end section of the contact element. 15. The method of claim 11 and further comprising:
introducing the first end section of the contact element into an end face of the free end of the electrical conductor with a material bond, at least in certain regions, at high velocity and/or with high mechanical force. 16. The connection arrangement of claim 1 and wherein the connection between the first end section of the contact element and the free end of the electrical conductor is a gas-tight connection. 17. The connection arrangement of claim 1 and wherein the first end section of the contact element has at least one radial cutting edge. 18. The connection arrangement of claim 1 and wherein the first end section of the contact element has at least one radial shoulder and an undercut. 19. The method of claim 15 and wherein the material bond created by introducing the first end section of the contact element into an end face of the free end of the electrical conductor is accomplished with high mechanical force. 20. The method of claim 15 and wherein the material bond created by introducing the first end section of the contact element into an end face of the free end of the electrical conductor is accomplished with high velocity and high mechanical force. | 2,800 |
348,724 | 16,806,228 | 2,833 | A system for sampling a sample material includes a probe which can have an outer probe housing with an open end. A liquid supply conduit within the housing has an outlet positioned to deliver liquid to the open end of the housing. The liquid supply conduit can be connectable to a liquid supply for delivering liquid at a first volumetric flow rate to the open end of the housing. A liquid exhaust conduit within the housing is provided for removing liquid from the open end of the housing. A liquid exhaust system can be provided for removing liquid from the liquid exhaust conduit at a second volumetric flow rate. A droplet dispenser can dispense drops of a sample or a sample-containing solvent into the open end of the housing. A sensor and a processor can be provided to monitor and maintain a liquid dome present at the open end. | 1. A system for analyzing droplets, comprising:
a probe comprising an outer probe housing having an open end; a liquid supply conduit within the housing and having an outlet positioned to deliver liquid to the open end of the housing, the liquid supply conduit being connectable to a liquid supply for delivering a liquid at a first volumetric flow rate to the open end of the housing, and a liquid exhaust conduit within the housing for removing liquid from the open end of the housing; a liquid exhaust system in fluid connection with the liquid exhaust conduit for removing liquid from the liquid exhaust conduit at a second volumetric flow rate, wherein the liquid exhaust conduit comprises a tubular conduit positioned within the outer probe housing, and wherein the liquid supply conduit is defined by the annular space between the liquid exhaust conduit and an inner wall of the outer probe housing; a droplet dispenser that dispenses drops of a liquid sample or a sample-containing solvent into the liquid at the open end of the housing; an ionization source that receives the liquid from the liquid exhaust conduit and generates ions; a mass spectrometer that receives the ions from the ionization source; wherein during operation of the system, the open end receives the liquid from the liquid supply conduit at the first volumetric flow rate and the liquid is drawn into and through the liquid exhaust conduit at the second volumetric flowrate, and wherein the open end receives the drops from the droplet dispenser into the liquid. 2. The system of claim 1 wherein during operation of the system the first volumetric flow rate exceeds the second volumetric flow rate and wherein the probe further comprises a liquid collection overflow system. 3. The system of claim 2 wherein the liquid collection overflow system collects an overflow liquid and directs the overflow liquid to the ionization source. 4. The system of claim 1 wherein during operation of the system the first volumetric flow rate and the second volumetric flow rate are balanced. 5. The system of claim 1 wherein the droplet dispenser injects the sample or the sample-containing solvent into the open end. 6. A method for analyzing droplets, comprising:
providing a probe comprising an outer probe housing having an open end; providing a liquid supply conduit within the housing having an outlet positioned to deliver liquid to the open end of the housing, the liquid supply conduit being connected to a liquid supply for delivering a liquid at a first volumetric flow rate to the open end of the housing, and a liquid exhaust conduit within the housing for removing liquid from the open end of the housing; providing a liquid exhaust system in fluid connection with the liquid exhaust conduit for removing liquid from the liquid exhaust conduit at a second volumetric flow rate; providing a droplet dispenser for dispensing drops of a liquid sample or a sample-containing solvent into the liquid at the open end of the housing; providing an ionization source for receiving the liquid from the liquid exhaust conduit and generates ions; providing a mass spectrometer for receiving the ions from the ionization source; flowing liquid through the liquid supply conduit at the first volumetric flow rate to the open end and drawing the liquid into and through the liquid exhaust conduit at the second volumetric flowrate; dispensing the drops from the droplet dispenser into the liquid at the open end; creating ions of the drops in the ionization source; and analyzing the ions in the mass spectrometer. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the first volumetric flow rate exceeds the second volumetric flow rate and wherein the probe further comprises a liquid collection overflow system. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the liquid collection overflow system collects an overflow liquid and directs the overflow liquid to the ionization source. 9. The method of claim 6 wherein the first volumetric flow rate and the second volumetric flow rate are balanced. 10. The method of claim 6 wherein the droplet dispenser injects the drops into the open end. | A system for sampling a sample material includes a probe which can have an outer probe housing with an open end. A liquid supply conduit within the housing has an outlet positioned to deliver liquid to the open end of the housing. The liquid supply conduit can be connectable to a liquid supply for delivering liquid at a first volumetric flow rate to the open end of the housing. A liquid exhaust conduit within the housing is provided for removing liquid from the open end of the housing. A liquid exhaust system can be provided for removing liquid from the liquid exhaust conduit at a second volumetric flow rate. A droplet dispenser can dispense drops of a sample or a sample-containing solvent into the open end of the housing. A sensor and a processor can be provided to monitor and maintain a liquid dome present at the open end.1. A system for analyzing droplets, comprising:
a probe comprising an outer probe housing having an open end; a liquid supply conduit within the housing and having an outlet positioned to deliver liquid to the open end of the housing, the liquid supply conduit being connectable to a liquid supply for delivering a liquid at a first volumetric flow rate to the open end of the housing, and a liquid exhaust conduit within the housing for removing liquid from the open end of the housing; a liquid exhaust system in fluid connection with the liquid exhaust conduit for removing liquid from the liquid exhaust conduit at a second volumetric flow rate, wherein the liquid exhaust conduit comprises a tubular conduit positioned within the outer probe housing, and wherein the liquid supply conduit is defined by the annular space between the liquid exhaust conduit and an inner wall of the outer probe housing; a droplet dispenser that dispenses drops of a liquid sample or a sample-containing solvent into the liquid at the open end of the housing; an ionization source that receives the liquid from the liquid exhaust conduit and generates ions; a mass spectrometer that receives the ions from the ionization source; wherein during operation of the system, the open end receives the liquid from the liquid supply conduit at the first volumetric flow rate and the liquid is drawn into and through the liquid exhaust conduit at the second volumetric flowrate, and wherein the open end receives the drops from the droplet dispenser into the liquid. 2. The system of claim 1 wherein during operation of the system the first volumetric flow rate exceeds the second volumetric flow rate and wherein the probe further comprises a liquid collection overflow system. 3. The system of claim 2 wherein the liquid collection overflow system collects an overflow liquid and directs the overflow liquid to the ionization source. 4. The system of claim 1 wherein during operation of the system the first volumetric flow rate and the second volumetric flow rate are balanced. 5. The system of claim 1 wherein the droplet dispenser injects the sample or the sample-containing solvent into the open end. 6. A method for analyzing droplets, comprising:
providing a probe comprising an outer probe housing having an open end; providing a liquid supply conduit within the housing having an outlet positioned to deliver liquid to the open end of the housing, the liquid supply conduit being connected to a liquid supply for delivering a liquid at a first volumetric flow rate to the open end of the housing, and a liquid exhaust conduit within the housing for removing liquid from the open end of the housing; providing a liquid exhaust system in fluid connection with the liquid exhaust conduit for removing liquid from the liquid exhaust conduit at a second volumetric flow rate; providing a droplet dispenser for dispensing drops of a liquid sample or a sample-containing solvent into the liquid at the open end of the housing; providing an ionization source for receiving the liquid from the liquid exhaust conduit and generates ions; providing a mass spectrometer for receiving the ions from the ionization source; flowing liquid through the liquid supply conduit at the first volumetric flow rate to the open end and drawing the liquid into and through the liquid exhaust conduit at the second volumetric flowrate; dispensing the drops from the droplet dispenser into the liquid at the open end; creating ions of the drops in the ionization source; and analyzing the ions in the mass spectrometer. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the first volumetric flow rate exceeds the second volumetric flow rate and wherein the probe further comprises a liquid collection overflow system. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the liquid collection overflow system collects an overflow liquid and directs the overflow liquid to the ionization source. 9. The method of claim 6 wherein the first volumetric flow rate and the second volumetric flow rate are balanced. 10. The method of claim 6 wherein the droplet dispenser injects the drops into the open end. | 2,800 |
348,725 | 16,806,234 | 2,833 | A memory system is connectable to the host. The memory system includes a nonvolatile first memory, a second memory in which a plurality of pieces of first information each correlating a logical address indicating a location in a logical address space of the memory system with a physical address indicating a location in the first memory are stored, a volatile third memory including a first cache and a second cache, a compressor configured to perform compression on the plurality of pieces of first information, and a memory controller. The memory controller stores the first information not compressed by the compressor in the first cache, stores the first information compressed by the compressor in the second cache, and controls a ratio between a first capacity, which is a capacity of the first cache, and a second capacity, which is a capacity of the second cache. | 1. A memory system connectable to a host, comprising:
a nonvolatile first memory; a second memory in which a plurality of pieces of first information each correlating a logical address indicating a location in a logical address space of the memory system with a physical address indicating a location in the first memory are stored; a volatile third memory including a first cache and a second cache; a compressor configured to perform compression on the plurality of pieces of first information; and a memory controller configured to store the first information not compressed by the compressor in the first cache, store the first information compressed by the compressor in the second cache, and control a ratio between a first capacity, which is a capacity of the first cache, and a second capacity, which is a capacity of the second cache. 2. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein the memory controller is configured to
determine a frequency of sequential writes based on a plurality of write commands from the host, and adjust the ratio according to the frequency of sequential writes. 3. The memory system according to claim 2,
wherein the memory controller increases a percentage of the first capacity when the frequency is smaller than or equal to a first value, and increases a percentage of the second capacity when the frequency is greater than or equal to a second value, and wherein the first value is less than the second value. 4. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein the memory controller is configured to:
determine a first cache hit rate, which is a cache hit rate of the first cache, and a second cache hit rate, which is a cache hit rate of the second cache, and adjust the ratio according to the first cache hit rate or the second cache hit rate. 5. The memory system according to claim 4,
wherein the memory controller increases a percentage of the first capacity according to an increase in the first cache hit rate, and increases a percentage of the second capacity according to an increase in the second cache hit rate when the first cache hit rate does not increase. 6. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein the memory controller is configured to:
determine a success rate of compressing the first information to a predetermined size or less, and adjust the ratio according to the success rate. 7. The memory system according to claim 6,
wherein the memory controller increases a percentage of the second capacity according to an increase in the success rate and increases a percentage of the first capacity according to a decrease in the success rate. 8. The memory system according to claim 1,
wherein when the first information is extracted from the first cache, the memory controller compresses the first information extracted from the first cache using the compressor and stores the compressed first information in the second cache. 9. The memory system according to claim 1,
wherein the memory controller performs a first search for a first logical address in the first cache, and then a second search for the first logical address in the second cache when the first search fails. 10. The memory system according to claim 9, further comprising:
an expander, wherein when the second search succeeds, the memory controller retrieves the compressed first information from the second cache, restores the retrieved compressed first information using the expander, and performs an operation using the restored first information. 11. A method of dynamically sizing first and second caches for storing address conversion information, wherein the first cache stores the address conversion information in non-compressed form and the second cache stores the address conversion information in compressed form, said method comprising:
determining characteristics relating to the first cache and the second cache; and controlling a ratio between a first capacity, which is a capacity of the first cache, and a second capacity, which is a capacity of the second cache. 12. The method according to claim 11, further comprising:
determining, as the characteristics relating to the first cache and the second cache, a frequency of sequential writes based on a plurality of write commands from the host; and adjusting the ratio according to the frequency of sequential writes. 13. The method according to claim 12, further comprising:
increasing a percentage of the first capacity when the frequency is smaller than or equal to a first value, and increasing a percentage of the second capacity when the frequency is greater than or equal to a second value, wherein the first value is less than the second value. 14. The method according to claim 11, further comprising:
determining, as the characteristics relating to the first cache and the second cache, a first cache hit rate, which is a cache hit rate of the first cache, and a second cache hit rate, which is a cache hit rate of the second cache; and adjusting the ratio according to the first cache hit rate or the second cache hit rate. 15. The method according to claim 14, further comprising:
increasing a percentage of the first capacity according to an increase in the first cache hit rate, and increasing a percentage of the second capacity according to an increase in the second cache hit rate when the first cache hit rate does not increase. 16. The method according to claim 11, further comprising:
determining, as the characteristics relating to the first cache and the second cache, a success rate of compressing the first information to a predetermined size or less; and adjusting the ratio according to the success rate. 17. The method according to claim 16, further comprising:
increasing a percentage of the second capacity according to an increase in the success rate and increasing a percentage of the first capacity according to a decrease in the success rate. 18. The method according to claim 11, further comprising:
when the first information is extracted from the first cache, compressing the first information extracted from the first cache and storing the compressed first information in the second cache. 19. The method according to claim 11, further comprising:
performing a first search for a first logical address in the first cache, and then a second search for the first logical address in the second cache when the first search fails. 20. The method according to claim 19, further comprising:
when the second search succeeds, retrieving the compressed first information from the second cache, restoring the retrieved compressed first information, and performing an operation using the restored first information. | A memory system is connectable to the host. The memory system includes a nonvolatile first memory, a second memory in which a plurality of pieces of first information each correlating a logical address indicating a location in a logical address space of the memory system with a physical address indicating a location in the first memory are stored, a volatile third memory including a first cache and a second cache, a compressor configured to perform compression on the plurality of pieces of first information, and a memory controller. The memory controller stores the first information not compressed by the compressor in the first cache, stores the first information compressed by the compressor in the second cache, and controls a ratio between a first capacity, which is a capacity of the first cache, and a second capacity, which is a capacity of the second cache.1. A memory system connectable to a host, comprising:
a nonvolatile first memory; a second memory in which a plurality of pieces of first information each correlating a logical address indicating a location in a logical address space of the memory system with a physical address indicating a location in the first memory are stored; a volatile third memory including a first cache and a second cache; a compressor configured to perform compression on the plurality of pieces of first information; and a memory controller configured to store the first information not compressed by the compressor in the first cache, store the first information compressed by the compressor in the second cache, and control a ratio between a first capacity, which is a capacity of the first cache, and a second capacity, which is a capacity of the second cache. 2. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein the memory controller is configured to
determine a frequency of sequential writes based on a plurality of write commands from the host, and adjust the ratio according to the frequency of sequential writes. 3. The memory system according to claim 2,
wherein the memory controller increases a percentage of the first capacity when the frequency is smaller than or equal to a first value, and increases a percentage of the second capacity when the frequency is greater than or equal to a second value, and wherein the first value is less than the second value. 4. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein the memory controller is configured to:
determine a first cache hit rate, which is a cache hit rate of the first cache, and a second cache hit rate, which is a cache hit rate of the second cache, and adjust the ratio according to the first cache hit rate or the second cache hit rate. 5. The memory system according to claim 4,
wherein the memory controller increases a percentage of the first capacity according to an increase in the first cache hit rate, and increases a percentage of the second capacity according to an increase in the second cache hit rate when the first cache hit rate does not increase. 6. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein the memory controller is configured to:
determine a success rate of compressing the first information to a predetermined size or less, and adjust the ratio according to the success rate. 7. The memory system according to claim 6,
wherein the memory controller increases a percentage of the second capacity according to an increase in the success rate and increases a percentage of the first capacity according to a decrease in the success rate. 8. The memory system according to claim 1,
wherein when the first information is extracted from the first cache, the memory controller compresses the first information extracted from the first cache using the compressor and stores the compressed first information in the second cache. 9. The memory system according to claim 1,
wherein the memory controller performs a first search for a first logical address in the first cache, and then a second search for the first logical address in the second cache when the first search fails. 10. The memory system according to claim 9, further comprising:
an expander, wherein when the second search succeeds, the memory controller retrieves the compressed first information from the second cache, restores the retrieved compressed first information using the expander, and performs an operation using the restored first information. 11. A method of dynamically sizing first and second caches for storing address conversion information, wherein the first cache stores the address conversion information in non-compressed form and the second cache stores the address conversion information in compressed form, said method comprising:
determining characteristics relating to the first cache and the second cache; and controlling a ratio between a first capacity, which is a capacity of the first cache, and a second capacity, which is a capacity of the second cache. 12. The method according to claim 11, further comprising:
determining, as the characteristics relating to the first cache and the second cache, a frequency of sequential writes based on a plurality of write commands from the host; and adjusting the ratio according to the frequency of sequential writes. 13. The method according to claim 12, further comprising:
increasing a percentage of the first capacity when the frequency is smaller than or equal to a first value, and increasing a percentage of the second capacity when the frequency is greater than or equal to a second value, wherein the first value is less than the second value. 14. The method according to claim 11, further comprising:
determining, as the characteristics relating to the first cache and the second cache, a first cache hit rate, which is a cache hit rate of the first cache, and a second cache hit rate, which is a cache hit rate of the second cache; and adjusting the ratio according to the first cache hit rate or the second cache hit rate. 15. The method according to claim 14, further comprising:
increasing a percentage of the first capacity according to an increase in the first cache hit rate, and increasing a percentage of the second capacity according to an increase in the second cache hit rate when the first cache hit rate does not increase. 16. The method according to claim 11, further comprising:
determining, as the characteristics relating to the first cache and the second cache, a success rate of compressing the first information to a predetermined size or less; and adjusting the ratio according to the success rate. 17. The method according to claim 16, further comprising:
increasing a percentage of the second capacity according to an increase in the success rate and increasing a percentage of the first capacity according to a decrease in the success rate. 18. The method according to claim 11, further comprising:
when the first information is extracted from the first cache, compressing the first information extracted from the first cache and storing the compressed first information in the second cache. 19. The method according to claim 11, further comprising:
performing a first search for a first logical address in the first cache, and then a second search for the first logical address in the second cache when the first search fails. 20. The method according to claim 19, further comprising:
when the second search succeeds, retrieving the compressed first information from the second cache, restoring the retrieved compressed first information, and performing an operation using the restored first information. | 2,800 |
348,726 | 16,806,239 | 2,833 | A memory system is connectable to the host. The memory system includes a nonvolatile first memory, a second memory in which a plurality of pieces of first information each correlating a logical address indicating a location in a logical address space of the memory system with a physical address indicating a location in the first memory are stored, a volatile third memory including a first cache and a second cache, a compressor configured to perform compression on the plurality of pieces of first information, and a memory controller. The memory controller stores the first information not compressed by the compressor in the first cache, stores the first information compressed by the compressor in the second cache, and controls a ratio between a first capacity, which is a capacity of the first cache, and a second capacity, which is a capacity of the second cache. | 1. A memory system connectable to a host, comprising:
a nonvolatile first memory; a second memory in which a plurality of pieces of first information each correlating a logical address indicating a location in a logical address space of the memory system with a physical address indicating a location in the first memory are stored; a volatile third memory including a first cache and a second cache; a compressor configured to perform compression on the plurality of pieces of first information; and a memory controller configured to store the first information not compressed by the compressor in the first cache, store the first information compressed by the compressor in the second cache, and control a ratio between a first capacity, which is a capacity of the first cache, and a second capacity, which is a capacity of the second cache. 2. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein the memory controller is configured to
determine a frequency of sequential writes based on a plurality of write commands from the host, and adjust the ratio according to the frequency of sequential writes. 3. The memory system according to claim 2,
wherein the memory controller increases a percentage of the first capacity when the frequency is smaller than or equal to a first value, and increases a percentage of the second capacity when the frequency is greater than or equal to a second value, and wherein the first value is less than the second value. 4. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein the memory controller is configured to:
determine a first cache hit rate, which is a cache hit rate of the first cache, and a second cache hit rate, which is a cache hit rate of the second cache, and adjust the ratio according to the first cache hit rate or the second cache hit rate. 5. The memory system according to claim 4,
wherein the memory controller increases a percentage of the first capacity according to an increase in the first cache hit rate, and increases a percentage of the second capacity according to an increase in the second cache hit rate when the first cache hit rate does not increase. 6. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein the memory controller is configured to:
determine a success rate of compressing the first information to a predetermined size or less, and adjust the ratio according to the success rate. 7. The memory system according to claim 6,
wherein the memory controller increases a percentage of the second capacity according to an increase in the success rate and increases a percentage of the first capacity according to a decrease in the success rate. 8. The memory system according to claim 1,
wherein when the first information is extracted from the first cache, the memory controller compresses the first information extracted from the first cache using the compressor and stores the compressed first information in the second cache. 9. The memory system according to claim 1,
wherein the memory controller performs a first search for a first logical address in the first cache, and then a second search for the first logical address in the second cache when the first search fails. 10. The memory system according to claim 9, further comprising:
an expander, wherein when the second search succeeds, the memory controller retrieves the compressed first information from the second cache, restores the retrieved compressed first information using the expander, and performs an operation using the restored first information. 11. A method of dynamically sizing first and second caches for storing address conversion information, wherein the first cache stores the address conversion information in non-compressed form and the second cache stores the address conversion information in compressed form, said method comprising:
determining characteristics relating to the first cache and the second cache; and controlling a ratio between a first capacity, which is a capacity of the first cache, and a second capacity, which is a capacity of the second cache. 12. The method according to claim 11, further comprising:
determining, as the characteristics relating to the first cache and the second cache, a frequency of sequential writes based on a plurality of write commands from the host; and adjusting the ratio according to the frequency of sequential writes. 13. The method according to claim 12, further comprising:
increasing a percentage of the first capacity when the frequency is smaller than or equal to a first value, and increasing a percentage of the second capacity when the frequency is greater than or equal to a second value, wherein the first value is less than the second value. 14. The method according to claim 11, further comprising:
determining, as the characteristics relating to the first cache and the second cache, a first cache hit rate, which is a cache hit rate of the first cache, and a second cache hit rate, which is a cache hit rate of the second cache; and adjusting the ratio according to the first cache hit rate or the second cache hit rate. 15. The method according to claim 14, further comprising:
increasing a percentage of the first capacity according to an increase in the first cache hit rate, and increasing a percentage of the second capacity according to an increase in the second cache hit rate when the first cache hit rate does not increase. 16. The method according to claim 11, further comprising:
determining, as the characteristics relating to the first cache and the second cache, a success rate of compressing the first information to a predetermined size or less; and adjusting the ratio according to the success rate. 17. The method according to claim 16, further comprising:
increasing a percentage of the second capacity according to an increase in the success rate and increasing a percentage of the first capacity according to a decrease in the success rate. 18. The method according to claim 11, further comprising:
when the first information is extracted from the first cache, compressing the first information extracted from the first cache and storing the compressed first information in the second cache. 19. The method according to claim 11, further comprising:
performing a first search for a first logical address in the first cache, and then a second search for the first logical address in the second cache when the first search fails. 20. The method according to claim 19, further comprising:
when the second search succeeds, retrieving the compressed first information from the second cache, restoring the retrieved compressed first information, and performing an operation using the restored first information. | A memory system is connectable to the host. The memory system includes a nonvolatile first memory, a second memory in which a plurality of pieces of first information each correlating a logical address indicating a location in a logical address space of the memory system with a physical address indicating a location in the first memory are stored, a volatile third memory including a first cache and a second cache, a compressor configured to perform compression on the plurality of pieces of first information, and a memory controller. The memory controller stores the first information not compressed by the compressor in the first cache, stores the first information compressed by the compressor in the second cache, and controls a ratio between a first capacity, which is a capacity of the first cache, and a second capacity, which is a capacity of the second cache.1. A memory system connectable to a host, comprising:
a nonvolatile first memory; a second memory in which a plurality of pieces of first information each correlating a logical address indicating a location in a logical address space of the memory system with a physical address indicating a location in the first memory are stored; a volatile third memory including a first cache and a second cache; a compressor configured to perform compression on the plurality of pieces of first information; and a memory controller configured to store the first information not compressed by the compressor in the first cache, store the first information compressed by the compressor in the second cache, and control a ratio between a first capacity, which is a capacity of the first cache, and a second capacity, which is a capacity of the second cache. 2. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein the memory controller is configured to
determine a frequency of sequential writes based on a plurality of write commands from the host, and adjust the ratio according to the frequency of sequential writes. 3. The memory system according to claim 2,
wherein the memory controller increases a percentage of the first capacity when the frequency is smaller than or equal to a first value, and increases a percentage of the second capacity when the frequency is greater than or equal to a second value, and wherein the first value is less than the second value. 4. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein the memory controller is configured to:
determine a first cache hit rate, which is a cache hit rate of the first cache, and a second cache hit rate, which is a cache hit rate of the second cache, and adjust the ratio according to the first cache hit rate or the second cache hit rate. 5. The memory system according to claim 4,
wherein the memory controller increases a percentage of the first capacity according to an increase in the first cache hit rate, and increases a percentage of the second capacity according to an increase in the second cache hit rate when the first cache hit rate does not increase. 6. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein the memory controller is configured to:
determine a success rate of compressing the first information to a predetermined size or less, and adjust the ratio according to the success rate. 7. The memory system according to claim 6,
wherein the memory controller increases a percentage of the second capacity according to an increase in the success rate and increases a percentage of the first capacity according to a decrease in the success rate. 8. The memory system according to claim 1,
wherein when the first information is extracted from the first cache, the memory controller compresses the first information extracted from the first cache using the compressor and stores the compressed first information in the second cache. 9. The memory system according to claim 1,
wherein the memory controller performs a first search for a first logical address in the first cache, and then a second search for the first logical address in the second cache when the first search fails. 10. The memory system according to claim 9, further comprising:
an expander, wherein when the second search succeeds, the memory controller retrieves the compressed first information from the second cache, restores the retrieved compressed first information using the expander, and performs an operation using the restored first information. 11. A method of dynamically sizing first and second caches for storing address conversion information, wherein the first cache stores the address conversion information in non-compressed form and the second cache stores the address conversion information in compressed form, said method comprising:
determining characteristics relating to the first cache and the second cache; and controlling a ratio between a first capacity, which is a capacity of the first cache, and a second capacity, which is a capacity of the second cache. 12. The method according to claim 11, further comprising:
determining, as the characteristics relating to the first cache and the second cache, a frequency of sequential writes based on a plurality of write commands from the host; and adjusting the ratio according to the frequency of sequential writes. 13. The method according to claim 12, further comprising:
increasing a percentage of the first capacity when the frequency is smaller than or equal to a first value, and increasing a percentage of the second capacity when the frequency is greater than or equal to a second value, wherein the first value is less than the second value. 14. The method according to claim 11, further comprising:
determining, as the characteristics relating to the first cache and the second cache, a first cache hit rate, which is a cache hit rate of the first cache, and a second cache hit rate, which is a cache hit rate of the second cache; and adjusting the ratio according to the first cache hit rate or the second cache hit rate. 15. The method according to claim 14, further comprising:
increasing a percentage of the first capacity according to an increase in the first cache hit rate, and increasing a percentage of the second capacity according to an increase in the second cache hit rate when the first cache hit rate does not increase. 16. The method according to claim 11, further comprising:
determining, as the characteristics relating to the first cache and the second cache, a success rate of compressing the first information to a predetermined size or less; and adjusting the ratio according to the success rate. 17. The method according to claim 16, further comprising:
increasing a percentage of the second capacity according to an increase in the success rate and increasing a percentage of the first capacity according to a decrease in the success rate. 18. The method according to claim 11, further comprising:
when the first information is extracted from the first cache, compressing the first information extracted from the first cache and storing the compressed first information in the second cache. 19. The method according to claim 11, further comprising:
performing a first search for a first logical address in the first cache, and then a second search for the first logical address in the second cache when the first search fails. 20. The method according to claim 19, further comprising:
when the second search succeeds, retrieving the compressed first information from the second cache, restoring the retrieved compressed first information, and performing an operation using the restored first information. | 2,800 |
348,727 | 16,806,192 | 2,833 | According to one embodiment, a memory system includes a memory controller and a non-volatile memory electrically connected to the memory controller. The non-volatile memory includes a memory chip having a plurality of planes. The memory chip includes a mode switching circuit and an input and output circuit. The mode switching circuit is configured to switch from a first mode to a second mode in response to a first command from the memory controller. The input and output circuit is configured to receive at least one of a command, an address, or data from the memory controller via a first bus when the mode switching circuit is in the first mode, and transmit, to the memory controller via the first bus, busy information indicating that at least one of the plurality of planes is in a busy state when the mode switching circuit is in the second mode. | 1. A memory system comprising:
a memory controller; and a non-volatile memory communicatively connected to the memory controller, wherein the non-volatile memory includes a memory chip having a plurality of planes, the memory chip includes:
a mode switching circuit configured to switch from a first mode to a second mode in response to a first command from the memory controller; and
an input and output circuit,
the input and output circuit configured to:
receive at least one of: a second command, an address, or data from the memory controller via a first bus when the mode switching circuit is in the first mode, and
transmit, to the memory controller via the first bus, busy information indicating that at least one of the plurality of planes is in a busy state when the mode switching circuit is in the second mode. 2. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
the input and output circuit is configured to stop transmitting the busy information to the memory controller when any one of the plurality of planes is in a ready state. 3. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
the memory controller is configured to monitor the busy information transmitted from the memory chip, and perform input and output processing of data via the first bus to the memory chip when any one of the plurality of planes is in a ready state. 4. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
the first bus includes a plurality of input and output signals, and a number of the plurality of input and output signals is equal to a number of the plurality of planes. 5. The memory system according to claim 4, wherein
the input and output circuit is configured to add the busy information of each plane to the plurality of input and output signals and transmit the input and output signals to the memory controller. 6. The memory system according to claim 5, wherein
the memory chip further includes a ready/busy circuit configured to transmit, to the memory controller via a second bus, a ready/busy signal indicating whether one of the plurality of planes is in a ready state or the busy state, and the input and output circuit is configured to add the busy information of each plane to the plurality of input and output signals when the ready/busy signal indicates the busy state. 7. The memory system according to claim 5, wherein
the input and output circuit is configured to stop processing of adding the busy information of each plane to the plurality of input and output signals when any one of the plurality of planes is in a ready state. 8. The memory system according to claim 5, wherein
the non-volatile memory includes a plurality of memory chips connected to the memory controller, and the memory controller is configured to select one of the memory chips by a chip enable signal, the input and output circuit is configured to add the busy information of each plane to the plurality of input and output signals only when the chip enable signal from the memory controller is asserted. 9. A method comprising:
receiving, by a non-volatile memory from a memory controller, a first command; switching, by the non-volatile memory, the non-volatile memory from a first mode to a second mode in response to receiving the first command; receiving, the non-volatile memory, at least one of: a second command, an address, or data from the memory controller via a first bus when the non-volatile memory is in the first mode; and transmitting, by the non-volatile memory to the memory controller via the first bus, busy information indicating that at least one of the plurality of planes of the non-volatile memory is in a busy state when the non-volatile memory is in the second mode. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
stopping, by the non-volatile memory, transmitting the busy information to the memory controller when any of the plurality of planes is in a ready state. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein
the first bus includes a plurality of input and output signals, and a number of the plurality of input and output signals is equal to a number of the plurality of planes. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
adding, by the non-volatile memory, the busy information to the plurality of input and output signals and transmit the input and output signals to the memory controller. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising:
stopping, by the non-volatile memory, processing of adding the busy information to the plurality of input and output signals when any of the plurality of planes is in a ready state. | According to one embodiment, a memory system includes a memory controller and a non-volatile memory electrically connected to the memory controller. The non-volatile memory includes a memory chip having a plurality of planes. The memory chip includes a mode switching circuit and an input and output circuit. The mode switching circuit is configured to switch from a first mode to a second mode in response to a first command from the memory controller. The input and output circuit is configured to receive at least one of a command, an address, or data from the memory controller via a first bus when the mode switching circuit is in the first mode, and transmit, to the memory controller via the first bus, busy information indicating that at least one of the plurality of planes is in a busy state when the mode switching circuit is in the second mode.1. A memory system comprising:
a memory controller; and a non-volatile memory communicatively connected to the memory controller, wherein the non-volatile memory includes a memory chip having a plurality of planes, the memory chip includes:
a mode switching circuit configured to switch from a first mode to a second mode in response to a first command from the memory controller; and
an input and output circuit,
the input and output circuit configured to:
receive at least one of: a second command, an address, or data from the memory controller via a first bus when the mode switching circuit is in the first mode, and
transmit, to the memory controller via the first bus, busy information indicating that at least one of the plurality of planes is in a busy state when the mode switching circuit is in the second mode. 2. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
the input and output circuit is configured to stop transmitting the busy information to the memory controller when any one of the plurality of planes is in a ready state. 3. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
the memory controller is configured to monitor the busy information transmitted from the memory chip, and perform input and output processing of data via the first bus to the memory chip when any one of the plurality of planes is in a ready state. 4. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
the first bus includes a plurality of input and output signals, and a number of the plurality of input and output signals is equal to a number of the plurality of planes. 5. The memory system according to claim 4, wherein
the input and output circuit is configured to add the busy information of each plane to the plurality of input and output signals and transmit the input and output signals to the memory controller. 6. The memory system according to claim 5, wherein
the memory chip further includes a ready/busy circuit configured to transmit, to the memory controller via a second bus, a ready/busy signal indicating whether one of the plurality of planes is in a ready state or the busy state, and the input and output circuit is configured to add the busy information of each plane to the plurality of input and output signals when the ready/busy signal indicates the busy state. 7. The memory system according to claim 5, wherein
the input and output circuit is configured to stop processing of adding the busy information of each plane to the plurality of input and output signals when any one of the plurality of planes is in a ready state. 8. The memory system according to claim 5, wherein
the non-volatile memory includes a plurality of memory chips connected to the memory controller, and the memory controller is configured to select one of the memory chips by a chip enable signal, the input and output circuit is configured to add the busy information of each plane to the plurality of input and output signals only when the chip enable signal from the memory controller is asserted. 9. A method comprising:
receiving, by a non-volatile memory from a memory controller, a first command; switching, by the non-volatile memory, the non-volatile memory from a first mode to a second mode in response to receiving the first command; receiving, the non-volatile memory, at least one of: a second command, an address, or data from the memory controller via a first bus when the non-volatile memory is in the first mode; and transmitting, by the non-volatile memory to the memory controller via the first bus, busy information indicating that at least one of the plurality of planes of the non-volatile memory is in a busy state when the non-volatile memory is in the second mode. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
stopping, by the non-volatile memory, transmitting the busy information to the memory controller when any of the plurality of planes is in a ready state. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein
the first bus includes a plurality of input and output signals, and a number of the plurality of input and output signals is equal to a number of the plurality of planes. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
adding, by the non-volatile memory, the busy information to the plurality of input and output signals and transmit the input and output signals to the memory controller. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising:
stopping, by the non-volatile memory, processing of adding the busy information to the plurality of input and output signals when any of the plurality of planes is in a ready state. | 2,800 |
348,728 | 16,806,212 | 2,833 | An information processing device is an information processing device (a DCM or a processing device) that is provided in a vehicle mounted with communication equipment or is provided in an external device (a center server) configured to perform communication with the communication equipment, and includes a storage unit configured to store association information in which equipment identification information unique to a DCM and vehicle identification information unique to an authorized vehicle mounted with the DCM are associated. With this configuration, it is possible to determine whether or not the DCM is mounted in an authorized vehicle using the stored association information, for example, by comparing the vehicle identification information of the authorized vehicle associated with the equipment identification information unique to the DCM with received vehicle identification information. For this reason, it is possible to specify the authorized vehicle mounted with the DCM. | 1. An information processing device that is provided in a vehicle mounted with communication equipment or is provided in an external device configured to perform communication with the communication equipment, the information processing device comprising a storage unit,
wherein the storage unit is configured to store association information in which equipment identification information unique to the communication equipment and vehicle identification information unique to the authorized vehicle mounted with the communication equipment are associated. 2. The information processing device according to claim 1, further comprising an information transmission restriction unit configured to compare the vehicle identification information acquired from the vehicle with the vehicle identification information included in the association information, and in a case where the vehicle identification information acquired from the vehicle does not coincide with the vehicle identification information included in the association information, restrict transmission of vehicle status information representing a status of the vehicle to the external device. 3. The information processing device according to claim 1, further comprising an information discard unit configured to compare the vehicle identification information acquired from the vehicle with the vehicle identification information included in the association information, and in a case where the vehicle identification information acquired from the vehicle does not coincide with the vehicle identification information included in the association information, discard information transmitted from the external device. 4. An information processing program causing a computer to execute a step of making a storage unit of an information processing device, which is provided in a vehicle mounted with communication equipment or is provided in an external device configured to perform communication with the communication equipment, store association information in which equipment identification information unique to the communication equipment and vehicle identification information unique to the authorized vehicle mounted with the communication equipment are associated. | An information processing device is an information processing device (a DCM or a processing device) that is provided in a vehicle mounted with communication equipment or is provided in an external device (a center server) configured to perform communication with the communication equipment, and includes a storage unit configured to store association information in which equipment identification information unique to a DCM and vehicle identification information unique to an authorized vehicle mounted with the DCM are associated. With this configuration, it is possible to determine whether or not the DCM is mounted in an authorized vehicle using the stored association information, for example, by comparing the vehicle identification information of the authorized vehicle associated with the equipment identification information unique to the DCM with received vehicle identification information. For this reason, it is possible to specify the authorized vehicle mounted with the DCM.1. An information processing device that is provided in a vehicle mounted with communication equipment or is provided in an external device configured to perform communication with the communication equipment, the information processing device comprising a storage unit,
wherein the storage unit is configured to store association information in which equipment identification information unique to the communication equipment and vehicle identification information unique to the authorized vehicle mounted with the communication equipment are associated. 2. The information processing device according to claim 1, further comprising an information transmission restriction unit configured to compare the vehicle identification information acquired from the vehicle with the vehicle identification information included in the association information, and in a case where the vehicle identification information acquired from the vehicle does not coincide with the vehicle identification information included in the association information, restrict transmission of vehicle status information representing a status of the vehicle to the external device. 3. The information processing device according to claim 1, further comprising an information discard unit configured to compare the vehicle identification information acquired from the vehicle with the vehicle identification information included in the association information, and in a case where the vehicle identification information acquired from the vehicle does not coincide with the vehicle identification information included in the association information, discard information transmitted from the external device. 4. An information processing program causing a computer to execute a step of making a storage unit of an information processing device, which is provided in a vehicle mounted with communication equipment or is provided in an external device configured to perform communication with the communication equipment, store association information in which equipment identification information unique to the communication equipment and vehicle identification information unique to the authorized vehicle mounted with the communication equipment are associated. | 2,800 |
348,729 | 16,806,226 | 2,833 | A computer-implemented adaptive group training method a computer accessing a virtual system and initiating a group training exercise for training a trainee group comprising one or more trainees, the group training exercise including one or more challenges to the virtual system, each of the one or more challenges including a pre-defined sequence of one or more injectable events; the computer controlling subsequent execution of the group training exercise comprising injecting the injectable events; and the computer evaluating performance of the trainee group during the subsequent execution of the group training exercise, including analyzing actions taken by the trainee group in response to each of the injections, and attributing one or more of the actions taken to a trainee. | 1. A system that monitors and evaluates complex actions and interactions by and among multiple trainees participating in group training exercises, comprising:
one or more processors; and a program of instructions resident on a non-transitory, computer readable storage medium, the instructions executed by a processor, wherein the processor:
generates a virtual network and generates virtual network elements, the virtual network elements comprising one or more virtual machines in the virtual network, the virtual machines supplied to and resident on trainee media devices, each virtual machine in communication with a local visual display of a corresponding one of the trainee media devices, and each virtual machine in communication with one or more sensors, the processor in communication with each of the virtual machines,
loads a group training exercise on each of the virtual machines,
causes trainee media devices to execute the loaded group training exercise,
issues challenges, each challenge comprising one or more injectable events in a pre-defined sequence implemented by the processor and injected into the group training exercise,
receives one or more trainee actions, in response to an injectable event from the one or more virtual machines,
executes an on-the-fly, real-time evaluation of the received trainee actions, and
based on the evaluation, adapts, in real-time, the group training exercise. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor adapts the group training exercise to increase its difficulty. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor adapts the group training exercise to decrease its difficulty. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor adapts the group training exercise to increase its fidelity. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor adapts the group training exercise to decrease its fidelity. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor autonomously and automatically, without pausing or stopping the group training exercise, adapts the group training exercise by:
stopping a currently executing pre-defined sequence of injectable events; and initiating an alternate pre-defined sequence of injectable events, including changing virtual network element states and corresponding indications. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the trainee takes no action when action is relevant and expected, and wherein the processor autonomously and automatically adapts the group training exercise. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor autonomously and automatically, without pausing or stopping the group training exercise, adapts the group training exercise by adding one or more injectable events. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor autonomously and automatically, without pausing or stopping the group training exercise, adapts the group training exercise by speeding up a currently executing sequence of injectable events. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor autonomously and automatically, without pausing or stopping the group training exercise, adapts the group training by deleting one or more injectable events. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein to evaluate a trainee action, the processor:
identifies classes of the actions taken, the classes comprising a correct action, an incorrect action, and an undefined action; further identifies each correct action as one of correct, critical and correct, non-critical; and further identifies each incorrect action as one of incorrect, catastrophic and incorrect, non-catastrophic. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the processor identifies the trainee action as one or more of timely and not expected. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the sensors comprise native sensors and environment sensors, the system further including software agents, and wherein the sensors capture data related to a trainee operating a media device and the software agents provide the data to the processor. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein one or more of the sensors captures trainee facial images and the processor analyzes the trainee facial images to attribute a trainee action to a specific trainee. 15. The system of claim 13, wherein one or more of the sensors captures trainee audio, and the processor:
executes a natural language processor to identify words and terms indicative of an action taken by a trainee; and executes a voice recognition device to attribute the action to a specific trainee. 16. The system of claim 13, wherein one or more trainee attributions are determined after competition of the group trainee exercise. 17. The system of claim 13, wherein one or more trainee actions cannot be attributed to a specific trainee, and wherein the processor stores the one or more actions as non-attributed. 18. The system of claim 1, wherein one or more of the trainees is represented by an avatar, wherein actions taken by a specific trainee are represented visually on the display by operation of the trainee's corresponding avatar. 19. A method for monitoring and evaluating complex actions and interactions by and among multiple trainees participating in group training exercises, comprising a processor:
generating a virtual network and generates virtual network elements, the virtual network elements comprising one or more virtual machines in the virtual network, the virtual machines supplied to and resident on trainee media devices, each virtual machine in communication with a local visual display of a corresponding one of the trainee media devices, and each virtual machine in communication with one or more sensors, the processor in communication with each of the virtual machines; loading a group training exercise on each of the virtual machines; causing trainee media devices to execute the loaded group training exercise; issuing challenges, each challenge comprising one or more injectable events implemented in a pre-defined sequence by the processor and injected into the group training exercise; receiving one or more trainee actions, in response to an injectable event, from the one or more virtual machines; executing an on-the-fly, real-time evaluation of the received trainee actions; and based on the evaluation, adapting, in real-time, the group training exercise. 20. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium having encoded thereon an adaptative team training evaluation program, wherein a processor executes the program to:
generate a virtual network and generates virtual network elements, the virtual network elements comprising one or more virtual machines in the virtual network, the virtual machines supplied to and resident on trainee media devices, each virtual machine in communication with a local visual display of a corresponding one of the trainee media devices, and each virtual machine in communication with one or more sensors, the processor in communication with each of the virtual machines; load a group training exercise on each of the virtual machines; cause trainee media devices to execute the loaded group training exercise; issues challenge, each challenge comprising one or more injectable events implemented in a pre-defined sequence by the processor and injected into the group training exercise; receive one or more trainee actions, in response to an injectable event from the one or more virtual machines; execute an on-the-fly, real-time evaluation of the received trainee actions; and based on the evaluation, adapt, in real-time, the group training exercise. | A computer-implemented adaptive group training method a computer accessing a virtual system and initiating a group training exercise for training a trainee group comprising one or more trainees, the group training exercise including one or more challenges to the virtual system, each of the one or more challenges including a pre-defined sequence of one or more injectable events; the computer controlling subsequent execution of the group training exercise comprising injecting the injectable events; and the computer evaluating performance of the trainee group during the subsequent execution of the group training exercise, including analyzing actions taken by the trainee group in response to each of the injections, and attributing one or more of the actions taken to a trainee.1. A system that monitors and evaluates complex actions and interactions by and among multiple trainees participating in group training exercises, comprising:
one or more processors; and a program of instructions resident on a non-transitory, computer readable storage medium, the instructions executed by a processor, wherein the processor:
generates a virtual network and generates virtual network elements, the virtual network elements comprising one or more virtual machines in the virtual network, the virtual machines supplied to and resident on trainee media devices, each virtual machine in communication with a local visual display of a corresponding one of the trainee media devices, and each virtual machine in communication with one or more sensors, the processor in communication with each of the virtual machines,
loads a group training exercise on each of the virtual machines,
causes trainee media devices to execute the loaded group training exercise,
issues challenges, each challenge comprising one or more injectable events in a pre-defined sequence implemented by the processor and injected into the group training exercise,
receives one or more trainee actions, in response to an injectable event from the one or more virtual machines,
executes an on-the-fly, real-time evaluation of the received trainee actions, and
based on the evaluation, adapts, in real-time, the group training exercise. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor adapts the group training exercise to increase its difficulty. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor adapts the group training exercise to decrease its difficulty. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor adapts the group training exercise to increase its fidelity. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor adapts the group training exercise to decrease its fidelity. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor autonomously and automatically, without pausing or stopping the group training exercise, adapts the group training exercise by:
stopping a currently executing pre-defined sequence of injectable events; and initiating an alternate pre-defined sequence of injectable events, including changing virtual network element states and corresponding indications. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the trainee takes no action when action is relevant and expected, and wherein the processor autonomously and automatically adapts the group training exercise. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor autonomously and automatically, without pausing or stopping the group training exercise, adapts the group training exercise by adding one or more injectable events. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor autonomously and automatically, without pausing or stopping the group training exercise, adapts the group training exercise by speeding up a currently executing sequence of injectable events. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor autonomously and automatically, without pausing or stopping the group training exercise, adapts the group training by deleting one or more injectable events. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein to evaluate a trainee action, the processor:
identifies classes of the actions taken, the classes comprising a correct action, an incorrect action, and an undefined action; further identifies each correct action as one of correct, critical and correct, non-critical; and further identifies each incorrect action as one of incorrect, catastrophic and incorrect, non-catastrophic. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the processor identifies the trainee action as one or more of timely and not expected. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the sensors comprise native sensors and environment sensors, the system further including software agents, and wherein the sensors capture data related to a trainee operating a media device and the software agents provide the data to the processor. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein one or more of the sensors captures trainee facial images and the processor analyzes the trainee facial images to attribute a trainee action to a specific trainee. 15. The system of claim 13, wherein one or more of the sensors captures trainee audio, and the processor:
executes a natural language processor to identify words and terms indicative of an action taken by a trainee; and executes a voice recognition device to attribute the action to a specific trainee. 16. The system of claim 13, wherein one or more trainee attributions are determined after competition of the group trainee exercise. 17. The system of claim 13, wherein one or more trainee actions cannot be attributed to a specific trainee, and wherein the processor stores the one or more actions as non-attributed. 18. The system of claim 1, wherein one or more of the trainees is represented by an avatar, wherein actions taken by a specific trainee are represented visually on the display by operation of the trainee's corresponding avatar. 19. A method for monitoring and evaluating complex actions and interactions by and among multiple trainees participating in group training exercises, comprising a processor:
generating a virtual network and generates virtual network elements, the virtual network elements comprising one or more virtual machines in the virtual network, the virtual machines supplied to and resident on trainee media devices, each virtual machine in communication with a local visual display of a corresponding one of the trainee media devices, and each virtual machine in communication with one or more sensors, the processor in communication with each of the virtual machines; loading a group training exercise on each of the virtual machines; causing trainee media devices to execute the loaded group training exercise; issuing challenges, each challenge comprising one or more injectable events implemented in a pre-defined sequence by the processor and injected into the group training exercise; receiving one or more trainee actions, in response to an injectable event, from the one or more virtual machines; executing an on-the-fly, real-time evaluation of the received trainee actions; and based on the evaluation, adapting, in real-time, the group training exercise. 20. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium having encoded thereon an adaptative team training evaluation program, wherein a processor executes the program to:
generate a virtual network and generates virtual network elements, the virtual network elements comprising one or more virtual machines in the virtual network, the virtual machines supplied to and resident on trainee media devices, each virtual machine in communication with a local visual display of a corresponding one of the trainee media devices, and each virtual machine in communication with one or more sensors, the processor in communication with each of the virtual machines; load a group training exercise on each of the virtual machines; cause trainee media devices to execute the loaded group training exercise; issues challenge, each challenge comprising one or more injectable events implemented in a pre-defined sequence by the processor and injected into the group training exercise; receive one or more trainee actions, in response to an injectable event from the one or more virtual machines; execute an on-the-fly, real-time evaluation of the received trainee actions; and based on the evaluation, adapt, in real-time, the group training exercise. | 2,800 |
348,730 | 16,806,246 | 2,833 | A computer-implemented adaptive group training method a computer accessing a virtual system and initiating a group training exercise for training a trainee group comprising one or more trainees, the group training exercise including one or more challenges to the virtual system, each of the one or more challenges including a pre-defined sequence of one or more injectable events; the computer controlling subsequent execution of the group training exercise comprising injecting the injectable events; and the computer evaluating performance of the trainee group during the subsequent execution of the group training exercise, including analyzing actions taken by the trainee group in response to each of the injections, and attributing one or more of the actions taken to a trainee. | 1. A system that monitors and evaluates complex actions and interactions by and among multiple trainees participating in group training exercises, comprising:
one or more processors; and a program of instructions resident on a non-transitory, computer readable storage medium, the instructions executed by a processor, wherein the processor:
generates a virtual network and generates virtual network elements, the virtual network elements comprising one or more virtual machines in the virtual network, the virtual machines supplied to and resident on trainee media devices, each virtual machine in communication with a local visual display of a corresponding one of the trainee media devices, and each virtual machine in communication with one or more sensors, the processor in communication with each of the virtual machines,
loads a group training exercise on each of the virtual machines,
causes trainee media devices to execute the loaded group training exercise,
issues challenges, each challenge comprising one or more injectable events in a pre-defined sequence implemented by the processor and injected into the group training exercise,
receives one or more trainee actions, in response to an injectable event from the one or more virtual machines,
executes an on-the-fly, real-time evaluation of the received trainee actions, and
based on the evaluation, adapts, in real-time, the group training exercise. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor adapts the group training exercise to increase its difficulty. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor adapts the group training exercise to decrease its difficulty. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor adapts the group training exercise to increase its fidelity. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor adapts the group training exercise to decrease its fidelity. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor autonomously and automatically, without pausing or stopping the group training exercise, adapts the group training exercise by:
stopping a currently executing pre-defined sequence of injectable events; and initiating an alternate pre-defined sequence of injectable events, including changing virtual network element states and corresponding indications. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the trainee takes no action when action is relevant and expected, and wherein the processor autonomously and automatically adapts the group training exercise. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor autonomously and automatically, without pausing or stopping the group training exercise, adapts the group training exercise by adding one or more injectable events. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor autonomously and automatically, without pausing or stopping the group training exercise, adapts the group training exercise by speeding up a currently executing sequence of injectable events. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor autonomously and automatically, without pausing or stopping the group training exercise, adapts the group training by deleting one or more injectable events. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein to evaluate a trainee action, the processor:
identifies classes of the actions taken, the classes comprising a correct action, an incorrect action, and an undefined action; further identifies each correct action as one of correct, critical and correct, non-critical; and further identifies each incorrect action as one of incorrect, catastrophic and incorrect, non-catastrophic. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the processor identifies the trainee action as one or more of timely and not expected. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the sensors comprise native sensors and environment sensors, the system further including software agents, and wherein the sensors capture data related to a trainee operating a media device and the software agents provide the data to the processor. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein one or more of the sensors captures trainee facial images and the processor analyzes the trainee facial images to attribute a trainee action to a specific trainee. 15. The system of claim 13, wherein one or more of the sensors captures trainee audio, and the processor:
executes a natural language processor to identify words and terms indicative of an action taken by a trainee; and executes a voice recognition device to attribute the action to a specific trainee. 16. The system of claim 13, wherein one or more trainee attributions are determined after competition of the group trainee exercise. 17. The system of claim 13, wherein one or more trainee actions cannot be attributed to a specific trainee, and wherein the processor stores the one or more actions as non-attributed. 18. The system of claim 1, wherein one or more of the trainees is represented by an avatar, wherein actions taken by a specific trainee are represented visually on the display by operation of the trainee's corresponding avatar. 19. A method for monitoring and evaluating complex actions and interactions by and among multiple trainees participating in group training exercises, comprising a processor:
generating a virtual network and generates virtual network elements, the virtual network elements comprising one or more virtual machines in the virtual network, the virtual machines supplied to and resident on trainee media devices, each virtual machine in communication with a local visual display of a corresponding one of the trainee media devices, and each virtual machine in communication with one or more sensors, the processor in communication with each of the virtual machines; loading a group training exercise on each of the virtual machines; causing trainee media devices to execute the loaded group training exercise; issuing challenges, each challenge comprising one or more injectable events implemented in a pre-defined sequence by the processor and injected into the group training exercise; receiving one or more trainee actions, in response to an injectable event, from the one or more virtual machines; executing an on-the-fly, real-time evaluation of the received trainee actions; and based on the evaluation, adapting, in real-time, the group training exercise. 20. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium having encoded thereon an adaptative team training evaluation program, wherein a processor executes the program to:
generate a virtual network and generates virtual network elements, the virtual network elements comprising one or more virtual machines in the virtual network, the virtual machines supplied to and resident on trainee media devices, each virtual machine in communication with a local visual display of a corresponding one of the trainee media devices, and each virtual machine in communication with one or more sensors, the processor in communication with each of the virtual machines; load a group training exercise on each of the virtual machines; cause trainee media devices to execute the loaded group training exercise; issues challenge, each challenge comprising one or more injectable events implemented in a pre-defined sequence by the processor and injected into the group training exercise; receive one or more trainee actions, in response to an injectable event from the one or more virtual machines; execute an on-the-fly, real-time evaluation of the received trainee actions; and based on the evaluation, adapt, in real-time, the group training exercise. | A computer-implemented adaptive group training method a computer accessing a virtual system and initiating a group training exercise for training a trainee group comprising one or more trainees, the group training exercise including one or more challenges to the virtual system, each of the one or more challenges including a pre-defined sequence of one or more injectable events; the computer controlling subsequent execution of the group training exercise comprising injecting the injectable events; and the computer evaluating performance of the trainee group during the subsequent execution of the group training exercise, including analyzing actions taken by the trainee group in response to each of the injections, and attributing one or more of the actions taken to a trainee.1. A system that monitors and evaluates complex actions and interactions by and among multiple trainees participating in group training exercises, comprising:
one or more processors; and a program of instructions resident on a non-transitory, computer readable storage medium, the instructions executed by a processor, wherein the processor:
generates a virtual network and generates virtual network elements, the virtual network elements comprising one or more virtual machines in the virtual network, the virtual machines supplied to and resident on trainee media devices, each virtual machine in communication with a local visual display of a corresponding one of the trainee media devices, and each virtual machine in communication with one or more sensors, the processor in communication with each of the virtual machines,
loads a group training exercise on each of the virtual machines,
causes trainee media devices to execute the loaded group training exercise,
issues challenges, each challenge comprising one or more injectable events in a pre-defined sequence implemented by the processor and injected into the group training exercise,
receives one or more trainee actions, in response to an injectable event from the one or more virtual machines,
executes an on-the-fly, real-time evaluation of the received trainee actions, and
based on the evaluation, adapts, in real-time, the group training exercise. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor adapts the group training exercise to increase its difficulty. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor adapts the group training exercise to decrease its difficulty. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor adapts the group training exercise to increase its fidelity. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor adapts the group training exercise to decrease its fidelity. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor autonomously and automatically, without pausing or stopping the group training exercise, adapts the group training exercise by:
stopping a currently executing pre-defined sequence of injectable events; and initiating an alternate pre-defined sequence of injectable events, including changing virtual network element states and corresponding indications. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the trainee takes no action when action is relevant and expected, and wherein the processor autonomously and automatically adapts the group training exercise. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor autonomously and automatically, without pausing or stopping the group training exercise, adapts the group training exercise by adding one or more injectable events. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor autonomously and automatically, without pausing or stopping the group training exercise, adapts the group training exercise by speeding up a currently executing sequence of injectable events. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor autonomously and automatically, without pausing or stopping the group training exercise, adapts the group training by deleting one or more injectable events. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein to evaluate a trainee action, the processor:
identifies classes of the actions taken, the classes comprising a correct action, an incorrect action, and an undefined action; further identifies each correct action as one of correct, critical and correct, non-critical; and further identifies each incorrect action as one of incorrect, catastrophic and incorrect, non-catastrophic. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the processor identifies the trainee action as one or more of timely and not expected. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the sensors comprise native sensors and environment sensors, the system further including software agents, and wherein the sensors capture data related to a trainee operating a media device and the software agents provide the data to the processor. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein one or more of the sensors captures trainee facial images and the processor analyzes the trainee facial images to attribute a trainee action to a specific trainee. 15. The system of claim 13, wherein one or more of the sensors captures trainee audio, and the processor:
executes a natural language processor to identify words and terms indicative of an action taken by a trainee; and executes a voice recognition device to attribute the action to a specific trainee. 16. The system of claim 13, wherein one or more trainee attributions are determined after competition of the group trainee exercise. 17. The system of claim 13, wherein one or more trainee actions cannot be attributed to a specific trainee, and wherein the processor stores the one or more actions as non-attributed. 18. The system of claim 1, wherein one or more of the trainees is represented by an avatar, wherein actions taken by a specific trainee are represented visually on the display by operation of the trainee's corresponding avatar. 19. A method for monitoring and evaluating complex actions and interactions by and among multiple trainees participating in group training exercises, comprising a processor:
generating a virtual network and generates virtual network elements, the virtual network elements comprising one or more virtual machines in the virtual network, the virtual machines supplied to and resident on trainee media devices, each virtual machine in communication with a local visual display of a corresponding one of the trainee media devices, and each virtual machine in communication with one or more sensors, the processor in communication with each of the virtual machines; loading a group training exercise on each of the virtual machines; causing trainee media devices to execute the loaded group training exercise; issuing challenges, each challenge comprising one or more injectable events implemented in a pre-defined sequence by the processor and injected into the group training exercise; receiving one or more trainee actions, in response to an injectable event, from the one or more virtual machines; executing an on-the-fly, real-time evaluation of the received trainee actions; and based on the evaluation, adapting, in real-time, the group training exercise. 20. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium having encoded thereon an adaptative team training evaluation program, wherein a processor executes the program to:
generate a virtual network and generates virtual network elements, the virtual network elements comprising one or more virtual machines in the virtual network, the virtual machines supplied to and resident on trainee media devices, each virtual machine in communication with a local visual display of a corresponding one of the trainee media devices, and each virtual machine in communication with one or more sensors, the processor in communication with each of the virtual machines; load a group training exercise on each of the virtual machines; cause trainee media devices to execute the loaded group training exercise; issues challenge, each challenge comprising one or more injectable events implemented in a pre-defined sequence by the processor and injected into the group training exercise; receive one or more trainee actions, in response to an injectable event from the one or more virtual machines; execute an on-the-fly, real-time evaluation of the received trainee actions; and based on the evaluation, adapt, in real-time, the group training exercise. | 2,800 |
348,731 | 16,806,249 | 2,833 | An image forming apparatus that prevents, when reducing variation in thickness of thin lines, the legibility of the thin lines from being adversely affected thereby. When print data is acquired, in a rendering process for printing based on the acquired print data, the rendering process including a line width adjustment process is executed. In a case where the line width adjustment process is executed on the print data, not only the line width adjustment process but also a process for thickening thin lines is executed. | 1. An image forming apparatus comprising:
at least one controller, having at least one processor which executes instructions stored in at least one memory and/or at least one circuitry, being configured to: acquire print data; execute, in a rendering process for printing based on the print data, the rendering process including a line width adjustment process; and execute, in a case where the line width adjustment process is executed, not only the line width adjustment process but also a process for thickening thin lines. 2. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the at least one controller is configured to:
interpret settings of printing, included in the print data, and execute, in a case where an interpreted setting of the line width adjustment process in the print data has a validating value, not only the line width adjustment process but also the process for thickening thin lines. 3. The image forming apparatus according to claim I, wherein the at least one controller is configured to:
acquire a setting of the line width adjustment process, set separately from the print data, and execute, in a case where the acquired setting of the line width adjustment process has a validating value, not only the line width adjustment process but also the process for thickening thin lines. 4. The image forming apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the at least one controller is configured to:
acquire a setting of the line width adjustment process, set separately from the print data, and execute, even in a case where the acquired setting of the line width adjustment process does not have a validating value, not only the line width adjustment process but also the process for thickening thin lines, based on the interpreted setting of the line width adjustment process, which has a validating value. 5. The image forming apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the at least one controller is configured to:
interpret the setting of the line width adjustment process with respect to the print data, as having the validating value, an invalidating value, or a value of no designation, acquire the setting of the line width adjustment process, as one of an invalidating value, a first mode setting for giving higher priority to automatic stroke adjustment than to legibility, or a second mode setting for giving higher priority to legibility than to automatic stroke adjustment, execute, in a case where the acquired setting of the line width adjustment process is the first mode setting, only the line width adjustment process, but not execute the process for thickening thin lines, based on the first mode setting which gives higher priority to automatic stroke adjustment, and execute, in a case where the acquired setting of the line width adjustment process is the second mode setting, not only the line width adjustment process but also the process for thickening thin lines, even when the interpreted setting of the line width adjustment process has the value of no designation. 6. A method of controlling an image forming apparatus capable of executing, in a rendering process for printing based on print data, the rendering process including a line width adjustment process, comprising:
acquiring print data; executing, in a rendering process for printing based on the print data, the rendering process including a line width adjustment process; and executing, in a case where the line width adjustment process is executed, not only the line width adjustment process but also a process for thickening thin lines. 7. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a computer-executable program for executing a method of controlling an image forming apparatus capable of executing, in a rendering process for printing based on print data, the rendering process including a line width adjustment process, wherein the method comprises:
acquiring print data; executing, in a rendering process for printing based on the print data, the rendering process including a line width adjustment process; and executing, in a case where the line width adjustment process is executed, not only the line width adjustment process but also a process for thickening thin lines. | An image forming apparatus that prevents, when reducing variation in thickness of thin lines, the legibility of the thin lines from being adversely affected thereby. When print data is acquired, in a rendering process for printing based on the acquired print data, the rendering process including a line width adjustment process is executed. In a case where the line width adjustment process is executed on the print data, not only the line width adjustment process but also a process for thickening thin lines is executed.1. An image forming apparatus comprising:
at least one controller, having at least one processor which executes instructions stored in at least one memory and/or at least one circuitry, being configured to: acquire print data; execute, in a rendering process for printing based on the print data, the rendering process including a line width adjustment process; and execute, in a case where the line width adjustment process is executed, not only the line width adjustment process but also a process for thickening thin lines. 2. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the at least one controller is configured to:
interpret settings of printing, included in the print data, and execute, in a case where an interpreted setting of the line width adjustment process in the print data has a validating value, not only the line width adjustment process but also the process for thickening thin lines. 3. The image forming apparatus according to claim I, wherein the at least one controller is configured to:
acquire a setting of the line width adjustment process, set separately from the print data, and execute, in a case where the acquired setting of the line width adjustment process has a validating value, not only the line width adjustment process but also the process for thickening thin lines. 4. The image forming apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the at least one controller is configured to:
acquire a setting of the line width adjustment process, set separately from the print data, and execute, even in a case where the acquired setting of the line width adjustment process does not have a validating value, not only the line width adjustment process but also the process for thickening thin lines, based on the interpreted setting of the line width adjustment process, which has a validating value. 5. The image forming apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the at least one controller is configured to:
interpret the setting of the line width adjustment process with respect to the print data, as having the validating value, an invalidating value, or a value of no designation, acquire the setting of the line width adjustment process, as one of an invalidating value, a first mode setting for giving higher priority to automatic stroke adjustment than to legibility, or a second mode setting for giving higher priority to legibility than to automatic stroke adjustment, execute, in a case where the acquired setting of the line width adjustment process is the first mode setting, only the line width adjustment process, but not execute the process for thickening thin lines, based on the first mode setting which gives higher priority to automatic stroke adjustment, and execute, in a case where the acquired setting of the line width adjustment process is the second mode setting, not only the line width adjustment process but also the process for thickening thin lines, even when the interpreted setting of the line width adjustment process has the value of no designation. 6. A method of controlling an image forming apparatus capable of executing, in a rendering process for printing based on print data, the rendering process including a line width adjustment process, comprising:
acquiring print data; executing, in a rendering process for printing based on the print data, the rendering process including a line width adjustment process; and executing, in a case where the line width adjustment process is executed, not only the line width adjustment process but also a process for thickening thin lines. 7. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a computer-executable program for executing a method of controlling an image forming apparatus capable of executing, in a rendering process for printing based on print data, the rendering process including a line width adjustment process, wherein the method comprises:
acquiring print data; executing, in a rendering process for printing based on the print data, the rendering process including a line width adjustment process; and executing, in a case where the line width adjustment process is executed, not only the line width adjustment process but also a process for thickening thin lines. | 2,800 |
348,732 | 16,806,238 | 2,833 | A controller for a motor includes a first processing circuit and a second processing circuit configured to communicate with each other. The first processing circuit is configured to execute a first operation amount calculation process, an operation process, and an output process. The first operation amount calculation process is a process of calculating a first operation amount. The output process is a process of outputting the first operation amount to the second processing circuit. The second processing circuit is configured to execute a second operation amount calculation process, a first use operation process, a second use operation process, and an elimination process. | 1. A controller for a motor,
the motor being configured to turn a steered wheel and including a first stator coil and a second stator coil insulated from each other, the controller being configured to operate a first drive circuit connected to the first stator coil and a second drive circuit connected to the second stator coil, the controller comprising a first processing circuit and a second processing circuit configured to communicate with each other, the first processing circuit being configured to execute a first operation amount calculation process, an operation process, and an output process, the first operation amount calculation process being a process of calculating a first operation amount such that a convertible angle that is based on a detection value from a first angle sensor is fed back to a target angle, the convertible angle being an angle convertible into a steered angle of the steered wheel, the operation process being a process of operating the first drive circuit based on the first operation amount, the output process being a process of outputting the first operation amount to the second processing circuit, the second processing circuit being configured to execute a second operation amount calculation process, a first use operation process, a second use operation process, and an elimination process, the second operation amount calculation process being a process of calculating a second operation amount such that a convertible angle that is based on a detection value from a second angle sensor is fed back to the target angle, the second operation amount calculation process including a process of calculating the second operation amount based on an output of an integral element depending on a difference between the convertible angle and the target angle, the first use operation process being a process of operating the second drive circuit based on the first operation amount, the second use operation process being a process of operating the second drive circuit based on the second operation amount, the elimination process being a process of eliminating, along with switching from the first use operation process to the second use operation process, an effect of the integral element before the switching from the second operation amount. 2. The controller for the motor according to claim 1, wherein the elimination process includes a process of stopping the integral element in the second operation amount calculation process when the first use operation process is executed. 3. The controller for the motor according to claim 1, wherein
the second operation amount calculation process includes a process of calculating the second operation amount independently of the integral element when the first use operation process is executed, the second processing circuit is configured to execute a process of switching the first use operation process to the second use operation process when an absolute value of a difference between the first operation amount and the second operation amount is equal to or larger than a defined value, and the second operation amount calculation process includes a process of calculating the second operation amount independently of the integral element when the second use operation process is executed based on a fact that the absolute value of the difference between the first operation amount and the second operation amount is equal to or larger than the defined value. 4. The controller for the motor according to claim 1, wherein
the second processing circuit is configured to execute a process of switching the first use operation process to the second use operation process when an abnormality occurs in communication between the first processing circuit and the second processing circuit, and the second operation amount calculation process includes a process of calculating the second operation amount independently of the integral element when the second use operation process is executed based on the abnormality occurring in the communication. 5. The controller for the motor according to claim 4, wherein
the first processing circuit and the second processing circuit are configured to communicate with an external apparatus configured to output the target angle to the controller from an outside of the controller, and the second operation amount calculation process includes a process of calculating the second operation amount based on the integral element when the external apparatus gives an instruction to use the integral element. 6. The controller for the motor according to claim 5, wherein
the first processing circuit is configured to execute a notification process when an abnormality occurs in the first processing circuit while the abnormality occurs in the communication between the first processing circuit and the second processing circuit, the notification process is a process of notifying the second processing circuit via the external apparatus that the abnormality occurs, and the second operation amount calculation process includes a process of calculating the second operation amount based on the integral element when the external apparatus gives the instruction to use the integral element based on the notification process. 7. The controller for the motor according to claim 1, wherein
the second processing circuit is configured to execute a switching process when an abnormality occurs such that the first processing circuit stops operating the first drive circuit, the switching process being a process of switching the first use operation process to the second use operation process, and the second operation amount calculation process includes a process of calculating the second operation amount by using the integral element when the second use operation process is executed based on the abnormality occurring such that the first processing circuit stops operating the first drive circuit. 8. The controller for the motor according to claim 3, wherein the second operation amount calculation process includes a process of calculating the second operation amount based on an operation amount for feeding forward the convertible angle to the target angle in addition to an operation amount for feeding back the convertible angle to the target angle. 9. The controller for the motor according to claim 4, wherein the second operation amount calculation process includes a process of calculating the second operation amount based on an operation amount for feeding forward the convertible angle to the target angle in addition to an operation amount for feeding back the convertible angle to the target angle. | A controller for a motor includes a first processing circuit and a second processing circuit configured to communicate with each other. The first processing circuit is configured to execute a first operation amount calculation process, an operation process, and an output process. The first operation amount calculation process is a process of calculating a first operation amount. The output process is a process of outputting the first operation amount to the second processing circuit. The second processing circuit is configured to execute a second operation amount calculation process, a first use operation process, a second use operation process, and an elimination process.1. A controller for a motor,
the motor being configured to turn a steered wheel and including a first stator coil and a second stator coil insulated from each other, the controller being configured to operate a first drive circuit connected to the first stator coil and a second drive circuit connected to the second stator coil, the controller comprising a first processing circuit and a second processing circuit configured to communicate with each other, the first processing circuit being configured to execute a first operation amount calculation process, an operation process, and an output process, the first operation amount calculation process being a process of calculating a first operation amount such that a convertible angle that is based on a detection value from a first angle sensor is fed back to a target angle, the convertible angle being an angle convertible into a steered angle of the steered wheel, the operation process being a process of operating the first drive circuit based on the first operation amount, the output process being a process of outputting the first operation amount to the second processing circuit, the second processing circuit being configured to execute a second operation amount calculation process, a first use operation process, a second use operation process, and an elimination process, the second operation amount calculation process being a process of calculating a second operation amount such that a convertible angle that is based on a detection value from a second angle sensor is fed back to the target angle, the second operation amount calculation process including a process of calculating the second operation amount based on an output of an integral element depending on a difference between the convertible angle and the target angle, the first use operation process being a process of operating the second drive circuit based on the first operation amount, the second use operation process being a process of operating the second drive circuit based on the second operation amount, the elimination process being a process of eliminating, along with switching from the first use operation process to the second use operation process, an effect of the integral element before the switching from the second operation amount. 2. The controller for the motor according to claim 1, wherein the elimination process includes a process of stopping the integral element in the second operation amount calculation process when the first use operation process is executed. 3. The controller for the motor according to claim 1, wherein
the second operation amount calculation process includes a process of calculating the second operation amount independently of the integral element when the first use operation process is executed, the second processing circuit is configured to execute a process of switching the first use operation process to the second use operation process when an absolute value of a difference between the first operation amount and the second operation amount is equal to or larger than a defined value, and the second operation amount calculation process includes a process of calculating the second operation amount independently of the integral element when the second use operation process is executed based on a fact that the absolute value of the difference between the first operation amount and the second operation amount is equal to or larger than the defined value. 4. The controller for the motor according to claim 1, wherein
the second processing circuit is configured to execute a process of switching the first use operation process to the second use operation process when an abnormality occurs in communication between the first processing circuit and the second processing circuit, and the second operation amount calculation process includes a process of calculating the second operation amount independently of the integral element when the second use operation process is executed based on the abnormality occurring in the communication. 5. The controller for the motor according to claim 4, wherein
the first processing circuit and the second processing circuit are configured to communicate with an external apparatus configured to output the target angle to the controller from an outside of the controller, and the second operation amount calculation process includes a process of calculating the second operation amount based on the integral element when the external apparatus gives an instruction to use the integral element. 6. The controller for the motor according to claim 5, wherein
the first processing circuit is configured to execute a notification process when an abnormality occurs in the first processing circuit while the abnormality occurs in the communication between the first processing circuit and the second processing circuit, the notification process is a process of notifying the second processing circuit via the external apparatus that the abnormality occurs, and the second operation amount calculation process includes a process of calculating the second operation amount based on the integral element when the external apparatus gives the instruction to use the integral element based on the notification process. 7. The controller for the motor according to claim 1, wherein
the second processing circuit is configured to execute a switching process when an abnormality occurs such that the first processing circuit stops operating the first drive circuit, the switching process being a process of switching the first use operation process to the second use operation process, and the second operation amount calculation process includes a process of calculating the second operation amount by using the integral element when the second use operation process is executed based on the abnormality occurring such that the first processing circuit stops operating the first drive circuit. 8. The controller for the motor according to claim 3, wherein the second operation amount calculation process includes a process of calculating the second operation amount based on an operation amount for feeding forward the convertible angle to the target angle in addition to an operation amount for feeding back the convertible angle to the target angle. 9. The controller for the motor according to claim 4, wherein the second operation amount calculation process includes a process of calculating the second operation amount based on an operation amount for feeding forward the convertible angle to the target angle in addition to an operation amount for feeding back the convertible angle to the target angle. | 2,800 |
348,733 | 16,806,218 | 2,833 | The present disclosure provides systems and methods for detecting and correlating anomalous time-series data. A system may receive and process time-series data associated with one or more network data streams to generate sets of aligned time-series data. The system may detect anomalous time-stamped data points in the sets of aligned time series data and generate groups of annotated time-series data. The annotation identifies specific time-stamped data points as anomalous. The system may determine the number of anomalous groups of annotated time-series data within all groups of annotated time-series data and may further determine the probability that one or more anomalous groups belong to at least one of the groups of annotated time-series data using a generative statistical model and outputting one or more correlated anomalous groups. The system may generate a detailed statistical report for each correlated anomalous group and output an aggregated statistical report for the correlated groups. | 1. A method for detecting and correlating anomalous time-series data, the method comprising:
detecting anomalous time-stamped data points in each of one or more sets of aligned time-series data; annotating each of the anomalous time-stamped data points; generating, based on the annotated time-stamped data points, one or more groups of annotated time-series data; determining, based on the annotated time-series data, anomalous groups of annotated time-series data within the one or more groups of annotated time-series data; determining, for each anomalous group of annotated time-series data, a probability that the anomalous group belongs to at least one of the one or more groups of annotated time-series data; and determining, based on the determined probabilities, one or more correlated anomalous groups within the anomalous groups. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting the anomalous time-stamped data points in each of the one or more sets of aligned time-series data is performed using one or more virtual interfaces, wherein the one or more virtual interfaces are determined based on a data type of each of the one or more sets of the aligned time-series data. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the one or more of virtual interfaces may detect the anomalous time-stamped data points in parallel. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting the anomalous time-stamped data points includes discretizing each of the one or more sets of aligned time-series data. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the anomalous groups within the one or more groups of annotated sets of time-series data is performed using a locality sensitive hashing algorithm. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the probability that the anomalous groups belongs to at least one of the one or more groups of annotated time-series data and determining the one or more correlated anomalous groups is performed in parallel. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
generating a detailed statistical report for each of the one or more correlated anomalous groups; aggregating the detailed statistical reports for each of the one or more correlated anomalous groups; and outputting the aggregated statistical report. 8. A system for detecting and correlating anomalous time-series data, the system comprising:
a memory storing one or more generative statistical models; and one or more processors coupled to the memory, the one or more processors configured to:
detect anomalous time-stamped data points in each of one or more sets of aligned time-series data;
annotate each of the anomalous time-stamped data points;
generate, based on the annotated time-stamped data points, one or more groups of annotated time-series data;
determine, based on the annotated time-series data, anomalous groups of annotated time-series data within the one or more groups of annotated time-series data;
determine, for each anomalous group of annotated time-series data, a probability that the anomalous group belongs to at least one of the one or more groups of annotated time-series data; and
determine, based on the determined probabilities, one or more correlated anomalous groups within the anomalous groups. 9. The system of claim 8, further comprising one or more virtual interfaces, wherein detecting anomalous time-stamped data points in each of the one or more sets of aligned time-series data is performed using the one or more virtual interfaces, wherein the one or more virtual interfaces are determined based on a data type of each of the one or more sets of the aligned time-series data. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the one or more of virtual interfaces may detect the anomalous time-stamped data points in parallel. 11. The system of claim 8, wherein detecting anomalous time-stamped data points includes discretizing, by the one or more processors, each of the one or more sets of aligned time-series data. 12. The system of claim 8, wherein determining the anomalous groups within the one or more groups of annotated sets of time-series data is performed using a locality sensitive hashing algorithm. 13. The system of claim 8, wherein determining the probability that the anomalous groups belongs to at least one of the one or more groups of annotated time-series data and determining the one or more correlated anomalous groups is performed in parallel. 14. The system of claim 8, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to:
generate a detailed statistical report for each of the one or more correlated anomalous group; aggregate the detailed statistical reports for each of the one or more correlated anomalous group; and output the aggregated statistical report. 15. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing instructions executable by a processor for performing a method comprising:
detecting anomalous time-stamped data points in each of one or more sets of aligned time-series data; annotating each of the anomalous time-stamped data points; generating, based on the annotated time-stamped data points, one or more groups of annotated time-series data; determining, based on the annotated time-series data, anomalous groups of annotated time-series data within the one or more groups of annotated time-series data; determining, for each anomalous group of annotated time-series data, a probability that the anomalous group belongs to at least one of the one or more groups of annotated time-series data; and determining, based on the determined probabilities, one or more correlated anomalous groups within the anomalous groups. 16. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein detecting the anomalous time-stamped data points in each of the one or more sets of aligned time-series data is performed using one or more virtual interfaces, wherein the one or more virtual interfaces are determined based on a data type of each of the one or more sets of the aligned time-series data. 17. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 16, wherein the one or more of virtual interfaces may detect the anomalous time-stamped data points in parallel. 18. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein detecting anomalous time-stamped data points includes discretizing each of the one or more sets of aligned time-series data. 19. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein determining the anomalous groups within the one or more groups of annotated sets of time-series data is performed using a locality sensitive hashing algorithm. 20. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein determining the probability that the anomalous groups belongs to at least one of the one or more groups of annotated time-series data and determining the one or more correlated anomalous groups is performed in parallel. | The present disclosure provides systems and methods for detecting and correlating anomalous time-series data. A system may receive and process time-series data associated with one or more network data streams to generate sets of aligned time-series data. The system may detect anomalous time-stamped data points in the sets of aligned time series data and generate groups of annotated time-series data. The annotation identifies specific time-stamped data points as anomalous. The system may determine the number of anomalous groups of annotated time-series data within all groups of annotated time-series data and may further determine the probability that one or more anomalous groups belong to at least one of the groups of annotated time-series data using a generative statistical model and outputting one or more correlated anomalous groups. The system may generate a detailed statistical report for each correlated anomalous group and output an aggregated statistical report for the correlated groups.1. A method for detecting and correlating anomalous time-series data, the method comprising:
detecting anomalous time-stamped data points in each of one or more sets of aligned time-series data; annotating each of the anomalous time-stamped data points; generating, based on the annotated time-stamped data points, one or more groups of annotated time-series data; determining, based on the annotated time-series data, anomalous groups of annotated time-series data within the one or more groups of annotated time-series data; determining, for each anomalous group of annotated time-series data, a probability that the anomalous group belongs to at least one of the one or more groups of annotated time-series data; and determining, based on the determined probabilities, one or more correlated anomalous groups within the anomalous groups. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting the anomalous time-stamped data points in each of the one or more sets of aligned time-series data is performed using one or more virtual interfaces, wherein the one or more virtual interfaces are determined based on a data type of each of the one or more sets of the aligned time-series data. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the one or more of virtual interfaces may detect the anomalous time-stamped data points in parallel. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting the anomalous time-stamped data points includes discretizing each of the one or more sets of aligned time-series data. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the anomalous groups within the one or more groups of annotated sets of time-series data is performed using a locality sensitive hashing algorithm. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the probability that the anomalous groups belongs to at least one of the one or more groups of annotated time-series data and determining the one or more correlated anomalous groups is performed in parallel. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
generating a detailed statistical report for each of the one or more correlated anomalous groups; aggregating the detailed statistical reports for each of the one or more correlated anomalous groups; and outputting the aggregated statistical report. 8. A system for detecting and correlating anomalous time-series data, the system comprising:
a memory storing one or more generative statistical models; and one or more processors coupled to the memory, the one or more processors configured to:
detect anomalous time-stamped data points in each of one or more sets of aligned time-series data;
annotate each of the anomalous time-stamped data points;
generate, based on the annotated time-stamped data points, one or more groups of annotated time-series data;
determine, based on the annotated time-series data, anomalous groups of annotated time-series data within the one or more groups of annotated time-series data;
determine, for each anomalous group of annotated time-series data, a probability that the anomalous group belongs to at least one of the one or more groups of annotated time-series data; and
determine, based on the determined probabilities, one or more correlated anomalous groups within the anomalous groups. 9. The system of claim 8, further comprising one or more virtual interfaces, wherein detecting anomalous time-stamped data points in each of the one or more sets of aligned time-series data is performed using the one or more virtual interfaces, wherein the one or more virtual interfaces are determined based on a data type of each of the one or more sets of the aligned time-series data. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the one or more of virtual interfaces may detect the anomalous time-stamped data points in parallel. 11. The system of claim 8, wherein detecting anomalous time-stamped data points includes discretizing, by the one or more processors, each of the one or more sets of aligned time-series data. 12. The system of claim 8, wherein determining the anomalous groups within the one or more groups of annotated sets of time-series data is performed using a locality sensitive hashing algorithm. 13. The system of claim 8, wherein determining the probability that the anomalous groups belongs to at least one of the one or more groups of annotated time-series data and determining the one or more correlated anomalous groups is performed in parallel. 14. The system of claim 8, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to:
generate a detailed statistical report for each of the one or more correlated anomalous group; aggregate the detailed statistical reports for each of the one or more correlated anomalous group; and output the aggregated statistical report. 15. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing instructions executable by a processor for performing a method comprising:
detecting anomalous time-stamped data points in each of one or more sets of aligned time-series data; annotating each of the anomalous time-stamped data points; generating, based on the annotated time-stamped data points, one or more groups of annotated time-series data; determining, based on the annotated time-series data, anomalous groups of annotated time-series data within the one or more groups of annotated time-series data; determining, for each anomalous group of annotated time-series data, a probability that the anomalous group belongs to at least one of the one or more groups of annotated time-series data; and determining, based on the determined probabilities, one or more correlated anomalous groups within the anomalous groups. 16. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein detecting the anomalous time-stamped data points in each of the one or more sets of aligned time-series data is performed using one or more virtual interfaces, wherein the one or more virtual interfaces are determined based on a data type of each of the one or more sets of the aligned time-series data. 17. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 16, wherein the one or more of virtual interfaces may detect the anomalous time-stamped data points in parallel. 18. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein detecting anomalous time-stamped data points includes discretizing each of the one or more sets of aligned time-series data. 19. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein determining the anomalous groups within the one or more groups of annotated sets of time-series data is performed using a locality sensitive hashing algorithm. 20. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein determining the probability that the anomalous groups belongs to at least one of the one or more groups of annotated time-series data and determining the one or more correlated anomalous groups is performed in parallel. | 2,800 |
348,734 | 16,806,245 | 2,833 | A magnetic memory device is provided. The magnetic memory device includes a bit line, a first word line, a source line, and a memory cell. The memory cell includes a first switch transistor and a magnetic tunnel junction. A first side of the magnetic tunnel junction is connected to a first terminal of the first switch transistor. The bit line is connected to a second terminal of the first switch transistor. The source line is connected to a second side of the magnetic tunnel junction. The first word line is connected to a third terminal of the first switch transistor. | 1. A magnetic memory device, comprising:
a memory cell, comprising:
a first switch transistor, and
a magnetic tunnel junction, wherein a first side of the magnetic tunnel junction is connected to a first terminal of the first switch transistor;
a bit line, connecting to a second terminal of the first switch transistor; a source line, connecting to a second side of the magnetic tunnel junction; and a first word line, connecting to a third terminal of the first switch transistor. 2. The device according to claim 1, wherein when one of a read operation and a write operation is performed on the memory cell:
a first potential difference is formed between the bit line and the source line; the first word line is configured to apply a voltage to the third terminal of the first switch transistor; and the first terminal of the first switch transistor is connected electrically to the second terminal of the first switch transistor. 3. The device according to claim 1, wherein, when none of a read operation and a write operation is performed on the memory cell:
a second potential difference is formed between the bit line and the source line; the first word line is not configured to apply the voltage to the third terminal of the first switch transistor; and the first terminal of the first switch transistor is disconnected from the second terminal of the first switch transistor. 4. The device according to claim 1, wherein:
the first switch transistor is a metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistor, wherein:
a drain electrode of the MOS transistor is connected to the bit line;
a source electrode of the MOS transistor is connected to the first side of the magnetic tunnel junction; and
a gate electrode of the MOS transistor is connected to the first word line. 5. The device according to claim 1, further including:
a second switch transistor and a second word line, wherein:
a first terminal of the second switch transistor is connected to the source line;
a second terminal of the second switch transistor is connected to the second side of the magnetic tunnel junction; and
a third terminal of the second switch transistor is connected to the second word line. 6. The device according to claim 5, wherein when one of a read operation and a write operation is performed on the memory cell:
the first word line is configured to apply a voltage to the third terminal of the first switch transistor; the second word line is configured to apply the voltage to the third terminal of the second switch transistor; a connection path is formed between the first terminal and the second terminal of the first switch transistor; and a connection path is formed between the first terminal and the second terminal of the second switch transistor. 7. The device according to claim 5, wherein when none of a read operation and a write operation is performed on the memory cell and when a voltage on the bit line is higher than a voltage on the source line:
the first word line is not configured to apply a voltage to the third terminal of the first switch transistor; the second word line is configured to apply a voltage to the third terminal of the second switch transistor; the first terminal and the second terminal of the first switch transistor are disconnected; and the first terminal and the second terminal of the second switch transistor are electrically connected. 8. The device according to claim 5, wherein when none of a read operation and a write operation is performed on the memory cell and when a voltage on the bit line is lower than the voltage on the source line:
the first word line is configured to apply the voltage to the third terminal of the first switch transistor; the second word line is not configured to apply the voltage to the third terminal of the second switch transistor; a connection path is formed between the first terminal and the second terminal of the first switch transistor; and the first terminal and the second terminal of the second switch transistor are disconnected. 9. The device according to claim 5, wherein:
the second switch transistor is a MOS transistor, wherein:
a drain electrode of the MOS transistor is connected to the second side of the magnetic tunnel junction;
a source electrode of the MOS transistor is connected to the source line; and
a gate electrode of the MOS transistor is connected to the second word line. 10. A method for forming a magnetic memory device, comprising:
providing a memory cell, comprising a first switch transistor and a magnetic tunnel junction, wherein a first side of the magnetic tunnel junction is connected to a first terminal of the first switch transistor; connecting a bit line to a second terminal of the first switch transistor; connecting a source line to a second side of the magnetic tunnel junction; and connecting a first word line to a third terminal of the first switch transistor. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein:
the first switch transistor is a metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistor, wherein:
a drain electrode of the MOS transistor is connected to the bit line;
a source electrode of the MOS transistor is connected to the first side of the magnetic tunnel junction; and
a gate electrode of the MOS transistor is connected to the first word line. 12. The method according to claim 10, further including:
providing a second switch transistor and a second word line, wherein: a first terminal of the second switch transistor is connected to the source line; a second terminal of the second switch transistor is connected to a second side of the magnetic tunnel junction; and a third terminal of the second switch transistor is connected to the second word line. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein:
the second switch transistor is a MOS transistor, wherein:
a drain electrode of the MOS transistor is connected to the second side of the magnetic tunnel junction;
a source electrode of the MOS transistor is connected to the source line; and
a gate electrode of the MOS transistor is connected to the second word line. | A magnetic memory device is provided. The magnetic memory device includes a bit line, a first word line, a source line, and a memory cell. The memory cell includes a first switch transistor and a magnetic tunnel junction. A first side of the magnetic tunnel junction is connected to a first terminal of the first switch transistor. The bit line is connected to a second terminal of the first switch transistor. The source line is connected to a second side of the magnetic tunnel junction. The first word line is connected to a third terminal of the first switch transistor.1. A magnetic memory device, comprising:
a memory cell, comprising:
a first switch transistor, and
a magnetic tunnel junction, wherein a first side of the magnetic tunnel junction is connected to a first terminal of the first switch transistor;
a bit line, connecting to a second terminal of the first switch transistor; a source line, connecting to a second side of the magnetic tunnel junction; and a first word line, connecting to a third terminal of the first switch transistor. 2. The device according to claim 1, wherein when one of a read operation and a write operation is performed on the memory cell:
a first potential difference is formed between the bit line and the source line; the first word line is configured to apply a voltage to the third terminal of the first switch transistor; and the first terminal of the first switch transistor is connected electrically to the second terminal of the first switch transistor. 3. The device according to claim 1, wherein, when none of a read operation and a write operation is performed on the memory cell:
a second potential difference is formed between the bit line and the source line; the first word line is not configured to apply the voltage to the third terminal of the first switch transistor; and the first terminal of the first switch transistor is disconnected from the second terminal of the first switch transistor. 4. The device according to claim 1, wherein:
the first switch transistor is a metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistor, wherein:
a drain electrode of the MOS transistor is connected to the bit line;
a source electrode of the MOS transistor is connected to the first side of the magnetic tunnel junction; and
a gate electrode of the MOS transistor is connected to the first word line. 5. The device according to claim 1, further including:
a second switch transistor and a second word line, wherein:
a first terminal of the second switch transistor is connected to the source line;
a second terminal of the second switch transistor is connected to the second side of the magnetic tunnel junction; and
a third terminal of the second switch transistor is connected to the second word line. 6. The device according to claim 5, wherein when one of a read operation and a write operation is performed on the memory cell:
the first word line is configured to apply a voltage to the third terminal of the first switch transistor; the second word line is configured to apply the voltage to the third terminal of the second switch transistor; a connection path is formed between the first terminal and the second terminal of the first switch transistor; and a connection path is formed between the first terminal and the second terminal of the second switch transistor. 7. The device according to claim 5, wherein when none of a read operation and a write operation is performed on the memory cell and when a voltage on the bit line is higher than a voltage on the source line:
the first word line is not configured to apply a voltage to the third terminal of the first switch transistor; the second word line is configured to apply a voltage to the third terminal of the second switch transistor; the first terminal and the second terminal of the first switch transistor are disconnected; and the first terminal and the second terminal of the second switch transistor are electrically connected. 8. The device according to claim 5, wherein when none of a read operation and a write operation is performed on the memory cell and when a voltage on the bit line is lower than the voltage on the source line:
the first word line is configured to apply the voltage to the third terminal of the first switch transistor; the second word line is not configured to apply the voltage to the third terminal of the second switch transistor; a connection path is formed between the first terminal and the second terminal of the first switch transistor; and the first terminal and the second terminal of the second switch transistor are disconnected. 9. The device according to claim 5, wherein:
the second switch transistor is a MOS transistor, wherein:
a drain electrode of the MOS transistor is connected to the second side of the magnetic tunnel junction;
a source electrode of the MOS transistor is connected to the source line; and
a gate electrode of the MOS transistor is connected to the second word line. 10. A method for forming a magnetic memory device, comprising:
providing a memory cell, comprising a first switch transistor and a magnetic tunnel junction, wherein a first side of the magnetic tunnel junction is connected to a first terminal of the first switch transistor; connecting a bit line to a second terminal of the first switch transistor; connecting a source line to a second side of the magnetic tunnel junction; and connecting a first word line to a third terminal of the first switch transistor. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein:
the first switch transistor is a metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistor, wherein:
a drain electrode of the MOS transistor is connected to the bit line;
a source electrode of the MOS transistor is connected to the first side of the magnetic tunnel junction; and
a gate electrode of the MOS transistor is connected to the first word line. 12. The method according to claim 10, further including:
providing a second switch transistor and a second word line, wherein: a first terminal of the second switch transistor is connected to the source line; a second terminal of the second switch transistor is connected to a second side of the magnetic tunnel junction; and a third terminal of the second switch transistor is connected to the second word line. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein:
the second switch transistor is a MOS transistor, wherein:
a drain electrode of the MOS transistor is connected to the second side of the magnetic tunnel junction;
a source electrode of the MOS transistor is connected to the source line; and
a gate electrode of the MOS transistor is connected to the second word line. | 2,800 |
348,735 | 16,806,217 | 2,833 | Apparatuses, systems, and methods for user equipment (UE) devices to perform more efficient frequency scans for potential base stations. According to techniques described herein, the UE may determine that it does not have cellular service and determine first information based on a last camped cell. A time period during which the first information was acquired may be determined and one or more frequency scans may be performed. The frequency scans may be limited to a set of frequencies based in part on the time period. Thus, if the time period is less than a first value, the set of frequencies may include a first set of frequencies and if the time period is greater than the first value but less than a second value, the set of frequencies may include the first set of frequencies and a second set of frequencies. | 1. A user equipment (UE) device, comprising:
at least one antenna for performing wireless communications; a radio coupled to the at least one antenna; and a processing element coupled to the radio; wherein the processing element is configured to cause the UE to:
perform one or more frequency scans limited to a first set of frequencies based on determining that first information associated with a last cell the UE camped on was acquired within a first time period; and
perform one or more frequency scans limited to a second set of frequencies based on determining that the first information was not acquired within the first time period, wherein the first set of frequencies is a subset of the second set of frequencies. 2. The UE of claim 1,
wherein the first set of frequencies include frequencies stored in one or more of a local acquisition database (ACQ-DB), a local enhanced ACQ-DB, or a location assisted database. 3. The UE of claim 1,
wherein the first set of frequencies is limited to frequencies corresponding to a home public land mobile network (PLMN), equivalents of the home PLMN, and a provider preferred PLMN. 4. The UE of claim 1,
wherein the first set of frequencies include frequencies corresponding to the last cell. 5. The UE of claim 4,
wherein the frequencies corresponding to the last cell include frequencies of a last registered public land mobile network (RPLMN) database. 6. The UE of claim 1,
wherein the processing element is further configured to cause the UE to:
determine that the UE is camped on a visiting public land mobile network (VPLMN). 7. The UE of claim 1,
wherein the processing element is further configured to cause the UE to:
determine that the first information was not acquired within a second time period, wherein the second time period is greater than the first time period; and
in response to determining that the first information was not acquired within the second time period, perform one or more frequency scans limited to a third set of frequencies, wherein the second set of frequencies is a subset of the third set of frequencies. 8. The UE of claim 1,
wherein in the processing element is further configured to cause the UE to:
receive a system information block from the last cell, wherein the system information block contains neighbor cell frequencies; and
store the neighbor cell frequencies in a local enhanced acquisition database (ACQ-DB); and
wherein the second set of frequencies include frequencies stored in the local enhanced ACQ-DB. 9. The UE of claim 1,
wherein the processing element is further configured to cause the UE to:
receive, from a companion UE, a local assisted acquisition database (ACQ-DB), wherein the second set of frequencies include frequencies stored on the UE in the local assisted ACQ-DB. 10. A non-transitory computer accessible memory medium comprising program instructions which, when executed at a wireless user equipment (UE) device, cause the UE to:
perform one or more frequency scans limited to a first set of frequencies based on determining that first information associated with a last cell the UE camped on was acquired within a first time period; and
perform one or more frequency scans limited to a second set of frequencies based on determining that the first information was not acquired within the first time period, wherein the first set of frequencies is a subset of the second set of frequencies. 11. The non-transitory computer accessible memory medium of claim 10,
wherein the first set of frequencies include frequencies stored in one or more of a local acquisition database (ACQ-DB), a local enhanced ACQ-DB, or a location assisted database. 12. The non-transitory computer accessible memory medium of claim 10,
wherein the first set of frequencies is limited to frequencies corresponding to a home public land mobile network (PLMN), equivalents of the home PLMN, and a provider preferred PLMN. 13. The non-transitory computer accessible memory medium of claim 10,
wherein the first set of frequencies include frequencies corresponding to the last cell. 14. The non-transitory computer accessible memory medium of claim 10,
wherein the second set of frequencies include frequencies stored in location assisted databases stored on the UE. 15. The non-transitory computer accessible memory medium of claim 10,
wherein the frequencies corresponding to the last cell include frequencies of a last registered public land mobile network (RPLMN) database. 16. An apparatus, comprising:
a memory; and a processing element in communication with the memory, wherein the processing element is configured to:
perform one or more frequency scans limited to a first set of frequencies based on determining that first information associated with a last cell a user equipment device (UE) camped on was acquired within a first time period; and
perform one or more frequency scans limited to a second set of frequencies based on determining that the first information was not acquired within the first time period, wherein the first set of frequencies is a subset of the second set of frequencies. 17. The apparatus of claim 16,
wherein the first set of frequencies include frequencies stored in one or more of a local acquisition database (ACQ-DB), a local enhanced ACQ-DB, or a location assisted database. 18. The apparatus of claim 16,
wherein the first set of frequencies is limited to frequencies corresponding to a home public land mobile network (PLMN), equivalents of the home PLMN, and a provider preferred PLMN. 19. The apparatus of claim 16,
wherein the first set of frequencies include frequencies corresponding to the last cell. 20. The apparatus of claim 16,
wherein the second set of frequencies include frequencies stored in location assisted databases stored on the UE. | Apparatuses, systems, and methods for user equipment (UE) devices to perform more efficient frequency scans for potential base stations. According to techniques described herein, the UE may determine that it does not have cellular service and determine first information based on a last camped cell. A time period during which the first information was acquired may be determined and one or more frequency scans may be performed. The frequency scans may be limited to a set of frequencies based in part on the time period. Thus, if the time period is less than a first value, the set of frequencies may include a first set of frequencies and if the time period is greater than the first value but less than a second value, the set of frequencies may include the first set of frequencies and a second set of frequencies.1. A user equipment (UE) device, comprising:
at least one antenna for performing wireless communications; a radio coupled to the at least one antenna; and a processing element coupled to the radio; wherein the processing element is configured to cause the UE to:
perform one or more frequency scans limited to a first set of frequencies based on determining that first information associated with a last cell the UE camped on was acquired within a first time period; and
perform one or more frequency scans limited to a second set of frequencies based on determining that the first information was not acquired within the first time period, wherein the first set of frequencies is a subset of the second set of frequencies. 2. The UE of claim 1,
wherein the first set of frequencies include frequencies stored in one or more of a local acquisition database (ACQ-DB), a local enhanced ACQ-DB, or a location assisted database. 3. The UE of claim 1,
wherein the first set of frequencies is limited to frequencies corresponding to a home public land mobile network (PLMN), equivalents of the home PLMN, and a provider preferred PLMN. 4. The UE of claim 1,
wherein the first set of frequencies include frequencies corresponding to the last cell. 5. The UE of claim 4,
wherein the frequencies corresponding to the last cell include frequencies of a last registered public land mobile network (RPLMN) database. 6. The UE of claim 1,
wherein the processing element is further configured to cause the UE to:
determine that the UE is camped on a visiting public land mobile network (VPLMN). 7. The UE of claim 1,
wherein the processing element is further configured to cause the UE to:
determine that the first information was not acquired within a second time period, wherein the second time period is greater than the first time period; and
in response to determining that the first information was not acquired within the second time period, perform one or more frequency scans limited to a third set of frequencies, wherein the second set of frequencies is a subset of the third set of frequencies. 8. The UE of claim 1,
wherein in the processing element is further configured to cause the UE to:
receive a system information block from the last cell, wherein the system information block contains neighbor cell frequencies; and
store the neighbor cell frequencies in a local enhanced acquisition database (ACQ-DB); and
wherein the second set of frequencies include frequencies stored in the local enhanced ACQ-DB. 9. The UE of claim 1,
wherein the processing element is further configured to cause the UE to:
receive, from a companion UE, a local assisted acquisition database (ACQ-DB), wherein the second set of frequencies include frequencies stored on the UE in the local assisted ACQ-DB. 10. A non-transitory computer accessible memory medium comprising program instructions which, when executed at a wireless user equipment (UE) device, cause the UE to:
perform one or more frequency scans limited to a first set of frequencies based on determining that first information associated with a last cell the UE camped on was acquired within a first time period; and
perform one or more frequency scans limited to a second set of frequencies based on determining that the first information was not acquired within the first time period, wherein the first set of frequencies is a subset of the second set of frequencies. 11. The non-transitory computer accessible memory medium of claim 10,
wherein the first set of frequencies include frequencies stored in one or more of a local acquisition database (ACQ-DB), a local enhanced ACQ-DB, or a location assisted database. 12. The non-transitory computer accessible memory medium of claim 10,
wherein the first set of frequencies is limited to frequencies corresponding to a home public land mobile network (PLMN), equivalents of the home PLMN, and a provider preferred PLMN. 13. The non-transitory computer accessible memory medium of claim 10,
wherein the first set of frequencies include frequencies corresponding to the last cell. 14. The non-transitory computer accessible memory medium of claim 10,
wherein the second set of frequencies include frequencies stored in location assisted databases stored on the UE. 15. The non-transitory computer accessible memory medium of claim 10,
wherein the frequencies corresponding to the last cell include frequencies of a last registered public land mobile network (RPLMN) database. 16. An apparatus, comprising:
a memory; and a processing element in communication with the memory, wherein the processing element is configured to:
perform one or more frequency scans limited to a first set of frequencies based on determining that first information associated with a last cell a user equipment device (UE) camped on was acquired within a first time period; and
perform one or more frequency scans limited to a second set of frequencies based on determining that the first information was not acquired within the first time period, wherein the first set of frequencies is a subset of the second set of frequencies. 17. The apparatus of claim 16,
wherein the first set of frequencies include frequencies stored in one or more of a local acquisition database (ACQ-DB), a local enhanced ACQ-DB, or a location assisted database. 18. The apparatus of claim 16,
wherein the first set of frequencies is limited to frequencies corresponding to a home public land mobile network (PLMN), equivalents of the home PLMN, and a provider preferred PLMN. 19. The apparatus of claim 16,
wherein the first set of frequencies include frequencies corresponding to the last cell. 20. The apparatus of claim 16,
wherein the second set of frequencies include frequencies stored in location assisted databases stored on the UE. | 2,800 |
348,736 | 16,806,204 | 2,833 | An example system may include one or more application platforms (e.g., VMs) that run a registration authority and are communicatively connected to one or more compute engines that perform cryptographic computations required by the registration authority. The system may also include one or more application platforms that run an enrollment certificate authority and that are communicatively connected to one or more compute engines that perform cryptographic computations required by the enrollment certificate authority. It may further include one or more application platforms that run a pseudonym certificate authority and that are communicatively connected to one or more compute engines that perform cryptographic computations required by the pseudonym certificate authority. It may also include one or more load balancers communicatively connected to the one or more compute engines, the one or more load balancers to perform operations comprising distributing at least one request to the one or more compute engines. | 1. A scalable certificate management system for securely providing certificates to a provisioning controller, the scalable certificate management system comprising:
one or more application platforms that run a registration authority application and that are communicatively connected to one or more compute engines that perform cryptographic computations requested by the registration authority application; one or more application platforms that run an enrollment certificate authority application and that are communicatively connected to one or more compute engines that perform cryptographic computations requested by the enrollment certificate authority application, wherein the enrollment certificate authority application is operable to generate and conditionally transmit an enrollment certificate to the registration authority application; one or more application platforms that run a pseudonym certificate authority application and that are communicatively connected to one or more compute engines that perform cryptographic computations requested by the pseudonym certificate authority application, wherein the pseudonym certificate authority application is operable to generate and conditionally transmit pseudonym certificates to the registration authority application; one or more application platforms that run a first linkage authority application and that are communicatively connected to one or more compute engines that perform cryptographic computations requested by the first linkage authority application; one or more application platforms that run a second linkage authority application and that are communicatively connected to one or more compute engines that perform cryptographic computations requested by the second linkage authority application, wherein the first linkage authority application and the second linkage authority application are operable to generate and conditionally transmit linkage values to the registration authority application; and one or more load balancers communicatively connected to the one or more compute engines, the one or more load balancers to perform operations comprising distributing at least one request to the one or more compute engines based on a health measurement of the one or more compute engines; and whereby the provisioning controller receives the enrollment certificate or the pseudonym certificates from the scalable certificate management system. 2. The certificate management system of claim 1, wherein the health measurement comprises one or more of: an operating temperature of the one or more compute engines, a humidity level inside an enclosure of the one or more compute engines, a CPU capacity, a storage capacity, a frequency of restarts or reboots of the one or more compute engines, a time since a most-recent restart of the one or more compute engines, a number of disk failures or memory faults of the one or more compute engines during a period of time, a time until a scheduled maintenance event of the one or more compute engines, an indication that the one or more compute engines is running on a backup power supply, or a duration since a last power outage or a voltage reduction for a power supply for the one or more compute engines. 3. The certificate management system of claim 1, wherein the certificate management system further comprises:
one or more databases that are operably connected to the one or more application platforms that run the registration authority application, the one or more application platforms that run the enrollment certificate authority application, the one or more application platforms that run the pseudonym certificate authority application, the one or more application platforms that run the first linkage authority application, and the one or more application platforms that run the second linkage authority application. 4. The certificate management system of claim 2, where each of the registration authority application, the enrollment certificate authority application, the pseudonym certificate authority application, the first linkage authority application, the second linkage authority application, and the one or more database are operable to be scaled independently from each other. 5. The certificate management system of claim 1, wherein:
the enrollment certificate authority application is operable to generate enrollment certificates in response to receiving requests for enrollment certificates from the registration authority application; the enrollment certificate authority application is operable to generate pseudonym certificates in response to receiving requests for pseudonym certificates from the registration authority application; and the first linkage authority application and the second linkage authority application are operable to generate linkage values in response to receiving requests for linkage values from the registration authority application. 6. The certificate management system of claim 1, wherein each of the registration authority application, the enrollment certificate authority application, the pseudonym certificate authority application, the first linkage authority application, and the second linkage authority application are communicatively connected to each other by a message queuing service comprising a plurality of message queues. 7. The certificate management system of claim 1, wherein:
the one or more application platforms that run the enrollment certificate authority application are one or more virtual machines that are communicatively connected to the one or more compute engines that perform the cryptographic computations requested by the enrollment certificate authority application by a first plurality of message queues; the one or more application platforms that run the first linkage authority application are one or more virtual machines that are communicatively connected to the one or more compute engines that perform the cryptographic computations requested by the first linkage authority application by a second plurality of message queues; and the one or more application platforms that run the second linkage authority application are one or more virtual machines that are communicatively connected to the one or more compute engines that perform the cryptographic computations requested by the second linkage authority application by a third plurality of message queues. 8. The certificate management system of claim 7, wherein:
the first plurality of message queues comprises: a first message queue for queuing messages to be delivered to the one or more virtual machines that run the enrollment certificate authority application; and a second message queue for queuing messages to be delivered to the one or more compute engines that perform the cryptographic computations requested by the enrollment certificate authority application; the second plurality of message queues comprises: a third message queue for queuing messages to be delivered to the one or more virtual machines that run the first linkage authority application; and age queue for queuing messages to be delivered to the one or more compute engines that perform the cryptographic computations requested by the first linkage authority application; and the third plurality of message queues comprises: a fifth message queue for queuing messages to be delivered to the one or more virtual machines that run the second linkage authority application; and a sixth message queue for queuing messages to be delivered to the one or more compute engines that perform the cryptographic computations requested by the second linkage authority application. 9. The certificate management system of claim 7, wherein:
the first plurality of message queues comprises: a first bidirectional message queue for queuing messages to be delivered to and sent from the one or more virtual machines that run the enrollment certificate authority application; and a second bidirectional message queue for queuing messages to be delivered to and sent from the one or more compute engines that perform the cryptographic computations requested by the enrollment certificate authority application; the second plurality of message queues comprises: a third bidirectional message queue for queuing messages to be delivered to and sent from the one or more virtual machines that run the first linkage authority application; and a fourth bidirectional message queue for queuing messages to be delivered to and sent from the one or more compute engines that perform the cryptographic computations requested by the first linkage authority application; and the third plurality of message queues comprises: a fifth bidirectional message queue for queuing messages to be delivered to and sent from the one or more virtual machines that run the second linkage authority application; and a sixth bidirectional message queue for queuing messages to be delivered to and sent from the one or more compute engines that perform the cryptographic computations requested by the second linkage authority application. 10. The certificate management system of claim 1, wherein:
the one or more application platforms that run the enrollment certificate authority application are communicatively connected to the one or more compute engines that perform the cryptographic computations requested by the enrollment certificate authority application by a first load balancer of the one or more load balancers; the one or more application platforms that run the first linkage authority application are communicatively connected to the one or more compute engines that perform the cryptographic computations requested by the first linkage authority application by a second load balancer of the one or more load balancers; and the one or more application platforms that run the second linkage authority application are communicatively connected to the one or more compute engines that perform the cryptographic computations requested by the second linkage authority application by a third load balancer of the one or more load balancers. 11. The certificate management system of claim 10, wherein:
the first load balancer, the second load balancer, and the third load balancer each comprise one or more of a load balancer virtual machine and a load balancer server; and the load balancer virtual machine and the load balancer server are each configured to distribute workload across a plurality of application platforms and a plurality of compute engines. 12. The certificate management system of claim 11, wherein the load balancer virtual machine and the load balancer server are each configured to distribute workload across the plurality of application platforms and the plurality of compute engines using a round robin technique. 13. The certificate management system of claim 11, wherein the load balancer virtual machine and the load balancer server are each configured to distribute workload across the plurality of application platforms and the plurality of compute engines based on a respective workload reported by each of the plurality of application platforms and each of the plurality of compute engines. 14. The scalable certificate management system of claim 1, wherein the provisioning controller is operable to:
transmit, by the provisioning controller, on behalf of the computerized device, a request for the enrollment certificate to the registration authority application; receive, by the provisioning controller and from the registration authority application, the enrollment certificate, wherein the enrollment certificate is generated by the enrollment certificate authority application; transmit, by the provisioning controller, the enrollment certificate to the computerized device; transmit, by the provisioning controller and on behalf of the computerized device, a request for the pseudonym certificates to the registration authority application; receive, by the provisioning controller and from the registration authority application, the pseudonym certificates, wherein the pseudonym certificates are generated by the pseudonym certificate authority application; transmit, by the provisioning controller, the pseudonym certificates to the computerized device; create and maintain, by the provisioning controller, a log that is associated with the computerized device; and store, by the provisioning controller, information regarding the certificate activities for the computerized device. 15. The certificate management system of claim 14, wherein the certificate management system is further operable to transmit information regarding certificate activities related to the computerized device to the provisioning controller for storing in the log. 16. The certificate management system of claim 14, wherein the provisioning controller is further operable to authenticate the computerized device before transmitting the request for the enrollment certificate to the registration authority application. 17. The certificate management system of claim 1, wherein an enrollment certificate is a public key certificate identifying a holder of the public key certificate as an authorized participant in an ecosystem including a plurality of computerized devices, and wherein each authorized participant in the ecosystem is able to receive one or more pseudonym certificates that enable communications with the plurality of computerized devices. 18. A method for securely providing certificates to a provisioning controller, the method comprising:
performing cryptographic computations requested by a registration authority application that is communicatively connected to one or more compute engines that perform cryptographic computations requested by the registration authority application; performing cryptographic computations requested by an enrollment certificate authority application that is communicatively connected to one or more compute engines that perform cryptographic computations requested by the enrollment certificate authority application, wherein the enrollment certificate authority application generates and conditionally transmits enrollment certificates to the registration authority application; performing cryptographic computations requested by a pseudonym certificate authority application that is communicatively connected to one or more compute engines that perform cryptographic computations requested by the pseudonym certificate authority application, wherein the pseudonym certificate authority application generates and conditionally transmits pseudonym certificates to the registration authority application; performing cryptographic computations requested by a first linkage authority application that is communicatively connected to one or more compute engines that perform cryptographic computations requested by the first linkage authority application; and performing cryptographic computations requested by a second linkage authority application that is communicatively connected to one or more compute engines that perform cryptographic computations requested by the second linkage authority application, wherein the first linkage authority application and the second linkage authority application generate and conditionally transmit linkage values to the registration authority application; wherein one or more load balancers communicatively connected to the one or more compute engines performs operations comprising distributing at least one request to the one or more compute engines based on a health measurement of the one or more compute engines. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the health measurement comprises one or more of: an operating temperature of the one or more compute engines, a humidity level inside an enclosure of the one or more compute engines, a CPU capacity, a storage capacity, a frequency of restarts or reboots of the one or more compute engines, a time since a most-recent restart of the one or more compute engines, a number of disk failures or memory faults of the one or more compute engines during a period of time, a time until a scheduled maintenance event of the one or more compute engines, an indication that the one or more compute engines is running on a backup power supply, or a duration since a last power outage or a voltage reduction for a power supply for the one or more compute engines. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the method further comprises:
generating the enrollment certificates in response to receiving requests for the enrollment certificates from the registration authority application; generating the pseudonym certificates in response to receiving requests for the pseudonym certificates from the registration authority application; and generating the linkage values in response to receiving requests for the linkage values from the registration authority application. 21. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
transmitting, by the provisioning controller, on behalf of the computerized device, a request for the enrollment certificate to the registration authority application; receiving, by the provisioning controller and from the registration authority application, the enrollment certificate, wherein the enrollment certificate is generated by the enrollment certificate authority application; transmitting, by the provisioning controller, the enrollment certificate to the computerized device; transmitting, by the provisioning controller and on behalf of the computerized device, a request for the pseudonym certificates to the registration authority application; receiving, by the provisioning controller and from the registration authority application, the pseudonym certificates, wherein the pseudonym certificates are generated by the pseudonym certificate authority application; transmitting, by the provisioning controller, the pseudonym certificates to the computerized device; creating and maintaining, by the provisioning controller, a log that is associated with the computerized device; and storing, by the provisioning controller, information regarding the certificate activities for the computerized device. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
transmitting information regarding certificate activities related to the computerized device to the provisioning controller for storing in the log. 23. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
authenticating the computerized device before transmitting the request for the enrollment certificate to the registration authority application. 24. The method of claim 18, wherein an enrollment certificate is a public key certificate identifying a holder of the public key certificate as an authorized participant in an ecosystem comprising a plurality of computerized devices, and wherein each authorized participant in the ecosystem is able to receive one or more pseudonym certificates that enable communications with the plurality of computerized devices. 25. A non-transitory computer-readable medium for securely providing certificates to a provisioning controller, the non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising a plurality of instructions that, in response to execution by a processor, cause the processor to perform operations comprising:
performing cryptographic computations requested by a registration authority application; performing cryptographic computations requested by an enrollment certificate authority application, wherein the enrollment certificate authority application generates and conditionally transmits enrollment certificates to the registration authority application; performing cryptographic computations requested by a pseudonym certificate authority application, wherein the pseudonym certificate authority application generates and conditionally transmits pseudonym certificates to the registration authority application; performing cryptographic computations requested by a first linkage authority application; and performing cryptographic computations requested by a second linkage authority application, wherein the first linkage authority application and the second linkage authority application generate and conditionally transmit linkage values to the registration authority application; wherein one or more load balancers communicatively connected to the one or more compute engines performs operations comprising distributing at least one request to the one or more compute engines based on a health measurement of the one or more compute engines. 26. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 25, wherein the health measurement comprises one or more of: an operating temperature of the one or more compute engines, a humidity level inside an enclosure of the one or more compute engines, a CPU capacity, a storage capacity, a frequency of restarts or reboots of the one or more compute engines, a time since a most-recent restart of the one or more compute engines, a number of disk failures or memory faults of the one or more compute engines during a period of time, a time until a scheduled maintenance event of the one or more compute engines, an indication that the one or more compute engines is running on a backup power supply, or a duration since a last power outage or a voltage reduction for a power supply for the one or more compute engines. 27. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 25, wherein the operations further comprise:
generating the enrollment certificates in response to receiving requests for the enrollment certificates from the registration authority application; generating the pseudonym certificates in response to receiving requests for the pseudonym certificates from the registration authority application; and generating the linkage values in response to receiving requests for the linkage values from the registration authority application. 28. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 25, wherein the operations further comprise:
transmitting, by the provisioning controller, on behalf of the computerized device, a request for the enrollment certificate to the registration authority application; receiving, by the provisioning controller and from the registration authority application, the enrollment certificate, wherein the enrollment certificate is generated by the enrollment certificate authority application; transmitting, by the provisioning controller, the enrollment certificate to the computerized device; transmitting, by the provisioning controller and on behalf of the computerized device, a request for the pseudonym certificates to the registration authority application; receiving, by the provisioning controller and from the registration authority application, the pseudonym certificates, wherein the pseudonym certificates are generated by the pseudonym certificate authority application; transmitting, by the provisioning controller, the pseudonym certificates to the computerized device; creating and maintaining, by the provisioning controller, a log that is associated with the computerized device; and storing, by the provisioning controller, information regarding the certificate activities for the computerized device. 29. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 28, wherein the operations further comprise:
transmitting information regarding certificate activities related to the computerized device to the provisioning controller for storing in the log. 30. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 28, wherein the operations further comprise:
authenticating the computerized device before transmitting the request for the enrollment certificate to the registration authority application. | An example system may include one or more application platforms (e.g., VMs) that run a registration authority and are communicatively connected to one or more compute engines that perform cryptographic computations required by the registration authority. The system may also include one or more application platforms that run an enrollment certificate authority and that are communicatively connected to one or more compute engines that perform cryptographic computations required by the enrollment certificate authority. It may further include one or more application platforms that run a pseudonym certificate authority and that are communicatively connected to one or more compute engines that perform cryptographic computations required by the pseudonym certificate authority. It may also include one or more load balancers communicatively connected to the one or more compute engines, the one or more load balancers to perform operations comprising distributing at least one request to the one or more compute engines.1. A scalable certificate management system for securely providing certificates to a provisioning controller, the scalable certificate management system comprising:
one or more application platforms that run a registration authority application and that are communicatively connected to one or more compute engines that perform cryptographic computations requested by the registration authority application; one or more application platforms that run an enrollment certificate authority application and that are communicatively connected to one or more compute engines that perform cryptographic computations requested by the enrollment certificate authority application, wherein the enrollment certificate authority application is operable to generate and conditionally transmit an enrollment certificate to the registration authority application; one or more application platforms that run a pseudonym certificate authority application and that are communicatively connected to one or more compute engines that perform cryptographic computations requested by the pseudonym certificate authority application, wherein the pseudonym certificate authority application is operable to generate and conditionally transmit pseudonym certificates to the registration authority application; one or more application platforms that run a first linkage authority application and that are communicatively connected to one or more compute engines that perform cryptographic computations requested by the first linkage authority application; one or more application platforms that run a second linkage authority application and that are communicatively connected to one or more compute engines that perform cryptographic computations requested by the second linkage authority application, wherein the first linkage authority application and the second linkage authority application are operable to generate and conditionally transmit linkage values to the registration authority application; and one or more load balancers communicatively connected to the one or more compute engines, the one or more load balancers to perform operations comprising distributing at least one request to the one or more compute engines based on a health measurement of the one or more compute engines; and whereby the provisioning controller receives the enrollment certificate or the pseudonym certificates from the scalable certificate management system. 2. The certificate management system of claim 1, wherein the health measurement comprises one or more of: an operating temperature of the one or more compute engines, a humidity level inside an enclosure of the one or more compute engines, a CPU capacity, a storage capacity, a frequency of restarts or reboots of the one or more compute engines, a time since a most-recent restart of the one or more compute engines, a number of disk failures or memory faults of the one or more compute engines during a period of time, a time until a scheduled maintenance event of the one or more compute engines, an indication that the one or more compute engines is running on a backup power supply, or a duration since a last power outage or a voltage reduction for a power supply for the one or more compute engines. 3. The certificate management system of claim 1, wherein the certificate management system further comprises:
one or more databases that are operably connected to the one or more application platforms that run the registration authority application, the one or more application platforms that run the enrollment certificate authority application, the one or more application platforms that run the pseudonym certificate authority application, the one or more application platforms that run the first linkage authority application, and the one or more application platforms that run the second linkage authority application. 4. The certificate management system of claim 2, where each of the registration authority application, the enrollment certificate authority application, the pseudonym certificate authority application, the first linkage authority application, the second linkage authority application, and the one or more database are operable to be scaled independently from each other. 5. The certificate management system of claim 1, wherein:
the enrollment certificate authority application is operable to generate enrollment certificates in response to receiving requests for enrollment certificates from the registration authority application; the enrollment certificate authority application is operable to generate pseudonym certificates in response to receiving requests for pseudonym certificates from the registration authority application; and the first linkage authority application and the second linkage authority application are operable to generate linkage values in response to receiving requests for linkage values from the registration authority application. 6. The certificate management system of claim 1, wherein each of the registration authority application, the enrollment certificate authority application, the pseudonym certificate authority application, the first linkage authority application, and the second linkage authority application are communicatively connected to each other by a message queuing service comprising a plurality of message queues. 7. The certificate management system of claim 1, wherein:
the one or more application platforms that run the enrollment certificate authority application are one or more virtual machines that are communicatively connected to the one or more compute engines that perform the cryptographic computations requested by the enrollment certificate authority application by a first plurality of message queues; the one or more application platforms that run the first linkage authority application are one or more virtual machines that are communicatively connected to the one or more compute engines that perform the cryptographic computations requested by the first linkage authority application by a second plurality of message queues; and the one or more application platforms that run the second linkage authority application are one or more virtual machines that are communicatively connected to the one or more compute engines that perform the cryptographic computations requested by the second linkage authority application by a third plurality of message queues. 8. The certificate management system of claim 7, wherein:
the first plurality of message queues comprises: a first message queue for queuing messages to be delivered to the one or more virtual machines that run the enrollment certificate authority application; and a second message queue for queuing messages to be delivered to the one or more compute engines that perform the cryptographic computations requested by the enrollment certificate authority application; the second plurality of message queues comprises: a third message queue for queuing messages to be delivered to the one or more virtual machines that run the first linkage authority application; and age queue for queuing messages to be delivered to the one or more compute engines that perform the cryptographic computations requested by the first linkage authority application; and the third plurality of message queues comprises: a fifth message queue for queuing messages to be delivered to the one or more virtual machines that run the second linkage authority application; and a sixth message queue for queuing messages to be delivered to the one or more compute engines that perform the cryptographic computations requested by the second linkage authority application. 9. The certificate management system of claim 7, wherein:
the first plurality of message queues comprises: a first bidirectional message queue for queuing messages to be delivered to and sent from the one or more virtual machines that run the enrollment certificate authority application; and a second bidirectional message queue for queuing messages to be delivered to and sent from the one or more compute engines that perform the cryptographic computations requested by the enrollment certificate authority application; the second plurality of message queues comprises: a third bidirectional message queue for queuing messages to be delivered to and sent from the one or more virtual machines that run the first linkage authority application; and a fourth bidirectional message queue for queuing messages to be delivered to and sent from the one or more compute engines that perform the cryptographic computations requested by the first linkage authority application; and the third plurality of message queues comprises: a fifth bidirectional message queue for queuing messages to be delivered to and sent from the one or more virtual machines that run the second linkage authority application; and a sixth bidirectional message queue for queuing messages to be delivered to and sent from the one or more compute engines that perform the cryptographic computations requested by the second linkage authority application. 10. The certificate management system of claim 1, wherein:
the one or more application platforms that run the enrollment certificate authority application are communicatively connected to the one or more compute engines that perform the cryptographic computations requested by the enrollment certificate authority application by a first load balancer of the one or more load balancers; the one or more application platforms that run the first linkage authority application are communicatively connected to the one or more compute engines that perform the cryptographic computations requested by the first linkage authority application by a second load balancer of the one or more load balancers; and the one or more application platforms that run the second linkage authority application are communicatively connected to the one or more compute engines that perform the cryptographic computations requested by the second linkage authority application by a third load balancer of the one or more load balancers. 11. The certificate management system of claim 10, wherein:
the first load balancer, the second load balancer, and the third load balancer each comprise one or more of a load balancer virtual machine and a load balancer server; and the load balancer virtual machine and the load balancer server are each configured to distribute workload across a plurality of application platforms and a plurality of compute engines. 12. The certificate management system of claim 11, wherein the load balancer virtual machine and the load balancer server are each configured to distribute workload across the plurality of application platforms and the plurality of compute engines using a round robin technique. 13. The certificate management system of claim 11, wherein the load balancer virtual machine and the load balancer server are each configured to distribute workload across the plurality of application platforms and the plurality of compute engines based on a respective workload reported by each of the plurality of application platforms and each of the plurality of compute engines. 14. The scalable certificate management system of claim 1, wherein the provisioning controller is operable to:
transmit, by the provisioning controller, on behalf of the computerized device, a request for the enrollment certificate to the registration authority application; receive, by the provisioning controller and from the registration authority application, the enrollment certificate, wherein the enrollment certificate is generated by the enrollment certificate authority application; transmit, by the provisioning controller, the enrollment certificate to the computerized device; transmit, by the provisioning controller and on behalf of the computerized device, a request for the pseudonym certificates to the registration authority application; receive, by the provisioning controller and from the registration authority application, the pseudonym certificates, wherein the pseudonym certificates are generated by the pseudonym certificate authority application; transmit, by the provisioning controller, the pseudonym certificates to the computerized device; create and maintain, by the provisioning controller, a log that is associated with the computerized device; and store, by the provisioning controller, information regarding the certificate activities for the computerized device. 15. The certificate management system of claim 14, wherein the certificate management system is further operable to transmit information regarding certificate activities related to the computerized device to the provisioning controller for storing in the log. 16. The certificate management system of claim 14, wherein the provisioning controller is further operable to authenticate the computerized device before transmitting the request for the enrollment certificate to the registration authority application. 17. The certificate management system of claim 1, wherein an enrollment certificate is a public key certificate identifying a holder of the public key certificate as an authorized participant in an ecosystem including a plurality of computerized devices, and wherein each authorized participant in the ecosystem is able to receive one or more pseudonym certificates that enable communications with the plurality of computerized devices. 18. A method for securely providing certificates to a provisioning controller, the method comprising:
performing cryptographic computations requested by a registration authority application that is communicatively connected to one or more compute engines that perform cryptographic computations requested by the registration authority application; performing cryptographic computations requested by an enrollment certificate authority application that is communicatively connected to one or more compute engines that perform cryptographic computations requested by the enrollment certificate authority application, wherein the enrollment certificate authority application generates and conditionally transmits enrollment certificates to the registration authority application; performing cryptographic computations requested by a pseudonym certificate authority application that is communicatively connected to one or more compute engines that perform cryptographic computations requested by the pseudonym certificate authority application, wherein the pseudonym certificate authority application generates and conditionally transmits pseudonym certificates to the registration authority application; performing cryptographic computations requested by a first linkage authority application that is communicatively connected to one or more compute engines that perform cryptographic computations requested by the first linkage authority application; and performing cryptographic computations requested by a second linkage authority application that is communicatively connected to one or more compute engines that perform cryptographic computations requested by the second linkage authority application, wherein the first linkage authority application and the second linkage authority application generate and conditionally transmit linkage values to the registration authority application; wherein one or more load balancers communicatively connected to the one or more compute engines performs operations comprising distributing at least one request to the one or more compute engines based on a health measurement of the one or more compute engines. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the health measurement comprises one or more of: an operating temperature of the one or more compute engines, a humidity level inside an enclosure of the one or more compute engines, a CPU capacity, a storage capacity, a frequency of restarts or reboots of the one or more compute engines, a time since a most-recent restart of the one or more compute engines, a number of disk failures or memory faults of the one or more compute engines during a period of time, a time until a scheduled maintenance event of the one or more compute engines, an indication that the one or more compute engines is running on a backup power supply, or a duration since a last power outage or a voltage reduction for a power supply for the one or more compute engines. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the method further comprises:
generating the enrollment certificates in response to receiving requests for the enrollment certificates from the registration authority application; generating the pseudonym certificates in response to receiving requests for the pseudonym certificates from the registration authority application; and generating the linkage values in response to receiving requests for the linkage values from the registration authority application. 21. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
transmitting, by the provisioning controller, on behalf of the computerized device, a request for the enrollment certificate to the registration authority application; receiving, by the provisioning controller and from the registration authority application, the enrollment certificate, wherein the enrollment certificate is generated by the enrollment certificate authority application; transmitting, by the provisioning controller, the enrollment certificate to the computerized device; transmitting, by the provisioning controller and on behalf of the computerized device, a request for the pseudonym certificates to the registration authority application; receiving, by the provisioning controller and from the registration authority application, the pseudonym certificates, wherein the pseudonym certificates are generated by the pseudonym certificate authority application; transmitting, by the provisioning controller, the pseudonym certificates to the computerized device; creating and maintaining, by the provisioning controller, a log that is associated with the computerized device; and storing, by the provisioning controller, information regarding the certificate activities for the computerized device. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
transmitting information regarding certificate activities related to the computerized device to the provisioning controller for storing in the log. 23. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
authenticating the computerized device before transmitting the request for the enrollment certificate to the registration authority application. 24. The method of claim 18, wherein an enrollment certificate is a public key certificate identifying a holder of the public key certificate as an authorized participant in an ecosystem comprising a plurality of computerized devices, and wherein each authorized participant in the ecosystem is able to receive one or more pseudonym certificates that enable communications with the plurality of computerized devices. 25. A non-transitory computer-readable medium for securely providing certificates to a provisioning controller, the non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising a plurality of instructions that, in response to execution by a processor, cause the processor to perform operations comprising:
performing cryptographic computations requested by a registration authority application; performing cryptographic computations requested by an enrollment certificate authority application, wherein the enrollment certificate authority application generates and conditionally transmits enrollment certificates to the registration authority application; performing cryptographic computations requested by a pseudonym certificate authority application, wherein the pseudonym certificate authority application generates and conditionally transmits pseudonym certificates to the registration authority application; performing cryptographic computations requested by a first linkage authority application; and performing cryptographic computations requested by a second linkage authority application, wherein the first linkage authority application and the second linkage authority application generate and conditionally transmit linkage values to the registration authority application; wherein one or more load balancers communicatively connected to the one or more compute engines performs operations comprising distributing at least one request to the one or more compute engines based on a health measurement of the one or more compute engines. 26. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 25, wherein the health measurement comprises one or more of: an operating temperature of the one or more compute engines, a humidity level inside an enclosure of the one or more compute engines, a CPU capacity, a storage capacity, a frequency of restarts or reboots of the one or more compute engines, a time since a most-recent restart of the one or more compute engines, a number of disk failures or memory faults of the one or more compute engines during a period of time, a time until a scheduled maintenance event of the one or more compute engines, an indication that the one or more compute engines is running on a backup power supply, or a duration since a last power outage or a voltage reduction for a power supply for the one or more compute engines. 27. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 25, wherein the operations further comprise:
generating the enrollment certificates in response to receiving requests for the enrollment certificates from the registration authority application; generating the pseudonym certificates in response to receiving requests for the pseudonym certificates from the registration authority application; and generating the linkage values in response to receiving requests for the linkage values from the registration authority application. 28. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 25, wherein the operations further comprise:
transmitting, by the provisioning controller, on behalf of the computerized device, a request for the enrollment certificate to the registration authority application; receiving, by the provisioning controller and from the registration authority application, the enrollment certificate, wherein the enrollment certificate is generated by the enrollment certificate authority application; transmitting, by the provisioning controller, the enrollment certificate to the computerized device; transmitting, by the provisioning controller and on behalf of the computerized device, a request for the pseudonym certificates to the registration authority application; receiving, by the provisioning controller and from the registration authority application, the pseudonym certificates, wherein the pseudonym certificates are generated by the pseudonym certificate authority application; transmitting, by the provisioning controller, the pseudonym certificates to the computerized device; creating and maintaining, by the provisioning controller, a log that is associated with the computerized device; and storing, by the provisioning controller, information regarding the certificate activities for the computerized device. 29. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 28, wherein the operations further comprise:
transmitting information regarding certificate activities related to the computerized device to the provisioning controller for storing in the log. 30. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 28, wherein the operations further comprise:
authenticating the computerized device before transmitting the request for the enrollment certificate to the registration authority application. | 2,800 |
348,737 | 16,806,241 | 2,833 | An ultrasound device for guiding a needle includes an elongated handle body and first and second ultrasound transducers. The ultrasound transducers are laterally spaced from one another and angled toward a channel defined therebetween configured for passage of a needle. | 1. An ultrasound device for guiding a biopsy needle, the ultrasound device comprising:
an elongated handle body having a first end portion and a second end portion; a display coupled to the first end portion of the handle body; and at least one ultrasound transducer coupled to the second end portion of the handle body and defining a channel configured for passage of a needle, the at least one ultrasound transducer disposed in operable communication with the display to enable display of an ultrasound image generated by the at least one ultrasound transducer on the display, wherein the at least one ultrasound transducer is configured to direct ultrasound waves inwardly toward the channel. 2. The ultrasound device according to claim 1, wherein the at least one ultrasound transducer includes first and second ultrasound transducers defining the channel therebetween. 3. The ultrasound device according to claim 2, wherein the first ultrasound transducer has a distally-oriented surface defining a first plane, and the second ultrasound transducer has a distally-oriented surface defining a second plane, the first and second planes disposed relative to one another at an angle of between 80 degrees and 170 degrees. 4. The ultrasound device according to claim 3, wherein the angle between the first and second planes is between 140 degrees and 165 degrees. 5. The ultrasound device according to claim 2, further comprising a coupling interface disposed within a cavity cooperatively defined by the first and second ultrasound transducers. 6. The ultrasound device according to claim 5, wherein the coupling interface is fabricated from an acoustically-transparent material. 7. The ultrasound device according to claim 5, wherein the coupling interface has a peak and defines a channel through the peak configured for passage of a needle. 8. The ultrasound device according to claim 7, wherein the channel of the coupling interface is aligned with the channel defined between the first and second ultrasound transducers. 9. The ultrasound device according to claim 5, wherein the coupling interface has a planar, base surface and each of the first and second ultrasound transducers has a planar, base surface disposed at an acute angle relative to the base surface of the coupling interface. 10. The ultrasound device according to claim 7, wherein each of the first and second ultrasound transducers is disposed on opposite sides of the channel of the coupling interface and faces a longitudinal axis defined by the channel of the coupling interface. 11. The ultrasound device according to claim 2, wherein the handle body extends at an angle away from the first and second ultrasound transducers, such that the display is out of alignment with the first and second ultrasound transducers. 12. The ultrasound device according to claim 1, wherein the handle body has an undulating shape. 13. The ultrasound device according to claim 1, further comprising a disposable cannula configured for removable receipt in the channel, the cannula defining a longitudinally-extending passageway configured for passage of a needle. 14. The ultrasound device according to claim 13, further comprising a disposable cap configured to be detachably coupled to the second end portion of the handle body for covering the at least one ultrasound transducer, wherein the cannula has a distal end portion configured to be detachably coupled to the cap. 15. The ultrasound device according to claim 1, wherein the display is slidable relative to the handle body. 16. An ultrasound device for guiding a needle, the ultrasound device comprising:
an elongated handle body having a first end portion and a second end portion; a housing coupled to the second end portion of the handle body, the housing defining a channel configured for receipt of a needle; and first and second ultrasound transducers disposed within the housing, wherein the first and second ultrasound transducers are disposed on opposite sides of the channel and angled toward a longitudinal axis defined by the channel. 17. The ultrasound device according to claim 16, wherein the first ultrasound transducer has a distally-oriented surface defining a first plane, and the second ultrasound transducer has a distally-oriented surface defining a second plane, the first and second planes disposed relative to one another at an angle of between 80 degrees and 170 degrees. 18. The ultrasound device according to claim 16, further comprising a coupling interface disposed within a cavity cooperatively defined by the first and second ultrasound transducers, the coupling interface fabricated from an acoustically-transparent material. 19. The ultrasound device according to claim 18, wherein the coupling interface defines a channel therethrough configured for passage of a needle, the channel of the coupling interface coaxial with the channel of the housing. 20. The ultrasound device according to claim 18, wherein the coupling interface has a planar, base surface and each of the first and second ultrasound transducers has a planar, base surface disposed at an acute angle relative to the base surface of the coupling interface. | An ultrasound device for guiding a needle includes an elongated handle body and first and second ultrasound transducers. The ultrasound transducers are laterally spaced from one another and angled toward a channel defined therebetween configured for passage of a needle.1. An ultrasound device for guiding a biopsy needle, the ultrasound device comprising:
an elongated handle body having a first end portion and a second end portion; a display coupled to the first end portion of the handle body; and at least one ultrasound transducer coupled to the second end portion of the handle body and defining a channel configured for passage of a needle, the at least one ultrasound transducer disposed in operable communication with the display to enable display of an ultrasound image generated by the at least one ultrasound transducer on the display, wherein the at least one ultrasound transducer is configured to direct ultrasound waves inwardly toward the channel. 2. The ultrasound device according to claim 1, wherein the at least one ultrasound transducer includes first and second ultrasound transducers defining the channel therebetween. 3. The ultrasound device according to claim 2, wherein the first ultrasound transducer has a distally-oriented surface defining a first plane, and the second ultrasound transducer has a distally-oriented surface defining a second plane, the first and second planes disposed relative to one another at an angle of between 80 degrees and 170 degrees. 4. The ultrasound device according to claim 3, wherein the angle between the first and second planes is between 140 degrees and 165 degrees. 5. The ultrasound device according to claim 2, further comprising a coupling interface disposed within a cavity cooperatively defined by the first and second ultrasound transducers. 6. The ultrasound device according to claim 5, wherein the coupling interface is fabricated from an acoustically-transparent material. 7. The ultrasound device according to claim 5, wherein the coupling interface has a peak and defines a channel through the peak configured for passage of a needle. 8. The ultrasound device according to claim 7, wherein the channel of the coupling interface is aligned with the channel defined between the first and second ultrasound transducers. 9. The ultrasound device according to claim 5, wherein the coupling interface has a planar, base surface and each of the first and second ultrasound transducers has a planar, base surface disposed at an acute angle relative to the base surface of the coupling interface. 10. The ultrasound device according to claim 7, wherein each of the first and second ultrasound transducers is disposed on opposite sides of the channel of the coupling interface and faces a longitudinal axis defined by the channel of the coupling interface. 11. The ultrasound device according to claim 2, wherein the handle body extends at an angle away from the first and second ultrasound transducers, such that the display is out of alignment with the first and second ultrasound transducers. 12. The ultrasound device according to claim 1, wherein the handle body has an undulating shape. 13. The ultrasound device according to claim 1, further comprising a disposable cannula configured for removable receipt in the channel, the cannula defining a longitudinally-extending passageway configured for passage of a needle. 14. The ultrasound device according to claim 13, further comprising a disposable cap configured to be detachably coupled to the second end portion of the handle body for covering the at least one ultrasound transducer, wherein the cannula has a distal end portion configured to be detachably coupled to the cap. 15. The ultrasound device according to claim 1, wherein the display is slidable relative to the handle body. 16. An ultrasound device for guiding a needle, the ultrasound device comprising:
an elongated handle body having a first end portion and a second end portion; a housing coupled to the second end portion of the handle body, the housing defining a channel configured for receipt of a needle; and first and second ultrasound transducers disposed within the housing, wherein the first and second ultrasound transducers are disposed on opposite sides of the channel and angled toward a longitudinal axis defined by the channel. 17. The ultrasound device according to claim 16, wherein the first ultrasound transducer has a distally-oriented surface defining a first plane, and the second ultrasound transducer has a distally-oriented surface defining a second plane, the first and second planes disposed relative to one another at an angle of between 80 degrees and 170 degrees. 18. The ultrasound device according to claim 16, further comprising a coupling interface disposed within a cavity cooperatively defined by the first and second ultrasound transducers, the coupling interface fabricated from an acoustically-transparent material. 19. The ultrasound device according to claim 18, wherein the coupling interface defines a channel therethrough configured for passage of a needle, the channel of the coupling interface coaxial with the channel of the housing. 20. The ultrasound device according to claim 18, wherein the coupling interface has a planar, base surface and each of the first and second ultrasound transducers has a planar, base surface disposed at an acute angle relative to the base surface of the coupling interface. | 2,800 |
348,738 | 16,806,230 | 2,833 | An object of the present invention is to provide a resin composition for reducing an acetic acid odor that is generated during melt molding of a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based resin and may remain in a molded product. The resin composition of the present invention contains: a PVA-based resin (A); and a multimeric aldehyde compound (B), wherein a content of the multimeric aldehyde compound (B) is 0.5×10−4 to 100×10−4 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the PVA-based resin (A). | 1. A resin composition comprising:
a polyvinyl alcohol-based resin (A); and a multimeric aldehyde compound (B), wherein a content of the multimeric aldehyde compound (B) is 0.5×10−4 to 100×10−4 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin (A). 2. The resin composition according to claim 1,
wherein the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin (A) is a polyvinyl alcohol resin for melt molding (A1). 3. The resin composition according to claim 1,
wherein a viscosity average polymerization degree of the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin (A) is 200 to 800. 4. The resin composition according to claim 1,
wherein a degree of saponification of the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin (A) is 60 mol % to 100 mol %. 5. The resin composition according to claim 1,
wherein the multimeric aldehyde compound (B) is paraldehyde. | An object of the present invention is to provide a resin composition for reducing an acetic acid odor that is generated during melt molding of a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based resin and may remain in a molded product. The resin composition of the present invention contains: a PVA-based resin (A); and a multimeric aldehyde compound (B), wherein a content of the multimeric aldehyde compound (B) is 0.5×10−4 to 100×10−4 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the PVA-based resin (A).1. A resin composition comprising:
a polyvinyl alcohol-based resin (A); and a multimeric aldehyde compound (B), wherein a content of the multimeric aldehyde compound (B) is 0.5×10−4 to 100×10−4 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin (A). 2. The resin composition according to claim 1,
wherein the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin (A) is a polyvinyl alcohol resin for melt molding (A1). 3. The resin composition according to claim 1,
wherein a viscosity average polymerization degree of the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin (A) is 200 to 800. 4. The resin composition according to claim 1,
wherein a degree of saponification of the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin (A) is 60 mol % to 100 mol %. 5. The resin composition according to claim 1,
wherein the multimeric aldehyde compound (B) is paraldehyde. | 2,800 |
348,739 | 16,806,224 | 2,833 | An electronic device may be provided with a display mounted in a housing. The display may have an array of display pixels that provide image light to a user. The array of display pixels may form an active display structure with a rectangular shape. The rectangular active display structure may be surrounded by an inactive border region. Optical structures such as a sheet of glass or another optical member may have portions that are configured to bend light from the display pixels along the periphery of the active display structure. The optical member may have an area that is larger than the area of the active display structure, so that the presence of the optical member may serve to enlarge the apparent size of the display. Solidified liquid polymer may be used to support the optical structures and may be interposed between the optical structures and the active display structures. | 1. An electronic device, comprising:
a transparent display cover layer having opposing inner and outer surfaces, wherein the inner surface comprises a flat portion that defines a plane and a curved portion that curves out of the plane; a display layer comprising a plurality of pixels, wherein the plurality of pixels emits light through the transparent display cover layer, wherein the transparent display cover layer redirects a portion of the light through the curved portion; and a housing having a rear surface and sidewalls that extend from the rear surface, wherein the curved portion of the inner surface overlaps the sidewalls. 2. The electronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the plurality of pixels have a first width, the transparent display cover layer has a second width, and the second width is greater than the first width. 3. The electronic device defined in claim 2 wherein the curved portion of the inner surface is configured to redirect the light to have a width that matches the second width of the display cover layer. 4. The electronic device defined in claim 3 wherein the transparent display cover layer is adhered to the housing by a layer of transparent polymer. 5. The electronic device defined in claim 4 wherein the layer of transparent polymer extends from a first sidewall of the housing to a second sidewall of the housing. 6. The electronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the curved portion of the inner surface is convex. 7. The electronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the housing further includes portions that extend from the sidewalls, and the display layer is coupled to the portions that extend from the sidewalls. 8. The electronic device defined in claim 7 wherein the plurality of pixels is formed in an active area of the display layer that is surrounded by an inactive border region of the display layer. 9. The electronic device defined in claim 8 wherein the curved portion of the inner surface of the transparent display cover layer, the layer of transparent polymer, the inactive border region of the display layer, and at least one of portions of the housing that extend from the sidewall all overlap. 10. The electronic device defined in claim 9 further comprising:
a touch sensor layer interposed between the display layer and the inner surface of the transparent display cover layer. 11. An electronic device, comprising:
an organic light-emitting diode display layer having an active area that emits light and that is surrounded by an inactive border region; a housing having a back surface opposite the organic light-emitting diode display layer, wherein the housing comprises sidewall portions that extend from the back surface to form support structures on which the inactive border region rests; a transparent display cover layer that has first and second opposing surfaces, wherein the first surface has a flat portion that defines a plane and overlaps the active area, wherein the first surface has a curved portion that curves out of the plane and overlaps the inactive border region, and wherein the transparent display cover layer redirects at least some of the light emitted by the active area to the curved portion over the inactive border region; and a transparent layer interposed between the active area and the transparent display cover layer, wherein the inactive border region of the organic light-emitting diode display layer, at least one of the sidewall portions of the housing, the curved portion of the transparent display cover layer, and the transparent layer all overlap. 12. The electronic device defined in claim 11 wherein the first surface is an inner surface that faces the organic light-emitting diode display layer, and the second surface is an outer surface. 13. The electronic device defined in claim 12 wherein the curved portion of the inner surface is convex, and a part of the convex curved portion overlaps the organic light-emitting diode display layer. 14. The electronic device defined in claim 13 wherein the transparent layer is a layer of optically clear adhesive that adheres the organic light-emitting diode display layer to the inner surface of the transparent display cover layer. 15. The electronic device defined in claim 14 wherein the transparent display cover layer has a first index of refraction, and wherein the layer of optically clear adhesive has a second index of refraction that is less than the first index of refraction. 16. The electronic device defined in claim 12 wherein the curved portion of the first surface of the transparent display cover layer, the transparent layer, the inactive border region of the organic light-emitting diode display layer, and the support structures of the housing overlap each other. 17. The electronic device defined in claim 16 wherein the transparent display cover layer has a first width and wherein the organic light-emitting diode display layer has a second width that is smaller than the first width. 18. The electronic device defined in claim 17 wherein the curved portion of the transparent display cover layer is convex to guide at least some of the light emitted by the organic light-emitting diode display layer to have a viewable width that is greater than the second width. 19. An electronic device comprising:
a housing having sidewalls; a display layer comprising an array of pixels that form an active area and comprising an inactive border region that surrounds the active area; and a transparent optical member that forms an outermost surface of the electronic device, wherein the transparent optical member has an inner surface with convex portions and an opposing outer surface, and wherein the convex portions overlap the sidewalls of the housing and the display layer. 20. The electronic device defined in claim 19 wherein the convex portions of the transparent optical member are configured to guide light emitted by the display layer to a portion of the outer surface of the transparent optical member that overlaps the inactive border region of the display layer. | An electronic device may be provided with a display mounted in a housing. The display may have an array of display pixels that provide image light to a user. The array of display pixels may form an active display structure with a rectangular shape. The rectangular active display structure may be surrounded by an inactive border region. Optical structures such as a sheet of glass or another optical member may have portions that are configured to bend light from the display pixels along the periphery of the active display structure. The optical member may have an area that is larger than the area of the active display structure, so that the presence of the optical member may serve to enlarge the apparent size of the display. Solidified liquid polymer may be used to support the optical structures and may be interposed between the optical structures and the active display structures.1. An electronic device, comprising:
a transparent display cover layer having opposing inner and outer surfaces, wherein the inner surface comprises a flat portion that defines a plane and a curved portion that curves out of the plane; a display layer comprising a plurality of pixels, wherein the plurality of pixels emits light through the transparent display cover layer, wherein the transparent display cover layer redirects a portion of the light through the curved portion; and a housing having a rear surface and sidewalls that extend from the rear surface, wherein the curved portion of the inner surface overlaps the sidewalls. 2. The electronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the plurality of pixels have a first width, the transparent display cover layer has a second width, and the second width is greater than the first width. 3. The electronic device defined in claim 2 wherein the curved portion of the inner surface is configured to redirect the light to have a width that matches the second width of the display cover layer. 4. The electronic device defined in claim 3 wherein the transparent display cover layer is adhered to the housing by a layer of transparent polymer. 5. The electronic device defined in claim 4 wherein the layer of transparent polymer extends from a first sidewall of the housing to a second sidewall of the housing. 6. The electronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the curved portion of the inner surface is convex. 7. The electronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the housing further includes portions that extend from the sidewalls, and the display layer is coupled to the portions that extend from the sidewalls. 8. The electronic device defined in claim 7 wherein the plurality of pixels is formed in an active area of the display layer that is surrounded by an inactive border region of the display layer. 9. The electronic device defined in claim 8 wherein the curved portion of the inner surface of the transparent display cover layer, the layer of transparent polymer, the inactive border region of the display layer, and at least one of portions of the housing that extend from the sidewall all overlap. 10. The electronic device defined in claim 9 further comprising:
a touch sensor layer interposed between the display layer and the inner surface of the transparent display cover layer. 11. An electronic device, comprising:
an organic light-emitting diode display layer having an active area that emits light and that is surrounded by an inactive border region; a housing having a back surface opposite the organic light-emitting diode display layer, wherein the housing comprises sidewall portions that extend from the back surface to form support structures on which the inactive border region rests; a transparent display cover layer that has first and second opposing surfaces, wherein the first surface has a flat portion that defines a plane and overlaps the active area, wherein the first surface has a curved portion that curves out of the plane and overlaps the inactive border region, and wherein the transparent display cover layer redirects at least some of the light emitted by the active area to the curved portion over the inactive border region; and a transparent layer interposed between the active area and the transparent display cover layer, wherein the inactive border region of the organic light-emitting diode display layer, at least one of the sidewall portions of the housing, the curved portion of the transparent display cover layer, and the transparent layer all overlap. 12. The electronic device defined in claim 11 wherein the first surface is an inner surface that faces the organic light-emitting diode display layer, and the second surface is an outer surface. 13. The electronic device defined in claim 12 wherein the curved portion of the inner surface is convex, and a part of the convex curved portion overlaps the organic light-emitting diode display layer. 14. The electronic device defined in claim 13 wherein the transparent layer is a layer of optically clear adhesive that adheres the organic light-emitting diode display layer to the inner surface of the transparent display cover layer. 15. The electronic device defined in claim 14 wherein the transparent display cover layer has a first index of refraction, and wherein the layer of optically clear adhesive has a second index of refraction that is less than the first index of refraction. 16. The electronic device defined in claim 12 wherein the curved portion of the first surface of the transparent display cover layer, the transparent layer, the inactive border region of the organic light-emitting diode display layer, and the support structures of the housing overlap each other. 17. The electronic device defined in claim 16 wherein the transparent display cover layer has a first width and wherein the organic light-emitting diode display layer has a second width that is smaller than the first width. 18. The electronic device defined in claim 17 wherein the curved portion of the transparent display cover layer is convex to guide at least some of the light emitted by the organic light-emitting diode display layer to have a viewable width that is greater than the second width. 19. An electronic device comprising:
a housing having sidewalls; a display layer comprising an array of pixels that form an active area and comprising an inactive border region that surrounds the active area; and a transparent optical member that forms an outermost surface of the electronic device, wherein the transparent optical member has an inner surface with convex portions and an opposing outer surface, and wherein the convex portions overlap the sidewalls of the housing and the display layer. 20. The electronic device defined in claim 19 wherein the convex portions of the transparent optical member are configured to guide light emitted by the display layer to a portion of the outer surface of the transparent optical member that overlaps the inactive border region of the display layer. | 2,800 |
348,740 | 16,806,242 | 2,833 | An electronic device may be provided with a display mounted in a housing. The display may have an array of display pixels that provide image light to a user. The array of display pixels may form an active display structure with a rectangular shape. The rectangular active display structure may be surrounded by an inactive border region. Optical structures such as a sheet of glass or another optical member may have portions that are configured to bend light from the display pixels along the periphery of the active display structure. The optical member may have an area that is larger than the area of the active display structure, so that the presence of the optical member may serve to enlarge the apparent size of the display. Solidified liquid polymer may be used to support the optical structures and may be interposed between the optical structures and the active display structures. | 1. An electronic device, comprising:
a transparent display cover layer having opposing inner and outer surfaces, wherein the inner surface comprises a flat portion that defines a plane and a curved portion that curves out of the plane; a display layer comprising a plurality of pixels, wherein the plurality of pixels emits light through the transparent display cover layer, wherein the transparent display cover layer redirects a portion of the light through the curved portion; and a housing having a rear surface and sidewalls that extend from the rear surface, wherein the curved portion of the inner surface overlaps the sidewalls. 2. The electronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the plurality of pixels have a first width, the transparent display cover layer has a second width, and the second width is greater than the first width. 3. The electronic device defined in claim 2 wherein the curved portion of the inner surface is configured to redirect the light to have a width that matches the second width of the display cover layer. 4. The electronic device defined in claim 3 wherein the transparent display cover layer is adhered to the housing by a layer of transparent polymer. 5. The electronic device defined in claim 4 wherein the layer of transparent polymer extends from a first sidewall of the housing to a second sidewall of the housing. 6. The electronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the curved portion of the inner surface is convex. 7. The electronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the housing further includes portions that extend from the sidewalls, and the display layer is coupled to the portions that extend from the sidewalls. 8. The electronic device defined in claim 7 wherein the plurality of pixels is formed in an active area of the display layer that is surrounded by an inactive border region of the display layer. 9. The electronic device defined in claim 8 wherein the curved portion of the inner surface of the transparent display cover layer, the layer of transparent polymer, the inactive border region of the display layer, and at least one of portions of the housing that extend from the sidewall all overlap. 10. The electronic device defined in claim 9 further comprising:
a touch sensor layer interposed between the display layer and the inner surface of the transparent display cover layer. 11. An electronic device, comprising:
an organic light-emitting diode display layer having an active area that emits light and that is surrounded by an inactive border region; a housing having a back surface opposite the organic light-emitting diode display layer, wherein the housing comprises sidewall portions that extend from the back surface to form support structures on which the inactive border region rests; a transparent display cover layer that has first and second opposing surfaces, wherein the first surface has a flat portion that defines a plane and overlaps the active area, wherein the first surface has a curved portion that curves out of the plane and overlaps the inactive border region, and wherein the transparent display cover layer redirects at least some of the light emitted by the active area to the curved portion over the inactive border region; and a transparent layer interposed between the active area and the transparent display cover layer, wherein the inactive border region of the organic light-emitting diode display layer, at least one of the sidewall portions of the housing, the curved portion of the transparent display cover layer, and the transparent layer all overlap. 12. The electronic device defined in claim 11 wherein the first surface is an inner surface that faces the organic light-emitting diode display layer, and the second surface is an outer surface. 13. The electronic device defined in claim 12 wherein the curved portion of the inner surface is convex, and a part of the convex curved portion overlaps the organic light-emitting diode display layer. 14. The electronic device defined in claim 13 wherein the transparent layer is a layer of optically clear adhesive that adheres the organic light-emitting diode display layer to the inner surface of the transparent display cover layer. 15. The electronic device defined in claim 14 wherein the transparent display cover layer has a first index of refraction, and wherein the layer of optically clear adhesive has a second index of refraction that is less than the first index of refraction. 16. The electronic device defined in claim 12 wherein the curved portion of the first surface of the transparent display cover layer, the transparent layer, the inactive border region of the organic light-emitting diode display layer, and the support structures of the housing overlap each other. 17. The electronic device defined in claim 16 wherein the transparent display cover layer has a first width and wherein the organic light-emitting diode display layer has a second width that is smaller than the first width. 18. The electronic device defined in claim 17 wherein the curved portion of the transparent display cover layer is convex to guide at least some of the light emitted by the organic light-emitting diode display layer to have a viewable width that is greater than the second width. 19. An electronic device comprising:
a housing having sidewalls; a display layer comprising an array of pixels that form an active area and comprising an inactive border region that surrounds the active area; and a transparent optical member that forms an outermost surface of the electronic device, wherein the transparent optical member has an inner surface with convex portions and an opposing outer surface, and wherein the convex portions overlap the sidewalls of the housing and the display layer. 20. The electronic device defined in claim 19 wherein the convex portions of the transparent optical member are configured to guide light emitted by the display layer to a portion of the outer surface of the transparent optical member that overlaps the inactive border region of the display layer. | An electronic device may be provided with a display mounted in a housing. The display may have an array of display pixels that provide image light to a user. The array of display pixels may form an active display structure with a rectangular shape. The rectangular active display structure may be surrounded by an inactive border region. Optical structures such as a sheet of glass or another optical member may have portions that are configured to bend light from the display pixels along the periphery of the active display structure. The optical member may have an area that is larger than the area of the active display structure, so that the presence of the optical member may serve to enlarge the apparent size of the display. Solidified liquid polymer may be used to support the optical structures and may be interposed between the optical structures and the active display structures.1. An electronic device, comprising:
a transparent display cover layer having opposing inner and outer surfaces, wherein the inner surface comprises a flat portion that defines a plane and a curved portion that curves out of the plane; a display layer comprising a plurality of pixels, wherein the plurality of pixels emits light through the transparent display cover layer, wherein the transparent display cover layer redirects a portion of the light through the curved portion; and a housing having a rear surface and sidewalls that extend from the rear surface, wherein the curved portion of the inner surface overlaps the sidewalls. 2. The electronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the plurality of pixels have a first width, the transparent display cover layer has a second width, and the second width is greater than the first width. 3. The electronic device defined in claim 2 wherein the curved portion of the inner surface is configured to redirect the light to have a width that matches the second width of the display cover layer. 4. The electronic device defined in claim 3 wherein the transparent display cover layer is adhered to the housing by a layer of transparent polymer. 5. The electronic device defined in claim 4 wherein the layer of transparent polymer extends from a first sidewall of the housing to a second sidewall of the housing. 6. The electronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the curved portion of the inner surface is convex. 7. The electronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the housing further includes portions that extend from the sidewalls, and the display layer is coupled to the portions that extend from the sidewalls. 8. The electronic device defined in claim 7 wherein the plurality of pixels is formed in an active area of the display layer that is surrounded by an inactive border region of the display layer. 9. The electronic device defined in claim 8 wherein the curved portion of the inner surface of the transparent display cover layer, the layer of transparent polymer, the inactive border region of the display layer, and at least one of portions of the housing that extend from the sidewall all overlap. 10. The electronic device defined in claim 9 further comprising:
a touch sensor layer interposed between the display layer and the inner surface of the transparent display cover layer. 11. An electronic device, comprising:
an organic light-emitting diode display layer having an active area that emits light and that is surrounded by an inactive border region; a housing having a back surface opposite the organic light-emitting diode display layer, wherein the housing comprises sidewall portions that extend from the back surface to form support structures on which the inactive border region rests; a transparent display cover layer that has first and second opposing surfaces, wherein the first surface has a flat portion that defines a plane and overlaps the active area, wherein the first surface has a curved portion that curves out of the plane and overlaps the inactive border region, and wherein the transparent display cover layer redirects at least some of the light emitted by the active area to the curved portion over the inactive border region; and a transparent layer interposed between the active area and the transparent display cover layer, wherein the inactive border region of the organic light-emitting diode display layer, at least one of the sidewall portions of the housing, the curved portion of the transparent display cover layer, and the transparent layer all overlap. 12. The electronic device defined in claim 11 wherein the first surface is an inner surface that faces the organic light-emitting diode display layer, and the second surface is an outer surface. 13. The electronic device defined in claim 12 wherein the curved portion of the inner surface is convex, and a part of the convex curved portion overlaps the organic light-emitting diode display layer. 14. The electronic device defined in claim 13 wherein the transparent layer is a layer of optically clear adhesive that adheres the organic light-emitting diode display layer to the inner surface of the transparent display cover layer. 15. The electronic device defined in claim 14 wherein the transparent display cover layer has a first index of refraction, and wherein the layer of optically clear adhesive has a second index of refraction that is less than the first index of refraction. 16. The electronic device defined in claim 12 wherein the curved portion of the first surface of the transparent display cover layer, the transparent layer, the inactive border region of the organic light-emitting diode display layer, and the support structures of the housing overlap each other. 17. The electronic device defined in claim 16 wherein the transparent display cover layer has a first width and wherein the organic light-emitting diode display layer has a second width that is smaller than the first width. 18. The electronic device defined in claim 17 wherein the curved portion of the transparent display cover layer is convex to guide at least some of the light emitted by the organic light-emitting diode display layer to have a viewable width that is greater than the second width. 19. An electronic device comprising:
a housing having sidewalls; a display layer comprising an array of pixels that form an active area and comprising an inactive border region that surrounds the active area; and a transparent optical member that forms an outermost surface of the electronic device, wherein the transparent optical member has an inner surface with convex portions and an opposing outer surface, and wherein the convex portions overlap the sidewalls of the housing and the display layer. 20. The electronic device defined in claim 19 wherein the convex portions of the transparent optical member are configured to guide light emitted by the display layer to a portion of the outer surface of the transparent optical member that overlaps the inactive border region of the display layer. | 2,800 |
348,741 | 16,806,258 | 2,833 | A controller of an HVAC system monitors a suction-side property and a liquid-side property over a period of time. The controller determines whether the suction-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend over the period of time. The controller determines whether the liquid-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend. In response to determining that both the suction-side property and the liquid-side property have an increasing trend over the period of time, a fan fault is detected. In response to determining that the suction-side property has a decreasing trend and the liquid-side property has an increasing trend over the period of time, a blockage of a refrigerant conduit subsystem is detected. In response to determining that both the suction-side property and the liquid-side property have a decreasing trend over the period of time, a blower fault is detected. | 1. A heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system comprising:
a refrigerant conduit subsystem configured to allow a flow of refrigerant through the HVAC system; a compressor configured to receive refrigerant and direct the refrigerant to flow through a refrigerant conduit subsystem; a condenser configured to receive the refrigerant and allow heat transfer between the received refrigerant and a first flow of air across the condenser; a fan configured to provide the first flow air across the condenser; an evaporator configured to receive the refrigerant and allow heat transfer between the refrigerant and a second flow air across the evaporator; a blower configured to provide the second flow of air across the evaporator; a suction-side sensor positioned and configured to measure a suction-side property associated with refrigerant provided to an inlet of the compressor; a liquid-side sensor positioned and configured to measure a liquid-side property associated with the refrigerant provided from an outlet of the compressor; and a controller communicatively coupled to the suction-side sensor and the liquid-side sensor, the controller configured to:
monitor the suction-side property over a period of time;
monitor the liquid-side property over the period of time;
determine whether the suction-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend over the period of time;
determine whether the liquid-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend;
in response to determining that both the suction-side property and the liquid-side property have an increasing trend over the period of time, determine that a fan fault is detected;
in response to determining that the suction-side property has a decreasing trend and the liquid-side property has an increasing trend over the period of time, determine that a blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem is detected; and
in response to determining that both the suction-side property and the liquid-side property have a decreasing trend over the period of time, determine that a blower fault is detected. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the suction-side property is a suction-side pressure of the refrigerant measured at a position proximate the inlet of the compressor and the liquid-side property is a liquid-side pressure of the refrigerant measured at a position proximate the outlet of the compressor. 3. The system of claim 1, the controller further configured to:
determine whether the liquid-side pressure has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a first rate of change of the liquid-side property over the period of time;
in response to determining that the first rate of change is positive and is greater than a first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has an increasing trend; and
in response to determining that the positive first rate of change is positive and is not greater than the first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property does not have an increasing trend;
in response to determining the first rate of change is negative and is less than a second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has a decreasing trend; and
in response to determining that the first rate of change is negative and is not less than the second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property does not have a decreasing trend; and
determine whether the suction-side pressure has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a second rate of change of the suction-side property over the period of time;
in response to determining that the second rate of change is positive and is greater than a third threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has an increasing trend;
in response to determining that the second rate of change is positive and is not greater than the third threshold value, determining that the suction-side property does not have an increasing trend; and
in response to determining the second rate of change is negative and is less than a fourth threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has a decreasing trend; and
in response to determining that the second rate of change is negative and is not less than the fourth threshold value, determining that the suction-side property does not have a decreasing trend. 4. The system of claim 1, the controller further configured to:
determine whether the liquid-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a first value of the liquid-side property at a first time stamp during the period of time;
determining a second value of the liquid-side property at a second time stamp during the period of time, wherein the second time stamp corresponds to a predefined time after the first time stamp;
determining a liquid-side difference between the second value and the first value;
in response to determining that the liquid-side difference is positive and greater than a first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property is increasing; and
in response to determining that the liquid-side difference is negative and less than a second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property is decreasing; and
determine whether the suction-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a third value of the suction-side property at the first time stamp during the period of time;
determining a fourth value of the suction-side property at the second time stamp during the period of time;
determining a suction-side difference between the fourth value and the third value;
in response to determining that the suction-side difference is positive and greater than a third threshold value, determining that the suction-side property is increasing; and
in response to determining that the suction-side difference is negative and less than a fourth threshold value, determining that the suction-side property is decreasing. 5. The system of claim 1, the controller further configured to:
determine whether the liquid-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining, for each of at least three sequential intervals of time during the period of time, a first value of the liquid-side property at a start of the interval of time;
determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a second value of the liquid-side property at an end of the interval of time;
determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a liquid-side difference between the second value and the first value for the interval of time;
in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the liquid-side difference is positive and greater than a first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property is increasing; and
in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the liquid-side difference is negative and less than a second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property is decreasing; and
determine whether the suction-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a third value of the suction-side property at the start of the interval of time;
determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a fourth value of the suction-side property at the end of the interval of time;
determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a suction-side difference between the fourth value and the third value for the interval of time;
in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the suction-side difference is positive and greater than a third threshold value, determining that the suction-side property is increasing; and
in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the suction-side difference is negative and less than a fourth threshold value, determining that the suction-side property is decreasing. 6. The system of claim 1, the controller further configured to:
in response to determining that the fan fault is detected, cause communication of a fan-malfunction alert; in response to determining that the blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem is detected, cause communication of a conduit-blockage alert; in response to determining that the blower fault is detected, cause communication of a blower-malfunction alert. 7. The system of claim 1, the controller further configured to, in response to, in response to determining that the fan fault is detected, stop operation of the HVAC system. 8. A method of operating heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system, the method comprising:
monitoring, over a period of time, a suction-side property associated a refrigerant provided to an inlet of a compressor of the HVAC system; monitoring, over the period of time, a liquid-side property associated with the refrigerant provided from an outlet of the compressor; determining whether the suction-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend over the period of time; determining whether the liquid-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend; in response to determining that both the suction-side property and the liquid-side property have an increasing trend over the period of time, determining that a fan fault is detected, wherein the fan fault is associated with a malfunction of a fan of the HVAC system; in response to determining that the suction-side property has a decreasing trend and the liquid-side property has an increasing trend over the period of time, determining that a blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem is detected; and in response to determining that both the suction-side property and the liquid-side property have a decreasing trend over the period of time, determining that a blower fault is detected, wherein the blower fault is associated with a malfunction of a blower of the HVAC system. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the suction-side property is a suction-side pressure of the refrigerant measured at a position proximate the inlet of the compressor and the liquid-side property is a liquid-side pressure of the refrigerant measured at a position proximate the outlet of the compressor. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
determining whether the liquid-side pressure has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a first rate of change of the liquid-side property over the period of time;
in response to determining that the first rate of change is positive and is greater than a first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has an increasing trend; and
in response to determining that the positive first rate of change is positive and is not greater than the first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property does not have an increasing trend;
in response to determining the first rate of change is negative and is less than a second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has a decreasing trend; and
in response to determining that the first rate of change is negative and is not less than the second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property does not have a decreasing trend; and
determining whether the suction-side pressure has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a second rate of change of the suction-side property over the period of time;
in response to determining that the second rate of change is positive and is greater than a third threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has an increasing trend;
in response to determining that the second rate of change is positive and is not greater than the third threshold value, determining that the suction-side property does not have an increasing trend; and
in response to determining the second rate of change is negative and is less than a fourth threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has a decreasing trend; and
in response to determining that the second rate of change is negative and is not less than the fourth threshold value, determining that the suction-side property does not have a decreasing trend. 11. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
determining whether the liquid-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a first value of the liquid-side property at a first time stamp during the period of time;
determining a second value of the liquid-side property at a second time stamp during the period of time, wherein the second time stamp corresponds to a predefined time after the first time stamp;
determining a liquid-side difference between the second value and the first value;
in response to determining that the liquid-side difference is positive and greater than a first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property is increasing; and
in response to determining that the liquid-side difference is negative and less than a second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property is decreasing; and
determining whether the suction-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a third value of the suction-side property at the first time stamp during the period of time;
determining a fourth value of the suction-side property at the second time stamp during the period of time;
determining a suction-side difference between the fourth value and the third value;
in response to determining that the suction-side difference is positive and greater than a third threshold value, determining that the suction-side property is increasing; and
in response to determining that the suction-side difference is negative and less than a fourth threshold value, determining that the suction-side property is decreasing. 12. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
determining whether the liquid-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining, for each of at least three sequential intervals of time during the period of time, a first value of the liquid-side property at a start of the interval of time;
determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a second value of the liquid-side property at an end of the interval of time;
determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a liquid-side difference between the second value and the first value for the interval of time;
in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the liquid-side difference is positive and greater than a first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property is increasing; and
in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the liquid-side difference is negative and less than a second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property is decreasing; and
determining whether the suction-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a third value of the suction-side property at the start of the interval of time;
determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a fourth value of the suction-side property at the end of the interval of time;
determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a suction-side difference between the fourth value and the third value for the interval of time;
in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the suction-side difference is positive and greater than a third threshold value, determining that the suction-side property is increasing; and
in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the suction-side difference is negative and less than a fourth threshold value, determining that the suction-side property is decreasing. 13. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
in response to determining that the fan fault is detected, causing communication of a fan-malfunction alert; in response to determining that the blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem is detected, causing communication of a conduit-blockage alert; in response to determining that the blower fault is detected, causing communication of a blower-malfunction alert. 14. The method of claim 8, further comprising, in response to, in response to determining that the fan fault is detected, stopping operation of the HVAC system. 15. A controller of a heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system, the controller comprising:
an input/output interface configured communicatively couple the controller to:
a suction-side sensor positioned and configured to measure a suction-side property associated with refrigerant provided to an inlet of a compressor of the HVAC system; and
a liquid-side sensor positioned and configured to measure a liquid-side property associated with the refrigerant provided from an outlet of the compressor; and
a processor, coupled to the input/output interface, the processor configured to:
monitor the suction-side property over a period of time;
monitor the liquid-side property over the period of time;
determine whether the suction-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend over the period of time;
determine whether the liquid-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend;
in response to determining that both the suction-side property and the liquid-side property have an increasing trend over the period of time, determine that a fan fault is detected;
in response to determining that the suction-side property has a decreasing trend and the liquid-side property has an increasing trend over the period of time, determine that a blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem is detected; and
in response to determining that both the suction-side property and the liquid-side property have a decreasing trend over the period of time, determine that a blower fault is detected. 16. The controller of claim 15, wherein the suction-side property is a suction-side pressure of the refrigerant measured at a position proximate the inlet of the compressor and the liquid-side property is a liquid-side pressure of the refrigerant measured at a position proximate the outlet of the compressor. 17. The controller of claim 15, the processor further configured to:
determine whether the liquid-side pressure has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a first rate of change of the liquid-side property over the period of time;
in response to determining that the first rate of change is positive and is greater than a first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has an increasing trend; and
in response to determining that the positive first rate of change is positive and is not greater than the first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property does not have an increasing trend;
in response to determining the first rate of change is negative and is less than a second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has a decreasing trend; and
in response to determining that the first rate of change is negative and is not less than the second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property does not have a decreasing trend; and
determine whether the suction-side pressure has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a second rate of change of the suction-side property over the period of time;
in response to determining that the second rate of change is positive and is greater than a third threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has an increasing trend;
in response to determining that the second rate of change is positive and is not greater than the third threshold value, determining that the suction-side property does not have an increasing trend; and
in response to determining the second rate of change is negative and is less than a fourth threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has a decreasing trend; and
in response to determining that the second rate of change is negative and is not less than the fourth threshold value, determining that the suction-side property does not have a decreasing trend. 18. The controller of claim 15, the processor further configured to:
determine whether the liquid-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a first value of the liquid-side property at a first time stamp during the period of time;
determining a second value of the liquid-side property at a second time stamp during the period of time, wherein the second time stamp corresponds to a predefined time after the first time stamp;
determining a liquid-side difference between the second value and the first value;
in response to determining that the liquid-side difference is positive and greater than a first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property is increasing; and
in response to determining that the liquid-side difference is negative and less than a second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property is decreasing; and
determine whether the suction-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a third value of the suction-side property at the first time stamp during the period of time;
determining a fourth value of the suction-side property at the second time stamp during the period of time;
determining a suction-side difference between the fourth value and the third value;
in response to determining that the suction-side difference is positive and greater than a third threshold value, determining that the suction-side property is increasing; and
in response to determining that the suction-side difference is negative and less than a fourth threshold value, determining that the suction-side property is decreasing. 19. The controller of claim 15, the processor further configured to:
determine whether the liquid-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining, for each of at least three sequential intervals of time during the period of time, a first value of the liquid-side property at a start of the interval of time;
determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a second value of the liquid-side property at an end of the interval of time;
determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a liquid-side difference between the second value and the first value for the interval of time;
in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the liquid-side difference is positive and greater than a first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property is increasing; and
in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the liquid-side difference is negative and less than a second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property is decreasing; and
determine whether the suction-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a third value of the suction-side property at the start of the interval of time;
determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a fourth value of the suction-side property at the end of the interval of time;
determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a suction-side difference between the fourth value and the third value for the interval of time;
in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the suction-side difference is positive and greater than a third threshold value, determining that the suction-side property is increasing; and
in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the suction-side difference is negative and less than a fourth threshold value, determining that the suction-side property is decreasing. 20. The controller of claim 15, the processor further configured to:
in response to determining that the fan fault is detected, cause communication of a fan-malfunction alert; in response to determining that the blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem is detected, cause communication of a conduit-blockage alert; in response to determining that the blower fault is detected, cause communication of a blower-malfunction alert. | A controller of an HVAC system monitors a suction-side property and a liquid-side property over a period of time. The controller determines whether the suction-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend over the period of time. The controller determines whether the liquid-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend. In response to determining that both the suction-side property and the liquid-side property have an increasing trend over the period of time, a fan fault is detected. In response to determining that the suction-side property has a decreasing trend and the liquid-side property has an increasing trend over the period of time, a blockage of a refrigerant conduit subsystem is detected. In response to determining that both the suction-side property and the liquid-side property have a decreasing trend over the period of time, a blower fault is detected.1. A heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system comprising:
a refrigerant conduit subsystem configured to allow a flow of refrigerant through the HVAC system; a compressor configured to receive refrigerant and direct the refrigerant to flow through a refrigerant conduit subsystem; a condenser configured to receive the refrigerant and allow heat transfer between the received refrigerant and a first flow of air across the condenser; a fan configured to provide the first flow air across the condenser; an evaporator configured to receive the refrigerant and allow heat transfer between the refrigerant and a second flow air across the evaporator; a blower configured to provide the second flow of air across the evaporator; a suction-side sensor positioned and configured to measure a suction-side property associated with refrigerant provided to an inlet of the compressor; a liquid-side sensor positioned and configured to measure a liquid-side property associated with the refrigerant provided from an outlet of the compressor; and a controller communicatively coupled to the suction-side sensor and the liquid-side sensor, the controller configured to:
monitor the suction-side property over a period of time;
monitor the liquid-side property over the period of time;
determine whether the suction-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend over the period of time;
determine whether the liquid-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend;
in response to determining that both the suction-side property and the liquid-side property have an increasing trend over the period of time, determine that a fan fault is detected;
in response to determining that the suction-side property has a decreasing trend and the liquid-side property has an increasing trend over the period of time, determine that a blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem is detected; and
in response to determining that both the suction-side property and the liquid-side property have a decreasing trend over the period of time, determine that a blower fault is detected. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the suction-side property is a suction-side pressure of the refrigerant measured at a position proximate the inlet of the compressor and the liquid-side property is a liquid-side pressure of the refrigerant measured at a position proximate the outlet of the compressor. 3. The system of claim 1, the controller further configured to:
determine whether the liquid-side pressure has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a first rate of change of the liquid-side property over the period of time;
in response to determining that the first rate of change is positive and is greater than a first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has an increasing trend; and
in response to determining that the positive first rate of change is positive and is not greater than the first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property does not have an increasing trend;
in response to determining the first rate of change is negative and is less than a second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has a decreasing trend; and
in response to determining that the first rate of change is negative and is not less than the second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property does not have a decreasing trend; and
determine whether the suction-side pressure has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a second rate of change of the suction-side property over the period of time;
in response to determining that the second rate of change is positive and is greater than a third threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has an increasing trend;
in response to determining that the second rate of change is positive and is not greater than the third threshold value, determining that the suction-side property does not have an increasing trend; and
in response to determining the second rate of change is negative and is less than a fourth threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has a decreasing trend; and
in response to determining that the second rate of change is negative and is not less than the fourth threshold value, determining that the suction-side property does not have a decreasing trend. 4. The system of claim 1, the controller further configured to:
determine whether the liquid-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a first value of the liquid-side property at a first time stamp during the period of time;
determining a second value of the liquid-side property at a second time stamp during the period of time, wherein the second time stamp corresponds to a predefined time after the first time stamp;
determining a liquid-side difference between the second value and the first value;
in response to determining that the liquid-side difference is positive and greater than a first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property is increasing; and
in response to determining that the liquid-side difference is negative and less than a second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property is decreasing; and
determine whether the suction-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a third value of the suction-side property at the first time stamp during the period of time;
determining a fourth value of the suction-side property at the second time stamp during the period of time;
determining a suction-side difference between the fourth value and the third value;
in response to determining that the suction-side difference is positive and greater than a third threshold value, determining that the suction-side property is increasing; and
in response to determining that the suction-side difference is negative and less than a fourth threshold value, determining that the suction-side property is decreasing. 5. The system of claim 1, the controller further configured to:
determine whether the liquid-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining, for each of at least three sequential intervals of time during the period of time, a first value of the liquid-side property at a start of the interval of time;
determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a second value of the liquid-side property at an end of the interval of time;
determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a liquid-side difference between the second value and the first value for the interval of time;
in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the liquid-side difference is positive and greater than a first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property is increasing; and
in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the liquid-side difference is negative and less than a second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property is decreasing; and
determine whether the suction-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a third value of the suction-side property at the start of the interval of time;
determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a fourth value of the suction-side property at the end of the interval of time;
determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a suction-side difference between the fourth value and the third value for the interval of time;
in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the suction-side difference is positive and greater than a third threshold value, determining that the suction-side property is increasing; and
in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the suction-side difference is negative and less than a fourth threshold value, determining that the suction-side property is decreasing. 6. The system of claim 1, the controller further configured to:
in response to determining that the fan fault is detected, cause communication of a fan-malfunction alert; in response to determining that the blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem is detected, cause communication of a conduit-blockage alert; in response to determining that the blower fault is detected, cause communication of a blower-malfunction alert. 7. The system of claim 1, the controller further configured to, in response to, in response to determining that the fan fault is detected, stop operation of the HVAC system. 8. A method of operating heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system, the method comprising:
monitoring, over a period of time, a suction-side property associated a refrigerant provided to an inlet of a compressor of the HVAC system; monitoring, over the period of time, a liquid-side property associated with the refrigerant provided from an outlet of the compressor; determining whether the suction-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend over the period of time; determining whether the liquid-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend; in response to determining that both the suction-side property and the liquid-side property have an increasing trend over the period of time, determining that a fan fault is detected, wherein the fan fault is associated with a malfunction of a fan of the HVAC system; in response to determining that the suction-side property has a decreasing trend and the liquid-side property has an increasing trend over the period of time, determining that a blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem is detected; and in response to determining that both the suction-side property and the liquid-side property have a decreasing trend over the period of time, determining that a blower fault is detected, wherein the blower fault is associated with a malfunction of a blower of the HVAC system. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the suction-side property is a suction-side pressure of the refrigerant measured at a position proximate the inlet of the compressor and the liquid-side property is a liquid-side pressure of the refrigerant measured at a position proximate the outlet of the compressor. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
determining whether the liquid-side pressure has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a first rate of change of the liquid-side property over the period of time;
in response to determining that the first rate of change is positive and is greater than a first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has an increasing trend; and
in response to determining that the positive first rate of change is positive and is not greater than the first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property does not have an increasing trend;
in response to determining the first rate of change is negative and is less than a second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has a decreasing trend; and
in response to determining that the first rate of change is negative and is not less than the second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property does not have a decreasing trend; and
determining whether the suction-side pressure has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a second rate of change of the suction-side property over the period of time;
in response to determining that the second rate of change is positive and is greater than a third threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has an increasing trend;
in response to determining that the second rate of change is positive and is not greater than the third threshold value, determining that the suction-side property does not have an increasing trend; and
in response to determining the second rate of change is negative and is less than a fourth threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has a decreasing trend; and
in response to determining that the second rate of change is negative and is not less than the fourth threshold value, determining that the suction-side property does not have a decreasing trend. 11. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
determining whether the liquid-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a first value of the liquid-side property at a first time stamp during the period of time;
determining a second value of the liquid-side property at a second time stamp during the period of time, wherein the second time stamp corresponds to a predefined time after the first time stamp;
determining a liquid-side difference between the second value and the first value;
in response to determining that the liquid-side difference is positive and greater than a first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property is increasing; and
in response to determining that the liquid-side difference is negative and less than a second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property is decreasing; and
determining whether the suction-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a third value of the suction-side property at the first time stamp during the period of time;
determining a fourth value of the suction-side property at the second time stamp during the period of time;
determining a suction-side difference between the fourth value and the third value;
in response to determining that the suction-side difference is positive and greater than a third threshold value, determining that the suction-side property is increasing; and
in response to determining that the suction-side difference is negative and less than a fourth threshold value, determining that the suction-side property is decreasing. 12. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
determining whether the liquid-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining, for each of at least three sequential intervals of time during the period of time, a first value of the liquid-side property at a start of the interval of time;
determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a second value of the liquid-side property at an end of the interval of time;
determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a liquid-side difference between the second value and the first value for the interval of time;
in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the liquid-side difference is positive and greater than a first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property is increasing; and
in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the liquid-side difference is negative and less than a second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property is decreasing; and
determining whether the suction-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a third value of the suction-side property at the start of the interval of time;
determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a fourth value of the suction-side property at the end of the interval of time;
determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a suction-side difference between the fourth value and the third value for the interval of time;
in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the suction-side difference is positive and greater than a third threshold value, determining that the suction-side property is increasing; and
in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the suction-side difference is negative and less than a fourth threshold value, determining that the suction-side property is decreasing. 13. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
in response to determining that the fan fault is detected, causing communication of a fan-malfunction alert; in response to determining that the blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem is detected, causing communication of a conduit-blockage alert; in response to determining that the blower fault is detected, causing communication of a blower-malfunction alert. 14. The method of claim 8, further comprising, in response to, in response to determining that the fan fault is detected, stopping operation of the HVAC system. 15. A controller of a heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system, the controller comprising:
an input/output interface configured communicatively couple the controller to:
a suction-side sensor positioned and configured to measure a suction-side property associated with refrigerant provided to an inlet of a compressor of the HVAC system; and
a liquid-side sensor positioned and configured to measure a liquid-side property associated with the refrigerant provided from an outlet of the compressor; and
a processor, coupled to the input/output interface, the processor configured to:
monitor the suction-side property over a period of time;
monitor the liquid-side property over the period of time;
determine whether the suction-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend over the period of time;
determine whether the liquid-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend;
in response to determining that both the suction-side property and the liquid-side property have an increasing trend over the period of time, determine that a fan fault is detected;
in response to determining that the suction-side property has a decreasing trend and the liquid-side property has an increasing trend over the period of time, determine that a blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem is detected; and
in response to determining that both the suction-side property and the liquid-side property have a decreasing trend over the period of time, determine that a blower fault is detected. 16. The controller of claim 15, wherein the suction-side property is a suction-side pressure of the refrigerant measured at a position proximate the inlet of the compressor and the liquid-side property is a liquid-side pressure of the refrigerant measured at a position proximate the outlet of the compressor. 17. The controller of claim 15, the processor further configured to:
determine whether the liquid-side pressure has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a first rate of change of the liquid-side property over the period of time;
in response to determining that the first rate of change is positive and is greater than a first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has an increasing trend; and
in response to determining that the positive first rate of change is positive and is not greater than the first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property does not have an increasing trend;
in response to determining the first rate of change is negative and is less than a second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has a decreasing trend; and
in response to determining that the first rate of change is negative and is not less than the second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property does not have a decreasing trend; and
determine whether the suction-side pressure has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a second rate of change of the suction-side property over the period of time;
in response to determining that the second rate of change is positive and is greater than a third threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has an increasing trend;
in response to determining that the second rate of change is positive and is not greater than the third threshold value, determining that the suction-side property does not have an increasing trend; and
in response to determining the second rate of change is negative and is less than a fourth threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has a decreasing trend; and
in response to determining that the second rate of change is negative and is not less than the fourth threshold value, determining that the suction-side property does not have a decreasing trend. 18. The controller of claim 15, the processor further configured to:
determine whether the liquid-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a first value of the liquid-side property at a first time stamp during the period of time;
determining a second value of the liquid-side property at a second time stamp during the period of time, wherein the second time stamp corresponds to a predefined time after the first time stamp;
determining a liquid-side difference between the second value and the first value;
in response to determining that the liquid-side difference is positive and greater than a first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property is increasing; and
in response to determining that the liquid-side difference is negative and less than a second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property is decreasing; and
determine whether the suction-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a third value of the suction-side property at the first time stamp during the period of time;
determining a fourth value of the suction-side property at the second time stamp during the period of time;
determining a suction-side difference between the fourth value and the third value;
in response to determining that the suction-side difference is positive and greater than a third threshold value, determining that the suction-side property is increasing; and
in response to determining that the suction-side difference is negative and less than a fourth threshold value, determining that the suction-side property is decreasing. 19. The controller of claim 15, the processor further configured to:
determine whether the liquid-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining, for each of at least three sequential intervals of time during the period of time, a first value of the liquid-side property at a start of the interval of time;
determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a second value of the liquid-side property at an end of the interval of time;
determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a liquid-side difference between the second value and the first value for the interval of time;
in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the liquid-side difference is positive and greater than a first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property is increasing; and
in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the liquid-side difference is negative and less than a second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property is decreasing; and
determine whether the suction-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a third value of the suction-side property at the start of the interval of time;
determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a fourth value of the suction-side property at the end of the interval of time;
determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a suction-side difference between the fourth value and the third value for the interval of time;
in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the suction-side difference is positive and greater than a third threshold value, determining that the suction-side property is increasing; and
in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the suction-side difference is negative and less than a fourth threshold value, determining that the suction-side property is decreasing. 20. The controller of claim 15, the processor further configured to:
in response to determining that the fan fault is detected, cause communication of a fan-malfunction alert; in response to determining that the blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem is detected, cause communication of a conduit-blockage alert; in response to determining that the blower fault is detected, cause communication of a blower-malfunction alert. | 2,800 |
348,742 | 16,806,251 | 2,833 | A thrust reverser for a turbojet engine nacelle includes thrust reversal cascade vanes arranged about an annular flow duct having a stationary front casing, at least one movable cover moving backwards into a thrust reversal open position, and tilting flaps connected by rear pivots to the movable cover, which, in an open position, tilt and thereby at least partially close the annular flow duct. The cascade vanes move backwards with the movable cover, in that, in the closed position, the tilting flaps and the cascade vanes are arranged outside the stationary casing, and each tilting flap is connected to the stationary casing by slides which cause the tilting flaps to tilt when the movable cover moves backwards. | 1. A turbojet engine nacelle comprising:
a thrust reverser including thrust reverser cascades disposed around an annular flow path comprising a fixed front casing extending radially outwards; at least one movable cowl operable to move backwards towards an open thrust reversal position; tilting flaps connected by at least one rear pivot to the at least one movable cowl, which tilt by closing at least partially the annular flow path in the open thrust reversal position, wherein the thrust reverser cascades move backwards with the at least one movable cowl, the tilting flaps and the thrust reverser cascades are disposed outside the fixed front casing in a closed position, and each tilting flap is connected to the fixed front casing by slides which causes each tilting flap to tilt during the backward movement of the at least one movable cowl; and a slides support linked on a front side by a pivot to the thrust reverser cascades, wherein the slides are fastened to the slides support, the slides support controlling opening of the tilting flaps. 2. The turbojet engine nacelle according to claim 1, wherein in the closed position, the tilting flaps and the thrust reverser cascades are successively disposed outside the fixed front casing. 3. The turbojet engine nacelle according to claim 1 further comprising a first slide receiving in a groove a transverse axis linked to the fixed front casing, which controls a tilting of the slides support. 4. The turbojet engine nacelle according to claim 3 further comprising a second slide receiving in a groove a transverse finger linked to the tilting flaps, which controls a tilting of the tilting flaps. 5. The turbojet engine nacelle according to claim 1, wherein the slide support includes, on a rear side, an annular flow path section, which is in the closed position axially interposed between the fixed front casing and an internal surface of the annular flow path of the at least one movable cowl. 6. The turbojet engine nacelle according to claim 1, wherein the slides support includes, in the open thrust reversal position, an internal passage having edges for deflecting an air flow. 7. The turbojet engine nacelle according to claim 1, wherein the slides support includes blades that directs an air flow from the annular flow path towards the thrust reverser cascades. 8. The turbojet engine nacelle according to claim 1, wherein each tilting flap includes two half-flaps sliding relative to each other. 9. The turbojet engine nacelle according to claim 8 further comprising at least one telescopic rod comprising an internal portion and an external portion, each of the internal portion and the external portion fastened to a half-flap. 10. The turbojet engine nacelle according to claim 1 further comprising at least one connecting rod comprising a pivoting end fastened to the thrust reverser cascades and another pivoting end fastened to the tilting flaps. | A thrust reverser for a turbojet engine nacelle includes thrust reversal cascade vanes arranged about an annular flow duct having a stationary front casing, at least one movable cover moving backwards into a thrust reversal open position, and tilting flaps connected by rear pivots to the movable cover, which, in an open position, tilt and thereby at least partially close the annular flow duct. The cascade vanes move backwards with the movable cover, in that, in the closed position, the tilting flaps and the cascade vanes are arranged outside the stationary casing, and each tilting flap is connected to the stationary casing by slides which cause the tilting flaps to tilt when the movable cover moves backwards.1. A turbojet engine nacelle comprising:
a thrust reverser including thrust reverser cascades disposed around an annular flow path comprising a fixed front casing extending radially outwards; at least one movable cowl operable to move backwards towards an open thrust reversal position; tilting flaps connected by at least one rear pivot to the at least one movable cowl, which tilt by closing at least partially the annular flow path in the open thrust reversal position, wherein the thrust reverser cascades move backwards with the at least one movable cowl, the tilting flaps and the thrust reverser cascades are disposed outside the fixed front casing in a closed position, and each tilting flap is connected to the fixed front casing by slides which causes each tilting flap to tilt during the backward movement of the at least one movable cowl; and a slides support linked on a front side by a pivot to the thrust reverser cascades, wherein the slides are fastened to the slides support, the slides support controlling opening of the tilting flaps. 2. The turbojet engine nacelle according to claim 1, wherein in the closed position, the tilting flaps and the thrust reverser cascades are successively disposed outside the fixed front casing. 3. The turbojet engine nacelle according to claim 1 further comprising a first slide receiving in a groove a transverse axis linked to the fixed front casing, which controls a tilting of the slides support. 4. The turbojet engine nacelle according to claim 3 further comprising a second slide receiving in a groove a transverse finger linked to the tilting flaps, which controls a tilting of the tilting flaps. 5. The turbojet engine nacelle according to claim 1, wherein the slide support includes, on a rear side, an annular flow path section, which is in the closed position axially interposed between the fixed front casing and an internal surface of the annular flow path of the at least one movable cowl. 6. The turbojet engine nacelle according to claim 1, wherein the slides support includes, in the open thrust reversal position, an internal passage having edges for deflecting an air flow. 7. The turbojet engine nacelle according to claim 1, wherein the slides support includes blades that directs an air flow from the annular flow path towards the thrust reverser cascades. 8. The turbojet engine nacelle according to claim 1, wherein each tilting flap includes two half-flaps sliding relative to each other. 9. The turbojet engine nacelle according to claim 8 further comprising at least one telescopic rod comprising an internal portion and an external portion, each of the internal portion and the external portion fastened to a half-flap. 10. The turbojet engine nacelle according to claim 1 further comprising at least one connecting rod comprising a pivoting end fastened to the thrust reverser cascades and another pivoting end fastened to the tilting flaps. | 2,800 |
348,743 | 16,806,216 | 2,833 | According to one embodiment, a polishing apparatus includes a polishing head having a retainer surrounding a substrate to be polished, and a polishing pad facing the polishing head. The retainer includes a first material and a second material. The first material contains at least one of aromatic polyamide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyetherimide, polyamideimide, polyetheretherketone, or polybenzimidazole. The second material contains a fluororesin. | 1. A polishing apparatus comprising:
a polishing head having a retainer surrounding a substrate to be polished; and a polishing pad facing the polishing head, wherein the retainer includes a first material and a second material, wherein the first material contains at least one of aromatic polyamide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyetherimide, polyamideimide, polyetheretherketone (PEEK), or polybenzimidazole, and wherein the second material contains a fluororesin. 2. The polishing apparatus according to claim 1,
wherein a weight percentage of the second material with respect to the first material is 1% to 10%. 3. The polishing apparatus according to claim 1,
wherein the fluororesin of the second material includes at least one of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), perfluoroalkoxyalkane (PFA), a perfluoroethylene propene copolymer (FEP), an ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer (ECTFE), tetrafluoroethylene-perfluorodioxole copolymer (TFE/PDD), or polyvinyl fluoride (PVF). 4. The polishing apparatus according to claim 3,
wherein the first material contains PEEK and the fluororesin of the second material includes PTFE, and wherein the weight of PTFE with respect to the weight of PEEK is 1% to 20%. 5. The polishing apparatus according to claim 1,
wherein the retainer is a retainer ring. 6. A retainer ring for use a polishing head for holding a substrate to be polished, the retainer ring comprising:
a first material and a second material, wherein the first material contains at least one of aromatic polyamide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyetherimide, polyamideimide, polyetheretherketone (PEEK), or polybenzimidazole, and wherein the second material contains a fluororesin. 7. The retainer ring according to claim 6,
wherein a weight percentage of the second material with respect to the first material is 1% to 10%. 8. The retainer ring according to claim 6,
wherein the fluororesin includes at least one of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), perfluoroalkoxyalkane (PFA), a perfluoroethylene propene copolymer (FEP), an ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer (ECTFE), tetrafluoroethylene-perfluorodioxole copolymer (TFE/PDD), or polyvinyl fluoride (PVF). 9. The retainer ring according to claim 8,
wherein the first material contains PEEK and the fluororesin of the second material includes PTFE, and wherein the weight of PTFE with respect to the weight of PEEK is 1% to 20%. 10. A polishing head comprising the retainer ring of claim 6. 11. A polishing head comprising the retainer ring of claim 7. | According to one embodiment, a polishing apparatus includes a polishing head having a retainer surrounding a substrate to be polished, and a polishing pad facing the polishing head. The retainer includes a first material and a second material. The first material contains at least one of aromatic polyamide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyetherimide, polyamideimide, polyetheretherketone, or polybenzimidazole. The second material contains a fluororesin.1. A polishing apparatus comprising:
a polishing head having a retainer surrounding a substrate to be polished; and a polishing pad facing the polishing head, wherein the retainer includes a first material and a second material, wherein the first material contains at least one of aromatic polyamide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyetherimide, polyamideimide, polyetheretherketone (PEEK), or polybenzimidazole, and wherein the second material contains a fluororesin. 2. The polishing apparatus according to claim 1,
wherein a weight percentage of the second material with respect to the first material is 1% to 10%. 3. The polishing apparatus according to claim 1,
wherein the fluororesin of the second material includes at least one of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), perfluoroalkoxyalkane (PFA), a perfluoroethylene propene copolymer (FEP), an ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer (ECTFE), tetrafluoroethylene-perfluorodioxole copolymer (TFE/PDD), or polyvinyl fluoride (PVF). 4. The polishing apparatus according to claim 3,
wherein the first material contains PEEK and the fluororesin of the second material includes PTFE, and wherein the weight of PTFE with respect to the weight of PEEK is 1% to 20%. 5. The polishing apparatus according to claim 1,
wherein the retainer is a retainer ring. 6. A retainer ring for use a polishing head for holding a substrate to be polished, the retainer ring comprising:
a first material and a second material, wherein the first material contains at least one of aromatic polyamide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyetherimide, polyamideimide, polyetheretherketone (PEEK), or polybenzimidazole, and wherein the second material contains a fluororesin. 7. The retainer ring according to claim 6,
wherein a weight percentage of the second material with respect to the first material is 1% to 10%. 8. The retainer ring according to claim 6,
wherein the fluororesin includes at least one of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), perfluoroalkoxyalkane (PFA), a perfluoroethylene propene copolymer (FEP), an ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer (ECTFE), tetrafluoroethylene-perfluorodioxole copolymer (TFE/PDD), or polyvinyl fluoride (PVF). 9. The retainer ring according to claim 8,
wherein the first material contains PEEK and the fluororesin of the second material includes PTFE, and wherein the weight of PTFE with respect to the weight of PEEK is 1% to 20%. 10. A polishing head comprising the retainer ring of claim 6. 11. A polishing head comprising the retainer ring of claim 7. | 2,800 |
348,744 | 16,806,208 | 2,833 | According to an embodiment, a magnetic disk device includes a magnetic disk including a first storage area and a second storage area different from the first storage area. In the second storage area, both of a first post code that is used to write user data in the first storage area by a first method and a second post code that is used to write user data in the first storage area by a second method are stored in advance. The first method is a method in which one track between two tracks adjacent to each other overlaps a part of the other track between the two tracks. The second method is a method in which two adjacent tracks do not overlap each other. | 1. A magnetic disk device comprising:
a magnetic disk, wherein the magnetic disk includes: a first storage area; and a second storage area different from the first storage area, the second storage area storing both of a first post code that is used to write user data in the first storage area by a first method and a second post code that is used to write user data in the first storage area by a second method, the first method being a writing method in which data of one track between two tracks adjacent to each other in a radial direction of the magnetic disk is written so as to overlap a part of data of the other track between the two tracks, the second method being a writing method in which data of two tracks adjacent to each other in the radial direction of the magnetic disk are written so as not to overlap each other. 2. The magnetic disk device according to claim 1, further comprising
a controller, wherein, when accessing the first storage area in a case where the first method is set as a method of writing the user data to the first storage area, the controller executes control to read the first post code stored in the second storage area and to perform correction of servo information using the read first post code. 3. The magnetic disk device according to claim 2, wherein
when switching from the first method to the second method is requested, the controller executes control to read the second post code stored in the second storage area and to write the read second post code to a track in the first storage area. 4. The magnetic disk device according to claim 3, wherein
the magnetic disk includes servo information which is written in the magnetic disk at a first frequency, the first post code and the second post code are written in the second storage area at a second frequency higher than the first frequency, and the controller executes control to write the second post code read from the second storage area in each track in the first storage area at the first frequency. 5. The magnetic disk device according to claim 4, wherein
the second frequency is equal to a frequency for write of the user data. 6. The magnetic disk device according to claim 3, wherein
when switching from the second method to the first method is requested, the controller executes control to delete the second post code written in each track of the first storage area. 7. The magnetic disk device according to claim 1, wherein
the magnetic disk includes servo information which is written in the magnetic disk at a first frequency, and the first post code and the second post code are written in the second storage area at a second frequency higher than the first frequency. 8. The magnetic disk device according to claim 7, wherein
the second frequency is equal to a frequency for write of the user data. 9. A magnetic disk device comprising:
a magnetic disk including a first storage area; and a second storage area different from the first storage area, and wherein the second storage area stores both of a first post code that is used to write user data in the first storage area by a first method and a second post code that is used to write user data in the first storage area by a second method, the first method being a writing method in which data of one track between two tracks adjacent to each other in a radial direction of the magnetic disk is written so as to overlap a part of data of the other track between the two tracks, the second method being a writing method in which data of two tracks adjacent to each other in the radial direction of the magnetic disk are written so as not to overlap each other. 10. A magnetic disk device comprising:
a first storage area including a first area in which user data is to be written by a first method and a second area in which user data is to be written by a second method; and a control circuit that controls read/write of user data with respect to the first storage area, wherein the first method is a writing method in which data of one track between two tracks adjacent to each other in a radial direction of a magnetic disk is written so as to overlap a part of data of the other track between the two tracks, the second method is a writing method in which data of two tracks adjacent to each other in the radial direction of the magnetic disk are written so as not to overlap each other, and a third area which is at least a part of the first area is reallocated to the second area. 11. A magnetic disk device comprising:
a magnetic disk including a first storage area and a second storage area different from the first storage area; a magnetic head; and a controller that controls moving of the magnetic head, wherein the magnetic head is moved onto the second storage area and then is moved onto the first storage area when accessing the first storage area at a first point in time, and the magnetic head is moved onto the first storage area without being moved onto the second storage area when accessing the first storage area at a second point in time different from the first point in time. 12. The magnetic disk device according to claim 11, wherein
the magnetic head is positioned onto the second storage area and then is positioned onto the first storage area at the first point in time. | According to an embodiment, a magnetic disk device includes a magnetic disk including a first storage area and a second storage area different from the first storage area. In the second storage area, both of a first post code that is used to write user data in the first storage area by a first method and a second post code that is used to write user data in the first storage area by a second method are stored in advance. The first method is a method in which one track between two tracks adjacent to each other overlaps a part of the other track between the two tracks. The second method is a method in which two adjacent tracks do not overlap each other.1. A magnetic disk device comprising:
a magnetic disk, wherein the magnetic disk includes: a first storage area; and a second storage area different from the first storage area, the second storage area storing both of a first post code that is used to write user data in the first storage area by a first method and a second post code that is used to write user data in the first storage area by a second method, the first method being a writing method in which data of one track between two tracks adjacent to each other in a radial direction of the magnetic disk is written so as to overlap a part of data of the other track between the two tracks, the second method being a writing method in which data of two tracks adjacent to each other in the radial direction of the magnetic disk are written so as not to overlap each other. 2. The magnetic disk device according to claim 1, further comprising
a controller, wherein, when accessing the first storage area in a case where the first method is set as a method of writing the user data to the first storage area, the controller executes control to read the first post code stored in the second storage area and to perform correction of servo information using the read first post code. 3. The magnetic disk device according to claim 2, wherein
when switching from the first method to the second method is requested, the controller executes control to read the second post code stored in the second storage area and to write the read second post code to a track in the first storage area. 4. The magnetic disk device according to claim 3, wherein
the magnetic disk includes servo information which is written in the magnetic disk at a first frequency, the first post code and the second post code are written in the second storage area at a second frequency higher than the first frequency, and the controller executes control to write the second post code read from the second storage area in each track in the first storage area at the first frequency. 5. The magnetic disk device according to claim 4, wherein
the second frequency is equal to a frequency for write of the user data. 6. The magnetic disk device according to claim 3, wherein
when switching from the second method to the first method is requested, the controller executes control to delete the second post code written in each track of the first storage area. 7. The magnetic disk device according to claim 1, wherein
the magnetic disk includes servo information which is written in the magnetic disk at a first frequency, and the first post code and the second post code are written in the second storage area at a second frequency higher than the first frequency. 8. The magnetic disk device according to claim 7, wherein
the second frequency is equal to a frequency for write of the user data. 9. A magnetic disk device comprising:
a magnetic disk including a first storage area; and a second storage area different from the first storage area, and wherein the second storage area stores both of a first post code that is used to write user data in the first storage area by a first method and a second post code that is used to write user data in the first storage area by a second method, the first method being a writing method in which data of one track between two tracks adjacent to each other in a radial direction of the magnetic disk is written so as to overlap a part of data of the other track between the two tracks, the second method being a writing method in which data of two tracks adjacent to each other in the radial direction of the magnetic disk are written so as not to overlap each other. 10. A magnetic disk device comprising:
a first storage area including a first area in which user data is to be written by a first method and a second area in which user data is to be written by a second method; and a control circuit that controls read/write of user data with respect to the first storage area, wherein the first method is a writing method in which data of one track between two tracks adjacent to each other in a radial direction of a magnetic disk is written so as to overlap a part of data of the other track between the two tracks, the second method is a writing method in which data of two tracks adjacent to each other in the radial direction of the magnetic disk are written so as not to overlap each other, and a third area which is at least a part of the first area is reallocated to the second area. 11. A magnetic disk device comprising:
a magnetic disk including a first storage area and a second storage area different from the first storage area; a magnetic head; and a controller that controls moving of the magnetic head, wherein the magnetic head is moved onto the second storage area and then is moved onto the first storage area when accessing the first storage area at a first point in time, and the magnetic head is moved onto the first storage area without being moved onto the second storage area when accessing the first storage area at a second point in time different from the first point in time. 12. The magnetic disk device according to claim 11, wherein
the magnetic head is positioned onto the second storage area and then is positioned onto the first storage area at the first point in time. | 2,800 |
348,745 | 16,806,220 | 2,833 | The present disclosure relates to wearable articles having an elastic belt having arrays of elastic bodies. | 1. An absorbent article, comprising:
a main body and a ring-like elastic belt comprising a front belt and a back belt, wherein the front belt is joined to a front waist panel of the main body, and the back belt is joined to a back waist panel of the main body, wherein the front and back belts each having a left side panel and a right side panel, and wherein transverse edges of the front belt and the back belt are joined by first and second seams to form a waist opening and two leg openings; wherein each of the front belt and back belt formed by a plurality of elastic bodies running in the transverse direction sandwiched between an inner sheet and an outer sheet; each front belt and back belt having transversely continuous proximal and distal edges, the proximal edge being located closer than the distal edge relative to the longitudinal center of the article; wherein each of the proximal edges and the distal edges of the front belt and the back belt are substantially parallel, the longitudinal length of the back belt being longer than that of the front belt, wherein the distal edge of the front belt is aligned with the distal edge of the back belt, and the proximal edge of the front belt is not aligned with the proximal edge of the back belt; wherein all of the elastic bodies disposed in the back belt are arranged in at least 5 arrays, the at least 5 arrays meeting a), b), and c) as follows: a) one array is formed by 2 elastic bodies; b) each elastic body within the one array (of clause a) above) is disposed in an inner-interval in the longitudinal direction between each elastic body of 2-4 mm; and c) one specific array, outside of and separate from the one array, disposed in an extra-interval in the longitudinal direction between at least one neighboring elastic bodies outside the specific array of greater than the inner-interval; wherein all of the elastic bodies disposed in the front and back belts extend in the transverse direction substantially parallel to each other; wherein the entirety of the length of the belt side edge of the front belt is seamed with a certain length of the belt side edge of the back belt to define a seam length LS; wherein the front and back belts are each divided into 4 zones extending in the transverse direction and defined by its location from the distal edge to the proximal edge relative to the percentage of the seam length LS wherein 0-25% is the waist zone, 25-50% is the distal tummy zone, 50-85% is the proximal tummy zone, and 85-100% is the leg zone; and wherein the tensile stress of the front leg zone is no more than 50% of the tensile stress of the front proximal tummy zone. 2. The wearable article of claim 1, wherein the elastic bodies of the array are disposed at the same density and the same elongation. 3. The wearable article of claim 2, wherein all of the elastic bodies disposed on the front belt are arranged in arrays. 4. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein all of the elastic bodies disposed in the back belt are arranged in the at least 5 arrays. 5. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein each of the 5 arrays is a basic array that meets requirements a), b), and c), each basic array being disposed at a distance of 8-22 mm in the longitudinal direction from an adjacent basic array. 6. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the elastic bodies of the one array has a density of no more than 940 dtex. 7. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the elastic bodies of the one array are disposed at an elongation of from 100% to 350%. 8. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the elastic belt comprises no more than 60 elastic bodies. 9. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the article has a Waist Circumference Force according to the Whole Article Force Measurement herein of no more than 10N. 10. The absorbent article of claim 9, wherein the tensile stress of the front proximal tummy zone is higher than the tensile stress of any other zone. 11. The absorbent article of claim 9, wherein the tensile stress of the front distal tummy zone is lower than the tensile stress of the back distal tummy zone. 12. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the proximal edges and the distal edges of the front belt and the back belt are substantially parallel. 13. The absorbent article of claim 12, wherein the longitudinal length of the back belt is longer than that of the front belt. 14. The absorbent article of claim 13, wherein the distal edge of the front belt is aligned with the distal edge of the back belt. 15. The absorbent article of claim 14, wherein the proximal edge of the front belt is not aligned with the proximal edge of the back belt. 16. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the elasticity of at least one of the elastic bodies is removed in the region overlapping with the front and back waist panels of the main body. 17. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the tensile stress of the back leg zone is no more than 100% of the tensile stress of the back proximal tummy zone. 18. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the front belt comprises at least 3 arrays that meet requirements a), b), and c). | The present disclosure relates to wearable articles having an elastic belt having arrays of elastic bodies.1. An absorbent article, comprising:
a main body and a ring-like elastic belt comprising a front belt and a back belt, wherein the front belt is joined to a front waist panel of the main body, and the back belt is joined to a back waist panel of the main body, wherein the front and back belts each having a left side panel and a right side panel, and wherein transverse edges of the front belt and the back belt are joined by first and second seams to form a waist opening and two leg openings; wherein each of the front belt and back belt formed by a plurality of elastic bodies running in the transverse direction sandwiched between an inner sheet and an outer sheet; each front belt and back belt having transversely continuous proximal and distal edges, the proximal edge being located closer than the distal edge relative to the longitudinal center of the article; wherein each of the proximal edges and the distal edges of the front belt and the back belt are substantially parallel, the longitudinal length of the back belt being longer than that of the front belt, wherein the distal edge of the front belt is aligned with the distal edge of the back belt, and the proximal edge of the front belt is not aligned with the proximal edge of the back belt; wherein all of the elastic bodies disposed in the back belt are arranged in at least 5 arrays, the at least 5 arrays meeting a), b), and c) as follows: a) one array is formed by 2 elastic bodies; b) each elastic body within the one array (of clause a) above) is disposed in an inner-interval in the longitudinal direction between each elastic body of 2-4 mm; and c) one specific array, outside of and separate from the one array, disposed in an extra-interval in the longitudinal direction between at least one neighboring elastic bodies outside the specific array of greater than the inner-interval; wherein all of the elastic bodies disposed in the front and back belts extend in the transverse direction substantially parallel to each other; wherein the entirety of the length of the belt side edge of the front belt is seamed with a certain length of the belt side edge of the back belt to define a seam length LS; wherein the front and back belts are each divided into 4 zones extending in the transverse direction and defined by its location from the distal edge to the proximal edge relative to the percentage of the seam length LS wherein 0-25% is the waist zone, 25-50% is the distal tummy zone, 50-85% is the proximal tummy zone, and 85-100% is the leg zone; and wherein the tensile stress of the front leg zone is no more than 50% of the tensile stress of the front proximal tummy zone. 2. The wearable article of claim 1, wherein the elastic bodies of the array are disposed at the same density and the same elongation. 3. The wearable article of claim 2, wherein all of the elastic bodies disposed on the front belt are arranged in arrays. 4. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein all of the elastic bodies disposed in the back belt are arranged in the at least 5 arrays. 5. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein each of the 5 arrays is a basic array that meets requirements a), b), and c), each basic array being disposed at a distance of 8-22 mm in the longitudinal direction from an adjacent basic array. 6. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the elastic bodies of the one array has a density of no more than 940 dtex. 7. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the elastic bodies of the one array are disposed at an elongation of from 100% to 350%. 8. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the elastic belt comprises no more than 60 elastic bodies. 9. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the article has a Waist Circumference Force according to the Whole Article Force Measurement herein of no more than 10N. 10. The absorbent article of claim 9, wherein the tensile stress of the front proximal tummy zone is higher than the tensile stress of any other zone. 11. The absorbent article of claim 9, wherein the tensile stress of the front distal tummy zone is lower than the tensile stress of the back distal tummy zone. 12. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the proximal edges and the distal edges of the front belt and the back belt are substantially parallel. 13. The absorbent article of claim 12, wherein the longitudinal length of the back belt is longer than that of the front belt. 14. The absorbent article of claim 13, wherein the distal edge of the front belt is aligned with the distal edge of the back belt. 15. The absorbent article of claim 14, wherein the proximal edge of the front belt is not aligned with the proximal edge of the back belt. 16. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the elasticity of at least one of the elastic bodies is removed in the region overlapping with the front and back waist panels of the main body. 17. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the tensile stress of the back leg zone is no more than 100% of the tensile stress of the back proximal tummy zone. 18. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the front belt comprises at least 3 arrays that meet requirements a), b), and c). | 2,800 |
348,746 | 16,806,243 | 3,773 | An expandable, adjustable inter-body fusion device is presented. The inter-body fusion device can have a first plate, a second plate, and an insert positioned substantially therebetween the first plate and the second plate. The first plate, the second plate, and the insert define an interior cavity. Moving the insert longitudinally with respect to the first and second plates increases or decreases the distance of the first plate with respect to the second plate, effectively expanding the inter-body fusion device and increasing the volume of the interior cavity. The angle between the first plate and the second plate is selectively adjustable. | 1. An inter-body fusion device for use in surgery comprising:
a first plate having a leading edge, a trailing edge, an upper bone contact surface, an opposed first plate inner surface, and a first plate longitudinal axis; a second plate having a leading edge, a trailing edge, a lower bone contact surface, an opposed second plate inner surface, and a second plate longitudinal axis wherein the first plate, wherein the first plate substantially overlies the second plate and is positioned such that the first plate longitudinal axis and the second plate longitudinal axis form a device angle; and an insert comprising a first member having a leading edge, a trailing edge, an upper plate contact surface and an opposed lower plate contact surface, and a second member having a leading edge, a trailing edge, an upper plate contact surface and an opposed lower plate contact surface, the insert positioned substantially therebetween the first plate and the second plate, wherein movement of the first member longitudinally with respect to the first and second plates increases a distance between a portion of the leading edge of the first and second plates and movement of the second member longitudinally with respect to the first and second plates increases the distance between a portion of the trailing edge of the first and second plates, and wherein the first and second members operate independently, enabling a user to selectively alter both the distance between the first plate and the second plate and the device angle. 2. The inter-body fusion device of claim 1, wherein the device angle is substantially 0 degrees such that the first plate and the second plate are substantially parallel to each other. 3. The inter-body fusion device of claim 1, wherein the device angle is an acute angle between about 1 degree and about 45 degrees. 4. The inter-body fusion device of claim 1, wherein the device angle is an acute angle between about 5 degrees and about 30 degrees. 5. The inter-body fusion device of claim 1, wherein the device angle is an acute angle between about 10 degrees and about 20 degrees. 6. The inter-body fusion device of claim 1, wherein the first plate comprises a pair of longitudinal sidewalls extending from a portion of the first plate inner surface, and the second plate comprises a pair of longitudinal sidewalls extending from a portion of the second plate inner surface, and wherein one of the pairs of longitudinal sidewalls is positioned adjacent the other pair of longitudinal sidewalls. 7. The inter-body fusion device of claim 6, wherein the longitudinal sidewall of the first plate defines a first inclined slot and a second inclined slot, each slot having a leading end and a trailing end, the leading end being positioned closer to the leading edge of the first plate. 8. The inter-body fusion device of claim 7, wherein the first slot is defined along a first slot axis which is positioned at an acute angle relative to the longitudinal axis of the first plate, and wherein the second slot is defined along a second slot axis which is positioned at an acute angle relative to the longitudinal axis of the first plate. 9. The inter-body fusion device of claim 8, wherein the first slot axis and the second slot axis are parallel to one another. 10. The inter-body fusion device of claim 8, wherein the first slot axis and the second slot axis are substantially transverse. 11. The inter-body fusion device of claim 7, wherein the longitudinal sidewall of the second plate defines a third inclined slot and a fourth inclined slot, each slot having a leading end and a trailing end. 12. The inter-body fusion device of claim 11, wherein the third slot is defined along a third slot axis which is positioned at an acute angle relative to the longitudinal axis of the second plate, and wherein the fourth slot is defined along a fourth slot axis which is positioned at an acute angle relative to the longitudinal axis of the second plate. 13. The inter-body fusion device of claim 12, wherein the third slot axis and the fourth slot axis are parallel to one another. 14. The inter-body fusion device of claim 12, wherein the third slot axis and the fourth slot axis are substantially transverse. 15. The inter-body fusion device of claim 1, wherein the first member is spaced from the second member. 16. The inter-body fusion device of claim 1, wherein portions of the first member are positioned and configured to act on portions of the leading edge of the first plate and portions of the leading edge of the second plate to facilitate expanding portions of the inter-body fusion device by selectively separating portions of the leading edges of the first and second plates. 17. The inter-body fusion device of claim 16, wherein portions of the second member are positioned and configured to act on portions of the trailing edge of the first plate and portions of the trailing edge of the second plate to facilitate expanding portions of the inter-body fusion device by selectively separating portions of the trailing edges of the first and second plates. 18. The inter-body fusion device of claim 1, wherein the trailing edge of the first member defines a first bore configured to engage a threaded shaft, wherein rotation of the threaded shaft in a first direction moves the first member proximally and rotation of the threaded shaft in a second direction moves the first member distally. 19. The inter-body fusion device of claim 18, wherein the second member defines a second bore that extends longitudinally through the second member, the second bore configured to engage a second threaded shaft, wherein rotation of the second threaded shaft in a first direction moves the second member proximally and rotation of the second threaded shaft in a second direction moves the second member distally. 20. The inter-body fusion device of claim 19, wherein a distal end of the second threaded shaft defines a feature to engage an actuation device, such that rotation of the actuation device can rotate the second threaded shaft. 21. The inter-body fusion device of claim 20, wherein a longitudinal duct is defined therethrough the second threaded shaft configured to enable at least a portion of the actuation device to be inserted through the longitudinal duct. 22. A method of using an inter-body fusion device during an inter-body fusion procedure comprising:
accessing a desired disc space; choosing an inter-body fusion device size with an appropriate height, the inter-body fusion device comprising: a first plate having a leading edge, a trailing edge, an upper bone contact surface, an opposed first plate inner surface, and a first plate longitudinal axis; a second plate having a leading edge, a trailing edge, a lower bone contact surface, an opposed second plate inner surface, and a second plate longitudinal axis wherein the first plate, wherein the first plate substantially overlies the second plate and is positioned such that the first plate longitudinal axis and the second plate longitudinal axis form a device angle; and an insert comprising a first member having a leading edge, a trailing edge, an upper plate contact surface and an opposed lower plate contact surface, and a second member having a leading edge, a trailing edge, an upper plate contact surface and an opposed lower plate contact surface, the insert positioned substantially therebetween the first plate and the second plate, wherein movement of the first member longitudinally with respect to the first and second plates increases the distance between a portion of the leading edge of the first and second plates and movement of the second member longitudinally with respect to the first and second plates increases the distance between a portion of the trailing edge of the first and second plates, and wherein the first and second members operate independently, enabling a user to selectively alter both the distance between the first plate and the second plate and the device angle; inserting the inter-body fusion device into the desired disc space; expanding the inter-body fusion device from a first unexpanded position to a second expanded position with longitudinal movement of the insert; and adjusting the angle of the of the first plate relative to the second plate. | An expandable, adjustable inter-body fusion device is presented. The inter-body fusion device can have a first plate, a second plate, and an insert positioned substantially therebetween the first plate and the second plate. The first plate, the second plate, and the insert define an interior cavity. Moving the insert longitudinally with respect to the first and second plates increases or decreases the distance of the first plate with respect to the second plate, effectively expanding the inter-body fusion device and increasing the volume of the interior cavity. The angle between the first plate and the second plate is selectively adjustable.1. An inter-body fusion device for use in surgery comprising:
a first plate having a leading edge, a trailing edge, an upper bone contact surface, an opposed first plate inner surface, and a first plate longitudinal axis; a second plate having a leading edge, a trailing edge, a lower bone contact surface, an opposed second plate inner surface, and a second plate longitudinal axis wherein the first plate, wherein the first plate substantially overlies the second plate and is positioned such that the first plate longitudinal axis and the second plate longitudinal axis form a device angle; and an insert comprising a first member having a leading edge, a trailing edge, an upper plate contact surface and an opposed lower plate contact surface, and a second member having a leading edge, a trailing edge, an upper plate contact surface and an opposed lower plate contact surface, the insert positioned substantially therebetween the first plate and the second plate, wherein movement of the first member longitudinally with respect to the first and second plates increases a distance between a portion of the leading edge of the first and second plates and movement of the second member longitudinally with respect to the first and second plates increases the distance between a portion of the trailing edge of the first and second plates, and wherein the first and second members operate independently, enabling a user to selectively alter both the distance between the first plate and the second plate and the device angle. 2. The inter-body fusion device of claim 1, wherein the device angle is substantially 0 degrees such that the first plate and the second plate are substantially parallel to each other. 3. The inter-body fusion device of claim 1, wherein the device angle is an acute angle between about 1 degree and about 45 degrees. 4. The inter-body fusion device of claim 1, wherein the device angle is an acute angle between about 5 degrees and about 30 degrees. 5. The inter-body fusion device of claim 1, wherein the device angle is an acute angle between about 10 degrees and about 20 degrees. 6. The inter-body fusion device of claim 1, wherein the first plate comprises a pair of longitudinal sidewalls extending from a portion of the first plate inner surface, and the second plate comprises a pair of longitudinal sidewalls extending from a portion of the second plate inner surface, and wherein one of the pairs of longitudinal sidewalls is positioned adjacent the other pair of longitudinal sidewalls. 7. The inter-body fusion device of claim 6, wherein the longitudinal sidewall of the first plate defines a first inclined slot and a second inclined slot, each slot having a leading end and a trailing end, the leading end being positioned closer to the leading edge of the first plate. 8. The inter-body fusion device of claim 7, wherein the first slot is defined along a first slot axis which is positioned at an acute angle relative to the longitudinal axis of the first plate, and wherein the second slot is defined along a second slot axis which is positioned at an acute angle relative to the longitudinal axis of the first plate. 9. The inter-body fusion device of claim 8, wherein the first slot axis and the second slot axis are parallel to one another. 10. The inter-body fusion device of claim 8, wherein the first slot axis and the second slot axis are substantially transverse. 11. The inter-body fusion device of claim 7, wherein the longitudinal sidewall of the second plate defines a third inclined slot and a fourth inclined slot, each slot having a leading end and a trailing end. 12. The inter-body fusion device of claim 11, wherein the third slot is defined along a third slot axis which is positioned at an acute angle relative to the longitudinal axis of the second plate, and wherein the fourth slot is defined along a fourth slot axis which is positioned at an acute angle relative to the longitudinal axis of the second plate. 13. The inter-body fusion device of claim 12, wherein the third slot axis and the fourth slot axis are parallel to one another. 14. The inter-body fusion device of claim 12, wherein the third slot axis and the fourth slot axis are substantially transverse. 15. The inter-body fusion device of claim 1, wherein the first member is spaced from the second member. 16. The inter-body fusion device of claim 1, wherein portions of the first member are positioned and configured to act on portions of the leading edge of the first plate and portions of the leading edge of the second plate to facilitate expanding portions of the inter-body fusion device by selectively separating portions of the leading edges of the first and second plates. 17. The inter-body fusion device of claim 16, wherein portions of the second member are positioned and configured to act on portions of the trailing edge of the first plate and portions of the trailing edge of the second plate to facilitate expanding portions of the inter-body fusion device by selectively separating portions of the trailing edges of the first and second plates. 18. The inter-body fusion device of claim 1, wherein the trailing edge of the first member defines a first bore configured to engage a threaded shaft, wherein rotation of the threaded shaft in a first direction moves the first member proximally and rotation of the threaded shaft in a second direction moves the first member distally. 19. The inter-body fusion device of claim 18, wherein the second member defines a second bore that extends longitudinally through the second member, the second bore configured to engage a second threaded shaft, wherein rotation of the second threaded shaft in a first direction moves the second member proximally and rotation of the second threaded shaft in a second direction moves the second member distally. 20. The inter-body fusion device of claim 19, wherein a distal end of the second threaded shaft defines a feature to engage an actuation device, such that rotation of the actuation device can rotate the second threaded shaft. 21. The inter-body fusion device of claim 20, wherein a longitudinal duct is defined therethrough the second threaded shaft configured to enable at least a portion of the actuation device to be inserted through the longitudinal duct. 22. A method of using an inter-body fusion device during an inter-body fusion procedure comprising:
accessing a desired disc space; choosing an inter-body fusion device size with an appropriate height, the inter-body fusion device comprising: a first plate having a leading edge, a trailing edge, an upper bone contact surface, an opposed first plate inner surface, and a first plate longitudinal axis; a second plate having a leading edge, a trailing edge, a lower bone contact surface, an opposed second plate inner surface, and a second plate longitudinal axis wherein the first plate, wherein the first plate substantially overlies the second plate and is positioned such that the first plate longitudinal axis and the second plate longitudinal axis form a device angle; and an insert comprising a first member having a leading edge, a trailing edge, an upper plate contact surface and an opposed lower plate contact surface, and a second member having a leading edge, a trailing edge, an upper plate contact surface and an opposed lower plate contact surface, the insert positioned substantially therebetween the first plate and the second plate, wherein movement of the first member longitudinally with respect to the first and second plates increases the distance between a portion of the leading edge of the first and second plates and movement of the second member longitudinally with respect to the first and second plates increases the distance between a portion of the trailing edge of the first and second plates, and wherein the first and second members operate independently, enabling a user to selectively alter both the distance between the first plate and the second plate and the device angle; inserting the inter-body fusion device into the desired disc space; expanding the inter-body fusion device from a first unexpanded position to a second expanded position with longitudinal movement of the insert; and adjusting the angle of the of the first plate relative to the second plate. | 3,700 |
348,747 | 16,806,248 | 2,826 | As a display device has higher definition, the number of pixels is increased and thus, the number of gate lines and signal lines is increased. When the number of gate lines and signal lines is increased, it is difficult to mount IC chips including driver circuits for driving the gate lines and the signal lines by bonding or the like, whereby manufacturing cost is increased. A pixel portion and a driver circuit for driving the pixel portion are provided on the same substrate, and at least part of the driver circuit comprises a thin film transistor including an oxide semiconductor sandwiched between gate electrodes. A channel protective layer is provided between the oxide semiconductor and a gate electrode provided over the oxide semiconductor. The pixel portion and the driver circuit are provided on the same substrate, which leads to reduction of manufacturing cost. | 1. (canceled) 2. A display device comprising:
a first transistor comprising:
first and second conductive layers;
a first oxide semiconductor layer between the first and second conductive layers; and
third and fourth conductive layers over the first and second conductive layers and the first oxide semiconductor layer and electrically connected to the first oxide semiconductor layer;
a second transistor comprising:
a fifth conductive layer;
a second oxide semiconductor layer overlapping the fifth conductive layer; and
sixth and seventh conductive layers over the fifth conductive layer and the second oxide semiconductor layer and electrically connected to the second oxide semiconductor layer; and
a pixel electrode electrically connected to one of the sixth and seventh conductive layers, wherein in a channel length direction of the first transistor, a width of the second conductive layer is larger than a width of the first conductive layer. 3. The display device according to claim 2, wherein each of the first and second oxide semiconductor layers comprises indium, gallium, and zinc. 4. A display device comprising:
a first transistor comprising:
first and second conductive layers;
a first oxide semiconductor layer between the first and second conductive layers; and
third and fourth conductive layers over the first and second conductive layers and the first oxide semiconductor layer and electrically connected to the first oxide semiconductor layer;
a second transistor comprising:
a fifth conductive layer;
a second oxide semiconductor layer overlapping the fifth conductive layer; and
sixth and seventh conductive layers over the fifth conductive layer and the second oxide semiconductor layer and electrically connected to the second oxide semiconductor layer; and
a pixel electrode electrically connected to one of the sixth and seventh conductive layers, wherein in a channel width direction of the first transistor, a width of the second conductive layer is larger than a width of the first oxide semiconductor layer. 5. The display device according to claim 4, wherein in a channel length direction of the first transistor, a width of the second conductive layer is larger than a width of the first conductive layer. 6. The display device according to claim 4, wherein each of the first and second oxide semiconductor layers comprises indium, gallium, and zinc. 7. A display device comprising:
a first transistor comprising:
first and second conductive layers;
a first oxide semiconductor layer between the first and second conductive layers; and
third and fourth conductive layers over the first and second conductive layers and the first oxide semiconductor layer and electrically connected to the first oxide semiconductor layer;
a second transistor comprising:
a fifth conductive layer;
a second oxide semiconductor layer overlapping the fifth conductive layer; and
sixth and seventh conductive layers over the fifth conductive layer and the second oxide semiconductor layer and electrically connected to the second oxide semiconductor layer; and
a pixel electrode electrically connected to one of the sixth and seventh conductive layers, wherein in a channel length direction of the first transistor, a width of the second conductive layer is larger than a width of the first oxide semiconductor layer. 8. The display device according to claim 7, wherein in the channel length direction of the first transistor, the width of the second conductive layer is larger than a width of the first conductive layer. 9. The display device according to claim 7, wherein each of the first and second oxide semiconductor layers comprises indium, gallium, and zinc. | As a display device has higher definition, the number of pixels is increased and thus, the number of gate lines and signal lines is increased. When the number of gate lines and signal lines is increased, it is difficult to mount IC chips including driver circuits for driving the gate lines and the signal lines by bonding or the like, whereby manufacturing cost is increased. A pixel portion and a driver circuit for driving the pixel portion are provided on the same substrate, and at least part of the driver circuit comprises a thin film transistor including an oxide semiconductor sandwiched between gate electrodes. A channel protective layer is provided between the oxide semiconductor and a gate electrode provided over the oxide semiconductor. The pixel portion and the driver circuit are provided on the same substrate, which leads to reduction of manufacturing cost.1. (canceled) 2. A display device comprising:
a first transistor comprising:
first and second conductive layers;
a first oxide semiconductor layer between the first and second conductive layers; and
third and fourth conductive layers over the first and second conductive layers and the first oxide semiconductor layer and electrically connected to the first oxide semiconductor layer;
a second transistor comprising:
a fifth conductive layer;
a second oxide semiconductor layer overlapping the fifth conductive layer; and
sixth and seventh conductive layers over the fifth conductive layer and the second oxide semiconductor layer and electrically connected to the second oxide semiconductor layer; and
a pixel electrode electrically connected to one of the sixth and seventh conductive layers, wherein in a channel length direction of the first transistor, a width of the second conductive layer is larger than a width of the first conductive layer. 3. The display device according to claim 2, wherein each of the first and second oxide semiconductor layers comprises indium, gallium, and zinc. 4. A display device comprising:
a first transistor comprising:
first and second conductive layers;
a first oxide semiconductor layer between the first and second conductive layers; and
third and fourth conductive layers over the first and second conductive layers and the first oxide semiconductor layer and electrically connected to the first oxide semiconductor layer;
a second transistor comprising:
a fifth conductive layer;
a second oxide semiconductor layer overlapping the fifth conductive layer; and
sixth and seventh conductive layers over the fifth conductive layer and the second oxide semiconductor layer and electrically connected to the second oxide semiconductor layer; and
a pixel electrode electrically connected to one of the sixth and seventh conductive layers, wherein in a channel width direction of the first transistor, a width of the second conductive layer is larger than a width of the first oxide semiconductor layer. 5. The display device according to claim 4, wherein in a channel length direction of the first transistor, a width of the second conductive layer is larger than a width of the first conductive layer. 6. The display device according to claim 4, wherein each of the first and second oxide semiconductor layers comprises indium, gallium, and zinc. 7. A display device comprising:
a first transistor comprising:
first and second conductive layers;
a first oxide semiconductor layer between the first and second conductive layers; and
third and fourth conductive layers over the first and second conductive layers and the first oxide semiconductor layer and electrically connected to the first oxide semiconductor layer;
a second transistor comprising:
a fifth conductive layer;
a second oxide semiconductor layer overlapping the fifth conductive layer; and
sixth and seventh conductive layers over the fifth conductive layer and the second oxide semiconductor layer and electrically connected to the second oxide semiconductor layer; and
a pixel electrode electrically connected to one of the sixth and seventh conductive layers, wherein in a channel length direction of the first transistor, a width of the second conductive layer is larger than a width of the first oxide semiconductor layer. 8. The display device according to claim 7, wherein in the channel length direction of the first transistor, the width of the second conductive layer is larger than a width of the first conductive layer. 9. The display device according to claim 7, wherein each of the first and second oxide semiconductor layers comprises indium, gallium, and zinc. | 2,800 |
348,748 | 16,806,257 | 2,826 | Overvoltage protection circuits are provided. In some embodiments, an overvoltage protection circuit includes a first diode made of a first semiconductor material having a bandgap width greater than that of silicon. A second diode is included and is electrically cross-coupled with the first diode. The second diode is made of a second semiconductor material different from the first semiconductor material. | 1. An overvoltage protection circuit, comprising:
a first diode made of a first semiconductor material having a bandgap width greater than that of silicon; and a second diode electrically cross-coupled with the first diode, the second diode made of a second semiconductor material different from the first semiconductor material. 2. The overvoltage protection circuit of claim 1, wherein the first semiconductor material is silicon carbide. 3. The overvoltage protection circuit of claim 2, wherein the silicon carbide has a 4H polytype. 4. The overvoltage protection circuit of claim 2, wherein the silicon carbide has a 6H polytype. 5. The overvoltage protection circuit of claim 1, wherein the first semiconductor material is gallium nitride. 6. The overvoltage protection circuit of claim 1, wherein the first diode comprises an intrinsic region between a P-type doped region and an N-type doped region. 7. The overvoltage protection circuit of claim 1, wherein the first diode has an anode and a cathode located on opposite surfaces of a substrate. 8. The overvoltage protection circuit of claim 1, wherein the overvoltage protection circuit is configured to provide said overvoltage protection when an overvoltage biases the first diode in the forward direction. 9. The overvoltage protection circuit of claim 1, wherein the overvoltage protection circuit is configured to apply a voltage in the forward direction of the first diode in the absence of an overvoltage. 10. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the second diode is made of silicon. 11. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the second semiconductor material has a bandgap width greater than that of silicon. 12. A device, comprising:
a first circuit having a first terminal and a second terminal; and an overvoltage protection circuit coupled between the first terminal and the second terminal of the first circuit, the overvoltage protection circuit including:
a first diode made of a first semiconductor material having a bandgap width greater than that of silicon; and
a second diode electrically cross-coupled with the first diode, the second diode made of a second semiconductor material different from the first semiconductor material. 13. The device of claim 12, wherein the first and second terminals are input/output terminals of the first circuit. 14. The device of claim 12, wherein the first semiconductor material is silicon carbide. 15. The device of claim 14, wherein the silicon carbide has at least one of a 4H polytype or a 6H polytype. 16. The device of claim 12, wherein the first semiconductor material is gallium nitride. 17. The device of claim 12, wherein the first diode comprises an intrinsic region between a P-type doped region and an N-type doped region. 18. An overvoltage protection circuit, comprising:
a first diode, the first diode including:
a substrate made of a first semiconductor material having a bandgap width greater than that of silicon, the substrate including an N-type doped region;
an intrinsic region of the first semiconductor material on the N-type doped region;
a P-type doped region on the intrinsic region;
an anode on the P-type doped region; and
a cathode on a surface of the substrate opposite the intrinsic region. 19. The overvoltage protection circuit of claim 18, wherein the first semiconductor material is silicon carbide having at least one of a 4H polytype or a 6H polytype. 20. The overvoltage protection circuit of claim 18, further comprising:
a second diode electrically cross-coupled with the first diode, the second diode made of a second semiconductor material different from the first semiconductor material. | Overvoltage protection circuits are provided. In some embodiments, an overvoltage protection circuit includes a first diode made of a first semiconductor material having a bandgap width greater than that of silicon. A second diode is included and is electrically cross-coupled with the first diode. The second diode is made of a second semiconductor material different from the first semiconductor material.1. An overvoltage protection circuit, comprising:
a first diode made of a first semiconductor material having a bandgap width greater than that of silicon; and a second diode electrically cross-coupled with the first diode, the second diode made of a second semiconductor material different from the first semiconductor material. 2. The overvoltage protection circuit of claim 1, wherein the first semiconductor material is silicon carbide. 3. The overvoltage protection circuit of claim 2, wherein the silicon carbide has a 4H polytype. 4. The overvoltage protection circuit of claim 2, wherein the silicon carbide has a 6H polytype. 5. The overvoltage protection circuit of claim 1, wherein the first semiconductor material is gallium nitride. 6. The overvoltage protection circuit of claim 1, wherein the first diode comprises an intrinsic region between a P-type doped region and an N-type doped region. 7. The overvoltage protection circuit of claim 1, wherein the first diode has an anode and a cathode located on opposite surfaces of a substrate. 8. The overvoltage protection circuit of claim 1, wherein the overvoltage protection circuit is configured to provide said overvoltage protection when an overvoltage biases the first diode in the forward direction. 9. The overvoltage protection circuit of claim 1, wherein the overvoltage protection circuit is configured to apply a voltage in the forward direction of the first diode in the absence of an overvoltage. 10. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the second diode is made of silicon. 11. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the second semiconductor material has a bandgap width greater than that of silicon. 12. A device, comprising:
a first circuit having a first terminal and a second terminal; and an overvoltage protection circuit coupled between the first terminal and the second terminal of the first circuit, the overvoltage protection circuit including:
a first diode made of a first semiconductor material having a bandgap width greater than that of silicon; and
a second diode electrically cross-coupled with the first diode, the second diode made of a second semiconductor material different from the first semiconductor material. 13. The device of claim 12, wherein the first and second terminals are input/output terminals of the first circuit. 14. The device of claim 12, wherein the first semiconductor material is silicon carbide. 15. The device of claim 14, wherein the silicon carbide has at least one of a 4H polytype or a 6H polytype. 16. The device of claim 12, wherein the first semiconductor material is gallium nitride. 17. The device of claim 12, wherein the first diode comprises an intrinsic region between a P-type doped region and an N-type doped region. 18. An overvoltage protection circuit, comprising:
a first diode, the first diode including:
a substrate made of a first semiconductor material having a bandgap width greater than that of silicon, the substrate including an N-type doped region;
an intrinsic region of the first semiconductor material on the N-type doped region;
a P-type doped region on the intrinsic region;
an anode on the P-type doped region; and
a cathode on a surface of the substrate opposite the intrinsic region. 19. The overvoltage protection circuit of claim 18, wherein the first semiconductor material is silicon carbide having at least one of a 4H polytype or a 6H polytype. 20. The overvoltage protection circuit of claim 18, further comprising:
a second diode electrically cross-coupled with the first diode, the second diode made of a second semiconductor material different from the first semiconductor material. | 2,800 |
348,749 | 16,806,273 | 2,826 | A detector comprising an analytical apparatus for detecting a substance of interest, and a detector inlet. The detector inlet comprises a flow passage for carrying a flow of fluid, the flow passage comprising a sampling volume, and a sampling inlet adapted to collect samples of the fluid from the sampling volume as the fluid flows past the sampling inlet, and to provide the samples to the analytical apparatus, wherein the how of fluid carries particulates. The detector inlet also comprises a flow director arranged to vary a spatial distribution of the particulates carried by the fluid to increase a relative proportion of the particulates carried past the sampling inlet along the flow passage without entering the sampling volume. | 1. A detector comprising:
an analytical apparatus for detecting a substance of interest, and a detector inlet, the detector inlet comprising:
a flow passage for carrying a flow of fluid, the flow passage comprising a sampling volume;
a sampling inlet adapted to collect samples of the fluid from the sampling volume as the fluid flows past the sampling inlet, and to provide the samples to the analytical apparatus, wherein the flow of fluid carries particulates; and
a flow director arranged to vary a spatial distribution of the particulates carried by the fluid to increase a relative proportion of the particulates carried past the sampling inlet along the flow passage without entering the sampling volume, wherein the flow director comprises a variation in cross section of the flow passage. 2. The detector of claim h wherein the flow director is arranged to vary the distribution by accelerating part of the flow of fluid. 3. The detector of claim 2, wherein accelerating comprises changing the direction of the flow. 4. The detector of claim 1, wherein the flow director is arranged so that a speed of part of the flow of fluid past the sampling volume along the flow passage is greater than the speed of flow of fluid upstream from the sampling volume. 5. (canceled) 6. (canceled) 7. The detector of claim 1, wherein the flow director comprises a reduction in the cross section of the flow passage. 8. The detector inlet of claim 1, wherein the flow director comprises an increase in cross section of the flow passage to provide a recess, and the sampling inlet is arranged in the recess. 9. The detector of claim 1, further comprising a sampler coupled to the sampling inlet and configured to draw a selected volume of fluid out of the sampling volume through the sampling inlet, wherein the selected volume of fluid is smaller than the sampling volume. 10. The detector of claim 1, further comprising a heater for heating the flow of fluid. 11. The detector of claim 10, wherein the heater is arranged to heat the flow of fluid upstream from the sampling inlet. 12. The detector of claim 1, wherein at least one of the shape or area of a cross section of the flow passage is modified downstream of the flow director to accommodate changes in the flow of fluid caused by the flow director. 13. The detector of claim 1, wherein the analytical apparatus comprises at least one of a spectrometer or a chromatography apparatus. 14. The detector of claim 1, wherein the sampling inlet comprises at least one of a pinhole inlet, a membrane inlet, or a capillary inlet. 15. A method of detecting a substance of interest in a sample of vapour obtained from a flow of fluid carrying particulates, the method comprising:
directing the flow of fluid carrying particulates past a sampling inlet; varying the shape of a distribution of particulates, transverse to the direction of flow, relative to the shape of said distribution upstream of the sampling inlet, so that the particulates carried by the flow are inhibited from flowing through a sampling volume around the sampling inlet; obtaining at least one sample from the sampling volume via the sampling inlet; and providing the sample to an analytical apparatus configured to detect the substance of interest. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising changing the direction of the flow upstream of the sampling inlet to reduce a probability that particulates carried past the sampling inlet by the flow will enter the sampling volume. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the volume of the obtained sample is selected to be smaller than the sampling volume. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising obtaining a plurality of said samples, wherein the rate at which the samples are obtained is selected based on the volume of said sample, and the rate at which vapour passes into the sampling volume from the flow of fluid. 19. The method of any of claim 15, further comprising heating the flow of fluid upstream from the sampling inlet to vapourise at least some of the particulates. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the analytical apparatus comprises at least one of a spectrometer or a chromatography apparatus. 21. A detector comprising:
an analytical apparatus for detecting a substance of interest, and a detector inlet, the detector inlet comprising:
a flow passage for carrying a flow of fluid, the flow passage comprising a sampling volume;
a sampling inlet adapted to collect samples of the fluid from the sampling volume as the fluid flows past the sampling inlet, and to provide the samples to the analytical apparatus, wherein the flow of fluid carries particulates; and
a flow director arranged to vary a spatial distribution of the particulates carried by the fluid to increase a relative proportion of the particulates carried past the sampling inlet along the flow passage without entering the sampling volume, wherein the flow director at least one of:
a) protrudes into the flow passage from a wall of the flow passage;
b) is tapered so that it is narrower towards an upstream end than it is towards a downstream end;
c) comprises a recess in a wall of the flow passage, wherein the sampling inlet is arranged in an upstream wall of the recess; or
d) comprises a series of foils. | A detector comprising an analytical apparatus for detecting a substance of interest, and a detector inlet. The detector inlet comprises a flow passage for carrying a flow of fluid, the flow passage comprising a sampling volume, and a sampling inlet adapted to collect samples of the fluid from the sampling volume as the fluid flows past the sampling inlet, and to provide the samples to the analytical apparatus, wherein the how of fluid carries particulates. The detector inlet also comprises a flow director arranged to vary a spatial distribution of the particulates carried by the fluid to increase a relative proportion of the particulates carried past the sampling inlet along the flow passage without entering the sampling volume.1. A detector comprising:
an analytical apparatus for detecting a substance of interest, and a detector inlet, the detector inlet comprising:
a flow passage for carrying a flow of fluid, the flow passage comprising a sampling volume;
a sampling inlet adapted to collect samples of the fluid from the sampling volume as the fluid flows past the sampling inlet, and to provide the samples to the analytical apparatus, wherein the flow of fluid carries particulates; and
a flow director arranged to vary a spatial distribution of the particulates carried by the fluid to increase a relative proportion of the particulates carried past the sampling inlet along the flow passage without entering the sampling volume, wherein the flow director comprises a variation in cross section of the flow passage. 2. The detector of claim h wherein the flow director is arranged to vary the distribution by accelerating part of the flow of fluid. 3. The detector of claim 2, wherein accelerating comprises changing the direction of the flow. 4. The detector of claim 1, wherein the flow director is arranged so that a speed of part of the flow of fluid past the sampling volume along the flow passage is greater than the speed of flow of fluid upstream from the sampling volume. 5. (canceled) 6. (canceled) 7. The detector of claim 1, wherein the flow director comprises a reduction in the cross section of the flow passage. 8. The detector inlet of claim 1, wherein the flow director comprises an increase in cross section of the flow passage to provide a recess, and the sampling inlet is arranged in the recess. 9. The detector of claim 1, further comprising a sampler coupled to the sampling inlet and configured to draw a selected volume of fluid out of the sampling volume through the sampling inlet, wherein the selected volume of fluid is smaller than the sampling volume. 10. The detector of claim 1, further comprising a heater for heating the flow of fluid. 11. The detector of claim 10, wherein the heater is arranged to heat the flow of fluid upstream from the sampling inlet. 12. The detector of claim 1, wherein at least one of the shape or area of a cross section of the flow passage is modified downstream of the flow director to accommodate changes in the flow of fluid caused by the flow director. 13. The detector of claim 1, wherein the analytical apparatus comprises at least one of a spectrometer or a chromatography apparatus. 14. The detector of claim 1, wherein the sampling inlet comprises at least one of a pinhole inlet, a membrane inlet, or a capillary inlet. 15. A method of detecting a substance of interest in a sample of vapour obtained from a flow of fluid carrying particulates, the method comprising:
directing the flow of fluid carrying particulates past a sampling inlet; varying the shape of a distribution of particulates, transverse to the direction of flow, relative to the shape of said distribution upstream of the sampling inlet, so that the particulates carried by the flow are inhibited from flowing through a sampling volume around the sampling inlet; obtaining at least one sample from the sampling volume via the sampling inlet; and providing the sample to an analytical apparatus configured to detect the substance of interest. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising changing the direction of the flow upstream of the sampling inlet to reduce a probability that particulates carried past the sampling inlet by the flow will enter the sampling volume. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the volume of the obtained sample is selected to be smaller than the sampling volume. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising obtaining a plurality of said samples, wherein the rate at which the samples are obtained is selected based on the volume of said sample, and the rate at which vapour passes into the sampling volume from the flow of fluid. 19. The method of any of claim 15, further comprising heating the flow of fluid upstream from the sampling inlet to vapourise at least some of the particulates. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the analytical apparatus comprises at least one of a spectrometer or a chromatography apparatus. 21. A detector comprising:
an analytical apparatus for detecting a substance of interest, and a detector inlet, the detector inlet comprising:
a flow passage for carrying a flow of fluid, the flow passage comprising a sampling volume;
a sampling inlet adapted to collect samples of the fluid from the sampling volume as the fluid flows past the sampling inlet, and to provide the samples to the analytical apparatus, wherein the flow of fluid carries particulates; and
a flow director arranged to vary a spatial distribution of the particulates carried by the fluid to increase a relative proportion of the particulates carried past the sampling inlet along the flow passage without entering the sampling volume, wherein the flow director at least one of:
a) protrudes into the flow passage from a wall of the flow passage;
b) is tapered so that it is narrower towards an upstream end than it is towards a downstream end;
c) comprises a recess in a wall of the flow passage, wherein the sampling inlet is arranged in an upstream wall of the recess; or
d) comprises a series of foils. | 2,800 |
348,750 | 16,806,269 | 2,826 | According to one embodiment, a switching power circuit compares a reference voltage with a feedback voltage of an output voltage, and controls the output voltage in accordance with the reference voltage, in which in a case where the output current is greater than a predetermined set current, the voltage of the reference voltage is decreased. | 1. A switching power circuit that compares a reference voltage with a feedback voltage of an output voltage, and controls the output voltage, in accordance with the reference voltage,
wherein in a case where the output current is greater than a set current, a voltage of the reference voltage is decreased. 2. The switching power circuit according to claim 1,
wherein in a case where the output current is greater than the set current, the reference voltage is switched to a variable reference voltage that is changed in accordance with the output current, from a fixed voltage. 3. The switching power circuit according to claim 2,
wherein in a case where the variable reference voltage is higher than the fixed voltage, the reference voltage is switched to the fixed voltage. 4. The switching power circuit according to claim 2, comprising
a differential amplifier circuit that outputs a control voltage according to a differential voltage between the reference voltage and the feedback voltage, wherein the variable reference voltage is supplied to a first input end of the differential amplifier circuit through a first compensation circuit, and the feedback voltage is supplied to a second input end of the differential amplifier circuit through a second compensation circuit. 5. The switching power circuit according to claim 2, comprising:
a digital filter that responds to a sensing signal indicating that the output current is greater than the set current; and a D/A conversion circuit that converts output of the digital filter to an analog signal, wherein the D/A converter outputs the variable reference voltage. 6. The switching power circuit according to claim 5, further comprising
an overcurrent sensing device that outputs the sensing signal when the output current is greater than the set current. 7. The switching power circuit according to claim 2, comprising
an integrator that has a capacitance in which charge and discharge are controlled in accordance with the number of times that the output current is greater than the set current, and generates the variable reference voltage. 8. The switching power circuit according to claim 7,
wherein the first phase compensation circuit is a two-pole one-zero type filter. 9. The switching power circuit according to claim 4, comprising:
a switching transistor in which a main current path is connected between an input terminal to which a direct-current input voltage is applied and an output terminal supplying the output voltage; an inductor that is connected between the switching transistor and the output terminal; and first PWM signal generation circuit that generates a first PWM signal of which a duty ratio is changed in accordance with a first control voltage based on the control voltage, wherein On/Off of the switching transistor is controlled by the first PWM signal, and the output current is an inductor current that is supplied to the inductor from the switching transistor. 10. The switching power circuit according to claim 9,
wherein when a voltage drop between a source and a drain of the switching transistor is greater than a threshold value, a voltage of the reference voltage is decreased. 11. The switching power circuit according to claim 9, further comprising:
a first rectification diode that is connected in a forward direction towards the switching transistor from a ground; a second rectification diode that is connected in the forward direction towards the output terminal from the inductor; a second switching transistor that is connected between an anode of the second rectification diode and the ground; and a second PWM signal generation circuit that generates a second PWM signal of which a duty ratio is changed in accordance with a second control voltage based on the control voltage, on a gate of the second switching transistor. 12. The switching power circuit according to claim 11,
wherein the second control voltage that is supplied to the second PWM signal generation circuit is lower as a predetermined voltage than the first control voltage that is supplied to the first PWM signal generation circuit. 13. A switching power circuit, comprising:
a first switching transistor in which a main current path is connected between an input terminal to which a direct-current input voltage is applied and an output terminal supplying an output voltage; an inductor that is connected between the switching transistor and the output terminal; a first PWM signal generation circuit that generates a first PWM signal of which a duty ratio is changed in accordance with a first control voltage based on a control voltage output from a differential amplifier circuit comparing a reference voltage with a feedback voltage of the output voltage; a first rectification diode that is connected in a forward direction towards the first switching transistor from a ground; a second rectification diode that is connected in the forward direction towards the output terminal from the inductor; a second switching transistor that is connected between an anode of the second rectification diode and the ground; a second PWM signal generation circuit that generates a second PWM signal of which a duty ratio is changed in accordance with a second control voltage based on the control voltage, on a gate of the second switching transistor; and an overcurrent protection circuit that decreases a voltage of the reference voltage in a case where an output current of the first switching transistor is greater than a set current. 14. The switching power circuit according to claim 13, further comprising
a sensing circuit that senses a voltage between a source and a drain of the first switching transistor. 15. The switching power circuit according to claim 13,
wherein the second control voltage that is supplied to the second PWM signal generation circuit is lower as a predetermined voltage than the first control voltage that is supplied to the first PWM signal generation circuit. 16. The switching power circuit according to claim 13,
wherein in a case where the output current is greater than the set current, the reference voltage is switched to a variable reference voltage that is changed in accordance with the output current, from a fixed voltage. 17. The switching power circuit according to claim 16,
wherein in a case where the variable reference voltage is higher than the fixed voltage, the reference voltage is switched to the fixed voltage. 18. The switching power circuit according to claim 13, further comprising
an integrator that has a capacitance in which charge and discharge are controlled in accordance with the number of times that the output current is greater than the set current, and generates the variable reference voltage. 19. The switching power circuit according to claim 13, further comprising
a differential amplifier circuit that outputs a control voltage according to a differential voltage between the reference voltage and the feedback voltage, wherein the feedback voltage is supplied to a first input end of the differential amplifier circuit through a first compensation circuit, and the feedback voltage is supplied to a second input end of the differential amplifier circuit through a second compensation circuit. 20. The switching power circuit according to claim 19,
wherein the first, phase compensation circuit is a two-pole one-zero type filter. | According to one embodiment, a switching power circuit compares a reference voltage with a feedback voltage of an output voltage, and controls the output voltage in accordance with the reference voltage, in which in a case where the output current is greater than a predetermined set current, the voltage of the reference voltage is decreased.1. A switching power circuit that compares a reference voltage with a feedback voltage of an output voltage, and controls the output voltage, in accordance with the reference voltage,
wherein in a case where the output current is greater than a set current, a voltage of the reference voltage is decreased. 2. The switching power circuit according to claim 1,
wherein in a case where the output current is greater than the set current, the reference voltage is switched to a variable reference voltage that is changed in accordance with the output current, from a fixed voltage. 3. The switching power circuit according to claim 2,
wherein in a case where the variable reference voltage is higher than the fixed voltage, the reference voltage is switched to the fixed voltage. 4. The switching power circuit according to claim 2, comprising
a differential amplifier circuit that outputs a control voltage according to a differential voltage between the reference voltage and the feedback voltage, wherein the variable reference voltage is supplied to a first input end of the differential amplifier circuit through a first compensation circuit, and the feedback voltage is supplied to a second input end of the differential amplifier circuit through a second compensation circuit. 5. The switching power circuit according to claim 2, comprising:
a digital filter that responds to a sensing signal indicating that the output current is greater than the set current; and a D/A conversion circuit that converts output of the digital filter to an analog signal, wherein the D/A converter outputs the variable reference voltage. 6. The switching power circuit according to claim 5, further comprising
an overcurrent sensing device that outputs the sensing signal when the output current is greater than the set current. 7. The switching power circuit according to claim 2, comprising
an integrator that has a capacitance in which charge and discharge are controlled in accordance with the number of times that the output current is greater than the set current, and generates the variable reference voltage. 8. The switching power circuit according to claim 7,
wherein the first phase compensation circuit is a two-pole one-zero type filter. 9. The switching power circuit according to claim 4, comprising:
a switching transistor in which a main current path is connected between an input terminal to which a direct-current input voltage is applied and an output terminal supplying the output voltage; an inductor that is connected between the switching transistor and the output terminal; and first PWM signal generation circuit that generates a first PWM signal of which a duty ratio is changed in accordance with a first control voltage based on the control voltage, wherein On/Off of the switching transistor is controlled by the first PWM signal, and the output current is an inductor current that is supplied to the inductor from the switching transistor. 10. The switching power circuit according to claim 9,
wherein when a voltage drop between a source and a drain of the switching transistor is greater than a threshold value, a voltage of the reference voltage is decreased. 11. The switching power circuit according to claim 9, further comprising:
a first rectification diode that is connected in a forward direction towards the switching transistor from a ground; a second rectification diode that is connected in the forward direction towards the output terminal from the inductor; a second switching transistor that is connected between an anode of the second rectification diode and the ground; and a second PWM signal generation circuit that generates a second PWM signal of which a duty ratio is changed in accordance with a second control voltage based on the control voltage, on a gate of the second switching transistor. 12. The switching power circuit according to claim 11,
wherein the second control voltage that is supplied to the second PWM signal generation circuit is lower as a predetermined voltage than the first control voltage that is supplied to the first PWM signal generation circuit. 13. A switching power circuit, comprising:
a first switching transistor in which a main current path is connected between an input terminal to which a direct-current input voltage is applied and an output terminal supplying an output voltage; an inductor that is connected between the switching transistor and the output terminal; a first PWM signal generation circuit that generates a first PWM signal of which a duty ratio is changed in accordance with a first control voltage based on a control voltage output from a differential amplifier circuit comparing a reference voltage with a feedback voltage of the output voltage; a first rectification diode that is connected in a forward direction towards the first switching transistor from a ground; a second rectification diode that is connected in the forward direction towards the output terminal from the inductor; a second switching transistor that is connected between an anode of the second rectification diode and the ground; a second PWM signal generation circuit that generates a second PWM signal of which a duty ratio is changed in accordance with a second control voltage based on the control voltage, on a gate of the second switching transistor; and an overcurrent protection circuit that decreases a voltage of the reference voltage in a case where an output current of the first switching transistor is greater than a set current. 14. The switching power circuit according to claim 13, further comprising
a sensing circuit that senses a voltage between a source and a drain of the first switching transistor. 15. The switching power circuit according to claim 13,
wherein the second control voltage that is supplied to the second PWM signal generation circuit is lower as a predetermined voltage than the first control voltage that is supplied to the first PWM signal generation circuit. 16. The switching power circuit according to claim 13,
wherein in a case where the output current is greater than the set current, the reference voltage is switched to a variable reference voltage that is changed in accordance with the output current, from a fixed voltage. 17. The switching power circuit according to claim 16,
wherein in a case where the variable reference voltage is higher than the fixed voltage, the reference voltage is switched to the fixed voltage. 18. The switching power circuit according to claim 13, further comprising
an integrator that has a capacitance in which charge and discharge are controlled in accordance with the number of times that the output current is greater than the set current, and generates the variable reference voltage. 19. The switching power circuit according to claim 13, further comprising
a differential amplifier circuit that outputs a control voltage according to a differential voltage between the reference voltage and the feedback voltage, wherein the feedback voltage is supplied to a first input end of the differential amplifier circuit through a first compensation circuit, and the feedback voltage is supplied to a second input end of the differential amplifier circuit through a second compensation circuit. 20. The switching power circuit according to claim 19,
wherein the first, phase compensation circuit is a two-pole one-zero type filter. | 2,800 |
348,751 | 16,806,262 | 2,826 | Surgical methods involving cutting and sealing tissue include affixing a first adjunct material to tissue at a treatment site, such as by stapling the adjunct to tissue. A second adjunct material is applied to at least a portion of the first adjunct material such that the second adjunct material interacts with the first adjunct material to form a seal in an area of the tissue covered by at least one of the first and the second adjunct material. The resulting tissue sealing structure, which includes a combination of the two adjuncts, is believed to be superior to the sealing properties of either adjunct alone. | 1. A staple cartridge for use with a surgical stapler, comprising:
a cartridge body having a plurality of staples disposed therein, the plurality of staples being configured to be deployed into tissue; and an adjunct configured to be releasably retained on the cartridge body, wherein the staples are deployable through the adjunct into tissue captured against the adjunct, and wherein the adjunct is a multi-layer construct which comprises:
a first layer having multifilament fibers, with at least a portion of the multifilament fibers being oriented in a direction that is substantially parallel to the cartridge body, and
a second layer formed of monofilament fibers that are oriented in a direction that is substantially non-parallel to the cartridge body, wherein the monofilament fibers have a diameter that is less than a diameter of the multifilament fibers. 2. The staple cartridge of claim 1, wherein the monofilament fibers are non-bonded and slidably interconnected to the multifilament fibers of the first layer. 3. The staple cartridge of claim 1, wherein the multifilament fibers are not present within the second layer. 4. The staple cartridge of claim 1, wherein the multi-layered construct further comprises a third layer having the multifilament fibers, with at least a portion of the multifilament fibers being oriented in a direction that is substantially parallel to the cartridge body, and wherein the second layer is positioned between the first and third layers. 5. The staple cartridge of claim 4, wherein the monofilament fibers are non-bonded and slidably interconnected to the multifilament fibers of the first layer and third layers. 6. The staple cartridge of claim 1, wherein the adjunct is configured to apply a pressure of at least 3 gf/mm2 to the captured tissue for at least 3 days when the adjunct is stapled thereto. 7. The staple cartridge of claim 1, wherein the multifilament fibers are formed of at least one of poly-L-lactic acid, a copolymer of glycolide and L-lactide, a copolymer of glycolic acid and lactic acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), poly(lactic acid), polyglycolide, and a copolymer of glycolide, caprolactone, trimethylene carbonate, and lactide. 8. The staple cartridge of claim 1, wherein the monofilament fibers are formed of at least one of polydioxanone, a copolymer of polydioxanone and polyglycolide, a copolymer of Lactide and polycaprolactone), a copolymer of glycolide, dioxanone, and trimethylene carbonate, polyhydroxyalkanoate, and polyglyconate. 9. The staple cartridge of claim 1, wherein the multifilament fibers include at least one first fiber formed of a first bioabsorbable polymer and at least one second fiber formed of a second bioabsorbable polymer that degrades at a rate greater than that of the first bioabsorbable polymer. 10. The staple cartridge of claim 9, wherein the at least one second fiber has a fiber diameter that is less than the fiber diameter of the at least one first fiber. 11. A staple cartridge for use with a surgical stapler, comprising:
a cartridge body having a plurality of staples disposed therein, the plurality of staples being configured to be deployed into tissue; and an adjunct configured to be releasably retained on the cartridge body, wherein the staples are deployable through the adjunct into tissue captured against the adjunct, and wherein the adjunct is a multi-layer construct which comprises:
first and second layers each having multifilament fibers, with at least a portion of the multifilament fibers being oriented in a direction that is substantially parallel to the cartridge body, and
an intermediate layer positioned between the first and second layers, the intermediate layer being formed of only monofilament fibers that are oriented in a direction that is substantially non-parallel to the cartridge body;
wherein the monofilament fibers have a diameter that is less than a diameter of the multifilament fibers. 12. The staple cartridge of claim 11, wherein the monofilament fibers are non-bonded and slidably interconnected to the multifilament fibers of the first and second layers. 13. The staple cartridge of claim 11, wherein the adjunct is configured to apply a pressure of at least 3 gf/mm2 to the captured tissue for at least 3 days when the adjunct is stapled thereto. 14. The staple cartridge of claim 11, wherein the multifilament fibers are formed of at least one of poly-L-lactic acid, a copolymer of glycolide and L-lactide, a copolymer of glycolic acid and lactic acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), poly(lactic acid), polyglycolide, and a copolymer of glycolide, caprolactone, trimethylene carbonate, and lactide. 15. The staple cartridge of claim 11, wherein the monofilament fibers are formed of at least one of polydioxanone, a copolymer of polydioxanone and polyglycolide, a copolymer of Lactide and polycaprolactone), a copolymer of glycolide, dioxanone, and trimethylene carbonate, polyhydroxyalkanoate, and polyglyconate. 16. The staple cartridge of claim 11, wherein the multifilament fibers include at least one first fiber formed of a first bioabsorbable polymer and at least one second fiber formed of a second bioabsorbable polymer that degrades at a rate greater than that of the first bioabsorbable polymer. 17. The staple cartridge of claim 16, wherein the at least one second fiber has a fiber diameter that is less than the fiber diameter of the at least one first fiber. 18. An adjunct for use with a staple cartridge, comprising:
a first layer that is configured to releasably retain the adjunct to a cartridge body, the first layer having multifilament fibers, with at least a portion of the multifilament fibers configured to be oriented in a direction that is substantially parallel to the cartridge body, and a second layer formed of monofilament fibers that are configured to be oriented in a direction that is substantially non-parallel to the cartridge body, wherein the monofilament fibers have a diameter that is less than a diameter of the multifilament fibers. 19. The adjunct of claim 18, wherein the adjunct further comprises a third layer having the multifilament fibers, with at least a portion of the multifilament fibers configured to be oriented in a direction that is substantially parallel to the cartridge body, and wherein the second layer is positioned between the first and third layers. 20. The adjunct of claim 18, wherein the adjunct is configured to be stapled to tissue, and wherein the adjunct is configured to apply a pressure of at least 3 gf/mm2 to the stapled tissue for at least 3 days. 21. The adjunct of claim 18, wherein the multifilament fibers include at least one first fiber formed of a first bioabsorbable polymer and at least one second fiber formed of a second bioabsorbable polymer that degrades at a rate greater than that of the first bioabsorbable polymer. 22. The adjunct of claim 21, wherein the at least one second fiber has a fiber diameter that is less than the fiber diameter of the at least one first fiber. | Surgical methods involving cutting and sealing tissue include affixing a first adjunct material to tissue at a treatment site, such as by stapling the adjunct to tissue. A second adjunct material is applied to at least a portion of the first adjunct material such that the second adjunct material interacts with the first adjunct material to form a seal in an area of the tissue covered by at least one of the first and the second adjunct material. The resulting tissue sealing structure, which includes a combination of the two adjuncts, is believed to be superior to the sealing properties of either adjunct alone.1. A staple cartridge for use with a surgical stapler, comprising:
a cartridge body having a plurality of staples disposed therein, the plurality of staples being configured to be deployed into tissue; and an adjunct configured to be releasably retained on the cartridge body, wherein the staples are deployable through the adjunct into tissue captured against the adjunct, and wherein the adjunct is a multi-layer construct which comprises:
a first layer having multifilament fibers, with at least a portion of the multifilament fibers being oriented in a direction that is substantially parallel to the cartridge body, and
a second layer formed of monofilament fibers that are oriented in a direction that is substantially non-parallel to the cartridge body, wherein the monofilament fibers have a diameter that is less than a diameter of the multifilament fibers. 2. The staple cartridge of claim 1, wherein the monofilament fibers are non-bonded and slidably interconnected to the multifilament fibers of the first layer. 3. The staple cartridge of claim 1, wherein the multifilament fibers are not present within the second layer. 4. The staple cartridge of claim 1, wherein the multi-layered construct further comprises a third layer having the multifilament fibers, with at least a portion of the multifilament fibers being oriented in a direction that is substantially parallel to the cartridge body, and wherein the second layer is positioned between the first and third layers. 5. The staple cartridge of claim 4, wherein the monofilament fibers are non-bonded and slidably interconnected to the multifilament fibers of the first layer and third layers. 6. The staple cartridge of claim 1, wherein the adjunct is configured to apply a pressure of at least 3 gf/mm2 to the captured tissue for at least 3 days when the adjunct is stapled thereto. 7. The staple cartridge of claim 1, wherein the multifilament fibers are formed of at least one of poly-L-lactic acid, a copolymer of glycolide and L-lactide, a copolymer of glycolic acid and lactic acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), poly(lactic acid), polyglycolide, and a copolymer of glycolide, caprolactone, trimethylene carbonate, and lactide. 8. The staple cartridge of claim 1, wherein the monofilament fibers are formed of at least one of polydioxanone, a copolymer of polydioxanone and polyglycolide, a copolymer of Lactide and polycaprolactone), a copolymer of glycolide, dioxanone, and trimethylene carbonate, polyhydroxyalkanoate, and polyglyconate. 9. The staple cartridge of claim 1, wherein the multifilament fibers include at least one first fiber formed of a first bioabsorbable polymer and at least one second fiber formed of a second bioabsorbable polymer that degrades at a rate greater than that of the first bioabsorbable polymer. 10. The staple cartridge of claim 9, wherein the at least one second fiber has a fiber diameter that is less than the fiber diameter of the at least one first fiber. 11. A staple cartridge for use with a surgical stapler, comprising:
a cartridge body having a plurality of staples disposed therein, the plurality of staples being configured to be deployed into tissue; and an adjunct configured to be releasably retained on the cartridge body, wherein the staples are deployable through the adjunct into tissue captured against the adjunct, and wherein the adjunct is a multi-layer construct which comprises:
first and second layers each having multifilament fibers, with at least a portion of the multifilament fibers being oriented in a direction that is substantially parallel to the cartridge body, and
an intermediate layer positioned between the first and second layers, the intermediate layer being formed of only monofilament fibers that are oriented in a direction that is substantially non-parallel to the cartridge body;
wherein the monofilament fibers have a diameter that is less than a diameter of the multifilament fibers. 12. The staple cartridge of claim 11, wherein the monofilament fibers are non-bonded and slidably interconnected to the multifilament fibers of the first and second layers. 13. The staple cartridge of claim 11, wherein the adjunct is configured to apply a pressure of at least 3 gf/mm2 to the captured tissue for at least 3 days when the adjunct is stapled thereto. 14. The staple cartridge of claim 11, wherein the multifilament fibers are formed of at least one of poly-L-lactic acid, a copolymer of glycolide and L-lactide, a copolymer of glycolic acid and lactic acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), poly(lactic acid), polyglycolide, and a copolymer of glycolide, caprolactone, trimethylene carbonate, and lactide. 15. The staple cartridge of claim 11, wherein the monofilament fibers are formed of at least one of polydioxanone, a copolymer of polydioxanone and polyglycolide, a copolymer of Lactide and polycaprolactone), a copolymer of glycolide, dioxanone, and trimethylene carbonate, polyhydroxyalkanoate, and polyglyconate. 16. The staple cartridge of claim 11, wherein the multifilament fibers include at least one first fiber formed of a first bioabsorbable polymer and at least one second fiber formed of a second bioabsorbable polymer that degrades at a rate greater than that of the first bioabsorbable polymer. 17. The staple cartridge of claim 16, wherein the at least one second fiber has a fiber diameter that is less than the fiber diameter of the at least one first fiber. 18. An adjunct for use with a staple cartridge, comprising:
a first layer that is configured to releasably retain the adjunct to a cartridge body, the first layer having multifilament fibers, with at least a portion of the multifilament fibers configured to be oriented in a direction that is substantially parallel to the cartridge body, and a second layer formed of monofilament fibers that are configured to be oriented in a direction that is substantially non-parallel to the cartridge body, wherein the monofilament fibers have a diameter that is less than a diameter of the multifilament fibers. 19. The adjunct of claim 18, wherein the adjunct further comprises a third layer having the multifilament fibers, with at least a portion of the multifilament fibers configured to be oriented in a direction that is substantially parallel to the cartridge body, and wherein the second layer is positioned between the first and third layers. 20. The adjunct of claim 18, wherein the adjunct is configured to be stapled to tissue, and wherein the adjunct is configured to apply a pressure of at least 3 gf/mm2 to the stapled tissue for at least 3 days. 21. The adjunct of claim 18, wherein the multifilament fibers include at least one first fiber formed of a first bioabsorbable polymer and at least one second fiber formed of a second bioabsorbable polymer that degrades at a rate greater than that of the first bioabsorbable polymer. 22. The adjunct of claim 21, wherein the at least one second fiber has a fiber diameter that is less than the fiber diameter of the at least one first fiber. | 2,800 |
348,752 | 16,806,268 | 3,619 | Surgical methods involving cutting and sealing tissue include affixing a first adjunct material to tissue at a treatment site, such as by stapling the adjunct to tissue. A second adjunct material is applied to at least a portion of the first adjunct material such that the second adjunct material interacts with the first adjunct material to form a seal in an area of the tissue covered by at least one of the first and the second adjunct material. The resulting tissue sealing structure, which includes a combination of the two adjuncts, is believed to be superior to the sealing properties of either adjunct alone. | 1. A staple cartridge for use with a surgical stapler, comprising:
a cartridge body having a plurality of staples disposed therein, the plurality of staples being configured to be deployed into tissue; and an adjunct configured to be releasably retained on the cartridge body, wherein the staples are deployable through the adjunct into tissue captured against the adjunct, and wherein the adjunct is a multi-layer construct which comprises:
a first layer having multifilament fibers, with at least a portion of the multifilament fibers being oriented in a direction that is substantially parallel to the cartridge body, and
a second layer formed of monofilament fibers that are oriented in a direction that is substantially non-parallel to the cartridge body, wherein the monofilament fibers have a diameter that is less than a diameter of the multifilament fibers. 2. The staple cartridge of claim 1, wherein the monofilament fibers are non-bonded and slidably interconnected to the multifilament fibers of the first layer. 3. The staple cartridge of claim 1, wherein the multifilament fibers are not present within the second layer. 4. The staple cartridge of claim 1, wherein the multi-layered construct further comprises a third layer having the multifilament fibers, with at least a portion of the multifilament fibers being oriented in a direction that is substantially parallel to the cartridge body, and wherein the second layer is positioned between the first and third layers. 5. The staple cartridge of claim 4, wherein the monofilament fibers are non-bonded and slidably interconnected to the multifilament fibers of the first layer and third layers. 6. The staple cartridge of claim 1, wherein the adjunct is configured to apply a pressure of at least 3 gf/mm2 to the captured tissue for at least 3 days when the adjunct is stapled thereto. 7. The staple cartridge of claim 1, wherein the multifilament fibers are formed of at least one of poly-L-lactic acid, a copolymer of glycolide and L-lactide, a copolymer of glycolic acid and lactic acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), poly(lactic acid), polyglycolide, and a copolymer of glycolide, caprolactone, trimethylene carbonate, and lactide. 8. The staple cartridge of claim 1, wherein the monofilament fibers are formed of at least one of polydioxanone, a copolymer of polydioxanone and polyglycolide, a copolymer of Lactide and polycaprolactone), a copolymer of glycolide, dioxanone, and trimethylene carbonate, polyhydroxyalkanoate, and polyglyconate. 9. The staple cartridge of claim 1, wherein the multifilament fibers include at least one first fiber formed of a first bioabsorbable polymer and at least one second fiber formed of a second bioabsorbable polymer that degrades at a rate greater than that of the first bioabsorbable polymer. 10. The staple cartridge of claim 9, wherein the at least one second fiber has a fiber diameter that is less than the fiber diameter of the at least one first fiber. 11. A staple cartridge for use with a surgical stapler, comprising:
a cartridge body having a plurality of staples disposed therein, the plurality of staples being configured to be deployed into tissue; and an adjunct configured to be releasably retained on the cartridge body, wherein the staples are deployable through the adjunct into tissue captured against the adjunct, and wherein the adjunct is a multi-layer construct which comprises:
first and second layers each having multifilament fibers, with at least a portion of the multifilament fibers being oriented in a direction that is substantially parallel to the cartridge body, and
an intermediate layer positioned between the first and second layers, the intermediate layer being formed of only monofilament fibers that are oriented in a direction that is substantially non-parallel to the cartridge body;
wherein the monofilament fibers have a diameter that is less than a diameter of the multifilament fibers. 12. The staple cartridge of claim 11, wherein the monofilament fibers are non-bonded and slidably interconnected to the multifilament fibers of the first and second layers. 13. The staple cartridge of claim 11, wherein the adjunct is configured to apply a pressure of at least 3 gf/mm2 to the captured tissue for at least 3 days when the adjunct is stapled thereto. 14. The staple cartridge of claim 11, wherein the multifilament fibers are formed of at least one of poly-L-lactic acid, a copolymer of glycolide and L-lactide, a copolymer of glycolic acid and lactic acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), poly(lactic acid), polyglycolide, and a copolymer of glycolide, caprolactone, trimethylene carbonate, and lactide. 15. The staple cartridge of claim 11, wherein the monofilament fibers are formed of at least one of polydioxanone, a copolymer of polydioxanone and polyglycolide, a copolymer of Lactide and polycaprolactone), a copolymer of glycolide, dioxanone, and trimethylene carbonate, polyhydroxyalkanoate, and polyglyconate. 16. The staple cartridge of claim 11, wherein the multifilament fibers include at least one first fiber formed of a first bioabsorbable polymer and at least one second fiber formed of a second bioabsorbable polymer that degrades at a rate greater than that of the first bioabsorbable polymer. 17. The staple cartridge of claim 16, wherein the at least one second fiber has a fiber diameter that is less than the fiber diameter of the at least one first fiber. 18. An adjunct for use with a staple cartridge, comprising:
a first layer that is configured to releasably retain the adjunct to a cartridge body, the first layer having multifilament fibers, with at least a portion of the multifilament fibers configured to be oriented in a direction that is substantially parallel to the cartridge body, and a second layer formed of monofilament fibers that are configured to be oriented in a direction that is substantially non-parallel to the cartridge body, wherein the monofilament fibers have a diameter that is less than a diameter of the multifilament fibers. 19. The adjunct of claim 18, wherein the adjunct further comprises a third layer having the multifilament fibers, with at least a portion of the multifilament fibers configured to be oriented in a direction that is substantially parallel to the cartridge body, and wherein the second layer is positioned between the first and third layers. 20. The adjunct of claim 18, wherein the adjunct is configured to be stapled to tissue, and wherein the adjunct is configured to apply a pressure of at least 3 gf/mm2 to the stapled tissue for at least 3 days. 21. The adjunct of claim 18, wherein the multifilament fibers include at least one first fiber formed of a first bioabsorbable polymer and at least one second fiber formed of a second bioabsorbable polymer that degrades at a rate greater than that of the first bioabsorbable polymer. 22. The adjunct of claim 21, wherein the at least one second fiber has a fiber diameter that is less than the fiber diameter of the at least one first fiber. | Surgical methods involving cutting and sealing tissue include affixing a first adjunct material to tissue at a treatment site, such as by stapling the adjunct to tissue. A second adjunct material is applied to at least a portion of the first adjunct material such that the second adjunct material interacts with the first adjunct material to form a seal in an area of the tissue covered by at least one of the first and the second adjunct material. The resulting tissue sealing structure, which includes a combination of the two adjuncts, is believed to be superior to the sealing properties of either adjunct alone.1. A staple cartridge for use with a surgical stapler, comprising:
a cartridge body having a plurality of staples disposed therein, the plurality of staples being configured to be deployed into tissue; and an adjunct configured to be releasably retained on the cartridge body, wherein the staples are deployable through the adjunct into tissue captured against the adjunct, and wherein the adjunct is a multi-layer construct which comprises:
a first layer having multifilament fibers, with at least a portion of the multifilament fibers being oriented in a direction that is substantially parallel to the cartridge body, and
a second layer formed of monofilament fibers that are oriented in a direction that is substantially non-parallel to the cartridge body, wherein the monofilament fibers have a diameter that is less than a diameter of the multifilament fibers. 2. The staple cartridge of claim 1, wherein the monofilament fibers are non-bonded and slidably interconnected to the multifilament fibers of the first layer. 3. The staple cartridge of claim 1, wherein the multifilament fibers are not present within the second layer. 4. The staple cartridge of claim 1, wherein the multi-layered construct further comprises a third layer having the multifilament fibers, with at least a portion of the multifilament fibers being oriented in a direction that is substantially parallel to the cartridge body, and wherein the second layer is positioned between the first and third layers. 5. The staple cartridge of claim 4, wherein the monofilament fibers are non-bonded and slidably interconnected to the multifilament fibers of the first layer and third layers. 6. The staple cartridge of claim 1, wherein the adjunct is configured to apply a pressure of at least 3 gf/mm2 to the captured tissue for at least 3 days when the adjunct is stapled thereto. 7. The staple cartridge of claim 1, wherein the multifilament fibers are formed of at least one of poly-L-lactic acid, a copolymer of glycolide and L-lactide, a copolymer of glycolic acid and lactic acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), poly(lactic acid), polyglycolide, and a copolymer of glycolide, caprolactone, trimethylene carbonate, and lactide. 8. The staple cartridge of claim 1, wherein the monofilament fibers are formed of at least one of polydioxanone, a copolymer of polydioxanone and polyglycolide, a copolymer of Lactide and polycaprolactone), a copolymer of glycolide, dioxanone, and trimethylene carbonate, polyhydroxyalkanoate, and polyglyconate. 9. The staple cartridge of claim 1, wherein the multifilament fibers include at least one first fiber formed of a first bioabsorbable polymer and at least one second fiber formed of a second bioabsorbable polymer that degrades at a rate greater than that of the first bioabsorbable polymer. 10. The staple cartridge of claim 9, wherein the at least one second fiber has a fiber diameter that is less than the fiber diameter of the at least one first fiber. 11. A staple cartridge for use with a surgical stapler, comprising:
a cartridge body having a plurality of staples disposed therein, the plurality of staples being configured to be deployed into tissue; and an adjunct configured to be releasably retained on the cartridge body, wherein the staples are deployable through the adjunct into tissue captured against the adjunct, and wherein the adjunct is a multi-layer construct which comprises:
first and second layers each having multifilament fibers, with at least a portion of the multifilament fibers being oriented in a direction that is substantially parallel to the cartridge body, and
an intermediate layer positioned between the first and second layers, the intermediate layer being formed of only monofilament fibers that are oriented in a direction that is substantially non-parallel to the cartridge body;
wherein the monofilament fibers have a diameter that is less than a diameter of the multifilament fibers. 12. The staple cartridge of claim 11, wherein the monofilament fibers are non-bonded and slidably interconnected to the multifilament fibers of the first and second layers. 13. The staple cartridge of claim 11, wherein the adjunct is configured to apply a pressure of at least 3 gf/mm2 to the captured tissue for at least 3 days when the adjunct is stapled thereto. 14. The staple cartridge of claim 11, wherein the multifilament fibers are formed of at least one of poly-L-lactic acid, a copolymer of glycolide and L-lactide, a copolymer of glycolic acid and lactic acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), poly(lactic acid), polyglycolide, and a copolymer of glycolide, caprolactone, trimethylene carbonate, and lactide. 15. The staple cartridge of claim 11, wherein the monofilament fibers are formed of at least one of polydioxanone, a copolymer of polydioxanone and polyglycolide, a copolymer of Lactide and polycaprolactone), a copolymer of glycolide, dioxanone, and trimethylene carbonate, polyhydroxyalkanoate, and polyglyconate. 16. The staple cartridge of claim 11, wherein the multifilament fibers include at least one first fiber formed of a first bioabsorbable polymer and at least one second fiber formed of a second bioabsorbable polymer that degrades at a rate greater than that of the first bioabsorbable polymer. 17. The staple cartridge of claim 16, wherein the at least one second fiber has a fiber diameter that is less than the fiber diameter of the at least one first fiber. 18. An adjunct for use with a staple cartridge, comprising:
a first layer that is configured to releasably retain the adjunct to a cartridge body, the first layer having multifilament fibers, with at least a portion of the multifilament fibers configured to be oriented in a direction that is substantially parallel to the cartridge body, and a second layer formed of monofilament fibers that are configured to be oriented in a direction that is substantially non-parallel to the cartridge body, wherein the monofilament fibers have a diameter that is less than a diameter of the multifilament fibers. 19. The adjunct of claim 18, wherein the adjunct further comprises a third layer having the multifilament fibers, with at least a portion of the multifilament fibers configured to be oriented in a direction that is substantially parallel to the cartridge body, and wherein the second layer is positioned between the first and third layers. 20. The adjunct of claim 18, wherein the adjunct is configured to be stapled to tissue, and wherein the adjunct is configured to apply a pressure of at least 3 gf/mm2 to the stapled tissue for at least 3 days. 21. The adjunct of claim 18, wherein the multifilament fibers include at least one first fiber formed of a first bioabsorbable polymer and at least one second fiber formed of a second bioabsorbable polymer that degrades at a rate greater than that of the first bioabsorbable polymer. 22. The adjunct of claim 21, wherein the at least one second fiber has a fiber diameter that is less than the fiber diameter of the at least one first fiber. | 3,600 |
348,753 | 16,806,232 | 3,619 | Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide techniques that may be used to help enable low latency communications between a user equipment (UE) and a base station (BS) using quick uplink channels that enable a reduced transmission time interval (TTI). An example method generally includes identifying a plurality of slots in a subframe, receiving a resource configuration for an uplink channel, wherein the resource configuration is associated with a first slot of the plurality of slots, determining a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in a second slot of the plurality of slots, wherein the resource is determined based on the resource configuration associated with the first slot of the plurality of slots, and transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot using the determined resource. | 1. A method for wireless communications by a user equipment (UE), comprising:
identifying a plurality of slots in a subframe; receiving a resource configuration for an uplink channel, wherein the resource configuration is associated with a first slot of the plurality of slots; determining a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in a second slot of the plurality of slots, wherein the resource is determined based on the resource configuration associated with the first slot of the plurality of slots; and transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot using the determined resource. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the uplink channel is associated with a transmission time interval (TTI) duration of a subframe. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the uplink channel is associated with a transmission time interval (TTI) duration of a slot of a subframe. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein determining a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot comprises calculating a mirrored location of the resource from the resource configuration associated with the first slot. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein determining a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot comprises calculating a second resource within a second resource block based on at least one of a first resource within a first resource block within the first slot or a format of a control channel. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein determining a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot comprises calculating a location of the resource based on an offset from the resource configuration associated with the first slot. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein determining a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot comprises using the resource configuration associated with the first slot for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot. 8. An apparatus for wireless communications, comprising:
a processor configured to:
identify a plurality of slots in a subframe,
receive a resource configuration for an uplink channel, wherein the resource configuration is associated with a first slot of the plurality of slots,
determine a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in a second slot of the plurality of slots, wherein the resource is determined based on the resource configuration associated with the first slot of the plurality of slots, and
transmit the uplink channel in the second slot using the determined resource; and
a memory coupled with the processor. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the uplink channel is associated with a transmission time interval (TTI) duration of a subframe. 10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the uplink channel is associated with a transmission time interval (TTI) duration of a slot of a subframe. 11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the processor is configured to determine a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot by calculating a mirrored location of the resource from the resource configuration associated with the first slot. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the apparatus is configured to determine a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot by calculating a second resource within a resource block based on at least one of a first resource with a first resource block within the first slot or a format of a control channel. 13. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the apparatus is configured to determine a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot by calculating a location of the resource based on an offset from the resource configuration associated with the first slot. 14. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the apparatus is configured to determine a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot by using the resource configuration associated with the first slot for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot. 15. An apparatus for wireless communications by a user equipment (UE), comprising:
means for identifying a plurality of slots in a subframe; means for receiving a resource configuration for an uplink channel, wherein the resource configuration is associated with a first slot of the plurality of slots; means for determining a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in a second slot of the plurality of slots, wherein the resource is determined based on the resource configuration associated with the first slot of the plurality of slots; and means for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot using the determined resource. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the uplink channel is associated with a transmission time interval (TTI) duration of a subframe. 17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the uplink channel is associated with a transmission time interval (TTI) duration of a slot of a subframe. 18. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the means for determining a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot comprises means for calculating a mirrored location of the resource from the resource configuration associated with the first slot. 19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the means for determining a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot comprises means for calculating a second resource within a second resource block based on at least one of a first resource within a first resource block within the first slot or a format of a control channel. 20. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the means for determining a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot comprises means for calculating a location of the resource based on an offset from the resource configuration associated with the first slot. 21. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the means for determining a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot comprises means for using the resource configuration associated with the first slot for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot. 22. A computer-readable medium having instructions stored thereon which, when executed by a processor, performs an operation for wireless communications by a user equipment (UE), comprising:
identifying a plurality of slots in a subframe; receiving a resource configuration for an uplink channel, wherein the resource configuration is associated with a first slot of the plurality of slots; determining a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in a second slot of the plurality of slots, wherein the resource is determined based on the resource configuration associated with the first slot of the plurality of slots; and transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot using the determined resource. 23. The computer-readable medium of claim 22, wherein the uplink channel is associated with a transmission time interval (TTI) duration of a subframe. 24. The computer-readable medium of claim 22, wherein the uplink channel is associated with a transmission time interval (TTI) duration of a slot of a subframe. 25. The computer-readable medium of claim 22, wherein determining a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot comprises calculating a mirrored location of the resource from the resource configuration associated with the first slot. 26. The computer-readable medium of claim 25, wherein determining a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot comprises calculating a second resource within a second resource block based on at least one of a first resource within a first resource block within the first slot or a format of a control channel. 27. The computer-readable medium of claim 22, wherein determining a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot comprises calculating a location of the resource based on an offset from the resource configuration associated with the first slot. 28. The computer-readable medium of claim 22, wherein determining a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot comprises using the resource configuration associated with the first slot for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot. | Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide techniques that may be used to help enable low latency communications between a user equipment (UE) and a base station (BS) using quick uplink channels that enable a reduced transmission time interval (TTI). An example method generally includes identifying a plurality of slots in a subframe, receiving a resource configuration for an uplink channel, wherein the resource configuration is associated with a first slot of the plurality of slots, determining a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in a second slot of the plurality of slots, wherein the resource is determined based on the resource configuration associated with the first slot of the plurality of slots, and transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot using the determined resource.1. A method for wireless communications by a user equipment (UE), comprising:
identifying a plurality of slots in a subframe; receiving a resource configuration for an uplink channel, wherein the resource configuration is associated with a first slot of the plurality of slots; determining a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in a second slot of the plurality of slots, wherein the resource is determined based on the resource configuration associated with the first slot of the plurality of slots; and transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot using the determined resource. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the uplink channel is associated with a transmission time interval (TTI) duration of a subframe. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the uplink channel is associated with a transmission time interval (TTI) duration of a slot of a subframe. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein determining a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot comprises calculating a mirrored location of the resource from the resource configuration associated with the first slot. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein determining a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot comprises calculating a second resource within a second resource block based on at least one of a first resource within a first resource block within the first slot or a format of a control channel. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein determining a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot comprises calculating a location of the resource based on an offset from the resource configuration associated with the first slot. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein determining a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot comprises using the resource configuration associated with the first slot for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot. 8. An apparatus for wireless communications, comprising:
a processor configured to:
identify a plurality of slots in a subframe,
receive a resource configuration for an uplink channel, wherein the resource configuration is associated with a first slot of the plurality of slots,
determine a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in a second slot of the plurality of slots, wherein the resource is determined based on the resource configuration associated with the first slot of the plurality of slots, and
transmit the uplink channel in the second slot using the determined resource; and
a memory coupled with the processor. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the uplink channel is associated with a transmission time interval (TTI) duration of a subframe. 10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the uplink channel is associated with a transmission time interval (TTI) duration of a slot of a subframe. 11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the processor is configured to determine a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot by calculating a mirrored location of the resource from the resource configuration associated with the first slot. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the apparatus is configured to determine a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot by calculating a second resource within a resource block based on at least one of a first resource with a first resource block within the first slot or a format of a control channel. 13. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the apparatus is configured to determine a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot by calculating a location of the resource based on an offset from the resource configuration associated with the first slot. 14. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the apparatus is configured to determine a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot by using the resource configuration associated with the first slot for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot. 15. An apparatus for wireless communications by a user equipment (UE), comprising:
means for identifying a plurality of slots in a subframe; means for receiving a resource configuration for an uplink channel, wherein the resource configuration is associated with a first slot of the plurality of slots; means for determining a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in a second slot of the plurality of slots, wherein the resource is determined based on the resource configuration associated with the first slot of the plurality of slots; and means for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot using the determined resource. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the uplink channel is associated with a transmission time interval (TTI) duration of a subframe. 17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the uplink channel is associated with a transmission time interval (TTI) duration of a slot of a subframe. 18. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the means for determining a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot comprises means for calculating a mirrored location of the resource from the resource configuration associated with the first slot. 19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the means for determining a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot comprises means for calculating a second resource within a second resource block based on at least one of a first resource within a first resource block within the first slot or a format of a control channel. 20. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the means for determining a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot comprises means for calculating a location of the resource based on an offset from the resource configuration associated with the first slot. 21. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the means for determining a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot comprises means for using the resource configuration associated with the first slot for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot. 22. A computer-readable medium having instructions stored thereon which, when executed by a processor, performs an operation for wireless communications by a user equipment (UE), comprising:
identifying a plurality of slots in a subframe; receiving a resource configuration for an uplink channel, wherein the resource configuration is associated with a first slot of the plurality of slots; determining a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in a second slot of the plurality of slots, wherein the resource is determined based on the resource configuration associated with the first slot of the plurality of slots; and transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot using the determined resource. 23. The computer-readable medium of claim 22, wherein the uplink channel is associated with a transmission time interval (TTI) duration of a subframe. 24. The computer-readable medium of claim 22, wherein the uplink channel is associated with a transmission time interval (TTI) duration of a slot of a subframe. 25. The computer-readable medium of claim 22, wherein determining a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot comprises calculating a mirrored location of the resource from the resource configuration associated with the first slot. 26. The computer-readable medium of claim 25, wherein determining a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot comprises calculating a second resource within a second resource block based on at least one of a first resource within a first resource block within the first slot or a format of a control channel. 27. The computer-readable medium of claim 22, wherein determining a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot comprises calculating a location of the resource based on an offset from the resource configuration associated with the first slot. 28. The computer-readable medium of claim 22, wherein determining a resource for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot comprises using the resource configuration associated with the first slot for transmitting the uplink channel in the second slot. | 3,600 |
348,754 | 16,806,250 | 3,619 | Systems and methods are provided for production and display of map based slide presentations. The system may provide a map of a geographic region via a map interface and select a portion of the geographic region for creation of a slide. The slide may be created to incorporate all of the data within the selected portion and may be part of a series of slides in a presentation. The user may further provide access controls to data aspects within the slide and the system may use the access controls to regulate display of the slide. | 1. A system for generating a dynamically linked geographical slide presentation, the system comprising:
one or more processors and a memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the system to:
provide map data corresponding to a given geographic region for presentation through an interface;
determine a selection of a portion of the geographic region through the interface, wherein map data corresponding to the selected portion of the geographic region is linked to a geographical data object of a geographic object model defined by a geographic ontology;
generate a first slide of a slide presentation based at least in part on the selection, the first slide including at least a visual representation of the selected portion of the geographic region;
modify the geographical data object; and
automatically update, based on and in response to the modification of the geographical data object of the geographic object model defined by the geographic ontology, the visual representation of the selected portion of the geographic region. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the system is further caused to:
determine one or more access control levels associated with the selected portion of the geographic region; and embed information corresponding to the one or more access control levels into the first slide of the slide presentation. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the system is further caused to:
obtain access levels of potential viewers of the first slide; determine a display status of data of the first slide according to the one or more access control levels; and cause display of the first slide of the slide presentation on a computer display device according to the display status. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein determining a display status further causes the system to:
determine to display first data of the first slide for which the minimum access level among the potential viewers satisfies the access level of the first data; and determine not to display second data of the first slide for which the minimum access level among the potential viewers does not satisfy the access level of the second data. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the geographical data object is modified based on user input. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein to determine the selection of a portion of the geographic region through the interface further causes the system to determine map features to include within the selected portion. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the system is further caused to:
determine a selection of a second portion of the geographic region through the interface; and generate a second slide of the slide presentation based at least in part on the second selection, the second slide including at least a visual representation of the selected portion of the geographic region. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein to generate the first slide of the presentation, the system is further caused to:
generate a slide data object according to selection of the portion of the geographic region, wherein the slide data object references a portion of the map data corresponding to the selection; and link the slide data object to the map data corresponding to the given geographic region at a first slide location corresponding to the selection. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the system is further caused to:
provide the map data corresponding to the given geographic region including a visual representation of the slide data object for presentation through the interface; determine a second selection of a portion of the geographic region through the interface, the second selection including at least the first slide location; and generate a second slide based at least in part on the selection, the second slide including at least a visual representation of the second selected portion of the geographic region and a link to the slide data object. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein map data corresponding to the selected portion of the geographic region includes a visual representation of a map feature linked to the geographical data object including information about the map feature, and wherein the generated first slide of the slide presentation includes a link to the information about the map feature. 11. A method for generating a dynamically linked geographical slide presentation, the method being performed on a computer system having one or more physical processors programmed with computer program instructions that, when executed by the one or more physical processors, cause the computer system to perform the method, the method comprising:
providing, by the computer system, map data corresponding to a given geographic region for presentation through an interface; determining, by the computer system, a selection of a portion of the geographic region through the interface, wherein map data corresponding to the selected portion of the geographic region is linked to a geographical data object of a geographic object model defined by a geographic ontology; generating, by the computer system, a first slide of a slide presentation based at least in part on the selection, the first slide including at least a visual representation of the selected portion of the geographic region; modifying the geographical data object; and automatically updating, based on and in response to the modifying the geographical data object of the geographic object model defined by the geographic ontology, the visual representation of the selected portion of the geographic region. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
determining, by the computer system, one or more access control levels associated with the selected portion of the geographic region; and embedding, by the computer system, information corresponding to the one or more access control levels into the first slide of the slide presentation. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising:
obtaining, by the computer system, access levels of potential viewers of the first slide; determining, by the computer system, a display status of data of the first slide according to the one or more access control levels; and causing, by the computer system, display of the first slide of the slide presentation on a computer display device according to the display status. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein determining the display status further comprises:
determining, by the computer system, to display first data of the first slide for which the minimum access level among the potential viewers satisfies the access level of the first data; and determining, by the computer system, not to display second data of the first slide for which the minimum access level among the potential viewers does not satisfy the access level of the second data. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the geographical data object is modified based on user input. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein determining the selection of a portion of the geographic region through the interface further comprises:
determining, by the computer system, map features to include within the selected portion. 17. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
determining, by the computer system, a selection of a second portion of the geographic region through the interface; and generating, by the computer system, a second slide of the slide presentation based at least in part on the second selection, the second slide including at least a visual representation of the selected portion of the geographic region. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein generating the first slide of the presentation includes:
generating, by the computer system, a slide data object according to selection of the portion of the geographic region, wherein the slide data object references a portion of the map data corresponding to the selection; and linking, by the computer system, the slide data object to the map data corresponding to the given geographic region at a first slide location corresponding to the selection. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
providing, by the computer system, the map data corresponding to the given geographic region including a visual representation of the slide data object for presentation through the interface; determining, by the computer system, a second selection of a portion of the geographic region through the interface, the second selection including at least the first slide location; and generating, by the computer system, a second slide based at least in part on the selection, the second slide including at least a visual representation of the second selected portion of the geographic region and a link to the slide data object. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein map data corresponding to the selected portion of the geographic region includes a visual representation of a map feature linked to the geographical data object including information about the map feature, and wherein the generated first slide of the slide presentation includes a link to the information about the map feature. | Systems and methods are provided for production and display of map based slide presentations. The system may provide a map of a geographic region via a map interface and select a portion of the geographic region for creation of a slide. The slide may be created to incorporate all of the data within the selected portion and may be part of a series of slides in a presentation. The user may further provide access controls to data aspects within the slide and the system may use the access controls to regulate display of the slide.1. A system for generating a dynamically linked geographical slide presentation, the system comprising:
one or more processors and a memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the system to:
provide map data corresponding to a given geographic region for presentation through an interface;
determine a selection of a portion of the geographic region through the interface, wherein map data corresponding to the selected portion of the geographic region is linked to a geographical data object of a geographic object model defined by a geographic ontology;
generate a first slide of a slide presentation based at least in part on the selection, the first slide including at least a visual representation of the selected portion of the geographic region;
modify the geographical data object; and
automatically update, based on and in response to the modification of the geographical data object of the geographic object model defined by the geographic ontology, the visual representation of the selected portion of the geographic region. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the system is further caused to:
determine one or more access control levels associated with the selected portion of the geographic region; and embed information corresponding to the one or more access control levels into the first slide of the slide presentation. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the system is further caused to:
obtain access levels of potential viewers of the first slide; determine a display status of data of the first slide according to the one or more access control levels; and cause display of the first slide of the slide presentation on a computer display device according to the display status. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein determining a display status further causes the system to:
determine to display first data of the first slide for which the minimum access level among the potential viewers satisfies the access level of the first data; and determine not to display second data of the first slide for which the minimum access level among the potential viewers does not satisfy the access level of the second data. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the geographical data object is modified based on user input. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein to determine the selection of a portion of the geographic region through the interface further causes the system to determine map features to include within the selected portion. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the system is further caused to:
determine a selection of a second portion of the geographic region through the interface; and generate a second slide of the slide presentation based at least in part on the second selection, the second slide including at least a visual representation of the selected portion of the geographic region. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein to generate the first slide of the presentation, the system is further caused to:
generate a slide data object according to selection of the portion of the geographic region, wherein the slide data object references a portion of the map data corresponding to the selection; and link the slide data object to the map data corresponding to the given geographic region at a first slide location corresponding to the selection. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the system is further caused to:
provide the map data corresponding to the given geographic region including a visual representation of the slide data object for presentation through the interface; determine a second selection of a portion of the geographic region through the interface, the second selection including at least the first slide location; and generate a second slide based at least in part on the selection, the second slide including at least a visual representation of the second selected portion of the geographic region and a link to the slide data object. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein map data corresponding to the selected portion of the geographic region includes a visual representation of a map feature linked to the geographical data object including information about the map feature, and wherein the generated first slide of the slide presentation includes a link to the information about the map feature. 11. A method for generating a dynamically linked geographical slide presentation, the method being performed on a computer system having one or more physical processors programmed with computer program instructions that, when executed by the one or more physical processors, cause the computer system to perform the method, the method comprising:
providing, by the computer system, map data corresponding to a given geographic region for presentation through an interface; determining, by the computer system, a selection of a portion of the geographic region through the interface, wherein map data corresponding to the selected portion of the geographic region is linked to a geographical data object of a geographic object model defined by a geographic ontology; generating, by the computer system, a first slide of a slide presentation based at least in part on the selection, the first slide including at least a visual representation of the selected portion of the geographic region; modifying the geographical data object; and automatically updating, based on and in response to the modifying the geographical data object of the geographic object model defined by the geographic ontology, the visual representation of the selected portion of the geographic region. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
determining, by the computer system, one or more access control levels associated with the selected portion of the geographic region; and embedding, by the computer system, information corresponding to the one or more access control levels into the first slide of the slide presentation. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising:
obtaining, by the computer system, access levels of potential viewers of the first slide; determining, by the computer system, a display status of data of the first slide according to the one or more access control levels; and causing, by the computer system, display of the first slide of the slide presentation on a computer display device according to the display status. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein determining the display status further comprises:
determining, by the computer system, to display first data of the first slide for which the minimum access level among the potential viewers satisfies the access level of the first data; and determining, by the computer system, not to display second data of the first slide for which the minimum access level among the potential viewers does not satisfy the access level of the second data. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the geographical data object is modified based on user input. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein determining the selection of a portion of the geographic region through the interface further comprises:
determining, by the computer system, map features to include within the selected portion. 17. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
determining, by the computer system, a selection of a second portion of the geographic region through the interface; and generating, by the computer system, a second slide of the slide presentation based at least in part on the second selection, the second slide including at least a visual representation of the selected portion of the geographic region. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein generating the first slide of the presentation includes:
generating, by the computer system, a slide data object according to selection of the portion of the geographic region, wherein the slide data object references a portion of the map data corresponding to the selection; and linking, by the computer system, the slide data object to the map data corresponding to the given geographic region at a first slide location corresponding to the selection. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
providing, by the computer system, the map data corresponding to the given geographic region including a visual representation of the slide data object for presentation through the interface; determining, by the computer system, a second selection of a portion of the geographic region through the interface, the second selection including at least the first slide location; and generating, by the computer system, a second slide based at least in part on the selection, the second slide including at least a visual representation of the second selected portion of the geographic region and a link to the slide data object. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein map data corresponding to the selected portion of the geographic region includes a visual representation of a map feature linked to the geographical data object including information about the map feature, and wherein the generated first slide of the slide presentation includes a link to the information about the map feature. | 3,600 |
348,755 | 16,806,274 | 3,619 | A controller of an HVAC system is communicatively coupled to a liquid-side sensor and a shutoff switch. The controller stores measurements of a liquid-side property over an initial period of time. The controller detects that the shutoff switch is tripped at a first time stamp corresponding to an end of the initial period of time. The controller accesses the measurements of the liquid-side property. The controller determines, based on the measurements of the liquid-side property, whether the liquid-side property has an increasing or a decreasing trend. In response to determining that the liquid-side property has the decreasing trend, a malfunction of a blower of the system is determined to have caused the shutoff switch to trip. In response to determining that the liquid-side property has the increasing trend, a blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem is determined to have caused the shutoff switch to trip. | 1. A heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system comprising:
a refrigerant conduit subsystem configured to allow a flow of refrigerant through the HVAC system; a compressor configured to receive refrigerant and direct the refrigerant to flow through a refrigerant conduit subsystem; an evaporator configured to receive the refrigerant and allow heat transfer between the refrigerant and a flow air across the evaporator; a blower configured to provide the flow of air across the evaporator; a suction-side sensor positioned and configured to measure a suction-side property associated with refrigerant provided to an inlet of the compressor; a shutoff switch communicatively coupled to the suction-side sensor and configured to be tripped and automatically stop operation of the compressor and blower in response to determining that the suction-side property is less than a predefined minimum value; a liquid-side sensor positioned and configured to measure a liquid-side property associated with the refrigerant provided from an outlet of the compressor; and a controller communicatively coupled to the shutoff switch and the liquid-side sensor, the controller configured to:
store measurements of the liquid-side property over an initial period of time;
detect that the shutoff switch is tripped at a first time stamp corresponding to an end of the initial period of time;
access the measurements of the liquid-side property;
determine, based on the measurements of the liquid-side property, whether the liquid-side property has an increasing or a decreasing trend;
in response to determining that the liquid-side property has the decreasing trend, determine that a malfunction of the blower caused the shutoff switch to trip; and
in response to determining that the liquid-side property has the increasing trend, determine that a blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem caused the shutoff switch to trip. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the suction-side property is a suction-side pressure of the refrigerant measured at a position proximate the inlet of the compressor and the liquid-side property is a liquid-side pressure of the refrigerant measured at a position proximate the outlet of the compressor. 3. The system of claim 1, the controller further configured to determine whether the liquid-side property has the increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a first rate of change of the liquid-side property over a period of time; in response to determining that the first rate of change is positive and is greater than a first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has the increasing trend; in response to determining that the first rate of change is positive and is not greater than the first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property does not have the increasing trend; in response to determining the first rate of change is negative and is less than a second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has the decreasing trend; and in response to determining that the first rate of change is negative and is not less than the second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property does not have the decreasing trend. 4. The system of claim 1, the controller further configured to determine whether the liquid-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a first value of the liquid-side property at a first time stamp; determining a second value of the liquid-side property at a second time stamp, wherein the second time stamp corresponds to a predefined time after the first time stamp; determining a difference between the second value and the first value; in response to determining that the difference is positive and greater than a first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has the increasing trend; and in response to determining that the liquid-side difference is negative and less than a second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has the decreasing trend. 5. The system of claim 1, the controller further configured to determine whether the liquid-side property has the increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining, for each of at least three sequential intervals of time, a first value of the liquid-side property at a start of the interval of time; determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a second value of the liquid-side property at an end of the interval of time; determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a difference between the second value and the first value; in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the liquid-side difference is positive and is greater than a first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has the increasing trend; and in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the liquid-side difference is negative and is less than a second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has the decreasing trend. 6. The system of claim 1, the controller further configured to:
in response to determining that the blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem caused the shutoff switch to trip, provide an alert indicating a presence of the blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem; in response to determining that the malfunction of the blower caused the shutoff switch to trip, provide an alert indicating the malfunction of the blower. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the malfunction of the blower corresponds to the flow air provided by the blower being less than a minimum flow rate. 8. A method of operating a heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system, the method comprising:
storing measurements of a liquid-side property over an initial period of time, wherein the liquid-side property is associated with refrigerant provided from an outlet of a compressor of the HVAC system; detecting that a shutoff switch is tripped at a first time stamp corresponding to an end of the initial period of time, wherein the shutoff switch is configured to be tripped and automatically stop operation of the compressor and a blower of the HVAC system in response to determining that a suction-side property is less than a predefined minimum value, wherein the suction-side property is associated with the refrigerant provided to an inlet of the compressor; accessing the measurements of the liquid-side property; determining, based on the measurements of the liquid-side property, whether the liquid-side property has an increasing or a decreasing trend; in response to determining that the liquid-side property has the decreasing trend, determining that a malfunction of the blower caused the shutoff switch to trip; and in response to determining that the liquid-side property has the increasing trend, determining that a blockage of a refrigerant conduit subsystem of the HVAC system caused the shutoff switch to trip. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the suction-side property is a suction-side pressure of the refrigerant measured at a position proximate the inlet of the compressor and the liquid-side property is a liquid-side pressure of the refrigerant measured at a position proximate the outlet of the compressor. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising determining whether the liquid-side property has the increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a first rate of change of the liquid-side property over a period of time; in response to determining that the first rate of change is positive and is greater than a first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has the increasing trend; in response to determining that the first rate of change is positive and is not greater than the first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property does not have the increasing trend; in response to determining the first rate of change is negative and is less than a second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has the decreasing trend; and in response to determining that the first rate of change is negative and is not less than the second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property does not have the decreasing trend. 11. The method of claim 8, further comprising determining whether the liquid-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a first value of the liquid-side property at a first time stamp; determining a second value of the liquid-side property at a second time stamp, wherein the second time stamp corresponds to a predefined time after the first time stamp; determining a difference between the second value and the first value; in response to determining that the difference is positive and greater than a first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has the increasing trend; and in response to determining that the liquid-side difference is negative and less than a second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has the decreasing trend. 12. The method of claim 8, further comprising determining whether the liquid-side property has the increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining, for each of at least three sequential intervals of time, a first value of the liquid-side property at a start of the interval of time; determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a second value of the liquid-side property at an end of the interval of time; determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a difference between the second value and the first value; in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the liquid-side difference is positive and is greater than a first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has the increasing trend; and in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the liquid-side difference is negative and is less than a second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has the decreasing trend. 13. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
in response to determining that the blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem caused the shutoff switch to trip, providing an alert indicating a presence of the blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem; in response to determining that the malfunction of the blower caused the shutoff switch to trip, provide an alert indicating the malfunction of the blower. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the malfunction of the blower corresponds to a flow of air provided by the blower being less than a minimum flow rate. 15. A controller of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system, the controller comprising:
an input/output interface configured communicatively couple the controller to:
a shutoff switch configured to be tripped and automatically stop operation of a compressor and a blower of the HVAC system in response to determining that a suction-side property is less than a predefined minimum value, wherein the suction-side property is associated with refrigerant provided to an inlet of the compressor; and
a liquid-side sensor positioned and configured to measure a liquid-side property associated with the refrigerant provided from an outlet of the compressor; and
a processor, coupled to the input/output interface, the processor configured to:
store measurements of the liquid-side property over an initial period of time;
detect that the shutoff switch is tripped at a first time stamp corresponding to an end of the initial period of time;
access the measurements of the liquid-side property;
determine, based on the measurements of the liquid-side property, whether the liquid-side property has an increasing or a decreasing trend;
in response to determining that the liquid-side property has the decreasing trend, determine that a malfunction of the blower caused the shutoff switch to trip; and
in response to determining that the liquid-side property has the increasing trend, determine that a blockage of a refrigerant conduit subsystem of the HVAC system caused the shutoff switch to trip. 16. The controller of claim 15, wherein the suction-side property is a suction-side pressure of the refrigerant measured at a position proximate the inlet of the compressor and the liquid-side property is a liquid-side pressure of the refrigerant measured at a position proximate the outlet of the compressor. 17. The controller of claim 15, the processor further configured to determine whether the liquid-side property has the increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a first rate of change of the liquid-side property over a period of time; in response to determining that the first rate of change is positive and is greater than a first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has the increasing trend; in response to determining that the first rate of change is positive and is not greater than the first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property does not have the increasing trend; in response to determining the first rate of change is negative and is less than a second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has the decreasing trend; and in response to determining that the first rate of change is negative and is not less than the second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property does not have the decreasing trend. 18. The controller of claim 15, the processor further configured to determine whether the liquid-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a first value of the liquid-side property at a first time stamp; determining a second value of the liquid-side property at a second time stamp, wherein the second time stamp corresponds to a predefined time after the first time stamp; determining a difference between the second value and the first value; in response to determining that the difference is positive and greater than a first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has the increasing trend; and in response to determining that the liquid-side difference is negative and less than a second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has the decreasing trend. 19. The controller of claim 15, the processor further configured to determine whether the liquid-side property has the increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining, for each of at least three sequential intervals of time, a first value of the liquid-side property at a start of the interval of time; determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a second value of the liquid-side property at an end of the interval of time; determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a difference between the second value and the first value; in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the liquid-side difference is positive and is greater than a first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has the increasing trend; and in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the liquid-side difference is negative and is less than a second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has the decreasing trend. 20. The controller of claim 15, the processor further configured to:
in response to determining that the blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem caused the shutoff switch to trip, provide an alert indicating a presence of the blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem; in response to determining that the malfunction of the blower caused the shutoff switch to trip, provide an alert indicating the malfunction of the blower. | A controller of an HVAC system is communicatively coupled to a liquid-side sensor and a shutoff switch. The controller stores measurements of a liquid-side property over an initial period of time. The controller detects that the shutoff switch is tripped at a first time stamp corresponding to an end of the initial period of time. The controller accesses the measurements of the liquid-side property. The controller determines, based on the measurements of the liquid-side property, whether the liquid-side property has an increasing or a decreasing trend. In response to determining that the liquid-side property has the decreasing trend, a malfunction of a blower of the system is determined to have caused the shutoff switch to trip. In response to determining that the liquid-side property has the increasing trend, a blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem is determined to have caused the shutoff switch to trip.1. A heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system comprising:
a refrigerant conduit subsystem configured to allow a flow of refrigerant through the HVAC system; a compressor configured to receive refrigerant and direct the refrigerant to flow through a refrigerant conduit subsystem; an evaporator configured to receive the refrigerant and allow heat transfer between the refrigerant and a flow air across the evaporator; a blower configured to provide the flow of air across the evaporator; a suction-side sensor positioned and configured to measure a suction-side property associated with refrigerant provided to an inlet of the compressor; a shutoff switch communicatively coupled to the suction-side sensor and configured to be tripped and automatically stop operation of the compressor and blower in response to determining that the suction-side property is less than a predefined minimum value; a liquid-side sensor positioned and configured to measure a liquid-side property associated with the refrigerant provided from an outlet of the compressor; and a controller communicatively coupled to the shutoff switch and the liquid-side sensor, the controller configured to:
store measurements of the liquid-side property over an initial period of time;
detect that the shutoff switch is tripped at a first time stamp corresponding to an end of the initial period of time;
access the measurements of the liquid-side property;
determine, based on the measurements of the liquid-side property, whether the liquid-side property has an increasing or a decreasing trend;
in response to determining that the liquid-side property has the decreasing trend, determine that a malfunction of the blower caused the shutoff switch to trip; and
in response to determining that the liquid-side property has the increasing trend, determine that a blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem caused the shutoff switch to trip. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the suction-side property is a suction-side pressure of the refrigerant measured at a position proximate the inlet of the compressor and the liquid-side property is a liquid-side pressure of the refrigerant measured at a position proximate the outlet of the compressor. 3. The system of claim 1, the controller further configured to determine whether the liquid-side property has the increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a first rate of change of the liquid-side property over a period of time; in response to determining that the first rate of change is positive and is greater than a first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has the increasing trend; in response to determining that the first rate of change is positive and is not greater than the first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property does not have the increasing trend; in response to determining the first rate of change is negative and is less than a second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has the decreasing trend; and in response to determining that the first rate of change is negative and is not less than the second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property does not have the decreasing trend. 4. The system of claim 1, the controller further configured to determine whether the liquid-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a first value of the liquid-side property at a first time stamp; determining a second value of the liquid-side property at a second time stamp, wherein the second time stamp corresponds to a predefined time after the first time stamp; determining a difference between the second value and the first value; in response to determining that the difference is positive and greater than a first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has the increasing trend; and in response to determining that the liquid-side difference is negative and less than a second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has the decreasing trend. 5. The system of claim 1, the controller further configured to determine whether the liquid-side property has the increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining, for each of at least three sequential intervals of time, a first value of the liquid-side property at a start of the interval of time; determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a second value of the liquid-side property at an end of the interval of time; determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a difference between the second value and the first value; in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the liquid-side difference is positive and is greater than a first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has the increasing trend; and in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the liquid-side difference is negative and is less than a second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has the decreasing trend. 6. The system of claim 1, the controller further configured to:
in response to determining that the blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem caused the shutoff switch to trip, provide an alert indicating a presence of the blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem; in response to determining that the malfunction of the blower caused the shutoff switch to trip, provide an alert indicating the malfunction of the blower. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the malfunction of the blower corresponds to the flow air provided by the blower being less than a minimum flow rate. 8. A method of operating a heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system, the method comprising:
storing measurements of a liquid-side property over an initial period of time, wherein the liquid-side property is associated with refrigerant provided from an outlet of a compressor of the HVAC system; detecting that a shutoff switch is tripped at a first time stamp corresponding to an end of the initial period of time, wherein the shutoff switch is configured to be tripped and automatically stop operation of the compressor and a blower of the HVAC system in response to determining that a suction-side property is less than a predefined minimum value, wherein the suction-side property is associated with the refrigerant provided to an inlet of the compressor; accessing the measurements of the liquid-side property; determining, based on the measurements of the liquid-side property, whether the liquid-side property has an increasing or a decreasing trend; in response to determining that the liquid-side property has the decreasing trend, determining that a malfunction of the blower caused the shutoff switch to trip; and in response to determining that the liquid-side property has the increasing trend, determining that a blockage of a refrigerant conduit subsystem of the HVAC system caused the shutoff switch to trip. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the suction-side property is a suction-side pressure of the refrigerant measured at a position proximate the inlet of the compressor and the liquid-side property is a liquid-side pressure of the refrigerant measured at a position proximate the outlet of the compressor. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising determining whether the liquid-side property has the increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a first rate of change of the liquid-side property over a period of time; in response to determining that the first rate of change is positive and is greater than a first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has the increasing trend; in response to determining that the first rate of change is positive and is not greater than the first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property does not have the increasing trend; in response to determining the first rate of change is negative and is less than a second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has the decreasing trend; and in response to determining that the first rate of change is negative and is not less than the second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property does not have the decreasing trend. 11. The method of claim 8, further comprising determining whether the liquid-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a first value of the liquid-side property at a first time stamp; determining a second value of the liquid-side property at a second time stamp, wherein the second time stamp corresponds to a predefined time after the first time stamp; determining a difference between the second value and the first value; in response to determining that the difference is positive and greater than a first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has the increasing trend; and in response to determining that the liquid-side difference is negative and less than a second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has the decreasing trend. 12. The method of claim 8, further comprising determining whether the liquid-side property has the increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining, for each of at least three sequential intervals of time, a first value of the liquid-side property at a start of the interval of time; determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a second value of the liquid-side property at an end of the interval of time; determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a difference between the second value and the first value; in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the liquid-side difference is positive and is greater than a first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has the increasing trend; and in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the liquid-side difference is negative and is less than a second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has the decreasing trend. 13. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
in response to determining that the blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem caused the shutoff switch to trip, providing an alert indicating a presence of the blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem; in response to determining that the malfunction of the blower caused the shutoff switch to trip, provide an alert indicating the malfunction of the blower. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the malfunction of the blower corresponds to a flow of air provided by the blower being less than a minimum flow rate. 15. A controller of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system, the controller comprising:
an input/output interface configured communicatively couple the controller to:
a shutoff switch configured to be tripped and automatically stop operation of a compressor and a blower of the HVAC system in response to determining that a suction-side property is less than a predefined minimum value, wherein the suction-side property is associated with refrigerant provided to an inlet of the compressor; and
a liquid-side sensor positioned and configured to measure a liquid-side property associated with the refrigerant provided from an outlet of the compressor; and
a processor, coupled to the input/output interface, the processor configured to:
store measurements of the liquid-side property over an initial period of time;
detect that the shutoff switch is tripped at a first time stamp corresponding to an end of the initial period of time;
access the measurements of the liquid-side property;
determine, based on the measurements of the liquid-side property, whether the liquid-side property has an increasing or a decreasing trend;
in response to determining that the liquid-side property has the decreasing trend, determine that a malfunction of the blower caused the shutoff switch to trip; and
in response to determining that the liquid-side property has the increasing trend, determine that a blockage of a refrigerant conduit subsystem of the HVAC system caused the shutoff switch to trip. 16. The controller of claim 15, wherein the suction-side property is a suction-side pressure of the refrigerant measured at a position proximate the inlet of the compressor and the liquid-side property is a liquid-side pressure of the refrigerant measured at a position proximate the outlet of the compressor. 17. The controller of claim 15, the processor further configured to determine whether the liquid-side property has the increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a first rate of change of the liquid-side property over a period of time; in response to determining that the first rate of change is positive and is greater than a first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has the increasing trend; in response to determining that the first rate of change is positive and is not greater than the first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property does not have the increasing trend; in response to determining the first rate of change is negative and is less than a second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has the decreasing trend; and in response to determining that the first rate of change is negative and is not less than the second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property does not have the decreasing trend. 18. The controller of claim 15, the processor further configured to determine whether the liquid-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a first value of the liquid-side property at a first time stamp; determining a second value of the liquid-side property at a second time stamp, wherein the second time stamp corresponds to a predefined time after the first time stamp; determining a difference between the second value and the first value; in response to determining that the difference is positive and greater than a first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has the increasing trend; and in response to determining that the liquid-side difference is negative and less than a second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has the decreasing trend. 19. The controller of claim 15, the processor further configured to determine whether the liquid-side property has the increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining, for each of at least three sequential intervals of time, a first value of the liquid-side property at a start of the interval of time; determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a second value of the liquid-side property at an end of the interval of time; determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a difference between the second value and the first value; in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the liquid-side difference is positive and is greater than a first threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has the increasing trend; and in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the liquid-side difference is negative and is less than a second threshold value, determining that the liquid-side property has the decreasing trend. 20. The controller of claim 15, the processor further configured to:
in response to determining that the blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem caused the shutoff switch to trip, provide an alert indicating a presence of the blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem; in response to determining that the malfunction of the blower caused the shutoff switch to trip, provide an alert indicating the malfunction of the blower. | 3,600 |
348,756 | 16,806,286 | 3,619 | A method of processing images captured using an endoscope comprising a camera is disclosed. According to this method, regular images captured by the camera are received while the endoscope is maneuvered by an operator to travel through a human gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The regular images are mosaicked to determine any missed or insufficiently imaged area in a section of the human GI tract already travelled by the endoscope. If any missed or insufficiently imaged area is detected, information regarding any missed or insufficiently imaged area is provided to the operator. | 1. A method of processing images captured using an endoscope comprising a camera, the method comprising:
receiving regular images captured by the camera while the endoscope is maneuvered by an operator to travel through a human anatomical lumen; mosaicking the regular images to determine any missed area in a section of the human anatomical lumen travelled by the endoscope; and if any missed area is detected, providing information regarding any missed area to the operator. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving structured light images associated with the regular images from the camera; and deriving distance information of the regular images based on the structured light images; wherein the structured light images are captured by the camera while the endoscope is maneuvered by the operator to travel through the human anatomical lumen. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the distance information of the regular images is used to assist said mosaicking the regular images. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the regular images are normalized according to the distance information of the regular images and optical magnification information to facilitate said mosaicking the regular images. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the distance information is used to determine whether a target area in one regular image is out of focus or not and if the target area is out of focus in all regular images covering the target area, information of the target area is provided to the operator. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the endoscope further comprises a motion sensing device to measure camera motion inside the human anatomical lumen. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the motion sensing device corresponds to an accelerometer or a gyrator. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the motion sensing device is used to determine camera movement, camera trajectory, camera orientation or any combination thereof. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein said mosaicking the regular images is performed in a space based on the camera trajectory. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said providing the information regarding any missed area to the operator comprises displaying the regular images with highlight on any missed area. 11. The method of claim 1 further comprising generating a 2D or 3D mosaicked image and displaying the 2D or 3D mosaicked image on a display device with any missed area highlighted. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the endoscope further comprises a motion sensing device to measure camera motion inside the human anatomical lumen. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the motion sensing device corresponds to an accelerometer or a gyrator. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the motion sensing device is used to determine camera movement, camera trajectory, camera orientation or any combination thereof. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein said mosaicking the regular images is performed in a space based on the camera trajectory. 16. The method of claim 1 further comprising generating a 2D or 3D mosaicked image and storing the 2D or 3D mosaicked image. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein information of the 2D or 3D mosaicked image stored is used by the operator during withdraw process of the endoscope to re-image any missed area. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein information of the 2D or 3D mosaicked image stored is used in a subsequent colonoscopy of a same patient. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein a target area in the regular images is lack of parallax, the target area is determined as one missed area. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein a target area in the regular images is lack of a surface area in mosaicked result, the target area is determined as one missed area. 21. The method of claim 1 further comprises deriving camera position, camera movement, camera orientation or a combination thereof inside the human anatomical lumen by using motion estimation based on the regular images. 22. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having stored thereon a computer-readable code executable by a processor to cause the processor to:
receive regular images captured by a camera while an endoscope is maneuvered by an operator to travel through a human anatomical lumen; mosaic the regular images to determine any missed area in a section of the human anatomical lumen travelled by the endoscope; and if any missed area is detected, provide information regarding any missed area to the operator. | A method of processing images captured using an endoscope comprising a camera is disclosed. According to this method, regular images captured by the camera are received while the endoscope is maneuvered by an operator to travel through a human gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The regular images are mosaicked to determine any missed or insufficiently imaged area in a section of the human GI tract already travelled by the endoscope. If any missed or insufficiently imaged area is detected, information regarding any missed or insufficiently imaged area is provided to the operator.1. A method of processing images captured using an endoscope comprising a camera, the method comprising:
receiving regular images captured by the camera while the endoscope is maneuvered by an operator to travel through a human anatomical lumen; mosaicking the regular images to determine any missed area in a section of the human anatomical lumen travelled by the endoscope; and if any missed area is detected, providing information regarding any missed area to the operator. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving structured light images associated with the regular images from the camera; and deriving distance information of the regular images based on the structured light images; wherein the structured light images are captured by the camera while the endoscope is maneuvered by the operator to travel through the human anatomical lumen. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the distance information of the regular images is used to assist said mosaicking the regular images. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the regular images are normalized according to the distance information of the regular images and optical magnification information to facilitate said mosaicking the regular images. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the distance information is used to determine whether a target area in one regular image is out of focus or not and if the target area is out of focus in all regular images covering the target area, information of the target area is provided to the operator. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the endoscope further comprises a motion sensing device to measure camera motion inside the human anatomical lumen. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the motion sensing device corresponds to an accelerometer or a gyrator. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the motion sensing device is used to determine camera movement, camera trajectory, camera orientation or any combination thereof. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein said mosaicking the regular images is performed in a space based on the camera trajectory. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said providing the information regarding any missed area to the operator comprises displaying the regular images with highlight on any missed area. 11. The method of claim 1 further comprising generating a 2D or 3D mosaicked image and displaying the 2D or 3D mosaicked image on a display device with any missed area highlighted. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the endoscope further comprises a motion sensing device to measure camera motion inside the human anatomical lumen. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the motion sensing device corresponds to an accelerometer or a gyrator. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the motion sensing device is used to determine camera movement, camera trajectory, camera orientation or any combination thereof. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein said mosaicking the regular images is performed in a space based on the camera trajectory. 16. The method of claim 1 further comprising generating a 2D or 3D mosaicked image and storing the 2D or 3D mosaicked image. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein information of the 2D or 3D mosaicked image stored is used by the operator during withdraw process of the endoscope to re-image any missed area. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein information of the 2D or 3D mosaicked image stored is used in a subsequent colonoscopy of a same patient. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein a target area in the regular images is lack of parallax, the target area is determined as one missed area. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein a target area in the regular images is lack of a surface area in mosaicked result, the target area is determined as one missed area. 21. The method of claim 1 further comprises deriving camera position, camera movement, camera orientation or a combination thereof inside the human anatomical lumen by using motion estimation based on the regular images. 22. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having stored thereon a computer-readable code executable by a processor to cause the processor to:
receive regular images captured by a camera while an endoscope is maneuvered by an operator to travel through a human anatomical lumen; mosaic the regular images to determine any missed area in a section of the human anatomical lumen travelled by the endoscope; and if any missed area is detected, provide information regarding any missed area to the operator. | 3,600 |
348,757 | 16,806,279 | 3,619 | A display apparatus including a display unit, a control apparatus, and a method are provided. The display apparatus includes a controller is configured to obtain a status signal from the control apparatus, to select, based on the obtained status signal, a mode from among a user interface (UI) display limit mode and a UI display mode, wherein the UI display limit mode limits displaying a UI to control an output from the display apparatus on the display unit and the UI display mode does not limit displaying the UI on the display unit, and to operate the display unit in the selected mode. | 1. An electronic apparatus comprising:
a display; a communication circuitry; a controller configured to:
transmit, to a display apparatus, a status signal indicating whether a control function is activated; and
control, based on the status signal, the display to output a user interface (UI) that controls an output from the display apparatus. 2. The electronic apparatus of claim 1, further comprising an input interface that receives, from a user, a control signal to manipulate the display apparatus, and
wherein the communication circuitry is further configured to transmit the control signal to the display apparatus. 3. The electronic apparatus of claim 2, wherein whether the control function is activated is determined according to an on or off status of the display. 4. The electronic apparatus of claim 3, wherein the display is configured to be turned off according to a command of the user that is input via the input interface, or is configured to be turned off if the electronic apparatus does not receive an input from the user via the input interface for a predefined time period. 5. The electronic apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a memory that stores information for outputting the UI. 6. An operating method of an electronic apparatus, comprising:
transmitting, to a display apparatus, a status signal indicating whether a control function is activated; and based on the status signal, controlling a display of the electronic apparatus to output a user interface (UI) that controls an output from the display apparatus. 7. The operating method of claim 6, further comprising:
receiving, via an input interface, from a user, a control signal to manipulate the display apparatus, and transmitting the control signal to the display apparatus. 8. The operating method of claim 7, wherein whether the control function is activated is determined according to an on or off status of the display. 9. The operating method of claim 8, wherein the display is configured to be turned off according to a command of the user that is input via the input interface, or is configured to be turned off if the electronic apparatus does not receive an input from the user via the input interface for a predefined time period. 10. The operating method of claim 6, further comprising storing information for outputting the UI in a memory. 11. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium having recorded thereon a program for executing an operating method of an electronic apparatus, the operating method comprising:
transmitting, to a display apparatus, a status signal indicating whether a control function is activated; and based on the status signal, controlling a display of the electronic apparatus to output a user interface (UI) that controls an output from the display apparatus. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable recording medium of claim 11, the operating method further comprising:
receiving, via an input interface, from a user, a control signal to manipulate the display apparatus, and transmitting the control signal to the display apparatus. 13. The non-transitory computer-readable recording medium of claim 12, wherein whether the control function is activated is determined according to an on or off status of the display. 14. The non-transitory computer-readable recording medium of claim 13, wherein the display is configured to be turned off according to a command of the user that is input via the input interface, or is configured to be turned off if the electronic apparatus does not receive an input from the user via the input interface for a predefined time period. 15. The non-transitory computer-readable recording medium of claim 11, the operating method further comprising: storing information for outputting the UI in a memory. | A display apparatus including a display unit, a control apparatus, and a method are provided. The display apparatus includes a controller is configured to obtain a status signal from the control apparatus, to select, based on the obtained status signal, a mode from among a user interface (UI) display limit mode and a UI display mode, wherein the UI display limit mode limits displaying a UI to control an output from the display apparatus on the display unit and the UI display mode does not limit displaying the UI on the display unit, and to operate the display unit in the selected mode.1. An electronic apparatus comprising:
a display; a communication circuitry; a controller configured to:
transmit, to a display apparatus, a status signal indicating whether a control function is activated; and
control, based on the status signal, the display to output a user interface (UI) that controls an output from the display apparatus. 2. The electronic apparatus of claim 1, further comprising an input interface that receives, from a user, a control signal to manipulate the display apparatus, and
wherein the communication circuitry is further configured to transmit the control signal to the display apparatus. 3. The electronic apparatus of claim 2, wherein whether the control function is activated is determined according to an on or off status of the display. 4. The electronic apparatus of claim 3, wherein the display is configured to be turned off according to a command of the user that is input via the input interface, or is configured to be turned off if the electronic apparatus does not receive an input from the user via the input interface for a predefined time period. 5. The electronic apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a memory that stores information for outputting the UI. 6. An operating method of an electronic apparatus, comprising:
transmitting, to a display apparatus, a status signal indicating whether a control function is activated; and based on the status signal, controlling a display of the electronic apparatus to output a user interface (UI) that controls an output from the display apparatus. 7. The operating method of claim 6, further comprising:
receiving, via an input interface, from a user, a control signal to manipulate the display apparatus, and transmitting the control signal to the display apparatus. 8. The operating method of claim 7, wherein whether the control function is activated is determined according to an on or off status of the display. 9. The operating method of claim 8, wherein the display is configured to be turned off according to a command of the user that is input via the input interface, or is configured to be turned off if the electronic apparatus does not receive an input from the user via the input interface for a predefined time period. 10. The operating method of claim 6, further comprising storing information for outputting the UI in a memory. 11. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium having recorded thereon a program for executing an operating method of an electronic apparatus, the operating method comprising:
transmitting, to a display apparatus, a status signal indicating whether a control function is activated; and based on the status signal, controlling a display of the electronic apparatus to output a user interface (UI) that controls an output from the display apparatus. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable recording medium of claim 11, the operating method further comprising:
receiving, via an input interface, from a user, a control signal to manipulate the display apparatus, and transmitting the control signal to the display apparatus. 13. The non-transitory computer-readable recording medium of claim 12, wherein whether the control function is activated is determined according to an on or off status of the display. 14. The non-transitory computer-readable recording medium of claim 13, wherein the display is configured to be turned off according to a command of the user that is input via the input interface, or is configured to be turned off if the electronic apparatus does not receive an input from the user via the input interface for a predefined time period. 15. The non-transitory computer-readable recording medium of claim 11, the operating method further comprising: storing information for outputting the UI in a memory. | 3,600 |
348,758 | 16,806,265 | 3,619 | A silicon carbide power device controlled by a driver and comprises a gate-to-source voltage and a source voltage, wherein the source voltage decreases according to an increase of the gate-to-source voltage, or the source voltage increases according to a decrease of the gate-to-source voltage. Thus, a spike caused by a change of the gate-to-source voltage is suppressed, thereby suppressing the crosstalk phenomenon of the silicon carbide power device. | 1. A method for controlling a silicon carbide power device, the method comprising the following steps:
providing a silicon carbide power device which is controlled by a driver, wherein the silicon carbide power device has a gate-to-source voltage and a source voltage, and the source voltage has at least a high level, a low level, and an intermediate level between the high level and the low level; and alternately outputting an upper bridge trigger signal and a lower bridge trigger signal by the driver to a gate of the silicon carbide power device, wherein when the gate-to-source voltage increases according to the upper bridge trigger signal or the lower bridge trigger signal, the source voltage decreases temporarily for a duration from the intermediate level to the low level or from the high level to the intermediate level, and when the gate-to-source voltage decreases according to the upper bridge trigger signal or the lower bridge trigger signal, the source voltage increases temporarily for a duration from the low level to the intermediate level or from the intermediate level to the high level, wherein a delay to a delay circuit of the driver occurs and the delay is the temporary duration of the decreasing of the source voltage or the temporary duration of the increasing of the source voltage. 2-7. (canceled) | A silicon carbide power device controlled by a driver and comprises a gate-to-source voltage and a source voltage, wherein the source voltage decreases according to an increase of the gate-to-source voltage, or the source voltage increases according to a decrease of the gate-to-source voltage. Thus, a spike caused by a change of the gate-to-source voltage is suppressed, thereby suppressing the crosstalk phenomenon of the silicon carbide power device.1. A method for controlling a silicon carbide power device, the method comprising the following steps:
providing a silicon carbide power device which is controlled by a driver, wherein the silicon carbide power device has a gate-to-source voltage and a source voltage, and the source voltage has at least a high level, a low level, and an intermediate level between the high level and the low level; and alternately outputting an upper bridge trigger signal and a lower bridge trigger signal by the driver to a gate of the silicon carbide power device, wherein when the gate-to-source voltage increases according to the upper bridge trigger signal or the lower bridge trigger signal, the source voltage decreases temporarily for a duration from the intermediate level to the low level or from the high level to the intermediate level, and when the gate-to-source voltage decreases according to the upper bridge trigger signal or the lower bridge trigger signal, the source voltage increases temporarily for a duration from the low level to the intermediate level or from the intermediate level to the high level, wherein a delay to a delay circuit of the driver occurs and the delay is the temporary duration of the decreasing of the source voltage or the temporary duration of the increasing of the source voltage. 2-7. (canceled) | 3,600 |
348,759 | 16,806,252 | 3,619 | Surgical methods involving cutting and sealing tissue include affixing a first adjunct material to tissue at a treatment site, such as by stapling the adjunct to tissue. A second adjunct material is applied to at least a portion of the first adjunct material such that the second adjunct material interacts with the first adjunct material to form a seal in an area of the tissue covered by at least one of the first and the second adjunct material. The resulting tissue sealing structure, which includes a combination of the two adjuncts, is believed to be superior to the sealing properties of either adjunct alone. | 1. A staple cartridge for use with a surgical stapler, comprising:
a cartridge body having a plurality of staples disposed therein, the plurality of staples being configured to be deployed into tissue; and an adjunct configured to be releasably retained on the cartridge body, wherein the staples are deployable through the adjunct into tissue captured against the adjunct, and wherein the adjunct comprises:
a first support layer that includes first fibers made of a first bioabsorbable polymer and second fibers made of a second bioabsorbable polymer,
a second support layer that is configured to releasably retain the adjunct on the cartridge body and includes the first and second fibers of the first support layer, and
a core layer formed of the second fibers that are non-bonded and slidably interconnected to the first fibers of the first and second support layers such that the second fibers are substantially vertically oriented within the core layer;
wherein each first fiber has a fiber diameter that is less than a fiber diameter of each second fiber, and wherein the core layer has a weave density that is less than a weave density of at least one of the first and second support layer. 2. The staple cartridge of claim 1, wherein the first support layer includes third fibers made of a third bioabsorbable polymer that degrades at a rate greater than that of at least the first bioabsorbable polymer. 3. The staple cartridge of claim 2, wherein each third fiber has a fiber diameter that is less than the fiber diameter of each first and second fibers. 4. The staple cartridge of claim 1, wherein the first bioabsorbable polymer is formed of at least one of poly-L-lactic acid, a copolymer of glycolide and L-lactide, a copolymer of glycolic acid and lactic acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), poly(lactic acid), polyglycolide, and a copolymer of glycolide, caprolactone, trimethylene carbonate, and lactide. 5. The staple cartridge of claim 1, wherein the second bioabsorbable polymer is formed of at least one of polydioxanone, a copolymer of polydioxanone and polyglycolide, a copolymer of lactide and polycaprolactone), a copolymer of glycolide, dioxanone, and trimethylene carbonate, polyhydroxyalkanoate, and polyglyconate. 6. The staple cartridge of claim 1, wherein the adjunct is configured to apply a pressure of at least 3 gf/mm2 to the captured tissue for at least 3 days when the adjunct is stapled thereto. 7. A staple cartridge for use with a surgical stapler, comprising:
a cartridge body having a plurality of staples disposed therein, the plurality of staples being configured to be deployed into tissue; and an adjunct configured to be releasably retained on the cartridge body, wherein the staples are deployable through the adjunct into tissue captured against the adjunct, and wherein the adjunct comprises:
a first outer layer that includes first fibers made of a first bioabsorbable polymer and second fibers made of a second bioabsorbable polymer, wherein each first fiber has a fiber diameter that is less than a fiber diameter of each second fiber, and
an inner layer formed of the second fibers that are non-bonded and slidably interconnected to the first fibers of the inner layer zone;
wherein the first outer layer has a first weave density and the inner layer has a second weave density that is less than the first weave density. 8. The staple cartridge of claim 7, wherein the adjunct further comprises a second outer layer that includes the first and second fibers of the first outer layer, and wherein the inner layer is disposed between the first and second outer layers. 9. The staple cartridge of claim 8, wherein the second outer layer is configured to releasably retain the adjunct on the cartridge body. 10. The staple cartridge of claim 9, wherein the second fibers extend from the first outer layer to the second outer layer such that the second fibers extend across the inner layer, wherein at least a portion of the second fibers within the inner layer are oriented substantially perpendicular to the first fibers of the first and second outer layers. 11. The staple cartridge of claim 7, wherein the first outer layer includes third fibers made of a third bioabsorbable polymer that degrades at a rate greater than that of at least the first bioabsorbable polymer. 12. The staple cartridge of claim 11, wherein each third fiber has a fiber diameter that is less than the fiber diameter of each first and second fibers. 13. The staple cartridge of claim 7, wherein the first bioabsorbable polymer is formed of at least one of poly-L-lactic acid, a copolymer of glycolide and L-lactide, a copolymer of glycolic acid and lactic acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), poly(lactic acid), polyglycolide, and a copolymer of glycolide, caprolactone, trimethylene carbonate, and lactide. 14. The staple cartridge of claim 7, wherein the second bioabsorbable polymer is formed of at least one of polydioxanone, a copolymer of polydioxanone and polyglycolide, a copolymer of lactide and polycaprolactone), a copolymer of glycolide, dioxanone, and trimethylene carbonate, polyhydroxyalkanoate, and polyglyconate. 15. The staple cartridge of claim 7, wherein the adjunct is configured to apply a pressure of at least 3 gf/mm2 to the captured tissue for at least 3 days when the adjunct is stapled thereto. 16. An adjunct for use with a staple cartridge, comprising:
a first support layer that includes first fibers made of a first bioabsorbable polymer and second fibers made of a second bioabsorbable polymer; a second support layer that is configured to releasably retain the adjunct on a cartridge body and includes the first and second fibers of the first support layer; and a core layer formed of the second fibers that are non-bonded and slidably interconnected to the first fibers of the first and second support layers such that the second fibers are substantially vertically oriented within the core layer; wherein each first fiber has a fiber diameter that is less than a fiber diameter of each second fiber, and wherein the core layer has a weave density that is less than a weave density of at least one of the first and second support layer. 17. The adjunct of claim 16, wherein the adjunct is configured to be stapled to tissue, and wherein the adjunct is configured to apply a pressure of at least 3 gf/mm2 to the stapled tissue for at least 3 days. 18. The adjunct of claim 16, wherein the first support layer includes third fibers made of a third bioabsorbable polymer that degrades at a rate greater than that of at least the first bioabsorbable polymer. 19. The adjunct of claim 18, wherein each third fiber has a fiber diameter that is less than the fiber diameter of each first and second fibers. | Surgical methods involving cutting and sealing tissue include affixing a first adjunct material to tissue at a treatment site, such as by stapling the adjunct to tissue. A second adjunct material is applied to at least a portion of the first adjunct material such that the second adjunct material interacts with the first adjunct material to form a seal in an area of the tissue covered by at least one of the first and the second adjunct material. The resulting tissue sealing structure, which includes a combination of the two adjuncts, is believed to be superior to the sealing properties of either adjunct alone.1. A staple cartridge for use with a surgical stapler, comprising:
a cartridge body having a plurality of staples disposed therein, the plurality of staples being configured to be deployed into tissue; and an adjunct configured to be releasably retained on the cartridge body, wherein the staples are deployable through the adjunct into tissue captured against the adjunct, and wherein the adjunct comprises:
a first support layer that includes first fibers made of a first bioabsorbable polymer and second fibers made of a second bioabsorbable polymer,
a second support layer that is configured to releasably retain the adjunct on the cartridge body and includes the first and second fibers of the first support layer, and
a core layer formed of the second fibers that are non-bonded and slidably interconnected to the first fibers of the first and second support layers such that the second fibers are substantially vertically oriented within the core layer;
wherein each first fiber has a fiber diameter that is less than a fiber diameter of each second fiber, and wherein the core layer has a weave density that is less than a weave density of at least one of the first and second support layer. 2. The staple cartridge of claim 1, wherein the first support layer includes third fibers made of a third bioabsorbable polymer that degrades at a rate greater than that of at least the first bioabsorbable polymer. 3. The staple cartridge of claim 2, wherein each third fiber has a fiber diameter that is less than the fiber diameter of each first and second fibers. 4. The staple cartridge of claim 1, wherein the first bioabsorbable polymer is formed of at least one of poly-L-lactic acid, a copolymer of glycolide and L-lactide, a copolymer of glycolic acid and lactic acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), poly(lactic acid), polyglycolide, and a copolymer of glycolide, caprolactone, trimethylene carbonate, and lactide. 5. The staple cartridge of claim 1, wherein the second bioabsorbable polymer is formed of at least one of polydioxanone, a copolymer of polydioxanone and polyglycolide, a copolymer of lactide and polycaprolactone), a copolymer of glycolide, dioxanone, and trimethylene carbonate, polyhydroxyalkanoate, and polyglyconate. 6. The staple cartridge of claim 1, wherein the adjunct is configured to apply a pressure of at least 3 gf/mm2 to the captured tissue for at least 3 days when the adjunct is stapled thereto. 7. A staple cartridge for use with a surgical stapler, comprising:
a cartridge body having a plurality of staples disposed therein, the plurality of staples being configured to be deployed into tissue; and an adjunct configured to be releasably retained on the cartridge body, wherein the staples are deployable through the adjunct into tissue captured against the adjunct, and wherein the adjunct comprises:
a first outer layer that includes first fibers made of a first bioabsorbable polymer and second fibers made of a second bioabsorbable polymer, wherein each first fiber has a fiber diameter that is less than a fiber diameter of each second fiber, and
an inner layer formed of the second fibers that are non-bonded and slidably interconnected to the first fibers of the inner layer zone;
wherein the first outer layer has a first weave density and the inner layer has a second weave density that is less than the first weave density. 8. The staple cartridge of claim 7, wherein the adjunct further comprises a second outer layer that includes the first and second fibers of the first outer layer, and wherein the inner layer is disposed between the first and second outer layers. 9. The staple cartridge of claim 8, wherein the second outer layer is configured to releasably retain the adjunct on the cartridge body. 10. The staple cartridge of claim 9, wherein the second fibers extend from the first outer layer to the second outer layer such that the second fibers extend across the inner layer, wherein at least a portion of the second fibers within the inner layer are oriented substantially perpendicular to the first fibers of the first and second outer layers. 11. The staple cartridge of claim 7, wherein the first outer layer includes third fibers made of a third bioabsorbable polymer that degrades at a rate greater than that of at least the first bioabsorbable polymer. 12. The staple cartridge of claim 11, wherein each third fiber has a fiber diameter that is less than the fiber diameter of each first and second fibers. 13. The staple cartridge of claim 7, wherein the first bioabsorbable polymer is formed of at least one of poly-L-lactic acid, a copolymer of glycolide and L-lactide, a copolymer of glycolic acid and lactic acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), poly(lactic acid), polyglycolide, and a copolymer of glycolide, caprolactone, trimethylene carbonate, and lactide. 14. The staple cartridge of claim 7, wherein the second bioabsorbable polymer is formed of at least one of polydioxanone, a copolymer of polydioxanone and polyglycolide, a copolymer of lactide and polycaprolactone), a copolymer of glycolide, dioxanone, and trimethylene carbonate, polyhydroxyalkanoate, and polyglyconate. 15. The staple cartridge of claim 7, wherein the adjunct is configured to apply a pressure of at least 3 gf/mm2 to the captured tissue for at least 3 days when the adjunct is stapled thereto. 16. An adjunct for use with a staple cartridge, comprising:
a first support layer that includes first fibers made of a first bioabsorbable polymer and second fibers made of a second bioabsorbable polymer; a second support layer that is configured to releasably retain the adjunct on a cartridge body and includes the first and second fibers of the first support layer; and a core layer formed of the second fibers that are non-bonded and slidably interconnected to the first fibers of the first and second support layers such that the second fibers are substantially vertically oriented within the core layer; wherein each first fiber has a fiber diameter that is less than a fiber diameter of each second fiber, and wherein the core layer has a weave density that is less than a weave density of at least one of the first and second support layer. 17. The adjunct of claim 16, wherein the adjunct is configured to be stapled to tissue, and wherein the adjunct is configured to apply a pressure of at least 3 gf/mm2 to the stapled tissue for at least 3 days. 18. The adjunct of claim 16, wherein the first support layer includes third fibers made of a third bioabsorbable polymer that degrades at a rate greater than that of at least the first bioabsorbable polymer. 19. The adjunct of claim 18, wherein each third fiber has a fiber diameter that is less than the fiber diameter of each first and second fibers. | 3,600 |
348,760 | 16,806,240 | 3,619 | Display modules have a plurality of light emitting elements arranged in a predetermined pattern and providing a highly uniform visual effect. Methods are provided to support a plurality of flexible display modules in an adjustable curved arrangement. Alignment and complementary alignment features enable the alignment of adjacent display modules and the creation of large displays from a plurality of aligned display modules. Features to couple to and retain a support frame are provided. Flexible and durable weather resistance features are provided. A system of modular support frames works cooperatively with the display modules, adapting to different mounting environments, and thereby providing large modular displays with desirable properties. | 1. A seamless curved display system comprising:
a) a plurality of display modules coupled to a support structure, said support structure encircling a central volume, the plurality of display modules collectively forming a viewing plane, each display module comprising:
i) a plurality of light emitting elements coupled to a flexible substrate, the plurality of light emitting elements disposed in a predetermined pattern creating a display plane;
ii) said predetermined pattern defining a pitch distance between adjacent light emitting elements, the pitch distance configured to be uniform across said display plane;
iii) each display plane forming a portion of said viewing plane;
b) at least a portion of said plurality of display modules having a convexly curved display plane; c) a plurality of adjustable couplers coupled between said support structure and said plurality of display modules, each adjustable coupler operative to adjust a spacing between said viewing plane and said support structure; d) the plurality of display modules further configured in that said viewing plane is a convex viewing plane encircling said central volume, the convex viewing plane visible from the outside of said central volume; e) the plurality of adjustable couplers further configured so that the viewing plane is a seamless viewing plane having no visible gaps or overlaps between adjacent display modules. 2. The system of claim 1 further characterized in that:
a) each display module additionally comprises a retention means, the frame retention means having:
i) a retaining position characterized in that the display module is releasably coupled to said support structure; and,
ii) a non-retaining position characterized in that the display module is removeable from said support structure. 3. The system of claim 1 further characterized in that:
a) the support structure comprises a plurality of ferromagnetic portions;
b) each display module additionally comprises a magnetic retention means, the magnetic retention means having:
i) a retaining position characterized in that the display module is releasably coupled to said support structure about one of said ferromagnetic portions; and,
ii) a non-retaining position characterized in that the display module is removeable from said support structure. 4. The system of claim 1 further characterized in that:
a) the support structure comprises a plurality of apertures;
b) each display module additionally comprises a frame retention means, the frame retention means having:
i) a retaining position characterized in that the display module is releasably coupled to said support structure about one of said plurality of apertures; and,
ii) a non-retaining position characterized in that the display module is removeable from said support structure. 5. The system of claim 1 further characterized in that:
a) the support structure comprises a plurality of ferromagnetic portions;
b) each display module additionally comprises a magnetic frame retention means, the frame retention means having:
i) a retaining position characterized in that the display module is releasably coupled to said support structure about one of said ferromagnetic portions; and,
ii) a non-retaining position characterized in that the display module is removeable from said support structure. 6. A seamless curved display system comprising:
a) a plurality of display modules coupled to a support structure, said support structure encircling a central volume, the plurality of display modules collectively forming a viewing plane, each display module comprising:
i) a plurality of light emitting elements coupled to a flexible substrate, the plurality of light emitting elements disposed in a predetermined pattern creating a display plane;
ii) said predetermined pattern defining a pitch distance between adjacent light emitting elements, the pitch distance configured to be uniform across said display plane;
iii) each display plane forming a portion of said viewing plane;
b) at least a portion of said plurality of display modules having a concavely curved display plane; c) a plurality of adjustable couplers coupled between said support structure and said plurality of display modules, each adjustable coupler operative to adjust a spacing between said viewing plane and said support structure; d) the plurality of display modules further configured in that said viewing plane is a concave viewing plane encircling said central volume, the concave viewing plane visible from the inside of said central volume; e) the plurality of adjustable couplers further configured so that the viewing plane is a seamless viewing plane having no visible gaps or overlaps between adjacent display modules. 7. The system of claim 6 further characterized in that:
a) each display module additionally comprises a retention means, the retention means having:
i) a retaining position characterized in that the display module is releasably coupled to said support structure; and,
ii) a non-retaining position characterized in that the display module is removeable from said support structure. 8. The system of claim 6 further characterized in that:
a) the support structure comprises a plurality of ferromagnetic portions;
b) each display module additionally comprises a magnetic retention means, the magnetic retention means having:
i) a retaining position characterized in that the display module is releasably coupled to said support structure about one of said ferromagnetic portions; and,
ii) a non-retaining position characterized in that the display module is removeable from said support structure. 9. The system of claim 6 further characterized in that:
a) the support structure comprises a plurality of apertures;
b) each display module additionally comprises a retention means, the retention means having:
i) a retaining position characterized in that the display module is releasably coupled to said support structure about one of said plurality of apertures; and,
ii) a non-retaining position characterized in that the display module is removeable from said support structure. 10. The system of claim 6 further characterized in that:
a) the support structure comprises a plurality of ferromagnetic portions;
b) each display module additionally comprises a magnetic frame retention means, the frame retention means having:
i) a retaining position characterized in that the display module is releasably coupled to said support structure about one of said ferromagnetic portions; and,
ii) a non-retaining position characterized in that the display module is removeable from said support structure. | Display modules have a plurality of light emitting elements arranged in a predetermined pattern and providing a highly uniform visual effect. Methods are provided to support a plurality of flexible display modules in an adjustable curved arrangement. Alignment and complementary alignment features enable the alignment of adjacent display modules and the creation of large displays from a plurality of aligned display modules. Features to couple to and retain a support frame are provided. Flexible and durable weather resistance features are provided. A system of modular support frames works cooperatively with the display modules, adapting to different mounting environments, and thereby providing large modular displays with desirable properties.1. A seamless curved display system comprising:
a) a plurality of display modules coupled to a support structure, said support structure encircling a central volume, the plurality of display modules collectively forming a viewing plane, each display module comprising:
i) a plurality of light emitting elements coupled to a flexible substrate, the plurality of light emitting elements disposed in a predetermined pattern creating a display plane;
ii) said predetermined pattern defining a pitch distance between adjacent light emitting elements, the pitch distance configured to be uniform across said display plane;
iii) each display plane forming a portion of said viewing plane;
b) at least a portion of said plurality of display modules having a convexly curved display plane; c) a plurality of adjustable couplers coupled between said support structure and said plurality of display modules, each adjustable coupler operative to adjust a spacing between said viewing plane and said support structure; d) the plurality of display modules further configured in that said viewing plane is a convex viewing plane encircling said central volume, the convex viewing plane visible from the outside of said central volume; e) the plurality of adjustable couplers further configured so that the viewing plane is a seamless viewing plane having no visible gaps or overlaps between adjacent display modules. 2. The system of claim 1 further characterized in that:
a) each display module additionally comprises a retention means, the frame retention means having:
i) a retaining position characterized in that the display module is releasably coupled to said support structure; and,
ii) a non-retaining position characterized in that the display module is removeable from said support structure. 3. The system of claim 1 further characterized in that:
a) the support structure comprises a plurality of ferromagnetic portions;
b) each display module additionally comprises a magnetic retention means, the magnetic retention means having:
i) a retaining position characterized in that the display module is releasably coupled to said support structure about one of said ferromagnetic portions; and,
ii) a non-retaining position characterized in that the display module is removeable from said support structure. 4. The system of claim 1 further characterized in that:
a) the support structure comprises a plurality of apertures;
b) each display module additionally comprises a frame retention means, the frame retention means having:
i) a retaining position characterized in that the display module is releasably coupled to said support structure about one of said plurality of apertures; and,
ii) a non-retaining position characterized in that the display module is removeable from said support structure. 5. The system of claim 1 further characterized in that:
a) the support structure comprises a plurality of ferromagnetic portions;
b) each display module additionally comprises a magnetic frame retention means, the frame retention means having:
i) a retaining position characterized in that the display module is releasably coupled to said support structure about one of said ferromagnetic portions; and,
ii) a non-retaining position characterized in that the display module is removeable from said support structure. 6. A seamless curved display system comprising:
a) a plurality of display modules coupled to a support structure, said support structure encircling a central volume, the plurality of display modules collectively forming a viewing plane, each display module comprising:
i) a plurality of light emitting elements coupled to a flexible substrate, the plurality of light emitting elements disposed in a predetermined pattern creating a display plane;
ii) said predetermined pattern defining a pitch distance between adjacent light emitting elements, the pitch distance configured to be uniform across said display plane;
iii) each display plane forming a portion of said viewing plane;
b) at least a portion of said plurality of display modules having a concavely curved display plane; c) a plurality of adjustable couplers coupled between said support structure and said plurality of display modules, each adjustable coupler operative to adjust a spacing between said viewing plane and said support structure; d) the plurality of display modules further configured in that said viewing plane is a concave viewing plane encircling said central volume, the concave viewing plane visible from the inside of said central volume; e) the plurality of adjustable couplers further configured so that the viewing plane is a seamless viewing plane having no visible gaps or overlaps between adjacent display modules. 7. The system of claim 6 further characterized in that:
a) each display module additionally comprises a retention means, the retention means having:
i) a retaining position characterized in that the display module is releasably coupled to said support structure; and,
ii) a non-retaining position characterized in that the display module is removeable from said support structure. 8. The system of claim 6 further characterized in that:
a) the support structure comprises a plurality of ferromagnetic portions;
b) each display module additionally comprises a magnetic retention means, the magnetic retention means having:
i) a retaining position characterized in that the display module is releasably coupled to said support structure about one of said ferromagnetic portions; and,
ii) a non-retaining position characterized in that the display module is removeable from said support structure. 9. The system of claim 6 further characterized in that:
a) the support structure comprises a plurality of apertures;
b) each display module additionally comprises a retention means, the retention means having:
i) a retaining position characterized in that the display module is releasably coupled to said support structure about one of said plurality of apertures; and,
ii) a non-retaining position characterized in that the display module is removeable from said support structure. 10. The system of claim 6 further characterized in that:
a) the support structure comprises a plurality of ferromagnetic portions;
b) each display module additionally comprises a magnetic frame retention means, the frame retention means having:
i) a retaining position characterized in that the display module is releasably coupled to said support structure about one of said ferromagnetic portions; and,
ii) a non-retaining position characterized in that the display module is removeable from said support structure. | 3,600 |
348,761 | 16,806,271 | 3,783 | A device for delivering a treatment medium to an eye includes a first body portion configured to be removably inserted and secured in an opening of the eye, and a second body portion supported by the first body portion. At least the second body portion includes a treatment medium, and a coating having an opening through which the treatment medium elutes out of the device. | 1-20. (canceled) 21. A device for delivering a treatment medium to an eye, comprising:
a first portion, a second portion and a treatment medium member; wherein the first portion comprises a plug type member configured and arranged to be removably secured within a punctum of the eye and wherein the first portion secures the treatment medium portion to the device; wherein the second portion is configured and arranged to elute the treatment medium from the treatment medium member to an exterior surface of the eye, thereby controllably delivering a desired amount of the treatment medium to the eye; and, wherein the delivery device is configured and arranged such that when at least a part of the first body portion is removably inserted into the punctum, the device occludes or plugs the punctum. 22. The device of claim 21, wherein the treatment medium member comprises a biocompatible matrix and the treatment medium. 23. The device of claim 21, wherein the treatment medium comprises a prostaglandin, anti-inflammatories, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories or immunosuppressive agents. 24. The device of claim 21, wherein the treatment medium comprises dexamethasone or a corticosteroid. 25. The device of claim 22, wherein the treatment medium is selected from the group consisting of thrombin inhibitors; anti-thrombogenic agents; thrombolytic agents; fibrinolytic agents; vasospasm inhibitors; calcium channel blockers; vasodilators; antihypertensive agents; antimicrobial agents; inhibitors of surface glycoprotein receptors; antiplatelet agents; anti-mitotics; microtubule inhibitors; anti-secretory agents; active inhibitors; remodeling inhibitors; antisense nucleotides; anti-metabolites; anti-proliferatives; anticancer chemotherapeutic agents; anti-inflammatories; non-steroidal anti-inflammatories; anti-allergenics; antiproliferative agents; decongestants; miotics, anticholinesterase; anti-neoplastics; immunological drugs; hormonal agents; immunosuppressive agents; growth hormone antagonists; growth factors; inhibitors of angiogenesis; dopamine agonists; radiotherapeutic agents; peptides; proteins; enzymes; extracellular matrix components; ACE inhibitors; free radical scavengers; chelators; antioxidants; anti-polymerases; photodynamic therapy agents; gene therapy agents; prostaglandins; anti-prostaglandins; prostaglandin precursors and combinations thereof. 26. The device of claim 21, wherein the treatment medium is delivered in a controllable manner over a predetermined time period directly to the eye. 27. The device of claim 21, wherein the treatment medium is retained in proximity to the external surface of the eye and is prevented from leaving the treatment site via a blocked punctum. 28. The device of claim 21, wherein the first body portion comprises a first end that is configured to facilitate insertion of the first body portion into the punctum. 29. The device of claim 21, wherein the first body portion comprises a second end that is configured to form a support for the second body portion. 30. The device of claim 21, wherein the first body portion extends along a longitudinal axis. 31. The device of claim 21, wherein the second portion is shaped to at least partially rest upon the punctum when the first portion is retained by the lacrimal canaliculus. 32. The device of claim 21, wherein the second portion is bonded to the first portion via a forming, curing, or polymerization process. 33. A method for delivering a treatment medium to an eye, comprising:
providing a delivery device according to claim 21 comprising a treatment medium; and inserting the delivery device into a punctum of the eye, whereby the treatment medium is delivered to the eye. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the treatment medium is formulated as a sustained release formulation with a biocompatible polymer. 35. The method of claim 33, wherein the treatment medium is a treatment for pre- and post-operative inflammation or pain, glaucoma, inflammation, infections, or dry eye. | A device for delivering a treatment medium to an eye includes a first body portion configured to be removably inserted and secured in an opening of the eye, and a second body portion supported by the first body portion. At least the second body portion includes a treatment medium, and a coating having an opening through which the treatment medium elutes out of the device.1-20. (canceled) 21. A device for delivering a treatment medium to an eye, comprising:
a first portion, a second portion and a treatment medium member; wherein the first portion comprises a plug type member configured and arranged to be removably secured within a punctum of the eye and wherein the first portion secures the treatment medium portion to the device; wherein the second portion is configured and arranged to elute the treatment medium from the treatment medium member to an exterior surface of the eye, thereby controllably delivering a desired amount of the treatment medium to the eye; and, wherein the delivery device is configured and arranged such that when at least a part of the first body portion is removably inserted into the punctum, the device occludes or plugs the punctum. 22. The device of claim 21, wherein the treatment medium member comprises a biocompatible matrix and the treatment medium. 23. The device of claim 21, wherein the treatment medium comprises a prostaglandin, anti-inflammatories, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories or immunosuppressive agents. 24. The device of claim 21, wherein the treatment medium comprises dexamethasone or a corticosteroid. 25. The device of claim 22, wherein the treatment medium is selected from the group consisting of thrombin inhibitors; anti-thrombogenic agents; thrombolytic agents; fibrinolytic agents; vasospasm inhibitors; calcium channel blockers; vasodilators; antihypertensive agents; antimicrobial agents; inhibitors of surface glycoprotein receptors; antiplatelet agents; anti-mitotics; microtubule inhibitors; anti-secretory agents; active inhibitors; remodeling inhibitors; antisense nucleotides; anti-metabolites; anti-proliferatives; anticancer chemotherapeutic agents; anti-inflammatories; non-steroidal anti-inflammatories; anti-allergenics; antiproliferative agents; decongestants; miotics, anticholinesterase; anti-neoplastics; immunological drugs; hormonal agents; immunosuppressive agents; growth hormone antagonists; growth factors; inhibitors of angiogenesis; dopamine agonists; radiotherapeutic agents; peptides; proteins; enzymes; extracellular matrix components; ACE inhibitors; free radical scavengers; chelators; antioxidants; anti-polymerases; photodynamic therapy agents; gene therapy agents; prostaglandins; anti-prostaglandins; prostaglandin precursors and combinations thereof. 26. The device of claim 21, wherein the treatment medium is delivered in a controllable manner over a predetermined time period directly to the eye. 27. The device of claim 21, wherein the treatment medium is retained in proximity to the external surface of the eye and is prevented from leaving the treatment site via a blocked punctum. 28. The device of claim 21, wherein the first body portion comprises a first end that is configured to facilitate insertion of the first body portion into the punctum. 29. The device of claim 21, wherein the first body portion comprises a second end that is configured to form a support for the second body portion. 30. The device of claim 21, wherein the first body portion extends along a longitudinal axis. 31. The device of claim 21, wherein the second portion is shaped to at least partially rest upon the punctum when the first portion is retained by the lacrimal canaliculus. 32. The device of claim 21, wherein the second portion is bonded to the first portion via a forming, curing, or polymerization process. 33. A method for delivering a treatment medium to an eye, comprising:
providing a delivery device according to claim 21 comprising a treatment medium; and inserting the delivery device into a punctum of the eye, whereby the treatment medium is delivered to the eye. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the treatment medium is formulated as a sustained release formulation with a biocompatible polymer. 35. The method of claim 33, wherein the treatment medium is a treatment for pre- and post-operative inflammation or pain, glaucoma, inflammation, infections, or dry eye. | 3,700 |
348,762 | 16,806,225 | 3,783 | An injection valve for introducing fluids into a subsurface environment includes a valve housing including a conduit having an inlet and an outlet. A valve seat is arranged in the valve housing. An anti-rotation dart is arranged in the valve housing adjacent the valve seat. The anti-rotation dart includes a valve element that is selectively engageable with the valve seat. An anti-rotation feature is provided on at least one of the valve seat and the anti-rotation dart. The anti-rotation feature constrains rotation of the anti-rotation dart relative to the valve seat. | 1. An injection valve for introducing fluids into a subsurface environment, the injection valve comprising:
a valve housing including a conduit having an inlet and an outlet; a valve seat arranged in the valve housing; an anti-rotation dart arranged in the valve housing adjacent the valve seat, the anti-rotation dart including a valve element that is selectively engageable with the valve seat; and an anti-rotation feature provided on at least one of the valve seat and the anti-rotation dart, the anti-rotation feature constraining rotation of the anti-rotation dart relative to the valve seat. 2. The injection valve according to claim 1, wherein the anti-rotation feature includes a first anti-rotation element provided on the valve seat and a second anti-rotation feature provided on the anti-rotation dart. 3. The injection valve according to claim 2, wherein the first anti-rotation element defines a projection extending radially inwardly from the valve seat and the second anti-rotation feature defines a groove formed in the anti-rotation dart. 4. The injection valve assembly according to claim 1, further comprising: a sleeve member arranged in the conduit, wherein the anti-rotation feature includes a first anti-rotation element provided on the sleeve member and a second anti-rotation element provided in the anti-rotation dart. 5. The injection valve assembly according to claim 4, wherein the sleeve member is arranged between the valve seat and the outlet. 6. The injection valve assembly according to claim 4, wherein the sleeve member is slidingly mounted relative to the valve housing, the sleeve member being rotationally locked relative to the valve housing. 7. The injection valve assembly according to claim 1, wherein the anti-rotation dart includes a guide member, the anti-rotation feature including a first anti-rotation element provided on the guide member and a second anti-rotation element provided in the valve housing. 8. The injection valve assembly according to claim 7, wherein the second anti-rotation element is arranged between the valve seat and the outlet. 9. The injection valve assembly according to claim 7, wherein the first anti-rotation element comprises a key projecting radially outwardly of the guide member and the second anti-rotation element comprises a groove formed in the housing, the groove being receptive of the key. 10. The injection valve assembly according to claim 1, further comprising: a valve support including a passage arranged in the valve housing, the anti-rotation dart extending through the passage. 11. The injection valve assembly according to claim 10, wherein the anti-rotation feature includes a first anti-rotation element provided on the anti-rotation dart and a second anti-rotation element provided on the valve support. 12. The injection valve assembly according to claim 11, wherein the first anti-rotation element defines a groove formed in the anti-rotation dart and the second anti-rotation feature comprises a key extending from the valve support into the groove. 13. The injection valve assembly according to claim 12, wherein the valve support includes an opening, the key extending through the opening into the groove. 14. The injection valve assembly according to claim 12, wherein the key includes a substantially circular cross-section. 15. The injection valve assembly according to claim 12, wherein the key includes a substantially rectangular cross-section. | An injection valve for introducing fluids into a subsurface environment includes a valve housing including a conduit having an inlet and an outlet. A valve seat is arranged in the valve housing. An anti-rotation dart is arranged in the valve housing adjacent the valve seat. The anti-rotation dart includes a valve element that is selectively engageable with the valve seat. An anti-rotation feature is provided on at least one of the valve seat and the anti-rotation dart. The anti-rotation feature constrains rotation of the anti-rotation dart relative to the valve seat.1. An injection valve for introducing fluids into a subsurface environment, the injection valve comprising:
a valve housing including a conduit having an inlet and an outlet; a valve seat arranged in the valve housing; an anti-rotation dart arranged in the valve housing adjacent the valve seat, the anti-rotation dart including a valve element that is selectively engageable with the valve seat; and an anti-rotation feature provided on at least one of the valve seat and the anti-rotation dart, the anti-rotation feature constraining rotation of the anti-rotation dart relative to the valve seat. 2. The injection valve according to claim 1, wherein the anti-rotation feature includes a first anti-rotation element provided on the valve seat and a second anti-rotation feature provided on the anti-rotation dart. 3. The injection valve according to claim 2, wherein the first anti-rotation element defines a projection extending radially inwardly from the valve seat and the second anti-rotation feature defines a groove formed in the anti-rotation dart. 4. The injection valve assembly according to claim 1, further comprising: a sleeve member arranged in the conduit, wherein the anti-rotation feature includes a first anti-rotation element provided on the sleeve member and a second anti-rotation element provided in the anti-rotation dart. 5. The injection valve assembly according to claim 4, wherein the sleeve member is arranged between the valve seat and the outlet. 6. The injection valve assembly according to claim 4, wherein the sleeve member is slidingly mounted relative to the valve housing, the sleeve member being rotationally locked relative to the valve housing. 7. The injection valve assembly according to claim 1, wherein the anti-rotation dart includes a guide member, the anti-rotation feature including a first anti-rotation element provided on the guide member and a second anti-rotation element provided in the valve housing. 8. The injection valve assembly according to claim 7, wherein the second anti-rotation element is arranged between the valve seat and the outlet. 9. The injection valve assembly according to claim 7, wherein the first anti-rotation element comprises a key projecting radially outwardly of the guide member and the second anti-rotation element comprises a groove formed in the housing, the groove being receptive of the key. 10. The injection valve assembly according to claim 1, further comprising: a valve support including a passage arranged in the valve housing, the anti-rotation dart extending through the passage. 11. The injection valve assembly according to claim 10, wherein the anti-rotation feature includes a first anti-rotation element provided on the anti-rotation dart and a second anti-rotation element provided on the valve support. 12. The injection valve assembly according to claim 11, wherein the first anti-rotation element defines a groove formed in the anti-rotation dart and the second anti-rotation feature comprises a key extending from the valve support into the groove. 13. The injection valve assembly according to claim 12, wherein the valve support includes an opening, the key extending through the opening into the groove. 14. The injection valve assembly according to claim 12, wherein the key includes a substantially circular cross-section. 15. The injection valve assembly according to claim 12, wherein the key includes a substantially rectangular cross-section. | 3,700 |
348,763 | 16,806,275 | 3,783 | Embodiments determine anomalies in sensor data generated by a plurality of sensors that correspond to a single asset. Embodiments receive a first time window of clean sensor input data generated by the sensors, the clean sensor data including anomaly free data comprised of clean data points. Embodiments divide the clean data points into training data points and evaluation data points, and divide the training data points into a pre-defined number of plurality of segments of equal length. Embodiments convert each of the plurality of segments into corresponding segment curves using Kernel Density Estimation (“KDE”) and determine a Jensen-Shannon (“JS”) divergence value for each of the plurality of segments using the segment curves to generate a plurality of JS divergence values. Embodiments then assign the maximum value of the plurality of JS divergence values as a threshold value and validate the threshold value using the evaluation data points. | 1. A method of determining anomalies in sensor data generated by a plurality of sensors that correspond to a single asset, the method comprising:
receiving a first time window of clean sensor input data generated by the sensors, the clean sensor data comprising anomaly free data comprised of clean data points; dividing the clean data points into training data points and evaluation data points; dividing the training data points into a pre-defined number of plurality of segments of equal length; converting each of the plurality of segments into corresponding segment curves using Kernel Density Estimation (KDE); determining a Jensen-Shannon (JS) divergence value for each of the plurality of segments using the segment curves to generate a plurality of JS divergence values; assigning the maximum value of the plurality of JS divergence values as a threshold value; and validating the threshold value using the evaluation data points. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
when the threshold value is not validated, increasing the number of plurality of segments of equal length and then repeating the converting, the determining the JS divergence value, the assigning and the validating; and when the threshold value is validated, using the validated threshold value to determine anomalies in live data. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
receiving an input window of live sensor data comprising input data points generated by multiple sensors corresponding to a single asset; creating a second time window from the input window, the second time window comprising a window length and a sliding length; converting the first time window into a corresponding first curve using KDE; converting the second time window into a corresponding second curve using KDE; determining a second JS divergence value between the second curve and the corresponding curve of the first time window; moving the second time window by the window length; repeating, for the moved second time window, the converting the second time window and the determining the second JS divergence value until all of the input window is converted into the corresponding second curve to generate multiple second JS divergence values; determining a mean of the multiple second JS divergence values; and comparing the mean to the threshold value to determine when the input window includes anomalies. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
(a) dividing the evaluation data points into a plurality of evaluation segments of equal length, wherein each equal length comprises a minimum number of data points; (b) converting each of the plurality of evaluation segments into corresponding evaluation curves using KDE; (c) for each of the plurality of evaluation segments, determining an evaluation JS divergence to generate a plurality of evaluation JS divergence values; (d) determining an amount of the plurality of evaluation segments that have a JS divergence value less than the threshold value; and (e) when the amount is less than a pre-defined percentage of the plurality of evaluation segments, reducing a number of evaluation segments to increase a number of evaluation data points in each segment, and for the reduced number of evaluation segments, repeating (c)-(e). 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising:
when the amount is greater than the pre-defined percentage of the plurality of evaluation segments, then a current size of each evaluation segment is a minimum window size for determining anomalies in sensor data generated by the sensors, the minimum window size comprising a minimum data points for the threshold value. 6. The method of claim 4, further comprising:
when the amount is less than a pre-defined percentage of the plurality of evaluation segments, and a current number of data points in each segment is greater than a pre-defined percentage of the plurality of data points, then the validating the threshold value has failed. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the sensors comprise an Internet of Things device. 8. A computer-readable medium storing instructions which, when executed by at least one of a plurality of processors, cause the processors to determine anomalies in sensor data generated by a plurality of sensors that correspond to a single asset, the determining anomalies comprising:
receiving a first time window of clean sensor input data generated by the sensors, the clean sensor data comprising anomaly free data comprised of clean data points; dividing the clean data points into training data points and evaluation data points; dividing the training data points into a pre-defined number of plurality of segments of equal length; converting each of the plurality of segments into corresponding segment curves using Kernel Density Estimation (KDE); determining a Jensen-Shannon (JS) divergence value for each of the plurality of segments using the segment curves to generate a plurality of JS divergence values; assigning the maximum value of the plurality of JS divergence values as a threshold value; and validating the threshold value using the evaluation data points. 9. The computer-readable medium of claim 8, the determining anomalies further comprising:
when the threshold value is not validated, increasing the number of plurality of segments of equal length and then repeating the converting, the determining the JS divergence value, the assigning and the validating; and when the threshold value is validated, using the validated threshold value to determine anomalies in live data. 10. The computer-readable medium of claim 8, the determining anomalies further comprising:
receiving an input window of live sensor data comprising input data points generated by multiple sensors corresponding to a single asset; creating a second time window from the input window, the second time window comprising a window length and a sliding length; converting the first time window into a corresponding first curve using KDE; converting the second time window into a corresponding second curve using KDE; determining a second JS divergence value between the second curve and the corresponding curve of the first time window; moving the second time window by the window length; repeating, for the moved second time window, the converting the second time window and the determining the second JS divergence value until all of the input window is converted into the corresponding second curve to generate multiple second JS divergence values; determining a mean of the multiple second JS divergence values; and comparing the mean to the threshold value to determine when the input window includes anomalies. 11. The computer-readable medium of claim 8, the determining anomalies further comprising:
(a) dividing the evaluation data points into a plurality of evaluation segments of equal length, wherein each equal length comprises a minimum number of data points; (b) converting each of the plurality of evaluation segments into corresponding evaluation curves using KDE; (c) for each of the plurality of evaluation segments, determining an evaluation JS divergence to generate a plurality of evaluation JS divergence values; (d) determining an amount of the plurality of evaluation segments that have a JS divergence value less than the threshold value; and (e) when the amount is less than a pre-defined percentage of the plurality of evaluation segments, reducing a number of evaluation segments to increase a number of evaluation data points in each segment, and for the reduced number of evaluation segments, repeating (c)-(e). 12. The computer-readable medium of claim 11, the determining anomalies further comprising:
when the amount is greater than the pre-defined percentage of the plurality of evaluation segments, then a current size of each evaluation segment is a minimum window size for determining anomalies in sensor data generated by the sensors, the minimum window size comprising a minimum data points for the threshold value. 13. The computer-readable medium of claim 11, the determining anomalies further comprising:
when the amount is less than a pre-defined percentage of the plurality of evaluation segments, and a current number of data points in each segment is greater than a pre-defined percentage of the plurality of data points, then the validating the threshold value has failed. 14. The computer-readable medium of claim 8, wherein each of the sensors comprise an Internet of Things device. 15. A sensor network comprising:
a plurality of sensors that correspond to a single asset and adapted to generate sensor data; and an anomaly detector coupled to the plurality of sensors via a communication network and comprising one or more processors that determine, for each of the plurality of sensors, anomalies in the sensor data, the anomaly detector adapted to:
receive a first time window of clean sensor input data generated by the sensors, the clean sensor data comprising anomaly free data comprised of clean data points;
divide the clean data points into training data points and evaluation data points;
divide the training data points into a pre-defined number of plurality of segments of equal length;
convert each of the plurality of segments into corresponding segment curves using Kernel Density Estimation (KDE);
determine a Jensen-Shannon (JS) divergence value for each of the plurality of segments using the segment curves to generate a plurality of JS divergence values;
assign the maximum value of the plurality of JS divergence values as a threshold value; and
validate the threshold value using the evaluation data points. 16. The sensor network of claim 15, the anomaly detector further adapted to:
when the threshold value is not validated, increase the number of plurality of segments of equal length and then repeating the converting, the determining the JS divergence value, the assigning and the validating; and when the threshold value is validated, use the validated threshold value to determine anomalies in live data. 17. The sensor network of claim 15, the anomaly detector further adapted to:
receive an input window of live sensor data comprising input data points generated by multiple sensors corresponding to a single asset; create a second time window from the input window, the second time window comprising a window length and a sliding length; convert the first time window into a corresponding first curve using KDE; convert the second time window into a corresponding second curve using KDE; determine a second JS divergence value between the second curve and the corresponding curve of the first time window; move the second time window by the window length; repeat, for the moved second time window, the converting the second time window and the determining the second JS divergence value until all of the input window is converted into the corresponding second curve to generate multiple second JS divergence values; determine a mean of the multiple second JS divergence values; and compare the mean to the threshold value to determine when the input window includes anomalies. 18. The sensor network of claim 15, the anomaly detector further adapted to:
(a) divide the evaluation data points into a plurality of evaluation segments of equal length, wherein each equal length comprises a minimum number of data points; (b) convert each of the plurality of evaluation segments into corresponding evaluation curves using KDE; (c) for each of the plurality of evaluation segments, determine an evaluation JS divergence to generate a plurality of evaluation JS divergence values; (d) determine an amount of the plurality of evaluation segments that have a JS divergence value less than the threshold value; and (e) when the amount is less than a pre-defined percentage of the plurality of evaluation segments, reduce a number of evaluation segments to increase a number of evaluation data points in each segment, and for the reduced number of evaluation segments, repeating (c)-(e). 19. The sensor network of claim 18, the anomaly detector further adapted to:
when the amount is greater than the pre-defined percentage of the plurality of evaluation segments, then a current size of each evaluation segment is a minimum window size for determining anomalies in sensor data generated by the sensors, the minimum window size comprising a minimum data points for the threshold value. 20. The sensor network of claim 18, the anomaly detector further adapted to:
when the amount is less than a pre-defined percentage of the plurality of evaluation segments, and a current number of data points in each segment is greater than a pre-defined percentage of the plurality of data points, then the validating the threshold value has failed. | Embodiments determine anomalies in sensor data generated by a plurality of sensors that correspond to a single asset. Embodiments receive a first time window of clean sensor input data generated by the sensors, the clean sensor data including anomaly free data comprised of clean data points. Embodiments divide the clean data points into training data points and evaluation data points, and divide the training data points into a pre-defined number of plurality of segments of equal length. Embodiments convert each of the plurality of segments into corresponding segment curves using Kernel Density Estimation (“KDE”) and determine a Jensen-Shannon (“JS”) divergence value for each of the plurality of segments using the segment curves to generate a plurality of JS divergence values. Embodiments then assign the maximum value of the plurality of JS divergence values as a threshold value and validate the threshold value using the evaluation data points.1. A method of determining anomalies in sensor data generated by a plurality of sensors that correspond to a single asset, the method comprising:
receiving a first time window of clean sensor input data generated by the sensors, the clean sensor data comprising anomaly free data comprised of clean data points; dividing the clean data points into training data points and evaluation data points; dividing the training data points into a pre-defined number of plurality of segments of equal length; converting each of the plurality of segments into corresponding segment curves using Kernel Density Estimation (KDE); determining a Jensen-Shannon (JS) divergence value for each of the plurality of segments using the segment curves to generate a plurality of JS divergence values; assigning the maximum value of the plurality of JS divergence values as a threshold value; and validating the threshold value using the evaluation data points. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
when the threshold value is not validated, increasing the number of plurality of segments of equal length and then repeating the converting, the determining the JS divergence value, the assigning and the validating; and when the threshold value is validated, using the validated threshold value to determine anomalies in live data. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
receiving an input window of live sensor data comprising input data points generated by multiple sensors corresponding to a single asset; creating a second time window from the input window, the second time window comprising a window length and a sliding length; converting the first time window into a corresponding first curve using KDE; converting the second time window into a corresponding second curve using KDE; determining a second JS divergence value between the second curve and the corresponding curve of the first time window; moving the second time window by the window length; repeating, for the moved second time window, the converting the second time window and the determining the second JS divergence value until all of the input window is converted into the corresponding second curve to generate multiple second JS divergence values; determining a mean of the multiple second JS divergence values; and comparing the mean to the threshold value to determine when the input window includes anomalies. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
(a) dividing the evaluation data points into a plurality of evaluation segments of equal length, wherein each equal length comprises a minimum number of data points; (b) converting each of the plurality of evaluation segments into corresponding evaluation curves using KDE; (c) for each of the plurality of evaluation segments, determining an evaluation JS divergence to generate a plurality of evaluation JS divergence values; (d) determining an amount of the plurality of evaluation segments that have a JS divergence value less than the threshold value; and (e) when the amount is less than a pre-defined percentage of the plurality of evaluation segments, reducing a number of evaluation segments to increase a number of evaluation data points in each segment, and for the reduced number of evaluation segments, repeating (c)-(e). 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising:
when the amount is greater than the pre-defined percentage of the plurality of evaluation segments, then a current size of each evaluation segment is a minimum window size for determining anomalies in sensor data generated by the sensors, the minimum window size comprising a minimum data points for the threshold value. 6. The method of claim 4, further comprising:
when the amount is less than a pre-defined percentage of the plurality of evaluation segments, and a current number of data points in each segment is greater than a pre-defined percentage of the plurality of data points, then the validating the threshold value has failed. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the sensors comprise an Internet of Things device. 8. A computer-readable medium storing instructions which, when executed by at least one of a plurality of processors, cause the processors to determine anomalies in sensor data generated by a plurality of sensors that correspond to a single asset, the determining anomalies comprising:
receiving a first time window of clean sensor input data generated by the sensors, the clean sensor data comprising anomaly free data comprised of clean data points; dividing the clean data points into training data points and evaluation data points; dividing the training data points into a pre-defined number of plurality of segments of equal length; converting each of the plurality of segments into corresponding segment curves using Kernel Density Estimation (KDE); determining a Jensen-Shannon (JS) divergence value for each of the plurality of segments using the segment curves to generate a plurality of JS divergence values; assigning the maximum value of the plurality of JS divergence values as a threshold value; and validating the threshold value using the evaluation data points. 9. The computer-readable medium of claim 8, the determining anomalies further comprising:
when the threshold value is not validated, increasing the number of plurality of segments of equal length and then repeating the converting, the determining the JS divergence value, the assigning and the validating; and when the threshold value is validated, using the validated threshold value to determine anomalies in live data. 10. The computer-readable medium of claim 8, the determining anomalies further comprising:
receiving an input window of live sensor data comprising input data points generated by multiple sensors corresponding to a single asset; creating a second time window from the input window, the second time window comprising a window length and a sliding length; converting the first time window into a corresponding first curve using KDE; converting the second time window into a corresponding second curve using KDE; determining a second JS divergence value between the second curve and the corresponding curve of the first time window; moving the second time window by the window length; repeating, for the moved second time window, the converting the second time window and the determining the second JS divergence value until all of the input window is converted into the corresponding second curve to generate multiple second JS divergence values; determining a mean of the multiple second JS divergence values; and comparing the mean to the threshold value to determine when the input window includes anomalies. 11. The computer-readable medium of claim 8, the determining anomalies further comprising:
(a) dividing the evaluation data points into a plurality of evaluation segments of equal length, wherein each equal length comprises a minimum number of data points; (b) converting each of the plurality of evaluation segments into corresponding evaluation curves using KDE; (c) for each of the plurality of evaluation segments, determining an evaluation JS divergence to generate a plurality of evaluation JS divergence values; (d) determining an amount of the plurality of evaluation segments that have a JS divergence value less than the threshold value; and (e) when the amount is less than a pre-defined percentage of the plurality of evaluation segments, reducing a number of evaluation segments to increase a number of evaluation data points in each segment, and for the reduced number of evaluation segments, repeating (c)-(e). 12. The computer-readable medium of claim 11, the determining anomalies further comprising:
when the amount is greater than the pre-defined percentage of the plurality of evaluation segments, then a current size of each evaluation segment is a minimum window size for determining anomalies in sensor data generated by the sensors, the minimum window size comprising a minimum data points for the threshold value. 13. The computer-readable medium of claim 11, the determining anomalies further comprising:
when the amount is less than a pre-defined percentage of the plurality of evaluation segments, and a current number of data points in each segment is greater than a pre-defined percentage of the plurality of data points, then the validating the threshold value has failed. 14. The computer-readable medium of claim 8, wherein each of the sensors comprise an Internet of Things device. 15. A sensor network comprising:
a plurality of sensors that correspond to a single asset and adapted to generate sensor data; and an anomaly detector coupled to the plurality of sensors via a communication network and comprising one or more processors that determine, for each of the plurality of sensors, anomalies in the sensor data, the anomaly detector adapted to:
receive a first time window of clean sensor input data generated by the sensors, the clean sensor data comprising anomaly free data comprised of clean data points;
divide the clean data points into training data points and evaluation data points;
divide the training data points into a pre-defined number of plurality of segments of equal length;
convert each of the plurality of segments into corresponding segment curves using Kernel Density Estimation (KDE);
determine a Jensen-Shannon (JS) divergence value for each of the plurality of segments using the segment curves to generate a plurality of JS divergence values;
assign the maximum value of the plurality of JS divergence values as a threshold value; and
validate the threshold value using the evaluation data points. 16. The sensor network of claim 15, the anomaly detector further adapted to:
when the threshold value is not validated, increase the number of plurality of segments of equal length and then repeating the converting, the determining the JS divergence value, the assigning and the validating; and when the threshold value is validated, use the validated threshold value to determine anomalies in live data. 17. The sensor network of claim 15, the anomaly detector further adapted to:
receive an input window of live sensor data comprising input data points generated by multiple sensors corresponding to a single asset; create a second time window from the input window, the second time window comprising a window length and a sliding length; convert the first time window into a corresponding first curve using KDE; convert the second time window into a corresponding second curve using KDE; determine a second JS divergence value between the second curve and the corresponding curve of the first time window; move the second time window by the window length; repeat, for the moved second time window, the converting the second time window and the determining the second JS divergence value until all of the input window is converted into the corresponding second curve to generate multiple second JS divergence values; determine a mean of the multiple second JS divergence values; and compare the mean to the threshold value to determine when the input window includes anomalies. 18. The sensor network of claim 15, the anomaly detector further adapted to:
(a) divide the evaluation data points into a plurality of evaluation segments of equal length, wherein each equal length comprises a minimum number of data points; (b) convert each of the plurality of evaluation segments into corresponding evaluation curves using KDE; (c) for each of the plurality of evaluation segments, determine an evaluation JS divergence to generate a plurality of evaluation JS divergence values; (d) determine an amount of the plurality of evaluation segments that have a JS divergence value less than the threshold value; and (e) when the amount is less than a pre-defined percentage of the plurality of evaluation segments, reduce a number of evaluation segments to increase a number of evaluation data points in each segment, and for the reduced number of evaluation segments, repeating (c)-(e). 19. The sensor network of claim 18, the anomaly detector further adapted to:
when the amount is greater than the pre-defined percentage of the plurality of evaluation segments, then a current size of each evaluation segment is a minimum window size for determining anomalies in sensor data generated by the sensors, the minimum window size comprising a minimum data points for the threshold value. 20. The sensor network of claim 18, the anomaly detector further adapted to:
when the amount is less than a pre-defined percentage of the plurality of evaluation segments, and a current number of data points in each segment is greater than a pre-defined percentage of the plurality of data points, then the validating the threshold value has failed. | 3,700 |
348,764 | 16,806,272 | 3,783 | The invention relates to an optoelectronic semiconductor component (10) comprising a substrate (1), a first insulator layer (2), and a second insulator layer (3). Furthermore, the semiconductor component (10) comprises an organic semiconductor layer sequence (4) having an active area (4 a) which, during operation, generates or receives light, a first electrode (5) and a second electrode (6), and encapsulation (7) which covers the organic semiconductor layer sequence (4) and the first insulator layer (2) completely and covers the second insulator layer (3) and the first electrode (5) or the second electrode (6) partially. Here, the first electrode (5) is arranged between the organic semiconductor layer sequence (4) and the first insulator layer (2), and the second electrode (6) is arranged on the organic semiconductor layer sequence (4), wherein the first electrode (5) and/or the second electrode (6) is/are at least partly arranged on the second insulator layer (3). | 1. An optoelectronic device comprising
a substrate, a first insulator layer and a second insulator layer, an organic semiconductor layer sequence having an active region, which generates or receives light during operation, a first electrode and a second electrode, and an encapsulation for the organic semiconductor layer sequence, wherein
the first electrode is arranged between the organic semiconductor layer sequence and the first insulator layer,
the second electrode is arranged on the organic semiconductor layer sequence,
the first electrode and/or the second electrode is arranged at least partly above the second insulator layer,
the first insulator layer planarizes a top side of the substrate in a region, at least in some areas. 2. The optoelectronic device according to claim 1, wherein
the first electrode and/or the second electrode is arranged at least partly above the first insulator layer. 3. The optoelectronic device according to claim 1, wherein
the first electrode covers the first insulator layer and the second insulator layer. 4. The optoelectronic device according to claim 1, wherein
the second electrode covers the first insulator layer and the second insulator layer. 5. The optoelectronic device according to claim 1, wherein
the organic semiconductor layer sequence is arranged over the first insulator layer such that a planarizing effect on the substrate by the first insulator layer is passed on to the organic semiconductor layer sequence. 6. The optoelectronic device according to claim 1, wherein
the organic semiconductor layer sequence is exclusively arranged over the first insulator layer. 7. The optoelectronic device according to claim 1, wherein
the first electrode abuts the organic semiconductor layer sequence and the first insulator layer. 8. The optoelectronic device according to claim 1, wherein
the second electrode abuts the organic semiconductor layer sequence and the encapsulation. 9. The optoelectronic device according to claim 1, wherein the substrate is transparent. 10. The optoelectronic device according to claim 1, wherein
the second insulator layer comprises or consists of an inorganic material. 11. The optoelectronic device according to claim 1, wherein
the second insulator layer comprises or consists of at least one of the following material: oxide, nitride. 12. The optoelectronic device according to claim 1, wherein
the first insulator layer and the second insulator layer comprise different materials. 13. The optoelectronic device according to claim 1, wherein
the first insulator layer comprises an organic polymer and the second insulator layer comprises or consists of an inorganic material. 14. The optoelectronic device according to claim 1, wherein the substrate is flexible. 15. The optoelectronic device according to claim 1, wherein
a metallization is arranged on the first electrode or on the second electrode. | The invention relates to an optoelectronic semiconductor component (10) comprising a substrate (1), a first insulator layer (2), and a second insulator layer (3). Furthermore, the semiconductor component (10) comprises an organic semiconductor layer sequence (4) having an active area (4 a) which, during operation, generates or receives light, a first electrode (5) and a second electrode (6), and encapsulation (7) which covers the organic semiconductor layer sequence (4) and the first insulator layer (2) completely and covers the second insulator layer (3) and the first electrode (5) or the second electrode (6) partially. Here, the first electrode (5) is arranged between the organic semiconductor layer sequence (4) and the first insulator layer (2), and the second electrode (6) is arranged on the organic semiconductor layer sequence (4), wherein the first electrode (5) and/or the second electrode (6) is/are at least partly arranged on the second insulator layer (3).1. An optoelectronic device comprising
a substrate, a first insulator layer and a second insulator layer, an organic semiconductor layer sequence having an active region, which generates or receives light during operation, a first electrode and a second electrode, and an encapsulation for the organic semiconductor layer sequence, wherein
the first electrode is arranged between the organic semiconductor layer sequence and the first insulator layer,
the second electrode is arranged on the organic semiconductor layer sequence,
the first electrode and/or the second electrode is arranged at least partly above the second insulator layer,
the first insulator layer planarizes a top side of the substrate in a region, at least in some areas. 2. The optoelectronic device according to claim 1, wherein
the first electrode and/or the second electrode is arranged at least partly above the first insulator layer. 3. The optoelectronic device according to claim 1, wherein
the first electrode covers the first insulator layer and the second insulator layer. 4. The optoelectronic device according to claim 1, wherein
the second electrode covers the first insulator layer and the second insulator layer. 5. The optoelectronic device according to claim 1, wherein
the organic semiconductor layer sequence is arranged over the first insulator layer such that a planarizing effect on the substrate by the first insulator layer is passed on to the organic semiconductor layer sequence. 6. The optoelectronic device according to claim 1, wherein
the organic semiconductor layer sequence is exclusively arranged over the first insulator layer. 7. The optoelectronic device according to claim 1, wherein
the first electrode abuts the organic semiconductor layer sequence and the first insulator layer. 8. The optoelectronic device according to claim 1, wherein
the second electrode abuts the organic semiconductor layer sequence and the encapsulation. 9. The optoelectronic device according to claim 1, wherein the substrate is transparent. 10. The optoelectronic device according to claim 1, wherein
the second insulator layer comprises or consists of an inorganic material. 11. The optoelectronic device according to claim 1, wherein
the second insulator layer comprises or consists of at least one of the following material: oxide, nitride. 12. The optoelectronic device according to claim 1, wherein
the first insulator layer and the second insulator layer comprise different materials. 13. The optoelectronic device according to claim 1, wherein
the first insulator layer comprises an organic polymer and the second insulator layer comprises or consists of an inorganic material. 14. The optoelectronic device according to claim 1, wherein the substrate is flexible. 15. The optoelectronic device according to claim 1, wherein
a metallization is arranged on the first electrode or on the second electrode. | 3,700 |
348,765 | 16,806,287 | 3,783 | A storage device includes a nonvolatile memory device, and a controller that receives a write command, data, and a signature associated with the data from an external device, generates a first hash value from the data, generates a second hash value from the signature, generates an output hash value based on the first hash value and the second hash, and detects whether the data received from the external device are previously written in the nonvolatile memory device, by using the output hash value. | 1. A storage device comprising:
a nonvolatile memory device; and a controller configured to: receive a write command, data, and a signature associated with the data from an external device, generate a first hash value from the data, a second hash value from the signature, and an output hash value based on the first hash value and the second hash value, and detect whether the data received from the external device are previously written in the nonvolatile memory device, by using the output hash value. 2. The storage device of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to check an integrity of the data received from the external device by using the signature. 3. The storage device of claim 1, wherein the signature includes at least one of a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) code, a checksum code, an error detection code (EDC), an error correction code (ECC), and a hash value. 4. The storage device of claim 1, wherein the controller includes:
a first hash generator configured to generate the first hash value from the data; a second hash generator configured to generate the second hash value from the signature; and a combination logic configured to combine the first hash value and the second hash value to generate the output hash value. 5. The storage device of claim 4, wherein the combination logic is configured to generate the output hash value by:
arranging the first hash value and the second hash value sequentially, performing a hash operation on a result of arranging the first hash and the second hash sequentially, performing a logical operation on the first hash value and the second hash value, or performing a hash operation on a result of a logical operation on the first hash value and the second hash value. 6. The storage device of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to:
determine a similarity by comparing the output hash value and previous output hash value of data previously written in the nonvolatile memory device; determine a write data hit when the similarity is a threshold value or greater than the threshold value; and skip an operation of writing the data received from the external device in the nonvolatile memory device when the write data hit is determined. 7. The storage device of claim 6, wherein, when the write data hit is determined, the controller stores information indicating that the data received from the external device are present in the nonvolatile memory device as the previously written data. 8. The storage device of claim 6, wherein, when the write data hit is determined, the controller discards the output hash value. 9. The storage device of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to:
determine a similarity by comparing the output hash value and previous output hash value of data previously written in the nonvolatile memory device; determine a write data miss when the similarity is smaller than a threshold value; and write the data received from the external device in the nonvolatile memory device when the write data miss is determined. 10. The storage device of claim 9, wherein, when the write data miss is determined, the controller stores an address of the nonvolatile memory device, at which the data received from the external device are written. 11. The storage device of claim 9, wherein, when the write data miss is determined, the controller stores the output hash value. 12. The storage device of claim 11, wherein the controller is further configured to back up the output hash value to the nonvolatile memory device. 13. The storage device of claim 1, further comprising:
a buffer memory, wherein the controller is further configured to: determine a similarity by comparing the output hash value and previous output hash value of data previously written in the nonvolatile memory device; determine a write data miss when the similarity is smaller than a threshold value; and store the data received from the external device in the buffer memory when the write data miss is determined. 14. The storage device of claim 13, wherein, when a specific condition is satisfied, the controller reads the data stored in the buffer memory and writes the data read from the buffer memory in the nonvolatile memory device. 15. The storage device of claim 14, wherein, the specific condition is satisfied when a flush command is received from the external device, when a sudden power-off (SPO) is detected, when the storage device enters an idle state, or when a free capacity of the buffer memory is smaller than a threshold value. 16. The storage device of claim 1, further comprising:
a buffer memory, wherein the controller is further configured to: store the data and the signature received from the external device in the buffer memory; read the data and the signature stored in the buffer memory when a write condition is satisfied; and generate the first hash value and the second hash value from the data and the signature read from the buffer memory, respectively. 17. The storage device of claim 16, wherein the controller is further configured to:
determine a similarity by comparing the output hash value and previous output hash value of data previously written in the nonvolatile memory device; determine a write data miss when the similarity is smaller than a threshold value; and release a storage space of the buffer memory, in which the data and the signature are stored, when the write data miss is determined. 18. An operating method of a storage device which includes a nonvolatile memory device and a controller configured to control the nonvolatile memory device, the method comprising:
receiving, by the controller, a write command, data, and a signature associated with the data from an external device; generating, by the controller, an output hash value from the data and the signature; skipping, by the controller, an operation of writing the data in the nonvolatile memory device when a similarity between the output hash value and previous output hash value of data previously written in the nonvolatile memory device is a threshold value or greater than the threshold value; and writing, by the controller, the data in the nonvolatile memory device when the similarity between the output hash value and the previous output hash value is smaller than the threshold value. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
checking, by the controller, an integrity of the data by using the signature. 20. A storage device comprising:
a nonvolatile memory device; and a controller configured to control the nonvolatile memory device, wherein the controller includes: a reception block configured to receive a write command, a logical address, data, and a signature associated with the data from an external device; a signature check block configured to receive the data and the signature from the reception block and to check an integrity of the data by using the signature; a hash generation block configured to receive the data and the signature from the signature check block and to generate an output hash value from the data and the signature; a hash data block configured to store previous output hash value associated with previous data previously written in the nonvolatile memory device; a mapping information block configured to store mapping information between a previous logical address of the previous data and a previous physical address, at which the previous data are written, of a storage space of the nonvolatile memory device; and a control block configured to receive the data and the output hash value from the hash generation block, to determine a similarity by comparing the output hash value and the previous output hash value of the hash data block, and to determine one of a write data hit and a write data miss depending on the similarity, wherein, when the write data hit is determined, the control block updates the mapping information block such that the logical address of the data is mapped onto the previous physical address of the previous data, and wherein, when the write data miss is determined, the controller writes the data in the nonvolatile memory device and updates the mapping information block such that the logical address is mapped onto a physical address, at which the data are written, of a storage space of the nonvolatile memory device. | A storage device includes a nonvolatile memory device, and a controller that receives a write command, data, and a signature associated with the data from an external device, generates a first hash value from the data, generates a second hash value from the signature, generates an output hash value based on the first hash value and the second hash, and detects whether the data received from the external device are previously written in the nonvolatile memory device, by using the output hash value.1. A storage device comprising:
a nonvolatile memory device; and a controller configured to: receive a write command, data, and a signature associated with the data from an external device, generate a first hash value from the data, a second hash value from the signature, and an output hash value based on the first hash value and the second hash value, and detect whether the data received from the external device are previously written in the nonvolatile memory device, by using the output hash value. 2. The storage device of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to check an integrity of the data received from the external device by using the signature. 3. The storage device of claim 1, wherein the signature includes at least one of a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) code, a checksum code, an error detection code (EDC), an error correction code (ECC), and a hash value. 4. The storage device of claim 1, wherein the controller includes:
a first hash generator configured to generate the first hash value from the data; a second hash generator configured to generate the second hash value from the signature; and a combination logic configured to combine the first hash value and the second hash value to generate the output hash value. 5. The storage device of claim 4, wherein the combination logic is configured to generate the output hash value by:
arranging the first hash value and the second hash value sequentially, performing a hash operation on a result of arranging the first hash and the second hash sequentially, performing a logical operation on the first hash value and the second hash value, or performing a hash operation on a result of a logical operation on the first hash value and the second hash value. 6. The storage device of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to:
determine a similarity by comparing the output hash value and previous output hash value of data previously written in the nonvolatile memory device; determine a write data hit when the similarity is a threshold value or greater than the threshold value; and skip an operation of writing the data received from the external device in the nonvolatile memory device when the write data hit is determined. 7. The storage device of claim 6, wherein, when the write data hit is determined, the controller stores information indicating that the data received from the external device are present in the nonvolatile memory device as the previously written data. 8. The storage device of claim 6, wherein, when the write data hit is determined, the controller discards the output hash value. 9. The storage device of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to:
determine a similarity by comparing the output hash value and previous output hash value of data previously written in the nonvolatile memory device; determine a write data miss when the similarity is smaller than a threshold value; and write the data received from the external device in the nonvolatile memory device when the write data miss is determined. 10. The storage device of claim 9, wherein, when the write data miss is determined, the controller stores an address of the nonvolatile memory device, at which the data received from the external device are written. 11. The storage device of claim 9, wherein, when the write data miss is determined, the controller stores the output hash value. 12. The storage device of claim 11, wherein the controller is further configured to back up the output hash value to the nonvolatile memory device. 13. The storage device of claim 1, further comprising:
a buffer memory, wherein the controller is further configured to: determine a similarity by comparing the output hash value and previous output hash value of data previously written in the nonvolatile memory device; determine a write data miss when the similarity is smaller than a threshold value; and store the data received from the external device in the buffer memory when the write data miss is determined. 14. The storage device of claim 13, wherein, when a specific condition is satisfied, the controller reads the data stored in the buffer memory and writes the data read from the buffer memory in the nonvolatile memory device. 15. The storage device of claim 14, wherein, the specific condition is satisfied when a flush command is received from the external device, when a sudden power-off (SPO) is detected, when the storage device enters an idle state, or when a free capacity of the buffer memory is smaller than a threshold value. 16. The storage device of claim 1, further comprising:
a buffer memory, wherein the controller is further configured to: store the data and the signature received from the external device in the buffer memory; read the data and the signature stored in the buffer memory when a write condition is satisfied; and generate the first hash value and the second hash value from the data and the signature read from the buffer memory, respectively. 17. The storage device of claim 16, wherein the controller is further configured to:
determine a similarity by comparing the output hash value and previous output hash value of data previously written in the nonvolatile memory device; determine a write data miss when the similarity is smaller than a threshold value; and release a storage space of the buffer memory, in which the data and the signature are stored, when the write data miss is determined. 18. An operating method of a storage device which includes a nonvolatile memory device and a controller configured to control the nonvolatile memory device, the method comprising:
receiving, by the controller, a write command, data, and a signature associated with the data from an external device; generating, by the controller, an output hash value from the data and the signature; skipping, by the controller, an operation of writing the data in the nonvolatile memory device when a similarity between the output hash value and previous output hash value of data previously written in the nonvolatile memory device is a threshold value or greater than the threshold value; and writing, by the controller, the data in the nonvolatile memory device when the similarity between the output hash value and the previous output hash value is smaller than the threshold value. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
checking, by the controller, an integrity of the data by using the signature. 20. A storage device comprising:
a nonvolatile memory device; and a controller configured to control the nonvolatile memory device, wherein the controller includes: a reception block configured to receive a write command, a logical address, data, and a signature associated with the data from an external device; a signature check block configured to receive the data and the signature from the reception block and to check an integrity of the data by using the signature; a hash generation block configured to receive the data and the signature from the signature check block and to generate an output hash value from the data and the signature; a hash data block configured to store previous output hash value associated with previous data previously written in the nonvolatile memory device; a mapping information block configured to store mapping information between a previous logical address of the previous data and a previous physical address, at which the previous data are written, of a storage space of the nonvolatile memory device; and a control block configured to receive the data and the output hash value from the hash generation block, to determine a similarity by comparing the output hash value and the previous output hash value of the hash data block, and to determine one of a write data hit and a write data miss depending on the similarity, wherein, when the write data hit is determined, the control block updates the mapping information block such that the logical address of the data is mapped onto the previous physical address of the previous data, and wherein, when the write data miss is determined, the controller writes the data in the nonvolatile memory device and updates the mapping information block such that the logical address is mapped onto a physical address, at which the data are written, of a storage space of the nonvolatile memory device. | 3,700 |
348,766 | 16,806,254 | 3,783 | A golf club including at least one component with a construction that includes a composite material with color/metallic coated fibers. In some embodiments, at least a portion of an outer surface of the golf club head is defined by a layered structure including color/metallic coated fibers. The layered structure may include a non-woven composite layer comprising a plurality of unidirectional fiber composite plies and woven composite layer disposed over the non-woven fiber composite layer and including color/metallic coated fibers. In some embodiments, an optically transparent coating may be disposed over the woven composite layer. In some embodiments, the color/metallic coated fibers may be electroplated fibers. | 1. A golf club, comprising:
a grip; a golf club shaft; and a golf club head, wherein at least a portion of an outer surface of the golf club head is defined by a layered structure comprising:
a non-woven composite layer comprising a plurality of unidirectional fiber composite plies, the unidirectional fiber composite plies comprising an innermost unidirectional fiber composite ply and an outermost unidirectional fiber composite ply;
a woven composite layer disposed over the outermost unidirectional fiber composite ply and comprising color coated fibers; and
an optically transparent coating disposed over the woven composite layer, the optically transparent coating defining the least a portion of the outer surface of the golf club head. 2. The golf club of claim 1, wherein the woven composite layer comprises a fiber areal weight of 200 grams per meter squared or more. 3. The gold club of claim 1, wherein the golf club head comprises a crown insert comprising the layered structure. 4. The golf club of claim 1, wherein the golf club head comprises a sole insert comprising the layered structure. 5. The golf club of claim 1, wherein the color coated fibers of the woven composite layer comprise a core fiber and a metallic coating layer coated on the core fiber. 6. The golf club of claim 5, wherein the core fiber comprises at least one of carbon fiber, fiberglass, or polymer based fibers. 7. The golf club of claim 5, wherein the metallic coating layer is a different color than the core fiber. 8. The golf club of claim 1, wherein the color coated fibers of the woven composite layer are embedded in a polymeric matrix material. 9. The golf club of claim 8, wherein the polymeric matrix material is optically transparent. 10. The golf club of claim 8, wherein the color coated fibers of the woven composite layer comprise a core fiber, a coating layer coated on the core fiber, and a polymeric sizing layer coated on the coating layer and configured to adhere the color coated fibers to the polymeric matrix material. 11. The golf club of claim 1, wherein the color coated fibers of the woven composite layer each comprise color coated carbon fibers. 12. The golf club of claim 1, wherein the layered structure has a thickness in the range of 0.10 mm to 1.20 mm. 13. The golf club of claim 1, wherein the woven composite layer comprises color coated carbon fibers and metallic fibers interwoven with the color coated carbon fibers. 14. The golf club of claim 13, wherein the metallic fiber is a color coated metallic fiber. 15. The golf club of claim 1, further comprising a movable weight configured to be moved from a first position to a second position in the golf club head. 16. The golf club of claim 1, further comprising a hosel portion configured to receive a sleeve attached to the golf club shaft, the sleeve being capable of being positioned to adjust the loft, lie, or face angle of the golf club head. 17. The golf club of claim 1, wherein the color coated fibers of the woven composite layer comprise colored electroplated fibers. 18. The golf club of claim 1, wherein the outermost unidirectional fiber composite ply comprises color coated fibers. 19. A golf club head, comprising:
an outer surface comprising at least a portion defined by a layered structure comprising:
an inner composite layer comprising a plurality of unidirectional fiber composite plies; and
an outer composite layer disposed over the inner composite layer and comprising color coated fibers embedded in a matrix material. 20. A golf club, comprising:
a grip; a golf club shaft; and a golf club head comprising a hosel portion configured to receive a sleeve attached to the golf club shaft, the sleeve being capable of being positioned to adjust the loft, lie, or face angle of the golf club head, wherein at least a portion of an outer surface of the golf club head is defined by a layered structure comprising:
an inner composite layer comprising a plurality of unidirectional fiber composite plies; and
an outer composite layer disposed over the inner composite layer and comprising color coated fibers embedded in a matrix material. | A golf club including at least one component with a construction that includes a composite material with color/metallic coated fibers. In some embodiments, at least a portion of an outer surface of the golf club head is defined by a layered structure including color/metallic coated fibers. The layered structure may include a non-woven composite layer comprising a plurality of unidirectional fiber composite plies and woven composite layer disposed over the non-woven fiber composite layer and including color/metallic coated fibers. In some embodiments, an optically transparent coating may be disposed over the woven composite layer. In some embodiments, the color/metallic coated fibers may be electroplated fibers.1. A golf club, comprising:
a grip; a golf club shaft; and a golf club head, wherein at least a portion of an outer surface of the golf club head is defined by a layered structure comprising:
a non-woven composite layer comprising a plurality of unidirectional fiber composite plies, the unidirectional fiber composite plies comprising an innermost unidirectional fiber composite ply and an outermost unidirectional fiber composite ply;
a woven composite layer disposed over the outermost unidirectional fiber composite ply and comprising color coated fibers; and
an optically transparent coating disposed over the woven composite layer, the optically transparent coating defining the least a portion of the outer surface of the golf club head. 2. The golf club of claim 1, wherein the woven composite layer comprises a fiber areal weight of 200 grams per meter squared or more. 3. The gold club of claim 1, wherein the golf club head comprises a crown insert comprising the layered structure. 4. The golf club of claim 1, wherein the golf club head comprises a sole insert comprising the layered structure. 5. The golf club of claim 1, wherein the color coated fibers of the woven composite layer comprise a core fiber and a metallic coating layer coated on the core fiber. 6. The golf club of claim 5, wherein the core fiber comprises at least one of carbon fiber, fiberglass, or polymer based fibers. 7. The golf club of claim 5, wherein the metallic coating layer is a different color than the core fiber. 8. The golf club of claim 1, wherein the color coated fibers of the woven composite layer are embedded in a polymeric matrix material. 9. The golf club of claim 8, wherein the polymeric matrix material is optically transparent. 10. The golf club of claim 8, wherein the color coated fibers of the woven composite layer comprise a core fiber, a coating layer coated on the core fiber, and a polymeric sizing layer coated on the coating layer and configured to adhere the color coated fibers to the polymeric matrix material. 11. The golf club of claim 1, wherein the color coated fibers of the woven composite layer each comprise color coated carbon fibers. 12. The golf club of claim 1, wherein the layered structure has a thickness in the range of 0.10 mm to 1.20 mm. 13. The golf club of claim 1, wherein the woven composite layer comprises color coated carbon fibers and metallic fibers interwoven with the color coated carbon fibers. 14. The golf club of claim 13, wherein the metallic fiber is a color coated metallic fiber. 15. The golf club of claim 1, further comprising a movable weight configured to be moved from a first position to a second position in the golf club head. 16. The golf club of claim 1, further comprising a hosel portion configured to receive a sleeve attached to the golf club shaft, the sleeve being capable of being positioned to adjust the loft, lie, or face angle of the golf club head. 17. The golf club of claim 1, wherein the color coated fibers of the woven composite layer comprise colored electroplated fibers. 18. The golf club of claim 1, wherein the outermost unidirectional fiber composite ply comprises color coated fibers. 19. A golf club head, comprising:
an outer surface comprising at least a portion defined by a layered structure comprising:
an inner composite layer comprising a plurality of unidirectional fiber composite plies; and
an outer composite layer disposed over the inner composite layer and comprising color coated fibers embedded in a matrix material. 20. A golf club, comprising:
a grip; a golf club shaft; and a golf club head comprising a hosel portion configured to receive a sleeve attached to the golf club shaft, the sleeve being capable of being positioned to adjust the loft, lie, or face angle of the golf club head, wherein at least a portion of an outer surface of the golf club head is defined by a layered structure comprising:
an inner composite layer comprising a plurality of unidirectional fiber composite plies; and
an outer composite layer disposed over the inner composite layer and comprising color coated fibers embedded in a matrix material. | 3,700 |
348,767 | 16,806,253 | 3,783 | According to an embodiment, a memory device includes a first conductive layer extending in a first direction, a second conductive layer extending in the first direction, a third conductive layer extending in a second direction intersecting with the first direction, an insulating layer provided between the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer, and a dielectric layer provided between the first conductive layer and the third conductive layer, and between the insulating layer and the third conductive layer, the dielectric layer having a first thickness thinner than a second thickness, the first thickness being a thickness between the first conductive layer and the third conductive layer, the second thickness being a thickness between the insulating layer and the third conductive layer, and the dielectric layer including an oxide including at least one of hafnium oxide and zirconium oxide. | 1. A memory device comprising:
a first conductive layer extending in a first direction; a second conductive layer extending in the first direction; a third conductive layer extending in a second direction intersecting with the first direction; an insulating layer provided between the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer; and a dielectric layer provided between the first conductive layer and the third conductive layer, and between the insulating layer and the third conductive layer, the dielectric layer having a first thickness thinner than a second thickness, the first thickness being a thickness between the first conductive layer and the third conductive layer, the second thickness being a thickness between the insulating layer and the third conductive layer, and the dielectric layer including an oxide including at least one of hafnium oxide and zirconium oxide. 2. The memory device according to claim 1, wherein the oxide is a ferroelectric substance. 3. The memory device according to claim 1, wherein the oxide mainly has at least one of orthorhombic crystal and trigonal crystal. 4. The memory device according to claim 1, wherein the first conductive layer, the second conductive layer, and the third conductive layer include metal. 5. The memory device according to claim 1, wherein the oxide includes at least one element selected from the group consisting of silicon (Si), zirconium (Zr), aluminum (Al), yttrium (Y), strontium (Sr), lanthanum (La), samarium (Sm), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), germanium (Ge), and barium (Ba). 6. The memory device according to claim 1, further comprising a first switching layer provided in at least one of a position between the dielectric layer and the first conductive layer and a position between the dielectric layer and the third conductive layer. 7. The memory device according to claim 6, further comprising a second switching layer provided in the other of the position between the dielectric layer and the first conductive layer and the position between the dielectric layer and the third conductive layer, a material of the second switching layer being the same as a material of the first switching layer. 8. The memory device according to claim 1, wherein the first thickness is equal to or more than 3 nm and equal to or less than 20 nm. 9. A memory device comprising:
a first conductive layer extending in a first direction; a second conductive layer extending in the first direction; a third conductive layer extending in a second direction intersecting with the first direction; an insulating layer provided between the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer; and a dielectric layer provided between the first conductive layer and the third conductive layer, and between the insulating layer and the third conductive layer, the dielectric layer having a first thickness thicker than a second thickness, the first thickness being a thickness between the first conductive layer and the third conductive layer, the second thickness being a thickness between the insulating layer and the third conductive layer, and the dielectric layer including an oxide including at least one of hafnium oxide and zirconium oxide. 10. The memory device according to claim 9, wherein the oxide is a ferroelectric substance. 11. The memory device according to claim 9, wherein the oxide mainly has at least one of orthorhombic crystal and trigonal crystal. 12. The memory device according to claim 9, wherein the first conductive layer, the second conductive layer, and the third conductive layer include metal. 13. The memory device according to claim 9, wherein the oxide includes at least one element selected from the group consisting of silicon (Si), zirconium (Zr), aluminum (Al), yttrium (Y), strontium (Sr), lanthanum (La), samarium (Sm), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), germanium (Ge), and barium (Ba). 14. The memory device according to claim 9, further comprising a first switching layer provided in at least one of a position between the dielectric layer and the first conductive layer and a position between the dielectric layer and the third conductive layer. 15. The memory device according to claim 14, further comprising a second switching layer provided in the other of the position between the dielectric layer and the first conductive layer and the position between the dielectric layer and the third conductive layer, a material of the second switching layer being the same as a material of the first switching layer. 16. The memory device according to claim 9, wherein the first thickness is equal to or more than 3 nm and equal to or less than 20 nm. 17. A memory device comprising:
a first conductive layer extending in a first direction; a second conductive layer extending in the first direction; a third conductive layer extending in a second direction intersecting with the first direction; a fourth conductive layer extending in the first direction, the third conductive layer being located between the first conductive layer and the fourth conductive layer; an insulating layer provided between the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer; and a dielectric layer including a first region, a second region, and a third region, the dielectric layer including an oxide including at least one of hafnium oxide and zirconium oxide, the first region being provided between the first conductive layer and the third conductive layer and mainly having at least one of orthorhombic crystal and trigonal crystal, the second region being provided between the fourth conductive layer and the third conductive layer and mainly having at least one of orthorhombic crystal and trigonal crystal, and the third region being provided between the first region and the second region and mainly having crystal other than orthorhombic crystal and trigonal crystal. 18. The memory device according to claim 17, wherein the first region and the second region include a ferroelectric substance, and the third region includes a paraelectric substance. 19. The memory device according to claim 17, wherein the first conductive layer, the second conductive layer, and the third conductive layer include metal. 20. The memory device according to claim 17, wherein the dielectric layer includes a fourth region provided between the insulating layer and the third conductive layer, the fourth region mainly having crystal other than orthorhombic crystal and trigonal crystal. 21. The memory device according to claim 17, wherein the first region includes at least one element selected from the group consisting of silicon (Si), zirconium (Zr), aluminum (Al), yttrium (Y), strontium (Sr), lanthanum (La), samarium (Sm), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), germanium (Ge), and barium (Ba),
the third region includes or does not include the at least one element, and first concentration of the at least one element in the first region is higher than second concentration of the at least one element in the third region. | According to an embodiment, a memory device includes a first conductive layer extending in a first direction, a second conductive layer extending in the first direction, a third conductive layer extending in a second direction intersecting with the first direction, an insulating layer provided between the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer, and a dielectric layer provided between the first conductive layer and the third conductive layer, and between the insulating layer and the third conductive layer, the dielectric layer having a first thickness thinner than a second thickness, the first thickness being a thickness between the first conductive layer and the third conductive layer, the second thickness being a thickness between the insulating layer and the third conductive layer, and the dielectric layer including an oxide including at least one of hafnium oxide and zirconium oxide.1. A memory device comprising:
a first conductive layer extending in a first direction; a second conductive layer extending in the first direction; a third conductive layer extending in a second direction intersecting with the first direction; an insulating layer provided between the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer; and a dielectric layer provided between the first conductive layer and the third conductive layer, and between the insulating layer and the third conductive layer, the dielectric layer having a first thickness thinner than a second thickness, the first thickness being a thickness between the first conductive layer and the third conductive layer, the second thickness being a thickness between the insulating layer and the third conductive layer, and the dielectric layer including an oxide including at least one of hafnium oxide and zirconium oxide. 2. The memory device according to claim 1, wherein the oxide is a ferroelectric substance. 3. The memory device according to claim 1, wherein the oxide mainly has at least one of orthorhombic crystal and trigonal crystal. 4. The memory device according to claim 1, wherein the first conductive layer, the second conductive layer, and the third conductive layer include metal. 5. The memory device according to claim 1, wherein the oxide includes at least one element selected from the group consisting of silicon (Si), zirconium (Zr), aluminum (Al), yttrium (Y), strontium (Sr), lanthanum (La), samarium (Sm), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), germanium (Ge), and barium (Ba). 6. The memory device according to claim 1, further comprising a first switching layer provided in at least one of a position between the dielectric layer and the first conductive layer and a position between the dielectric layer and the third conductive layer. 7. The memory device according to claim 6, further comprising a second switching layer provided in the other of the position between the dielectric layer and the first conductive layer and the position between the dielectric layer and the third conductive layer, a material of the second switching layer being the same as a material of the first switching layer. 8. The memory device according to claim 1, wherein the first thickness is equal to or more than 3 nm and equal to or less than 20 nm. 9. A memory device comprising:
a first conductive layer extending in a first direction; a second conductive layer extending in the first direction; a third conductive layer extending in a second direction intersecting with the first direction; an insulating layer provided between the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer; and a dielectric layer provided between the first conductive layer and the third conductive layer, and between the insulating layer and the third conductive layer, the dielectric layer having a first thickness thicker than a second thickness, the first thickness being a thickness between the first conductive layer and the third conductive layer, the second thickness being a thickness between the insulating layer and the third conductive layer, and the dielectric layer including an oxide including at least one of hafnium oxide and zirconium oxide. 10. The memory device according to claim 9, wherein the oxide is a ferroelectric substance. 11. The memory device according to claim 9, wherein the oxide mainly has at least one of orthorhombic crystal and trigonal crystal. 12. The memory device according to claim 9, wherein the first conductive layer, the second conductive layer, and the third conductive layer include metal. 13. The memory device according to claim 9, wherein the oxide includes at least one element selected from the group consisting of silicon (Si), zirconium (Zr), aluminum (Al), yttrium (Y), strontium (Sr), lanthanum (La), samarium (Sm), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), germanium (Ge), and barium (Ba). 14. The memory device according to claim 9, further comprising a first switching layer provided in at least one of a position between the dielectric layer and the first conductive layer and a position between the dielectric layer and the third conductive layer. 15. The memory device according to claim 14, further comprising a second switching layer provided in the other of the position between the dielectric layer and the first conductive layer and the position between the dielectric layer and the third conductive layer, a material of the second switching layer being the same as a material of the first switching layer. 16. The memory device according to claim 9, wherein the first thickness is equal to or more than 3 nm and equal to or less than 20 nm. 17. A memory device comprising:
a first conductive layer extending in a first direction; a second conductive layer extending in the first direction; a third conductive layer extending in a second direction intersecting with the first direction; a fourth conductive layer extending in the first direction, the third conductive layer being located between the first conductive layer and the fourth conductive layer; an insulating layer provided between the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer; and a dielectric layer including a first region, a second region, and a third region, the dielectric layer including an oxide including at least one of hafnium oxide and zirconium oxide, the first region being provided between the first conductive layer and the third conductive layer and mainly having at least one of orthorhombic crystal and trigonal crystal, the second region being provided between the fourth conductive layer and the third conductive layer and mainly having at least one of orthorhombic crystal and trigonal crystal, and the third region being provided between the first region and the second region and mainly having crystal other than orthorhombic crystal and trigonal crystal. 18. The memory device according to claim 17, wherein the first region and the second region include a ferroelectric substance, and the third region includes a paraelectric substance. 19. The memory device according to claim 17, wherein the first conductive layer, the second conductive layer, and the third conductive layer include metal. 20. The memory device according to claim 17, wherein the dielectric layer includes a fourth region provided between the insulating layer and the third conductive layer, the fourth region mainly having crystal other than orthorhombic crystal and trigonal crystal. 21. The memory device according to claim 17, wherein the first region includes at least one element selected from the group consisting of silicon (Si), zirconium (Zr), aluminum (Al), yttrium (Y), strontium (Sr), lanthanum (La), samarium (Sm), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), germanium (Ge), and barium (Ba),
the third region includes or does not include the at least one element, and first concentration of the at least one element in the first region is higher than second concentration of the at least one element in the third region. | 3,700 |
348,768 | 16,806,267 | 3,783 | Semiconductor devices and their manufacturing methods are disclosed herein, and more particularly to semiconductor devices including a transistor having gate all around (GAA) transistor structures and manufacturing methods thereof. Different thickness in an epi-growth scheme is adopted to create different sheet thicknesses within the same device channel regions for use in manufacturing vertically stacked nanostructure (e.g., nanosheet, nanowire, or the like) GAA devices. A GAA device may be formed with a vertical stack of nanostructures in a channel region with a topmost nanostructure of the vertical stack being thicker than the other nanostructures of the vertical stack. Furthermore, an LDD portion of the topmost nanostructure may be formed as the thickest of the nanostructures in the vertical stack. | 1. A method comprising:
depositing a first sheet over a semiconductor substrate; depositing a first nanosheet over the first sheet, the first nanosheet comprising a first material and having a first thickness; depositing a second sheet over the first nanosheet; depositing a second nanosheet over the second sheet, the second nanosheet comprising the first material and having a second thickness greater than the first thickness; patterning the first sheet, the first nanosheet, the second sheet, and the second nanosheet into a fin; removing the first sheet and the second sheet to form a first nanostructure from the first nanosheet and a second nanostructure from the second nanosheet; depositing a gate dielectric layer around the first nanostructure and the second nanostructure; and depositing a gate electrode around the gate dielectric layer. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein a difference between the second thickness and the first thickness is within a range of at least 0.5 nm to at most 3 nm. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein a ratio of the first thickness and the second thickness is between about 1.05 and about 1.3. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
after the patterning the first sheet, etching the first sheet, the first nanosheet, the second sheet, and the second nanosheet to expose the semiconductor substrate; recessing the first sheet to form a first recess; and forming a first dielectric spacer in the first recess. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first nanostructure has a third thickness and the second nanostructure has a fourth thickness greater than the third thickness. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the removing the first sheet and the second sheet further comprises reducing a thickness of a central portion of the first nanostructure. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein a distal end portion of the first nanostructure retains the first thickness. 8. A method comprising:
etching an opening through a multilayer stack over a semiconductor substrate, the multilayer stack comprising first layers having a first material and second layers having a second material different from the first material; performing a wire release process to remove the first layers and form a stack of nanostructures, the stack of nanostructures comprising a first nanostructure having a first thickness at a first distance from the semiconductor substrate and an intermediate nanostructure having a second thickness at a second distance from the semiconductor substrate, the first thickness being greater than the second thickness and the first distance being greater than the second distance; depositing a gate dielectric layer around the stack of nano structures; and depositing a gate electrode around the gate dielectric layer. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein thicknesses of the nanostructures progressively increase as a distance increases from the semiconductor substrate. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein a difference between the first thickness and the second thickness is within a range of about 0.5 nm to about 3 nm. 11. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
recessing the first layers of the multilayer stack to form recesses; depositing a dielectric material in the recesses; and etching the dielectric material to form spacers. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the performing the wire release process further reduces a thickness of a central portion of a topmost nanostructure without reducing a thickness of a distal end portion of the topmost nanostructure. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the etching the opening comprises etching into the semiconductor substrate to a depth of at least 3 nm. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the stack of nanostructures comprises the first nanostructure, the intermediate nanostructure, and a second nanostructure. 15. A device comprising:
a vertical stack of nanostructures over a substrate, the vertical stack of nanostructures extending between a first source/drain region and a second source/drain region, wherein thicknesses of the nanostructures progressively increase as a distance increases from the substrate and wherein an increase in thickness from one nanostructure to an adjacent nanostructure is between about 1.05 times to about 1.3 times; a gate electrode surrounding a portion of each one of the vertical stack of nanostructures and extending between individual nanostructures within the vertical stack of nanostructures; and a gate dielectric separating the gate electrode from the vertical stack of nanostructures. 16. The device of claim 15, wherein the vertical stack of nanostructures comprises a topmost nanostructure having a first thickness and an intermediate nanostructure having a second thickness, the second thickness being within a range of between about 0.5 nm and about 3 nm of the first thickness. 17. The device of claim 15, wherein a thickness of a distal end portion of one of the nanostructures is greater than a thickness of a central portion of the one of the nanostructures. 18. The device of claim 15, wherein the first source/drain region extends at least 3 nm into the substrate. 19. The device of claim 15, wherein a first distance between a first nanostructure within the vertical stack of nanostructures and a second nanostructure within the vertical stack of nanostructures is equal to a second distance between the second nanostructure and a third nanostructure within the vertical stack of nanostructures. 20. The device of claim 15, further comprising a gate end dielectric adjacent to the gate electrode. | Semiconductor devices and their manufacturing methods are disclosed herein, and more particularly to semiconductor devices including a transistor having gate all around (GAA) transistor structures and manufacturing methods thereof. Different thickness in an epi-growth scheme is adopted to create different sheet thicknesses within the same device channel regions for use in manufacturing vertically stacked nanostructure (e.g., nanosheet, nanowire, or the like) GAA devices. A GAA device may be formed with a vertical stack of nanostructures in a channel region with a topmost nanostructure of the vertical stack being thicker than the other nanostructures of the vertical stack. Furthermore, an LDD portion of the topmost nanostructure may be formed as the thickest of the nanostructures in the vertical stack.1. A method comprising:
depositing a first sheet over a semiconductor substrate; depositing a first nanosheet over the first sheet, the first nanosheet comprising a first material and having a first thickness; depositing a second sheet over the first nanosheet; depositing a second nanosheet over the second sheet, the second nanosheet comprising the first material and having a second thickness greater than the first thickness; patterning the first sheet, the first nanosheet, the second sheet, and the second nanosheet into a fin; removing the first sheet and the second sheet to form a first nanostructure from the first nanosheet and a second nanostructure from the second nanosheet; depositing a gate dielectric layer around the first nanostructure and the second nanostructure; and depositing a gate electrode around the gate dielectric layer. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein a difference between the second thickness and the first thickness is within a range of at least 0.5 nm to at most 3 nm. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein a ratio of the first thickness and the second thickness is between about 1.05 and about 1.3. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
after the patterning the first sheet, etching the first sheet, the first nanosheet, the second sheet, and the second nanosheet to expose the semiconductor substrate; recessing the first sheet to form a first recess; and forming a first dielectric spacer in the first recess. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first nanostructure has a third thickness and the second nanostructure has a fourth thickness greater than the third thickness. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the removing the first sheet and the second sheet further comprises reducing a thickness of a central portion of the first nanostructure. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein a distal end portion of the first nanostructure retains the first thickness. 8. A method comprising:
etching an opening through a multilayer stack over a semiconductor substrate, the multilayer stack comprising first layers having a first material and second layers having a second material different from the first material; performing a wire release process to remove the first layers and form a stack of nanostructures, the stack of nanostructures comprising a first nanostructure having a first thickness at a first distance from the semiconductor substrate and an intermediate nanostructure having a second thickness at a second distance from the semiconductor substrate, the first thickness being greater than the second thickness and the first distance being greater than the second distance; depositing a gate dielectric layer around the stack of nano structures; and depositing a gate electrode around the gate dielectric layer. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein thicknesses of the nanostructures progressively increase as a distance increases from the semiconductor substrate. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein a difference between the first thickness and the second thickness is within a range of about 0.5 nm to about 3 nm. 11. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
recessing the first layers of the multilayer stack to form recesses; depositing a dielectric material in the recesses; and etching the dielectric material to form spacers. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the performing the wire release process further reduces a thickness of a central portion of a topmost nanostructure without reducing a thickness of a distal end portion of the topmost nanostructure. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the etching the opening comprises etching into the semiconductor substrate to a depth of at least 3 nm. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the stack of nanostructures comprises the first nanostructure, the intermediate nanostructure, and a second nanostructure. 15. A device comprising:
a vertical stack of nanostructures over a substrate, the vertical stack of nanostructures extending between a first source/drain region and a second source/drain region, wherein thicknesses of the nanostructures progressively increase as a distance increases from the substrate and wherein an increase in thickness from one nanostructure to an adjacent nanostructure is between about 1.05 times to about 1.3 times; a gate electrode surrounding a portion of each one of the vertical stack of nanostructures and extending between individual nanostructures within the vertical stack of nanostructures; and a gate dielectric separating the gate electrode from the vertical stack of nanostructures. 16. The device of claim 15, wherein the vertical stack of nanostructures comprises a topmost nanostructure having a first thickness and an intermediate nanostructure having a second thickness, the second thickness being within a range of between about 0.5 nm and about 3 nm of the first thickness. 17. The device of claim 15, wherein a thickness of a distal end portion of one of the nanostructures is greater than a thickness of a central portion of the one of the nanostructures. 18. The device of claim 15, wherein the first source/drain region extends at least 3 nm into the substrate. 19. The device of claim 15, wherein a first distance between a first nanostructure within the vertical stack of nanostructures and a second nanostructure within the vertical stack of nanostructures is equal to a second distance between the second nanostructure and a third nanostructure within the vertical stack of nanostructures. 20. The device of claim 15, further comprising a gate end dielectric adjacent to the gate electrode. | 3,700 |
348,769 | 16,806,270 | 3,783 | A coil unit capable of inhibiting overheating in a magnetic body while the amount of the magnetic body used is reduced includes a magnetic body and a coil with an opening, the magnetic body overlaps the coil in a first direction and includes first, second, and third areas, the first area includes first and second faces, the second area includes third and fourth faces, the third area includes fifth and sixth faces, a first distance between the fifth face and the coil is shorter than a second distance between the second face and the coil and is longer than a third distance between the first face and the coil, a fourth distance between the third face and the coil is shorter than the first distance, and a fifth distance between the fourth face and the coil is longer than the third distance. | 1. A coil unit comprising:
a magnetic body; and a coil made of a conductor in a spiral pattern disposed above the magnetic body, wherein an opening is formed in the coil, wherein the magnetic body overlaps the coil in a first direction and includes a first area including a part overlapping the conductor in the first direction, a second area positioned at a position farther from a center of the coil than the first area in a direction from the center of the coil toward an outer periphery side of the coil, and a third area positioned at a position closer to the center of the coil than the first area in the direction from the center of the coil toward the outer periphery side of the coil, wherein the first area includes a first face and a second face, wherein the first face is a face that overlaps the second face in the first direction and is closer to the coil than the second face in the first direction, wherein the second area includes a third face and a fourth face, wherein the third face is a face that overlaps the fourth face in the first direction and is closer to the coil than the fourth face in the first direction, wherein the third area includes a fifth face and a sixth face, wherein the fifth face is a face that overlaps the sixth face in the first direction and is closer to the coil than the sixth face in the first direction, wherein a first distance between the fifth face and the coil among distances in the first direction is shorter than a second distance between the second face and the coil among the distances in the first direction and is longer than a third distance between the first face and the coil among the distances in the first direction, and a fourth distance between the third face and the coil among the distances in the first direction is shorter than the first distance, and wherein a fifth distance between the fourth face and the coil among the distances in the first direction is longer than the third distance. 2. The coil unit according to claim 1, wherein the fifth distance is shorter than the second distance. 3. The coil unit according to claim 2, wherein the fifth distance is a distance that is equal to or shorter than the first distance. 4. The coil unit according to claim 1, wherein the first area does not overlap an area on an inner side of an inner edge of the coil in the first direction. 5. The coil unit according to claim 2, wherein the first area does not overlap an area on an inner side of an inner edge of the coil in the first direction. 6. The coil unit according to claim 3, wherein the first area does not overlap an area on an inner side of an inner edge of the coil in the first direction. 7. The coil unit according to claim 1, wherein the magnetic body includes a plurality of magnetic body pieces. 8. The coil unit according to claim 2, wherein the magnetic body includes a plurality of magnetic body pieces. 9. The coil unit according to claim 3, wherein the magnetic body includes a plurality of magnetic body pieces. 10. The coil unit according to claim 7,
wherein three magnetic body pieces of a first magnetic body piece, a second magnetic body piece, and a third magnetic body piece are included in the plurality of magnetic body pieces, wherein the first magnetic body piece is included in the first area, wherein the second magnetic body piece is included in the second area, and wherein the third magnetic body piece is included in the third area. 11. The coil unit according to claim 8,
wherein three magnetic body pieces of a first magnetic body piece, a second magnetic body piece, and a third magnetic body piece are included in the plurality of magnetic body pieces, wherein the first magnetic body piece is included in the first area, wherein the second magnetic body piece is included in the second area, and wherein the third magnetic body piece is included in the third area. 12. The coil unit according to claim 9,
wherein three magnetic body pieces of a first magnetic body piece, a second magnetic body piece, and a third magnetic body piece are included in the plurality of magnetic body pieces, wherein the first magnetic body piece is included in the first area, wherein the second magnetic body piece is included in the second area, and wherein the third magnetic body piece is included in the third area. 13. The coil unit according to claim 7,
wherein two magnetic body pieces of a fourth magnetic body piece and a fifth magnetic body piece are included in the plurality of magnetic body pieces, wherein the fourth magnetic body piece is included over a part of the first area that is positioned on the coil side and the second area, and wherein the fifth magnetic body piece is included over a part of the first area that is positioned on a side opposite to the coil and the third area. 14. The coil unit according to claim 8,
wherein two magnetic body pieces of a fourth magnetic body piece and a fifth magnetic body piece are included in the plurality of magnetic body pieces, wherein the fourth magnetic body piece is included over a part of the first area that is positioned on the coil side and the second area, and wherein the fifth magnetic body piece is included over a part of the first area that is positioned on a side opposite to the coil and the third area. 15. The coil unit according to claim 9,
wherein two magnetic body pieces of a fourth magnetic body piece and a fifth magnetic body piece are included in the plurality of magnetic body pieces, wherein the fourth magnetic body piece is included over a part of the first area that is positioned on the coil side and the second area, and wherein the fifth magnetic body piece is included over a part of the first area that is positioned on a side opposite to the coil and the third area. 16. The coil unit according to claim 1, wherein the second face substantially is included in a face including the sixth face. 17. The coil unit according to claim 2, wherein the second face is substantially included in a face including the sixth face. 18. The coil unit according to claim 3, wherein the second face is substantially included in a face including the sixth face. 19. A wireless power transmission device comprising the coil unit according to claim 1 as a power transmission coil unit. 20. A wireless power receiving device comprising the coil unit according to claim 1 as a power receiving coil unit. 21. A wireless power transmission system comprising at least one of the wireless power transmission device according to claim 19 and the wireless power receiving device comprising the coil unit as a power receiving coil unit. | A coil unit capable of inhibiting overheating in a magnetic body while the amount of the magnetic body used is reduced includes a magnetic body and a coil with an opening, the magnetic body overlaps the coil in a first direction and includes first, second, and third areas, the first area includes first and second faces, the second area includes third and fourth faces, the third area includes fifth and sixth faces, a first distance between the fifth face and the coil is shorter than a second distance between the second face and the coil and is longer than a third distance between the first face and the coil, a fourth distance between the third face and the coil is shorter than the first distance, and a fifth distance between the fourth face and the coil is longer than the third distance.1. A coil unit comprising:
a magnetic body; and a coil made of a conductor in a spiral pattern disposed above the magnetic body, wherein an opening is formed in the coil, wherein the magnetic body overlaps the coil in a first direction and includes a first area including a part overlapping the conductor in the first direction, a second area positioned at a position farther from a center of the coil than the first area in a direction from the center of the coil toward an outer periphery side of the coil, and a third area positioned at a position closer to the center of the coil than the first area in the direction from the center of the coil toward the outer periphery side of the coil, wherein the first area includes a first face and a second face, wherein the first face is a face that overlaps the second face in the first direction and is closer to the coil than the second face in the first direction, wherein the second area includes a third face and a fourth face, wherein the third face is a face that overlaps the fourth face in the first direction and is closer to the coil than the fourth face in the first direction, wherein the third area includes a fifth face and a sixth face, wherein the fifth face is a face that overlaps the sixth face in the first direction and is closer to the coil than the sixth face in the first direction, wherein a first distance between the fifth face and the coil among distances in the first direction is shorter than a second distance between the second face and the coil among the distances in the first direction and is longer than a third distance between the first face and the coil among the distances in the first direction, and a fourth distance between the third face and the coil among the distances in the first direction is shorter than the first distance, and wherein a fifth distance between the fourth face and the coil among the distances in the first direction is longer than the third distance. 2. The coil unit according to claim 1, wherein the fifth distance is shorter than the second distance. 3. The coil unit according to claim 2, wherein the fifth distance is a distance that is equal to or shorter than the first distance. 4. The coil unit according to claim 1, wherein the first area does not overlap an area on an inner side of an inner edge of the coil in the first direction. 5. The coil unit according to claim 2, wherein the first area does not overlap an area on an inner side of an inner edge of the coil in the first direction. 6. The coil unit according to claim 3, wherein the first area does not overlap an area on an inner side of an inner edge of the coil in the first direction. 7. The coil unit according to claim 1, wherein the magnetic body includes a plurality of magnetic body pieces. 8. The coil unit according to claim 2, wherein the magnetic body includes a plurality of magnetic body pieces. 9. The coil unit according to claim 3, wherein the magnetic body includes a plurality of magnetic body pieces. 10. The coil unit according to claim 7,
wherein three magnetic body pieces of a first magnetic body piece, a second magnetic body piece, and a third magnetic body piece are included in the plurality of magnetic body pieces, wherein the first magnetic body piece is included in the first area, wherein the second magnetic body piece is included in the second area, and wherein the third magnetic body piece is included in the third area. 11. The coil unit according to claim 8,
wherein three magnetic body pieces of a first magnetic body piece, a second magnetic body piece, and a third magnetic body piece are included in the plurality of magnetic body pieces, wherein the first magnetic body piece is included in the first area, wherein the second magnetic body piece is included in the second area, and wherein the third magnetic body piece is included in the third area. 12. The coil unit according to claim 9,
wherein three magnetic body pieces of a first magnetic body piece, a second magnetic body piece, and a third magnetic body piece are included in the plurality of magnetic body pieces, wherein the first magnetic body piece is included in the first area, wherein the second magnetic body piece is included in the second area, and wherein the third magnetic body piece is included in the third area. 13. The coil unit according to claim 7,
wherein two magnetic body pieces of a fourth magnetic body piece and a fifth magnetic body piece are included in the plurality of magnetic body pieces, wherein the fourth magnetic body piece is included over a part of the first area that is positioned on the coil side and the second area, and wherein the fifth magnetic body piece is included over a part of the first area that is positioned on a side opposite to the coil and the third area. 14. The coil unit according to claim 8,
wherein two magnetic body pieces of a fourth magnetic body piece and a fifth magnetic body piece are included in the plurality of magnetic body pieces, wherein the fourth magnetic body piece is included over a part of the first area that is positioned on the coil side and the second area, and wherein the fifth magnetic body piece is included over a part of the first area that is positioned on a side opposite to the coil and the third area. 15. The coil unit according to claim 9,
wherein two magnetic body pieces of a fourth magnetic body piece and a fifth magnetic body piece are included in the plurality of magnetic body pieces, wherein the fourth magnetic body piece is included over a part of the first area that is positioned on the coil side and the second area, and wherein the fifth magnetic body piece is included over a part of the first area that is positioned on a side opposite to the coil and the third area. 16. The coil unit according to claim 1, wherein the second face substantially is included in a face including the sixth face. 17. The coil unit according to claim 2, wherein the second face is substantially included in a face including the sixth face. 18. The coil unit according to claim 3, wherein the second face is substantially included in a face including the sixth face. 19. A wireless power transmission device comprising the coil unit according to claim 1 as a power transmission coil unit. 20. A wireless power receiving device comprising the coil unit according to claim 1 as a power receiving coil unit. 21. A wireless power transmission system comprising at least one of the wireless power transmission device according to claim 19 and the wireless power receiving device comprising the coil unit as a power receiving coil unit. | 3,700 |
348,770 | 16,806,278 | 3,783 | Embodiments of the disclosure relate to an optical fiber ribbon. The optical fiber ribbon includes optical fibers arranged in a row having a first width. Indicator fibers are provided at the edges of the row. The indicator fibers have different color fiber jackets. The optical fiber ribbon also includes a primary matrix into which the plurality of optical fibers is embedded. The optical fiber ribbon also includes an opacifying layer having a second width and a color layer, distinct from the opacifying layer, having a third width. The optical fiber ribbon further includes a layer of printing disposed on an outer surface of the primary matrix. In the optical fiber ribbon, the first width is greater than at least one of the second width or the third width such that the indicator fibers extend past at least one of the opacifying layer or the color layer. | 1. An optical fiber ribbon, comprising:
a plurality of optical fibers arranged in a row having a first width, wherein a first indicator fiber is provided at a first edge of the row and a second indicator fiber is provided at a second edge of the row and wherein the first indicator fiber has a first fiber jacket having a different color than a second fiber jacket of the second indicator fiber; a primary matrix into which the plurality of optical fibers is embedded, the primary matrix having an outer surface; an opacifying layer having a second width and comprising a first base resin and an opacifier; a color layer, distinct from the opacifying layer, the color layer having a third width and comprising a second base resin and a colorant, wherein the colorant is a different composition from the opacifier; and a layer of printing disposed on the outer surface of the primary matrix; wherein the first width is greater than at least one of the second width or the third width such that the first indicator fiber and the second indicator fiber each extend widthwise past at least one of the opacifying layer or the color layer. 2. The optical fiber ribbon of claim 1, wherein the color layer is a secondary matrix that surrounds the primary matrix. 3. The optical fiber ribbon of claim 2, wherein the opacifying layer is contained in the secondary matrix and wherein the opacifying layer is at least partially in contact with the outer surface of the primary matrix. 4. The optical fiber ribbon of claim 3, wherein the plurality of optical fibers comprises at least one interior fiber disposed in the row between the first indicator fiber and the second indicator fiber and wherein a first average thickness T1 of the secondary matrix over the at least one interior fiber is from 10 μm to 35 μm. 5. The optical fiber ribbon of claim 4, wherein a second average thickness T2 of the opacifying layer is from 20% to 100% of the first average thickness T1. 6. The optical fiber ribbon of claim 2, wherein the plurality of optical fibers comprises at least one interior fiber disposed in the row between the first indicator fiber and the second indicator fiber and wherein the opacifying layer is coated onto the at least one interior fiber. 7. The optical fiber ribbon of claim 6, wherein the opacifying layer has an average thickness of from 5 μm to 50 μm. 8. The optical fiber ribbon of claim 1, wherein the plurality of optical fibers comprises at least one interior fiber disposed in the row between the first indicator fiber and the second indicator fiber and wherein the opacifying layer is coated onto the at least one interior fiber such that the opacifying layer is embedded in the primary matrix. 9. The optical fiber ribbon of claim 8, wherein a secondary matrix surrounds the primary matrix, wherein the color layer is contained in the secondary matrix, and wherein the color layer is at least partially in contact with the outer surface of the primary matrix. 10. The optical fiber ribbon of claim 9, wherein the first width of the row of the plurality of optical fibers is greater than both of the second width of the opacifying layer and the third width of the color layer. 11. The optical fiber ribbon of claim 8, wherein the color layer is coated over the opacifying layer such that both of the color layer and the opacifying layer are embedded in the primary matrix. 12. The optical fiber ribbon of claim 11, wherein a cross-section of the optical fiber ribbon transverse to a longitudinal axis of the optical fiber ribbon has a midline defining a first portion above the midline and a second portion below the midline and wherein the color layer and the opacifying layer are located in only one of the first portion or the second portion. 13. The optical fiber ribbon of claim 11, wherein a cross-section of the optical fiber ribbon transverse to a longitudinal axis of the optical fiber ribbon has a midline defining a first portion above the midline and a second portion below the midline and wherein the color layer and the opacifying layer are located in both of the first portion and the second portion. 14. An optical fiber ribbon, comprising:
a plurality of optical fibers arranged in a row having a first width, wherein the plurality of optical fibers comprises a first indicator fiber provided at a first edge of the row, a second indicator fiber provided at a second edge of the row, and at least a first interior fiber disposed in the row between the first indicator fiber and the second indicator fiber and wherein the first indicator fiber has a first fiber jacket having a different color than a second fiber jacket of the second indicator fiber; a primary matrix into which the plurality of optical fibers is embedded, the primary matrix having an outer surface; a first color layer comprising a first base resin and a first colorant, wherein the first color layer defines a first continuous coating over at least a portion of the first interior fiber; a layer of printing disposed on the outer surface of the primary matrix; and a secondary matrix surrounding the primary matrix such that the layer of printing is disposed between the primary matrix and the secondary matrix. 15. The optical fiber ribbon of claim 14, wherein the plurality of optical fibers further comprises at least a second interior fiber and a third interior fiber that are disposed in the row between the first indicator fiber and the second indicator fiber;
wherein the optical fiber ribbon further comprises a second color layer comprising a second base resin and a second colorant, the second colorant being different from the first colorant; wherein the first color layer defines the first continuous coating over at least the first interior fiber and the second interior fiber but not over the third interior fiber; and wherein the second color layer defines a second continuous coating over at least the second interior fiber and the third interior fiber but not over the first interior fiber. 16. The optical fiber ribbon of claim 14, wherein the first color layer further comprises an opacifier. 17. The optical fiber ribbon of claim 16, wherein the primary matrix and the secondary matrix do not contain an opacifier or a colorant. 18. A method of preparing an optical fiber ribbon, comprising the steps of:
arranging a plurality of optical fibers in a row, the plurality of optical fibers comprising a first indicator fiber at a first end of the row, a second indicator fiber at a second end of the row, and at least one interior fiber disposed in the row between the first indicator fiber and the second indicator fiber; coating, in a first applicator, the at least one interior fiber with an opacifying layer comprising a first base resin and an opacifier; applying a primary matrix around the plurality of optical fibers in the first applicator during the step of coating; printing information including characteristics of the optical fiber ribbon onto the primary matrix; and apply a secondary matrix around the primary matrix in a second applicator such that the printed information is disposed between the primary matrix and the secondary matrix. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the secondary matrix comprises a colorant. 20. The method of claim 18, further comprising the step of coating the primary matrix with a color layer comprising a second base resin and a colorant in the second applicator during the step of applying the secondary matrix. 21. The method of claim 18, further comprising the step of coating the opacifying layer with a color layer in the first applicator during the steps of coating with the opacifying layer and applying the primary matrix. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein a cross-section of the optical fiber ribbon transverse to a longitudinal axis of the optical fiber ribbon has a midline defining a first portion above the midline and a second portion below the midline; and
wherein the color layer and the opacifying layer are located in both of the first portion and the second portion. 23. A method of preparing an optical fiber ribbon, comprising the steps of:
arranging a plurality of optical fibers in a row, the plurality of optical fibers comprising a first indicator fiber at a first end of the row, a second indicator fiber at a second end of the row, and at least a first interior fiber disposed in the row between the first indicator fiber and the second indicator fiber; coating, in a first applicator, the first interior fiber with a first color layer comprising a first base resin and a first colorant; applying a primary matrix around the plurality of optical fibers in the first applicator during the step of coating; printing information regarding characteristics of the optical fiber ribbon onto the primary matrix; and applying a secondary matrix around the primary matrix in a second applicator such that the printed information is disposed between the primary matrix and the secondary matrix. 24. The method of claim 22, wherein the first color layer further comprises an opacifier. 25. The method of claim 22, wherein the plurality of optical fibers comprises at least a second interior fiber and a third interior fiber disposed in the row between the first indicator fiber and the second indicator fiber;
wherein the first color layer is applied in the first applicator to the first interior fiber and to the second interior fiber but not to the third interior fiber; and wherein the method further comprises the step of coating, in the first applicator, the second interior fiber and the third interior fiber but not the first interior fiber with a second color layer comprising a second base resin and a second colorant, the second colorant being different from the first colorant. | Embodiments of the disclosure relate to an optical fiber ribbon. The optical fiber ribbon includes optical fibers arranged in a row having a first width. Indicator fibers are provided at the edges of the row. The indicator fibers have different color fiber jackets. The optical fiber ribbon also includes a primary matrix into which the plurality of optical fibers is embedded. The optical fiber ribbon also includes an opacifying layer having a second width and a color layer, distinct from the opacifying layer, having a third width. The optical fiber ribbon further includes a layer of printing disposed on an outer surface of the primary matrix. In the optical fiber ribbon, the first width is greater than at least one of the second width or the third width such that the indicator fibers extend past at least one of the opacifying layer or the color layer.1. An optical fiber ribbon, comprising:
a plurality of optical fibers arranged in a row having a first width, wherein a first indicator fiber is provided at a first edge of the row and a second indicator fiber is provided at a second edge of the row and wherein the first indicator fiber has a first fiber jacket having a different color than a second fiber jacket of the second indicator fiber; a primary matrix into which the plurality of optical fibers is embedded, the primary matrix having an outer surface; an opacifying layer having a second width and comprising a first base resin and an opacifier; a color layer, distinct from the opacifying layer, the color layer having a third width and comprising a second base resin and a colorant, wherein the colorant is a different composition from the opacifier; and a layer of printing disposed on the outer surface of the primary matrix; wherein the first width is greater than at least one of the second width or the third width such that the first indicator fiber and the second indicator fiber each extend widthwise past at least one of the opacifying layer or the color layer. 2. The optical fiber ribbon of claim 1, wherein the color layer is a secondary matrix that surrounds the primary matrix. 3. The optical fiber ribbon of claim 2, wherein the opacifying layer is contained in the secondary matrix and wherein the opacifying layer is at least partially in contact with the outer surface of the primary matrix. 4. The optical fiber ribbon of claim 3, wherein the plurality of optical fibers comprises at least one interior fiber disposed in the row between the first indicator fiber and the second indicator fiber and wherein a first average thickness T1 of the secondary matrix over the at least one interior fiber is from 10 μm to 35 μm. 5. The optical fiber ribbon of claim 4, wherein a second average thickness T2 of the opacifying layer is from 20% to 100% of the first average thickness T1. 6. The optical fiber ribbon of claim 2, wherein the plurality of optical fibers comprises at least one interior fiber disposed in the row between the first indicator fiber and the second indicator fiber and wherein the opacifying layer is coated onto the at least one interior fiber. 7. The optical fiber ribbon of claim 6, wherein the opacifying layer has an average thickness of from 5 μm to 50 μm. 8. The optical fiber ribbon of claim 1, wherein the plurality of optical fibers comprises at least one interior fiber disposed in the row between the first indicator fiber and the second indicator fiber and wherein the opacifying layer is coated onto the at least one interior fiber such that the opacifying layer is embedded in the primary matrix. 9. The optical fiber ribbon of claim 8, wherein a secondary matrix surrounds the primary matrix, wherein the color layer is contained in the secondary matrix, and wherein the color layer is at least partially in contact with the outer surface of the primary matrix. 10. The optical fiber ribbon of claim 9, wherein the first width of the row of the plurality of optical fibers is greater than both of the second width of the opacifying layer and the third width of the color layer. 11. The optical fiber ribbon of claim 8, wherein the color layer is coated over the opacifying layer such that both of the color layer and the opacifying layer are embedded in the primary matrix. 12. The optical fiber ribbon of claim 11, wherein a cross-section of the optical fiber ribbon transverse to a longitudinal axis of the optical fiber ribbon has a midline defining a first portion above the midline and a second portion below the midline and wherein the color layer and the opacifying layer are located in only one of the first portion or the second portion. 13. The optical fiber ribbon of claim 11, wherein a cross-section of the optical fiber ribbon transverse to a longitudinal axis of the optical fiber ribbon has a midline defining a first portion above the midline and a second portion below the midline and wherein the color layer and the opacifying layer are located in both of the first portion and the second portion. 14. An optical fiber ribbon, comprising:
a plurality of optical fibers arranged in a row having a first width, wherein the plurality of optical fibers comprises a first indicator fiber provided at a first edge of the row, a second indicator fiber provided at a second edge of the row, and at least a first interior fiber disposed in the row between the first indicator fiber and the second indicator fiber and wherein the first indicator fiber has a first fiber jacket having a different color than a second fiber jacket of the second indicator fiber; a primary matrix into which the plurality of optical fibers is embedded, the primary matrix having an outer surface; a first color layer comprising a first base resin and a first colorant, wherein the first color layer defines a first continuous coating over at least a portion of the first interior fiber; a layer of printing disposed on the outer surface of the primary matrix; and a secondary matrix surrounding the primary matrix such that the layer of printing is disposed between the primary matrix and the secondary matrix. 15. The optical fiber ribbon of claim 14, wherein the plurality of optical fibers further comprises at least a second interior fiber and a third interior fiber that are disposed in the row between the first indicator fiber and the second indicator fiber;
wherein the optical fiber ribbon further comprises a second color layer comprising a second base resin and a second colorant, the second colorant being different from the first colorant; wherein the first color layer defines the first continuous coating over at least the first interior fiber and the second interior fiber but not over the third interior fiber; and wherein the second color layer defines a second continuous coating over at least the second interior fiber and the third interior fiber but not over the first interior fiber. 16. The optical fiber ribbon of claim 14, wherein the first color layer further comprises an opacifier. 17. The optical fiber ribbon of claim 16, wherein the primary matrix and the secondary matrix do not contain an opacifier or a colorant. 18. A method of preparing an optical fiber ribbon, comprising the steps of:
arranging a plurality of optical fibers in a row, the plurality of optical fibers comprising a first indicator fiber at a first end of the row, a second indicator fiber at a second end of the row, and at least one interior fiber disposed in the row between the first indicator fiber and the second indicator fiber; coating, in a first applicator, the at least one interior fiber with an opacifying layer comprising a first base resin and an opacifier; applying a primary matrix around the plurality of optical fibers in the first applicator during the step of coating; printing information including characteristics of the optical fiber ribbon onto the primary matrix; and apply a secondary matrix around the primary matrix in a second applicator such that the printed information is disposed between the primary matrix and the secondary matrix. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the secondary matrix comprises a colorant. 20. The method of claim 18, further comprising the step of coating the primary matrix with a color layer comprising a second base resin and a colorant in the second applicator during the step of applying the secondary matrix. 21. The method of claim 18, further comprising the step of coating the opacifying layer with a color layer in the first applicator during the steps of coating with the opacifying layer and applying the primary matrix. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein a cross-section of the optical fiber ribbon transverse to a longitudinal axis of the optical fiber ribbon has a midline defining a first portion above the midline and a second portion below the midline; and
wherein the color layer and the opacifying layer are located in both of the first portion and the second portion. 23. A method of preparing an optical fiber ribbon, comprising the steps of:
arranging a plurality of optical fibers in a row, the plurality of optical fibers comprising a first indicator fiber at a first end of the row, a second indicator fiber at a second end of the row, and at least a first interior fiber disposed in the row between the first indicator fiber and the second indicator fiber; coating, in a first applicator, the first interior fiber with a first color layer comprising a first base resin and a first colorant; applying a primary matrix around the plurality of optical fibers in the first applicator during the step of coating; printing information regarding characteristics of the optical fiber ribbon onto the primary matrix; and applying a secondary matrix around the primary matrix in a second applicator such that the printed information is disposed between the primary matrix and the secondary matrix. 24. The method of claim 22, wherein the first color layer further comprises an opacifier. 25. The method of claim 22, wherein the plurality of optical fibers comprises at least a second interior fiber and a third interior fiber disposed in the row between the first indicator fiber and the second indicator fiber;
wherein the first color layer is applied in the first applicator to the first interior fiber and to the second interior fiber but not to the third interior fiber; and wherein the method further comprises the step of coating, in the first applicator, the second interior fiber and the third interior fiber but not the first interior fiber with a second color layer comprising a second base resin and a second colorant, the second colorant being different from the first colorant. | 3,700 |
348,771 | 16,806,259 | 3,783 | A jig includes a base and one or more movable blocks. The base has an upper surface, which is configured to receive a substrate shaped as a flattened polyhedron having multiple facets. The one or more movable blocks are configured to move on the base so as to fold respective ones of the multiple facets, and to hold the substrate in a folded three-dimensional configuration. | 1. A jig, comprising:
a base having an upper surface, which is configured to receive a substrate shaped as a flattened polyhedron having multiple facets; and one or more movable blocks, which are configured to move on the base so as to fold respective ones of the multiple facets, and to hold the substrate in a folded three-dimensional configuration. 2. The jig according to claim 1, wherein the base comprises at least a track for moving at least one of the movable blocks. 3. The jig according to claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a foldable section between adjacent facets, and wherein at least one of the movable blocks is configured to fold the foldable section and to fasten one of the adjacent facets to a respective solid facet of a solid polyhedron. 4. The jig according to claim 1, and comprising at least a fixation apparatus, which is configured to fixate at least one of the movable blocks at a predefined position on the base. 5. The jig according to claim 1, and comprising a knob, which is fixated to the base and is configured to fasten at least one of the facets to a respective solid facet of a solid polyhedron. 6. The jig according to claim 5, and comprising a mechanical supporting part, which is configured to be fixated to the base and has a bore, wherein the knob is configured to pass through the bore, such that a distal end of the knob is configured to be moved toward the solid polyhedron for fastening the at least one of the facets to the respective solid facet. 7. The jig according to claim 6, wherein the mechanical supporting part comprises a bridge that goes over the solid polyhedron, and wherein, when the bridge is fixated to the base, the bore is aligned with the respective solid facet. 8. The jig according to claim 6, wherein the knob comprises a screw, and the bore comprises a screw-shaped bore configured to snugly fit over the screw. 9. The jig according to claim 8, wherein the knob is configured to be rotated in first and second directions that are opposite to one another, wherein when the knob is rotated in the first direction, the distal end is configured to move toward the solid polyhedron, and when the knob is rotated in the second direction, the distal end is configured to move away from the solid polyhedron. 10. The jig according to claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises an upper facet, a lower facet and one or more additional facets, wherein a solid polyhedron is positioned on the lower facet, wherein the one or more movable blocks are configured to fasten respective ones of the additional facets to respective solid facets of the solid polyhedron, and comprising a knob, which is configured to fasten the upper facet to an upper solid facet of the solid polyhedron. 11. An assembling method, comprising:
placing, on an upper surface of a base, a substrate shaped as a flattened polyhedron having multiple facets; positioning, on at least one of the facets, a solid polyhedron; moving, on the base, one or more movable blocks for folding respective ones of the multiple facets onto respective solid facets of the solid polyhedron; and holding the substrate in a folded three-dimensional configuration against the solid polyhedron. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein moving the blocks comprises moving at least a block along a track of the base. 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein the substrate comprises a foldable section between adjacent facets, and wherein moving the blocks comprises folding the foldable section. 14. The method according to claim 11, wherein holding the substrate comprises fixing at least one of the movable blocks at a predefined position on the base. 15. The method according to claim 11, and comprising fastening at least one of the facets to a respective solid facet of the solid polyhedron. 16. The method according to claim 15, and comprising fixating to the base a mechanical supporting part having a bore, and moving the knob through the bore toward the solid polyhedron for fastening the at least one of the facets to the respective solid facet. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein moving the knob comprises: (i) rotating the knob in a first direction for moving a distal end of the knob toward the solid polyhedron, and (ii) rotating the knob in a second direction for moving the distal away from the solid polyhedron. 18. The method according to claim 11, wherein the substrate comprises an upper facet, a lower facet and one or more additional facets, wherein positioning the solid polyhedron comprises positioning the solid polyhedron on the lower facet, wherein holding the blocks comprises fastening respective ones of the additional facets to respective solid facets of the solid polyhedron, and comprising fastening the upper facet to an upper solid facet of the solid polyhedron. 19. The method according to claim 11, and comprising coupling, to one another, adjacent edges of the folded facets for wrapping the polyhedron with the substrate. 20. The method according to claim 19, wherein coupling the adjacent edges comprises using a coupling technique selected from a list consisting of: (a) welding, (b) soldering, (c) gluing, (d) stapling, and (e) clipping. | A jig includes a base and one or more movable blocks. The base has an upper surface, which is configured to receive a substrate shaped as a flattened polyhedron having multiple facets. The one or more movable blocks are configured to move on the base so as to fold respective ones of the multiple facets, and to hold the substrate in a folded three-dimensional configuration.1. A jig, comprising:
a base having an upper surface, which is configured to receive a substrate shaped as a flattened polyhedron having multiple facets; and one or more movable blocks, which are configured to move on the base so as to fold respective ones of the multiple facets, and to hold the substrate in a folded three-dimensional configuration. 2. The jig according to claim 1, wherein the base comprises at least a track for moving at least one of the movable blocks. 3. The jig according to claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a foldable section between adjacent facets, and wherein at least one of the movable blocks is configured to fold the foldable section and to fasten one of the adjacent facets to a respective solid facet of a solid polyhedron. 4. The jig according to claim 1, and comprising at least a fixation apparatus, which is configured to fixate at least one of the movable blocks at a predefined position on the base. 5. The jig according to claim 1, and comprising a knob, which is fixated to the base and is configured to fasten at least one of the facets to a respective solid facet of a solid polyhedron. 6. The jig according to claim 5, and comprising a mechanical supporting part, which is configured to be fixated to the base and has a bore, wherein the knob is configured to pass through the bore, such that a distal end of the knob is configured to be moved toward the solid polyhedron for fastening the at least one of the facets to the respective solid facet. 7. The jig according to claim 6, wherein the mechanical supporting part comprises a bridge that goes over the solid polyhedron, and wherein, when the bridge is fixated to the base, the bore is aligned with the respective solid facet. 8. The jig according to claim 6, wherein the knob comprises a screw, and the bore comprises a screw-shaped bore configured to snugly fit over the screw. 9. The jig according to claim 8, wherein the knob is configured to be rotated in first and second directions that are opposite to one another, wherein when the knob is rotated in the first direction, the distal end is configured to move toward the solid polyhedron, and when the knob is rotated in the second direction, the distal end is configured to move away from the solid polyhedron. 10. The jig according to claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises an upper facet, a lower facet and one or more additional facets, wherein a solid polyhedron is positioned on the lower facet, wherein the one or more movable blocks are configured to fasten respective ones of the additional facets to respective solid facets of the solid polyhedron, and comprising a knob, which is configured to fasten the upper facet to an upper solid facet of the solid polyhedron. 11. An assembling method, comprising:
placing, on an upper surface of a base, a substrate shaped as a flattened polyhedron having multiple facets; positioning, on at least one of the facets, a solid polyhedron; moving, on the base, one or more movable blocks for folding respective ones of the multiple facets onto respective solid facets of the solid polyhedron; and holding the substrate in a folded three-dimensional configuration against the solid polyhedron. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein moving the blocks comprises moving at least a block along a track of the base. 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein the substrate comprises a foldable section between adjacent facets, and wherein moving the blocks comprises folding the foldable section. 14. The method according to claim 11, wherein holding the substrate comprises fixing at least one of the movable blocks at a predefined position on the base. 15. The method according to claim 11, and comprising fastening at least one of the facets to a respective solid facet of the solid polyhedron. 16. The method according to claim 15, and comprising fixating to the base a mechanical supporting part having a bore, and moving the knob through the bore toward the solid polyhedron for fastening the at least one of the facets to the respective solid facet. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein moving the knob comprises: (i) rotating the knob in a first direction for moving a distal end of the knob toward the solid polyhedron, and (ii) rotating the knob in a second direction for moving the distal away from the solid polyhedron. 18. The method according to claim 11, wherein the substrate comprises an upper facet, a lower facet and one or more additional facets, wherein positioning the solid polyhedron comprises positioning the solid polyhedron on the lower facet, wherein holding the blocks comprises fastening respective ones of the additional facets to respective solid facets of the solid polyhedron, and comprising fastening the upper facet to an upper solid facet of the solid polyhedron. 19. The method according to claim 11, and comprising coupling, to one another, adjacent edges of the folded facets for wrapping the polyhedron with the substrate. 20. The method according to claim 19, wherein coupling the adjacent edges comprises using a coupling technique selected from a list consisting of: (a) welding, (b) soldering, (c) gluing, (d) stapling, and (e) clipping. | 3,700 |
348,772 | 16,806,264 | 2,842 | A programmable impedance element consists of a plurality of nominally identical two-port elements, each two-port element having an impedance element and two switches, the two-port elements arranged in a chain fashion with a structured set of switches such that a range of impedances can be obtained from each cell by dynamically changing the connections between the impedance elements in the cell. The common cell is constructed by connecting the nominally identical two-port impedance elements in a way that the number of possible combinations of the impedance elements is reduced to the subset of all possible combinations that uses the minimum possible number of connections. This structure allows the creation of matched impedances using industry standard devices. The connections between impedance elements are switches that may be “field-programmable,” i.e., that may be set on the chip after manufacture and configured during operation of the circuit, or alternatively may be mask programmable. | 1. A circuit element with programmable impedance, comprising:
a first two-port element comprising:
a uniform impedance element having two ends;
a first switch connected to a first of the two ends of the uniform impedance element and having an open position and a closed position;
a second switch connected to a second of the two ends of the uniform impedance element and having an open position and a closed position;
a plurality of additional two-port elements, each additional two-port element nominally identical to the first two-port element, the two-port elements connected in a chain such that the first of the two ends of the uniform impedance element in each additional two-port element is connected to the switch connected to the second of the two ends of the uniform impedance element in the preceding two-port element and the second of the two ends of the uniform impedance element in each additional two-port element is connected to the switch connected to the first of the two ends of the uniform impedance element in the immediately preceding two-port element; an input port connected to the first two-port element configured to receive an input signal; an output port connected to the last two-port element configured to output the signal from the circuit element; and a control port configured to receive a control signal setting the switches of the first two-port element and the additional two-port elements into a selected configuration of open and closed positions. 2. The circuit element of claim 1 wherein the uniform impedance elements are resistors. 3. The circuit element of claim 1 wherein the uniform impedance elements are field-effect transistors. 4. The circuit element of claim 1 wherein the uniform impedance elements are capacitors. 5. The circuit element of claim 1 wherein the uniform impedance elements are memristors. 6. The circuit element of claim 1 wherein the uniform impedance elements are diodes. 7. The circuit element of claim 6 wherein the diodes are veractor diodes. 8. The circuit element of claim 1 wherein the uniform impedance elements are coupled inductors. 9. A method of designing a circuit element with programmable impedance, comprising:
selecting a number N of nominally identical two-port elements based upon a desired ratio of N2 to 1 from the maximum to minimum impedance values of the circuit, each two-port element comprising a uniform impedance element having two ends, a first switch connected to a first of the two ends of the uniform impedance element and having an open position and a closed position, a second switch connected to a second of the two ends of the uniform impedance element and having an open position and a closed position, a plurality of additional two-port elements, each additional two-port element nominally identical to the first two-port element, the two-port elements connected in a chain such that the first of the two ends of the uniform impedance element in each additional two-port element is connected to the switch connected to the second of the two ends of the uniform impedance element in the preceding two-port element and the second of the two ends of the uniform impedance element in each additional two-port element is connected to the switch connected to the first of the two ends of the uniform impedance element in the immediately preceding two-port element, an input port connected to the first two-port element, an output port connected to the last two-port element and a control port configured to receive a control signal setting the switches of the first two-port element and the additional two-port elements into a selected configuration of open and closed positions; selecting a value for each uniform impedance element based upon the desired maximum and/or minimum impedance values of the circuit; determining all of the available impedance values possible with the N two-port elements of R impedance each and the switch positions corresponding to each available impedance value. 10. The method of claim 9 further comprising storing the available impedance values possible and the corresponding switch positions in a memory. 11. A method of operating a circuit element with programmable impedance, the circuit element comprising a first two-port element comprising a uniform impedance element having two ends, a first switch connected to a first of the two ends of the uniform impedance element and having an open position and a closed position, a second switch connected to a second of the two ends of the uniform impedance element and having an open position and a closed position, a plurality of additional two-port elements, each additional two-port element nominally identical to the first two-port element, the two-port elements connected in a chain such that the first of the two ends of the uniform impedance element in each additional two-port element is connected to the switch connected to the second of the two ends of the uniform impedance element in the preceding two-port element and the second of the two ends of the uniform impedance element in each additional two-port element is connected to the switch connected to the first of the two ends of the uniform impedance element in the immediately preceding two-port element, an input port connected to the first two-port element, an output port connected to the last two-port element and a control port configured to receive a control signal setting the switches of the first two-port element and the additional two-port elements into a selected configuration of open and closed positions, the method comprising:
applying to the control port a control signal setting the switches into a configuration causing the circuit element to have a selected impedance value; applying an input signal to the input port; and receiving an output signal from the output port. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein applying to the control port a control signal further comprises:
determining a desired impedance value of the circuit element; selecting an impedance value from a plurality of possible impedance values of the circuit element which is closest to the desired impedance value; and configuring the control signal to set the switches to the positions that cause the circuit element to have the selected impedance value. | A programmable impedance element consists of a plurality of nominally identical two-port elements, each two-port element having an impedance element and two switches, the two-port elements arranged in a chain fashion with a structured set of switches such that a range of impedances can be obtained from each cell by dynamically changing the connections between the impedance elements in the cell. The common cell is constructed by connecting the nominally identical two-port impedance elements in a way that the number of possible combinations of the impedance elements is reduced to the subset of all possible combinations that uses the minimum possible number of connections. This structure allows the creation of matched impedances using industry standard devices. The connections between impedance elements are switches that may be “field-programmable,” i.e., that may be set on the chip after manufacture and configured during operation of the circuit, or alternatively may be mask programmable.1. A circuit element with programmable impedance, comprising:
a first two-port element comprising:
a uniform impedance element having two ends;
a first switch connected to a first of the two ends of the uniform impedance element and having an open position and a closed position;
a second switch connected to a second of the two ends of the uniform impedance element and having an open position and a closed position;
a plurality of additional two-port elements, each additional two-port element nominally identical to the first two-port element, the two-port elements connected in a chain such that the first of the two ends of the uniform impedance element in each additional two-port element is connected to the switch connected to the second of the two ends of the uniform impedance element in the preceding two-port element and the second of the two ends of the uniform impedance element in each additional two-port element is connected to the switch connected to the first of the two ends of the uniform impedance element in the immediately preceding two-port element; an input port connected to the first two-port element configured to receive an input signal; an output port connected to the last two-port element configured to output the signal from the circuit element; and a control port configured to receive a control signal setting the switches of the first two-port element and the additional two-port elements into a selected configuration of open and closed positions. 2. The circuit element of claim 1 wherein the uniform impedance elements are resistors. 3. The circuit element of claim 1 wherein the uniform impedance elements are field-effect transistors. 4. The circuit element of claim 1 wherein the uniform impedance elements are capacitors. 5. The circuit element of claim 1 wherein the uniform impedance elements are memristors. 6. The circuit element of claim 1 wherein the uniform impedance elements are diodes. 7. The circuit element of claim 6 wherein the diodes are veractor diodes. 8. The circuit element of claim 1 wherein the uniform impedance elements are coupled inductors. 9. A method of designing a circuit element with programmable impedance, comprising:
selecting a number N of nominally identical two-port elements based upon a desired ratio of N2 to 1 from the maximum to minimum impedance values of the circuit, each two-port element comprising a uniform impedance element having two ends, a first switch connected to a first of the two ends of the uniform impedance element and having an open position and a closed position, a second switch connected to a second of the two ends of the uniform impedance element and having an open position and a closed position, a plurality of additional two-port elements, each additional two-port element nominally identical to the first two-port element, the two-port elements connected in a chain such that the first of the two ends of the uniform impedance element in each additional two-port element is connected to the switch connected to the second of the two ends of the uniform impedance element in the preceding two-port element and the second of the two ends of the uniform impedance element in each additional two-port element is connected to the switch connected to the first of the two ends of the uniform impedance element in the immediately preceding two-port element, an input port connected to the first two-port element, an output port connected to the last two-port element and a control port configured to receive a control signal setting the switches of the first two-port element and the additional two-port elements into a selected configuration of open and closed positions; selecting a value for each uniform impedance element based upon the desired maximum and/or minimum impedance values of the circuit; determining all of the available impedance values possible with the N two-port elements of R impedance each and the switch positions corresponding to each available impedance value. 10. The method of claim 9 further comprising storing the available impedance values possible and the corresponding switch positions in a memory. 11. A method of operating a circuit element with programmable impedance, the circuit element comprising a first two-port element comprising a uniform impedance element having two ends, a first switch connected to a first of the two ends of the uniform impedance element and having an open position and a closed position, a second switch connected to a second of the two ends of the uniform impedance element and having an open position and a closed position, a plurality of additional two-port elements, each additional two-port element nominally identical to the first two-port element, the two-port elements connected in a chain such that the first of the two ends of the uniform impedance element in each additional two-port element is connected to the switch connected to the second of the two ends of the uniform impedance element in the preceding two-port element and the second of the two ends of the uniform impedance element in each additional two-port element is connected to the switch connected to the first of the two ends of the uniform impedance element in the immediately preceding two-port element, an input port connected to the first two-port element, an output port connected to the last two-port element and a control port configured to receive a control signal setting the switches of the first two-port element and the additional two-port elements into a selected configuration of open and closed positions, the method comprising:
applying to the control port a control signal setting the switches into a configuration causing the circuit element to have a selected impedance value; applying an input signal to the input port; and receiving an output signal from the output port. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein applying to the control port a control signal further comprises:
determining a desired impedance value of the circuit element; selecting an impedance value from a plurality of possible impedance values of the circuit element which is closest to the desired impedance value; and configuring the control signal to set the switches to the positions that cause the circuit element to have the selected impedance value. | 2,800 |
348,773 | 16,806,256 | 2,842 | An optical module includes an optical semiconductor chip including a first electrode pad, a second electrode pad, and a third electrode pad arranged between the first electrode pad and the second electrode pad, a wiring substrate on which the optical semiconductor chip is flip-chip mounted, including a fourth electrode pad, a fifth electrode pad, and a sixth electrode pad arranged between the fourth electrode pad and the fifth electrode pad, a first conductive material connecting the first electrode pad with the fourth electrode pad, a second conductive material connecting the second electrode pad with the fifth electrode pad, a third conductive material arranged between the first conductive material and the second conductive material, connecting the third electrode pad with the sixth electrode pad, and a resin provided in an area on the second conductive material side of the third conductive material between the optical semiconductor chip and the wiring substrate. | 1. An optical module comprising:
an optical semiconductor chip including a first electrode pad, a second electrode pad, and a third electrode pad arranged between the first electrode pad and the second electrode pad; a wiring substrate on which the optical semiconductor chip is flip-chip mounted, including a fourth electrode pad, a fifth electrode pad, and a sixth electrode pad arranged between the fourth electrode pad and the fifth electrode pad; a first conductive material connecting the first electrode pad with the fourth electrode pad; a second conductive material connecting the second electrode pad with the fifth electrode pad; a third conductive material arranged between the first conductive material and the second conductive material, connecting the third electrode pad with the sixth electrode pad; and a resin provided in an area on the second conductive material side of the third conductive material between the optical semiconductor chip and the wiring substrate. 2. The optical module as claimed in claim 1, wherein the optical semiconductor chip includes a plurality of said third electrode pads, the wiring substrate includes a plurality of said sixth electrode pads, and the third conductive material connects the plurality of third electrode pads with the plurality of sixth electrode pads. 3. The optical module as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second conductive material is in contact with the resin, and the first conductive material is not in contact with the resin. 4. The optical module as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first conductive material and the second conductive material each include a core material. 5. The optical module as claimed in claim 1, wherein the wiring substrate includes a coplanar line connecting to the fourth electrode pad. 6. The optical module as claimed in claim 1, wherein a first speed of a signal transmitted through the first conductive material is faster than a second speed of a signal transmitted through the second conductive material. 7. The optical module as claimed in claim 1, wherein the third electrode pad, the sixth electrode pad, and the third conductive material are grounded. 8. The optical module as claimed in claim 1, wherein maximum frequency of a signal transmitted through the first conductive material is greater than or equal to 30 GHz. 9. A manufacturing method of an optical module, the manufacturing method comprising:
preparing an optical semiconductor chip including a first electrode pad, a second electrode pad, and a third electrode pad arranged between the first electrode pad and the second electrode pad; preparing a wiring substrate on which the optical semiconductor chip is flip-chip mounted, including a fourth electrode pad, a fifth electrode pad, and a sixth electrode pad arranged between the fourth electrode pad and the fifth electrode pad; forming a first conductive material connecting the first electrode pad with the fourth electrode pad; forming a second conductive material connecting the second electrode pad with the fifth electrode pad; forming a third conductive material between the first conductive material and the second conductive material, connecting the third electrode pad with the sixth electrode pad; and forming a resin in an area on the second conductive material side of the third conductive material between the optical semiconductor chip and the wiring substrate. 10. The manufacturing method of the optical module as claimed in claim 9, wherein the optical semiconductor chip includes a plurality of said third electrode pads, the wiring substrate includes a plurality of said sixth electrode pads, and the forming the third conductive material includes connecting, by the third conductive material, the plurality of third electrode pads with the plurality of sixth electrode pads. 11. The manufacturing method of the optical module as claimed in claim 9, wherein forming the resin includes forming the resin such that the second conductive material is in contact with the resin, and the first conductive material is not in contact with the resin. 12. The manufacturing method of the optical module as claimed in claim 9, wherein the first conductive material and the second conductive material each include a core material. 13. The manufacturing method of the optical module as claimed in claim 9, wherein the wiring substrate includes a coplanar line connecting to the fourth electrode pad. 14. The manufacturing method of the optical module as claimed in claim 9, wherein a first speed of a signal transmitted through the first conductive material is faster than a second speed of a signal transmitted through the second conductive material. 15. The manufacturing method of the optical module as claimed in claim 9, wherein the third electrode pad, the sixth electrode pad, and the third conductive material are grounded. 16. The manufacturing method of the optical module as claimed in claim 9, wherein maximum frequency of a signal transmitted through the first conductive material is greater than or equal to 30 GHz. | An optical module includes an optical semiconductor chip including a first electrode pad, a second electrode pad, and a third electrode pad arranged between the first electrode pad and the second electrode pad, a wiring substrate on which the optical semiconductor chip is flip-chip mounted, including a fourth electrode pad, a fifth electrode pad, and a sixth electrode pad arranged between the fourth electrode pad and the fifth electrode pad, a first conductive material connecting the first electrode pad with the fourth electrode pad, a second conductive material connecting the second electrode pad with the fifth electrode pad, a third conductive material arranged between the first conductive material and the second conductive material, connecting the third electrode pad with the sixth electrode pad, and a resin provided in an area on the second conductive material side of the third conductive material between the optical semiconductor chip and the wiring substrate.1. An optical module comprising:
an optical semiconductor chip including a first electrode pad, a second electrode pad, and a third electrode pad arranged between the first electrode pad and the second electrode pad; a wiring substrate on which the optical semiconductor chip is flip-chip mounted, including a fourth electrode pad, a fifth electrode pad, and a sixth electrode pad arranged between the fourth electrode pad and the fifth electrode pad; a first conductive material connecting the first electrode pad with the fourth electrode pad; a second conductive material connecting the second electrode pad with the fifth electrode pad; a third conductive material arranged between the first conductive material and the second conductive material, connecting the third electrode pad with the sixth electrode pad; and a resin provided in an area on the second conductive material side of the third conductive material between the optical semiconductor chip and the wiring substrate. 2. The optical module as claimed in claim 1, wherein the optical semiconductor chip includes a plurality of said third electrode pads, the wiring substrate includes a plurality of said sixth electrode pads, and the third conductive material connects the plurality of third electrode pads with the plurality of sixth electrode pads. 3. The optical module as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second conductive material is in contact with the resin, and the first conductive material is not in contact with the resin. 4. The optical module as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first conductive material and the second conductive material each include a core material. 5. The optical module as claimed in claim 1, wherein the wiring substrate includes a coplanar line connecting to the fourth electrode pad. 6. The optical module as claimed in claim 1, wherein a first speed of a signal transmitted through the first conductive material is faster than a second speed of a signal transmitted through the second conductive material. 7. The optical module as claimed in claim 1, wherein the third electrode pad, the sixth electrode pad, and the third conductive material are grounded. 8. The optical module as claimed in claim 1, wherein maximum frequency of a signal transmitted through the first conductive material is greater than or equal to 30 GHz. 9. A manufacturing method of an optical module, the manufacturing method comprising:
preparing an optical semiconductor chip including a first electrode pad, a second electrode pad, and a third electrode pad arranged between the first electrode pad and the second electrode pad; preparing a wiring substrate on which the optical semiconductor chip is flip-chip mounted, including a fourth electrode pad, a fifth electrode pad, and a sixth electrode pad arranged between the fourth electrode pad and the fifth electrode pad; forming a first conductive material connecting the first electrode pad with the fourth electrode pad; forming a second conductive material connecting the second electrode pad with the fifth electrode pad; forming a third conductive material between the first conductive material and the second conductive material, connecting the third electrode pad with the sixth electrode pad; and forming a resin in an area on the second conductive material side of the third conductive material between the optical semiconductor chip and the wiring substrate. 10. The manufacturing method of the optical module as claimed in claim 9, wherein the optical semiconductor chip includes a plurality of said third electrode pads, the wiring substrate includes a plurality of said sixth electrode pads, and the forming the third conductive material includes connecting, by the third conductive material, the plurality of third electrode pads with the plurality of sixth electrode pads. 11. The manufacturing method of the optical module as claimed in claim 9, wherein forming the resin includes forming the resin such that the second conductive material is in contact with the resin, and the first conductive material is not in contact with the resin. 12. The manufacturing method of the optical module as claimed in claim 9, wherein the first conductive material and the second conductive material each include a core material. 13. The manufacturing method of the optical module as claimed in claim 9, wherein the wiring substrate includes a coplanar line connecting to the fourth electrode pad. 14. The manufacturing method of the optical module as claimed in claim 9, wherein a first speed of a signal transmitted through the first conductive material is faster than a second speed of a signal transmitted through the second conductive material. 15. The manufacturing method of the optical module as claimed in claim 9, wherein the third electrode pad, the sixth electrode pad, and the third conductive material are grounded. 16. The manufacturing method of the optical module as claimed in claim 9, wherein maximum frequency of a signal transmitted through the first conductive material is greater than or equal to 30 GHz. | 2,800 |
348,774 | 16,806,303 | 2,834 | A lamination for use in an integrated drive generator is formed from a plurality of plates having a body including a pair of opposed cylindrical surfaces. Non-cylindrical ditches are defined circumferentially intermediate the pair of cylindrical surfaces. A plurality of passages are formed in an outer periphery of the cylindrical surfaces including relatively large holes extending through a slot to the outer periphery. Grooves are formed intermediate the relatively large holes. | 1. A method of replacing a lamination in a main generator rotor in an integrated drive generator comprising the steps of:
a) removing an existing lamination plate from a main generator rotor in an integrated drive generator having an input shaft, a gear differential including a carrier shaft operably connected to said input shaft and having a ring gear connected to said main generator rotor; b) replacing the existing lamination with a replacement lamination; and c) the replacement lamination including a plurality of plates including a body including a pair of opposed cylindrical surfaces and non-cylindrical ditches defined circumferentially intermediate said pair of cylindrical surfaces and a plurality of passages formed in an outer periphery of said cylindrical surfaces, including relatively large holes extending through a slot to said outer periphery, and grooves formed intermediate said relatively large holes, there are five of said enlarged holes within each said circumferential portion, said body defines a first distance from a center axis of said plate to said outer periphery, and said grooves extending inwardly from said outer surface of said plate for a second distance, and a ratio of said first distance to said second distance is between 25 and 40, said large holes extend for a diameter defining a third distance and a ratio of said first distance to said third distance being between 10 and 20. 2. The method of replacing a lamination in a main generator rotor as set forth in claim 1, wherein a fourth distance is defined between opposed faces defining said slot, and a ratio of said first distance to said fourth distance is between 30 and 45. 3. The method of replacing a lamination plate as set forth in claim 2, wherein both said existing lamination and said replacement lamination include a stack of said plates. 4. The method of replacing a lamination plate as set forth in claim 1, wherein both said existing lamination and said replacement lamination include a stack of said plates. | A lamination for use in an integrated drive generator is formed from a plurality of plates having a body including a pair of opposed cylindrical surfaces. Non-cylindrical ditches are defined circumferentially intermediate the pair of cylindrical surfaces. A plurality of passages are formed in an outer periphery of the cylindrical surfaces including relatively large holes extending through a slot to the outer periphery. Grooves are formed intermediate the relatively large holes.1. A method of replacing a lamination in a main generator rotor in an integrated drive generator comprising the steps of:
a) removing an existing lamination plate from a main generator rotor in an integrated drive generator having an input shaft, a gear differential including a carrier shaft operably connected to said input shaft and having a ring gear connected to said main generator rotor; b) replacing the existing lamination with a replacement lamination; and c) the replacement lamination including a plurality of plates including a body including a pair of opposed cylindrical surfaces and non-cylindrical ditches defined circumferentially intermediate said pair of cylindrical surfaces and a plurality of passages formed in an outer periphery of said cylindrical surfaces, including relatively large holes extending through a slot to said outer periphery, and grooves formed intermediate said relatively large holes, there are five of said enlarged holes within each said circumferential portion, said body defines a first distance from a center axis of said plate to said outer periphery, and said grooves extending inwardly from said outer surface of said plate for a second distance, and a ratio of said first distance to said second distance is between 25 and 40, said large holes extend for a diameter defining a third distance and a ratio of said first distance to said third distance being between 10 and 20. 2. The method of replacing a lamination in a main generator rotor as set forth in claim 1, wherein a fourth distance is defined between opposed faces defining said slot, and a ratio of said first distance to said fourth distance is between 30 and 45. 3. The method of replacing a lamination plate as set forth in claim 2, wherein both said existing lamination and said replacement lamination include a stack of said plates. 4. The method of replacing a lamination plate as set forth in claim 1, wherein both said existing lamination and said replacement lamination include a stack of said plates. | 2,800 |
348,775 | 16,806,285 | 2,834 | Aspects of the disclosure describe methods and systems for performing an antivirus scan using file level deduplication. In an exemplary aspect, prior to performing an antivirus scan on files stored on at least two storage devices, a deduplication module calculates a respective hash for each respective file stored on the storage devices. The deduplication module identifies a first file stored the storage devices and determines whether at least one other copy of the first file exists on the storage devices. In response to determining that another copy exists, the deduplication module stores the first file in a shared database, replaces all copies of the first file on the storage devices with a link to the first file in the shared database, and performs the antivirus scan on (1) the first file in the shared database and (2) the files stored on the storage devices. | 1. A method for performing an antivirus scan using file level deduplication, the method comprising:
prior to performing an antivirus scan on files stored on a first storage device and a second storage device:
calculating a respective hash for each respective file stored on the first storage device and the second storage device;
identifying a first file stored on the first storage device;
determining whether at least one other copy of the first file exists on either the first storage device and the second storage device based on the calculated respective hashes;
in response to determining that at least one other copy of the first file exists on either the first storage device and the second storage device:
storing the first file in a shared database; and
replacing all copies of the first file on the first storage device and the second storage device each with a link to the first file in the shared database; and
performing the antivirus scan on (1) the first file in the shared database and (2) the files stored on the first storage device and the second storage device. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
identifying a second file stored on the first storage device; in response to determining, based on the calculated hashes, that at least one other copy of the second file exists on either the first storage device and the second storage device:
storing the second file in the shared database; and
replacing all copies of the second file on the first storage device and the second storage device each with a link to the second file in the shared database. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first storage device and the second storage device are comprised in one computing device. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first storage device is comprised in a first computing device and the second storage device is comprised in a second computing device, wherein the first computing device, the second computing device, and the shared database are all connected via a communication network. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
in response to determining that the at least one other copy of the first file is stored on the first storage device, deleting the at least one other copy from the first storage device. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
creating a record of the first file in the shared database, wherein the record comprises a hash of the first file; subsequent to performing the antivirus scan, marking in the record of the first file an indication that the first file has been scanned. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising:
subsequent to the first file in the shared database being accessed via the link, determining whether the hash of the first file has changed; and in response to determining that the hash has changed, rescanning the first file. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
in response to determining that at least one other copy of the first file does not exist on either the first storage device and the second storage device, storing a hash of the first file in the shared database along with a status of antivirus scan for the file. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
detecting an operation being performed on the first file that has been replaced with the link; retrieving the first file using the link; performing the operation on the retrieved first file; and replacing the retrieved first file with the link. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
creating a new version of the first file in the shared database; and replacing the retrieved first file with a new link to the new version only at a storage device where the operation was performed. 11. A system for performing an antivirus scan using file level deduplication, the system comprising:
a hardware processor configured to:
prior to performing an antivirus scan on files stored on a first storage device and a second storage device:
calculate a respective hash for each respective file stored on the first storage device and the second storage device;
identify a first file stored on the first storage device;
determine whether at least one other copy of the first file exists on either the first storage device and the second storage device based on the calculated respective hashes;
in response to determining that at least one other copy of the first file exists on either the first storage device and the second storage device:
store the first file in a shared database; and
replace all copies of the first file on the first storage device and the second storage device each with a link to the first file in the shared database; and
perform the antivirus scan on (1) the first file in the shared database and (2) the files stored on the first storage device and the second storage device. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the hardware processor is further configured to:
identify a second file stored on the first storage device; in response to determining, based on the calculated hashes, that at least one other copy of the second file exists on either the first storage device and the second storage device:
store the second file in the shared database; and
replace all copies of the second file on the first storage device and the second storage device each with a link to the second file in the shared database. 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the first storage device and the second storage device are comprised in one computing device. 14. The system of claim 11, wherein the first storage device is comprised in a first computing device and the second storage device is comprised in a second computing device, wherein the first computing device, the second computing device, and the shared database are all connected via a communication network. 15. The system of claim 11, wherein the hardware processor is further configured to:
in response to determining that the at least one other copy of the first file is stored on the first storage device, delete the at least one other copy from the first storage device. 16. The system of claim 11, wherein the hardware processor is further configured to:
create a record of the first file in the shared database, wherein the record comprises a hash of the first file; subsequent to performing the antivirus scan, mark in the record of the first file an indication that the first file has been scanned. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the hardware processor is further configured to:
subsequent to the first file in the shared database being accessed via the link, determine whether the hash of the first file has changed; and in response to determining that the hash has changed, rescan the first file. 18. The system of claim 11, wherein the hardware processor is further configured to:
detect an operation being performed on the first file that has been replaced with the link; retrieve the first file using the link; perform the operation on the retrieved first file; and replace the retrieved first file with the link. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the hardware processor is further configured to:
create a new version of the first file in the shared database; and replace the retrieved first file with a new link to the new version only at a storage device where the operation was performed. 20. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing thereon computer executable instructions for performing an antivirus scan using file level deduplication, including instructions for:
prior to performing an antivirus scan on files stored on a first storage device and a second storage device:
calculating a respective hash for each respective file stored on the first storage device and the second storage device;
identifying a first file stored on the first storage device;
determining whether at least one other copy of the first file exists on either the first storage device and the second storage device based on the calculated respective hashes;
in response to determining that at least one other copy of the first file exists on either the first storage device and the second storage device:
storing the first file in a shared database; and
replacing all copies of the first file on the first storage device and the second storage device each with a link to the first file in the shared database; and
performing the antivirus scan on (1) the first file in the shared database and (2) the files stored on the first storage device and the second storage device. | Aspects of the disclosure describe methods and systems for performing an antivirus scan using file level deduplication. In an exemplary aspect, prior to performing an antivirus scan on files stored on at least two storage devices, a deduplication module calculates a respective hash for each respective file stored on the storage devices. The deduplication module identifies a first file stored the storage devices and determines whether at least one other copy of the first file exists on the storage devices. In response to determining that another copy exists, the deduplication module stores the first file in a shared database, replaces all copies of the first file on the storage devices with a link to the first file in the shared database, and performs the antivirus scan on (1) the first file in the shared database and (2) the files stored on the storage devices.1. A method for performing an antivirus scan using file level deduplication, the method comprising:
prior to performing an antivirus scan on files stored on a first storage device and a second storage device:
calculating a respective hash for each respective file stored on the first storage device and the second storage device;
identifying a first file stored on the first storage device;
determining whether at least one other copy of the first file exists on either the first storage device and the second storage device based on the calculated respective hashes;
in response to determining that at least one other copy of the first file exists on either the first storage device and the second storage device:
storing the first file in a shared database; and
replacing all copies of the first file on the first storage device and the second storage device each with a link to the first file in the shared database; and
performing the antivirus scan on (1) the first file in the shared database and (2) the files stored on the first storage device and the second storage device. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
identifying a second file stored on the first storage device; in response to determining, based on the calculated hashes, that at least one other copy of the second file exists on either the first storage device and the second storage device:
storing the second file in the shared database; and
replacing all copies of the second file on the first storage device and the second storage device each with a link to the second file in the shared database. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first storage device and the second storage device are comprised in one computing device. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first storage device is comprised in a first computing device and the second storage device is comprised in a second computing device, wherein the first computing device, the second computing device, and the shared database are all connected via a communication network. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
in response to determining that the at least one other copy of the first file is stored on the first storage device, deleting the at least one other copy from the first storage device. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
creating a record of the first file in the shared database, wherein the record comprises a hash of the first file; subsequent to performing the antivirus scan, marking in the record of the first file an indication that the first file has been scanned. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising:
subsequent to the first file in the shared database being accessed via the link, determining whether the hash of the first file has changed; and in response to determining that the hash has changed, rescanning the first file. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
in response to determining that at least one other copy of the first file does not exist on either the first storage device and the second storage device, storing a hash of the first file in the shared database along with a status of antivirus scan for the file. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
detecting an operation being performed on the first file that has been replaced with the link; retrieving the first file using the link; performing the operation on the retrieved first file; and replacing the retrieved first file with the link. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
creating a new version of the first file in the shared database; and replacing the retrieved first file with a new link to the new version only at a storage device where the operation was performed. 11. A system for performing an antivirus scan using file level deduplication, the system comprising:
a hardware processor configured to:
prior to performing an antivirus scan on files stored on a first storage device and a second storage device:
calculate a respective hash for each respective file stored on the first storage device and the second storage device;
identify a first file stored on the first storage device;
determine whether at least one other copy of the first file exists on either the first storage device and the second storage device based on the calculated respective hashes;
in response to determining that at least one other copy of the first file exists on either the first storage device and the second storage device:
store the first file in a shared database; and
replace all copies of the first file on the first storage device and the second storage device each with a link to the first file in the shared database; and
perform the antivirus scan on (1) the first file in the shared database and (2) the files stored on the first storage device and the second storage device. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the hardware processor is further configured to:
identify a second file stored on the first storage device; in response to determining, based on the calculated hashes, that at least one other copy of the second file exists on either the first storage device and the second storage device:
store the second file in the shared database; and
replace all copies of the second file on the first storage device and the second storage device each with a link to the second file in the shared database. 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the first storage device and the second storage device are comprised in one computing device. 14. The system of claim 11, wherein the first storage device is comprised in a first computing device and the second storage device is comprised in a second computing device, wherein the first computing device, the second computing device, and the shared database are all connected via a communication network. 15. The system of claim 11, wherein the hardware processor is further configured to:
in response to determining that the at least one other copy of the first file is stored on the first storage device, delete the at least one other copy from the first storage device. 16. The system of claim 11, wherein the hardware processor is further configured to:
create a record of the first file in the shared database, wherein the record comprises a hash of the first file; subsequent to performing the antivirus scan, mark in the record of the first file an indication that the first file has been scanned. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the hardware processor is further configured to:
subsequent to the first file in the shared database being accessed via the link, determine whether the hash of the first file has changed; and in response to determining that the hash has changed, rescan the first file. 18. The system of claim 11, wherein the hardware processor is further configured to:
detect an operation being performed on the first file that has been replaced with the link; retrieve the first file using the link; perform the operation on the retrieved first file; and replace the retrieved first file with the link. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the hardware processor is further configured to:
create a new version of the first file in the shared database; and replace the retrieved first file with a new link to the new version only at a storage device where the operation was performed. 20. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing thereon computer executable instructions for performing an antivirus scan using file level deduplication, including instructions for:
prior to performing an antivirus scan on files stored on a first storage device and a second storage device:
calculating a respective hash for each respective file stored on the first storage device and the second storage device;
identifying a first file stored on the first storage device;
determining whether at least one other copy of the first file exists on either the first storage device and the second storage device based on the calculated respective hashes;
in response to determining that at least one other copy of the first file exists on either the first storage device and the second storage device:
storing the first file in a shared database; and
replacing all copies of the first file on the first storage device and the second storage device each with a link to the first file in the shared database; and
performing the antivirus scan on (1) the first file in the shared database and (2) the files stored on the first storage device and the second storage device. | 2,800 |
348,776 | 16,806,244 | 2,834 | The present invention provides salt forms of (R)-3-(4-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-3-cyclopentylpropanenitrile that are useful in the modulation of Janus kinase activity and are useful in the treatment of diseases related to activity of Janus kinases including, for example, immune-related diseases, skin disorders, myeloid proliferative disorders, cancer, and other diseases. | 1-60. (canceled) 61. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound that is (R)-3-(4-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-3-cyclopentylpropanenitrile phosphoric acid salt and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients; wherein the composition is suitable for providing sustained release of the compound. 62. The composition of claim 61, wherein the composition is a unit dosage form. 63. The composition of claim 62, wherein the unit dosage form is a tablet. 64. The composition of claim 62, wherein the unit dosage form is a capsule. 65. The composition of claim 61, wherein the unit dosage form further comprises an enteric layer. 66. The composition of claim 62, wherein the unit dosage form comprises from about 5 to about 1000 mg of the compound. 67. The composition of claim 61, wherein said one or more excipients comprise lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starches, gum acacia, calcium phosphate, alginates, tragacanth, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, water, syrup, or methyl cellulose. 68. The composition of claim 61, wherein said one or more excipients comprise microcrystalline cellulose. 69. The composition of claim 68, wherein said one or more excipients comprise lactose. 70. The composition of claim 69, wherein the unit dosage form is a tablet. 71. The composition of claim 61, wherein said one or more excipients comprise lactose. 72. The composition of claim 61, wherein (R)-3-(4-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-3-cyclopentylpropanenitrile phosphoric acid salt is a crystalline salt. 73. The composition of claim 72, wherein said crystalline salt is a 1:1 (R)-3-(4-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-3-cyclopentylpropanenitrile:phosphoric acid salt. 74. The composition of claim 73, wherein the unit dosage form is a tablet. 75. The composition of claim 61, wherein the composition suitable for providing sustained release of the compound is administered orally. 76. The composition of claim 61, wherein the composition suitable for providing sustained release of the compound is administered topically. | The present invention provides salt forms of (R)-3-(4-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-3-cyclopentylpropanenitrile that are useful in the modulation of Janus kinase activity and are useful in the treatment of diseases related to activity of Janus kinases including, for example, immune-related diseases, skin disorders, myeloid proliferative disorders, cancer, and other diseases.1-60. (canceled) 61. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound that is (R)-3-(4-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-3-cyclopentylpropanenitrile phosphoric acid salt and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients; wherein the composition is suitable for providing sustained release of the compound. 62. The composition of claim 61, wherein the composition is a unit dosage form. 63. The composition of claim 62, wherein the unit dosage form is a tablet. 64. The composition of claim 62, wherein the unit dosage form is a capsule. 65. The composition of claim 61, wherein the unit dosage form further comprises an enteric layer. 66. The composition of claim 62, wherein the unit dosage form comprises from about 5 to about 1000 mg of the compound. 67. The composition of claim 61, wherein said one or more excipients comprise lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starches, gum acacia, calcium phosphate, alginates, tragacanth, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, water, syrup, or methyl cellulose. 68. The composition of claim 61, wherein said one or more excipients comprise microcrystalline cellulose. 69. The composition of claim 68, wherein said one or more excipients comprise lactose. 70. The composition of claim 69, wherein the unit dosage form is a tablet. 71. The composition of claim 61, wherein said one or more excipients comprise lactose. 72. The composition of claim 61, wherein (R)-3-(4-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-3-cyclopentylpropanenitrile phosphoric acid salt is a crystalline salt. 73. The composition of claim 72, wherein said crystalline salt is a 1:1 (R)-3-(4-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-3-cyclopentylpropanenitrile:phosphoric acid salt. 74. The composition of claim 73, wherein the unit dosage form is a tablet. 75. The composition of claim 61, wherein the composition suitable for providing sustained release of the compound is administered orally. 76. The composition of claim 61, wherein the composition suitable for providing sustained release of the compound is administered topically. | 2,800 |
348,777 | 16,806,276 | 2,892 | A semiconductor device includes a first lead portion and a second lead portion spaced from each other in a first direction. A semiconductor chip is mounted to the first lead portion. A first connector has a first portion contacting a second electrode on the chip and a second portion connected to the second lead portion. A second connector has third portion that contacts the second electrode, but at a position further away than the first portion, and a fourth portion connected to the second portion. At least a part of the second connector overlaps a part of the first connector between the first lead portion and the second lead portion. | 1. A semiconductor device, comprising:
a first conductive lead portion; a second conductive lead portion spaced from the first conductive lead portion in a first direction; a semiconductor chip mounted on the first conductive lead portion and having a first electrode on a first surface of the semiconductor chip and a second electrode on a second surface, opposite to the first surface, of the semiconductor chip, the first surface facing the first conductive lead portion and the first electrode being electrically connected to the first conductive lead portion; a first connector including a first connection portion contacting the second electrode and a second connection portion connected to the second conductive lead portion; and a second connector including a third connection portion contacting the second electrode at a position further away from the second conductive lead portion in the first direction than a position at which the first connection portion contacts the second electrode and a fourth connection portion connected to the second connection portion, wherein at least a part of the second connector overlaps a part of the first connector, in a second direction orthogonal to the first surface, between the first conductive lead portion and the second conductive lead portion. 2. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein
the first connector includes a first parallel situated portion in the connection path between the first connection portion and the second connection portion and a second parallel situated portion in the connection path between the first parallel situated portion and the second connection portion, the first parallel situated portion extending along the first direction, the second parallel situated portion extending along the second direction, and the second connector includes a third parallel situated portion in the connection path between the third connection portion and the fourth connection portion and a fourth parallel situated portion in the connection path between the third parallel situated portion and the fourth connection portion, the third parallel situated portion extending along the first direction and the fourth parallel situated portion extending along the second direction. 3. The semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein the third parallel situated portion is separated from the first connection portion in the second direction. 4. The semiconductor device according to claim 2, further comprising:
a sealing resin between the first connection portion and the third parallel situated portion. 5. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a sealing resin cover the semiconductor chip, the first connector, and the second connector. 6. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the first connection portion is divided into a plurality of portions separated from each other in a third direction crossing the first direction. 7. The semiconductor device according to claim 6, where the second connection portion is divided into a plurality of portions separated from each other in the third direction. 8. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the second connection portion is divided into a plurality of portions separated from each other in a third direction crossing the first direction. 9. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a third connector spaced from the first connector portion and including a fifth connection portion contacting the second electrode and a sixth connection portion connected to the second lead portion; and a fourth connector including a seventh connection portion contacting the second electrode at a position further away from the second conductive lead portion in the first direction than a position at which the fifth connection portion contacts the second electrode and an eighth connection portion connected to the sixth connection portion, wherein at least a part of the fourth connector portion overlaps a part of the third connector portion in the second direction. 10. The semiconductor device according claim 1, wherein
the first connector includes a first fitting portion, the second connector portion includes a second fitting portion configured to fit with the first fitting portion, and the first fitting portion and the second fitting portion are fitted to each other. 11. The semiconductor device according claim 1, wherein a thickness of the semiconductor chip in the second direction is less than a thickness of the first connector in the second direction. 12. The semiconductor device according to claim 11, wherein the thickness of the semiconductor chip in the second direction is in a range of 50 μm to 100 μm. 13. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the first connector and the second connector are the same metal. 14. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the second connection portion is between the fourth connection portion and the second conductive lead portion in the second direction. 15. A packaged semiconductor device, comprising:
a first lead frame portion; a semiconductor chip mounted on the first lead frame portion, the semiconductor chip having a first electrode facing the first lead frame portion and electrically connected to the first lead frame portion, a second electrode of the semiconductor chip facing away from the first lead frame portion; a second lead frame portion spaced from the first lead frame portion in a first direction; a first bent connector contacting the second electrode at first position and connecting the second electrode to the second lead frame portion; and a second bent connector contacting the second electrode at a second position further away from the second lead frame portion in the first direction than the first position and connecting the second electrode to the second lead frame portion, wherein the second bent connector includes a portion that overlaps a portion of the first bent connector. 16. The packaged semiconductor device according to claim 15, wherein the portion of the second bent connector that overlaps the portion of the first bent connector includes a first portion that extends in a direction parallel to the first direction and second portion that extends in a direction intersecting the first direction. 17. The packaged semiconductor device according to claim 15, further comprising:
a sealing resin, wherein a portion of the sealing resin is between the first bent connector and the second bent connector at position above the second electrode. 18. The packaged semiconductor device according to claim 15, wherein a contact portion of the first bent connector that is contacting the second electrode is divided into a plurality of portions spaced from each other in a direction parallel to a surface of the second electrode and perpendicular to the first direction. 19. The packaged semiconductor device according to claim 15, wherein the first bent connector includes a first post element, the second bent connector includes a first recess element, and the first post element is fitted into the first recess element. 20. The packaged semiconductor device according to claim 15, wherein a height of the semiconductor chip is less than a thickness of the first bent connector. | A semiconductor device includes a first lead portion and a second lead portion spaced from each other in a first direction. A semiconductor chip is mounted to the first lead portion. A first connector has a first portion contacting a second electrode on the chip and a second portion connected to the second lead portion. A second connector has third portion that contacts the second electrode, but at a position further away than the first portion, and a fourth portion connected to the second portion. At least a part of the second connector overlaps a part of the first connector between the first lead portion and the second lead portion.1. A semiconductor device, comprising:
a first conductive lead portion; a second conductive lead portion spaced from the first conductive lead portion in a first direction; a semiconductor chip mounted on the first conductive lead portion and having a first electrode on a first surface of the semiconductor chip and a second electrode on a second surface, opposite to the first surface, of the semiconductor chip, the first surface facing the first conductive lead portion and the first electrode being electrically connected to the first conductive lead portion; a first connector including a first connection portion contacting the second electrode and a second connection portion connected to the second conductive lead portion; and a second connector including a third connection portion contacting the second electrode at a position further away from the second conductive lead portion in the first direction than a position at which the first connection portion contacts the second electrode and a fourth connection portion connected to the second connection portion, wherein at least a part of the second connector overlaps a part of the first connector, in a second direction orthogonal to the first surface, between the first conductive lead portion and the second conductive lead portion. 2. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein
the first connector includes a first parallel situated portion in the connection path between the first connection portion and the second connection portion and a second parallel situated portion in the connection path between the first parallel situated portion and the second connection portion, the first parallel situated portion extending along the first direction, the second parallel situated portion extending along the second direction, and the second connector includes a third parallel situated portion in the connection path between the third connection portion and the fourth connection portion and a fourth parallel situated portion in the connection path between the third parallel situated portion and the fourth connection portion, the third parallel situated portion extending along the first direction and the fourth parallel situated portion extending along the second direction. 3. The semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein the third parallel situated portion is separated from the first connection portion in the second direction. 4. The semiconductor device according to claim 2, further comprising:
a sealing resin between the first connection portion and the third parallel situated portion. 5. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a sealing resin cover the semiconductor chip, the first connector, and the second connector. 6. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the first connection portion is divided into a plurality of portions separated from each other in a third direction crossing the first direction. 7. The semiconductor device according to claim 6, where the second connection portion is divided into a plurality of portions separated from each other in the third direction. 8. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the second connection portion is divided into a plurality of portions separated from each other in a third direction crossing the first direction. 9. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a third connector spaced from the first connector portion and including a fifth connection portion contacting the second electrode and a sixth connection portion connected to the second lead portion; and a fourth connector including a seventh connection portion contacting the second electrode at a position further away from the second conductive lead portion in the first direction than a position at which the fifth connection portion contacts the second electrode and an eighth connection portion connected to the sixth connection portion, wherein at least a part of the fourth connector portion overlaps a part of the third connector portion in the second direction. 10. The semiconductor device according claim 1, wherein
the first connector includes a first fitting portion, the second connector portion includes a second fitting portion configured to fit with the first fitting portion, and the first fitting portion and the second fitting portion are fitted to each other. 11. The semiconductor device according claim 1, wherein a thickness of the semiconductor chip in the second direction is less than a thickness of the first connector in the second direction. 12. The semiconductor device according to claim 11, wherein the thickness of the semiconductor chip in the second direction is in a range of 50 μm to 100 μm. 13. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the first connector and the second connector are the same metal. 14. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the second connection portion is between the fourth connection portion and the second conductive lead portion in the second direction. 15. A packaged semiconductor device, comprising:
a first lead frame portion; a semiconductor chip mounted on the first lead frame portion, the semiconductor chip having a first electrode facing the first lead frame portion and electrically connected to the first lead frame portion, a second electrode of the semiconductor chip facing away from the first lead frame portion; a second lead frame portion spaced from the first lead frame portion in a first direction; a first bent connector contacting the second electrode at first position and connecting the second electrode to the second lead frame portion; and a second bent connector contacting the second electrode at a second position further away from the second lead frame portion in the first direction than the first position and connecting the second electrode to the second lead frame portion, wherein the second bent connector includes a portion that overlaps a portion of the first bent connector. 16. The packaged semiconductor device according to claim 15, wherein the portion of the second bent connector that overlaps the portion of the first bent connector includes a first portion that extends in a direction parallel to the first direction and second portion that extends in a direction intersecting the first direction. 17. The packaged semiconductor device according to claim 15, further comprising:
a sealing resin, wherein a portion of the sealing resin is between the first bent connector and the second bent connector at position above the second electrode. 18. The packaged semiconductor device according to claim 15, wherein a contact portion of the first bent connector that is contacting the second electrode is divided into a plurality of portions spaced from each other in a direction parallel to a surface of the second electrode and perpendicular to the first direction. 19. The packaged semiconductor device according to claim 15, wherein the first bent connector includes a first post element, the second bent connector includes a first recess element, and the first post element is fitted into the first recess element. 20. The packaged semiconductor device according to claim 15, wherein a height of the semiconductor chip is less than a thickness of the first bent connector. | 2,800 |
348,778 | 16,806,281 | 2,892 | A nozzle adapter/attachment includes features that facilitate use and protects the user from possible fluid exposure. The nozzle attachment is configured with features that both align and clamp onto an existing nozzle. In one embodiment, there are three sets of alignment and clasping features. | 1. A nozzle adapter for secure placement on a nozzle having at least two spray apertures and corresponding alignment region that permit each of the spray apertures to be positioned for activation through rotation of the nozzle and alignment of the desired alignment region, the nozzle adapter comprising:
a. a body having proximal and distal portions that is sized, shaped, and adapted to be positioned in fixed relation to the exterior of the nozzle; b. wherein the distal portion comprises:
i. at least one alignment element that engages with a corresponding alignment region of the nozzle, wherein the alignment element comprises a spring biased tab that corresponds in position and size to contour and engage the nozzle;
ii. at least one clasping element that securely engages with the nozzle to fix the relative position of the nozzle adapted to the nozzle; and
iii. a ring element attached to the distal portion and extending circumferentially there-around and positioned radially outwardly from the alignment element and clasping element;
c. wherein the proximal portion is attached in laterally spaced relation to the distal portion by at least one outwardly tapering connector, and comprises at least two touch point regions that each terminate in an area that is raised relative to the remaining part of the area constituting the touch point and permits a user to rotate the nozzle adapter and nozzle to actuate any of the nozzle's spray apertures. 2. The nozzle adapter according to claim 1, wherein the distal portion comprises at least three alignment elements circumferentially spaced relative to one another, and at least three clasping elements circumferentially spaced relative to one another. 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. The nozzle adapter according to claim 1, wherein the touch point is textured. 7. The nozzle adapter according to claim 1, wherein the touch point is colored. 8. The nozzle adapter according to claim 1, wherein the proximal portion is of a proportionally larger diameter than the distal portion. 9. The nozzle adapter according to claim 1, wherein the proximal portion is attached in laterally spaced relation to the distal portion by at least three outwardly tapering connectors circumferentially spaced relative to one another such that the distance between the outwardly tapering connectors forms a viewing window. 10. A nozzle adapter for secure placement on a nozzle having at least two spray apertures and corresponding alignment region that permit each of the spray apertures to be positioned for activation through rotation of the nozzle and alignment of the desired alignment region, the nozzle adapter comprising:
a. a body having proximal, distal, and ring portions, that is sized, shaped, and adapted to be positioned in fixed relation to the exterior of the nozzle; b. wherein the distal portion comprises:
i. at least one alignment element that engages with a corresponding alignment region of the nozzle;
ii. at least one clasping element that securely engages with the nozzle to fix the relative position of the nozzle adapted to the nozzle;
c. wherein the proximal portion is attached in laterally spaced relation to the distal portion by at least one outwardly tapering connector, and comprises at least two touch point regions that each terminate in an area that is raised relative to the remaining part of the area constituting the touch point and permits a user to rotate the nozzle adapter and nozzle to actuate any of the nozzle's spray apertures; d. wherein the ring portion comprises:
i. an outer bell that is position such that it is a barrier to discourage users from grasping the distal portion;
ii. an inner bell positioned such that excess fluid on the nozzle drips into it;
iii. a drip edge positioned on the inner bell adapted to divert the excess fluid from the inner bell away from the user; and
e. wherein the ring portion is attached to the distal portion extending circumferentially there-around and positioned radially outwardly from the alignment element and clasping element. 11. The nozzle adapter according to claim 10, wherein the distal portion comprises at least three alignment elements circumferentially spaced relative to one another, and at least three clasping elements circumferentially spaced relative to one another. 12. The nozzle adapter according to claim 10, wherein the alignment element comprises a spring biased tab that corresponds in position and size to contour and engage the nozzle. 13. The nozzle adapter according to claim 10, wherein the clasping element comprises a ridged flange sized, shaped, and positioned to snap over and engage the nozzle. 14. The nozzle adapter according to claim 10, wherein the touch point is textured. 15. The nozzle adapter according to claim 10, wherein the touch point is colored. 16. The nozzle adapter according to claim 10, wherein the proximal portion is of a proportionally larger diameter than the distal portion and the ring portion. 17. The nozzle adapter according to claim 10, wherein the proximal portion is attached in laterally spaced relation to the distal portion by at least three outwardly tapering connectors circumferentially spaced relative to one another such that the distance between the outwardly tapering connectors forms a viewing window. 18. A method of applying a nozzle adapter for secure placement on a nozzle having at least two spray apertures and corresponding alignment region that permit each of the spray apertures to be positioned for activation through rotation of the nozzle and alignment of the desired alignment region, the nozzle adapter comprising, comprising the steps of:
sliding the nozzle through the opening formed by the proximal portion of the nozzle adapter; positioning the alignment element such that it engages with a corresponding alignment region of the nozzle; and engaging the clasping element to ensure the nozzle adapter is securely fastened on to the nozzle. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising the step of grasping the touch points of the proximal portion of the nozzle adapter. 20. The method of claim 18, further comprising the step of rotating the nozzle adapter until the nozzle is in the user's selected setting. 21. A nozzle adapter for secure placement on a nozzle having at least two spray apertures and corresponding alignment region that permit each of the spray apertures to be positioned for activation through rotation of the nozzle and alignment of the desired alignment region, the nozzle adapter comprising:
a. a body having proximal and distal portions that is sized, shaped, and adapted to be positioned in fixed relation to the exterior of the nozzle; b. wherein the distal portion comprises:
i. at least one alignment element that engages with a corresponding alignment region of the nozzle;
ii. at least one clasping element that securely engages with the nozzle to fix the relative position of the nozzle adapted to the nozzle, wherein the clasping element comprises a ridged flange sized, shaped, and positioned to snap over and engage the nozzle; and
iii. a ring element attached to the distal portion and extending circumferentially there-around and positioned radially outwardly from the alignment element and clasping element;
c. wherein the proximal portion is attached in laterally spaced relation to the distal portion by at least one outwardly tapering connector, and comprises at least two touch point regions that each terminate in an area that is raised relative to the remaining part of the area constituting the touch point and permits a user to rotate the nozzle adapter and nozzle to actuate any of the nozzle's spray apertures. 22. A nozzle adapter for secure placement on a nozzle having at least two spray apertures and corresponding alignment region that permit each of the spray apertures to be positioned for activation through rotation of the nozzle and alignment of the desired alignment region, the nozzle adapter comprising:
a. a body having proximal and distal portions that is sized, shaped, and adapted to be positioned in fixed relation to the exterior of the nozzle; b. wherein the distal portion comprises:
i. at least one alignment element that engages with a corresponding alignment region of the nozzle;
ii. at least one clasping element that securely engages with the nozzle to fix the relative position of the nozzle adapted to the nozzle; and
iii. a ring element attached to the distal portion and extending circumferentially there-around and positioned radially outwardly from the alignment element and clasping element, wherein the ring element is bell-shaped and comprises a drip edge that diverts any liquid drips from the nozzle away from the user;
c. wherein the proximal portion is attached in laterally spaced relation to the distal portion by at least one outwardly tapering connector, and comprises at least two touch point regions that each terminate in an area that is raised relative to the remaining part of the area constituting the touch point and permits a user to rotate the nozzle adapter and nozzle to actuate any of the nozzle's spray apertures. | A nozzle adapter/attachment includes features that facilitate use and protects the user from possible fluid exposure. The nozzle attachment is configured with features that both align and clamp onto an existing nozzle. In one embodiment, there are three sets of alignment and clasping features.1. A nozzle adapter for secure placement on a nozzle having at least two spray apertures and corresponding alignment region that permit each of the spray apertures to be positioned for activation through rotation of the nozzle and alignment of the desired alignment region, the nozzle adapter comprising:
a. a body having proximal and distal portions that is sized, shaped, and adapted to be positioned in fixed relation to the exterior of the nozzle; b. wherein the distal portion comprises:
i. at least one alignment element that engages with a corresponding alignment region of the nozzle, wherein the alignment element comprises a spring biased tab that corresponds in position and size to contour and engage the nozzle;
ii. at least one clasping element that securely engages with the nozzle to fix the relative position of the nozzle adapted to the nozzle; and
iii. a ring element attached to the distal portion and extending circumferentially there-around and positioned radially outwardly from the alignment element and clasping element;
c. wherein the proximal portion is attached in laterally spaced relation to the distal portion by at least one outwardly tapering connector, and comprises at least two touch point regions that each terminate in an area that is raised relative to the remaining part of the area constituting the touch point and permits a user to rotate the nozzle adapter and nozzle to actuate any of the nozzle's spray apertures. 2. The nozzle adapter according to claim 1, wherein the distal portion comprises at least three alignment elements circumferentially spaced relative to one another, and at least three clasping elements circumferentially spaced relative to one another. 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. The nozzle adapter according to claim 1, wherein the touch point is textured. 7. The nozzle adapter according to claim 1, wherein the touch point is colored. 8. The nozzle adapter according to claim 1, wherein the proximal portion is of a proportionally larger diameter than the distal portion. 9. The nozzle adapter according to claim 1, wherein the proximal portion is attached in laterally spaced relation to the distal portion by at least three outwardly tapering connectors circumferentially spaced relative to one another such that the distance between the outwardly tapering connectors forms a viewing window. 10. A nozzle adapter for secure placement on a nozzle having at least two spray apertures and corresponding alignment region that permit each of the spray apertures to be positioned for activation through rotation of the nozzle and alignment of the desired alignment region, the nozzle adapter comprising:
a. a body having proximal, distal, and ring portions, that is sized, shaped, and adapted to be positioned in fixed relation to the exterior of the nozzle; b. wherein the distal portion comprises:
i. at least one alignment element that engages with a corresponding alignment region of the nozzle;
ii. at least one clasping element that securely engages with the nozzle to fix the relative position of the nozzle adapted to the nozzle;
c. wherein the proximal portion is attached in laterally spaced relation to the distal portion by at least one outwardly tapering connector, and comprises at least two touch point regions that each terminate in an area that is raised relative to the remaining part of the area constituting the touch point and permits a user to rotate the nozzle adapter and nozzle to actuate any of the nozzle's spray apertures; d. wherein the ring portion comprises:
i. an outer bell that is position such that it is a barrier to discourage users from grasping the distal portion;
ii. an inner bell positioned such that excess fluid on the nozzle drips into it;
iii. a drip edge positioned on the inner bell adapted to divert the excess fluid from the inner bell away from the user; and
e. wherein the ring portion is attached to the distal portion extending circumferentially there-around and positioned radially outwardly from the alignment element and clasping element. 11. The nozzle adapter according to claim 10, wherein the distal portion comprises at least three alignment elements circumferentially spaced relative to one another, and at least three clasping elements circumferentially spaced relative to one another. 12. The nozzle adapter according to claim 10, wherein the alignment element comprises a spring biased tab that corresponds in position and size to contour and engage the nozzle. 13. The nozzle adapter according to claim 10, wherein the clasping element comprises a ridged flange sized, shaped, and positioned to snap over and engage the nozzle. 14. The nozzle adapter according to claim 10, wherein the touch point is textured. 15. The nozzle adapter according to claim 10, wherein the touch point is colored. 16. The nozzle adapter according to claim 10, wherein the proximal portion is of a proportionally larger diameter than the distal portion and the ring portion. 17. The nozzle adapter according to claim 10, wherein the proximal portion is attached in laterally spaced relation to the distal portion by at least three outwardly tapering connectors circumferentially spaced relative to one another such that the distance between the outwardly tapering connectors forms a viewing window. 18. A method of applying a nozzle adapter for secure placement on a nozzle having at least two spray apertures and corresponding alignment region that permit each of the spray apertures to be positioned for activation through rotation of the nozzle and alignment of the desired alignment region, the nozzle adapter comprising, comprising the steps of:
sliding the nozzle through the opening formed by the proximal portion of the nozzle adapter; positioning the alignment element such that it engages with a corresponding alignment region of the nozzle; and engaging the clasping element to ensure the nozzle adapter is securely fastened on to the nozzle. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising the step of grasping the touch points of the proximal portion of the nozzle adapter. 20. The method of claim 18, further comprising the step of rotating the nozzle adapter until the nozzle is in the user's selected setting. 21. A nozzle adapter for secure placement on a nozzle having at least two spray apertures and corresponding alignment region that permit each of the spray apertures to be positioned for activation through rotation of the nozzle and alignment of the desired alignment region, the nozzle adapter comprising:
a. a body having proximal and distal portions that is sized, shaped, and adapted to be positioned in fixed relation to the exterior of the nozzle; b. wherein the distal portion comprises:
i. at least one alignment element that engages with a corresponding alignment region of the nozzle;
ii. at least one clasping element that securely engages with the nozzle to fix the relative position of the nozzle adapted to the nozzle, wherein the clasping element comprises a ridged flange sized, shaped, and positioned to snap over and engage the nozzle; and
iii. a ring element attached to the distal portion and extending circumferentially there-around and positioned radially outwardly from the alignment element and clasping element;
c. wherein the proximal portion is attached in laterally spaced relation to the distal portion by at least one outwardly tapering connector, and comprises at least two touch point regions that each terminate in an area that is raised relative to the remaining part of the area constituting the touch point and permits a user to rotate the nozzle adapter and nozzle to actuate any of the nozzle's spray apertures. 22. A nozzle adapter for secure placement on a nozzle having at least two spray apertures and corresponding alignment region that permit each of the spray apertures to be positioned for activation through rotation of the nozzle and alignment of the desired alignment region, the nozzle adapter comprising:
a. a body having proximal and distal portions that is sized, shaped, and adapted to be positioned in fixed relation to the exterior of the nozzle; b. wherein the distal portion comprises:
i. at least one alignment element that engages with a corresponding alignment region of the nozzle;
ii. at least one clasping element that securely engages with the nozzle to fix the relative position of the nozzle adapted to the nozzle; and
iii. a ring element attached to the distal portion and extending circumferentially there-around and positioned radially outwardly from the alignment element and clasping element, wherein the ring element is bell-shaped and comprises a drip edge that diverts any liquid drips from the nozzle away from the user;
c. wherein the proximal portion is attached in laterally spaced relation to the distal portion by at least one outwardly tapering connector, and comprises at least two touch point regions that each terminate in an area that is raised relative to the remaining part of the area constituting the touch point and permits a user to rotate the nozzle adapter and nozzle to actuate any of the nozzle's spray apertures. | 2,800 |
348,779 | 16,806,302 | 2,892 | Compounds of formula (I) | 1. Compounds of formula (I) 2. A compound according to claim 1, wherein
R1 is alkyl, haloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkylalkyl, substituted phenyl, substituted phenylalkyl, substituted phenoxyalkyl, substituted phenylalkoxy, substituted phenylcycloalkyl, substituted phenylalkenyl, substituted phenylalkynyl, substituted pyridinyl, substituted pyridinylalkyl, substituted pyridinylalkenyl, substituted pyridinylalkynyl, substituted thiophenyl, substituted thiophenylalkyl, substituted thiophenylalkenyl, substituted thiophenylalkynyl, substituted 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-2-yl, substituted 1H-indol-2-yl or substituted benzofuran-2-yl, wherein substituted cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkylalkyl, substituted phenyl, substituted phenylalkyl, substituted phenoxyalkyl, substituted phenylalkoxy, substituted phenylcycloalkyl, substituted phenylalkenyl, substituted phenylalkynyl, substituted pyridinyl, substituted pyridinylalkyl, substituted pyridinylalkenyl, substituted pyridinylalkynyl, substituted thiophenyl, substituted thiophenylalkyl, substituted thiophenylalkenyl, substituted thiophenylalkynyl, substituted 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-2-yl, substituted 1H-indol-2-yl and substituted benzofuran-2-yl are substituted with R3, R4 and R5; A1 is —N— or —CR—; A2 is —N— or —CR8— and at least one of A1 and A2 is —N—; R2 is selected from the ring systems A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K and L. R3, R4 and R5 are independently selected from H, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyhaloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylalkoxy, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkoxyalkyl, cycloalkylalkoxyalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkoxyhaloalkyl, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxyalkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, pyridinyl, substituted pyridinyl, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, alkylsulfanyl, haloalkylsulfanyl, cycloalkylsulfanyl, alkylsulfinyl, haloalkylsulfinyl, cycloalkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, substituted aminosulfonyl, substituted amino and substituted aminoalkyl, wherein substituted aminosulfonyl, substituted amino and substituted aminoalkyl are substituted on the nitrogen atom with one to two substituents independently selected from H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkylcarbonyl and cycloalkylcarbonyl, and wherein substituted phenyl and substituted pyridinyl are optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from alkyl, halogen, haloalkyl, alkoxy and haloalkoxy; R6 is H, alkyl, haloalkyl or cycloalkyl; R7 and R8 are independently selected from H, alkyl, haloalkyl or cycloalkyl; or pharmaceutically acceptable salts. 3. A compound according to claim 1 or 2, wherein R1 is substituted phenylalkyl, substituted phenoxyalkyl or substituted phenylalkoxy, wherein substituted phenylalkyl, substituted phenoxyalkyl and substituted phenylalkoxy are substituted with R3, R4 and R5; 4. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein R1 is substituted phenoxyalkyl or substituted phenylalkoxy, wherein substituted phenoxyalkyl and substituted phenylalkoxy are substituted with R3, R4 and R5; 5. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein R1 is phenylalkoxy substituted with R3, R4 and R5; 6. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein R2 is selected from the ring systems A and 0. 7. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein R2 is the ring system A. 8. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein A1 is —N— and A2 is —N— or —CR8—. 9. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein R3, R4 and R5 are independently selected from H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkoxy, haloalkoxy, halogen, cyano and alkylcarbonylamino. 10. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein R3, R4 and R5 are independently selected from H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, haloalkoxy, halogen, cyano and alkylcarbonylamino. 11. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein R3 is heterocycloalkylalkoxy, haloalkoxy or cyano. 12. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein R3 is haloalkoxy or cyano. 13. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein R4 is H, alkyl, cycloalkyl or halogen. 14. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein R4 is H, alkyl or halogen. 15. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein R5 is H. 16. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein R7 is H. 17. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein R8 is H. 18. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein R1 is substituted phenylalkoxy substituted with R3, R4 and R5;
A1 is —N—;
A2 is —N— or —CR—;
R2 is the ring system A.
R3 is haloalkoxy or cyano;
R4 is H or halogen;
R5 is H;
R8 is H;
or pharmaceutically acceptable salts. 19. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 18, selected from
Benzyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6-carboxylate;
Benzyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-d][1,4]diazepine-7-carboxylate;
[3-Fluoro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6-carboxylate;
2-Fluoro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo [1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
[4-(Trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6-carboxylate;
4-Cyanobenzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
4-Cyano-3-fluorobenzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
4-Cyano-2-fluorobenzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
(4-Cyano-2-propan-2-ylphenyl)methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6-carboxylate;
[4-Cyano-2-(2,2-dimethylpropanoylamino)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7, 8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6-carboxylate;
[4-(Trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-7-carboxylate;
[4-Cyano-2-(2,2-dimethylpropanoylamino)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-7-carboxylate;
[4-(Trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6,8, 9-tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-d][1,4]diazepine-7-carboxylate;
1-[2-(1,4,6,7-Tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-6-yl]-3-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]propan-1-one;
3-Cyclopropyl-4-(2-oxo-2-(2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-6(5H)-yl)ethoxy)benzonitrile;
3-Ethyl-4-(2-oxo-2-(2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7, 8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-6(5H)-yl)ethoxy)benzonitrile;
3-tert-Butyl-4-[2-oxo-2-[2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-6-yl]ethoxy]benzonitrile;
3-[3-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1-[2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-6-yl]propan-1-one;
3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-[2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-6-yl]propan-1-one;
1-[2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6, 8,9-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-7-yl]-3-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]propan-1-one;
3-[3-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1-[2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-7-yl]propan-1-one;
3-[3-chloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1-[2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-6-yl]propan-1-one;
3-[3-chloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1-[2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-7-yl]propan-1-one;
(6-(2-cyclopropyl-6-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methoxy)isonicotinoyl)-5,6,7, 8-tetrahydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-2-yl)(6,7-dihydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5 (4H)-yl)methanone;
(E)-3-[4-(difluoromethoxy)-3-fluorophenyl]-1-[2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-6-yl]prop-2-en-1-one;
3-[4-(difluoromethoxy)-3-fluorophenyl]-1-[2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-6-yl]propan-1-one;
4-methoxybenzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
4-fluorobenzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
3-fluorobenzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
(3,4-difluorophenyl)methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6-carboxylate;
4-(difluoromethoxy)-3-fluorobenzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazzol[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
3-fluoro-4-methoxybenzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
4-methoxy-2-methylbenzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
4-cyclopropylbenzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
[2-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-7-carboxylate;
[3-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-7-carboxylate;
3-chloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo [,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
2-methoxy-4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo [,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
2-methyl-4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo [,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
[3-chloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-7-carboxylate;
[3-chloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6,8, 9-tetrahydroimidazo [1,2-d][1,4]diazepine-7-carboxylate;
3-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl 2-((3aR,7aR)-2-oxooctahydrooxazolo[5,4-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-8,9-dihydro-5H-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d][,4]diazepine-7(6H)-carboxylate;
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 20. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 19, selected from
Benzyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6-carboxylate;
Benzyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-d][1,4]diazepine-7-carboxylate;
[3-Fluoro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6-carboxylate;
2-Fluoro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo [1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
[4-(Trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6-carboxylate;
4-Cyanobenzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
4-Cyano-3-fluorobenzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
4-Cyano-2-fluorobenzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
(4-Cyano-2-propan-2-ylphenyl)methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6-carboxylate;
[4-Cyano-2-(2,2-dimethylpropanoylamino)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6-carboxylate;
[4-(Trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-7-carboxylate;
[4-Cyano-2-(2,2-dimethylpropanoylamino)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-7-carboxylate;
[4-(Trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-d][1,4]diazepine-7-carboxylate;
1-[2-(1,4,6,7-Tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-6-yl]-3-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]propan-1-one;
3-Cyclopropyl-4-(2-oxo-2-(2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-6(5H)-yl)ethoxy)benzonitrile;
3-Ethyl-4-(2-oxo-2-(2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-6(5H)-yl)ethoxy)benzonitrile;
3-tert-Butyl-4-[2-oxo-2-[2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-6-yl]ethoxy]benzonitrile;
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 21. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 19, selected from
(6-(2-cyclopropyl-6-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methoxy)isonicotinoyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-2-yl)(6,7-dihydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5(4H)-yl)methanone;
(E)-3-[4-(difluoromethoxy)-3-fluorophenyl]-1-[2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-6-yl]prop-2-en-1-one;
4-(difluoromethoxy)-3-fluorobenzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo [1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
[3-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-7-carboxylate;
3-chloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo [1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
2-methyl-4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo [1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
[3-chloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-7-carboxylate;
[3-chloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6,8, 9-tetrahydroimidazo [1,2-d][1,4]diazepine-7-carboxylate;
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 22. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 20, selected from
3-Fluoro-4-(Trifluoromethoxy)benzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo [1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
[4-(Trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4, 5,7, 8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6-carboxylate;
[4-(Trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-7-carboxylate;
[4-(Trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6, 8, 9-tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-d][1,4]diazepine-7-carboxylate;
3-tert-Butyl-4-[2-oxo-2-[2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-6-yl]ethoxy]benzonitrile;
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 23. A process to prepare a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 22 comprising the reaction of a compound of formula (II) in the presence of a compound of formula (III), wherein R1 is phenylalkoxy substituted with R3, R4 and R5, RA is phenylalkyl substituted with R3, R4 and R5 and R2, R3, R4, R5 A1 and A2 are as defined in any one of claim 1 to 18. 24. A process to prepare a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 22 comprising the reaction of a compound of formula (II) in the presence of a compound of formula (IV), wherein R1 is alkyl, haloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkylalkyl, substituted phenyl, substituted phenylalkyl, substituted phenoxyalkyl, substituted phenylcycloalkyl, substituted phenylalkenyl, substituted phenylalkynyl, substituted pyridinyl, substituted pyridinylalkyl, substituted pyridinylalkenyl, substituted pyridinylalkynyl, substituted thiophenyl, substituted thiophenylalkyl, substituted thiophenylalkenyl, substituted thiophenylalkynyl, substituted 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-2-yl, substituted 1H-indol-2-yl or substituted benzofuran-2-yl, wherein substituted cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkylalkyl, substituted phenyl, substituted phenylalkyl, substituted phenoxyalkyl, substituted phenylcycloalkyl, substituted phenylalkenyl, substituted phenylalkynyl, substituted pyridinyl, substituted pyridinylalkyl, substituted pyridinylalkenyl, substituted pyridinylalkynyl, substituted thiophenyl, substituted thiophenylalkyl, substituted thiophenylalkenyl, substituted thiophenylalkynyl, substituted 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-2-yl, substituted 1H-indol-2-yl and substituted benzofuran-2-yl are substituted with R3, R4 and R5 and R2, R3, R4, R5 A1 and A2 are as defined in any one of claim 1 to 18. 25. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 22 for use as therapeutically active substance. 26. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 22 and a therapeutically inert carrier. 27. The use of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 22 for the treatment or prophylaxis of renal conditions, liver conditions, inflammatory conditions, conditions of the nervous system, fibrotic diseases and acute and chronic organ transplant rejection. 28. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 22 for the treatment or prophylaxis of renal conditions, liver conditions, inflammatory conditions, conditions of the nervous system, fibrotic diseases and acute and chronic organ transplant rejection. 29. The use of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 22 for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of renal conditions, liver conditions, inflammatory conditions, conditions of the nervous system, fibrotic diseases and acute and chronic organ transplant rejection. 30. A method for the treatment or prophylaxis a renal condition selected from the group consisting of renal conditions, liver conditions, inflammatory conditions, conditions of the nervous system, fibrotic diseases and acute and chronic organ transplant rejection, which method comprises administering an effective amount of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 22. 31. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 22, when manufactured according to a process of claim 23 or 24. 32. The invention as hereinbefore described. | Compounds of formula (I)1. Compounds of formula (I) 2. A compound according to claim 1, wherein
R1 is alkyl, haloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkylalkyl, substituted phenyl, substituted phenylalkyl, substituted phenoxyalkyl, substituted phenylalkoxy, substituted phenylcycloalkyl, substituted phenylalkenyl, substituted phenylalkynyl, substituted pyridinyl, substituted pyridinylalkyl, substituted pyridinylalkenyl, substituted pyridinylalkynyl, substituted thiophenyl, substituted thiophenylalkyl, substituted thiophenylalkenyl, substituted thiophenylalkynyl, substituted 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-2-yl, substituted 1H-indol-2-yl or substituted benzofuran-2-yl, wherein substituted cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkylalkyl, substituted phenyl, substituted phenylalkyl, substituted phenoxyalkyl, substituted phenylalkoxy, substituted phenylcycloalkyl, substituted phenylalkenyl, substituted phenylalkynyl, substituted pyridinyl, substituted pyridinylalkyl, substituted pyridinylalkenyl, substituted pyridinylalkynyl, substituted thiophenyl, substituted thiophenylalkyl, substituted thiophenylalkenyl, substituted thiophenylalkynyl, substituted 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-2-yl, substituted 1H-indol-2-yl and substituted benzofuran-2-yl are substituted with R3, R4 and R5; A1 is —N— or —CR—; A2 is —N— or —CR8— and at least one of A1 and A2 is —N—; R2 is selected from the ring systems A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K and L. R3, R4 and R5 are independently selected from H, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyhaloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylalkoxy, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkoxyalkyl, cycloalkylalkoxyalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkoxyhaloalkyl, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxyalkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, pyridinyl, substituted pyridinyl, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, alkylsulfanyl, haloalkylsulfanyl, cycloalkylsulfanyl, alkylsulfinyl, haloalkylsulfinyl, cycloalkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, substituted aminosulfonyl, substituted amino and substituted aminoalkyl, wherein substituted aminosulfonyl, substituted amino and substituted aminoalkyl are substituted on the nitrogen atom with one to two substituents independently selected from H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkylcarbonyl and cycloalkylcarbonyl, and wherein substituted phenyl and substituted pyridinyl are optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from alkyl, halogen, haloalkyl, alkoxy and haloalkoxy; R6 is H, alkyl, haloalkyl or cycloalkyl; R7 and R8 are independently selected from H, alkyl, haloalkyl or cycloalkyl; or pharmaceutically acceptable salts. 3. A compound according to claim 1 or 2, wherein R1 is substituted phenylalkyl, substituted phenoxyalkyl or substituted phenylalkoxy, wherein substituted phenylalkyl, substituted phenoxyalkyl and substituted phenylalkoxy are substituted with R3, R4 and R5; 4. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein R1 is substituted phenoxyalkyl or substituted phenylalkoxy, wherein substituted phenoxyalkyl and substituted phenylalkoxy are substituted with R3, R4 and R5; 5. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein R1 is phenylalkoxy substituted with R3, R4 and R5; 6. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein R2 is selected from the ring systems A and 0. 7. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein R2 is the ring system A. 8. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein A1 is —N— and A2 is —N— or —CR8—. 9. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein R3, R4 and R5 are independently selected from H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkoxy, haloalkoxy, halogen, cyano and alkylcarbonylamino. 10. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein R3, R4 and R5 are independently selected from H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, haloalkoxy, halogen, cyano and alkylcarbonylamino. 11. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein R3 is heterocycloalkylalkoxy, haloalkoxy or cyano. 12. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein R3 is haloalkoxy or cyano. 13. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein R4 is H, alkyl, cycloalkyl or halogen. 14. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein R4 is H, alkyl or halogen. 15. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein R5 is H. 16. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein R7 is H. 17. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein R8 is H. 18. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein R1 is substituted phenylalkoxy substituted with R3, R4 and R5;
A1 is —N—;
A2 is —N— or —CR—;
R2 is the ring system A.
R3 is haloalkoxy or cyano;
R4 is H or halogen;
R5 is H;
R8 is H;
or pharmaceutically acceptable salts. 19. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 18, selected from
Benzyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6-carboxylate;
Benzyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-d][1,4]diazepine-7-carboxylate;
[3-Fluoro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6-carboxylate;
2-Fluoro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo [1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
[4-(Trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6-carboxylate;
4-Cyanobenzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
4-Cyano-3-fluorobenzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
4-Cyano-2-fluorobenzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
(4-Cyano-2-propan-2-ylphenyl)methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6-carboxylate;
[4-Cyano-2-(2,2-dimethylpropanoylamino)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7, 8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6-carboxylate;
[4-(Trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-7-carboxylate;
[4-Cyano-2-(2,2-dimethylpropanoylamino)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-7-carboxylate;
[4-(Trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6,8, 9-tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-d][1,4]diazepine-7-carboxylate;
1-[2-(1,4,6,7-Tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-6-yl]-3-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]propan-1-one;
3-Cyclopropyl-4-(2-oxo-2-(2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-6(5H)-yl)ethoxy)benzonitrile;
3-Ethyl-4-(2-oxo-2-(2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7, 8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-6(5H)-yl)ethoxy)benzonitrile;
3-tert-Butyl-4-[2-oxo-2-[2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-6-yl]ethoxy]benzonitrile;
3-[3-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1-[2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-6-yl]propan-1-one;
3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-[2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-6-yl]propan-1-one;
1-[2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6, 8,9-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-7-yl]-3-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]propan-1-one;
3-[3-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1-[2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-7-yl]propan-1-one;
3-[3-chloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1-[2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-6-yl]propan-1-one;
3-[3-chloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1-[2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-7-yl]propan-1-one;
(6-(2-cyclopropyl-6-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methoxy)isonicotinoyl)-5,6,7, 8-tetrahydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-2-yl)(6,7-dihydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5 (4H)-yl)methanone;
(E)-3-[4-(difluoromethoxy)-3-fluorophenyl]-1-[2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-6-yl]prop-2-en-1-one;
3-[4-(difluoromethoxy)-3-fluorophenyl]-1-[2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-6-yl]propan-1-one;
4-methoxybenzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
4-fluorobenzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
3-fluorobenzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
(3,4-difluorophenyl)methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6-carboxylate;
4-(difluoromethoxy)-3-fluorobenzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazzol[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
3-fluoro-4-methoxybenzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
4-methoxy-2-methylbenzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
4-cyclopropylbenzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
[2-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-7-carboxylate;
[3-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-7-carboxylate;
3-chloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo [,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
2-methoxy-4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo [,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
2-methyl-4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo [,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
[3-chloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-7-carboxylate;
[3-chloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6,8, 9-tetrahydroimidazo [1,2-d][1,4]diazepine-7-carboxylate;
3-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl 2-((3aR,7aR)-2-oxooctahydrooxazolo[5,4-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-8,9-dihydro-5H-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d][,4]diazepine-7(6H)-carboxylate;
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 20. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 19, selected from
Benzyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6-carboxylate;
Benzyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-d][1,4]diazepine-7-carboxylate;
[3-Fluoro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6-carboxylate;
2-Fluoro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo [1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
[4-(Trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6-carboxylate;
4-Cyanobenzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
4-Cyano-3-fluorobenzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
4-Cyano-2-fluorobenzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
(4-Cyano-2-propan-2-ylphenyl)methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6-carboxylate;
[4-Cyano-2-(2,2-dimethylpropanoylamino)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6-carboxylate;
[4-(Trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-7-carboxylate;
[4-Cyano-2-(2,2-dimethylpropanoylamino)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-7-carboxylate;
[4-(Trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-d][1,4]diazepine-7-carboxylate;
1-[2-(1,4,6,7-Tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-6-yl]-3-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]propan-1-one;
3-Cyclopropyl-4-(2-oxo-2-(2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-6(5H)-yl)ethoxy)benzonitrile;
3-Ethyl-4-(2-oxo-2-(2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-6(5H)-yl)ethoxy)benzonitrile;
3-tert-Butyl-4-[2-oxo-2-[2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-6-yl]ethoxy]benzonitrile;
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 21. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 19, selected from
(6-(2-cyclopropyl-6-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methoxy)isonicotinoyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-2-yl)(6,7-dihydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5(4H)-yl)methanone;
(E)-3-[4-(difluoromethoxy)-3-fluorophenyl]-1-[2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-6-yl]prop-2-en-1-one;
4-(difluoromethoxy)-3-fluorobenzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo [1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
[3-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-7-carboxylate;
3-chloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo [1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
2-methyl-4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo [1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
[3-chloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-7-carboxylate;
[3-chloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6,8, 9-tetrahydroimidazo [1,2-d][1,4]diazepine-7-carboxylate;
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 22. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 20, selected from
3-Fluoro-4-(Trifluoromethoxy)benzyl 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo [1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6(5H)-carboxylate;
[4-(Trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4, 5,7, 8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-6-carboxylate;
[4-(Trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine-7-carboxylate;
[4-(Trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl 2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-5,6, 8, 9-tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-d][1,4]diazepine-7-carboxylate;
3-tert-Butyl-4-[2-oxo-2-[2-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepin-6-yl]ethoxy]benzonitrile;
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 23. A process to prepare a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 22 comprising the reaction of a compound of formula (II) in the presence of a compound of formula (III), wherein R1 is phenylalkoxy substituted with R3, R4 and R5, RA is phenylalkyl substituted with R3, R4 and R5 and R2, R3, R4, R5 A1 and A2 are as defined in any one of claim 1 to 18. 24. A process to prepare a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 22 comprising the reaction of a compound of formula (II) in the presence of a compound of formula (IV), wherein R1 is alkyl, haloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkylalkyl, substituted phenyl, substituted phenylalkyl, substituted phenoxyalkyl, substituted phenylcycloalkyl, substituted phenylalkenyl, substituted phenylalkynyl, substituted pyridinyl, substituted pyridinylalkyl, substituted pyridinylalkenyl, substituted pyridinylalkynyl, substituted thiophenyl, substituted thiophenylalkyl, substituted thiophenylalkenyl, substituted thiophenylalkynyl, substituted 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-2-yl, substituted 1H-indol-2-yl or substituted benzofuran-2-yl, wherein substituted cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkylalkyl, substituted phenyl, substituted phenylalkyl, substituted phenoxyalkyl, substituted phenylcycloalkyl, substituted phenylalkenyl, substituted phenylalkynyl, substituted pyridinyl, substituted pyridinylalkyl, substituted pyridinylalkenyl, substituted pyridinylalkynyl, substituted thiophenyl, substituted thiophenylalkyl, substituted thiophenylalkenyl, substituted thiophenylalkynyl, substituted 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-2-yl, substituted 1H-indol-2-yl and substituted benzofuran-2-yl are substituted with R3, R4 and R5 and R2, R3, R4, R5 A1 and A2 are as defined in any one of claim 1 to 18. 25. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 22 for use as therapeutically active substance. 26. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 22 and a therapeutically inert carrier. 27. The use of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 22 for the treatment or prophylaxis of renal conditions, liver conditions, inflammatory conditions, conditions of the nervous system, fibrotic diseases and acute and chronic organ transplant rejection. 28. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 22 for the treatment or prophylaxis of renal conditions, liver conditions, inflammatory conditions, conditions of the nervous system, fibrotic diseases and acute and chronic organ transplant rejection. 29. The use of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 22 for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of renal conditions, liver conditions, inflammatory conditions, conditions of the nervous system, fibrotic diseases and acute and chronic organ transplant rejection. 30. A method for the treatment or prophylaxis a renal condition selected from the group consisting of renal conditions, liver conditions, inflammatory conditions, conditions of the nervous system, fibrotic diseases and acute and chronic organ transplant rejection, which method comprises administering an effective amount of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 22. 31. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 22, when manufactured according to a process of claim 23 or 24. 32. The invention as hereinbefore described. | 2,800 |
348,780 | 16,806,255 | 2,892 | A chemically modified cellulosic fibre or filament having a moisture content of at least 7% by weight obtained by a process comprising the steps of (i) obtaining cellulosic fibres or filament and chemically modifying the cellulose by substitution to increase its absorbency; (ii) washing the fibres after step (i) in a mixture comprising water and up to 99% by weight of water-miscible organic solvent; (iii) drying the fibres to a moisture content of at least 7% by weight. | 1-43. (canceled) 44. A process for processing a cellulosic fibre or a cellulosic filament, the process comprising:
chemically modifying the cellulose of the cellulosic fibre or the cellulosic filament by substitution to increase absorbency; washing the chemically modified cellulosic fibre or chemically modified cellulosic filament in a wash solution comprising up to 99% by weight of an organic solvent; and adjusting the washed fibre or washed filament to a moisture content of at least 7% by weight. 45. The process of claim 44, wherein the wash solution comprises less than 95% by weight of an organic solvent. 46. The process of claim 44, wherein the washed fibre or washed filament is dried to a moisture content from 11% to 18% by weight. 47. The process of claim 44, wherein the adjusting step comprises drying the washed fibre or washed filament. 48. The process of claim 47, further comprising carding the dried fibre or dried filament to make a nonwoven web of fibre. 49. The process of claim 48, further comprising needling the nonwoven web of fibre to form a wound dressing. 50. The process of claim 49, further comprising sealing the wound dressing in a pouch that maintains the moisture content of the wound dressing in a sterile environment. 51. The process of claim 44, wherein the adjusting step comprises conditioning the washed fibre or washed filament in an atmosphere having a relative humidity of at least 40%. 52. The process of claim 51, wherein the relative humidity is from 45% to 85%. 53. The process of claim 51, further comprising carding the conditioned fibre or filament to produce a non-woven web of chemically modified cellulosic fibre. 54. A process for producing a non-woven web of chemically modified cellulosic fibres, the process comprising:
neutralizing chemically modified cellulosic fibres; finishing the chemically modified cellulosic fibres with a solution comprising less than 99% by weight of an organic solvent to produce finished chemically modified cellulosic fibres; adjusting the moisture content of the finished chemically modified cellulosic fibres to a moisture content from 11% to 20% by weight; processing the finished chemically modified cellulosic fibres into the non-woven web of chemically modified cellulosic fibres, and wherein the moisture content of the non-woven web of chemically modified cellulosic fibres is from 11% to 20% by weight; and packaging the non-woven web of chemically modified cellulosic fibres in a pouch that maintains the moisture content of the non-woven web of chemically modified cellulosic fibres in a sterile environment, and wherein the packaged non-woven web of chemically modified cellulosic fibres has a tensile strength of at least 3N per cm. 55. The process of claim 54, wherein the solution comprises less than 95% by weight of an organic solvent. 56. The process of claim 54, wherein the adjusting step comprises drying the finished chemically modified cellulosic fibres to achieve the moisture content from 11% to 20% by weight. 57. The process of claim 54, wherein the adjusting step comprises conditioning the finished chemically modified cellulosic fibres in air having a relative humidity of at least 40% to achieve the moisture content from 11% to 20% by weight. 58. The process of claim 57, wherein the relative humidity is from 45% to 85%. 59. The process of claim 54, wherein the adjusting step comprises drying the finished chemically modified cellulosic fibres in air having a relative humidity of at least 40% to achieve the moisture content from 11% to 20% by weight. 60. A non-woven web of chemically modified cellulosic fibres produced by the process of claim 54. 61. The non-woven web of chemically modified cellulosic fibres of claim 60, wherein the non-woven web of chemically modified cellulosic fibres has a tensile strength from 3N/cm to 25N/cm. 62. The non-woven web of chemically modified cellulosic fibres of claim 60, wherein the non-woven web of chemically modified cellulosic fibres has a basis weight from 80 gsm to 120 gsm. 63. The non-woven web of chemically modified cellulosic fibres of claim 60, wherein the tensile strength is in a cross-direction. | A chemically modified cellulosic fibre or filament having a moisture content of at least 7% by weight obtained by a process comprising the steps of (i) obtaining cellulosic fibres or filament and chemically modifying the cellulose by substitution to increase its absorbency; (ii) washing the fibres after step (i) in a mixture comprising water and up to 99% by weight of water-miscible organic solvent; (iii) drying the fibres to a moisture content of at least 7% by weight.1-43. (canceled) 44. A process for processing a cellulosic fibre or a cellulosic filament, the process comprising:
chemically modifying the cellulose of the cellulosic fibre or the cellulosic filament by substitution to increase absorbency; washing the chemically modified cellulosic fibre or chemically modified cellulosic filament in a wash solution comprising up to 99% by weight of an organic solvent; and adjusting the washed fibre or washed filament to a moisture content of at least 7% by weight. 45. The process of claim 44, wherein the wash solution comprises less than 95% by weight of an organic solvent. 46. The process of claim 44, wherein the washed fibre or washed filament is dried to a moisture content from 11% to 18% by weight. 47. The process of claim 44, wherein the adjusting step comprises drying the washed fibre or washed filament. 48. The process of claim 47, further comprising carding the dried fibre or dried filament to make a nonwoven web of fibre. 49. The process of claim 48, further comprising needling the nonwoven web of fibre to form a wound dressing. 50. The process of claim 49, further comprising sealing the wound dressing in a pouch that maintains the moisture content of the wound dressing in a sterile environment. 51. The process of claim 44, wherein the adjusting step comprises conditioning the washed fibre or washed filament in an atmosphere having a relative humidity of at least 40%. 52. The process of claim 51, wherein the relative humidity is from 45% to 85%. 53. The process of claim 51, further comprising carding the conditioned fibre or filament to produce a non-woven web of chemically modified cellulosic fibre. 54. A process for producing a non-woven web of chemically modified cellulosic fibres, the process comprising:
neutralizing chemically modified cellulosic fibres; finishing the chemically modified cellulosic fibres with a solution comprising less than 99% by weight of an organic solvent to produce finished chemically modified cellulosic fibres; adjusting the moisture content of the finished chemically modified cellulosic fibres to a moisture content from 11% to 20% by weight; processing the finished chemically modified cellulosic fibres into the non-woven web of chemically modified cellulosic fibres, and wherein the moisture content of the non-woven web of chemically modified cellulosic fibres is from 11% to 20% by weight; and packaging the non-woven web of chemically modified cellulosic fibres in a pouch that maintains the moisture content of the non-woven web of chemically modified cellulosic fibres in a sterile environment, and wherein the packaged non-woven web of chemically modified cellulosic fibres has a tensile strength of at least 3N per cm. 55. The process of claim 54, wherein the solution comprises less than 95% by weight of an organic solvent. 56. The process of claim 54, wherein the adjusting step comprises drying the finished chemically modified cellulosic fibres to achieve the moisture content from 11% to 20% by weight. 57. The process of claim 54, wherein the adjusting step comprises conditioning the finished chemically modified cellulosic fibres in air having a relative humidity of at least 40% to achieve the moisture content from 11% to 20% by weight. 58. The process of claim 57, wherein the relative humidity is from 45% to 85%. 59. The process of claim 54, wherein the adjusting step comprises drying the finished chemically modified cellulosic fibres in air having a relative humidity of at least 40% to achieve the moisture content from 11% to 20% by weight. 60. A non-woven web of chemically modified cellulosic fibres produced by the process of claim 54. 61. The non-woven web of chemically modified cellulosic fibres of claim 60, wherein the non-woven web of chemically modified cellulosic fibres has a tensile strength from 3N/cm to 25N/cm. 62. The non-woven web of chemically modified cellulosic fibres of claim 60, wherein the non-woven web of chemically modified cellulosic fibres has a basis weight from 80 gsm to 120 gsm. 63. The non-woven web of chemically modified cellulosic fibres of claim 60, wherein the tensile strength is in a cross-direction. | 2,800 |
348,781 | 16,806,280 | 2,892 | A method includes forming an opening in a first dielectric layer. A region underlying the first dielectric layer is exposed to the opening. The method further includes depositing a dummy silicon layer extending into the opening, and depositing an isolation layer. The isolation layer and the dummy layer include a dummy silicon ring and an isolation ring, respectively, in the opening. The opening is filled with a metallic region, and the metal region is encircled by the isolation ring. The dummy silicon layer is etched to form an air spacer. A second dielectric layer is formed to seal the air spacer. | 1. A method comprising:
forming an opening in a first dielectric layer, wherein an underlying region underlying the first dielectric layer is exposed to the opening; depositing a dummy silicon layer extending into the opening; depositing an isolation layer, wherein the isolation layer and the dummy silicon layer comprise a dummy silicon ring and an isolation ring, respectively, in the opening; filling the opening with a metallic region, wherein the metal region is encircled by the isolation ring; etching the dummy silicon layer to form an air spacer; and forming a second dielectric layer to seal the air spacer. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the etching the dummy silicon layer is performed using a process gas comprising hydrogen (H2) and Nitrogen tri-fluoride (NF3). 3. The method of claim 2, wherein a ratio of a first flow rate of H2 to a second flow rate of NF3 is higher than about 41. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the etching the dummy silicon layer is performed using a fluorine-based etching gas, and in the etching the dummy silicon layer, no metal fluoride is left on an exposed surface of the metallic region. 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
forming a metal-containing capping layer extending into the opening; and
performing an annealing process to react the metal-containing capping layer with the underlying region, wherein the underlying region comprises a silicon-containing semiconductor material. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the underlying region comprises a gate electrode. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the depositing the dummy silicon layer comprises depositing an amorphous silicon layer. 8. A method comprising:
etching a dielectric layer to form an opening, with a semiconductor region being underlying and exposed to the opening; forming a dummy silicon layer on sidewalls of the dielectric layer facing the opening, wherein the dummy silicon layer further comprises a horizontal portion at a bottom of the opening; forming an isolation layer to cover the dummy silicon layer; performing an anisotropic etching process on the dummy silicon layer and the isolation layer to reveal the semiconductor region to the opening, wherein a silicon portion and an isolation portion, respectively, are left in the opening; depositing a metal-containing layer extending into the opening; performing a silicidation process to react the metal-containing layer with the semiconductor region, so that a silicide region is formed; filling the opening with a metal region; and etching the dummy silicon layer. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein during the etching the dummy silicon layer, the isolation layer is not etched. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein after the etching the dummy silicon layer, the silicide region is revealed, and the silicide region is not etched by a chemical used for etching the dummy silicon layer. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the etching the dummy silicon layer is performed using an etching gas comprising a fluorine-containing gas, and during the etching, no metal fluoride is formed on the metal region. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the etching gas comprises hydrogen (H2) and nitrogen fluoride (NF3), and a ratio of a first flow rate of the hydrogen to a second flow rate of the nitrogen fluoride is greater than 41. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein after the etching the dummy silicon layer, an air spacer is formed between the isolation layer and the dielectric layer, and the method further comprises depositing an additional dielectric layer over the dielectric layer to seal the air spacer. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the dummy silicon layer is formed as a substantially conformal layer. 15. A method comprising:
depositing a silicon layer extending into an opening in a first dielectric layer; depositing a second dielectric layer on the silicon layer; removing horizontal portions of the silicon layer and the second dielectric layer; forming a silicide region at a bottom of the opening; filling the opening with a metal region; etching the silicon layer using an etching gas comprising hydrogen (H2) and nitrogen fluoride (NF3) to form an air spacer, until the silicide region is exposed to the air spacer; and depositing a third dielectric layer to seal the air spacer. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the forming the silicide region comprises:
after the horizontal portions of the silicon layer and the second dielectric layer are removed, depositing a metal-containing layer extending into the opening; and performing an annealing process. 17. The method of claim 15 further comprising, before the etching the silicon layer, performing a planarization process to reveal the silicon layer, the first dielectric layer, and the second dielectric layer. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein during the etching the silicon layer, no distinguishable metal fluoride is left on top of the metal region. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein in the etching the silicon layer, a ratio of a first flow rate of the hydrogen to a second flow rate of the nitrogen fluoride is greater than 41. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the silicon layer comprises amorphous silicon. | A method includes forming an opening in a first dielectric layer. A region underlying the first dielectric layer is exposed to the opening. The method further includes depositing a dummy silicon layer extending into the opening, and depositing an isolation layer. The isolation layer and the dummy layer include a dummy silicon ring and an isolation ring, respectively, in the opening. The opening is filled with a metallic region, and the metal region is encircled by the isolation ring. The dummy silicon layer is etched to form an air spacer. A second dielectric layer is formed to seal the air spacer.1. A method comprising:
forming an opening in a first dielectric layer, wherein an underlying region underlying the first dielectric layer is exposed to the opening; depositing a dummy silicon layer extending into the opening; depositing an isolation layer, wherein the isolation layer and the dummy silicon layer comprise a dummy silicon ring and an isolation ring, respectively, in the opening; filling the opening with a metallic region, wherein the metal region is encircled by the isolation ring; etching the dummy silicon layer to form an air spacer; and forming a second dielectric layer to seal the air spacer. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the etching the dummy silicon layer is performed using a process gas comprising hydrogen (H2) and Nitrogen tri-fluoride (NF3). 3. The method of claim 2, wherein a ratio of a first flow rate of H2 to a second flow rate of NF3 is higher than about 41. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the etching the dummy silicon layer is performed using a fluorine-based etching gas, and in the etching the dummy silicon layer, no metal fluoride is left on an exposed surface of the metallic region. 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
forming a metal-containing capping layer extending into the opening; and
performing an annealing process to react the metal-containing capping layer with the underlying region, wherein the underlying region comprises a silicon-containing semiconductor material. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the underlying region comprises a gate electrode. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the depositing the dummy silicon layer comprises depositing an amorphous silicon layer. 8. A method comprising:
etching a dielectric layer to form an opening, with a semiconductor region being underlying and exposed to the opening; forming a dummy silicon layer on sidewalls of the dielectric layer facing the opening, wherein the dummy silicon layer further comprises a horizontal portion at a bottom of the opening; forming an isolation layer to cover the dummy silicon layer; performing an anisotropic etching process on the dummy silicon layer and the isolation layer to reveal the semiconductor region to the opening, wherein a silicon portion and an isolation portion, respectively, are left in the opening; depositing a metal-containing layer extending into the opening; performing a silicidation process to react the metal-containing layer with the semiconductor region, so that a silicide region is formed; filling the opening with a metal region; and etching the dummy silicon layer. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein during the etching the dummy silicon layer, the isolation layer is not etched. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein after the etching the dummy silicon layer, the silicide region is revealed, and the silicide region is not etched by a chemical used for etching the dummy silicon layer. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the etching the dummy silicon layer is performed using an etching gas comprising a fluorine-containing gas, and during the etching, no metal fluoride is formed on the metal region. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the etching gas comprises hydrogen (H2) and nitrogen fluoride (NF3), and a ratio of a first flow rate of the hydrogen to a second flow rate of the nitrogen fluoride is greater than 41. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein after the etching the dummy silicon layer, an air spacer is formed between the isolation layer and the dielectric layer, and the method further comprises depositing an additional dielectric layer over the dielectric layer to seal the air spacer. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the dummy silicon layer is formed as a substantially conformal layer. 15. A method comprising:
depositing a silicon layer extending into an opening in a first dielectric layer; depositing a second dielectric layer on the silicon layer; removing horizontal portions of the silicon layer and the second dielectric layer; forming a silicide region at a bottom of the opening; filling the opening with a metal region; etching the silicon layer using an etching gas comprising hydrogen (H2) and nitrogen fluoride (NF3) to form an air spacer, until the silicide region is exposed to the air spacer; and depositing a third dielectric layer to seal the air spacer. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the forming the silicide region comprises:
after the horizontal portions of the silicon layer and the second dielectric layer are removed, depositing a metal-containing layer extending into the opening; and performing an annealing process. 17. The method of claim 15 further comprising, before the etching the silicon layer, performing a planarization process to reveal the silicon layer, the first dielectric layer, and the second dielectric layer. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein during the etching the silicon layer, no distinguishable metal fluoride is left on top of the metal region. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein in the etching the silicon layer, a ratio of a first flow rate of the hydrogen to a second flow rate of the nitrogen fluoride is greater than 41. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the silicon layer comprises amorphous silicon. | 2,800 |
348,782 | 16,806,277 | 2,892 | According to some embodiments, an autorack railcar roof assembly comprises a center roof panel, a first intermediate roof panel adjacent one side of the center roof panel, and a second intermediate roof panel adjacent an opposite of the center roof panel from the first intermediate roof panel. The center roof panel comprises a first width. The first and second intermediate roof panels each comprise a second width greater than the first width. | 1. An autorack railcar comprising:
a first end and a second end; a first longitudinal side and a second longitudinal side disposed between the first end and the second end; a roof assembly disposed longitudinally between the first end and the second end and transversely between the first longitudinal side and the second longitudinal side; a rack for transporting vehicles generally enclosed by the first end, the second end, the first longitudinal aide, the second longitudinal side, and the roof assembly, wherein:
a first width of the roof assembly between the first longitudinal side and the second longitudinal side proximate a center of the autorack railcar comprises a first width value; and
a second width of the roof assembly between the first longitudinal side and the second longitudinal side between the center of the autorack railcar and either the first end or the second end comprises a second width value, the second width value greater than the first width value. 2. The autorack railcar of claim 1, wherein the first width value is approximately 9 feet 11 inches. 3. The autorack railcar of claim 1, wherein the second width value is between 9 feet 11 inches and approximately 10 feet 8 inches. 4. The autorack railcar of claim 1, wherein a third width of the roof assembly between the first longitudinal side and the second longitudinal side proximate either the first end or the second end comprises a third width value, the third width value greater than the first width value and greater than the second width value. 5. The autorack railcar of claim 1, wherein:
the first longitudinal side comprises a center panel and an intermediate panel, the center panel is disposed between a center of the railcar and the intermediate panel and the intermediate panel is disposed between the center panel and the first end or the second end; a width of the railcar at the intermediate panel is greater than a width of the railcar at the center panel; the roof assembly comprises a center roof panel and an intermediate roof panel, the center roof panel is disposed between the center panel of the first longitudinal side and the second longitudinal side, and the intermediate roof panel is disposed between the intermediate panel of the first longitudinal side and the second longitudinal side; and a width of the roof assembly at the intermediate roof panel is greater than a width of the roof assembly at the center roof panel. 6. The railcar of claim 5, wherein a width of the center roof panel is constant along the longitudinal length of the center roof panel. 7. The railcar of claim 5, wherein the width of the intermediate roof panel increases in width as the intermediate roof panel extends from an edge adjacent to the center roof panel towards the first or second end. 8. The railcar of claim 4, wherein:
the first longitudinal side further comprises an end panel disposed between the intermediate panel and the first end or the second end; and the roof assembly further comprises an end roof panel, the end roof panel disposed between the end panel of the first longitudinal side and the second longitudinal side. 9. The railcar of claim 8, wherein a width of the end roof panel is constant along the longitudinal length of the end roof panel. 10. The railcar of claim 5, wherein a width of the intermediate roof panel varies from approximately 9 feet 11 inches proximate the center roof panel to between 9 feet 11 inches and 10 feet 8 inches at the opposite end of the intermediate roof panel. 11. An autorack railcar roof assembly comprising:
a center roof panel; a first intermediate roof panel adjacent one side of the center roof panel; a second intermediate roof panel adjacent an opposite side of the center roof panel from the first intermediate roof panel; and wherein the center roof panel comprises a first width and the first and second intermediate roof panels each comprise a second width greater than the first width. 12. The autorack railcar roof assembly of claim 11, wherein the first width value is approximately 9 feet 11 inches. 13. The autorack railcar roof assembly of claim 11, wherein the second width value is between 9 feet 11 inches and approximately 10 feet 8 inches. 14. The autorack railcar roof assembly of claim 11, wherein the width of the center roof panel is constant along the longitudinal length of the center roof panel. 15. The autorack railcar roof assembly of claim 11, wherein the width of the first and second intermediate roof panels increases in width as the intermediate roof panel extends from an edge adjacent to the center roof panel towards an opposite edge. 16. The autorack railcar roof assembly of claim 11, wherein a width of the first and second intermediate roof panel varies from approximately 9 feet 11 inches proximate the center roof panel to between 9 feet 11 inches and 10 feet 8 inches at an opposite edge. 17. The autorack railcar roof assembly of claim 11, further comprising:
a first end roof panel adjacent the first intermediate panel; a second end roof panel adjacent the second intermediate panel; and wherein the first and second end roof panels each comprise a third width greater than the second width. 18. The autorack railcar roof assembly of claim 17, wherein a width of the first and second end roof panels is constant along the longitudinal length of the first and second end roof panels. 19. A method for coupling a fixed-width autorack railcar roof assembly to a variable width autorack railcar, the method comprising:
providing a fixed-width autorack railcar roof assembly; providing a roof rail wherein a top portion of the roof rail conforms to the edge of the fixed-width autorack railcar roof assembly and a bottom portion of the roof rail conforms to a contour of the sidewall of a variable-width autorack railcar; coupling the bottom portion of the roof rail to the variable-with autorack railcar; and coupling the top portion of the roof rail to the fixed-width autorack railcar roof assembly. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the autorack railcar comprises:
a first end and a second end; a first longitudinal side and a second longitudinal side disposed between the first end and the second end; a rack for transporting vehicles generally enclosed by the first end, the second end, the first longitudinal aide, and the second longitudinal side, wherein:
a first width of the autorack railcar between the first longitudinal side and the second longitudinal side proximate a center of the autorack railcar comprises a first width value; and
a second width of the autorack railcar between the first longitudinal side and the second longitudinal side between the center of the autorack railcar and either the first end or the second end comprises a second width value, the second width value greater than the first width value. | According to some embodiments, an autorack railcar roof assembly comprises a center roof panel, a first intermediate roof panel adjacent one side of the center roof panel, and a second intermediate roof panel adjacent an opposite of the center roof panel from the first intermediate roof panel. The center roof panel comprises a first width. The first and second intermediate roof panels each comprise a second width greater than the first width.1. An autorack railcar comprising:
a first end and a second end; a first longitudinal side and a second longitudinal side disposed between the first end and the second end; a roof assembly disposed longitudinally between the first end and the second end and transversely between the first longitudinal side and the second longitudinal side; a rack for transporting vehicles generally enclosed by the first end, the second end, the first longitudinal aide, the second longitudinal side, and the roof assembly, wherein:
a first width of the roof assembly between the first longitudinal side and the second longitudinal side proximate a center of the autorack railcar comprises a first width value; and
a second width of the roof assembly between the first longitudinal side and the second longitudinal side between the center of the autorack railcar and either the first end or the second end comprises a second width value, the second width value greater than the first width value. 2. The autorack railcar of claim 1, wherein the first width value is approximately 9 feet 11 inches. 3. The autorack railcar of claim 1, wherein the second width value is between 9 feet 11 inches and approximately 10 feet 8 inches. 4. The autorack railcar of claim 1, wherein a third width of the roof assembly between the first longitudinal side and the second longitudinal side proximate either the first end or the second end comprises a third width value, the third width value greater than the first width value and greater than the second width value. 5. The autorack railcar of claim 1, wherein:
the first longitudinal side comprises a center panel and an intermediate panel, the center panel is disposed between a center of the railcar and the intermediate panel and the intermediate panel is disposed between the center panel and the first end or the second end; a width of the railcar at the intermediate panel is greater than a width of the railcar at the center panel; the roof assembly comprises a center roof panel and an intermediate roof panel, the center roof panel is disposed between the center panel of the first longitudinal side and the second longitudinal side, and the intermediate roof panel is disposed between the intermediate panel of the first longitudinal side and the second longitudinal side; and a width of the roof assembly at the intermediate roof panel is greater than a width of the roof assembly at the center roof panel. 6. The railcar of claim 5, wherein a width of the center roof panel is constant along the longitudinal length of the center roof panel. 7. The railcar of claim 5, wherein the width of the intermediate roof panel increases in width as the intermediate roof panel extends from an edge adjacent to the center roof panel towards the first or second end. 8. The railcar of claim 4, wherein:
the first longitudinal side further comprises an end panel disposed between the intermediate panel and the first end or the second end; and the roof assembly further comprises an end roof panel, the end roof panel disposed between the end panel of the first longitudinal side and the second longitudinal side. 9. The railcar of claim 8, wherein a width of the end roof panel is constant along the longitudinal length of the end roof panel. 10. The railcar of claim 5, wherein a width of the intermediate roof panel varies from approximately 9 feet 11 inches proximate the center roof panel to between 9 feet 11 inches and 10 feet 8 inches at the opposite end of the intermediate roof panel. 11. An autorack railcar roof assembly comprising:
a center roof panel; a first intermediate roof panel adjacent one side of the center roof panel; a second intermediate roof panel adjacent an opposite side of the center roof panel from the first intermediate roof panel; and wherein the center roof panel comprises a first width and the first and second intermediate roof panels each comprise a second width greater than the first width. 12. The autorack railcar roof assembly of claim 11, wherein the first width value is approximately 9 feet 11 inches. 13. The autorack railcar roof assembly of claim 11, wherein the second width value is between 9 feet 11 inches and approximately 10 feet 8 inches. 14. The autorack railcar roof assembly of claim 11, wherein the width of the center roof panel is constant along the longitudinal length of the center roof panel. 15. The autorack railcar roof assembly of claim 11, wherein the width of the first and second intermediate roof panels increases in width as the intermediate roof panel extends from an edge adjacent to the center roof panel towards an opposite edge. 16. The autorack railcar roof assembly of claim 11, wherein a width of the first and second intermediate roof panel varies from approximately 9 feet 11 inches proximate the center roof panel to between 9 feet 11 inches and 10 feet 8 inches at an opposite edge. 17. The autorack railcar roof assembly of claim 11, further comprising:
a first end roof panel adjacent the first intermediate panel; a second end roof panel adjacent the second intermediate panel; and wherein the first and second end roof panels each comprise a third width greater than the second width. 18. The autorack railcar roof assembly of claim 17, wherein a width of the first and second end roof panels is constant along the longitudinal length of the first and second end roof panels. 19. A method for coupling a fixed-width autorack railcar roof assembly to a variable width autorack railcar, the method comprising:
providing a fixed-width autorack railcar roof assembly; providing a roof rail wherein a top portion of the roof rail conforms to the edge of the fixed-width autorack railcar roof assembly and a bottom portion of the roof rail conforms to a contour of the sidewall of a variable-width autorack railcar; coupling the bottom portion of the roof rail to the variable-with autorack railcar; and coupling the top portion of the roof rail to the fixed-width autorack railcar roof assembly. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the autorack railcar comprises:
a first end and a second end; a first longitudinal side and a second longitudinal side disposed between the first end and the second end; a rack for transporting vehicles generally enclosed by the first end, the second end, the first longitudinal aide, and the second longitudinal side, wherein:
a first width of the autorack railcar between the first longitudinal side and the second longitudinal side proximate a center of the autorack railcar comprises a first width value; and
a second width of the autorack railcar between the first longitudinal side and the second longitudinal side between the center of the autorack railcar and either the first end or the second end comprises a second width value, the second width value greater than the first width value. | 2,800 |
348,783 | 16,806,289 | 2,892 | According to some embodiments, an autorack railcar roof assembly comprises a center roof panel, a first intermediate roof panel adjacent one side of the center roof panel, and a second intermediate roof panel adjacent an opposite of the center roof panel from the first intermediate roof panel. The center roof panel comprises a first width. The first and second intermediate roof panels each comprise a second width greater than the first width. | 1. An autorack railcar comprising:
a first end and a second end; a first longitudinal side and a second longitudinal side disposed between the first end and the second end; a roof assembly disposed longitudinally between the first end and the second end and transversely between the first longitudinal side and the second longitudinal side; a rack for transporting vehicles generally enclosed by the first end, the second end, the first longitudinal aide, the second longitudinal side, and the roof assembly, wherein:
a first width of the roof assembly between the first longitudinal side and the second longitudinal side proximate a center of the autorack railcar comprises a first width value; and
a second width of the roof assembly between the first longitudinal side and the second longitudinal side between the center of the autorack railcar and either the first end or the second end comprises a second width value, the second width value greater than the first width value. 2. The autorack railcar of claim 1, wherein the first width value is approximately 9 feet 11 inches. 3. The autorack railcar of claim 1, wherein the second width value is between 9 feet 11 inches and approximately 10 feet 8 inches. 4. The autorack railcar of claim 1, wherein a third width of the roof assembly between the first longitudinal side and the second longitudinal side proximate either the first end or the second end comprises a third width value, the third width value greater than the first width value and greater than the second width value. 5. The autorack railcar of claim 1, wherein:
the first longitudinal side comprises a center panel and an intermediate panel, the center panel is disposed between a center of the railcar and the intermediate panel and the intermediate panel is disposed between the center panel and the first end or the second end; a width of the railcar at the intermediate panel is greater than a width of the railcar at the center panel; the roof assembly comprises a center roof panel and an intermediate roof panel, the center roof panel is disposed between the center panel of the first longitudinal side and the second longitudinal side, and the intermediate roof panel is disposed between the intermediate panel of the first longitudinal side and the second longitudinal side; and a width of the roof assembly at the intermediate roof panel is greater than a width of the roof assembly at the center roof panel. 6. The railcar of claim 5, wherein a width of the center roof panel is constant along the longitudinal length of the center roof panel. 7. The railcar of claim 5, wherein the width of the intermediate roof panel increases in width as the intermediate roof panel extends from an edge adjacent to the center roof panel towards the first or second end. 8. The railcar of claim 4, wherein:
the first longitudinal side further comprises an end panel disposed between the intermediate panel and the first end or the second end; and the roof assembly further comprises an end roof panel, the end roof panel disposed between the end panel of the first longitudinal side and the second longitudinal side. 9. The railcar of claim 8, wherein a width of the end roof panel is constant along the longitudinal length of the end roof panel. 10. The railcar of claim 5, wherein a width of the intermediate roof panel varies from approximately 9 feet 11 inches proximate the center roof panel to between 9 feet 11 inches and 10 feet 8 inches at the opposite end of the intermediate roof panel. 11. An autorack railcar roof assembly comprising:
a center roof panel; a first intermediate roof panel adjacent one side of the center roof panel; a second intermediate roof panel adjacent an opposite side of the center roof panel from the first intermediate roof panel; and wherein the center roof panel comprises a first width and the first and second intermediate roof panels each comprise a second width greater than the first width. 12. The autorack railcar roof assembly of claim 11, wherein the first width value is approximately 9 feet 11 inches. 13. The autorack railcar roof assembly of claim 11, wherein the second width value is between 9 feet 11 inches and approximately 10 feet 8 inches. 14. The autorack railcar roof assembly of claim 11, wherein the width of the center roof panel is constant along the longitudinal length of the center roof panel. 15. The autorack railcar roof assembly of claim 11, wherein the width of the first and second intermediate roof panels increases in width as the intermediate roof panel extends from an edge adjacent to the center roof panel towards an opposite edge. 16. The autorack railcar roof assembly of claim 11, wherein a width of the first and second intermediate roof panel varies from approximately 9 feet 11 inches proximate the center roof panel to between 9 feet 11 inches and 10 feet 8 inches at an opposite edge. 17. The autorack railcar roof assembly of claim 11, further comprising:
a first end roof panel adjacent the first intermediate panel; a second end roof panel adjacent the second intermediate panel; and wherein the first and second end roof panels each comprise a third width greater than the second width. 18. The autorack railcar roof assembly of claim 17, wherein a width of the first and second end roof panels is constant along the longitudinal length of the first and second end roof panels. 19. A method for coupling a fixed-width autorack railcar roof assembly to a variable width autorack railcar, the method comprising:
providing a fixed-width autorack railcar roof assembly; providing a roof rail wherein a top portion of the roof rail conforms to the edge of the fixed-width autorack railcar roof assembly and a bottom portion of the roof rail conforms to a contour of the sidewall of a variable-width autorack railcar; coupling the bottom portion of the roof rail to the variable-with autorack railcar; and coupling the top portion of the roof rail to the fixed-width autorack railcar roof assembly. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the autorack railcar comprises:
a first end and a second end; a first longitudinal side and a second longitudinal side disposed between the first end and the second end; a rack for transporting vehicles generally enclosed by the first end, the second end, the first longitudinal aide, and the second longitudinal side, wherein:
a first width of the autorack railcar between the first longitudinal side and the second longitudinal side proximate a center of the autorack railcar comprises a first width value; and
a second width of the autorack railcar between the first longitudinal side and the second longitudinal side between the center of the autorack railcar and either the first end or the second end comprises a second width value, the second width value greater than the first width value. | According to some embodiments, an autorack railcar roof assembly comprises a center roof panel, a first intermediate roof panel adjacent one side of the center roof panel, and a second intermediate roof panel adjacent an opposite of the center roof panel from the first intermediate roof panel. The center roof panel comprises a first width. The first and second intermediate roof panels each comprise a second width greater than the first width.1. An autorack railcar comprising:
a first end and a second end; a first longitudinal side and a second longitudinal side disposed between the first end and the second end; a roof assembly disposed longitudinally between the first end and the second end and transversely between the first longitudinal side and the second longitudinal side; a rack for transporting vehicles generally enclosed by the first end, the second end, the first longitudinal aide, the second longitudinal side, and the roof assembly, wherein:
a first width of the roof assembly between the first longitudinal side and the second longitudinal side proximate a center of the autorack railcar comprises a first width value; and
a second width of the roof assembly between the first longitudinal side and the second longitudinal side between the center of the autorack railcar and either the first end or the second end comprises a second width value, the second width value greater than the first width value. 2. The autorack railcar of claim 1, wherein the first width value is approximately 9 feet 11 inches. 3. The autorack railcar of claim 1, wherein the second width value is between 9 feet 11 inches and approximately 10 feet 8 inches. 4. The autorack railcar of claim 1, wherein a third width of the roof assembly between the first longitudinal side and the second longitudinal side proximate either the first end or the second end comprises a third width value, the third width value greater than the first width value and greater than the second width value. 5. The autorack railcar of claim 1, wherein:
the first longitudinal side comprises a center panel and an intermediate panel, the center panel is disposed between a center of the railcar and the intermediate panel and the intermediate panel is disposed between the center panel and the first end or the second end; a width of the railcar at the intermediate panel is greater than a width of the railcar at the center panel; the roof assembly comprises a center roof panel and an intermediate roof panel, the center roof panel is disposed between the center panel of the first longitudinal side and the second longitudinal side, and the intermediate roof panel is disposed between the intermediate panel of the first longitudinal side and the second longitudinal side; and a width of the roof assembly at the intermediate roof panel is greater than a width of the roof assembly at the center roof panel. 6. The railcar of claim 5, wherein a width of the center roof panel is constant along the longitudinal length of the center roof panel. 7. The railcar of claim 5, wherein the width of the intermediate roof panel increases in width as the intermediate roof panel extends from an edge adjacent to the center roof panel towards the first or second end. 8. The railcar of claim 4, wherein:
the first longitudinal side further comprises an end panel disposed between the intermediate panel and the first end or the second end; and the roof assembly further comprises an end roof panel, the end roof panel disposed between the end panel of the first longitudinal side and the second longitudinal side. 9. The railcar of claim 8, wherein a width of the end roof panel is constant along the longitudinal length of the end roof panel. 10. The railcar of claim 5, wherein a width of the intermediate roof panel varies from approximately 9 feet 11 inches proximate the center roof panel to between 9 feet 11 inches and 10 feet 8 inches at the opposite end of the intermediate roof panel. 11. An autorack railcar roof assembly comprising:
a center roof panel; a first intermediate roof panel adjacent one side of the center roof panel; a second intermediate roof panel adjacent an opposite side of the center roof panel from the first intermediate roof panel; and wherein the center roof panel comprises a first width and the first and second intermediate roof panels each comprise a second width greater than the first width. 12. The autorack railcar roof assembly of claim 11, wherein the first width value is approximately 9 feet 11 inches. 13. The autorack railcar roof assembly of claim 11, wherein the second width value is between 9 feet 11 inches and approximately 10 feet 8 inches. 14. The autorack railcar roof assembly of claim 11, wherein the width of the center roof panel is constant along the longitudinal length of the center roof panel. 15. The autorack railcar roof assembly of claim 11, wherein the width of the first and second intermediate roof panels increases in width as the intermediate roof panel extends from an edge adjacent to the center roof panel towards an opposite edge. 16. The autorack railcar roof assembly of claim 11, wherein a width of the first and second intermediate roof panel varies from approximately 9 feet 11 inches proximate the center roof panel to between 9 feet 11 inches and 10 feet 8 inches at an opposite edge. 17. The autorack railcar roof assembly of claim 11, further comprising:
a first end roof panel adjacent the first intermediate panel; a second end roof panel adjacent the second intermediate panel; and wherein the first and second end roof panels each comprise a third width greater than the second width. 18. The autorack railcar roof assembly of claim 17, wherein a width of the first and second end roof panels is constant along the longitudinal length of the first and second end roof panels. 19. A method for coupling a fixed-width autorack railcar roof assembly to a variable width autorack railcar, the method comprising:
providing a fixed-width autorack railcar roof assembly; providing a roof rail wherein a top portion of the roof rail conforms to the edge of the fixed-width autorack railcar roof assembly and a bottom portion of the roof rail conforms to a contour of the sidewall of a variable-width autorack railcar; coupling the bottom portion of the roof rail to the variable-with autorack railcar; and coupling the top portion of the roof rail to the fixed-width autorack railcar roof assembly. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the autorack railcar comprises:
a first end and a second end; a first longitudinal side and a second longitudinal side disposed between the first end and the second end; a rack for transporting vehicles generally enclosed by the first end, the second end, the first longitudinal aide, and the second longitudinal side, wherein:
a first width of the autorack railcar between the first longitudinal side and the second longitudinal side proximate a center of the autorack railcar comprises a first width value; and
a second width of the autorack railcar between the first longitudinal side and the second longitudinal side between the center of the autorack railcar and either the first end or the second end comprises a second width value, the second width value greater than the first width value. | 2,800 |
348,784 | 16,806,263 | 2,892 | The present invention relates to oxygen sensors for medical ventilators. A medical ventilator includes a patient circuit delivering inspiratory airflow to a patient and returning expiratory airflow from the patient back to the ventilator. A manifold includes an air flow path into the patient circuit, and a port with an opening for an oxygen sensor. When mated to the port, the oxygen sensor samples the air in the air flow path and detects the amount of oxygen in the air. When the oxygen sensor is inserted into the port, a valve is biased open, to allow airflow through the opening into the oxygen sensor during ventilation. When the oxygen sensor is removed from the port, the valve biases into a closed position covering the opening, to prevent leaks. The ventilator can then continue to operate without the oxygen sensor in place. | 1.-11. (canceled) 12. A method for replacing an oxygen sensor on a medical ventilator, comprising:
mating an oxygen sensor assembly to a port of a medical ventilator, the oxygen sensor assembly comprising an oxygen sensor, and the port comprising a valve biased to close the port; operating the medical ventilator with the oxygen sensor; and removing the oxygen sensor assembly from the port, wherein mating the oxygen sensor assembly to the port comprises opening the valve, and wherein removing the oxygen sensor assembly from the port comprises closing the valve. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising securing the oxygen sensor assembly to the port with a latch. 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising disabling a setting of the medical ventilator relating to the oxygen sensor prior to removing the oxygen sensor assembly from the port. 15. The method of claim 12, further comprising pausing an alarm or alert after removing the oxygen sensor assembly from the port. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein mating the oxygen sensor assembly to the port comprises automatically opening the valve, and wherein removing the oxygen sensor assembly from the port comprises automatically closing the valve. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein mating the oxygen sensor assembly to the port comprises making physical contact between the oxygen sensor assembly and the valve to open the valve. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein mating the oxygen sensor assembly to the port comprises triggering an actuator that opens the valve. 19.-20. (canceled) | The present invention relates to oxygen sensors for medical ventilators. A medical ventilator includes a patient circuit delivering inspiratory airflow to a patient and returning expiratory airflow from the patient back to the ventilator. A manifold includes an air flow path into the patient circuit, and a port with an opening for an oxygen sensor. When mated to the port, the oxygen sensor samples the air in the air flow path and detects the amount of oxygen in the air. When the oxygen sensor is inserted into the port, a valve is biased open, to allow airflow through the opening into the oxygen sensor during ventilation. When the oxygen sensor is removed from the port, the valve biases into a closed position covering the opening, to prevent leaks. The ventilator can then continue to operate without the oxygen sensor in place.1.-11. (canceled) 12. A method for replacing an oxygen sensor on a medical ventilator, comprising:
mating an oxygen sensor assembly to a port of a medical ventilator, the oxygen sensor assembly comprising an oxygen sensor, and the port comprising a valve biased to close the port; operating the medical ventilator with the oxygen sensor; and removing the oxygen sensor assembly from the port, wherein mating the oxygen sensor assembly to the port comprises opening the valve, and wherein removing the oxygen sensor assembly from the port comprises closing the valve. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising securing the oxygen sensor assembly to the port with a latch. 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising disabling a setting of the medical ventilator relating to the oxygen sensor prior to removing the oxygen sensor assembly from the port. 15. The method of claim 12, further comprising pausing an alarm or alert after removing the oxygen sensor assembly from the port. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein mating the oxygen sensor assembly to the port comprises automatically opening the valve, and wherein removing the oxygen sensor assembly from the port comprises automatically closing the valve. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein mating the oxygen sensor assembly to the port comprises making physical contact between the oxygen sensor assembly and the valve to open the valve. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein mating the oxygen sensor assembly to the port comprises triggering an actuator that opens the valve. 19.-20. (canceled) | 2,800 |
348,785 | 16,806,282 | 2,892 | A semiconductor storage device includes a plurality of memory cells connected to each other in series, a plurality of word lines respectively connected to gates of the plurality of memory cells, and a control circuit configured to perform a read operation by applying a first voltage higher than ground voltage to the plurality of word lines during a first time period at the beginning of which each word line is at ground voltage, applying a second voltage lower than the first voltage to a first word line during a second time period subsequent to the first time period, applying a third voltage higher than the second voltage to the first word line during a third time period subsequent to the second time period, and determining data of the memory cells connected to the first word line while all portions of the first word line are at the third voltage. | 1. A semiconductor storage device comprising:
a plurality of memory cells which are connected to each other in series; a plurality of word lines which are respectively connected to gates of the plurality of memory cells; and a control circuit configured to perform a read operation by applying a first voltage higher than ground voltage to the plurality of word lines during a first time period at the beginning of which each of the word lines is at ground voltage, applying a second voltage lower than the first voltage to a first word line during a second time period subsequent to the first time period, applying a third voltage higher than the second voltage to the first word line during a third time period subsequent to the second time period, and determining data of the memory cells connected to the first word line while all portions of the first word line are at the third voltage. 2. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a bit line which is connected to first ends of the plurality of memory cells; and a source line which is connected to second ends of the plurality of memory cells, wherein the control circuit, during the second time period after a beginning of the second time period, applies a third voltage to the bit line and a fourth voltage lower than the third voltage to the source line. 3. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 2, further comprising:
a first select transistor which is connected between the bit line and the plurality of memory cells; a second select transistor which is connected between the source line and the plurality of memory cells; a first select gate line which is connected to a gate of the first selected transistor; and a second select gate line which is connected to a gate of the second selected transistor, wherein the control circuit applies the first voltage to the first and second select gate lines during the first, second, and third time periods. 4. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein the second voltage is higher than the ground voltage. 5. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein the first voltage, the second voltage, and the third voltage are applied in succession to the first word line, and no other voltages are applied to the first word line between the beginning of the first time period and the end of the third time period. 6. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein the portions of the first word line includes first, second, and third portions, the first portion being closest to a location where the first, second, and third voltages are applied to the first word line and the third portion being farthest from the location where the first, second, and third voltages are applied to the first word line. 7. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein threshold voltages of the memory cells are at one of eight different states, and the second voltage is set to be less than a fifth voltage by less than a predetermined voltage, wherein the fifth voltage is a voltage that is higher than a maximum possible threshold voltage of the memory cells in the eight different states. 8. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 7, wherein the predetermined voltage is a minimum potential difference for causing an inter-band tunnel current between adjacent memory cells. 9. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 7, wherein the third voltage is higher than the second voltage by approximately 0.5 V. 10. A semiconductor storage device comprising:
a plurality of memory cells which are connected to each other in series; a plurality of word lines which are respectively connected to gates of the plurality of memory cells; and a control circuit configured to perform a read operation by applying a first voltage higher than ground voltage to a first word line during a first time period at the beginning of which the first word line is at ground voltage, determining data of the memory cells connected to the first word line during the first time period after the first word line has increased to the first voltage from the ground voltage; applying a second voltage lower than the first voltage and higher than the ground voltage to the first word line during a second time period subsequent to the first time period, applying a third voltage higher than the second voltage to the first word line during a third time period subsequent to the second time period, and further determining the data of the memory cells connected to the first word line while all portions of the first word line are at the third voltage. 11. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 10, further comprising:
a bit line which is connected to first ends of the plurality of memory cells; and a source line which is connected to second ends of the plurality of memory cells, wherein the control circuit, during the first time period after the beginning of the first time period, applies a third voltage to the bit line and a fourth voltage lower than the third voltage to the source line. 12. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 11, further comprising:
a first select transistor which is connected between the bit line and the plurality of memory cells; a second select transistor which is connected between the source line and the plurality of memory cells; a first select gate line which is connected to a gate of the first selected transistor; and a second select gate line which is connected to a gate of the second selected transistor, wherein the control circuit applies the first voltage to the first and second select gate lines during the first, second, and third time periods. 13. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 10, wherein the first voltage, the second voltage, and the third voltage are applied in succession to the first word line, and no other voltages are applied to the first word line between the beginning of the first time period and the end of the third time period. 14. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 10, wherein the portions of the first word line includes first, second, and third portions, the first portion being closest to a location where the first, second, and third voltages are applied to the first word line and the third portion being farthest from the location where the first, second, and third voltages are applied to the first word line. 15. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 10, wherein the third voltage is higher than the second voltage by approximately 0.5 V. 16. A method of performing a read operation on a semiconductor storage device that includes a plurality of memory cells which are connected to each other in series, and a plurality of word lines which are respectively connected to gates of the plurality of memory cells, said method comprising:
applying a first voltage higher than ground voltage to the plurality of word lines during a first time period at the beginning of which each of the word lines is at ground voltage, applying a second voltage lower than the first voltage to a first word line during a second time period subsequent to the first time period, applying a third voltage higher than the second voltage to the first word line during a third time period subsequent to the second time period, and determining data of the memory cells connected to the first word line while all portions of the first word line are at the third voltage. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the second voltage is higher than the ground voltage. 18. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first voltage, the second voltage, and the third voltage are applied in succession to the first word line, and no other voltages are applied to the first word line between the beginning of the first time period and the end of the third time period. 19. The method according to claim 1, wherein the portions of the first word line includes first, second, and third portions, the first portion being closest to a location where the first, second, and third voltages are applied to the first word line and the third portion being farthest from the location where the first, second, and third voltages are applied to the first word line. 20. The method according to claim 1, wherein
threshold voltages of the memory cells are at one of eight different states, and the second voltage is set to be less than a fifth voltage by less than a predetermined voltage, wherein the fifth voltage is a voltage that is higher than a maximum possible threshold voltage of the memory cells in the eight different states, and the predetermined voltage is a minimum potential difference for causing an inter-band tunnel current between adjacent memory cells. | A semiconductor storage device includes a plurality of memory cells connected to each other in series, a plurality of word lines respectively connected to gates of the plurality of memory cells, and a control circuit configured to perform a read operation by applying a first voltage higher than ground voltage to the plurality of word lines during a first time period at the beginning of which each word line is at ground voltage, applying a second voltage lower than the first voltage to a first word line during a second time period subsequent to the first time period, applying a third voltage higher than the second voltage to the first word line during a third time period subsequent to the second time period, and determining data of the memory cells connected to the first word line while all portions of the first word line are at the third voltage.1. A semiconductor storage device comprising:
a plurality of memory cells which are connected to each other in series; a plurality of word lines which are respectively connected to gates of the plurality of memory cells; and a control circuit configured to perform a read operation by applying a first voltage higher than ground voltage to the plurality of word lines during a first time period at the beginning of which each of the word lines is at ground voltage, applying a second voltage lower than the first voltage to a first word line during a second time period subsequent to the first time period, applying a third voltage higher than the second voltage to the first word line during a third time period subsequent to the second time period, and determining data of the memory cells connected to the first word line while all portions of the first word line are at the third voltage. 2. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a bit line which is connected to first ends of the plurality of memory cells; and a source line which is connected to second ends of the plurality of memory cells, wherein the control circuit, during the second time period after a beginning of the second time period, applies a third voltage to the bit line and a fourth voltage lower than the third voltage to the source line. 3. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 2, further comprising:
a first select transistor which is connected between the bit line and the plurality of memory cells; a second select transistor which is connected between the source line and the plurality of memory cells; a first select gate line which is connected to a gate of the first selected transistor; and a second select gate line which is connected to a gate of the second selected transistor, wherein the control circuit applies the first voltage to the first and second select gate lines during the first, second, and third time periods. 4. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein the second voltage is higher than the ground voltage. 5. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein the first voltage, the second voltage, and the third voltage are applied in succession to the first word line, and no other voltages are applied to the first word line between the beginning of the first time period and the end of the third time period. 6. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein the portions of the first word line includes first, second, and third portions, the first portion being closest to a location where the first, second, and third voltages are applied to the first word line and the third portion being farthest from the location where the first, second, and third voltages are applied to the first word line. 7. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein threshold voltages of the memory cells are at one of eight different states, and the second voltage is set to be less than a fifth voltage by less than a predetermined voltage, wherein the fifth voltage is a voltage that is higher than a maximum possible threshold voltage of the memory cells in the eight different states. 8. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 7, wherein the predetermined voltage is a minimum potential difference for causing an inter-band tunnel current between adjacent memory cells. 9. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 7, wherein the third voltage is higher than the second voltage by approximately 0.5 V. 10. A semiconductor storage device comprising:
a plurality of memory cells which are connected to each other in series; a plurality of word lines which are respectively connected to gates of the plurality of memory cells; and a control circuit configured to perform a read operation by applying a first voltage higher than ground voltage to a first word line during a first time period at the beginning of which the first word line is at ground voltage, determining data of the memory cells connected to the first word line during the first time period after the first word line has increased to the first voltage from the ground voltage; applying a second voltage lower than the first voltage and higher than the ground voltage to the first word line during a second time period subsequent to the first time period, applying a third voltage higher than the second voltage to the first word line during a third time period subsequent to the second time period, and further determining the data of the memory cells connected to the first word line while all portions of the first word line are at the third voltage. 11. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 10, further comprising:
a bit line which is connected to first ends of the plurality of memory cells; and a source line which is connected to second ends of the plurality of memory cells, wherein the control circuit, during the first time period after the beginning of the first time period, applies a third voltage to the bit line and a fourth voltage lower than the third voltage to the source line. 12. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 11, further comprising:
a first select transistor which is connected between the bit line and the plurality of memory cells; a second select transistor which is connected between the source line and the plurality of memory cells; a first select gate line which is connected to a gate of the first selected transistor; and a second select gate line which is connected to a gate of the second selected transistor, wherein the control circuit applies the first voltage to the first and second select gate lines during the first, second, and third time periods. 13. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 10, wherein the first voltage, the second voltage, and the third voltage are applied in succession to the first word line, and no other voltages are applied to the first word line between the beginning of the first time period and the end of the third time period. 14. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 10, wherein the portions of the first word line includes first, second, and third portions, the first portion being closest to a location where the first, second, and third voltages are applied to the first word line and the third portion being farthest from the location where the first, second, and third voltages are applied to the first word line. 15. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 10, wherein the third voltage is higher than the second voltage by approximately 0.5 V. 16. A method of performing a read operation on a semiconductor storage device that includes a plurality of memory cells which are connected to each other in series, and a plurality of word lines which are respectively connected to gates of the plurality of memory cells, said method comprising:
applying a first voltage higher than ground voltage to the plurality of word lines during a first time period at the beginning of which each of the word lines is at ground voltage, applying a second voltage lower than the first voltage to a first word line during a second time period subsequent to the first time period, applying a third voltage higher than the second voltage to the first word line during a third time period subsequent to the second time period, and determining data of the memory cells connected to the first word line while all portions of the first word line are at the third voltage. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the second voltage is higher than the ground voltage. 18. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first voltage, the second voltage, and the third voltage are applied in succession to the first word line, and no other voltages are applied to the first word line between the beginning of the first time period and the end of the third time period. 19. The method according to claim 1, wherein the portions of the first word line includes first, second, and third portions, the first portion being closest to a location where the first, second, and third voltages are applied to the first word line and the third portion being farthest from the location where the first, second, and third voltages are applied to the first word line. 20. The method according to claim 1, wherein
threshold voltages of the memory cells are at one of eight different states, and the second voltage is set to be less than a fifth voltage by less than a predetermined voltage, wherein the fifth voltage is a voltage that is higher than a maximum possible threshold voltage of the memory cells in the eight different states, and the predetermined voltage is a minimum potential difference for causing an inter-band tunnel current between adjacent memory cells. | 2,800 |
348,786 | 16,806,295 | 2,892 | Methods and systems for processing orders for a product or service are described, the methods including the steps of: preparing order data which identifies at least one product or service; providing a user with a transmitting device for indicating their presence at a fulfillment location where the order can be fulfilled; and processing an order based on the order data. | 1. A method of processing an order for a product or service including the steps of:
preparing order data identifying at least one product or service; storing the order data; providing a user with a near field communication (NFC) transmitting device for transmitting a communication signal that, when detected, will indicate the presence of the user at a fulfillment location where the order for the product or service can be fulfilled; detecting the transmitted communication signal to indicate when the NFC transmitting device enters the proximate area of the fulfillment location by way of the NFC transmitting device being brought into close proximity with a NFC enabled point-of-sale (POS) device, which indicates the presence of the user at the fulfillment location; initiating a data connection between the NFC transmitting device and the NFC enabled POS device; transmitting the order data to a fulfillment system; processing and fulfilling the order based on the transmitted order data in response to detecting the presence of the user at the fulfillment location; and transmitting information to the POS device over the data connection between the NFC transmitting device and the NFC enabled POS device authorizing payment to be made by way of an account linked to the NFC device. 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the order data further comprises data representative of a pricing arrangement associated with the order for the product or service. 3. A system for processing an order for a product or service including:
preparation means for allowing a user to prepare order data prior to attending at a fulfillment location, the order data identifying at least one product or service; at least one near field communication (NFC) transmitting device for transmitting a signal indicating a presence of the user at a fulfillment location where the order for the product or service can be fulfilled; at least one NFC enabled point of sale (POS) device for detecting the transmitted signal to detect the presence of the user at the fulfillment location and for receiving the order data and information authorizing payment to be made by way of an account linked to the NFC device over a data connection established between the NFC transmitting device and the POS device; and processing means for processing and fulfilling the order based on the order data in response to the POS device detecting the presence of the user at the fulfillment location. | Methods and systems for processing orders for a product or service are described, the methods including the steps of: preparing order data which identifies at least one product or service; providing a user with a transmitting device for indicating their presence at a fulfillment location where the order can be fulfilled; and processing an order based on the order data.1. A method of processing an order for a product or service including the steps of:
preparing order data identifying at least one product or service; storing the order data; providing a user with a near field communication (NFC) transmitting device for transmitting a communication signal that, when detected, will indicate the presence of the user at a fulfillment location where the order for the product or service can be fulfilled; detecting the transmitted communication signal to indicate when the NFC transmitting device enters the proximate area of the fulfillment location by way of the NFC transmitting device being brought into close proximity with a NFC enabled point-of-sale (POS) device, which indicates the presence of the user at the fulfillment location; initiating a data connection between the NFC transmitting device and the NFC enabled POS device; transmitting the order data to a fulfillment system; processing and fulfilling the order based on the transmitted order data in response to detecting the presence of the user at the fulfillment location; and transmitting information to the POS device over the data connection between the NFC transmitting device and the NFC enabled POS device authorizing payment to be made by way of an account linked to the NFC device. 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the order data further comprises data representative of a pricing arrangement associated with the order for the product or service. 3. A system for processing an order for a product or service including:
preparation means for allowing a user to prepare order data prior to attending at a fulfillment location, the order data identifying at least one product or service; at least one near field communication (NFC) transmitting device for transmitting a signal indicating a presence of the user at a fulfillment location where the order for the product or service can be fulfilled; at least one NFC enabled point of sale (POS) device for detecting the transmitted signal to detect the presence of the user at the fulfillment location and for receiving the order data and information authorizing payment to be made by way of an account linked to the NFC device over a data connection established between the NFC transmitting device and the POS device; and processing means for processing and fulfilling the order based on the order data in response to the POS device detecting the presence of the user at the fulfillment location. | 2,800 |
348,787 | 16,806,316 | 3,724 | A rope dispensing system for dispensing a continuous rope from a compressed rope cartridge. The device has a canister for storage of the rope cartridge, a resealable lid with a grommet for passing the rope through the lid, and a replaceable cutting mechanism for cutting the rope. Preferably the rope cartridge is shrink-wrapped to fit within case and keep rope from unraveling. | 1. A rope dispensing system for dispensing a continuous rope from a coreless rope cartridge, said dispensing system comprising:
a canister, wherein said canister having a closed end and an open end and defining an interior space for receiving a coreless rope cartridge, wherein said canister is configured to be handheld and free of any attachment mechanisms to attach said canister to a fixed object, wherein said canister comprises a releasable lid configured to close said open end, wherein said lid comprises an opening, wherein said lid comprises a grommet non-slideably positioned in said opening configured to prevent rope that has passed through said opening from retracting into said canister, wherein said lid comprises a replaceable cutting mechanism, wherein said replaceable cutting mechanism comprises a removable insert having a cutting blade attached to said insert, wherein said insert is configured as a removable integrated section of said lid, wherein said cutting mechanism is configured for cutting said rope; a coreless rope cartridge configured for placement within said interior space defined by said canister, wherein said coreless rope cartridge comprises a rope having a first end and a second end, wherein said opening in said canister is configured for passage of said rope. 2. The rope dispensing system of claim 1, wherein said coreless rope cartridge is in shrink wrap packaging. 3. The rope dispensing system of claim 1, wherein said lid comprises a snap on lid. 4. The rope dispensing system of claim 1, wherein said lid comprises a threaded lid configured to thread onto said canister. 5. The rope dispensing system of claim 1, wherein said replaceable cutting mechanism comprises a blade guard having a generally U-shaped opening and a blade fixedly positioned within said U-shaped blade guard. 6. The rope dispensing system of claim 1, wherein said coreless rope cartridge comprises rope of 1100 lb ultimate tensile strength. 7. The rope dispensing system of claim 1, wherein said coreless rope cartridge comprises a rope selected from the group consisting of nylon rope, hemp rope, polypropylene rope, and polyester rope. 8. The rope dispensing system of claim 1, wherein said canister comprises a generally cylindrical shape. 9. A method of using a rope dispensing system, wherein said method comprises the following steps:
a step of providing a canister containing a coreless rope cartridge to a user, wherein said canister defines a hollow interior and comprises a closed bottom and an openable top, wherein said rope cartridge configured for being positioned within said interior of said canister defined by said canister and said openable top, wherein said coreless rope cartridge comprises a shrink wrapped cover, wherein said canister comprises an opening configured for passage of a first end of a rope wound into said coreless rope cartridge, wherein said opening comprises a grommet configured to allow passage of said rope out of said cartridge, wherein said canister comprises a replaceable cutting mechanism, wherein said replaceable cutting mechanism comprises a removable insert having a cutting blade attached to said insert, wherein said insert is configured as a removable section of said openable top; a step of dispensing said rope wound into said coreless rope cartridge comprising placing said first end of said rope through said opening, closing said lid of said canister, and said user pulling said rope out of said canister by pulling said rope through said opening; and the step of cutting dispensed rope with said replaceable cutting mechanism. 10. The method of using a rope dispensing system of claim 9, wherein said method comprises a step of replacing said rope cartridge in said canister, wherein said step of replacing said rope cartridge in said canister comprises opening said lid on said canister, removing said shrink wrap cover and any remaining rope, placing a cylindrical shrink wrapped rope cartridge comprising a length of rope having a first end and a second end into said canister, placing said first end of said length of rope through said grommet, and closing said lid. 11. The method of using a rope dispensing system of claim 9, wherein said method comprises a step of replacing said replaceable cutting mechanism. 12. The method of using a rope dispensing system of claim 9, wherein said replaceable cutting mechanism comprises a U-shape defined by two arms and a width between, wherein said insert is configured for interlocking placement in an opening in said lid, wherein said insert comprises a first arm of said “U” shape, wherein said U-shaped cutting mechanism comprises a cutting blade positioned between said arms of said “U” shape, wherein a second arm of said “U” shape comprises a blade guard. 13. The method of using a rope dispensing system of claim 9, wherein said step of cutting dispensed rope with said replaceable cutting mechanism comprises positioning a length of rope into said U shaped replaceable cutting mechanism wherein said rope is positioned generally perpendicular to said U shaped replaceable cutting mechanism and said user forces said rope onto said cutting blade to cut said rope. 14. The method of using a rope dispensing system of claim 9, wherein said canister comprises a generally cylindrical shape. | A rope dispensing system for dispensing a continuous rope from a compressed rope cartridge. The device has a canister for storage of the rope cartridge, a resealable lid with a grommet for passing the rope through the lid, and a replaceable cutting mechanism for cutting the rope. Preferably the rope cartridge is shrink-wrapped to fit within case and keep rope from unraveling.1. A rope dispensing system for dispensing a continuous rope from a coreless rope cartridge, said dispensing system comprising:
a canister, wherein said canister having a closed end and an open end and defining an interior space for receiving a coreless rope cartridge, wherein said canister is configured to be handheld and free of any attachment mechanisms to attach said canister to a fixed object, wherein said canister comprises a releasable lid configured to close said open end, wherein said lid comprises an opening, wherein said lid comprises a grommet non-slideably positioned in said opening configured to prevent rope that has passed through said opening from retracting into said canister, wherein said lid comprises a replaceable cutting mechanism, wherein said replaceable cutting mechanism comprises a removable insert having a cutting blade attached to said insert, wherein said insert is configured as a removable integrated section of said lid, wherein said cutting mechanism is configured for cutting said rope; a coreless rope cartridge configured for placement within said interior space defined by said canister, wherein said coreless rope cartridge comprises a rope having a first end and a second end, wherein said opening in said canister is configured for passage of said rope. 2. The rope dispensing system of claim 1, wherein said coreless rope cartridge is in shrink wrap packaging. 3. The rope dispensing system of claim 1, wherein said lid comprises a snap on lid. 4. The rope dispensing system of claim 1, wherein said lid comprises a threaded lid configured to thread onto said canister. 5. The rope dispensing system of claim 1, wherein said replaceable cutting mechanism comprises a blade guard having a generally U-shaped opening and a blade fixedly positioned within said U-shaped blade guard. 6. The rope dispensing system of claim 1, wherein said coreless rope cartridge comprises rope of 1100 lb ultimate tensile strength. 7. The rope dispensing system of claim 1, wherein said coreless rope cartridge comprises a rope selected from the group consisting of nylon rope, hemp rope, polypropylene rope, and polyester rope. 8. The rope dispensing system of claim 1, wherein said canister comprises a generally cylindrical shape. 9. A method of using a rope dispensing system, wherein said method comprises the following steps:
a step of providing a canister containing a coreless rope cartridge to a user, wherein said canister defines a hollow interior and comprises a closed bottom and an openable top, wherein said rope cartridge configured for being positioned within said interior of said canister defined by said canister and said openable top, wherein said coreless rope cartridge comprises a shrink wrapped cover, wherein said canister comprises an opening configured for passage of a first end of a rope wound into said coreless rope cartridge, wherein said opening comprises a grommet configured to allow passage of said rope out of said cartridge, wherein said canister comprises a replaceable cutting mechanism, wherein said replaceable cutting mechanism comprises a removable insert having a cutting blade attached to said insert, wherein said insert is configured as a removable section of said openable top; a step of dispensing said rope wound into said coreless rope cartridge comprising placing said first end of said rope through said opening, closing said lid of said canister, and said user pulling said rope out of said canister by pulling said rope through said opening; and the step of cutting dispensed rope with said replaceable cutting mechanism. 10. The method of using a rope dispensing system of claim 9, wherein said method comprises a step of replacing said rope cartridge in said canister, wherein said step of replacing said rope cartridge in said canister comprises opening said lid on said canister, removing said shrink wrap cover and any remaining rope, placing a cylindrical shrink wrapped rope cartridge comprising a length of rope having a first end and a second end into said canister, placing said first end of said length of rope through said grommet, and closing said lid. 11. The method of using a rope dispensing system of claim 9, wherein said method comprises a step of replacing said replaceable cutting mechanism. 12. The method of using a rope dispensing system of claim 9, wherein said replaceable cutting mechanism comprises a U-shape defined by two arms and a width between, wherein said insert is configured for interlocking placement in an opening in said lid, wherein said insert comprises a first arm of said “U” shape, wherein said U-shaped cutting mechanism comprises a cutting blade positioned between said arms of said “U” shape, wherein a second arm of said “U” shape comprises a blade guard. 13. The method of using a rope dispensing system of claim 9, wherein said step of cutting dispensed rope with said replaceable cutting mechanism comprises positioning a length of rope into said U shaped replaceable cutting mechanism wherein said rope is positioned generally perpendicular to said U shaped replaceable cutting mechanism and said user forces said rope onto said cutting blade to cut said rope. 14. The method of using a rope dispensing system of claim 9, wherein said canister comprises a generally cylindrical shape. | 3,700 |
348,788 | 16,806,315 | 1,797 | A method for providing in situ chemical transformation and ionization of a portion (e.g., inorganic oxidizer) of a sample via an analyte detection system is disclosed herein. The method includes introducing a gas into an ionization some of the analyte detection system via an inlet. The method further includes generating ions within the ionization source and directing the gas and generated ions through and out of the ionization source and to the sample. The sample is located proximal to the ionization source in an ambient environment. The ions chemically react with the sample and desorb and ionize an analytic from the sample, the analyte being generated from the inorganic oxidizer, the desorbed analyte having a lower melting point and/or better desorption kinetics than the inorganic oxidizer. The method further includes receiving the desorbed analyte via an analyzer of the analyte detection system. | 1.-20. (canceled) 21. An analyte detection system, comprising:
an ionization source, the ionization source configured for generating ions within the ionization source, the ionization source further configured for directing the ions out of the ionization source and to a sample located proximal to the ionization source, the sample being located in an ambient environment; and wherein the ionization source is configured to apply a voltage between a first electrode and second electrode of the ionization source to generate an electric field which generates the ions; and wherein the ionization source comprises a transport gas inlet port for introducing a transport gas to the ionization source to generate ions and a dopant gas inlet port, wherein dopant is added to a gas flow through the dopant gas inlet port and the dopant reacts with the generated ions or the sample without being subjected to the electric field which generates the ions. 22. The analyte detection system as claimed in claim 21, wherein the first electrode is a needle electrode. 23. The analyte detection system as claimed in claim 21, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are separated by a dielectric barrier. 24. The analyte detection system as claimed in claim 23, wherein the first electrode is axially centered within the dielectric barrier. 25. The analyte detection system as claimed in claim 23, wherein the second electrode is an outer electrode. 26. The analyte detection system as claimed in claim 25, wherein the second electrode is in contact with an exterior portion of the dielectric barrier. 27. The analyte detection system as claimed in claim 21, comprising an analyzer for receiving and analyzing the desorbed analyte from the sample, the analyzer being a mass spectrometer, an ion mobility spectrometer or a combination thereof. 28. The analyte detection system as claimed in claim 21, wherein the ionization source forms a concentric ring around an inlet of the analyzer. 29. The analyte detection system as claimed in claim 21, wherein a portion of the ionization source forms an inlet of the analyzer. 30. An analyte detection system, comprising:
an ionization source, the ionization source configured for generating ions within the ionization source, the ionization source further configured for directing the ions out of the ionization source and to a sample located proximal to the ionization source, the sample being located in an ambient environment; and, wherein the ionization source comprises a transport gas inlet port for introducing a transport gas to the ionization source to generate ions and a dopant gas inlet port, wherein dopant is added to a gas flow through the dopant gas inlet port and the dopant can react with the generated ions or the sample without being subjected to ionization by the ionization source. 31. A method for providing in situ chemical transformation and ionization of a portion of a sample via an analyte detection system, the method comprising:
introducing a gas into an ionization source of the analyte detection system via an inlet of the ionization source; generating ions within the ionization source; directing the gas and generated ions through the ionization source; and introducing dopant to the gas via a dopant gas inlet port, wherein the dopant reacts with the generated ions or the sample without being subjected to ionization by the ionization source directing the ions and dopant out of the ionization source and to the sample, the sample being located proximal to the ionization source, the sample being located in an ambient environment, wherein the ions chemically react with the sample and desorb an analyte from the sample, the analyte being generated from the portion of the sample, the portion of the sample being less volatile than the analyte. 32. The method as claimed in claim 31, further comprising:
receiving the desorbed analyte via an analyzer of the analyte detection system, the analyzer being an ion mobility spectrometer, a mass spectrometer or a combination thereof. 33. The method as claimed in claim 32, wherein the step of receiving the desorbed analyte via the analyzer includes:
receiving the desorbed analyte via a capillary interface of the analyte detection system; and directing the desorbed analyte through the capillary interface to the analyzer. 34. The method as claimed in claim 31, wherein the step of generating the ions includes applying a voltage between a first electrode and second electrode of the ionization source to generate an electric field which generates the ions; and
varying the electrical field to adjust an energy and fragmentation degree of the generated ions. 35. The method as claimed in claim 34, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are separated by a dielectric barrier. 36. The method as claimed in claim 31, wherein the gas is circulated and re-circulated through the ionization source. | A method for providing in situ chemical transformation and ionization of a portion (e.g., inorganic oxidizer) of a sample via an analyte detection system is disclosed herein. The method includes introducing a gas into an ionization some of the analyte detection system via an inlet. The method further includes generating ions within the ionization source and directing the gas and generated ions through and out of the ionization source and to the sample. The sample is located proximal to the ionization source in an ambient environment. The ions chemically react with the sample and desorb and ionize an analytic from the sample, the analyte being generated from the inorganic oxidizer, the desorbed analyte having a lower melting point and/or better desorption kinetics than the inorganic oxidizer. The method further includes receiving the desorbed analyte via an analyzer of the analyte detection system.1.-20. (canceled) 21. An analyte detection system, comprising:
an ionization source, the ionization source configured for generating ions within the ionization source, the ionization source further configured for directing the ions out of the ionization source and to a sample located proximal to the ionization source, the sample being located in an ambient environment; and wherein the ionization source is configured to apply a voltage between a first electrode and second electrode of the ionization source to generate an electric field which generates the ions; and wherein the ionization source comprises a transport gas inlet port for introducing a transport gas to the ionization source to generate ions and a dopant gas inlet port, wherein dopant is added to a gas flow through the dopant gas inlet port and the dopant reacts with the generated ions or the sample without being subjected to the electric field which generates the ions. 22. The analyte detection system as claimed in claim 21, wherein the first electrode is a needle electrode. 23. The analyte detection system as claimed in claim 21, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are separated by a dielectric barrier. 24. The analyte detection system as claimed in claim 23, wherein the first electrode is axially centered within the dielectric barrier. 25. The analyte detection system as claimed in claim 23, wherein the second electrode is an outer electrode. 26. The analyte detection system as claimed in claim 25, wherein the second electrode is in contact with an exterior portion of the dielectric barrier. 27. The analyte detection system as claimed in claim 21, comprising an analyzer for receiving and analyzing the desorbed analyte from the sample, the analyzer being a mass spectrometer, an ion mobility spectrometer or a combination thereof. 28. The analyte detection system as claimed in claim 21, wherein the ionization source forms a concentric ring around an inlet of the analyzer. 29. The analyte detection system as claimed in claim 21, wherein a portion of the ionization source forms an inlet of the analyzer. 30. An analyte detection system, comprising:
an ionization source, the ionization source configured for generating ions within the ionization source, the ionization source further configured for directing the ions out of the ionization source and to a sample located proximal to the ionization source, the sample being located in an ambient environment; and, wherein the ionization source comprises a transport gas inlet port for introducing a transport gas to the ionization source to generate ions and a dopant gas inlet port, wherein dopant is added to a gas flow through the dopant gas inlet port and the dopant can react with the generated ions or the sample without being subjected to ionization by the ionization source. 31. A method for providing in situ chemical transformation and ionization of a portion of a sample via an analyte detection system, the method comprising:
introducing a gas into an ionization source of the analyte detection system via an inlet of the ionization source; generating ions within the ionization source; directing the gas and generated ions through the ionization source; and introducing dopant to the gas via a dopant gas inlet port, wherein the dopant reacts with the generated ions or the sample without being subjected to ionization by the ionization source directing the ions and dopant out of the ionization source and to the sample, the sample being located proximal to the ionization source, the sample being located in an ambient environment, wherein the ions chemically react with the sample and desorb an analyte from the sample, the analyte being generated from the portion of the sample, the portion of the sample being less volatile than the analyte. 32. The method as claimed in claim 31, further comprising:
receiving the desorbed analyte via an analyzer of the analyte detection system, the analyzer being an ion mobility spectrometer, a mass spectrometer or a combination thereof. 33. The method as claimed in claim 32, wherein the step of receiving the desorbed analyte via the analyzer includes:
receiving the desorbed analyte via a capillary interface of the analyte detection system; and directing the desorbed analyte through the capillary interface to the analyzer. 34. The method as claimed in claim 31, wherein the step of generating the ions includes applying a voltage between a first electrode and second electrode of the ionization source to generate an electric field which generates the ions; and
varying the electrical field to adjust an energy and fragmentation degree of the generated ions. 35. The method as claimed in claim 34, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are separated by a dielectric barrier. 36. The method as claimed in claim 31, wherein the gas is circulated and re-circulated through the ionization source. | 1,700 |
348,789 | 16,806,305 | 1,797 | A controller of an HVAC system is communicatively coupled to a suction-side sensor and a shutoff switch. The controller stores measurements of the suction-side property over an initial period of time. The controller detects that the shutoff switch is tripped at a first time stamp corresponding to an end of the initial period of time. The controller accesses the measurements of the suction-side property. The controller determines, based on the measurements of the suction-side property, whether the suction-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend. In response to determining that the suction-side property has the increasing trend, the controller determines that a malfunction of a fan caused the shutoff switch to trip. In response to determining that the suction-side property has the decreasing trend, the controller determines that a blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem caused the shutoff switch to trip. | 1. A heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system comprising:
a refrigerant conduit subsystem configured to allow a flow of refrigerant through the HVAC system; a compressor configured to receive refrigerant and direct the refrigerant to flow through a refrigerant conduit subsystem; a condenser configured to receive the refrigerant and allow heat transfer between the received refrigerant and a flow of air across the condenser; a fan configured to provide the flow air across the condenser; a liquid-side sensor positioned and configured to measure a liquid-side property associated with the refrigerant provided from an outlet of the compressor; a shutoff switch communicatively coupled to the liquid-side sensor and configured to be tripped and automatically stop operation of the compressor and fan, in response to determining that the liquid-side property is greater than a predefined maximum value; a suction-side sensor positioned and configured to measure a suction-side property associated with refrigerant provided to an inlet of the compressor; and a controller communicatively coupled to the shutoff switch and the suction-side sensor, the controller configured to:
store measurements of the suction-side property over an initial period of time;
detect that the shutoff switch is tripped at a first time stamp corresponding to an end of the initial period of time;
access the measurements of the suction-side property;
determine, based on the measurements of the suction-side property, whether the suction-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend;
in response to determining that the suction-side property has the increasing trend, determine that a malfunction of the fan caused the shutoff switch to trip; and
in response to determining that the suction-side property has the decreasing trend, determine that a blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem caused the shutoff switch to trip. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the suction-side property is a suction-side pressure of the refrigerant measured at a position proximate the inlet of the compressor and the liquid-side property is a liquid-side pressure of the refrigerant measured at a position proximate the outlet of the compressor. 3. The system of claim 1, the controller further configured to determine whether the suction-side property has the increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a first rate of change of the suction-side property over a period of time; in response to determining that the first rate of change is positive and is greater than a first threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has the increasing trend; and in response to determining that the first rate of change is positive and is not greater than the first threshold value, determining that the suction-side property does not have the increasing trend; in response to determining the first rate of change is negative and is less than a second threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has the decreasing trend; and in response to determining that the first rate of change is negative and is not less than the second threshold value, determining that the suction-side property does not have the decreasing trend. 4. The system of claim 1, the controller further configured to determine whether the suction-side property has the increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a first value of the suction-side property at a first time stamp; determining a second value of the suction-side property at a second time stamp, wherein the second time stamp corresponds to a predefined time after the first time stamp; determining a difference between the second value and the first value; in response to determining that the difference is positive and greater than a first threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has the increasing trend; and in response to determining that the difference is negative and less than a second threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has the decreasing trend. 5. The system of claim 1, the controller further configured to determine whether the suction-side property has the increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining, for each of at least three sequential intervals of time, a first value of the suction-side property at a start of the interval of time; determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a second value of the suction-side property at an end of the interval of time; determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a difference between the second value and the first value; in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the difference is positive and greater than a first threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has the increasing trend; and in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the difference is negative and less than a second threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has the decreasing trend. 6. The system of claim 1, the controller further configured to:
in response to determining that the blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem caused the shutoff switch to trip, provide an alert indicating a presence of the blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem; in response to determining that the malfunction of the fan caused the shutoff switch to trip, provide an alert indicating the malfunction of the fan. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the malfunction of the fan corresponds to the flow air provided by the fan being less than a minimum flow rate. 8. A method of operating heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system, the method comprising:
storing measurements of a suction-side property over an initial period of time, wherein the suction-side property is associated refrigerant provided to an inlet of a compressor of the HVAC system; detecting that a shutoff switch is tripped at a first time stamp corresponding to an end of the initial period of time, wherein the shutoff switch is configured to be tripped and automatically stop operation of the compressor and a fan of the HVAC system, in response to determining that a liquid-side property is greater than a predefined maximum value, wherein the liquid-side property associated with the refrigerant provided from an outlet of the compressor; accessing the measurements of the suction-side property; determining, based on the measurements of the suction-side property, whether the suction-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend; in response to determining that the suction-side property has the increasing trend, determining that a malfunction of the fan caused the shutoff switch to trip; and in response to determining that the suction-side property has the decreasing trend, determining that a blockage of a refrigerant conduit subsystem of the HVAC system caused the shutoff switch to trip. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the suction-side property is a suction-side pressure of the refrigerant measured at a position proximate the inlet of the compressor and the liquid-side property is a liquid-side pressure of the refrigerant measured at a position proximate the outlet of the compressor. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising determining whether the suction-side property has the increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a first rate of change of the suction-side property over a period of time; in response to determining that the first rate of change is positive and is greater than a first threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has the increasing trend; and in response to determining that the first rate of change is positive and is not greater than the first threshold value, determining that the suction-side property does not have the increasing trend; in response to determining the first rate of change is negative and is less than a second threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has the decreasing trend; and in response to determining that the first rate of change is negative and is not less than the second threshold value, determining that the suction-side property does not have the decreasing trend. 11. The method of claim 8, further comprising determining whether the suction-side property has the increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a first value of the suction-side property at a first time stamp; determining a second value of the suction-side property at a second time stamp, wherein the second time stamp corresponds to a predefined time after the first time stamp; determining a difference between the second value and the first value; in response to determining that the difference is positive and greater than a first threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has the increasing trend; and in response to determining that the difference is negative and less than a second threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has the decreasing trend. 12. The method of claim 8, further comprising determining whether the suction-side property has the increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining, for each of at least three sequential intervals of time, a first value of the suction-side property at a start of the interval of time; determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a second value of the suction-side property at an end of the interval of time; determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a difference between the second value and the first value; in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the difference is positive and greater than a first threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has the increasing trend; and in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the difference is negative and less than a second threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has the decreasing trend. 13. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
in response to determining that the blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem caused the shutoff switch to trip, providing an alert indicating a presence of the blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem; in response to determining that the malfunction of the fan caused the shutoff switch to trip, providing an alert indicating the malfunction of the fan. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the malfunction of the fan corresponds to a flow air provided by the fan being less than a minimum flow rate. 15. A controller of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system, the controller comprising:
an input/output interface configured communicatively couple the controller to:
a shutoff switch configured to be tripped and automatically stop operation of a compressor and fan of the HVAC system, in response to determining that a liquid-side property is greater than a predefined maximum value, wherein the liquid-side property is associated with refrigerant provided from an outlet of the compressor; and
a suction-side sensor positioned and configured to measure a suction-side property associated with the refrigerant provided to an inlet of the compressor; and
a processor, coupled to the input/output interface, the processor configured to:
store measurements of the suction-side property over an initial period of time;
detect that the shutoff switch is tripped at a first time stamp corresponding to an end of the initial period of time;
access the measurements of the suction-side property;
determine, based on the measurements of the suction-side property, whether the suction-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend;
in response to determining that the suction-side property has the increasing trend, determine that a malfunction of the fan caused the shutoff switch to trip; and
in response to determining that the suction-side property has the decreasing trend, determine that a blockage of a refrigerant conduit subsystem of the HVAC system caused the shutoff switch to trip. 16. The controller of claim 15, wherein the suction-side property is a suction-side pressure of the refrigerant measured at a position proximate the inlet of the compressor and the liquid-side property is a liquid-side pressure of the refrigerant measured at a position proximate the outlet of the compressor. 17. The controller of claim 15, the processor further configured to determine whether the suction-side property has the increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a first rate of change of the suction-side property over a period of time; in response to determining that the first rate of change is positive and is greater than a first threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has the increasing trend; and in response to determining that the first rate of change is positive and is not greater than the first threshold value, determining that the suction-side property does not have the increasing trend; in response to determining the first rate of change is negative and is less than a second threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has the decreasing trend; and in response to determining that the first rate of change is negative and is not less than the second threshold value, determining that the suction-side property does not have the decreasing trend. 18. The controller of claim 15, the processor further configured to determine whether the suction-side property has the increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a first value of the suction-side property at a first time stamp; determining a second value of the suction-side property at a second time stamp, wherein the second time stamp corresponds to a predefined time after the first time stamp; determining a difference between the second value and the first value; in response to determining that the difference is positive and greater than a first threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has the increasing trend; and in response to determining that the difference is negative and less than a second threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has the decreasing trend. 19. The controller of claim 15, the processor further configured to determine whether the suction-side property has the increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining, for each of at least three sequential intervals of time, a first value of the suction-side property at a start of the interval of time; determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a second value of the suction-side property at an end of the interval of time; determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a difference between the second value and the first value; in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the difference is positive and greater than a first threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has the increasing trend; and in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the difference is negative and less than a second threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has the decreasing trend. 20. The controller of claim 15, the processor further configured to:
in response to determining that the blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem caused the shutoff switch to trip, provide an alert indicating a presence of the blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem; in response to determining that the malfunction of the fan caused the shutoff switch to trip, provide an alert indicating the malfunction of the fan. | A controller of an HVAC system is communicatively coupled to a suction-side sensor and a shutoff switch. The controller stores measurements of the suction-side property over an initial period of time. The controller detects that the shutoff switch is tripped at a first time stamp corresponding to an end of the initial period of time. The controller accesses the measurements of the suction-side property. The controller determines, based on the measurements of the suction-side property, whether the suction-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend. In response to determining that the suction-side property has the increasing trend, the controller determines that a malfunction of a fan caused the shutoff switch to trip. In response to determining that the suction-side property has the decreasing trend, the controller determines that a blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem caused the shutoff switch to trip.1. A heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system comprising:
a refrigerant conduit subsystem configured to allow a flow of refrigerant through the HVAC system; a compressor configured to receive refrigerant and direct the refrigerant to flow through a refrigerant conduit subsystem; a condenser configured to receive the refrigerant and allow heat transfer between the received refrigerant and a flow of air across the condenser; a fan configured to provide the flow air across the condenser; a liquid-side sensor positioned and configured to measure a liquid-side property associated with the refrigerant provided from an outlet of the compressor; a shutoff switch communicatively coupled to the liquid-side sensor and configured to be tripped and automatically stop operation of the compressor and fan, in response to determining that the liquid-side property is greater than a predefined maximum value; a suction-side sensor positioned and configured to measure a suction-side property associated with refrigerant provided to an inlet of the compressor; and a controller communicatively coupled to the shutoff switch and the suction-side sensor, the controller configured to:
store measurements of the suction-side property over an initial period of time;
detect that the shutoff switch is tripped at a first time stamp corresponding to an end of the initial period of time;
access the measurements of the suction-side property;
determine, based on the measurements of the suction-side property, whether the suction-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend;
in response to determining that the suction-side property has the increasing trend, determine that a malfunction of the fan caused the shutoff switch to trip; and
in response to determining that the suction-side property has the decreasing trend, determine that a blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem caused the shutoff switch to trip. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the suction-side property is a suction-side pressure of the refrigerant measured at a position proximate the inlet of the compressor and the liquid-side property is a liquid-side pressure of the refrigerant measured at a position proximate the outlet of the compressor. 3. The system of claim 1, the controller further configured to determine whether the suction-side property has the increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a first rate of change of the suction-side property over a period of time; in response to determining that the first rate of change is positive and is greater than a first threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has the increasing trend; and in response to determining that the first rate of change is positive and is not greater than the first threshold value, determining that the suction-side property does not have the increasing trend; in response to determining the first rate of change is negative and is less than a second threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has the decreasing trend; and in response to determining that the first rate of change is negative and is not less than the second threshold value, determining that the suction-side property does not have the decreasing trend. 4. The system of claim 1, the controller further configured to determine whether the suction-side property has the increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a first value of the suction-side property at a first time stamp; determining a second value of the suction-side property at a second time stamp, wherein the second time stamp corresponds to a predefined time after the first time stamp; determining a difference between the second value and the first value; in response to determining that the difference is positive and greater than a first threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has the increasing trend; and in response to determining that the difference is negative and less than a second threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has the decreasing trend. 5. The system of claim 1, the controller further configured to determine whether the suction-side property has the increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining, for each of at least three sequential intervals of time, a first value of the suction-side property at a start of the interval of time; determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a second value of the suction-side property at an end of the interval of time; determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a difference between the second value and the first value; in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the difference is positive and greater than a first threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has the increasing trend; and in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the difference is negative and less than a second threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has the decreasing trend. 6. The system of claim 1, the controller further configured to:
in response to determining that the blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem caused the shutoff switch to trip, provide an alert indicating a presence of the blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem; in response to determining that the malfunction of the fan caused the shutoff switch to trip, provide an alert indicating the malfunction of the fan. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the malfunction of the fan corresponds to the flow air provided by the fan being less than a minimum flow rate. 8. A method of operating heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system, the method comprising:
storing measurements of a suction-side property over an initial period of time, wherein the suction-side property is associated refrigerant provided to an inlet of a compressor of the HVAC system; detecting that a shutoff switch is tripped at a first time stamp corresponding to an end of the initial period of time, wherein the shutoff switch is configured to be tripped and automatically stop operation of the compressor and a fan of the HVAC system, in response to determining that a liquid-side property is greater than a predefined maximum value, wherein the liquid-side property associated with the refrigerant provided from an outlet of the compressor; accessing the measurements of the suction-side property; determining, based on the measurements of the suction-side property, whether the suction-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend; in response to determining that the suction-side property has the increasing trend, determining that a malfunction of the fan caused the shutoff switch to trip; and in response to determining that the suction-side property has the decreasing trend, determining that a blockage of a refrigerant conduit subsystem of the HVAC system caused the shutoff switch to trip. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the suction-side property is a suction-side pressure of the refrigerant measured at a position proximate the inlet of the compressor and the liquid-side property is a liquid-side pressure of the refrigerant measured at a position proximate the outlet of the compressor. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising determining whether the suction-side property has the increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a first rate of change of the suction-side property over a period of time; in response to determining that the first rate of change is positive and is greater than a first threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has the increasing trend; and in response to determining that the first rate of change is positive and is not greater than the first threshold value, determining that the suction-side property does not have the increasing trend; in response to determining the first rate of change is negative and is less than a second threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has the decreasing trend; and in response to determining that the first rate of change is negative and is not less than the second threshold value, determining that the suction-side property does not have the decreasing trend. 11. The method of claim 8, further comprising determining whether the suction-side property has the increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a first value of the suction-side property at a first time stamp; determining a second value of the suction-side property at a second time stamp, wherein the second time stamp corresponds to a predefined time after the first time stamp; determining a difference between the second value and the first value; in response to determining that the difference is positive and greater than a first threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has the increasing trend; and in response to determining that the difference is negative and less than a second threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has the decreasing trend. 12. The method of claim 8, further comprising determining whether the suction-side property has the increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining, for each of at least three sequential intervals of time, a first value of the suction-side property at a start of the interval of time; determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a second value of the suction-side property at an end of the interval of time; determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a difference between the second value and the first value; in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the difference is positive and greater than a first threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has the increasing trend; and in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the difference is negative and less than a second threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has the decreasing trend. 13. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
in response to determining that the blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem caused the shutoff switch to trip, providing an alert indicating a presence of the blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem; in response to determining that the malfunction of the fan caused the shutoff switch to trip, providing an alert indicating the malfunction of the fan. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the malfunction of the fan corresponds to a flow air provided by the fan being less than a minimum flow rate. 15. A controller of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system, the controller comprising:
an input/output interface configured communicatively couple the controller to:
a shutoff switch configured to be tripped and automatically stop operation of a compressor and fan of the HVAC system, in response to determining that a liquid-side property is greater than a predefined maximum value, wherein the liquid-side property is associated with refrigerant provided from an outlet of the compressor; and
a suction-side sensor positioned and configured to measure a suction-side property associated with the refrigerant provided to an inlet of the compressor; and
a processor, coupled to the input/output interface, the processor configured to:
store measurements of the suction-side property over an initial period of time;
detect that the shutoff switch is tripped at a first time stamp corresponding to an end of the initial period of time;
access the measurements of the suction-side property;
determine, based on the measurements of the suction-side property, whether the suction-side property has an increasing or decreasing trend;
in response to determining that the suction-side property has the increasing trend, determine that a malfunction of the fan caused the shutoff switch to trip; and
in response to determining that the suction-side property has the decreasing trend, determine that a blockage of a refrigerant conduit subsystem of the HVAC system caused the shutoff switch to trip. 16. The controller of claim 15, wherein the suction-side property is a suction-side pressure of the refrigerant measured at a position proximate the inlet of the compressor and the liquid-side property is a liquid-side pressure of the refrigerant measured at a position proximate the outlet of the compressor. 17. The controller of claim 15, the processor further configured to determine whether the suction-side property has the increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a first rate of change of the suction-side property over a period of time; in response to determining that the first rate of change is positive and is greater than a first threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has the increasing trend; and in response to determining that the first rate of change is positive and is not greater than the first threshold value, determining that the suction-side property does not have the increasing trend; in response to determining the first rate of change is negative and is less than a second threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has the decreasing trend; and in response to determining that the first rate of change is negative and is not less than the second threshold value, determining that the suction-side property does not have the decreasing trend. 18. The controller of claim 15, the processor further configured to determine whether the suction-side property has the increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining a first value of the suction-side property at a first time stamp; determining a second value of the suction-side property at a second time stamp, wherein the second time stamp corresponds to a predefined time after the first time stamp; determining a difference between the second value and the first value; in response to determining that the difference is positive and greater than a first threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has the increasing trend; and in response to determining that the difference is negative and less than a second threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has the decreasing trend. 19. The controller of claim 15, the processor further configured to determine whether the suction-side property has the increasing or decreasing trend by:
determining, for each of at least three sequential intervals of time, a first value of the suction-side property at a start of the interval of time; determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a second value of the suction-side property at an end of the interval of time; determining, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, a difference between the second value and the first value; in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the difference is positive and greater than a first threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has the increasing trend; and in response to determining that, for each of the at least three sequential intervals of time, the difference is negative and less than a second threshold value, determining that the suction-side property has the decreasing trend. 20. The controller of claim 15, the processor further configured to:
in response to determining that the blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem caused the shutoff switch to trip, provide an alert indicating a presence of the blockage of the refrigerant conduit subsystem; in response to determining that the malfunction of the fan caused the shutoff switch to trip, provide an alert indicating the malfunction of the fan. | 1,700 |
348,790 | 16,806,304 | 2,493 | Systems and methods may be provided for masking data on public networks, such as social networking sites. At a publishing node, the system may monitor data input fields in a webpage, and intercept and encode content, such as text, images, and video input at the data input fields, prior to the content being posted online on a public service provider's website. A privacy agent may process input field content to try to detect encoding markers in the input field content, which define portions of the content that are to be encoded. A third party key server may be used to store decoding keys. A URI reference to the decoding key may be used to access the decoding key by a node attempting to view the decoded version of the input field content. | 1. A method of controlling digital content, the method comprising:
facilitating decoding of an encoded version of input field content in an electronic document by: requesting a decoding key to facilitate decoding of at least portions of the encoded version of the input field content in the electronic document; and receiving, from a policy node, a universal resource identifier (URI) reference to the decoding key; and using the URI reference to the decoding key, requesting, from a third party key node, access to the decoding key to facilitate replacement of at least portions of the encoded version of the input field content with a decoded version of the input field content. 2-25. (canceled) | Systems and methods may be provided for masking data on public networks, such as social networking sites. At a publishing node, the system may monitor data input fields in a webpage, and intercept and encode content, such as text, images, and video input at the data input fields, prior to the content being posted online on a public service provider's website. A privacy agent may process input field content to try to detect encoding markers in the input field content, which define portions of the content that are to be encoded. A third party key server may be used to store decoding keys. A URI reference to the decoding key may be used to access the decoding key by a node attempting to view the decoded version of the input field content.1. A method of controlling digital content, the method comprising:
facilitating decoding of an encoded version of input field content in an electronic document by: requesting a decoding key to facilitate decoding of at least portions of the encoded version of the input field content in the electronic document; and receiving, from a policy node, a universal resource identifier (URI) reference to the decoding key; and using the URI reference to the decoding key, requesting, from a third party key node, access to the decoding key to facilitate replacement of at least portions of the encoded version of the input field content with a decoded version of the input field content. 2-25. (canceled) | 2,400 |
348,791 | 16,806,301 | 2,493 | A transport operation control apparatus that controls transport operation of a plurality of vehicles traveling a circuit in a single direction along a predetermined path while repeating stopping at each stop on the path executes a step of selecting any vehicle among the plurality of vehicles as a vehicle to return to a depot, and a step of transmitting to the selected vehicle an instruction requesting the selected vehicle to restrict boarding, after the selected vehicle passes a stop at which the selected vehicle stops first subsequently to passing a starting point that is an exit of the depot and before the selected vehicle arrives at a next stop. | 1. A transport operation control apparatus that controls transport operation of a plurality of vehicles traveling a circuit in a single direction along a predetermined path while repeating stopping at each stop on the path, comprising:
a selector that selects any vehicle among the plurality of vehicles as a vehicle to return to a depot; and an instructor that transmits to the selected vehicle an instruction requesting the selected vehicle to restrict boarding, after the selected vehicle passes a stop at which the selected vehicle stops first subsequently to passing a starting point that is an exit of the depot and before the selected vehicle arrives at a next stop. 2. The transport operation control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the instruction requesting the selected vehicle to restrict boarding includes a request to notify a user that the selected vehicle restricts boarding. 3. The transport operation control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the instructor transmits, to each stop at which the selected vehicle stops after the selected vehicle passes the stop at which the selected vehicle stops first subsequently to passing the starting point that is the exit of the depot, an instruction requesting the stop to notify a user that the selected vehicle restricts boarding. 4. The transport operation control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the selector selects any vehicle among the plurality of vehicles as a vehicle to return to the depot, in order to reduce the number of the plurality of vehicles in service traveling a circuit along the path based on a predetermined transport operation schedule. 5. The transport operation control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein among the plurality of vehicles, the selector selects any vehicle having a charged capacity less than a threshold value as a vehicle to return to the depot. 6. A transport operation control method, the method executing the steps of:
by a transport operation control apparatus that controls transport operation of a plurality of vehicles traveling a circuit in a single direction along a predetermined path while repeating stopping at each stop on the path, selecting any vehicle among the plurality of vehicles as a vehicle to return to a depot; and transmitting to the selected vehicle an instruction requesting the selected vehicle to restrict boarding, after the selected vehicle passes a stop at which the selected vehicle stops first subsequently to passing a starting point that is an exit of the depot and before the selected vehicle arrives at a next stop. 7. A vehicle that travels a circuit in a single direction along a predetermined path while repeating stopping at each stop on the path, comprising:
a receiver that receives a first instruction requesting the vehicle to return to a depot from a transport operation control apparatus that controls transport operation of the vehicle, and receives a second instruction requesting the vehicle to restrict boarding from the transport operation control apparatus after the vehicle passes a stop at which the selected vehicle stops first subsequently to passing a starting point that is an exit of the depot and before the vehicle arrives at a next stop; and a boarding restrictor that restricts boarding of the vehicle in response to the second instruction. | A transport operation control apparatus that controls transport operation of a plurality of vehicles traveling a circuit in a single direction along a predetermined path while repeating stopping at each stop on the path executes a step of selecting any vehicle among the plurality of vehicles as a vehicle to return to a depot, and a step of transmitting to the selected vehicle an instruction requesting the selected vehicle to restrict boarding, after the selected vehicle passes a stop at which the selected vehicle stops first subsequently to passing a starting point that is an exit of the depot and before the selected vehicle arrives at a next stop.1. A transport operation control apparatus that controls transport operation of a plurality of vehicles traveling a circuit in a single direction along a predetermined path while repeating stopping at each stop on the path, comprising:
a selector that selects any vehicle among the plurality of vehicles as a vehicle to return to a depot; and an instructor that transmits to the selected vehicle an instruction requesting the selected vehicle to restrict boarding, after the selected vehicle passes a stop at which the selected vehicle stops first subsequently to passing a starting point that is an exit of the depot and before the selected vehicle arrives at a next stop. 2. The transport operation control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the instruction requesting the selected vehicle to restrict boarding includes a request to notify a user that the selected vehicle restricts boarding. 3. The transport operation control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the instructor transmits, to each stop at which the selected vehicle stops after the selected vehicle passes the stop at which the selected vehicle stops first subsequently to passing the starting point that is the exit of the depot, an instruction requesting the stop to notify a user that the selected vehicle restricts boarding. 4. The transport operation control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the selector selects any vehicle among the plurality of vehicles as a vehicle to return to the depot, in order to reduce the number of the plurality of vehicles in service traveling a circuit along the path based on a predetermined transport operation schedule. 5. The transport operation control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein among the plurality of vehicles, the selector selects any vehicle having a charged capacity less than a threshold value as a vehicle to return to the depot. 6. A transport operation control method, the method executing the steps of:
by a transport operation control apparatus that controls transport operation of a plurality of vehicles traveling a circuit in a single direction along a predetermined path while repeating stopping at each stop on the path, selecting any vehicle among the plurality of vehicles as a vehicle to return to a depot; and transmitting to the selected vehicle an instruction requesting the selected vehicle to restrict boarding, after the selected vehicle passes a stop at which the selected vehicle stops first subsequently to passing a starting point that is an exit of the depot and before the selected vehicle arrives at a next stop. 7. A vehicle that travels a circuit in a single direction along a predetermined path while repeating stopping at each stop on the path, comprising:
a receiver that receives a first instruction requesting the vehicle to return to a depot from a transport operation control apparatus that controls transport operation of the vehicle, and receives a second instruction requesting the vehicle to restrict boarding from the transport operation control apparatus after the vehicle passes a stop at which the selected vehicle stops first subsequently to passing a starting point that is an exit of the depot and before the vehicle arrives at a next stop; and a boarding restrictor that restricts boarding of the vehicle in response to the second instruction. | 2,400 |
348,792 | 16,806,317 | 2,493 | A printing computing device connects to a multi-function printing (MFP) device to enable additional functionality and capabilities not offered by the MFP device. The printing computing device connects to a network to receive print jobs from external devices within the network. The printing computing device processes the print jobs according to rules such that print jobs are processed accordingly. The printing computing device also includes firmware not available on the MFP device such that print jobs not supported by the MFP device still may be processed. The printing computing device also includes an engine that determines whether an incoming print job is a PDL print job or a command to perform a function not available on the MFP device. | 1. A printing computing device for performing printing operations to print documents at a printing device connected to a network, the printing computing device comprising:
a print job manager to schedule processing of data received from an external device over the network; a print engine within the printing computing device to determine whether the data received from the external device is one of a page description language (PDL) print job and a printcast command, the print engine is configured to intercept the PDL print job if it is not supported on the printing device, the print engine is configured to determine that the data received from the external device includes header data, a printcast command, and trailer data, wherein the printcast command instructs the printing computing device to perform a function to upgrade at least one component within the printing computing device; a raster image processing (RIP) firmware to process the PDL print job from the print job manager, wherein the RIP firmware comprises a PDL interpreter and a graphics rendering component, wherein the RIP firmware is upgraded by the function performed in response to the printcast command; and a communication layer to send the processed PDL print job from the printing computing device to the printing device to print. 2. The printing computing device of claim 1, further comprising a power supply not located within the printing device. 3. The printing computing device of claim 2, further comprising connectors to connect the power supply to the printing device. 4. The printing computing device of claim 1, further comprising an operating system to support an application to interact with the print job manager. 5. The printing computing device of claim 1, wherein the printing computing device is separable from the printing device to externally process the data apart from the printing device. 6. The printing computing device of claim 1, wherein the engine is configured to pass through the PDL print job to the communication layer according to a rule corresponding to the printing device. 7. The printing computing device of claim 1, further comprising a memory having a file buffer to store the PDL print job. 8. A method for processing data at a printing computing device, the method comprising:
determining whether data received from an external device includes a page description language (PDL) print job that is supported on a printing device connected to the printing computing device by using a print engine in the printing computing device, and, if not, then determining that the data includes header data, a printcast command, and trailer data, wherein the printcast command instructs the printing computing device to perform a function to upgrade at least one component within the printing computing device; intercepting the PDL print job if it is not supported on the printing device as determined by the print engine within the printing computing device; processing the PDL print job using a raster image processing (RIP) firmware within the printing computing device, wherein the RIP firmware is upgraded by the function performed in response to the printcast command; processing the PDL print job using the RIP firmware; and sending the processed PDL print job to a communication layer to send to the detachably connected printing device, wherein the printing computing device is separable from the printing device to externally process the print job for the printing device. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the processed PDL print job is in a format ready for printing by the printing device. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the data are received from the external device over a network according to an internet protocol (IP) address for the printing computing device. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the IP address for the printing computing device is different than an IP address for the printing device. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the processing step includes translating the PDL print job to a native PDL supported by the printing device. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the processing step includes generating the processed PDL print job in an image format supported by the printing device. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the processing step includes generating the processed PDL print job in a native format supported by the printing device. 15. The method of claim 8, wherein the processing step includes translating the PDL print job to a third party PDL supported by the printing device. 16. A method for using a printing computing device to process data to send to a printing device, the method comprising:
receiving data at a print job manager within the printing computing device; analyzing a header of the data using a print engine in the printing computing device when scheduled by the print job manager; determining whether the data includes a page description language (PDL) print job that is supported by the printing device according to the header using the print engine, and, if not, then determining that the data includes header data, a printcast command, and trailer data, performing a function to upgrade at least one component within the printing computing device in response to the printcast command; intercepting the PDL print job if it is not supported by the printing device; determining a format for the PDL print job by the print engine; processing the PDL print job according to the format using a raster image processing (RIP) firmware in the printing computing device that is upgraded by the function corresponding to the printcast command, wherein the RIP firmware is not supported on the printing device; and sending the processed PDL print job to the detachably connected printing device using a communication layer within the printing computing device. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising generating at least one print job parameter for the processed PDL print job. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the at least one print job parameter indicates that RIP firmware processing of the PDL print job has been completed when received by the printing device. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the at least one print job parameter includes a mode job parameter or a job identification job parameter. 20. The method of claim 16, further comprising passing the print job through to the communication layer when instructed by the print engine. | A printing computing device connects to a multi-function printing (MFP) device to enable additional functionality and capabilities not offered by the MFP device. The printing computing device connects to a network to receive print jobs from external devices within the network. The printing computing device processes the print jobs according to rules such that print jobs are processed accordingly. The printing computing device also includes firmware not available on the MFP device such that print jobs not supported by the MFP device still may be processed. The printing computing device also includes an engine that determines whether an incoming print job is a PDL print job or a command to perform a function not available on the MFP device.1. A printing computing device for performing printing operations to print documents at a printing device connected to a network, the printing computing device comprising:
a print job manager to schedule processing of data received from an external device over the network; a print engine within the printing computing device to determine whether the data received from the external device is one of a page description language (PDL) print job and a printcast command, the print engine is configured to intercept the PDL print job if it is not supported on the printing device, the print engine is configured to determine that the data received from the external device includes header data, a printcast command, and trailer data, wherein the printcast command instructs the printing computing device to perform a function to upgrade at least one component within the printing computing device; a raster image processing (RIP) firmware to process the PDL print job from the print job manager, wherein the RIP firmware comprises a PDL interpreter and a graphics rendering component, wherein the RIP firmware is upgraded by the function performed in response to the printcast command; and a communication layer to send the processed PDL print job from the printing computing device to the printing device to print. 2. The printing computing device of claim 1, further comprising a power supply not located within the printing device. 3. The printing computing device of claim 2, further comprising connectors to connect the power supply to the printing device. 4. The printing computing device of claim 1, further comprising an operating system to support an application to interact with the print job manager. 5. The printing computing device of claim 1, wherein the printing computing device is separable from the printing device to externally process the data apart from the printing device. 6. The printing computing device of claim 1, wherein the engine is configured to pass through the PDL print job to the communication layer according to a rule corresponding to the printing device. 7. The printing computing device of claim 1, further comprising a memory having a file buffer to store the PDL print job. 8. A method for processing data at a printing computing device, the method comprising:
determining whether data received from an external device includes a page description language (PDL) print job that is supported on a printing device connected to the printing computing device by using a print engine in the printing computing device, and, if not, then determining that the data includes header data, a printcast command, and trailer data, wherein the printcast command instructs the printing computing device to perform a function to upgrade at least one component within the printing computing device; intercepting the PDL print job if it is not supported on the printing device as determined by the print engine within the printing computing device; processing the PDL print job using a raster image processing (RIP) firmware within the printing computing device, wherein the RIP firmware is upgraded by the function performed in response to the printcast command; processing the PDL print job using the RIP firmware; and sending the processed PDL print job to a communication layer to send to the detachably connected printing device, wherein the printing computing device is separable from the printing device to externally process the print job for the printing device. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the processed PDL print job is in a format ready for printing by the printing device. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the data are received from the external device over a network according to an internet protocol (IP) address for the printing computing device. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the IP address for the printing computing device is different than an IP address for the printing device. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the processing step includes translating the PDL print job to a native PDL supported by the printing device. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the processing step includes generating the processed PDL print job in an image format supported by the printing device. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the processing step includes generating the processed PDL print job in a native format supported by the printing device. 15. The method of claim 8, wherein the processing step includes translating the PDL print job to a third party PDL supported by the printing device. 16. A method for using a printing computing device to process data to send to a printing device, the method comprising:
receiving data at a print job manager within the printing computing device; analyzing a header of the data using a print engine in the printing computing device when scheduled by the print job manager; determining whether the data includes a page description language (PDL) print job that is supported by the printing device according to the header using the print engine, and, if not, then determining that the data includes header data, a printcast command, and trailer data, performing a function to upgrade at least one component within the printing computing device in response to the printcast command; intercepting the PDL print job if it is not supported by the printing device; determining a format for the PDL print job by the print engine; processing the PDL print job according to the format using a raster image processing (RIP) firmware in the printing computing device that is upgraded by the function corresponding to the printcast command, wherein the RIP firmware is not supported on the printing device; and sending the processed PDL print job to the detachably connected printing device using a communication layer within the printing computing device. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising generating at least one print job parameter for the processed PDL print job. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the at least one print job parameter indicates that RIP firmware processing of the PDL print job has been completed when received by the printing device. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the at least one print job parameter includes a mode job parameter or a job identification job parameter. 20. The method of claim 16, further comprising passing the print job through to the communication layer when instructed by the print engine. | 2,400 |
348,793 | 16,806,291 | 2,493 | A method and system for automatic landmark registration and registration using trajectory information and shape sensing during an endoscopic procedure, such as bronchoscopy, are described herein. A segmentation centerline of airways of a lung may be generated based on a pre-operative computed tomography (CT) image of the lung. Landmarks may be automatically detected on the segmentation centerline corresponding to bifurcations in the airways of the lung. A location data point cloud of locations of a catheter through the airways of the lung during navigation may be generated. A bounding volume of the airways of the lung may be generated and a bounding volume centerline may be detected. Landmarks may be detected on the bounding volume centerline for the same bifurcations. Then, the two sets of landmarks may be mapped as part of registration. The trajectory information with shape sensing may be used to provide non-rigid or fine registration. | 1. A method for automatic landmark registration during a bronchoscopy procedure, the method comprising:
generating a location data point cloud based on locations of a catheter during navigation through airways of a lung; generating a bounding volume of the airways of the lung based on the location data point cloud; detecting a bounding volume centerline from the bounding volume of the airways of the lung; automatically detecting a first plurality of landmarks on the bounding volume centerline corresponding to a second plurality of landmarks, wherein the second plurality of landmarks correspond to bifurcations in the airways of the lung based on a pre-operative image of the lung; and generating a mapping of the first plurality of landmarks to corresponding points in the second plurality of landmarks and using the mapping to integrate the location data point cloud with a map of the airways of the lung. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
using the mapping to visually display in real-time the locations of the catheter during navigation in the airways of the lungs on the map of the airways of the lung. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the map of the airways of the lung is visually displayed as a two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) image. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first plurality of landmarks includes three or more landmarks. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the automatically detecting the first plurality of landmarks on the bounding volume centerline includes identifying splits in the bounding volume centerline. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the bifurcations in the airways of the lung include: a first T junction between a trachea of the lung and at least one bronchus of the lung, and a second T junction between a first bronchus of the lung and a second bronchus of the lung. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the generating the mapping uses singular value decomposition (SVD). 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the pre-operative image of the lung is generated using computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the navigating the catheter through the airways of the lung includes:
using trajectory information with shape sensing to identify a distance of the catheter from a T junction in the airways of the lung. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the shape sensing includes:
calculating an energy value by comparing lengths, bending angles, and twisting angles of shapes formed by the locations of the catheter during navigation to lengths, bending angles, and twisting angles of matched points in the pre-operative image; and selecting a path that minimizes the energy value. 11. A bronchoscopy system configured to perform automatic landmark registration during a bronchoscopy procedure, the bronchoscopy system comprising:
a processor operatively coupled to a catheter and a visual display device; the processor configured to generate a location data point cloud based on locations of the catheter during navigation through airways of a lung; the processor configured to generate a bounding volume of the airways of the lung based on the location data point cloud; the processor configured to detect a bounding volume centerline from the bounding volume of the airways of the lung; the processor configured to automatically detect a first plurality of landmarks on the bounding volume centerline corresponding to a second plurality of landmarks, wherein the second plurality of landmarks correspond to bifurcations in the airways of the lung based on a pre-operative image of the lung; and the processor configured to generate a mapping of the first plurality of landmarks to corresponding points in the second plurality of landmarks and use the mapping to integrate the location data point cloud with a map of the airways of the lung. 12. The bronchoscopy system of claim 11, wherein the visual display is configured to use the mapping to visually display in real-time the locations of the catheter during navigation in the airways of the lungs on the map of the airways of the lung. 13. The bronchoscopy system of claim 12, wherein the visual display displays the map of the airways of the lung as a two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) image. 14. The bronchoscopy system of claim 11, wherein the first plurality of landmarks includes three or more landmarks. 15. The bronchoscopy system of claim 11, wherein the processor is configured to automatically detect the first plurality of landmarks on the bounding volume centerline by identifying splits in the bounding volume centerline. 16. The bronchoscopy system of claim 11, wherein the bifurcations in the airways of the lung include: a first T junction between a trachea of the lung and at least one bronchus of the lung, and a second T junction between a first bronchus of the lung and a second bronchus of the lung. 17. The bronchoscopy system of claim 11, wherein the processor is configured to generate the mapping uses singular value decomposition (SVD). 18. The bronchoscopy system of claim 11, wherein the pre-operative image of the lung is generated using computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). 19. The bronchoscopy system of claim 11, wherein the navigation of the catheter through the airways of the lung includes the processor using trajectory information with shape sensing to identify a distance of the catheter from a T junction in the airways of the lung. 20. The bronchoscopy system of claim 19, wherein the processor performs shape sensing by calculating an energy value by comparing lengths, bending angles, and twisting angles of shapes formed by the locations of the catheter during navigation to lengths, bending angles, and twisting angles of matched points in the pre-operative image and selecting a path that minimizes the energy value. | A method and system for automatic landmark registration and registration using trajectory information and shape sensing during an endoscopic procedure, such as bronchoscopy, are described herein. A segmentation centerline of airways of a lung may be generated based on a pre-operative computed tomography (CT) image of the lung. Landmarks may be automatically detected on the segmentation centerline corresponding to bifurcations in the airways of the lung. A location data point cloud of locations of a catheter through the airways of the lung during navigation may be generated. A bounding volume of the airways of the lung may be generated and a bounding volume centerline may be detected. Landmarks may be detected on the bounding volume centerline for the same bifurcations. Then, the two sets of landmarks may be mapped as part of registration. The trajectory information with shape sensing may be used to provide non-rigid or fine registration.1. A method for automatic landmark registration during a bronchoscopy procedure, the method comprising:
generating a location data point cloud based on locations of a catheter during navigation through airways of a lung; generating a bounding volume of the airways of the lung based on the location data point cloud; detecting a bounding volume centerline from the bounding volume of the airways of the lung; automatically detecting a first plurality of landmarks on the bounding volume centerline corresponding to a second plurality of landmarks, wherein the second plurality of landmarks correspond to bifurcations in the airways of the lung based on a pre-operative image of the lung; and generating a mapping of the first plurality of landmarks to corresponding points in the second plurality of landmarks and using the mapping to integrate the location data point cloud with a map of the airways of the lung. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
using the mapping to visually display in real-time the locations of the catheter during navigation in the airways of the lungs on the map of the airways of the lung. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the map of the airways of the lung is visually displayed as a two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) image. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first plurality of landmarks includes three or more landmarks. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the automatically detecting the first plurality of landmarks on the bounding volume centerline includes identifying splits in the bounding volume centerline. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the bifurcations in the airways of the lung include: a first T junction between a trachea of the lung and at least one bronchus of the lung, and a second T junction between a first bronchus of the lung and a second bronchus of the lung. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the generating the mapping uses singular value decomposition (SVD). 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the pre-operative image of the lung is generated using computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the navigating the catheter through the airways of the lung includes:
using trajectory information with shape sensing to identify a distance of the catheter from a T junction in the airways of the lung. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the shape sensing includes:
calculating an energy value by comparing lengths, bending angles, and twisting angles of shapes formed by the locations of the catheter during navigation to lengths, bending angles, and twisting angles of matched points in the pre-operative image; and selecting a path that minimizes the energy value. 11. A bronchoscopy system configured to perform automatic landmark registration during a bronchoscopy procedure, the bronchoscopy system comprising:
a processor operatively coupled to a catheter and a visual display device; the processor configured to generate a location data point cloud based on locations of the catheter during navigation through airways of a lung; the processor configured to generate a bounding volume of the airways of the lung based on the location data point cloud; the processor configured to detect a bounding volume centerline from the bounding volume of the airways of the lung; the processor configured to automatically detect a first plurality of landmarks on the bounding volume centerline corresponding to a second plurality of landmarks, wherein the second plurality of landmarks correspond to bifurcations in the airways of the lung based on a pre-operative image of the lung; and the processor configured to generate a mapping of the first plurality of landmarks to corresponding points in the second plurality of landmarks and use the mapping to integrate the location data point cloud with a map of the airways of the lung. 12. The bronchoscopy system of claim 11, wherein the visual display is configured to use the mapping to visually display in real-time the locations of the catheter during navigation in the airways of the lungs on the map of the airways of the lung. 13. The bronchoscopy system of claim 12, wherein the visual display displays the map of the airways of the lung as a two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) image. 14. The bronchoscopy system of claim 11, wherein the first plurality of landmarks includes three or more landmarks. 15. The bronchoscopy system of claim 11, wherein the processor is configured to automatically detect the first plurality of landmarks on the bounding volume centerline by identifying splits in the bounding volume centerline. 16. The bronchoscopy system of claim 11, wherein the bifurcations in the airways of the lung include: a first T junction between a trachea of the lung and at least one bronchus of the lung, and a second T junction between a first bronchus of the lung and a second bronchus of the lung. 17. The bronchoscopy system of claim 11, wherein the processor is configured to generate the mapping uses singular value decomposition (SVD). 18. The bronchoscopy system of claim 11, wherein the pre-operative image of the lung is generated using computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). 19. The bronchoscopy system of claim 11, wherein the navigation of the catheter through the airways of the lung includes the processor using trajectory information with shape sensing to identify a distance of the catheter from a T junction in the airways of the lung. 20. The bronchoscopy system of claim 19, wherein the processor performs shape sensing by calculating an energy value by comparing lengths, bending angles, and twisting angles of shapes formed by the locations of the catheter during navigation to lengths, bending angles, and twisting angles of matched points in the pre-operative image and selecting a path that minimizes the energy value. | 2,400 |
348,794 | 16,806,293 | 2,493 | A display panel is disclosed, which includes: a substrate; a scan line disposed on the substrate and extending along a first direction, wherein a first reference line parallel to the first direction and locating on the scan line is defined; data lines disposed on the substrate and extending along a second direction different from the first direction; an insulating layer disposed on the substrate and having an opening; and a shielding pattern disposed between two adjacent data lines and overlapping the scan line, wherein the shielding pattern includes first and second regions, the first region overlaps the opening and has a first outer edge, and the second region is adjacent to the first region and has a second outer edge. A first distance between the first outer edge and the first reference line is greater than a second distance between the second outer edge and the second reference line. | 1. A display device, comprising:
a substrate; a scan line disposed on the substrate and extending along a first direction; a plurality of data lines disposed on the substrate and extending along a second direction, wherein the first direction and the second direction are different; a color filter layer disposed on the substrate; an insulating layer disposed on the color filter layer, wherein the insulating layer has an opening; and a shielding layer disposed on the insulating layer, wherein, in a top view, the shielding layer overlaps the scan line, wherein in a cross-sectional view, the opening of the insulating layer has a first inclined surface and a second inclined surface, the shielding layer overlaps a first part of the first inclined surface and exposes a second part of the first inclined surface, and the shielding layer overlaps all the second inclined surface. 2. The display device of claim 1, wherein the shielding layer comprises a first region and a second region adjacent to the first region, the first region overlaps the opening, the first region has a first outer edge, the second region has a second outer edge, and the first outer edge is adjacent to the second outer edge. 3. The display device of claim 1, wherein the shielding layer overlaps at least a part of the opening. 4. The display device of claim 1, wherein in another cross-sectional view, a portion of the shielding layer overlaps one of the plurality of data lines, the portion of the shielding layer has a first side and a second side, the first side and the second side respectively locate at two sides of the plurality of data lines, the one of the plurality of data lines has a central point, a third distance is between the first side and the central point, a fourth distance is between the second side and the central point, and the third distance and the fourth distance are different. 5. The display device of claim 4, further comprising a plurality of pixels, wherein one of the plurality of pixels comprises a first sub-pixel and a second sub-pixel, the first sub-pixel is adjacent to the second sub-pixel, a color of the first sub-pixel is green, and a color the second sub-pixel is not green; wherein the first side of the shielding layer locates corresponding to the first sub-pixel, the second side of the shielding layer locates corresponding to the second sub-pixel, and the third distance is less than the fourth distance. 6. The display device of claim 5, wherein the color of the second sub-pixel is blue, red, white or yellow. 7. The display device of claim 4, further comprising a first metal shielding pattern and a second metal shielding pattern, wherein the first metal shielding pattern and the second metal shielding pattern respectively extend along the second direction and are disposed at two sides of the one of the plurality of data line, the first side is close to the first metal shielding pattern, the second side is close to the second metal shielding pattern, a width of the second metal shielding pattern is greater than a width of the first metal shielding pattern, and the third distance is less than the fourth distance, wherein, in the top view, the first metal shielding pattern and the second metal shielding pattern do not overlap the plurality of data lines, respectively. 8. The display device of claim 7, wherein the second side locates corresponding to the second metal shielding pattern. 9. The display device of claim 7, wherein the shielding layer overlaps a part of the second metal shielding pattern in the top view. 10. The display device of claim 2, wherein the first outer edge of the shielding layer locates corresponding to the first inclined surface. 11. The display device of claim 1, wherein shielding layer is disposed in the opening. 12. The display device of claim 1, wherein the first part of the first inclined surface is closer to the substrate than the second part of the first inclined surface. 13. The display device of claim 2, wherein, in the top view, the first outer edge overlaps the opening, and the second outer edge does not overlaps the opening. 14. The display device of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of scan lines, wherein the shielding layer overlaps the plurality of scan lines and the plurality of data lines, a first height is between the substrate and the shielding layer located on at least one of the plurality of scan lines, a second height is between the substrate and the shielding layer located on at least one of the plurality of data lines, and the first height is greater than the second height. 15. The display device of claim 14, wherein the first height is between the substrate and a surface of the shielding layer located on the at least one of the plurality of scan lines, and the second height is between the substrate and the surface of the shielding layer located on the at least one of the plurality of data lines. 16. The display device of claim 1, further comprising a counter substrate and a display layer, wherein the counter substrate is opposite to the substrate, and the display layer is disposed between the substrate and the counter substrate. 17. The display device of claim 1, wherein the shielding layer is a black matrix layer. 18. The display device of claim 1, wherein in the cross-sectional view, a reference line parallel to a surface of the substrate is defined, the reference line intersects with the first inclined surface at a first intersection point and intersects with the second inclined surface at a second intersection point, and a height from the shielding layer to the first intersection point is different from a height from the shielding layer to the second intersection point. 19. The display device of claim 18, wherein a height from a surface of the shielding layer to the first intersection point is different from a height from the surface of the shielding layer to the second intersection point in a direction perpendicular to a surface of the substrate. 20. The display device of claim 2, wherein a first reference line parallel to the first direction is defined, and the first reference line locates on the scan line in the top view, and a first distance is between the first reference line and the first outer edge in a direction perpendicular to the first direction, a second distance is between the first reference line and the second outer edge in a direction perpendicular to the first direction, and the first distance is greater than the second distance. | A display panel is disclosed, which includes: a substrate; a scan line disposed on the substrate and extending along a first direction, wherein a first reference line parallel to the first direction and locating on the scan line is defined; data lines disposed on the substrate and extending along a second direction different from the first direction; an insulating layer disposed on the substrate and having an opening; and a shielding pattern disposed between two adjacent data lines and overlapping the scan line, wherein the shielding pattern includes first and second regions, the first region overlaps the opening and has a first outer edge, and the second region is adjacent to the first region and has a second outer edge. A first distance between the first outer edge and the first reference line is greater than a second distance between the second outer edge and the second reference line.1. A display device, comprising:
a substrate; a scan line disposed on the substrate and extending along a first direction; a plurality of data lines disposed on the substrate and extending along a second direction, wherein the first direction and the second direction are different; a color filter layer disposed on the substrate; an insulating layer disposed on the color filter layer, wherein the insulating layer has an opening; and a shielding layer disposed on the insulating layer, wherein, in a top view, the shielding layer overlaps the scan line, wherein in a cross-sectional view, the opening of the insulating layer has a first inclined surface and a second inclined surface, the shielding layer overlaps a first part of the first inclined surface and exposes a second part of the first inclined surface, and the shielding layer overlaps all the second inclined surface. 2. The display device of claim 1, wherein the shielding layer comprises a first region and a second region adjacent to the first region, the first region overlaps the opening, the first region has a first outer edge, the second region has a second outer edge, and the first outer edge is adjacent to the second outer edge. 3. The display device of claim 1, wherein the shielding layer overlaps at least a part of the opening. 4. The display device of claim 1, wherein in another cross-sectional view, a portion of the shielding layer overlaps one of the plurality of data lines, the portion of the shielding layer has a first side and a second side, the first side and the second side respectively locate at two sides of the plurality of data lines, the one of the plurality of data lines has a central point, a third distance is between the first side and the central point, a fourth distance is between the second side and the central point, and the third distance and the fourth distance are different. 5. The display device of claim 4, further comprising a plurality of pixels, wherein one of the plurality of pixels comprises a first sub-pixel and a second sub-pixel, the first sub-pixel is adjacent to the second sub-pixel, a color of the first sub-pixel is green, and a color the second sub-pixel is not green; wherein the first side of the shielding layer locates corresponding to the first sub-pixel, the second side of the shielding layer locates corresponding to the second sub-pixel, and the third distance is less than the fourth distance. 6. The display device of claim 5, wherein the color of the second sub-pixel is blue, red, white or yellow. 7. The display device of claim 4, further comprising a first metal shielding pattern and a second metal shielding pattern, wherein the first metal shielding pattern and the second metal shielding pattern respectively extend along the second direction and are disposed at two sides of the one of the plurality of data line, the first side is close to the first metal shielding pattern, the second side is close to the second metal shielding pattern, a width of the second metal shielding pattern is greater than a width of the first metal shielding pattern, and the third distance is less than the fourth distance, wherein, in the top view, the first metal shielding pattern and the second metal shielding pattern do not overlap the plurality of data lines, respectively. 8. The display device of claim 7, wherein the second side locates corresponding to the second metal shielding pattern. 9. The display device of claim 7, wherein the shielding layer overlaps a part of the second metal shielding pattern in the top view. 10. The display device of claim 2, wherein the first outer edge of the shielding layer locates corresponding to the first inclined surface. 11. The display device of claim 1, wherein shielding layer is disposed in the opening. 12. The display device of claim 1, wherein the first part of the first inclined surface is closer to the substrate than the second part of the first inclined surface. 13. The display device of claim 2, wherein, in the top view, the first outer edge overlaps the opening, and the second outer edge does not overlaps the opening. 14. The display device of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of scan lines, wherein the shielding layer overlaps the plurality of scan lines and the plurality of data lines, a first height is between the substrate and the shielding layer located on at least one of the plurality of scan lines, a second height is between the substrate and the shielding layer located on at least one of the plurality of data lines, and the first height is greater than the second height. 15. The display device of claim 14, wherein the first height is between the substrate and a surface of the shielding layer located on the at least one of the plurality of scan lines, and the second height is between the substrate and the surface of the shielding layer located on the at least one of the plurality of data lines. 16. The display device of claim 1, further comprising a counter substrate and a display layer, wherein the counter substrate is opposite to the substrate, and the display layer is disposed between the substrate and the counter substrate. 17. The display device of claim 1, wherein the shielding layer is a black matrix layer. 18. The display device of claim 1, wherein in the cross-sectional view, a reference line parallel to a surface of the substrate is defined, the reference line intersects with the first inclined surface at a first intersection point and intersects with the second inclined surface at a second intersection point, and a height from the shielding layer to the first intersection point is different from a height from the shielding layer to the second intersection point. 19. The display device of claim 18, wherein a height from a surface of the shielding layer to the first intersection point is different from a height from the surface of the shielding layer to the second intersection point in a direction perpendicular to a surface of the substrate. 20. The display device of claim 2, wherein a first reference line parallel to the first direction is defined, and the first reference line locates on the scan line in the top view, and a first distance is between the first reference line and the first outer edge in a direction perpendicular to the first direction, a second distance is between the first reference line and the second outer edge in a direction perpendicular to the first direction, and the first distance is greater than the second distance. | 2,400 |
348,795 | 16,806,261 | 2,493 | A method of forming a semiconductor structure includes forming a dielectric layer, forming a plurality of mandrel lines over the dielectric layer, and forming a plurality of non-mandrel lines over the dielectric layer between adjacent ones of the mandrel lines utilizing self-aligned double patterning. The method also includes forming at least one spacer-merge region extending from a first portion of a first one of the mandrel lines to a second portion of a second one of the mandrel lines in a first direction and covering at least a portion of one or more of the non-mandrel lines between the first mandrel and the second mandrel in a second direction orthogonal to the first direction. The method further includes forming a plurality of trenches in the dielectric layer by transferring a pattern of (i) the mandrel lines and (ii) portions of the non-mandrel lines outside the at least one spacer-merge region. | 1. A method of forming a semiconductor structure, comprising:
forming a dielectric layer; forming a plurality of mandrel lines over the dielectric layer; forming a plurality of non-mandrel lines over the dielectric layer between adjacent ones of the plurality of mandrel lines utilizing self-aligned double patterning; forming at least one spacer-merge region, the at least one spacer-merge region extending from a first portion of a first one of the plurality of mandrel lines to a second portion of a second one of the plurality of mandrel lines in a first direction and covering at least a portion of one or more of the plurality of non-mandrel lines between the first mandrel and the second mandrel in a second direction orthogonal to the first direction; and forming a plurality of trenches in the dielectric layer by transferring a pattern of (i) the plurality of mandrel lines and (ii) portions of the plurality of non-mandrel lines outside the at least one spacer-merge region. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
forming a first hard mask layer over the dielectric layer; forming the plurality of mandrels over the first hard mask layer; and forming first spacers by depositing a first spacer material over the first hard mask layer and the plurality of mandrels. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising:
forming a second hard mask layer over the first spacer material; and forming second spacers over the second mask layer, wherein forming the second spacers comprises depositing a second spacer material different than the first spacer material and etching back the second spacer material to expose portions of the second hard mask layer formed over the plurality of mandrels. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising patterning a third hard mask layer over at least a portion of the second spacers and the second hard mask layer, the third hard mask layer defining the at least one spacer-merge region. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the first spacer material comprises a first oxide formed using a low temperature oxidation process, wherein the second spacer material comprises a second oxide formed using a gap-filling flowable chemical vapor deposition process, and wherein the third hard mask layer comprises silicon nitride formed using atomic layer deposition. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein patterning the third hard mask layer comprises:
depositing a hard mask material for the third hard mask layer; forming a patterning stack over a portion of the hard mask material for the third hard mask layer, the patterning stack comprising an organic dielectric layer, a coating layer and a resist layer; etching portions of the hard mask material for the third hard mask layer exposed by the patterning stack; and removing the patterning stack. 7. The method of claim 4, further comprising:
removing portions of the second spacers exposed by the third hard mask layer, wherein removing the portions of the second spacers exposed by the third hard mask layer utilizes an etching process that removes the second spacer material selective to the first spacer material; and removing the third hard mask layer. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the third hard mask layer prevents removal of portions of the second spacers in the at least one spacer-merge region. 9. The method of claim 7, further comprising removing portions of the second hard mask layer to expose a top surface of the first spacer material formed over tops of the plurality of mandrels. 10. The method of claim 7, further comprising:
performing a directional etch of the first spacer material to expose a top surface of portions of the first hard mask layer between adjacent pairs of the plurality of mandrels outside the at least one spacer-merge region; and removing the plurality of mandrels to expose additional portions of the first hard mask layer. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
etching exposed portions of the first hard mask layer; and removing remaining portions of the first spacer, the second spacer and the second hard mask layer. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein forming the plurality of trenches in the dielectric layer comprises etching portions of the dielectric layer exposed by remaining portions of the first hard mask layer. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising forming a plurality of interconnect lines in the plurality of trenches, wherein forming the plurality of interconnect lines comprises:
depositing an interconnect material in the plurality of trenches and over a top surface of the remaining portions of the first mask layer; and planarizing the interconnect material, wherein planarizing the interconnect material removes the remaining portions of the first mask layer. 14. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
forming a patterning stack to cover at least a portion of the top surface of the first hard mask layer exposed by removal of at least one of the set of mandrels, the patterning stack comprising an organic dielectric layer, a coating layer and a resist layer; etching exposed portions of the first hard mask layer; and removing the additional patterning stack. 15. A semiconductor structure, comprising:
a dielectric layer; and a plurality of interconnect lines disposed in a plurality of trenches in the dielectric layer; wherein the plurality of trenches comprise a first set of trenches defined by a plurality of mandrel lines and a second set of trenches defined by portions of a plurality of non-mandrel lines outside at least one spacer-merge region; and wherein the at least one spacer-merge region extends from a first portion of a first one of the plurality of mandrel lines to a second portion of a second one of the plurality of mandrel lines in a first direction and covers at least a portion of one or more of the plurality of non-mandrel lines between the first mandrel and the second mandrel in a second direction orthogonal to the first direction. 16. The semiconductor structure of claim 15, wherein the at least one spacer-merge region extends over a portion of at least one additional mandrel line disposed between the first mandrel line and the second mandrel line. 17. The semiconductor structure of claim 15, wherein the at least one spacer-merge region completely covers portions of two or more of the plurality of non-mandrel lines between the first portion of the first mandrel line and the second portion of the second mandrel line. 18. An integrated circuit comprising:
an interconnect structure comprising:
a dielectric layer; and
a plurality of interconnect lines disposed in a plurality of trenches in the dielectric layer;
wherein the plurality of trenches comprise a first set of trenches defined by a plurality of mandrel lines and a second set of trenches defined by a plurality of non-mandrel lines outside at least one spacer-merge region; and wherein the at least one spacer-merge region extends from a first portion of a first one of the plurality of mandrel lines to a second portion of a second one of the plurality of mandrel lines in a first direction and covers at least a portion of one or more of the plurality of non-mandrel lines between the first mandrel and the second mandrel in a second direction orthogonal to the first direction. 19. The integrated circuit of claim 18, wherein the at least one spacer-merge region extends over a portion of at least one additional mandrel line disposed between the first mandrel line and the second mandrel line. 20. The integrated circuit of claim 18, wherein the at least one spacer-merge region completely covers portions of two or more of the plurality of non-mandrel lines between the first portion of the first mandrel line and the second portion of the second mandrel line. | A method of forming a semiconductor structure includes forming a dielectric layer, forming a plurality of mandrel lines over the dielectric layer, and forming a plurality of non-mandrel lines over the dielectric layer between adjacent ones of the mandrel lines utilizing self-aligned double patterning. The method also includes forming at least one spacer-merge region extending from a first portion of a first one of the mandrel lines to a second portion of a second one of the mandrel lines in a first direction and covering at least a portion of one or more of the non-mandrel lines between the first mandrel and the second mandrel in a second direction orthogonal to the first direction. The method further includes forming a plurality of trenches in the dielectric layer by transferring a pattern of (i) the mandrel lines and (ii) portions of the non-mandrel lines outside the at least one spacer-merge region.1. A method of forming a semiconductor structure, comprising:
forming a dielectric layer; forming a plurality of mandrel lines over the dielectric layer; forming a plurality of non-mandrel lines over the dielectric layer between adjacent ones of the plurality of mandrel lines utilizing self-aligned double patterning; forming at least one spacer-merge region, the at least one spacer-merge region extending from a first portion of a first one of the plurality of mandrel lines to a second portion of a second one of the plurality of mandrel lines in a first direction and covering at least a portion of one or more of the plurality of non-mandrel lines between the first mandrel and the second mandrel in a second direction orthogonal to the first direction; and forming a plurality of trenches in the dielectric layer by transferring a pattern of (i) the plurality of mandrel lines and (ii) portions of the plurality of non-mandrel lines outside the at least one spacer-merge region. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
forming a first hard mask layer over the dielectric layer; forming the plurality of mandrels over the first hard mask layer; and forming first spacers by depositing a first spacer material over the first hard mask layer and the plurality of mandrels. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising:
forming a second hard mask layer over the first spacer material; and forming second spacers over the second mask layer, wherein forming the second spacers comprises depositing a second spacer material different than the first spacer material and etching back the second spacer material to expose portions of the second hard mask layer formed over the plurality of mandrels. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising patterning a third hard mask layer over at least a portion of the second spacers and the second hard mask layer, the third hard mask layer defining the at least one spacer-merge region. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the first spacer material comprises a first oxide formed using a low temperature oxidation process, wherein the second spacer material comprises a second oxide formed using a gap-filling flowable chemical vapor deposition process, and wherein the third hard mask layer comprises silicon nitride formed using atomic layer deposition. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein patterning the third hard mask layer comprises:
depositing a hard mask material for the third hard mask layer; forming a patterning stack over a portion of the hard mask material for the third hard mask layer, the patterning stack comprising an organic dielectric layer, a coating layer and a resist layer; etching portions of the hard mask material for the third hard mask layer exposed by the patterning stack; and removing the patterning stack. 7. The method of claim 4, further comprising:
removing portions of the second spacers exposed by the third hard mask layer, wherein removing the portions of the second spacers exposed by the third hard mask layer utilizes an etching process that removes the second spacer material selective to the first spacer material; and removing the third hard mask layer. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the third hard mask layer prevents removal of portions of the second spacers in the at least one spacer-merge region. 9. The method of claim 7, further comprising removing portions of the second hard mask layer to expose a top surface of the first spacer material formed over tops of the plurality of mandrels. 10. The method of claim 7, further comprising:
performing a directional etch of the first spacer material to expose a top surface of portions of the first hard mask layer between adjacent pairs of the plurality of mandrels outside the at least one spacer-merge region; and removing the plurality of mandrels to expose additional portions of the first hard mask layer. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
etching exposed portions of the first hard mask layer; and removing remaining portions of the first spacer, the second spacer and the second hard mask layer. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein forming the plurality of trenches in the dielectric layer comprises etching portions of the dielectric layer exposed by remaining portions of the first hard mask layer. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising forming a plurality of interconnect lines in the plurality of trenches, wherein forming the plurality of interconnect lines comprises:
depositing an interconnect material in the plurality of trenches and over a top surface of the remaining portions of the first mask layer; and planarizing the interconnect material, wherein planarizing the interconnect material removes the remaining portions of the first mask layer. 14. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
forming a patterning stack to cover at least a portion of the top surface of the first hard mask layer exposed by removal of at least one of the set of mandrels, the patterning stack comprising an organic dielectric layer, a coating layer and a resist layer; etching exposed portions of the first hard mask layer; and removing the additional patterning stack. 15. A semiconductor structure, comprising:
a dielectric layer; and a plurality of interconnect lines disposed in a plurality of trenches in the dielectric layer; wherein the plurality of trenches comprise a first set of trenches defined by a plurality of mandrel lines and a second set of trenches defined by portions of a plurality of non-mandrel lines outside at least one spacer-merge region; and wherein the at least one spacer-merge region extends from a first portion of a first one of the plurality of mandrel lines to a second portion of a second one of the plurality of mandrel lines in a first direction and covers at least a portion of one or more of the plurality of non-mandrel lines between the first mandrel and the second mandrel in a second direction orthogonal to the first direction. 16. The semiconductor structure of claim 15, wherein the at least one spacer-merge region extends over a portion of at least one additional mandrel line disposed between the first mandrel line and the second mandrel line. 17. The semiconductor structure of claim 15, wherein the at least one spacer-merge region completely covers portions of two or more of the plurality of non-mandrel lines between the first portion of the first mandrel line and the second portion of the second mandrel line. 18. An integrated circuit comprising:
an interconnect structure comprising:
a dielectric layer; and
a plurality of interconnect lines disposed in a plurality of trenches in the dielectric layer;
wherein the plurality of trenches comprise a first set of trenches defined by a plurality of mandrel lines and a second set of trenches defined by a plurality of non-mandrel lines outside at least one spacer-merge region; and wherein the at least one spacer-merge region extends from a first portion of a first one of the plurality of mandrel lines to a second portion of a second one of the plurality of mandrel lines in a first direction and covers at least a portion of one or more of the plurality of non-mandrel lines between the first mandrel and the second mandrel in a second direction orthogonal to the first direction. 19. The integrated circuit of claim 18, wherein the at least one spacer-merge region extends over a portion of at least one additional mandrel line disposed between the first mandrel line and the second mandrel line. 20. The integrated circuit of claim 18, wherein the at least one spacer-merge region completely covers portions of two or more of the plurality of non-mandrel lines between the first portion of the first mandrel line and the second portion of the second mandrel line. | 2,400 |
348,796 | 16,806,326 | 2,493 | Methods to produce a polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber and polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber fabric with physical characteristic closely resembling rayon-based carbon fibers are disclosed. A polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber and polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber fabric with a unique combination of physical properties are also disclosed. | 1. A method of producing polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon fibers, comprising:
extruding a PAN dope through a spinneret to produce a tow of PAN fibers having a lobed cross section; washing, drying and winding the tow of PAN fibers without subjecting the PAN fibers to hot drawing; and stabilizing and carbonizing the tow of PAN fibers at a temperature of less than 1,000° C. to produce PAN-based carbon fibers. 2. The method of claim 1, including using a spinneret with a +-shaped opening to produce PAN fiber filaments having a cross section with a lobed shape. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the stabilizing includes heating the tow of PAN fibers to 250°−280° C. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein a highest fiber temperature reached during carbonization is between 850° C. and 950° C. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein a highest fiber temperature reached during carbonization is between 885° C. and 915° C. 6. A method of producing a polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon fiber fabric, comprising:
extruding a PAN dope through a spinneret to produce a tow of PAN fibers having a lobed cross section; washing, drying and winding the tow of PAN fibers without subjecting the PAN fibers to hot drawing; weaving the tow of PAN fibers into a woven PAN fiber fabric; and stabilizing and carbonizing the woven PAN fiber fabric at a temperature of less than 1,000° C. to produce PAN-based woven carbon fiber fabric. 7. The method of claim 6, including using a spinneret with a +-shaped opening to produce PAN fiber filaments having a cross section with a lobed shape. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the stabilizing includes heating the woven PAN fiber fabric to 265° C. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein a highest fiber temperature reached during carbonization is between 850° C. and 950° C. 10. The method of claim 6, wherein a highest fiber temperature reached during carbonization is between 885° C. and 915° C. 11. The method of claim 6, including using a spinneret with a +-shaped opening to produce PAN fibers having a cross section with a lobed shape. 12. The PAN-based carbon fibers made by the method of claim 1. 13. The PAN-based carbon fibers of claim 12, wherein lobes of PAN fiber filaments have a characteristic width greater than 10% of a width of said PAN fiber filaments at a largest dimension of said PAN fiber filaments. 14. The PAN-based carbon fiber fabric made by the method of claim 7. 15. The PAN-based carbon fiber fabric of claim 14, wherein lobes of said PAN fiber filaments have a characteristic width greater than 10% of a width of said PAN fiber filaments at a largest dimension of said fiber. 16. A PAN-based carbon fiber, comprising a thermal diffusivity of less than 2 mm2/sec along a longitudinal axis of the PAN-based carbon fiber, a modulus of less than 100 GPa along the longitudinal axis in tension, a break stress of less than 1 GPa along the longitudinal axis in tension and a lobe width W1/max fiber diameter Wf greater than 0.1. 17. The PAN-based carbon fiber of claim 16, wherein the thermal diffusivity is less than 1.6 mm2/sec along the longitudinal axis of the PAN-based carbon fiber. 18. The PAN-based carbon fiber of claim 17, wherein the modulus is less than 65 GPa along the longitudinal axis in tension. | Methods to produce a polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber and polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber fabric with physical characteristic closely resembling rayon-based carbon fibers are disclosed. A polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber and polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber fabric with a unique combination of physical properties are also disclosed.1. A method of producing polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon fibers, comprising:
extruding a PAN dope through a spinneret to produce a tow of PAN fibers having a lobed cross section; washing, drying and winding the tow of PAN fibers without subjecting the PAN fibers to hot drawing; and stabilizing and carbonizing the tow of PAN fibers at a temperature of less than 1,000° C. to produce PAN-based carbon fibers. 2. The method of claim 1, including using a spinneret with a +-shaped opening to produce PAN fiber filaments having a cross section with a lobed shape. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the stabilizing includes heating the tow of PAN fibers to 250°−280° C. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein a highest fiber temperature reached during carbonization is between 850° C. and 950° C. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein a highest fiber temperature reached during carbonization is between 885° C. and 915° C. 6. A method of producing a polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon fiber fabric, comprising:
extruding a PAN dope through a spinneret to produce a tow of PAN fibers having a lobed cross section; washing, drying and winding the tow of PAN fibers without subjecting the PAN fibers to hot drawing; weaving the tow of PAN fibers into a woven PAN fiber fabric; and stabilizing and carbonizing the woven PAN fiber fabric at a temperature of less than 1,000° C. to produce PAN-based woven carbon fiber fabric. 7. The method of claim 6, including using a spinneret with a +-shaped opening to produce PAN fiber filaments having a cross section with a lobed shape. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the stabilizing includes heating the woven PAN fiber fabric to 265° C. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein a highest fiber temperature reached during carbonization is between 850° C. and 950° C. 10. The method of claim 6, wherein a highest fiber temperature reached during carbonization is between 885° C. and 915° C. 11. The method of claim 6, including using a spinneret with a +-shaped opening to produce PAN fibers having a cross section with a lobed shape. 12. The PAN-based carbon fibers made by the method of claim 1. 13. The PAN-based carbon fibers of claim 12, wherein lobes of PAN fiber filaments have a characteristic width greater than 10% of a width of said PAN fiber filaments at a largest dimension of said PAN fiber filaments. 14. The PAN-based carbon fiber fabric made by the method of claim 7. 15. The PAN-based carbon fiber fabric of claim 14, wherein lobes of said PAN fiber filaments have a characteristic width greater than 10% of a width of said PAN fiber filaments at a largest dimension of said fiber. 16. A PAN-based carbon fiber, comprising a thermal diffusivity of less than 2 mm2/sec along a longitudinal axis of the PAN-based carbon fiber, a modulus of less than 100 GPa along the longitudinal axis in tension, a break stress of less than 1 GPa along the longitudinal axis in tension and a lobe width W1/max fiber diameter Wf greater than 0.1. 17. The PAN-based carbon fiber of claim 16, wherein the thermal diffusivity is less than 1.6 mm2/sec along the longitudinal axis of the PAN-based carbon fiber. 18. The PAN-based carbon fiber of claim 17, wherein the modulus is less than 65 GPa along the longitudinal axis in tension. | 2,400 |
348,797 | 16,806,306 | 2,493 | Methods to produce a polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber and polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber fabric with physical characteristic closely resembling rayon-based carbon fibers are disclosed. A polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber and polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber fabric with a unique combination of physical properties are also disclosed. | 1. A method of producing polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon fibers, comprising:
extruding a PAN dope through a spinneret to produce a tow of PAN fibers having a lobed cross section; washing, drying and winding the tow of PAN fibers without subjecting the PAN fibers to hot drawing; and stabilizing and carbonizing the tow of PAN fibers at a temperature of less than 1,000° C. to produce PAN-based carbon fibers. 2. The method of claim 1, including using a spinneret with a +-shaped opening to produce PAN fiber filaments having a cross section with a lobed shape. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the stabilizing includes heating the tow of PAN fibers to 250°−280° C. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein a highest fiber temperature reached during carbonization is between 850° C. and 950° C. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein a highest fiber temperature reached during carbonization is between 885° C. and 915° C. 6. A method of producing a polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon fiber fabric, comprising:
extruding a PAN dope through a spinneret to produce a tow of PAN fibers having a lobed cross section; washing, drying and winding the tow of PAN fibers without subjecting the PAN fibers to hot drawing; weaving the tow of PAN fibers into a woven PAN fiber fabric; and stabilizing and carbonizing the woven PAN fiber fabric at a temperature of less than 1,000° C. to produce PAN-based woven carbon fiber fabric. 7. The method of claim 6, including using a spinneret with a +-shaped opening to produce PAN fiber filaments having a cross section with a lobed shape. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the stabilizing includes heating the woven PAN fiber fabric to 265° C. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein a highest fiber temperature reached during carbonization is between 850° C. and 950° C. 10. The method of claim 6, wherein a highest fiber temperature reached during carbonization is between 885° C. and 915° C. 11. The method of claim 6, including using a spinneret with a +-shaped opening to produce PAN fibers having a cross section with a lobed shape. 12. The PAN-based carbon fibers made by the method of claim 1. 13. The PAN-based carbon fibers of claim 12, wherein lobes of PAN fiber filaments have a characteristic width greater than 10% of a width of said PAN fiber filaments at a largest dimension of said PAN fiber filaments. 14. The PAN-based carbon fiber fabric made by the method of claim 7. 15. The PAN-based carbon fiber fabric of claim 14, wherein lobes of said PAN fiber filaments have a characteristic width greater than 10% of a width of said PAN fiber filaments at a largest dimension of said fiber. 16. A PAN-based carbon fiber, comprising a thermal diffusivity of less than 2 mm2/sec along a longitudinal axis of the PAN-based carbon fiber, a modulus of less than 100 GPa along the longitudinal axis in tension, a break stress of less than 1 GPa along the longitudinal axis in tension and a lobe width W1/max fiber diameter Wf greater than 0.1. 17. The PAN-based carbon fiber of claim 16, wherein the thermal diffusivity is less than 1.6 mm2/sec along the longitudinal axis of the PAN-based carbon fiber. 18. The PAN-based carbon fiber of claim 17, wherein the modulus is less than 65 GPa along the longitudinal axis in tension. | Methods to produce a polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber and polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber fabric with physical characteristic closely resembling rayon-based carbon fibers are disclosed. A polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber and polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber fabric with a unique combination of physical properties are also disclosed.1. A method of producing polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon fibers, comprising:
extruding a PAN dope through a spinneret to produce a tow of PAN fibers having a lobed cross section; washing, drying and winding the tow of PAN fibers without subjecting the PAN fibers to hot drawing; and stabilizing and carbonizing the tow of PAN fibers at a temperature of less than 1,000° C. to produce PAN-based carbon fibers. 2. The method of claim 1, including using a spinneret with a +-shaped opening to produce PAN fiber filaments having a cross section with a lobed shape. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the stabilizing includes heating the tow of PAN fibers to 250°−280° C. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein a highest fiber temperature reached during carbonization is between 850° C. and 950° C. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein a highest fiber temperature reached during carbonization is between 885° C. and 915° C. 6. A method of producing a polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon fiber fabric, comprising:
extruding a PAN dope through a spinneret to produce a tow of PAN fibers having a lobed cross section; washing, drying and winding the tow of PAN fibers without subjecting the PAN fibers to hot drawing; weaving the tow of PAN fibers into a woven PAN fiber fabric; and stabilizing and carbonizing the woven PAN fiber fabric at a temperature of less than 1,000° C. to produce PAN-based woven carbon fiber fabric. 7. The method of claim 6, including using a spinneret with a +-shaped opening to produce PAN fiber filaments having a cross section with a lobed shape. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the stabilizing includes heating the woven PAN fiber fabric to 265° C. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein a highest fiber temperature reached during carbonization is between 850° C. and 950° C. 10. The method of claim 6, wherein a highest fiber temperature reached during carbonization is between 885° C. and 915° C. 11. The method of claim 6, including using a spinneret with a +-shaped opening to produce PAN fibers having a cross section with a lobed shape. 12. The PAN-based carbon fibers made by the method of claim 1. 13. The PAN-based carbon fibers of claim 12, wherein lobes of PAN fiber filaments have a characteristic width greater than 10% of a width of said PAN fiber filaments at a largest dimension of said PAN fiber filaments. 14. The PAN-based carbon fiber fabric made by the method of claim 7. 15. The PAN-based carbon fiber fabric of claim 14, wherein lobes of said PAN fiber filaments have a characteristic width greater than 10% of a width of said PAN fiber filaments at a largest dimension of said fiber. 16. A PAN-based carbon fiber, comprising a thermal diffusivity of less than 2 mm2/sec along a longitudinal axis of the PAN-based carbon fiber, a modulus of less than 100 GPa along the longitudinal axis in tension, a break stress of less than 1 GPa along the longitudinal axis in tension and a lobe width W1/max fiber diameter Wf greater than 0.1. 17. The PAN-based carbon fiber of claim 16, wherein the thermal diffusivity is less than 1.6 mm2/sec along the longitudinal axis of the PAN-based carbon fiber. 18. The PAN-based carbon fiber of claim 17, wherein the modulus is less than 65 GPa along the longitudinal axis in tension. | 2,400 |
348,798 | 16,806,309 | 2,493 | A power conversion device includes a semiconductor stack, a reactor, and a capacitor. The semiconductor stack includes a plurality of semiconductor modules stacked on one another in a stacking direction. Each semiconductor module includes a semiconductor element. The reactor constitutes a boost circuit that boosts a direct-current voltage. The capacitor is electrically connected to the plurality of semiconductor modules. The semiconductor stack, the reactor, and the capacitor each include a coolant flow passage, and the reactor and the capacitor are located adjacent to each other. | 1. A power conversion device comprising:
a semiconductor stack that includes a plurality of semiconductor modules stacked on one another in a stacking direction, each semiconductor module including a semiconductor element; a reactor that constitutes a boost circuit that boosts a direct-current voltage; and a capacitor that is electrically connected to the plurality of semiconductor modules, wherein the semiconductor stack, the reactor, and the capacitor each include a coolant flow passage, and the reactor and the capacitor are located adjacent to each other, the coolant flow passage of the capacitor is located below a capacitor element of the capacitor in a vertical direction orthogonal to the stacking direction, and is configured to extend in the stacking direction, and the coolant flow passage of the reactor includes a facing flow passage, which is located to face the capacitor element, and the facing flow passage is configured to extend in the stacking direction along the coolant flow passage of the capacitor. 2. The power conversion device according to claim 1, wherein the reactor is located adjacent to the semiconductor stack in the stacking direction, and the capacitor is located to face both the reactor and the semiconductor stack in an orthogonal direction orthogonal to both the stacking direction and the vertical direction. 3. The power conversion device according to claim 1, wherein the coolant flow passages of the respective semiconductor stack, reactor, and capacitor communicate with one another. | A power conversion device includes a semiconductor stack, a reactor, and a capacitor. The semiconductor stack includes a plurality of semiconductor modules stacked on one another in a stacking direction. Each semiconductor module includes a semiconductor element. The reactor constitutes a boost circuit that boosts a direct-current voltage. The capacitor is electrically connected to the plurality of semiconductor modules. The semiconductor stack, the reactor, and the capacitor each include a coolant flow passage, and the reactor and the capacitor are located adjacent to each other.1. A power conversion device comprising:
a semiconductor stack that includes a plurality of semiconductor modules stacked on one another in a stacking direction, each semiconductor module including a semiconductor element; a reactor that constitutes a boost circuit that boosts a direct-current voltage; and a capacitor that is electrically connected to the plurality of semiconductor modules, wherein the semiconductor stack, the reactor, and the capacitor each include a coolant flow passage, and the reactor and the capacitor are located adjacent to each other, the coolant flow passage of the capacitor is located below a capacitor element of the capacitor in a vertical direction orthogonal to the stacking direction, and is configured to extend in the stacking direction, and the coolant flow passage of the reactor includes a facing flow passage, which is located to face the capacitor element, and the facing flow passage is configured to extend in the stacking direction along the coolant flow passage of the capacitor. 2. The power conversion device according to claim 1, wherein the reactor is located adjacent to the semiconductor stack in the stacking direction, and the capacitor is located to face both the reactor and the semiconductor stack in an orthogonal direction orthogonal to both the stacking direction and the vertical direction. 3. The power conversion device according to claim 1, wherein the coolant flow passages of the respective semiconductor stack, reactor, and capacitor communicate with one another. | 2,400 |
348,799 | 16,806,288 | 2,493 | This disclosure relates to techniques for dynamically changing coverage modes and/or communication bandwidth in a wireless communication system. According to some embodiments, a wireless device may attach to a serving cell associated with a cellular network. A volume of data for upcoming communication with the cellular network may be determined. An indication of a requested communication bandwidth may be provided to the serving cell. The wireless device may communicate data with the serving cell using the requested communication bandwidth. In some instances, a request for narrowband communication bandwidth may result in use of a coverage enhancement mode, while a request for wideband communication bandwidth may result in use of a normal coverage mode. | 1. An apparatus, comprising:
a processor configured to cause a base station to:
establish a radio resource control (RRC) connection with a wireless device served by a serving cell provided by the base station;
receive a first RRC message from the wireless device, wherein the RRC message comprises a first indication of a preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode and a second indication of a preferred downlink communication bandwidth mode;
wherein the preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode is one of a plurality of uplink communication bandwidth modes, wherein the preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode comprises a first maximum uplink communication bandwidth for a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) of the serving cell, wherein at least one of the plurality of uplink communication bandwidth modes comprises a maximum uplink communication bandwidth of 1.4 MHz;
wherein the preferred downlink communication bandwidth mode is one of a plurality of downlink communication bandwidth modes, wherein the preferred downlink communication bandwidth mode comprises a first maximum downlink communication bandwidth for a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) of the serving cell, wherein at least one of the plurality of downlink communication bandwidth modes comprises a maximum downlink communication bandwidth of 1.4 MHz;
transmit, to the wireless device, a second RRC message configuring and confirming the preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode and the preferred downlink communication bandwidth mode in response to the first RRC message; and
communicate data with the wireless device using the preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode and the preferred downlink communication bandwidth mode. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the base station to:
when the wireless device is in a connected mode of operation after establishing the RRC connection with the wireless device, communicate with the wireless device in a second uplink communication bandwidth mode and a second downlink communication bandwidth mode, wherein the second uplink and downlink communication bandwidth modes are limited, respectively, to the maximum uplink communication bandwidth of 1.4 MHz and the maximum downlink communication bandwidth of 1.4 MHz; and when the wireless device is in an idle mode of operation after establishing the RRC connection with the wireless device, transmit, to the wireless device, a paging indication using a narrowband physical control channel according to the second mode. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the base station to:
advertise a first coverage mode supported by the base station. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the base station to:
indicate a first signal strength range associated with the first coverage mode. 5. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the base station to:
indicate a first signal quality range associated with the first coverage mode. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the base station to:
receive, from the wireless device, an indication of a second preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode; and communicate with the wireless device using the second preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein at least one of a maximum uplink communication bandwidth or a maximum downlink communication bandwidth is configured separately from a coverage mode. 8. A base station, comprising:
a radio; and a processor operably connected to the radio and configured to cause the base station to:
establish a radio resource control (RRC) connection with a wireless device served by a serving cell provided by the base station;
receive a first RRC message from the wireless device, wherein the RRC message comprises a first indication of a preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode and a second indication of a preferred downlink communication bandwidth mode;
wherein the preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode is one of a plurality of uplink communication bandwidth modes, wherein the preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode comprises a first maximum uplink communication bandwidth for a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) of the serving cell, wherein at least one of the plurality of uplink communication bandwidth modes comprises a maximum uplink communication bandwidth of 1.4 MHz;
wherein the preferred downlink communication bandwidth mode is one of a plurality of downlink communication bandwidth modes, wherein the preferred downlink communication bandwidth mode comprises a first maximum downlink communication bandwidth for a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) of the serving cell, wherein at least one of the plurality of downlink communication bandwidth modes comprises a maximum downlink communication bandwidth of 1.4 MHz;
transmit, to the wireless device, a second RRC message configuring and confirming the preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode and the preferred downlink communication bandwidth mode in response to the first RRC message; and
communicate data with the wireless device using the preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode and the preferred downlink communication bandwidth mode. 9. The base station of claim 8, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the base station to:
when the wireless device is in a connected mode of operation after establishing the RRC connection with the wireless device, communicate with the wireless device in a second uplink communication bandwidth mode and a second downlink communication bandwidth mode, wherein the second uplink and downlink communication bandwidth modes are limited, respectively, to the maximum uplink communication bandwidth of 1.4 MHz and the maximum downlink communication bandwidth of 1.4 MHz; and when the wireless device is in an idle mode of operation after establishing the RRC connection with the wireless device, transmit, to the wireless device, a paging indication using a narrowband physical control channel according to the second mode. 10. The base station of claim 8, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the base station to:
advertise a first coverage mode supported by the base station. 11. The base station of claim 10, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the base station to:
indicate a first signal strength range associated with the first coverage mode. 12. The base station of claim 10, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the base station to:
indicate a first signal quality range associated with the first coverage mode. 13. The base station of claim 8, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the base station to:
receive, from the wireless device, an indication of a second preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode; and communicate with the wireless device using the second preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode. 14. The base station of claim 8, wherein at least one of a maximum uplink communication bandwidth or a maximum downlink communication bandwidth is configured separately from a coverage mode. 15. A method for operating a base station, the method comprising:
at the base station:
establishing a radio resource control (RRC) connection with a wireless device served by a serving cell provided by the base station;
receiving a first RRC message from the wireless device, wherein the RRC message comprises a first indication of a preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode and a second indication of a preferred downlink communication bandwidth mode;
wherein the preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode is one of a plurality of uplink communication bandwidth modes, wherein the preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode comprises a first maximum uplink communication bandwidth for a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) of the serving cell, wherein at least one of the plurality of uplink communication bandwidth modes comprises a maximum uplink communication bandwidth of 1.4 MHz;
wherein the preferred downlink communication bandwidth mode is one of a plurality of downlink communication bandwidth modes, wherein the preferred downlink communication bandwidth mode comprises a first maximum downlink communication bandwidth for a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) of the serving cell, wherein at least one of the plurality of downlink communication bandwidth modes comprises a maximum downlink communication bandwidth of 1.4 MHz;
transmitting, to the wireless device, a second RRC message configuring and confirming the preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode and the preferred downlink communication bandwidth mode in response to the first RRC message; and
communicating data with the wireless device using the preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode and the preferred downlink communication bandwidth mode. 16. The method of claim 15, the method further comprising:
when the wireless device is in a connected mode of operation after establishing the RRC connection with the wireless device, communicating with the wireless device in a second uplink communication bandwidth mode and a second downlink communication bandwidth mode, wherein the second uplink and downlink communication bandwidth modes are limited, respectively, to the maximum uplink communication bandwidth of 1.4 MHz and the maximum downlink communication bandwidth of 1.4 MHz; and when the wireless device is in an idle mode of operation after establishing the RRC connection with the wireless device, transmitting, to the wireless device, a paging indication using a narrowband physical control channel according to the second mode. 17. The method of claim 15, the method further comprising:
advertising a first coverage mode supported by the base station. 18. The method of claim 17, the method further comprising:
indicating a first signal strength range associated with the first coverage mode. 19. The method of claim 15, the method further comprising:
receiving, from the wireless device, an indication of a second preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode; and communicating with the wireless device using the second preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein at least one of a maximum uplink communication bandwidth or a maximum downlink communication bandwidth is configured separately from a coverage mode. | This disclosure relates to techniques for dynamically changing coverage modes and/or communication bandwidth in a wireless communication system. According to some embodiments, a wireless device may attach to a serving cell associated with a cellular network. A volume of data for upcoming communication with the cellular network may be determined. An indication of a requested communication bandwidth may be provided to the serving cell. The wireless device may communicate data with the serving cell using the requested communication bandwidth. In some instances, a request for narrowband communication bandwidth may result in use of a coverage enhancement mode, while a request for wideband communication bandwidth may result in use of a normal coverage mode.1. An apparatus, comprising:
a processor configured to cause a base station to:
establish a radio resource control (RRC) connection with a wireless device served by a serving cell provided by the base station;
receive a first RRC message from the wireless device, wherein the RRC message comprises a first indication of a preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode and a second indication of a preferred downlink communication bandwidth mode;
wherein the preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode is one of a plurality of uplink communication bandwidth modes, wherein the preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode comprises a first maximum uplink communication bandwidth for a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) of the serving cell, wherein at least one of the plurality of uplink communication bandwidth modes comprises a maximum uplink communication bandwidth of 1.4 MHz;
wherein the preferred downlink communication bandwidth mode is one of a plurality of downlink communication bandwidth modes, wherein the preferred downlink communication bandwidth mode comprises a first maximum downlink communication bandwidth for a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) of the serving cell, wherein at least one of the plurality of downlink communication bandwidth modes comprises a maximum downlink communication bandwidth of 1.4 MHz;
transmit, to the wireless device, a second RRC message configuring and confirming the preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode and the preferred downlink communication bandwidth mode in response to the first RRC message; and
communicate data with the wireless device using the preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode and the preferred downlink communication bandwidth mode. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the base station to:
when the wireless device is in a connected mode of operation after establishing the RRC connection with the wireless device, communicate with the wireless device in a second uplink communication bandwidth mode and a second downlink communication bandwidth mode, wherein the second uplink and downlink communication bandwidth modes are limited, respectively, to the maximum uplink communication bandwidth of 1.4 MHz and the maximum downlink communication bandwidth of 1.4 MHz; and when the wireless device is in an idle mode of operation after establishing the RRC connection with the wireless device, transmit, to the wireless device, a paging indication using a narrowband physical control channel according to the second mode. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the base station to:
advertise a first coverage mode supported by the base station. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the base station to:
indicate a first signal strength range associated with the first coverage mode. 5. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the base station to:
indicate a first signal quality range associated with the first coverage mode. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the base station to:
receive, from the wireless device, an indication of a second preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode; and communicate with the wireless device using the second preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein at least one of a maximum uplink communication bandwidth or a maximum downlink communication bandwidth is configured separately from a coverage mode. 8. A base station, comprising:
a radio; and a processor operably connected to the radio and configured to cause the base station to:
establish a radio resource control (RRC) connection with a wireless device served by a serving cell provided by the base station;
receive a first RRC message from the wireless device, wherein the RRC message comprises a first indication of a preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode and a second indication of a preferred downlink communication bandwidth mode;
wherein the preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode is one of a plurality of uplink communication bandwidth modes, wherein the preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode comprises a first maximum uplink communication bandwidth for a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) of the serving cell, wherein at least one of the plurality of uplink communication bandwidth modes comprises a maximum uplink communication bandwidth of 1.4 MHz;
wherein the preferred downlink communication bandwidth mode is one of a plurality of downlink communication bandwidth modes, wherein the preferred downlink communication bandwidth mode comprises a first maximum downlink communication bandwidth for a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) of the serving cell, wherein at least one of the plurality of downlink communication bandwidth modes comprises a maximum downlink communication bandwidth of 1.4 MHz;
transmit, to the wireless device, a second RRC message configuring and confirming the preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode and the preferred downlink communication bandwidth mode in response to the first RRC message; and
communicate data with the wireless device using the preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode and the preferred downlink communication bandwidth mode. 9. The base station of claim 8, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the base station to:
when the wireless device is in a connected mode of operation after establishing the RRC connection with the wireless device, communicate with the wireless device in a second uplink communication bandwidth mode and a second downlink communication bandwidth mode, wherein the second uplink and downlink communication bandwidth modes are limited, respectively, to the maximum uplink communication bandwidth of 1.4 MHz and the maximum downlink communication bandwidth of 1.4 MHz; and when the wireless device is in an idle mode of operation after establishing the RRC connection with the wireless device, transmit, to the wireless device, a paging indication using a narrowband physical control channel according to the second mode. 10. The base station of claim 8, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the base station to:
advertise a first coverage mode supported by the base station. 11. The base station of claim 10, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the base station to:
indicate a first signal strength range associated with the first coverage mode. 12. The base station of claim 10, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the base station to:
indicate a first signal quality range associated with the first coverage mode. 13. The base station of claim 8, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the base station to:
receive, from the wireless device, an indication of a second preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode; and communicate with the wireless device using the second preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode. 14. The base station of claim 8, wherein at least one of a maximum uplink communication bandwidth or a maximum downlink communication bandwidth is configured separately from a coverage mode. 15. A method for operating a base station, the method comprising:
at the base station:
establishing a radio resource control (RRC) connection with a wireless device served by a serving cell provided by the base station;
receiving a first RRC message from the wireless device, wherein the RRC message comprises a first indication of a preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode and a second indication of a preferred downlink communication bandwidth mode;
wherein the preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode is one of a plurality of uplink communication bandwidth modes, wherein the preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode comprises a first maximum uplink communication bandwidth for a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) of the serving cell, wherein at least one of the plurality of uplink communication bandwidth modes comprises a maximum uplink communication bandwidth of 1.4 MHz;
wherein the preferred downlink communication bandwidth mode is one of a plurality of downlink communication bandwidth modes, wherein the preferred downlink communication bandwidth mode comprises a first maximum downlink communication bandwidth for a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) of the serving cell, wherein at least one of the plurality of downlink communication bandwidth modes comprises a maximum downlink communication bandwidth of 1.4 MHz;
transmitting, to the wireless device, a second RRC message configuring and confirming the preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode and the preferred downlink communication bandwidth mode in response to the first RRC message; and
communicating data with the wireless device using the preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode and the preferred downlink communication bandwidth mode. 16. The method of claim 15, the method further comprising:
when the wireless device is in a connected mode of operation after establishing the RRC connection with the wireless device, communicating with the wireless device in a second uplink communication bandwidth mode and a second downlink communication bandwidth mode, wherein the second uplink and downlink communication bandwidth modes are limited, respectively, to the maximum uplink communication bandwidth of 1.4 MHz and the maximum downlink communication bandwidth of 1.4 MHz; and when the wireless device is in an idle mode of operation after establishing the RRC connection with the wireless device, transmitting, to the wireless device, a paging indication using a narrowband physical control channel according to the second mode. 17. The method of claim 15, the method further comprising:
advertising a first coverage mode supported by the base station. 18. The method of claim 17, the method further comprising:
indicating a first signal strength range associated with the first coverage mode. 19. The method of claim 15, the method further comprising:
receiving, from the wireless device, an indication of a second preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode; and communicating with the wireless device using the second preferred uplink communication bandwidth mode. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein at least one of a maximum uplink communication bandwidth or a maximum downlink communication bandwidth is configured separately from a coverage mode. | 2,400 |
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